Wikipedia zh_min_nanwiki https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2u-ia%CC%8Dh MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.25 first-letter Mûi-thé Tek-pia̍t Thó-lūn Iōng-chiá Iōng-chiá thó-lūn Wikipedia Wikipedia thó-lūn tóng-àn tóng-àn thó-lūn MediaWiki MediaWiki thó-lūn Pang-bô͘ Pang-bô͘ thó-lūn Pang-chān Pang-chān thó-lūn Lūi-pia̍t Lūi-pia̍t thó-lūn Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 17832 3135484 431170 2022-08-19T18:50:20Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Charles V ordonnant la traduction d'Aristote copy.jpg|thumb|right|King [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] the Wise commissions a translation of [[Aristotle]]. First square shows his ordering the translation; second square, the translation being made. Third and fourth squares show the finished translation being brought to, and then presented to, the King.]] '''Hoan-e̍k''' sī kā chi̍t-khoán [[gí-giân]] (ia̍h kî-thaⁿ ê [[sìn-sit]]) ê ì-sù iōng lēng-gōa chi̍t-khoán gí-giân lâi piáu-sī kap kái-soeh. {{stub}} [[Category:Hoan-e̍k]] mrjzv60etwk6yi60ys04oj91jqdgq5g 0 20435 3135485 453317 2022-08-19T18:52:14Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 6sak7l95gp30m20idb9x7nu9urv29l9 3135488 3135485 2022-08-19T19:00:51Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 46480kwjmajtjjoyabywmpz2tfkabdu 3135490 3135488 2022-08-19T19:09:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{harv|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{harv|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{harv|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{harv|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 97tns27szszzl2pekd44fh28pgtfil5 3135491 3135490 2022-08-19T19:11:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{harv|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{harv|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{harv|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{harv|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] fu29wfie5yvg5bvfee4j3vjle0el7pl 3135492 3135491 2022-08-19T19:12:59Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{harv|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{harv|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{harv|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{harv|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] h627z2o6rl6y5qv4n3lxb0iku4pn2yh 3135493 3135492 2022-08-19T19:19:46Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{harv|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{harv|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{harv|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{harv|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] otnpcugfza5m1t21v9ppcjjuivhfpf3 3135494 3135493 2022-08-19T19:23:49Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{harv|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 8rutfmxowk0yjz23vb62d8fnc2qelb6 3135495 3135494 2022-08-19T19:27:11Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{harv|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 4rt45mcj17414ylxvk5s8q4d3fl050h 3135497 3135495 2022-08-19T19:31:11Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{harvtxt|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{harvtxt|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{harvtxt|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{harvtxt|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{harvtxt|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{harvtxt|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{harvtxt|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{harvtxt|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{harvtxt|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{harvtxt|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{harvtxt|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] fheiz4pm56rgzqizsyngbav8op5vta3 3135498 3135497 2022-08-19T19:36:17Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{harv|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] pmhjldxh1tgbhw3y29dcudvavx68daf 3135499 3135498 2022-08-19T19:40:14Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | other_names = Shakyamuni ("Sage of the [[Shakya]]s") | image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg | caption = [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|Statue of Gautama Buddha]], preaching his first sermon at [[Sarnath]]. Gupta period, ca. 475 CE. [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum Sarnath]] (B(b) 181).{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"}} | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes| headercolor= #FFCC33 | san = Siddhārtha Gautama | pli = Siddhattha Gotama }} | birth_name = Siddhartha Gautama | birth_date = {{circa|563 BCE or 480 BCE}} | death_date = {{circa|483 BCE or 400 BCE}} (aged 80){{sfnp|Cousins|1996|pp=57–63}}{{sfnp|Norman|1997|p=33}}{{sfnp|Prebish|2008}} | birth_place = <!---Note: Gautama was a Shakya, born in the Shakya republic. The states of both Nepal and India did not exist at that time. The Shakya territory covered an area which is nowadays partly in Nepal, partly in India.--->[[Lumbini]], [[Shakya|Shakya Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"}}<!-- Do not change without getting consensus on talk page first --> | death_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Malla (tribe)|Malla Republic]] (according to Buddhist tradition){{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"}} | resting_place = [[Relics associated with Buddha|Cremated; ashes divided among followers]] | known_for = Founding [[Buddhism]] | predecessor = [[Kassapa Buddha]] | successor = [[Maitreya]] | father = [[Śuddhodana]] | mother = [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Maya Devi]] | spouse = [[Yashodhara]] | children = {{hlist|[[Rāhula]]|}} }} [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 22q6mr2juo3gh1soqsh0cnfld5251ew 3135504 3135499 2022-08-19T20:22:56Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}} <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] c8zxk3368ujux26nb1m4kd6mdj99uci 3135505 3135504 2022-08-19T20:24:56Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> {{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}}--> <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] m3fy0sdpgcfoeswfohukj961lobe24x 3135506 3135505 2022-08-19T20:27:14Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]].--> * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}} <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}}--> <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] jm4wwg0ex1op3um3lswufk73bkpyka4 3135507 3135506 2022-08-19T20:28:43Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> {{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}} * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}}--> <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}}--> <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] tkwgg7bc1i6avivo5unlzjed2ic1yyo 3135508 3135507 2022-08-19T20:29:24Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}}--> * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}} <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}}--> <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}}--> <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] kyz11r10kg6vpppk5xrr2u953vojmv0 3135509 3135508 2022-08-19T20:31:20Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-sik */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-sik== {{Reflist|group=note|40em|refs= <!-- B --> <!-- "birthplace" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="birthplace"|According to the Buddhist tradition, following the ''Nidanakatha'' {{Harvard citation|Fausböll|Davids|Davids|1878|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}, the introductory to the [[Jataka tales]], the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in [[Lumbini]], now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<ref name=WHC>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666 |title=Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Victoria and Albert Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |title=The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031180234/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-astamahapratiharya-buddhist-pilgrimage-sites/ |archive-date=31 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor [[Ashoka]] determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (''Śākyamuni''), was born."{{Harvard citation|Gethin|1998|p=19}}<br /><br /> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, [[Odisha]], at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.({{harvnb|Mahāpātra|1977}}; {{harvnb|Mohāpātra|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Tripathy|2014}} Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"{{harvnb|Hartmann|1991|pp=38–39}} He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."<br /><br /> Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:{{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}{{refn|group=note|Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a ''rājan''—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."{{harvnb|Gethin|1998|p=14}} Gethin does not give references for this statement.}}- * {{Harvard citation text|Warder|2000|p=45}}: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. * {{Harvard citation text|Walshe|1995|p=20}}: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was ''raja''—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". * The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.{{Harvard citation|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}} It may have been either [[Piprahwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India ({{harvnb|Nakamura |1980|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1979|pp=61–74}}; {{harvnb|Srivastava|1980|p=108}}), or [[Tilaurakot]] {{Harvard citation|Tuladhar|2002|pp=1–7}}, present-day Nepal ({{harvnb|Huntington|1986}}, {{harvnb|Keown|Prebish|2013|p=436}}). The two cities are located only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from each other {{Harvard citation|Huntington|1986}}. See also [[#Birth and early life|Conception and birth]] and [[#Sources|Birthplace Sources]]}}--> <!-- "Bodhi" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="Bodhi"|The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following [[Max Muller]] {{Harvard citation|Cohen|2006|p. 9}}, the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}: * {{Harvard citation text|Gimello|2003|p=entry "Bodhi (awakening"}}: "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as "awakening," and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as "enlightenment," despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." * {{Harvard citation text|Norman|1997|p=29}}: "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning "light" in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means "to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened", and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean "awakened to something". The desire to get the idea of "awakened" in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation "the wake" which we sometimes find." * Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of “knowing (or understanding),” “blossoming,” and “waking up,” in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of “awakening.” Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean “to know, to understand, to recognize.” My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as “awakens” would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, “knows,” “understands,” “recognizes,” or “realizes” would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean “awaken” are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha’s attainment of bodhi." ({{harvnb|Bodhi|2020}}; {{harvnb|Abrahams|2021}}) * {{Harvard citation text|Buddhadasa|2017|p=5}} gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand "Buddha" in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."}}--> <!-- "Buddha-statue" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="Buddha-statue"|Buddha is seated cross-legged in the [[lotus position]]. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the ''[[dharmachakra]]'', the Wheel of Buddhist law, with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Couchant|couchant]] deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|teaching pose]]. * {{Harvard citation text|Sahni|1914|pp=70–71, chapter B (b) 181}}: "Image (ht 5' 3'' up to the top of the halo; width at base 2' 7'') of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." * {{Harvard citation text|Eck|1982|p=63}}: In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." * {{Harvard citation text|Mani|2012|pp=66–67}}: "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."}}--> <!-- "Buswell_Lopez_renunciation" --> <!--* {{refn|group=note|name="Buswell_Lopez_renunciation"|{{harvnb|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=entry "Sakyamuni"}} refer to the [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html Ariyapariyesana Sutta], noting: "Buddha’s quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha’s life are absent in some of the early accounts."<br>The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.}}--> <!-- D --> <!-- "deathplace" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="deathplace"|According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]] (see [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html Äccess to insight," Maha-parinibbana Sutta]), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.}}--> <!-- N --> <!-- "name_gautama" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_gautama"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=316}}, "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."}}--> <!--"sakkamuni" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="sakkamuni"|{{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=741}} "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."}}--> <!-- "name_siddharta" --> <!--{{refn|group="note"|name="name_siddharta"|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɑr|t|ə|,_|-|θ|ə}}; {{IPA-sa|sɪdːʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ|lang}} Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. {{Harvard citation text|Buswell Jr.|Lopez Jr.|2014|p=817}} "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal," the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."}}--> <!-- "name_the_buddha" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="name_the_buddha"|The Buddha: * {{Harvard citation text|Keown|2003|p=42}} chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." * {{OED|2013|p=chapter "Buddha, n."}}: "Also with ''the'': (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."}}--> <!-- S --> <!-- "savior" --> <!--{{refn|group=note|name="savior"|{{Harvard citation text|de Bary|1972|p=xvii }}: "In this respect, then, Buddha could accurately be viewed as a kind of saviour, and when so conceived he has had for many the attributes of divinity--saving power, omniscience in regard to all essential truth, an all-encompassing compassion, timeless existence, immutable being, unending bliss, etc."}}--> }} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 9n6bkhuuor9ruphhwv3jrj5lv9th4n3 3135510 3135509 2022-08-19T20:32:00Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] 8l236e53pl7amrcqovt6t2lnws61amm 3135511 3135510 2022-08-19T20:32:38Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|200px|thumb|right|Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 釋迦牟尼; [[Hôan-bûn]]:शाक्यमुनि, ''Śākyamuni''), he̍k-chiá kiò '''Sek-khia-mô͘-nî-hu̍t''', '''Sek-khia-hu̍t''', gôan-miâ '''Siddhārtha Gautama''' (सिद्धार्थ गौतम), sī [[Hu̍t-kàu]] ê chhòng-sí-jîn. Sêng-hu̍t chi-āu pī chun-chheng hu̍t-tô, bîn-kan iā chhiâng-chāi chheng chò '''Hu̍t-chó͘''', ì-sù sī thiat-ngō͘ [[í-tiū]], jîn-seng chin-siòng chiá. I chhut-sì kap koè-sin ê ji̍t-chí bô chin khak-tēng, tāi-iok sī chêng 563 nî kap chêng 483 nî, mā ū lâng jîn-ûi i sī 411 nî chó-iū koè-sin. ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} * {{Gutenberg author |id = Buddha |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Buddha}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Siddhārtha Gautama}} * {{Internet Archive author |name = Shakyamuni}} * {{Librivox author |id = 1081}} * {{In Our Time|Buddha|p00548br|Buddha}} * [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/buddha.html A sketch of the Buddha's Life] * [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/disciples05.htm What Was The Buddha Like?] by Ven S. Dhammika * [http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ Parables and Stories of Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024646/http://www.gautam-buddha.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }} * [https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/who-was-the-buddha/ Who was the Buddha?] [https://tricycle.org/beginners/ Buddhism for Beginners] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu]] [[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]] t2dae3cb7z8oanktq0qu8b72shiijq6 0 26498 3135515 346565 2022-08-20T01:51:49Z Oronsay 44383 added image wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = ''Tosana niwae'' | image = Tosana niwae.png | image_width = | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | divisio = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Perciformes]] | familia = [[Serranidae]] | genus = ''[[Tosana]]'' | species = '''''Tosana niwae''''' | binomial = ''Tosana niwae'' | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_width = | range_map_caption = }} '''''Tosana niwae''''' sī [[Serranidae|Serranidae-kho]] ê [[hî-á]]. ==Chham-khó chu-liāu== *{{cite web|url=http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/chi/fishlist.php?pz=100&page=1&R1=&m=&key=Serranidae|title=台灣魚類名錄|work=台灣魚類資料庫|publisher=中央研究院|accessdate=2011-02-11}} {{stub}} [[Category:Serranidae]] 06pk10764daiaraedeceo1a7oe7quvf 0 456624 3135512 1601155 2022-08-19T20:35:10Z CommonsDelinker 283 Removing [[:c:File:Kandla_Port.jpg|Kandla_Port.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: This file is under a license that does not allow unrestricted modification. The file is subject to speedy deletion unless it is wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ìn-tō͘ ê só͘-chāi | name = Kandla | type = | image = | image_caption = Kandla ê kéng-sek | image_map = | map_caption = | image_flag = | image_shield = | latd = 23 | latm = 1 | lats = 48 | longd = 70 | longm = 13 | longs = 12 | state = [[Gujarat]] | district = [[Kutch]] | area = | popu = 267 | dens = | literacy = | man = | woman = | child = }} '''Kandla''' sī [[Ìn-tō͘]] [[Gujarat]] [[Ìn-tō͘ ê pang|pang]] [[Kutch]] [[Ìn-tō͘ ê koān|koān]] ê chi̍t ê [[chng-thâu]]. [[Lūi-pia̍t:Ê chng-thâu]] {{India-geo-stub}} 9nxzhw3ke4f7z8bgwqkucp5rr338v1q 0 467584 3135513 3110688 2022-08-19T23:23:18Z CommonsDelinker 283 Removing [[:c:File:Fuzhou_university.jpg|Fuzhou_university.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Didym|Didym]] because: [[:c:COM:VRT|No permission]] since 12 July 2022. wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Hok-chiu Tāi-ha̍k | native_name = {{lang|zh-Hans|福州大学}} | image_name = | image_size = |motto = 明德至诚 博学远志 |mottoholo = |established = {{start date|1958}} |type = [[kong-li̍p tāi-ha̍k|kong-li̍p]] |location = {{flag|Tiong-kok}} [[Hok-chiu-chhī]] |president = |faculty = |teacher = |students = |postgraduates = |undergraduates = |affiliations = |website = {{url|www.fzu.edu.cn}} |logo = }} '''Hok-chiu Tāi-ha̍k''' (福州大學; {{lang-en|Fuzhou University}}), sio̍k-chheng '''Hok-tāi''' (福大), sī [[Tiong-kok]] [[Hok-kiàn-séng]] ê chi̍t keng [[tāi-ha̍k]], khiā tī séng-hōe [[Hok-chiu-chhī]]. {{Commonscat|Fuzhou University}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Hok-kiàn-séng ê tāi-ha̍k]] qa9ywslkw3v8wvcwm60301c4hft09j8 0 638738 3135467 1934962 2022-08-19T17:30:48Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png|thumb|The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1683]] '''Sin Osman-chú-gī''' ([[Thó͘-ní-kî-gí]]: ''Yeni Osmanlıcılık'') sī chi̍t khoán [[Thó͘-ní-kî]] ê chèng-tī lí-sióng, pau-koat ka-kiông tùi hiān-tāi Thó͘-ní-kî Kiōng-hô-kok sì-ûi tē-khu ê éng-hióng, ia̍h pau-koat ho̍k-hêng [[Osman Tè-kok|Osman]] bûn-hòa kap thoân-thóng ê chú-tiuⁿ. {{stub}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Thó͘-ní-kî ê chèng-tī]] 2q9j3ou05tpxnjb9uwuh7nvrrz6s7ha 0 729444 3135377 1888769 2022-08-19T12:42:28Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Slogan''''' sī chi̍t khoán [[phiau-gí]], ēng lâi piáu-ta̍t chi̍t-ê siūⁿ-hoat ia̍h sī bo̍k-phiau, hō͘ thoân-thé ê sêng-oân thang chiàu-chò. {{stub}} [[Category:Giân-gú]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Kháu-hō]] 04gz5a36thfx33c2lg4b7e8rf2g9qra 0 729669 3135514 3135358 2022-08-20T00:44:14Z 189.13.69.162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bugambilias Mexican Cuisine - June 2022 - Sarah Stierch 08.jpg|thumb|Whites are obsessed with Mexican food and Mexican culture]] [[File:Flag of the Romani people.svg|thumb|Whites like Gypsy food, Gypsy fashion, Gypsy music and Gypsy culture]] [[File:Festival de las Calaveras, Aguascalientes 2014 27.JPG|thumb|Whites love Mexican culture such as sugar skulls]] [[File:Flag of California.svg|thumb|Whites love California and the California hippie beach lifestyle]] [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Whites love going to Mexico for vacation]] [[File:Bolgona sandwich.jpg|thumb|whites eat bologna sandwiches]] [[File:Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) (2).jpg|thumb|Whites are obsessed with dogs]] [[File:Zaanse mayonaise.jpg|thumb|Whites love mayonnaise]] [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|White people love the American flag]] [[File:Hamburger (black bg).jpg|thumb|White people love American food]] [[File:Bald eagle at the Hawk Conservancy Trust 2-2.jpg|thumb|White people love American culture]] [[File:Montebello Genocide Memorial 2012.jpg|thumb|White people love to visit Montebello, California]] [[File:European Ancestry Large.svg|right|225px|thumb|Pe̍h-lâng ê hun-pò͘]] '''Pe̍h-lâng''' (白儂), he̍k-chiá '''pe̍h-sek jîn-chéng''' (白色人種), sī chi̍t chióng chiàu [[lâng]] [[phôe-hu]] ê [[sek-chhái|sek]] lâi hō-miâ ê [[jîn-chéng]]. Pe̍h-lâng phôe-hu ê sek khah chhián. It-poaⁿ kā pe̍h-lâng ûi-chú ê kok-ka kiò chò [[Se-iûⁿ]]. Tī [[Bân-lâm-gí|Bân-lâm giân-gí]] lāi, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ēng '''Âng-mô͘''' (紅毛) lâi kiò pe̍h-lâng. {{authority control}} [[Category:Pe̍h-lâng| ]] [[Category:Jîn-chéng]] 7jlw89kg3ngf50oghylq1419tz421tr 0 756492 3135489 3135187 2022-08-19T19:02:55Z WikiBayer 37016 Chhú-siau 176.83.42.73 ê siu-kái, kái tńg khì A-lú-mih siōng bóe ê siu-tēng-pún wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Pó-an||Pó-an (khu-pia̍t)}} '''pó-choân''', mā kóng '''pó-an''', sī kóng bián tit siong-hāi ia̍h kî-tha bô beh ài ê kái-piàn. Pó-choân ê [[pó-hō͘]] tùi-siòng thang hâm kò-jîn, thoân-thé, mi̍h-kiāⁿ, ia̍h ki-koan, seng-thài-hē kap kok iūⁿ ê si̍t-thé kiam chōng-hóng. {{stub}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Pó-choân]] 5vgbnhr645sfivsubwxdac3svljyiej 4 1074647 3135422 3088988 2022-08-19T14:54:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Te̍k-sek siá-chin {{{1|}}} |image = Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg |note = [[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-jū]] (譬喻, ''avadāna'') chêng-kéng. <small>Sî-tāi: [[Se-chōng]], 19 sè-kí </small> }} lvh2gs73jk2qcvgu5cyzi202r9g421c 3135423 3135422 2022-08-19T14:57:27Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Te̍k-sek siá-chin {{{1|}}} |image = Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg |note = [[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] (譬喻, ''avadāna'') chêng-kéng. <small>Sî-tāi: [[Se-chōng]], 19 sè-kí </small> }} rtkecewr4bhmd4oettev8h8ovwiaq91 3135424 3135423 2022-08-19T14:59:22Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Te̍k-sek siá-chin {{{1|}}} |image = Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg |note = [[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] (譬喻, ''avadāna'') chêng-kéng. <small>Sî-tāi: [[Se-chōng]], 19 sè-kí </small> }} 3m3fw21xny6lhk8jgrdu9kcf5pmwju6 3135425 3135424 2022-08-19T15:01:41Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Te̍k-sek siá-chin {{{1|}}} |image = Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg |note = [[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] (譬論, ''avadāna'') chêng-kéng. <small>Sî-tāi: [[Se-chōng]], 19 sè-kí </small> }} k5vl3b3q1gi8lbr34f5qple0qdecx24 3135430 3135425 2022-08-19T15:22:03Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Te̍k-sek siá-chin {{{1|}}} |image = Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg |note = [[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng. <small>Sî-tāi: [[Se-chōng]], 19 sè-kí </small> }} 6uae1bz6zpc847hv2svsw3ycow58ly2 0 1078574 3135416 3135251 2022-08-19T14:49:30Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Lesia Vasylenko | native_name = {{Nobold|Леся Василенко}} | native_name_lang = uk | image = Ukrainian_parliamentarian_Lesia_Vasylenko.jpg | caption =Ukrainia kok-huē gī-uân Lesia Vasylenko | office = {{le|Ukraina jîn-bîn tāi-piáu|People's Deputy of Ukraine}} | term_start = 2019 8-gue̍h 29 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_name = Lesia Volodymyrivna Vasylenko | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|03|31|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Василенко Леся Володимирівна |trans-title=Vasylenko Lesia Volodymyrivna |url=https://lb.ua/file/person/4662_vasilenko_lesya_volodimirivna.html |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=lb.ua |language=uk |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325024153/https://lb.ua/file/person/4662_vasilenko_lesya_volodimirivna.html}}</ref> | birth_place = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]], [[Ukraina Soviet Siā-hoē-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok|Ukrainia SSK]], [[Kiev]] | mother = | father = [[Volodymyr Vasylenko]] | spouse = | children = 3 | occupation = {{le|chōng-su|Lawyer|Tsōng-su}}, [[Keng-sè-ka|tsìng-tī-ka]] | party = {{le|Holos (chèng-tóng)|Holos (political party)|Holos}} (2019–bo̍ktsên) | alma_mater = {{le|Taras Shevchenko Kiev Kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k|Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv|Kiev Kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k}}<br>{{le|Lûntun tāi-ha̍k ha̍k-īⁿ|University College London|Lûntun tāi-ha̍k ha̍k-īñ}} }} '''Lesia Volodymyrivna Vasylenko''' ([[ukraina]]: Леся Володимирівна Василенко) sī [[ukraina]] {{le|chōng-su|Lawyer|tsōng-su}} hām [[Keng-sè-ka|tsìng-tī-ka]], teh {{le|ukraina tē-9 kài siōng-kuân lada|9th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada}} tam-jīm {{le|ukraina jîn-bîn tāi-piáu|People's Deputy of Ukraine}}. Vasylenko sī ukraina siông-tsù {{le|au-tsiu uí-uân-huē gī-huē tāi-huē|Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe}} ê sîng-uân, mā-sī {{le|koh kok gī-huē lên-bîng|Inter-Parliamentary Union}} lú-sìng gī-uân-kio̍k [[chú-se̍k|tsú-si̍k]]. Vasylenko sī uī-tio̍h [[kun-jîn]] hām {{le|thè-ngó͘ kun-jîn|Veteran|thè-ngóo kun-jîn}} thê-kiong {{le|gōa-oān|Aid|guân-tsóo}} ê [[Hui-chèng-hú cho͘-chit|hui tsìng-hú jîn-kuân tsoo-tsit]] "{{link-uk|Legal Hundred|Юридична Сотня}}" ê tshòng-sū-jîn. ==Tsá-nî sing-ua̍h hām kàu-io̍k== Vasylenko tshut-señ teh Kiev, sī [[Jîn-koân|jîn-kuân]] ua̍h-tāng-ka {{le|Volodymyr Andriyovych Vasylenko|Volodymyr Vasylenko}} ê [[Cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ|tsa-bóo-kiáñ]].<ref name=":1" /> Vasylenko teh {{le|Taras Shevchenko Kiev Kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k|Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv|Kiev Kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k}} ê {{le|Taras Shevchenko Kiev Kok-li̍p tāi-ha̍k kok-tsè kuan-hē kàu-io̍k hām kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-sóo|Навчально-науковий інститут міжнародних відносин Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка|kok-tsè kuan-hē kàu-io̍k hām kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-sóo}} tit-tio̍h [[Kok-chè-hoat|kok-tsè-huat]] {{le|Se̍k-sū|Master's degree|si̍k-sū}} {{le|Ha̍k-ūi|Academic degree|ha̍k-uī}}, kah {{le|Lûntun tāi-ha̍k ha̍k-īⁿ|University College London|Lûntun tāi-ha̍k ha̍k-īñ}} tit-tio̍h {{le|Hoat-ha̍k se̍k-sū|Master of Laws|huat-ha̍k si̍k-sū}} (L.L.M.) {{le|Ha̍k-ūi|Academic degree|ha̍k-uī}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Romanenko |first=Maria |date=1 December 2016 |title=Lesia Vasylenko: NGO gives free legal aid to soldiers, and it all started with a trip to a military hospital - Dec. 01, 2016 |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/special/lesia-vasylenko-ngo-gives-free-legal-aid-soldiers-started-trip-military-hospital.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=KyivPost |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225180149/https://www.kyivpost.com/special/lesia-vasylenko-ngo-gives-free-legal-aid-soldiers-started-trip-military-hospital.html}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Goe̍h-niû ín-lo̍k (tiān-iáⁿ)|Moonfall (film)}} (Gue̍h-niû ín-lo̍k (tēn-iáñ)/Moonfall (film)) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Commons-inline}} *{{twitter|lesiavasylenko}} {{en}} *[https://arealnews.com/lesia-vasylenko-wiki/ Lesia Vasylenko Wiki, Biography, Age, Parents, Ethnicity, Height] {{en}} *[https://womenua.today/en/lesya-vasylenko/ The Speaker of the Ukrainian Women's Congress - Lesia Vasylenko] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vasylenko, Lesia}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chāi-sè jîn-bu̍t]] [[Category:Kiev chōng-su]] [[Category:21 sè-kí ukraina chōng-su]] [[Category:Jîn-kuân chōng-su]] [[Category:Ukraina lú-sìng chōng-su]] [[Category:21 sè-kí lú-sìng chōng-su]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1987 nî chhut-sì]] iswjz3grbyd9uj293ljaetzeemc0ye8 0 1079540 3135403 3130561 2022-08-19T14:40:08Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Kán-chhing]] chit ia̍h khì [[Kán-chheng]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kán-tshing''' ([[ing-gú]]: contraction (grammar); [[hàn-gú]]: 簡稱) sī [[Jī-sû|tān-sû]], [[Im-chat|im-tset]] hı̽k [[Phiàn-gí|sû-tsoo]] ê [[Kháu-gí|kháu-thâu]] hām [[Su-bīn-gí|su-bīn]] hîng-sik ê sok-té [[pán-pún]], sī thong-kuè {{le|Séng-lio̍k (gí-giân-ha̍k)|Ellipsis (linguistics)|síng-lio̽k}} lāi-pōo [[jī-bó]] hām [[Siaⁿ-im|siañ-im]] jī-lâi tshòng-kèn ê.<ref name=harts>{{cite book|title=New Hart's Rules: The handbook of style for writers and editors|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-861041-6|year=2005|author = Roberts R|display-authors=etal|title-link=Hart's Rules}} {{rp|p.167}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|tn̂g-tsheñ si̍t-bu̍t|Evergreen}} (tn̂g-tsheñ tı̽t-bu̽t/Evergreen) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/grammar/contractions/1/ Grammar: Contractions] {{en}} *[https://www.simmons-simmons.com/en/publications/ck0d20pwqdlm60b94dmkhf8z5/240417-developments-in-contract-importance-of-grammar Developments in contract: The importance of grammar] {{end}} *[https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/using-contractions.html Using Contractions Correctly] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Contraction (Grammar)}} [[Category:Sok-siá]] [[Category:Types of words]] [[Category:Syntactic categories]] fm8oevg50vcuqkej718k1iq3gy6buu3 0 1079783 3135418 3135191 2022-08-19T14:49:56Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̽t */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''NaN''' ([[ing-gú]]: NaN (Not a Number); M̄-sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|sò͘-jī|Numerical digit|Sòo-jī}} ('''MtS''')) sī [[Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k|tēn-náu kho-ha̽k]] lāi-té sòo-kì [[Chu-liāu-hêng|tsu-liāu hîng-thài]] ê tsı̽t-tsióng sòo-tı̽k, piáu-sī [[Tēng-gī|tīng-gī]] hı̽k-tsiá put-khó piáu-sī ê ti̍k. Tiāñ-tiāñ teh {{le|hiû-tiám-sú|Floating-point arithmetic|phû-tiám-sòo}} {{le|Sò͘-ha̍k ūn-soàn|Operation (mathematics)|ūn-sǹg}} tang-tiong sú-iōng. Siu-tshí ín-jı̽p NaN ê sī 1985-nî ê {{le|IEEE 754|IEEE 754}} phû-tiám-sòo {{le|Ki-su̍t piau-chún|Technical standard|piau-tsún}}.<ref name=idl>{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Kenneth|date=2006|title=An Introduction to Programming with IDL: Interactive Data Language|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00bowm|publisher=Academic Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00bowm/page/n26 26]|isbn=978-0-12-088559-6}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=William H.|last2=Teukolsky|first2=Saul A.|last3=Vetterling|first3=William T.|last4=Flannery|first4=Brian P.|date=2007|title=Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing|url=https://archive.org/details/numericalrecipes00pres_033|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/numericalrecipes00pres_033/page/n57 34]|isbn=978-0-521-88068-8}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |title=IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic |journal=IEEE STD 754-2008 |pages=1–70 |author=IEEE Computer Society |date=August 29, 2008 |publisher=IEEE |id=IEEE Std 754-2008 |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935 |ref=CITEREFIEEE_7542008 |isbn=978-0-7381-5753-5 }} {{en}} * {{Cite book |title=IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic |journal=IEEE STD 754-2019 |pages=1–84 |author=IEEE Computer Society |date=July 22, 2019 |publisher=IEEE |id=IEEE Std 754-2019 |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8766229 |isbn=978-1-5044-5924-2 |ref=CITEREFIEEE_7542019}} {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-zh|Kok-chè ha̍p-chok hoat-tián ki-kim-hōe|國際合作發展基金會}} (Kok-tsè ha̽p-tsok huat-tián ki-kim-huē/國際合作發展基金會) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [http://foldoc.org/Not-a-Number Not a Number], foldoc.org {{en}} * [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4610935 IEEE 754-2008 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic] {{subscription required}} {{en}} * [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8766229 IEEE 754-2019 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic] {{subscription required}} {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nan}} [[Category:Tiān-náu soàn-su̍t]] [[Category:Nńg-thé ī-siông]] 0hwcbbjn5dmggjxsdembytwad0oyv01 0 1079997 3135419 3134980 2022-08-19T14:50:15Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād | image = Painting - Google Art Project ( wGkOiyV0ojtRA).jpg | birth_date = Kài-î 1455 kàu 1460 | birth_place = {{le|Herat|Herat}}, [[Timur Tè-kok]] (tsit-má ê [[Afghanistan]]) | death_date = 1535 (hióng-siū 85) | death_place = {{le|Herat|Herat}}, {{le|Safavid ông-tiâu|Safavid Iran|Safavid tè-kok}} (tsit-má e [[Afghanistan]]) | resting_place = {{le|Kamal ê nn̄g-ê lîng-bōo|Tomb of Two Kamals}} | occupation = [[Kòe-ōe|Uē-ka]] | era = [[Tiong-sè-kí]], [[Timur Tè-kok|Timurid]] bué-kî, {{le|Safavid ông-tiâu|Safavid Iran|Safavid tè-kok}} tsá-kî | notable_works = {{le|Jami|Jami}}, {{le|Sultan Husayn Bayqara|Sultan Husayn Bayqara}}, {{le|Ali-Shir Nava'i|Ali-Shir Nava'i}}, [[Ismail 1-sè]] ê huē-uē siòng-phìnn }} '''Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād''' ({{le|Kīn-sū|Approximation|c.}} 1455/60 – 1535), iah hông kiò-tsò Kamal al-din Bihzad hi̍k-tsiá Kamaleddin Behzād ([[phosu-gú]]: کمال‌الدین بهزاد) sī tsi̍t-ê Pho-su uē-ka, teh [[Timur ông-tiâu]] āu-kî hām {{le|Safavid Iran|Safavid Iran|Safavid Phosu}} tsá-kî sī {{le|Herat|Herat}} hām{{le|Tabriz|Tabriz}} ê {{le|Pho-su sè-bi̍t uē|Persian miniature|hông-ka kang-tsok-sik}} ê hū-tsik-jîn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399624|title=The encyclopaedia of Islam, "Bihzād"|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895-1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=90-04-16121-X|edition=New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}} ((en))</ref> ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> Behzad timur egyptian.jpg|Battleground of [[Timur]] and the [[Mamluk]] [[Sultan]] of [[Egypt]]. Kamal-ud-din Bihzad - Construction of the fort of Kharnaq.jpg|Khí Khawarnaq [[Castle|siâñ]] ([[Alapik-gí]] '''الخورنق''') teh {{le|Al-Hirah|Al-Hirah}}, c. 1494-1495 [[Se-le̍k|C.E.]] Bihhzad 004.jpg|A miniature painting by Bihzad illustrating the funeral of the elderly [[Attar of Nishapur]] after he was held captive and killed by a [[Mongol]] invader. Yusef Zuleykha.jpg|Yusef hām Zuleykha Bihhzad 003.jpg|A miniature painting from the Iskandarnama Bihhzad 002.jpg|A miniature painting from the Iskandarnama Behzad hunting ground.jpg|The [[hunting]] ground. Bihzad-beheading.jpg|Beheading of a King Behzad soltan hossein right.jpg|[[Sultan]] Hussein Timur granting audience on the occasion of his accession (right).jpg|Timur granting audience on the occasion of his accession Dance of Sufi Dervishes.jpg|Dancing dervishes (c. 1480/1490) File:Behzad_portrait_of_a_dervish.jpg|Portrait of a dervish </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Balafrej, Lamia. ''The Making of the Artist in Late Timurid Painting'', Edinburgh University Press, 2019, {{ISBN|9781474437431}} *Brend, Barbara, ''Islamic Art'', London, 1991. *Chapman, Sarah, “Mathematics and Meaning in the Structure and Composition of Timurid Miniature Painting”, ''Persica'', Vol. XIX, 2003, pp.&nbsp;33–68. *Grabar, Oleg, "Mostly Miniatures: An introduction to Persion Painting" Princeton, 2000 *Gray, Basil, ''Persian Painting'', London, 1977. *Hillenbrand, Robert, ''Islamic Art and Architecture'', London, 1999. *Lentz, Thomas, and Lowry, Glenn D., ''Timur and the Princely Vision'', Los Angeles, 1989. *Lentz, Thomas, “Changing Worlds: Bihzad and the New Painting,” ''Persian Masters: Five Centuries of Painting'', ed., Sheila R. Canby, Bombay, 1990, pp.&nbsp;39–54. *Mehta, Suhaan. 2016. “Tradition and Tolerance.” Religion & the Arts 20 (3): 336–54. doi:10.1163/15685292-02003004. *Milstein, Rachel, “Sufi Elements in Late Fifteenth Century Herat Painting”, ''Studies in Memory of [[Gaston Wiet]]'', ed., M. Rosen-Ayalon, Jerusalem, 1977, pp.&nbsp;357–70. *Rice, David Talbot, ''Islamic Art'', 2nd ed., London, 1975. *Rice, David Talbot, ''Islamic Painting: a Survey'', Edinburgh, 1971. *Robinson, Basil W., ''Fifteenth Century Persian Painting: Problems and Issues'', New York, 1991. *Roxburgh, David J., “Kamal al-Din Bihzad and Authorship in Persianate Painting,” ''Muqarnas'', Vol. XVII, 2000, pp.&nbsp;119–146. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Hoān-lē lí-lūn]] (huān-lē lí-lūn, pí-jû, kí-lē, tsu-jî; [[eng-gí]]: exemplar theory) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [http://afghanistan.asiasociety.org/timeline/37/CE/1000 Video from the Asia Society, US] {{en}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Behzad, Kamaleddin}} [[Category:Persian miniature painters]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1450 nî-tāi chhut-sì]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1535 nî kòe-sin]] [[Category:People from Herat]] [[Category:15-sè-kí iran uē-ka]] [[Category:16th-century painters of Safavid Iran]] [[Category:Timur tè-kok ê jîn-bu̍t]] [[Category:16-sè-kí iran uē-ka]] 5d8j0wahf75sm8ei4zbt0r7kvos8qzz 0 1080035 3135371 3135369 2022-08-19T12:36:26Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shit happens.jpg|thumb|280px|{{le|Ì-gōa sū-kò͘|Accident|Ì-guā}} hām khá-ha̍p tsō-sîng ê thòng-khóo sún-sit sī [[Seng-oa̍h|sing-ua̽h]] ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Tse-sī tsi̍t-tâi [[Hêng-tōng tiān-ōe|tshiú-ki-á]] bô-tú-hó siak-pit--khui, án-ne lán kā tsit-khuán {{le|Phì-siùⁿ|Sarcasm|phì-siùñ}} kiò-tsò "Shit happens".]] '''Shit happens''' ([[tâi-gú]]: m̄-tsiâñ-iūñ ê tāi-tsì koh tsông-tshut--lâi; '''sue-bué-tāi bô-liáu-sî'''; káu-sái-tāi koh phia̽k-tshut--lâi) sī tsi̍t-ê sio̍k-gí, iōng-tsok kán-tan ê tsûn-tsāi tsú-gī lai kuan-tshat, tō-sī sing-ua̍h tshiong-buán put-khó ū-tshik ê sū-kiānn, luī-sū tshiūñ tsi̍t-kū huat-gú "c'est la vie". Shit happens tsit-kù uē sìng-jīm ta-ke kan-na bô tik-pia̍t ê guan-in ē huat-sing bô-hó ê tāi-tsì.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199505/shit-happens|title=Shit happens|journal=[[Psychology Today]]|location=New York|date=May 1995|access-date=2007-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vic & Sade (pg 02) 1940–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/VicSade1940-1941|work=Sound Recording|publisher=archive.org|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> Shit happens tsit-ê té-gú tī 1964-nî siu-tshí hông kuan-tshat tio̍h, m̄-ku it-tit-kàu 1983-nî tsia̍h-teh ìn-suat tshut-pán-bu̍t lāi-té sú-iōng. Hi̍k-tsiá kóng, tō-sǹg-kóng bô hiah-nī tshoo-sio̍k, in-uī "Bô-huat-tōo tāi-tsì tō phû--khí-lâi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/jeb-bush-stuff-response-gun-violence/story?id=34209380|title=Jeb Bush Says 'Stuff Happens' In Response to Gun Violence|date=2 October 2015|website=ABC News}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Blekinge-kip chhàng-chúi-kàm|Blekinge-class submarine}} (Blekinge-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Blekinge-class submarine) *[[Publishers Weekly]] ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shit%20happens Shit happens Definition & Meaning] {{en}} *[https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/shit-happens shit happens] {{en}} [[Category:Ing-gú té-gú]] [[Category:Ing-gú sio̍k-uē]] [[Category:Hí-kio̍k liû-hêng-gú]] [[Category:Kháu-hō]] [[Category:Ing-gú siat-to̍k]] [[Category:1964 sin-gú-sû]] 39akc1lp5npm58ur659iugx7vyqjs5s 3135376 3135371 2022-08-19T12:39:13Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shit happens.jpg|thumb|280px|{{le|Ì-gōa sū-kò͘|Accident|Ì-guā}} hām khá-ha̍p tsō-sîng ê thòng-khóo sún-sit sī [[Seng-oa̍h|sing-ua̽h]] ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Tse-sī tsi̍t-tâi [[Hêng-tōng tiān-ōe|tshiú-ki-á]] bô-tú-hó siak-pit--khui, án-ne lán kā tsit-khuán {{le|Phì-siùⁿ|Sarcasm|phì-siùñ}} kiò-tsò "Shit happens".]] '''Shit happens''' ([[tâi-gú]]: m̄-tsiâñ-iūñ ê tāi-tsì koh tsông-tshut--lâi; '''sue-bué-tāi bô-liáu-sî'''; káu-sái-tāi koh phia̽k-tshut--lâi) sī tsi̍t-ê sio̍k-gí, iōng-tsok kán-tan ê tsûn-tsāi tsú-gī lai kuan-tshat, tō-sī sing-ua̍h tshiong-buán put-khó ū-tshik ê sū-kiānn, luī-sū tshiūñ tsi̍t-kū huat-gú "c'est la vie". Shit happens tsit-kù uē sìng-jīm ta-ke kan-na bô tik-pia̍t ê guan-in ē huat-sing bô-hó ê tāi-tsì.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199505/shit-happens|title=Shit happens|journal=[[Psychology Today]]|location=New York|date=May 1995|access-date=2007-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vic & Sade (pg 02) 1940–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/VicSade1940-1941|work=Sound Recording|publisher=archive.org|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> Shit happens tsit-ê té-gú tī 1964-nî siu-tshí hông kuan-tshat tio̍h, m̄-ku it-tit-kàu 1983-nî tsia̍h-teh ìn-suat tshut-pán-bu̍t lāi-té sú-iōng. Hi̍k-tsiá kóng, tō-sǹg-kóng bô hiah-nī tshoo-sio̍k, in-uī "Bô-huat-tōo tāi-tsì tō phû--khí-lâi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/jeb-bush-stuff-response-gun-violence/story?id=34209380|title=Jeb Bush Says 'Stuff Happens' In Response to Gun Violence|date=2 October 2015|website=ABC News}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Blekinge-kip chhàng-chúi-kàm|Blekinge-class submarine}} (Blekinge-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Blekinge-class submarine) *[[Publishers Weekly]] ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shit%20happens Shit happens Definition & Meaning] {{en}} *[https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/shit-happens shit happens] {{en}} [[Category:Ing-gú té-gú]] [[Category:Ing-gú sio̍k-uē]] [[Category:Hí-kio̍k liû-hêng-gú]] [[Category:Kháu-hō]] [[Category:Ing-gú siat-to̍k]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] l9jtldnozylam9ib2nlclcgkvqv2rne 3135378 3135376 2022-08-19T13:58:30Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shit happens.jpg|thumb|280px|{{le|Ì-gōa sū-kò͘|Accident|Ì-guā}} hām khá-ha̍p tsō-sîng ê thòng-khóo sún-sit sī [[Seng-oa̍h|sing-ua̽h]] ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Tse-sī tsi̍t-tâi [[Hêng-tōng tiān-ōe|tshiú-ki-á]] bô-tú-hó siak-pit--khui, án-ne lán kā tsit-khuán {{le|Phì-siùⁿ|Sarcasm|phì-siùñ}} kiò-tsò "Shit happens".]] '''Shit happens''' ([[tâi-gú]]: m̄-tsiâñ-iūñ ê tāi-tsì koh tsông-tshut--lâi; '''sue-bué-tāi bô-liáu-sî'''; káu-sái-tāi koh phia̽k-tshut--lâi) sī tsi̍t-ê sio̍k-gí, iōng-tsok kán-tan ê [[Chûn-chāi-chú-gī|tsûn-tsāi tsú-gī]] lai kuan-tshat, tō-sī sing-ua̍h tshiong-buán put-khó ū-tshik ê sū-kiānn, luī-sū tshiūñ tsi̍t-kū huat-gú "c'est la vie". Shit happens tsit-kù uē sìng-jīm ta-ke kan-na bô tik-pia̍t ê guan-in ē huat-sing bô-hó ê tāi-tsì.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199505/shit-happens|title=Shit happens|journal=[[Psychology Today]]|location=New York|date=May 1995|access-date=2007-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vic & Sade (pg 02) 1940–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/VicSade1940-1941|work=Sound Recording|publisher=archive.org|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> Shit happens tsit-ê té-gú tī 1964-nî siu-tshí hông kuan-tshat tio̍h, m̄-ku it-tit-kàu 1983-nî tsia̍h-teh ìn-suat tshut-pán-bu̍t lāi-té sú-iōng. Hi̍k-tsiá kóng, tō-sǹg-kóng bô hiah-nī tshoo-sio̍k, in-uī "Bô-huat-tōo tāi-tsì tō phû--khí-lâi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/jeb-bush-stuff-response-gun-violence/story?id=34209380|title=Jeb Bush Says 'Stuff Happens' In Response to Gun Violence|date=2 October 2015|website=ABC News}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Blekinge-kip chhàng-chúi-kàm|Blekinge-class submarine}} (Blekinge-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Blekinge-class submarine) *[[Publishers Weekly]] ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shit%20happens Shit happens Definition & Meaning] {{en}} *[https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/shit-happens shit happens] {{en}} [[Category:Ing-gú té-gú]] [[Category:Ing-gú sio̍k-uē]] [[Category:Hí-kio̍k liû-hêng-gú]] [[Category:Kháu-hō]] [[Category:Ing-gú siat-to̍k]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] g72p1n38m6ukiahhv9vl3b21t6vg6by 3135379 3135378 2022-08-19T14:04:21Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shit happens.jpg|thumb|280px|{{le|Ì-gōa sū-kò͘|Accident|Ì-guā}} hām khá-ha̍p tsō-sîng ê thòng-khóo sún-sit sī [[Seng-oa̍h|sing-ua̽h]] ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Tse-sī tsi̍t-tâi [[Hêng-tōng tiān-ōe|tshiú-ki-á]] bô-tú-hó siak-pit--khui, án-ne lán kā tsit-khuán {{le|Phì-siùⁿ|Sarcasm|phì-siùñ}} kiò-tsò "Shit happens".]] '''Shit happens''' ([[tâi-gú]]: m̄-tsiâñ-iūñ ê tāi-tsì koh tsông-tshut--lâi; '''sue-bué-tāi bô-liáu-sî'''; káu-sái-tāi koh phia̽k-tshut--lâi) sī tsi̍t-ê sio̍k-gí, iōng-tsok kán-tan ê [[Chûn-chāi-chú-gī|tsûn-tsāi tsú-gī]] lai kuan-tshat, tō-sī sing-ua̍h tshiong-buán put-khó ū-tshik ê sū-kiānn, luī-sū tshiūñ tsi̍t-kū huat-gú "{{le|Huat-gú tān-sû hām Ing-gú piáu-ta̍t sû-luī-pió|Glossary of French words and expressions in English|c'est la vie}}". Shit happens tsit-kù uē sìng-jīm ta-ke kan-na bô tik-pia̍t ê guan-in ē huat-sing bô-hó ê tāi-tsì.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199505/shit-happens|title=Shit happens|journal=[[Psychology Today]]|location=New York|date=May 1995|access-date=2007-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vic & Sade (pg 02) 1940–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/VicSade1940-1941|work=Sound Recording|publisher=archive.org|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> Shit happens tsit-ê té-gú tī 1964-nî siu-tshí hông kuan-tshat tio̍h, m̄-ku it-tit-kàu 1983-nî tsia̍h-teh ìn-suat tshut-pán-bu̍t lāi-té sú-iōng. Hi̍k-tsiá kóng, tō-sǹg-kóng bô hiah-nī tshoo-sio̍k, in-uī "Bô-huat-tōo tāi-tsì tō phû--khí-lâi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/jeb-bush-stuff-response-gun-violence/story?id=34209380|title=Jeb Bush Says 'Stuff Happens' In Response to Gun Violence|date=2 October 2015|website=ABC News}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Blekinge-kip chhàng-chúi-kàm|Blekinge-class submarine}} (Blekinge-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Blekinge-class submarine) *[[Publishers Weekly]] ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shit%20happens Shit happens Definition & Meaning] {{en}} *[https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/shit-happens shit happens] {{en}} [[Category:Ing-gú té-gú]] [[Category:Ing-gú sio̍k-uē]] [[Category:Hí-kio̍k liû-hêng-gú]] [[Category:Kháu-hō]] [[Category:Ing-gú siat-to̍k]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] m5q9w2m20f6yl5fa16sxm81otzoyvsb 3135414 3135379 2022-08-19T14:47:42Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̽t */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shit happens.jpg|thumb|280px|{{le|Ì-gōa sū-kò͘|Accident|Ì-guā}} hām khá-ha̍p tsō-sîng ê thòng-khóo sún-sit sī [[Seng-oa̍h|sing-ua̽h]] ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Tse-sī tsi̍t-tâi [[Hêng-tōng tiān-ōe|tshiú-ki-á]] bô-tú-hó siak-pit--khui, án-ne lán kā tsit-khuán {{le|Phì-siùⁿ|Sarcasm|phì-siùñ}} kiò-tsò "Shit happens".]] '''Shit happens''' ([[tâi-gú]]: m̄-tsiâñ-iūñ ê tāi-tsì koh tsông-tshut--lâi; '''sue-bué-tāi bô-liáu-sî'''; káu-sái-tāi koh phia̽k-tshut--lâi) sī tsi̍t-ê sio̍k-gí, iōng-tsok kán-tan ê [[Chûn-chāi-chú-gī|tsûn-tsāi tsú-gī]] lai kuan-tshat, tō-sī sing-ua̍h tshiong-buán put-khó ū-tshik ê sū-kiānn, luī-sū tshiūñ tsi̍t-kū huat-gú "{{le|Huat-gú tān-sû hām Ing-gú piáu-ta̍t sû-luī-pió|Glossary of French words and expressions in English|c'est la vie}}". Shit happens tsit-kù uē sìng-jīm ta-ke kan-na bô tik-pia̍t ê guan-in ē huat-sing bô-hó ê tāi-tsì.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199505/shit-happens|title=Shit happens|journal=[[Psychology Today]]|location=New York|date=May 1995|access-date=2007-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vic & Sade (pg 02) 1940–1941|url=https://archive.org/details/VicSade1940-1941|work=Sound Recording|publisher=archive.org|access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> Shit happens tsit-ê té-gú tī 1964-nî siu-tshí hông kuan-tshat tio̍h, m̄-ku it-tit-kàu 1983-nî tsia̍h-teh ìn-suat tshut-pán-bu̍t lāi-té sú-iōng. Hi̍k-tsiá kóng, tō-sǹg-kóng bô hiah-nī tshoo-sio̍k, in-uī "Bô-huat-tōo tāi-tsì tō phû--khí-lâi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/jeb-bush-stuff-response-gun-violence/story?id=34209380|title=Jeb Bush Says 'Stuff Happens' In Response to Gun Violence|date=2 October 2015|website=ABC News}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Blekinge-kip chhàng-chúi-kàm|Blekinge-class submarine}} (Blekinge-kip tshàng-tsuí-kàm/Blekinge-class submarine) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shit%20happens Shit happens Definition & Meaning] {{en}} *[https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/shit-happens shit happens] {{en}} [[Category:Ing-gú té-gú]] [[Category:Ing-gú sio̍k-uē]] [[Category:Hí-kio̍k liû-hêng-gú]] [[Category:Kháu-hō]] [[Category:Ing-gú siat-to̍k]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] g1qok1ll76xztvrpeyheadcd6xx0k1g 14 1080037 3135372 2022-08-19T12:37:24Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Navseasoncats}} [[Category:1964 introductions]] [[Category:1960s neologisms|1964]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navseasoncats}} [[Category:1964 introductions]] [[Category:1960s neologisms|1964]] tfp6lsolymzbut2x8uks01k0mvsyq8k 3135373 3135372 2022-08-19T12:37:37Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:1964 introductions]] [[Category:1960s neologisms|1964]] qnldncx7anjtme2jtxgxkwcf2h5epbk 3135374 3135373 2022-08-19T12:38:57Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin-gú-sû]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:1964 introductions]] [[Category:1960s neologisms|1964]] qnldncx7anjtme2jtxgxkwcf2h5epbk 14 1080038 3135375 2022-08-19T12:38:57Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin-gú-sû]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[:Lūi-pia̍t:1964 sin gú-sû]] 34rtivurge3iwku1j7bm2y8a8rtw7r8 0 1080039 3135380 2022-08-19T14:12:37Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "'''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www…" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscatinline}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Book review magazines]] [[Category:Literary criticism]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York City]] [[Category:News magazines published in the United States]] [[Category:Professional and trade magazines]] [[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]] 6wxefb0tmyzoovvdiv1wtugcwr6sbkz 3135381 3135380 2022-08-19T14:13:08Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Book review magazines]] [[Category:Literary criticism]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York City]] [[Category:News magazines published in the United States]] [[Category:Professional and trade magazines]] [[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]] dif65j5jodrs8j45t1p750y34lpw8c9 3135382 3135381 2022-08-19T14:13:35Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Book review magazines]] [[Category:Literary criticism]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York City]] [[Category:News magazines published in the United States]] [[Category:Professional and trade magazines]] [[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]] oio4cvfhqz8kj21qv0c5w34ru64eq7t 3135383 3135382 2022-08-19T14:19:57Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York City]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] p3xtcbp51e10t88mdte7us9zx3sjkwp 3135384 3135383 2022-08-19T14:21:30Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 5ohsgp279hqxjs43zcwssongmqitdjy 3135391 3135384 2022-08-19T14:27:56Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' (PW; Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] kzwnp1wd2w36qvkkvzhrg63w4fpxaf0 3135402 3135391 2022-08-19T14:39:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|Kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan''') sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 6ly8xfgo6pw3zfd2vzwehcmw4vu4ec1 3135405 3135402 2022-08-19T14:42:32Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan''') sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] pf415vzxn0gkykzscwdaclsc7bmne8b 3135406 3135405 2022-08-19T14:43:11Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Trade magazines | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 6n66ilezwvnwj0icj9iou53okqr2jgc 3135407 3135406 2022-08-19T14:43:39Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = United States | language = English | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] ah7m4dggkf26k18rdbqhbxemckxnqk1 3135408 3135407 2022-08-19T14:43:55Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = Bí-kok | language = Ing-gú | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = March 2013 | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] gq0fs3z1rb2sr3rgnll5uwu4a5imt2o 3135409 3135408 2022-08-19T14:44:24Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Weekly | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = Bí-kok | language = Ing-gú | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-ge̽ih | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] rjo4o4lq5gb4givbibyatwxyhz09sbk 3135410 3135409 2022-08-19T14:44:47Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = April 2015 | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = Bí-kok | language = Ing-gú | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-ge̽ih | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 3lykyyp0ayipfu5pe33f2re0z2f36a1 3135411 3135410 2022-08-19T14:45:44Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = Bí-kok | language = Ing-gú | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 0q4biwdi0mwcjhfzquxgqlpi5g1sv6j 3135412 3135411 2022-08-19T14:46:03Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = [[Bí-kok]] | language = [[Ing-gú]] | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] pncqjfc6lzrxmoavcsl2oyuqnow5qkp 3135413 3135412 2022-08-19T14:47:19Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = [[Bí-kok]] | language = [[Ing-gú]] | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 2hlokm2y1fw4zzszbp7bpkog6d8c73l 3135415 3135413 2022-08-19T14:49:09Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = [[Bí-kok]] | language = [[Ing-gú]] | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] dtual1l1qzswqyuatf2l03b9fwero56 3135417 3135415 2022-08-19T14:49:40Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̽t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = [[Bí-kok]] | language = [[Ing-gú]] | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Vodafone Italy|Vodafone Italy}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] pt04sjug4nj6uwany8x860fzdy2dv40 3135420 3135417 2022-08-19T14:52:17Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = [[Bí-kok]] | language = [[Ing-gú]] | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Vodafone Italy|Vodafone Italy}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] {{en}} * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] {{en}} * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] {{en}} [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 1jx38nwojoqel29cmp4xf36mqmtp9tp 3135421 3135420 2022-08-19T14:52:41Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox magazine | title = Publishers Weekly | image_file = | image_caption = | editor = Jim Milliot | editor_title = Editorial Director | frequency = Tsiu-khan | total_circulation = 15,778<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/index.ashx?res=DisplayPDF&statement_id=85911|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015}} {{en}}</ref> | circulation_year = 2015 4-gue̽h | category = Hâng-gia̍p tsa̍p-tsì | company = PWxyz, LLC | publisher = | firstdate = {{start date and age|1872}} | country = [[Bí-kok]] | language = [[Ing-gú]] | website = {{official URL}} | monthly_audited_site_traffic = 664,877<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|title=BPA Worldwide 404 Error|work=bpaww.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220073544/http://www.bpaww.com/Bpaww_com/OnlineReportingTool/TrafficHistory.aspx?SiteID=690|archive-date= December 20, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> | monthly_page_impressions = 1,499,599 | audited_month = 2013 3-gue̽h | issn = 0000-0019 | logo=Publishers Weekly logo.svg}} '''Publishers Weekly''' ([[Kán-chheng|kán-tshing]]: PW; '''Tshut-pán-tsiá tsiu-khan'''; [[ing-gú]]: Publishers Weekly) sī tsi̍t-pún bīn-hiòng tshut-pán-siong, tôo-su-kuán guān-káng, su-siong hām bûn-ha̍k king-tsè-jîn ê bí-kok bōo-i̍k sin-bûn tsiu-khan. Tsū 1872-nî í-lâi liân-suà tshut-pán, Publishers Weekly ê piau-gú sī "Kok-tsè tôo-su tshut-pán hām tôo-su siau-siū sin-bûn tsa̍p-tsì". Ta̍k-nî ū 51-kî, jû-kim tsa̍p-tsì ê tiōng-tiám sī sù-phîng.<ref name=pw>{{cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/|title=Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News - Publishers Weekly|magazine=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date= April 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/|archive-date= April 11, 2015}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/publishers_weekly_1903/1903-01-00/page/n7/mode/2up | title=Publishers Weekly 1903 | year=1903 }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Vodafone Italy|Vodafone Italy}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{commonscat}} * {{Official website}} * Hathi Trust. [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000674605 ''The publishers weekly'']. Digitized issues 1873&nbsp;–&nbsp;. {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/ Interview on magazine's history] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111204080851/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/ 20th Century American Bestsellers] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022170624/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6085 Sybil Steinberg discusses ''Publishers Weekly''] {{en}} * [http://www.booklife.com/ BookLife official site] {{en}} * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_6570018 Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] {{en}} [[Category:1872 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Su-phêng cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng]] [[Category:Magazines established in 1872]] [[Category:New York ê cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê chiu-khan]] [[Category:Hâng-gia̍p cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Bí-kok ê sin-bûn cha̍p-chì]] 4k3bghvye2774xc5oh4oun38q6t6xaj 14 1080040 3135385 2022-08-19T14:22:43Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Commons category|New York ê cha̍p-chì}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Category:Mass media in New York City|Magazines]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York (state)| New York City]] [[Category:Magazines by city|New York City]] [[Category:Publishing companies based in New York City| Magazines]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|New York ê cha̍p-chì}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Category:Mass media in New York City|Magazines]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York (state)| New York City]] [[Category:Magazines by city|New York City]] [[Category:Publishing companies based in New York City| Magazines]] n840pxe2v58jkvpd3npxtzs2fwblivt 3135386 3135385 2022-08-19T14:23:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Magazines published in New York City}} {{CatAutoTOC}} [[Category:Mass media in New York City|Magazines]] [[Category:Magazines published in New York (state)| New York City]] [[Category:Magazines by city|New York City]] [[Category:Publishing companies based in New York City| Magazines]] b3ry0czzg3ajex8zhg6v3s9rmpmsf5f 14 1080041 3135387 2022-08-19T14:25:02Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{CatDiffuse}} [[Category:Magazines by content]] [[Category:Occupations|Mag]] [[Category:Magazines by interest]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{CatDiffuse}} [[Category:Magazines by content]] [[Category:Occupations|Mag]] [[Category:Magazines by interest]] bbort36kbl2od9dtcz3j4q6zrlenz3a 3135388 3135387 2022-08-19T14:25:24Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{CatDiffuse}} [[Category:Magazines by content]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chit-gia̍p|cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Magazines by interest]] 2bxkb1qr0ze3uxbdw1b0wvwaifmn87o 3135389 3135388 2022-08-19T14:26:12Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Category diffuse}} [[Category:Magazines by content]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chit-gia̍p|cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Magazines by interest]] az1wqauo0fk621fqcwrinkvjkwqf497 14 1080042 3135390 2022-08-19T14:27:19Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "[[Category:Magazines published in the United States by publication frequency|Weekly]] [[Category:Weekly magazines by country|United States]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Magazines published in the United States by publication frequency|Weekly]] [[Category:Weekly magazines by country|United States]] h8vpes5v3af8129imkqtwmwv04iuuv7 14 1080043 3135392 2022-08-19T14:28:39Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "[[Category:Magazines published in the United States by interest|News]] [[Category:News magazines by country|United States]] [[Category:News media in the United States|Magazine]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Magazines published in the United States by interest|News]] [[Category:News magazines by country|United States]] [[Category:News media in the United States|Magazine]] jjj5p8aaaswo3ykwjyxs10pvv4njo5w 14 1080044 3135393 2022-08-19T14:29:48Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "[[Category:Literary magazines]] [[Category:Book review|Magazines]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Literary magazines]] [[Category:Book review|Magazines]] ft81xa6q3ln8hd94az4a30lrrw5rmiq 3135394 3135393 2022-08-19T14:31:46Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Bûn-ha̍k cha̍p-chì]] [[Category:Su-phêng|Tsa̍p-tsì]] e0fkstbfucujmpj9n1n5gv4k4jq25lk 14 1080045 3135395 2022-08-19T14:33:39Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{also|Category:Literary theory}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Literary criticism}} {{CatRel|Literary scholars by writer}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Category:Literary theory}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Literary criticism}} {{CatRel|Literary scholars by writer}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]] gc17iwlgt5a6a0253b7id1m8hpysl0w 3135396 3135395 2022-08-19T14:34:36Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Category:Literary theory}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Literary criticism}} {{CatRel|Literary scholars by writer}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]] hj8nz7edhtpbnlw3ejr3eayofnex1i3 3135397 3135396 2022-08-19T14:35:12Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Category:Literary theory}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Literary criticism}} {{Category see also|Literary scholars by writer}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]] k66qz5njal4maao3vmmdxqbgir1atzm 3135398 3135397 2022-08-19T14:35:20Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Category:Literary theory}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Literary criticism}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]] nzo8b4qj8k91kig0bafdn3c2bnumu98 3135399 3135398 2022-08-19T14:35:39Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Category:Literary theory}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]] 53xpunr1ogkpib89igrgxi1q0uqwknm 3135400 3135399 2022-08-19T14:36:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Category:Bûn-ha̍k lí-lūn}} {{Commons category|Literary criticism}} {{Cat main|Bûn-ha̍k phoe-phêng}} [[Category:Literature|Criticism]] [[Category:Non-fiction literature]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phoe-phêng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-ha̍k]] [[Category:Interpretation (philosophy)]] [[Category:Literature about literature|Criticism]] qqf7qief7s4x27c3zhezc44j6noiw5p 14 1080046 3135401 2022-08-19T14:37:32Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Commons category|Criticism}} {{cat main|Phoe-phêng}} [[Category:Analysis]] [[Category:Critical thinking skills]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-hi-kò͘-lūi]] [[Category:Philosophical methodology]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Criticism}} {{cat main|Phoe-phêng}} [[Category:Analysis]] [[Category:Critical thinking skills]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hui-hi-kò͘-lūi]] [[Category:Philosophical methodology]] ei9wl488smttcntcazdkuetulr2l0h9 0 1080047 3135404 2022-08-19T14:40:08Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Kán-chhing]] chit ia̍h khì [[Kán-chheng]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Kán-chheng]] jak359dam1ws0scvx5n2jzdjyxf313n 0 1080048 3135426 2022-08-19T15:14:09Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "'''Avadāna''' (phì-lūn, phì-jū; [[huān-gú]]；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu…" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-lūn, phì-jū; [[huān-gú]]；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] 89psjiwqxgzxcfcqj2ejx77l95u017k 3135427 3135426 2022-08-19T15:14:19Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-lūn, phì-jū; [[huān-gú]]；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] ou6ouv5lx28ooiuffbp9usx9ar7tvx4 3135429 3135427 2022-08-19T15:21:16Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-lūn, phì-jū; [[huān-gú]]；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|apadāna|Apadāna}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] ftaa9fyv9uvw6p0j3yybjy6fibcy0ln 3135431 3135429 2022-08-19T15:23:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-lūn, phì-jū; [[huān-gú]]; [[hàn-gú]]: 譬論, 譬喻；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|apadāna|Apadāna}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] lshikbe6rnio52fu2hts2u5kcnc4ngt 3135475 3135431 2022-08-19T18:43:28Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-jū, '''phì-lūn'''; [[huān-gú]]; [[hàn-gú]]: 譬論, 譬喻；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|apadāna|Apadāna}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] ld9k3qop0b8o6jipkuclffsx0zvpnjl 3135476 3135475 2022-08-19T18:43:50Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-jū, '''phì-lūn'''; [[huān-gú]]; [[hàn-gú]]: 譬喻, 譬論；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|apadāna|Apadāna}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] 15akorkbti9ujvlurocgdl6ud987183 3135477 3135476 2022-08-19T18:44:18Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-jū, '''phì-lūn'''; [[huān-gú]]; [[hàn-gú]]: 譬喻, 譬論；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]].</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} {{en}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|apadāna|Apadāna}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] g53skkrpzc4vohv8gq6gcrksn4en0jx 3135478 3135477 2022-08-19T18:44:38Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avadāna''' (phì-jū, '''phì-lūn'''; [[huān-gú]]; [[hàn-gú]]: 譬喻, 譬論；kah {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} tông-guân: {{le|apadāna|Apadāna}})<ref>While ''avadāna'' (Sanskrit) and ''[[apadāna]]'' (Pali) are cognates, the former refers to a broad literature, including both canonical and non-canonical material from multiple Buddhist schools, while the latter refers explicitly to a late addition to [[Theravada]] Buddhism's [[Pāli Canon]]'s [[Khuddaka Nikaya]]. {{en}}</ref> sī tsi̍t-tsióng hu̍t-kàu bûn-hèn ê miâ-tshing, kā ting-sè ê siān-hîng hām āu-sè ê sū-kiānn liân-hē tsò-hué khí-lâi thó-lūn. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Avadāna|volume=3|page=51}} {{en}} * "Avadāna." (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45339/Avadana {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|apadāna|Apadāna}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Cite journal |title=An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction|url=http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4078| last = Gangodawila | first = Chandima |year=2015|doi=10.31357/fhssphd.2015.00059| access-date=21 February 2021 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051222063241/http://www.borobudur.tv/avadana_01.htm The Avadana reliefs at Borobudur] [[Category:Hu̍t-kàu bûn-ha̍k]] gzfebuh9h7iu3rrmpz7o2oemjia78c4 14 1080049 3135428 2022-08-19T15:19:10Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "[[Category:Religious literature]] [[Category:Philosophical literature]] [[Category:Buddhist media|Literature]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Religious literature]] [[Category:Philosophical literature]] [[Category:Buddhist media|Literature]] a3kivkke8qgg05m3is7rqhkk77ldzgl 0 1080050 3135432 2022-08-19T15:39:37Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "'''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[Newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}}…" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[Newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] fl3alag5gsbijs0b6f7kmzevko593j6 3135433 3135432 2022-08-19T15:40:36Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[Newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 1mbp94j71mu2n6k511aqczp0619xm7u 3135434 3135433 2022-08-19T15:41:38Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[Newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 6gwihvro04rb7llxriqzl3rswha0hqn 3135435 3135434 2022-08-19T15:42:24Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[Newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] dtl3x16sfwlyezjxkuox4pnxc4sf7kg 3135437 3135435 2022-08-19T15:43:52Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] bon2364sh958shax3xztnkzj19ov7z7 3135469 3135437 2022-08-19T17:35:54Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t= *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] p8r3zb85sqvpwhlssh1x6b87b1jahxh 3135470 3135469 2022-08-19T17:36:11Z Andreicuax 54001 /* =Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 3i4d5mplmoe96udvz7kollq4jjxuih9 3135471 3135470 2022-08-19T18:16:50Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) *{{le|Avi Loeb| Avi Loeb}} *{{le|LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] a848o9ito2tiiahi90y18nlrrqc9w4k 3135479 3135471 2022-08-19T18:46:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; [[hàn-gú]]: 唐卡; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) *{{le|Avi Loeb| Avi Loeb}} *{{le|LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 2zzfjjxxjqtan56z9zvksbv7rjuw5od 3135480 3135479 2022-08-19T18:47:00Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; [[hàn-gú]]: 唐卡; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). {{en}} * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) *{{le|Avi Loeb| Avi Loeb}} *{{le|LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 3vral7zl4ik9a7w9afk1haeerncbgy7 3135481 3135480 2022-08-19T18:47:48Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; [[hàn-gú]]: 唐卡; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). {{en}} * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 {{en}} * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} {{en}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 {{en}} * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} {{en}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} {{en}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} {{en}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} {{en}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} {{en}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) *{{le|Avi Loeb| Avi Loeb}} *{{le|LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] o1kizyiyaa3ifuz7vdllt3g7yg89h1g 3135482 3135481 2022-08-19T18:48:28Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; [[hàn-gú]]: 唐卡; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). {{en}} * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 {{en}} * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} {{en}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 {{en}} * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} {{en}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} {{en}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} {{en}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} {{en}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} {{en}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) *{{le|Avi Loeb| Avi Loeb}} *{{le|LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} {{en}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. {{en}} * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] {{en}} * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. {{en}} * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] {{en}} * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] {{en}} * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] {{en}} * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{en}} {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 8nl8563ssz5gsnhha7cwb7zqcg2cbgq 3135483 3135482 2022-08-19T18:49:16Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tôo-siōng */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, ca. 1740, Sotheby's.jpg|thumb|''Thangka'' depicting [[Vajrabhairava]], c. 1740]] [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-29, Tibetexpedition, Tempelfest, Gebetsmauer.jpg|thumb|A large ''thangka'' hung on a [[Thangka wall|special wall]] at [[Gyantse]] in Tibet in 1938]] '''Thangka''' ({{IPA-ne|ˈt̪ʰaŋka}}; [[Chōng-gí|tsōng-gú]]: ཐང་ཀ་; [[newar-gú]]: पौभा; [[hàn-gú]]: 唐卡; {{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration|Wylie tsuán-siá}}: thang-ka) teh tsōng-gú ê ì-sù sī "[[Chhêng|tshîng-peh-tshiū]]", tio̍h-sī tsi̍t-tsióng uē teh pòo-buān, jī-tsuá tíng-kuân ê uē-siōng. Thâng-kā hing-khí teh [[Bod Tè-kok]] sî-kî, ē-tàng suî-ì î-tōng, hong-piān siu-tsông. ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Buddha Amitayus attended by bodhisattvas 11th century. Metmuseum.jpg|11th or early 12th-century thangka of the [[Amitābha]] Buddha, with [[donor portrait]]s at bottom.<ref>Kossak and Singer, #1 {{en}}</ref> File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-07-095, Tibetexpedition, Mönch beim Malen.jpg|Monk painting a thangka at the [[Potala]] in [[Lhasa]] in 1938 File:Diverse Forms of Mahakala and other Protectors - Google Art Project.jpg|Thanka with its backing and (above) cover File:The Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava Central Tibet, a Kadampa Monastery, 1150-1225, LACMA.jpg|Jina Buddha Ratnasambhava, Central Tibet, [[Kadampa]] Monastery, 1150–1225 File:'The Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg|'The [[Five Dhyani Buddhas|Dhyani]] Buddha [[Akshobhya]]', Tibetan thangka, late 13th century, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]. The background consists of multiple images of the [[Five Dhyani Buddhas]]. File:Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century.jpg|Thangka of Buddha with the One Hundred [[Jataka]] Tales, Tibet, 13th-14th century File:Initiation Card (Tsakalis), Maitreya. 13-14th century, Metmuseum.jpg|Small [[tsakli]], 13-14th century File:17th century Central Tibeten thanka of Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra, Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|17th-century Central [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]] of [[Guhyasamāja tantra|Guhyasamaja Akshobhyavajra]], [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Yama tibet.jpg|[[Yama]], Tibet, 17th- or early 18th-century. Over six feet high, this was originally one of a set of protective deities.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/69.71 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> File:Yama Dharmapala. Tibeto-chinese. Silk embroidery, 18th Century. British Museum..jpg|[[Yama]] [[Dharmapala]], Tibeto-Chinese, silk embroidery, 18th century File:Tara thangka.jpg|18th-century Eastern [[Tibet]]an [[thanka]], with the [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]] (Samaya Tara Yogini) in the center and the Blue, Red, White and Yellow taras in the corners, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg|Bhutanese thangka of [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mt. Meru]] and the Buddhist Universe, 19th century, [[Trongsa|Trongsa Dzong]], [[Trongsa|Trongsa, Bhutan]] File:Medicine Buddha painted mandala with goddess Prajnaparamita in center, 19th century, Rubin.jpg|Painted [[Bhutan]]ese [[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]] [[mandala]] with [[Perfection of Wisdom|the goddess Prajnaparamita]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese Drukpa applique Buddhist lineage thonka with Shakyamuni Buddha in center, 19th century, Ruben Museum of Art.jpg|[[Bhutan]]ese [[Drukpa Kagyu]] [[applique]] Buddhist lineage thangka with [[Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha]] in center, 19th century, [[Rubin Museum of Art]] File:Bhutanese painted complete mandala, 19th century, Seula Gonpa, Punakha, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted complete [[mandala]], 19th century, [[Seula Gonpa]], [[Punakha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century, Do Khachu Gonpa, Chukka, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Nyima Ozer]], late 19th century, [[Do Khachu Gonpa]], [[Mebisa|Chukha]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of Milarepa (1052-1135), Late 19th-early 20th Century, Dhodeydrag Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of [[Milarepa]] (1052–1135), late 19th-early 20th century, [[Dhodeydrag Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:Bhutanese painted thanka of the Jataka Tales, 18th-19th Century, Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan.jpg|Bhutanese painted thangka of the [[Jataka Tales]], 18th-19th century, [[Phajoding Gonpa]], [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]] File:The Qianlong Emperor in Buddhist Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] of China dressed as a monk File:Wheel of Existence.jpg|[[Wheel of Life]], from about 1800, [[Birmingham Museum of Art]] File:Situ Panchen. Mahasiddha Ghantapa. From Situ's set of the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, Coll. of John and Berthe Ford..jpg|The [[mahasiddha]] [[Ghantapa]] (below), from [[Situ Panchen]]'s set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century, with Chinese influence File:Tibetan Thangka, anonymous, private collection.jpg|Tibetan thangka of the Chemchok Heruka File:Pair of Manuscript Covers with Three Deities and Three Hierarchs, 1.jpg|One of a pair of book covers, c. 12th century File:Shakyamuni-Thangka.jpg|19th-century Mongolian distemper painting with highlights of gold, depicting [[Shakyamuni]] flanked by [[Avalokiteśvara]] and [[Manjushri]]. The form of [[Manjushri]] depicted here is not wielding the characteristic flaming sword, but there are many forms of the eight great [[bodhisattva]]s, some are based on the Indian tradition, and other from visions of historical masters. File:Painting Thangka Lhasa Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|Painting Thangka in Lhasa, Tibet (2006) </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Kossak, Steven M., Singer, Jane Casey, (eds.), [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101557/rec/1 ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet''] (exhibition catalogue), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998 (fully available online as PDF). {{en}} * Lipton, Barbara and Ragnubs, Nima Dorjee. ''Treasures of Tibetan Art: Collections of the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1996. * Rhie, Marylin and [[Robert Thurman|Thurman, Robert]] (eds.):''Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet'', 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with three institutions), {{ISBN|0810925265}}. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [[Giuseppe Tucci]], ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls''. 3 volumes, Rome, 1949 {{en}} * Hugo E. Kreijer, ''Tibetan Paintings. The Jucker Collection''. 2001, {{ISBN|978-1570628658}} {{en}} * Huntington, John C., Bangdel, Dina, ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'', 2003, Serindia Publications, {{ISBN|1932476016}}, 9781932476019 {{en}} * [[Per Kværne]], ''The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition''. Serindia, London 1995. {{ISBN|0-906026-35-0}} {{en}} * David P. Jackson, ''History of Tibetan Painting; The Great Tibetan Painters and Their Traditions'', 1995, {{ISBN|3700122241}} {{en}} * [[Martin Willson]], [[Martin Brauen]], ''Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zurich Paintings of the "Icons Worthwhile to See"''. Wisdom Pubn. 2000, {{ISBN|9780861710980}} {{en}} * Robert N. Linrothe, ''Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting''. Serindia Publications 2004, {{ISBN|978-1932476071}} {{en}} * David P. Jackson, ''Patron and Painter: Situ Panchen and the Revival of the Encampment Style''. Rubin Museum of Art 2009, {{ISBN|978-0977213146}} {{en}} * Jacinta Boon Nee Loh, [http://jcms.ubiquitypress.com/articles/10.5334/jcms.8021/ Decision From Indecision: Conservation of Thangka Significance, Perspectives and Approaches], in ''Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies'', Institute of Archaeology, University College London, vol. 8, 2002-11-01 {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Wylie choán-siá|Wylie transliteration}} (Wylie tsuán-siá/Wylie transliteration) *{{le|Avi Loeb| Avi Loeb}} *{{le|LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Thangka}} {{div col|2}} * {{cite web|url=http://aryakshema.com/index.php/en/component/content/article/34-news-articles/7th-arya-kshema/151-day-19-tibetan-art-forms-menluk-khyenluk-and-gardri?Itemid=112|title=Tibetan Art Forms: Menluk, Khyenluk and Gardri}} {{en}} * [http://traditionalartofnepal.com Thangka Painting School in Nepal] Collective of thangka artists of the Kathmandu Valley. {{en}} * [http://www.thangka.de Dharmapala Thangka Centre: more than 1000 pages of sacred Tibetan art and more than fully described more than different 600 Thangkas] {{en}} * [http://www.norbulingka.org 'Norbulingka thangka's Norbulingka Institute ]- Tibetan Thangka Paintings from the Tibetan Government's Institute under the Chairmanship of the Dalai Lama. {{en}} * [http://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/Thangka_Movie.html Movie about Newari Thangka painting in Nepal] {{en}} * [http://www.mongolian-art.de/01_mongolian_art/gallery_gods_buddha/index.htm Mongolian Tangkas] {{en}} * [http://bigthangka.gmxhome.de/mainintro.html The Huge Thangka of Amdo] {{en}} * [https://thangka-art.com/ Nick Dudka's art of Thangka site] - Nick Dudka is an internationally well-known Thangka artist, who has been studying ancient Tibetan art Menry style. He is exhibiting his works all over the world to spread the unique necessity of the holy art to the modern world. {{en}} {{div col end}} [[Category:Thangkas| ]] [[Category:Tibetan painting]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Chhiú-gē]] [[Category:Tibetan art]] [[Category:Buddhist religious objects]] [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]] [[Category:Buddhist paintings]] [[Category:Nepalese art]] 9p93ajvaw8h3amhukcvvo35158hyxda 10 1080051 3135436 2022-08-19T15:43:11Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "<onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Nepali:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|=|Nepali pronunciation:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Nepali|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=ne}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude><noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Usage of IPA templates}} [[Category:Nepali words and phrases]] [[Category:IPA language templates]] </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Nepali:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|=|Nepali pronunciation:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Nepali|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=ne}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude><noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Usage of IPA templates}} [[Category:Nepali words and phrases]] [[Category:IPA language templates]] </noinclude> mnb2bs5eufor9qc1f9epjh2adotnf1j 3135439 3135436 2022-08-19T15:47:13Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Nepali:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|=|[[Nepal-gú]] huat-im:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Nepali|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=ne}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude><noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Usage of IPA templates}} [[Category:Nepali words and phrases]] [[Category:IPA language templates]] </noinclude> 31qu5cy1c1ho3szuwhj10r5b74snm8d 0 1080052 3135438 2022-08-19T15:44:31Z Andreicuax 54001 Choán khì [[Newar-gí]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Newar-gí]] 3k206dpciu206ejyd2shdh9lvc866m5 0 1080053 3135440 2022-08-19T15:47:35Z Andreicuax 54001 Choán khì [[Nî-pô-lô-gí]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Nî-pô-lô-gí]] ks6ijqnfq5oi6b1ci65yz4ha05i47bt 0 1080054 3135441 2022-08-19T16:10:13Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeo…" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|Tathagata, [[Gautama Buddha| Shakyamuni Buddha]] in a [[thangka]] painting showing the [[avadana]] legend scenes.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 9y09jugb98eph4jn01xkskoqh7tn5lx 3135442 3135441 2022-08-19T16:10:50Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|Tathagata, [[Gautama Buddha| Shakyamuni Buddha]] in a [[thangka]] painting showing the [[avadana]] legend scenes.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 9t2ex3eckus11khkxzgb79ayug6hg9q 3135446 3135442 2022-08-19T16:16:22Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] crrnhjesovoark0eo71u5foilaznt0d 3135449 3135446 2022-08-19T16:19:36Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|Pali-gú|pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] d93z4cpnrv4j9hpkals0os017znot2l 3135450 3135449 2022-08-19T16:19:56Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 7xrf4oxw52p6n0whtunry8wbtwlo7uz 3135451 3135450 2022-08-19T16:22:44Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] owc3qiqwp710d1nbxnetoshgqjkti6m 3135452 3135451 2022-08-19T16:23:46Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} gú-sû; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 0xh2eolehxdvbenwannz1xsuq2t76wt 3135453 3135452 2022-08-19T16:26:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] t54ke1bla912m6vs32tubjq6fkjcef7 3135454 3135453 2022-08-19T16:26:33Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 31tk3afebgne6k6hljtsj7to61ms0te 3135455 3135454 2022-08-19T16:30:07Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le||bû-siôngImpermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] gd737nm8rvbc6oyfnw8k3gu2vt59oog 3135456 3135455 2022-08-19T16:30:39Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siôngImpermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hiān-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] drd6s9sd6kp991gmulvg51a6ir47toj 3135457 3135456 2022-08-19T16:31:02Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} La traduction de "Nyorai" (en anglais : "Thus Come One" ; en français : Ainsi-venu ou "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 98dfr617l0mamj0ldlhua57q817tja0 3135458 3135457 2022-08-19T16:34:01Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k (Ing-gú: "Thus Come One" ; hautgu: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha") * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 5t2bw28eqxjb3gs57rha2d0zlqgkkqx 3135459 3135458 2022-08-19T16:35:21Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] fk0aqzmihokajyzph1to1pqztfqqsns 3135460 3135459 2022-08-19T16:36:26Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] b7s1t6j2ir3iy9y3169cng92avacnkm 3135461 3135460 2022-08-19T16:36:47Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] kg0veo50rzc3j2fyz40tj7c3nvjb586 3135462 3135461 2022-08-19T16:37:06Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] snt2sb8i0zx817wccax3z42h3g66sef 3135463 3135462 2022-08-19T16:38:09Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] lul77aeyfdpjsj3hvixvr6jrjdyznak 3135464 3135463 2022-08-19T16:38:27Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] g8zm2gp5ohjijwoe4gtkvwg8qo9qib0 3135465 3135464 2022-08-19T16:39:16Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 1tj1px6q0vrm5at5crupmw9dt5yq36j 3135466 3135465 2022-08-19T16:39:36Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah [[Tathāgata|Jû-lâi]]--ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 0fbt0r2npwqsfbsxw1kuaszo3xn9oll 3135468 3135466 2022-08-19T17:31:45Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah Tathāgata-ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] nuvu9i9wja8xz1m6v6og9xclaj31njd 3135472 3135468 2022-08-19T18:18:12Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah Tathāgata-ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) *{{le|ASEAN Para Games| ASEAN Para Games|} *{{le|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian Games}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] c7zf52vth4n9ku74c5tlhum5uhxxrik 3135473 3135472 2022-08-19T18:18:26Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah Tathāgata-ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê huan-i̍k ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) *{{le|ASEAN Para Games| ASEAN Para Games}} *{{le|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian Games}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 4iiqyh14lsmioax7pturm8g721gxu1q 3135474 3135473 2022-08-19T18:42:12Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah Tathāgata-ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115]</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê [[Hoan-e̍k|huan-i̍k]] ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) *{{le|ASEAN Para Games| ASEAN Para Games}} *{{le|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian Games}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] b6pdqdetnsraycxeh7qelsbesgkn8zi 3135554 3135474 2022-08-20T09:48:10Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Buddhist term |title=Tathāgata |en=One who has thus gone<br>Thus Come One |pi={{linktext|tathāgata}} |si={{linktext|තථාගත}} (tathāgata) |vi={{linktext|Như Lai}} |zh={{linktext|如來}} |zh-Latn=rú laí/ Cantonese=yu loi |mn= {{linktext|ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ}} {{linktext|Түүнчлэн ирсэн}} |sa= {{linktext|तथागत}} |my= |my-Latn= |ja= {{linktext|如来}} |ja-Latn=nyorai |ko={{linktext|여래}} |ko-Latn=yeorae |th={{linktext|ตถาคต}} |bo={{linktext|དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ}}་ |bo-Latn=dezhin sheg pa |vn={{linktext|Như Lai}} |km={{linktext|តថាគត}}<br> (tathakut) |bn={{linktext|তথাগত}}}} [[File:Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|397x397px|[[Se-chōng Hu̍t-kàu]]--ê [[Thangka]], biâu-hoē [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî]] kah Tathāgata-ê [[Avadāna|phì-lūn]] chêng-kéng.]] '''Tathāgata''' ({{IPA-pi|tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ|lang}}; '''Jû-lâi'''; [[hàn-gú]]: 如來) sī tsi̍t-ê {{le|pali-gú|Pali}} [[gú|gú-sû]]; [[Sek-khia-mô͘-nî|Siddhārtha Gautama]] teh {{le|Pāli sam-chōng |Pāli Canon|pali king-tián}} lāi-té thê-kàu ka-kī hi̍k-tsiá kî-thann ê Hu̍t-tô ê sî-tsūn lóng tehsú-iōng tsit-ê gú-sû. tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông hōo-lâng jīm-uî sī teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú tsáu--khì ê lâng" (''tathā-gata''), "jû-tshú kái-kàu ê lâng" (''tathā-agata''), hi̍k-tsiá ū-tang-sî-á teh piáu-sī "jû-tshú put--khì ê lâng" ("tathā-agata"). Tsia--ê lūn-su̍t hông kái-sueh tsò piáu-sī Tathāgata tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè lāi-lāi khì-khì ——tshiau-ua̍t it-tshè {{le|bû-siông|Impermanence|tuán-tsiām ê hēn-siōng}}. Put-jî-kò, iah-koh ū kî-thann ê kái-sueh, tsit-ê gú-sû ê khak-tshiat guân-ì pìng-bô khak-tīng.<ref name="Chalmers">Chalmers, Robert. [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103-115] {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} Tathāgata (jû-lâi) ê [[Hoan-e̍k|huan-i̍k]] ([[ing-gú]]: "Thus Come One"; [[huat-gú]]: "Ainsi-venu" hi̍k-tsiá "Tathagatha"; [[gô-gú]]: Татхагата) * ''The Lotus Sutra'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Burton Watson]] (Columbia University Press, 1993) {{en}} * ''Lettres et traités de Nichiren Daishonin'', ACEP, 7 volumes {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus'', version française de la traduction anglaise du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par Burton Watson (Les Indes savantes, 2007) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Sûtra du Lotus, Suivi du Livre des sens incomparables et du Livre de la contemplation de Sage-Universel'', traduit du chinois de [[Kumarajiva|Kumārajīva]] par [[Jean-Noël Robert]] (Paris, Arthème Fayard, 1997) {{fr icon}} * ''Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi'', traduit du sanskrit par [[Eugène Burnouf]] (Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1852. Réédition : Paris, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1973) {{fr icon}} * Gaston Renondeau, ''La doctrine de Nichiren'', [[1953]], PUF {{fr icon}} * ''Dictionnaire du bouddhisme'', [[1991]], Editions du Rocher {{fr icon}} *Татхагата / Андросов В. П. // Социальное партнёрство — Телевидение. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2016. — С. 703. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ; 2004—2017, т. 31). — ISBN 978-5-85270-368-2. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} (Pali) *{{le|ASEAN Para Games| ASEAN Para Games}} *{{le|Southeast Asian Games|Southeast Asian Games}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[http://www.purifymind.com/Vimalakirti10.htm 12. Vision of the Universe Abhirati and the Tathagata Aksobhya] from [[Vimalakirti]] Nirdesa Sutra {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tathagata}} [[Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha]] [[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t-sèng]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hu̍t| ]] 688adr0f1ljhjmdgawkw4yqczjos9cc 10 1080055 3135443 2022-08-19T16:11:12Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{infobox | bodyclass = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|collapsible}} | bodystyle = <!--header--> | abovestyle = background-color:#FFD068 | above = Translations of<br/>{{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title}}} | {{#if:{{{pi|}}}|{{transl|pi|IAST|{{{pi}}}}} | {{#if:{{{sa|}}}|{{transl|sa|IAST|{{{sa}}}}} | }} }} }} <!-- translations --> | label1 = English | data1 = {{{en|}}} | label2 = [[Sanskrit]] | data2 = {{#if:{{{sa|}}} | {{lang|sa|2= {{{sa}}}}} {{#if:{{{sa-Latn|}}}|<br/>(Interna…" wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | bodyclass = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|collapsible}} | bodystyle = <!--header--> | abovestyle = background-color:#FFD068 | above = Translations of<br/>{{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title}}} | {{#if:{{{pi|}}}|{{transl|pi|IAST|{{{pi}}}}} | {{#if:{{{sa|}}}|{{transl|sa|IAST|{{{sa}}}}} | }} }} }} <!-- translations --> | label1 = English | data1 = {{{en|}}} | label2 = [[Sanskrit]] | data2 = {{#if:{{{sa|}}} | {{lang|sa|2= {{{sa}}}}} {{#if:{{{sa-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{transl|sa|iast|{{{sa-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label3 = [[Pali]] | data3 = {{#if:{{{pi|}}} | {{lang|pi|2= {{{pi}}}}} {{#if:{{{pi-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|pi-Latn|{{{pi-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label4 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] | data4 = {{#if:{{{as|}}} | {{lang|as|2= {{{as}}}}} {{#if:{{{as-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|as-Latn|{{{as-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{bn|}}} | {{lang|bn|2= {{{bn}}}}} {{#if:{{{bn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|bn-Latn|{{{bn-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label6 = [[Burmese language|Burmese]] | data6 = {{#if:{{{my|}}} | {{lang|my|2= {{{my}}}}} {{#if:{{{my-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[MLC Transcription System|MLCTS]]: {{lang|my-Latn|{{{my-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label7 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | data7 = {{#if:{{{zh|}}} | {{lang|zh|2= {{{zh}}}}} {{#if:{{{zh-Hans|}}}|<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|{{{zh-Hans}}}}} ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])|}} {{#if:{{{zh-Hant|}}}|<br/>{{lang|zh-Hant|{{{zh-Hant}}}}} ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])|}} {{#if:{{{zh-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Pinyin]]: {{lang|zh-Latn|{{{zh-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label8 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | data8 = {{#if:{{{id|}}} | {{lang|id|2= {{{id}}}}}}} | label9 = [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | data9 = {{#if:{{{ja|}}} | {{lang|ja|2= {{{ja}}}}} {{#if:{{{ja-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Kanji]]: {{lang|ja-Hani|{{{ja-Hani}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ja-Kana|}}}|<br/>([[Katakana]]: {{lang|ja-Kana|{{{ja-Kana}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ja-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Rōmaji]]: {{lang|ja-Latn|{{{ja-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label10 = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | data10 = {{#if:{{{km|}}} | {{lang|km|2= {{{km}}}}} {{#if:{{{km-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|ungegn|{{{km-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label11 = [[Korean language|Korean]] | data11 = {{#if:{{{ko|}}} | {{lang|ko|2= {{{ko}}}}} {{#if:{{{ko-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Hanja]]: {{lang|ko-Hani|{{{ko-Hani}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ko-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: {{transl|ko|rr|{{{ko-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label12 = [[Lao language|Lao]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{lo|}}} | {{lang|lo|2= {{{lo}}}}} {{#if:{{{lo-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|lo-Latn|{{{lo-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label13 = [[Malay language|Malay]] | data13 = {{#if:{{{ms|}}} | {{lang|id|2= {{{ms}}} }} }} | label14 = [[Mon language|Mon]] | data14 = {{#if:{{{mnw|}}} | {{my|{{{mnw}}}}} {{#if:{{{mnw-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{IPA|[{{{mnw-Latn}}}]}})|}} }} | label15 = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] | data15 = {{#if:{{{mn|}}} | {{lang|mn|2= {{{mn}}}}} {{#if:{{{mn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|mn-Latn|{{{mn-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label16 = [[Shan language|Shan]] | data16 = {{#if:{{{shn|}}} | {{my|{{{shn}}}}} {{#if:{{{shn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{IPA|[{{{shn-Latn}}}]}})|}} }} | label17 = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] | data17 = {{#if:{{{si|}}} | {{lang|si|2= {{{si}}}}} {{#if:{{{si-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{transl|si|{{{si-Latn}}}}})|}} | {{#if:{{{si-Latn|}}} | {{transl|si|{{{si-Latn}}}}} |}} }} | label18 = [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] | data18 = {{#if:{{{bo|}}} | {{lang|bo|2= {{{bo}}}}} {{#if:{{{bo-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|bo-Latn|{{{bo-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label19 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | data19 = {{#if:{{{ta|}}} | {{lang|ta|2= {{{ta}}}}} {{#if:{{{ta-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|ta-Latn|{{{ta-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label20 = [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] | data20 = {{#if:{{{tl|}}} | {{lang|tl|2= {{{tl}}}}} {{#if:{{{tl-tglg|}}}|<br/>([[Baybayin]]: {{lang|tl-Tglg|{{{tl-tglg}}}}})|}} }} | label21 = [[Thai language|Thai]] | data21 = {{#if:{{{th|}}} | {{lang|th|2= {{{th}}}}} {{#if:{{{th-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]: {{transl|th|rtgs|{{{th-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label22 = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | data22 = {{#if:{{{vi|}}} | {{lang|vi|2= {{{vi}}}}} {{#if:{{{vi-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Chữ Nôm]]: {{lang|vi-Hani|{{{vi-Hani}}}}})|}} }} | label23 = [[Prakrit]] | data23 = {{#if:{{{pr|}}} | {{lang|pri|2= {{{pr}}}}} {{#if:{{{pr-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|pr-Latn|{{{pr-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | belowstyle = background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small | below = [[Glossary of Buddhism]] }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> aal6po9t11t7uf0al56w1m4yd7dym4o 3135444 3135443 2022-08-19T16:13:16Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | bodyclass = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|collapsible}} | bodystyle = <!--header--> | abovestyle = background-color:#FFD068 | above = Translations of<br/>{{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title}}} | {{#if:{{{pi|}}}|{{transl|pi|IAST|{{{pi}}}}} | {{#if:{{{sa|}}}|{{transl|sa|IAST|{{{sa}}}}} | }} }} }} <!-- translations --> | label1 = English | data1 = {{{en|}}} | label2 = [[Sanskrit]] | data2 = {{#if:{{{sa|}}} | {{lang|sa|2= {{{sa}}}}} {{#if:{{{sa-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{transl|sa|iast|{{{sa-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label3 = [[Pali]] | data3 = {{#if:{{{pi|}}} | {{lang|pi|2= {{{pi}}}}} {{#if:{{{pi-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|pi-Latn|{{{pi-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label4 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] | data4 = {{#if:{{{as|}}} | {{lang|as|2= {{{as}}}}} {{#if:{{{as-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|as-Latn|{{{as-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{bn|}}} | {{lang|bn|2= {{{bn}}}}} {{#if:{{{bn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|bn-Latn|{{{bn-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label6 = [[Burmese language|Burmese]] | data6 = {{#if:{{{my|}}} | {{lang|my|2= {{{my}}}}} {{#if:{{{my-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[MLC Transcription System|MLCTS]]: {{lang|my-Latn|{{{my-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label7 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | data7 = {{#if:{{{zh|}}} | {{lang|zh|2= {{{zh}}}}} {{#if:{{{zh-Hans|}}}|<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|{{{zh-Hans}}}}} ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])|}} {{#if:{{{zh-Hant|}}}|<br/>{{lang|zh-Hant|{{{zh-Hant}}}}} ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])|}} {{#if:{{{zh-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Pinyin]]: {{lang|zh-Latn|{{{zh-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label8 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | data8 = {{#if:{{{id|}}} | {{lang|id|2= {{{id}}}}}}} | label9 = [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | data9 = {{#if:{{{ja|}}} | {{lang|ja|2= {{{ja}}}}} {{#if:{{{ja-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Kanji]]: {{lang|ja-Hani|{{{ja-Hani}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ja-Kana|}}}|<br/>([[Katakana]]: {{lang|ja-Kana|{{{ja-Kana}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ja-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Rōmaji]]: {{lang|ja-Latn|{{{ja-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label10 = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | data10 = {{#if:{{{km|}}} | {{lang|km|2= {{{km}}}}} {{#if:{{{km-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|ungegn|{{{km-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label11 = [[Korean language|Korean]] | data11 = {{#if:{{{ko|}}} | {{lang|ko|2= {{{ko}}}}} {{#if:{{{ko-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Hanja]]: {{lang|ko-Hani|{{{ko-Hani}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ko-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: {{transl|ko|rr|{{{ko-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label12 = [[Lao language|Lao]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{lo|}}} | {{lang|lo|2= {{{lo}}}}} {{#if:{{{lo-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|lo-Latn|{{{lo-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label13 = [[Malay language|Malay]] | data13 = {{#if:{{{ms|}}} | {{lang|id|2= {{{ms}}} }} }} | label14 = [[Mon language|Mon]] | data14 = {{#if:{{{mnw|}}} | {{my|{{{mnw}}}}} {{#if:{{{mnw-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{IPA|[{{{mnw-Latn}}}]}})|}} }} | label15 = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] | data15 = {{#if:{{{mn|}}} | {{lang|mn|2= {{{mn}}}}} {{#if:{{{mn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|mn-Latn|{{{mn-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label16 = [[Shan language|Shan]] | data16 = {{#if:{{{shn|}}} | {{my|{{{shn}}}}} {{#if:{{{shn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{IPA|[{{{shn-Latn}}}]}})|}} }} | label17 = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] | data17 = {{#if:{{{si|}}} | {{lang|si|2= {{{si}}}}} {{#if:{{{si-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{transl|si|{{{si-Latn}}}}})|}} | {{#if:{{{si-Latn|}}} | {{transl|si|{{{si-Latn}}}}} |}} }} | label18 = [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] | data18 = {{#if:{{{bo|}}} | {{lang|bo|2= {{{bo}}}}} {{#if:{{{bo-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|bo-Latn|{{{bo-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label19 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | data19 = {{#if:{{{ta|}}} | {{lang|ta|2= {{{ta}}}}} {{#if:{{{ta-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|ta-Latn|{{{ta-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label20 = [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] | data20 = {{#if:{{{tl|}}} | {{lang|tl|2= {{{tl}}}}} {{#if:{{{tl-tglg|}}}|<br/>([[Baybayin]]: {{lang|tl-Tglg|{{{tl-tglg}}}}})|}} }} | label21 = [[Thai language|Thai]] | data21 = {{#if:{{{th|}}} | {{lang|th|2= {{{th}}}}} {{#if:{{{th-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]: {{transl|th|rtgs|{{{th-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label22 = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | data22 = {{#if:{{{vi|}}} | {{lang|vi|2= {{{vi}}}}} {{#if:{{{vi-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Chữ Nôm]]: {{lang|vi-Hani|{{{vi-Hani}}}}})|}} }} | label23 = [[Prakrit]] | data23 = {{#if:{{{pr|}}} | {{lang|pri|2= {{{pr}}}}} {{#if:{{{pr-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|pr-Latn|{{{pr-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | belowstyle = background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small | below = {{le|Hu̍t-kàu iōng-gú tshing-tān|Glossary of Buddhism}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qi2139nmr2vt1wi08oxiol6buzk7gyz 3135516 3135444 2022-08-20T04:24:29Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox | bodyclass = {{#if:{{{collapsible|}}}|collapsible}} | bodystyle = <!--header--> | abovestyle = background-color:#FFD068 | above = <br/>{{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title}}} | {{#if:{{{pi|}}}|{{transl|pi|IAST|{{{pi}}}}} | {{#if:{{{sa|}}}|{{transl|sa|IAST|{{{sa}}}}} | }} }} }} ê huan-i̍k <!-- translations --> | label1 = English | data1 = {{{en|}}} | label2 = [[Sanskrit]] | data2 = {{#if:{{{sa|}}} | {{lang|sa|2= {{{sa}}}}} {{#if:{{{sa-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{transl|sa|iast|{{{sa-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label3 = [[Pali]] | data3 = {{#if:{{{pi|}}} | {{lang|pi|2= {{{pi}}}}} {{#if:{{{pi-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|pi-Latn|{{{pi-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label4 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] | data4 = {{#if:{{{as|}}} | {{lang|as|2= {{{as}}}}} {{#if:{{{as-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|as-Latn|{{{as-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{bn|}}} | {{lang|bn|2= {{{bn}}}}} {{#if:{{{bn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|bn-Latn|{{{bn-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label6 = [[Burmese language|Burmese]] | data6 = {{#if:{{{my|}}} | {{lang|my|2= {{{my}}}}} {{#if:{{{my-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[MLC Transcription System|MLCTS]]: {{lang|my-Latn|{{{my-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label7 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | data7 = {{#if:{{{zh|}}} | {{lang|zh|2= {{{zh}}}}} {{#if:{{{zh-Hans|}}}|<br/>{{lang|zh-Hans|{{{zh-Hans}}}}} ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])|}} {{#if:{{{zh-Hant|}}}|<br/>{{lang|zh-Hant|{{{zh-Hant}}}}} ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])|}} {{#if:{{{zh-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Pinyin]]: {{lang|zh-Latn|{{{zh-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label8 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] | data8 = {{#if:{{{id|}}} | {{lang|id|2= {{{id}}}}}}} | label9 = [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | data9 = {{#if:{{{ja|}}} | {{lang|ja|2= {{{ja}}}}} {{#if:{{{ja-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Kanji]]: {{lang|ja-Hani|{{{ja-Hani}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ja-Kana|}}}|<br/>([[Katakana]]: {{lang|ja-Kana|{{{ja-Kana}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ja-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Rōmaji]]: {{lang|ja-Latn|{{{ja-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label10 = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | data10 = {{#if:{{{km|}}} | {{lang|km|2= {{{km}}}}} {{#if:{{{km-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transl|km|ungegn|{{{km-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label11 = [[Korean language|Korean]] | data11 = {{#if:{{{ko|}}} | {{lang|ko|2= {{{ko}}}}} {{#if:{{{ko-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Hanja]]: {{lang|ko-Hani|{{{ko-Hani}}}}})|}} {{#if:{{{ko-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: {{transl|ko|rr|{{{ko-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label12 = [[Lao language|Lao]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{lo|}}} | {{lang|lo|2= {{{lo}}}}} {{#if:{{{lo-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|lo-Latn|{{{lo-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label13 = [[Malay language|Malay]] | data13 = {{#if:{{{ms|}}} | {{lang|id|2= {{{ms}}} }} }} | label14 = [[Mon language|Mon]] | data14 = {{#if:{{{mnw|}}} | {{my|{{{mnw}}}}} {{#if:{{{mnw-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{IPA|[{{{mnw-Latn}}}]}})|}} }} | label15 = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] | data15 = {{#if:{{{mn|}}} | {{lang|mn|2= {{{mn}}}}} {{#if:{{{mn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|mn-Latn|{{{mn-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label16 = [[Shan language|Shan]] | data16 = {{#if:{{{shn|}}} | {{my|{{{shn}}}}} {{#if:{{{shn-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{IPA|[{{{shn-Latn}}}]}})|}} }} | label17 = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] | data17 = {{#if:{{{si|}}} | {{lang|si|2= {{{si}}}}} {{#if:{{{si-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{transl|si|{{{si-Latn}}}}})|}} | {{#if:{{{si-Latn|}}} | {{transl|si|{{{si-Latn}}}}} |}} }} | label18 = [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] | data18 = {{#if:{{{bo|}}} | {{lang|bo|2= {{{bo}}}}} {{#if:{{{bo-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|bo-Latn|{{{bo-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label19 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | data19 = {{#if:{{{ta|}}} | {{lang|ta|2= {{{ta}}}}} {{#if:{{{ta-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|ta-Latn|{{{ta-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label20 = [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] | data20 = {{#if:{{{tl|}}} | {{lang|tl|2= {{{tl}}}}} {{#if:{{{tl-tglg|}}}|<br/>([[Baybayin]]: {{lang|tl-Tglg|{{{tl-tglg}}}}})|}} }} | label21 = [[Thai language|Thai]] | data21 = {{#if:{{{th|}}} | {{lang|th|2= {{{th}}}}} {{#if:{{{th-Latn|}}}|<br/>([[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]: {{transl|th|rtgs|{{{th-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | label22 = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | data22 = {{#if:{{{vi|}}} | {{lang|vi|2= {{{vi}}}}} {{#if:{{{vi-Hani|}}}|<br/>([[Chữ Nôm]]: {{lang|vi-Hani|{{{vi-Hani}}}}})|}} }} | label23 = [[Prakrit]] | data23 = {{#if:{{{pr|}}} | {{lang|pri|2= {{{pr}}}}} {{#if:{{{pr-Latn|}}}|<br/>({{lang|pr-Latn|{{{pr-Latn}}}}})|}} }} | belowstyle = background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small | below = {{le|Hu̍t-kàu iōng-gú tshing-tān|Glossary of Buddhism}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> g86ofseylzwzxx0p8uv1houql9hr155 10 1080056 3135445 2022-08-19T16:13:59Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "<onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Pali:&nbsp;|=|Pali pronunciation:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=pi}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Pali:&nbsp;|=|Pali pronunciation:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=pi}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> c6tyhizoptwzdq6imzrjidp03n88rdg 3135447 3135445 2022-08-19T16:18:17Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Pali:&nbsp;|=|{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} huat-im:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=pi}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 5e6aaip7vl8zu8ugm00rz3ni3ak90o3 3135448 3135447 2022-08-19T16:19:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang={{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} huat-im:&nbsp;|=|{{le|Pali-gú|Pali}} huat-im:&nbsp;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA/Sanskrit|[{{{1}}}]]]|lang=pi}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> <noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> f7lxy9uv43xcqygp6m8oia7lum1tts6 10 1080057 3135486 2022-08-19T18:53:03Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Infobox|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | abovestyle = background:{{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}}; color:{{Greater color contrast ratio|{{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}}}}; | above = {{br separated entries | 1 = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefi…" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|child={{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | abovestyle = background:{{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}}; color:{{Greater color contrast ratio|{{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}}}}; | above = {{br separated entries | 1 = {{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | 2 = <div style="display:inline" class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> | 3 = {{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} }} | subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; | subheader = {{#if:{{{native_name|{{{native name|}}}}}} |<div class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|{{{native name lang|}}}}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang|{{{native name lang}}}}}}"}}>{{{native_name|{{{native name}}}}}}</div> }} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | headerstyle = background:{{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}}; color:{{Greater color contrast ratio|{{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}}}}; | data1 = {{{module0|}}} | data2 = {{Infobox officeholder/office|color={{if empty|{{{background|}}}|{{Infobox religious building/color|{{{religion|}}}}}}} | office = {{{office1|}}} | 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teachers | temple | term_end1 | term_end2 | term_end3 | term_end4 | term_start1 | term_start2 | term_start3 | term_start4 | term1 | term2 | term3 | term4 | title | Title | Unit | website | works | Years of service}}{{#if:{{{religion|}}}||{{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox religious biography without religion parameter]]}} }}{{Compare image with Wikidata|local={{{image|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> h4d4ei7jiy4iuifuosci4qvm1x60lw4 10 1080058 3135496 2022-08-19T19:27:43Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation |bracket_left= ( |bracket_right = ) }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --> </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation |bracket_left= ( |bracket_right = ) }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --> </noinclude> nu22p5asevjuxsevxu91z5vdnzmtbmi 10 1080059 3135500 2022-08-19T19:41:32Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{Fix | link = Wikipedia:Citing sources | title={{delink|{{{reason|This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears.}}}}} | text = page&nbsp;needed | date = {{{date|}}} | cat-date = Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|Category:Pages using page needed template w…" wikitext text/x-wiki {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{Fix | link = Wikipedia:Citing sources | title={{delink|{{{reason|This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears.}}}}} | text = page&nbsp;needed | date = {{{date|}}} | cat-date = Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using page needed template with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Page needed]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| date | reason }}<noinclude> <!--Categories and interwikis go on the /doc sub-page.--> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> s2xmglnj6wlgjxlidi65ectrfh5ovfi 3135501 3135500 2022-08-19T19:43:49Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{Fix | link = Wikipedia:Citing sources | title={{delink|{{{reason|This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears.}}}}} | text = ia̍h-bé&nbsp;tshíng-kiû | date = {{{date|}}} | cat-date = Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using page needed template with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Page needed]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| date | reason }}<noinclude> <!--Categories and interwikis go on the /doc sub-page.--> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 3yv8u92xpy8y2hhn6p4mo0w4ixy02jl 0 1080060 3135517 2022-08-20T05:18:45Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "'''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardne…" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilea hái|Sea of Galilee}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-tsok]] cts709tlh1w4szg13t2n065xxgv6kv3 3135518 3135517 2022-08-20T05:19:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-tsok]] n5931fb9f8rzwl1n2l14toj4noflbtr 3135519 3135518 2022-08-20T05:20:37Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] jxuhdpj5xl3jc5fb1t0df1bz1oblw2z 3135521 3135519 2022-08-20T05:22:50Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Dutch | other_title_1 = | title=The Storm on the Sea of Galilee | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium=[[Oil painting|Oil on canvas]] | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum=Whereabouts unknown since 1990 | movement = [[Dutch Golden Age painting]] }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] bst4anwkf2dgqvku9czcmcdjfg0tjgm 3135522 3135521 2022-08-20T05:25:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=The Storm on the Sea of Galilee | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum=Whereabouts unknown since 1990 | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] d86hggn9s6a96wxf5jhq6undv6rwu2i 3135523 3135522 2022-08-20T05:27:02Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=The Storm on the Sea of Galilee | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] f1jpbu7fuq6vuzrryc1gbawjpvyechw 3135524 3135523 2022-08-20T05:27:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscatinline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 6lau2glcu9wq20ubv3fd0nqzvoc2728 3135525 3135524 2022-08-20T05:28:32Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscat-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 2jhabm3domqg4jnxemzbfcdlfwr2v2c 3135526 3135525 2022-08-20T05:28:42Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscat}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] cnwehgyq8pf3yenb3arvolod218pcg1 3135527 3135526 2022-08-20T05:31:10Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscat}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] t2vs33li7yqah4wat3bzsp83p0amjnd 3135528 3135527 2022-08-20T05:31:42Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commonscat-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 3fmawsg2b2timibd691t2128nijq0ga 3135529 3135528 2022-08-20T05:32:27Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] dkfcpzdur39zn17hl248fw1xtxevrds 3135530 3135529 2022-08-20T05:33:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''The storm on the sea of Galilei'', print by [[Adriaen Collaert]] after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-pō"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 2u45dcbbnku4jzckowblrugfcro0hu7 3135532 3135530 2022-08-20T05:41:52Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le||Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|[Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 20bkcful5o6c6t0ojrmeokq0cbgs5pd 3135533 3135532 2022-08-20T05:43:18Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|[Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 9bspaco1wcsqg6su6j6urm8g6ina8py 3135534 3135533 2022-08-20T05:43:41Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] j4x6g87kvmitli7u4463psnefnqo5wc 3135535 3135534 2022-08-20T05:57:53Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' {{div col|2}} *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] cihj7xqzk0t58l41r4rft9zonskt452 3135536 3135535 2022-08-20T05:58:52Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' (Galilea hái-siong hong-pō tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]], koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] dze6b0opoi4rmgrtgjuc4vp3mn7q31x 3135537 3135536 2022-08-20T06:22:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ('''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea; [[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 0wl14vaze6k1203b8756fmjo5l8325n 3135538 3135537 2022-08-20T06:23:46Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]:''' The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'''; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 8aombp4xj9aipjq6wt5qrgjxbve1wjv 3135539 3135538 2022-08-20T06:24:17Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 3npt3ujw1nqai1niqr3559c96zidwea 3135540 3135539 2022-08-20T06:25:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò "Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k"; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] dydgyzzzn1pj11imytluv3p7e3p6ilq 3135541 3135540 2022-08-20T06:25:56Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshiong-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] h55xft9h1b5jnyrg7lftiozemp3fgin 3135542 3135541 2022-08-20T06:28:23Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] lcws7ebsrtk37e2lyqdu084zz9duqjx 3135543 3135542 2022-08-20T06:29:43Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] t7av45xl0iibl4yx7jn74emnqze9fnz 3135544 3135543 2022-08-20T06:32:51Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] pu3adqoebpk0qb8amwbpye4ti9sgqig 3135545 3135544 2022-08-20T06:35:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] p3b7skme5ydeyxt0z27hc5cu8yxcnox 3135546 3135545 2022-08-20T06:36:35Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 4l1h1ytg3w7odopzozab67x4ewusdve 3135547 3135546 2022-08-20T06:46:07Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̽t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê sìng-king kòo-sū, kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] hnimbaxsbpbsq2yin9gee4010c2uwmu 3135548 3135547 2022-08-20T06:50:19Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng Kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] aqtz4xhx52cumue2pe03umoz8wtjy6o 3135549 3135548 2022-08-20T06:50:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 8gxs0kk6sasy6a4tycr8zjxjoxrxe15 3135550 3135549 2022-08-20T09:37:22Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] fhcrja4i5f0j49omc3oplymfcl4la8o 3135551 3135550 2022-08-20T09:39:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h-khì, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] nncjro6p4tlgseehjnfv561is2gt8rm 3135552 3135551 2022-08-20T09:40:37Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h-khì, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo sī tī biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] 9066aqsc8oobstqo9dmtuag7nksnwnf 3135553 3135552 2022-08-20T09:41:37Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h-khì, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo sī tī biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] iú-sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] tq3egx6u307q8cazbp2ef86q1amkfb7 3135555 3135553 2022-08-20T11:34:56Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̽t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg | other_language_1 = Hô-lan | other_title_1 = | title=Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea | artist=[[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] | year=1633 | medium= {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} | height_metric=160 | width_metric=128 | height_imperial=62.99 | width_imperial=50.39 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | museum= Tsū 1990-nî í-lâi tō hē-lo̍h put-bîng. | movement = {{le|Hô-lan n̂g-kim sî-tāi huē-uē|Dutch Golden Age painting}} }} [[File:Storm op het Meer van Galilea Leven van Christus (serietitel) Vita I. Christi (serietitel), RP-P-1980-56 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Galiei hái-siong ê hong-pok'', sī iû {{le|Maerten de Vos|Maerten de Vos}} sóo set-kè jiân-āu iû {{le|Adriaen Collaert|Adriaen Collaert}} sóo ìn-suat.]] '''Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea''' ([[ing-gú]]: The Storm on the Sea of Galilee; '''Galilea hái-siong hong-po̍k tiong ê [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] [[ki-tok]]''', mā koh kiò-tsò ''Galilea hái-siong ê hong-po̍k''; [[hôlân-gú]]: Christus in de storm op het meer van Galilea), sī [[Rembrandt van Rijn]] tī 1633-nî tshòng-tsok ê tsi̍t-pak [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]], hiān-tsú-sî siu-tsông teh [[Bíkok]] [[Boston]] {{le|Isabella Stewart Gardner phok-bu̍t-kuán|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum}}, iáu-m̄-koh 1990-nî hông thau-the̍h-khì, kàu kin-á-ji̍t, tsit-pak tôo iû-uân hē-lo̍h put-bîng. Tsit-pak tôo sī tī biâu-huē [[Iâ-so͘|Ia-soo]] teh {{le|Galilee hái|Sea of Galilea}} {{le|Pêng-sek hong-po̍k|Calming the storm|pîng-sik hong-po̍k}} ê {{le|Sèng-keng kò͘-sū|The Bible (miniseries)|sìng-king}} [[Kò͘-sū|kòo-sū]], kū-thé luē-iông teh [[Má-khó Hok-im|Mákhó Hok-im]] [[Má-khó 4|tē-4 tsiong]] iú-sóo biâu-su̍t.<ref name=gard>{{cite web |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 | title =Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1633 | publisher =[[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] | date =May 21, 2013}} {{en}}</ref> Tsiū lán sóo-tsai-á, tsit-pak tôo sī Rembrant uî-it sóo huē-uē ê {{le|Hái-kéng|Seascape|hái-kíng}} [[Iû-oē|iû-uē]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web | url =http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130616113957/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped.html?c=y&page=1| archive-date =2013-06-16 | title =Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) | author =Robert M. Poole | work =[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] | date =July 2005}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Melissa Ricketts: ''Rembrandt. Meester van licht en schaduw'', Rebo, 2006, blz. 52. ISBN 9039619239 {{nl}} *Bruyn J., Haak B., Levie S.H., van Thiel P.J.J. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: Volume II: 1631–1634. — USA : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986. — 883 с. — ISBN 978-94-010-8462-8. {{en}} *Durham J. I. The Biblical Rembrandt: Human Painter in a Landscape of Faith. — Canada : Mercer University Press, 2004. — Т. 1. — 239 с. — ISBN 0-86554-886-2. {{en}} *Sonnenburg von Hubert, Walter Liedtke, Carolyn Logan, Nadine M. Orenstein, Stephanie S. Dickey. — USA : The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995. — 15 с. — ISBN 9780300086607. {{en}} *Жабцев В. М. Всемирная история искусства. — М : Харвест, 2011. — 256 с. — ISBN 978-985-16-9865-9. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{link-fr|Ɛ|Ɛ}}) *{{le|Nature Geoscience|Nature Geoscience}} *[[Tiānkiong-3 hêng hông-khòng tō-tān]] ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} ''{{Commons category-inline}}'' *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/collection/artwork/2nd_floor/dutch_room/christ_in_the_storm_on_the_sea_of_galilee?filter=artist:3151 Het schilderij op de website van het Gardner Museum] {{en}} *[http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art55016.asp ''Artist's Self Portrait In Religious Works''] by Camille Gizzarelli *[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft Theft Overview] from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum *[http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella FBI Top Ten Art Crimes: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft] by the FBI Art Crime Team *[http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html Great Art Thefts Of The 20th Century] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forbes.com/2001/02/28/0228connguide_8.html |date=20110523164141 }} by ''Forbes'' magazine {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Storm On The Sea Of Galilee, The}} [[Category:1630 nî-tāi]] [[Category:Rembrandt ê ōe-chok]] rgqggrtxfju2e7uezkii2b9evg7vd7f 14 1080061 3135520 2022-08-20T05:21:28Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Cat main|Rembrandt ê ōe-chok chheng-tan}} {{Commons cat|Paintings by Rembrandt}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rembrandt}} [[Category:Paintings by artist]] [[Category:Works by Rembrandt|Paint]] [[Category:17th-century paintings]] [[Category:Dutch Golden Age paintings]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Rembrandt ê ōe-chok chheng-tan}} {{Commons cat|Paintings by Rembrandt}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rembrandt}} [[Category:Paintings by artist]] [[Category:Works by Rembrandt|Paint]] [[Category:17th-century paintings]] [[Category:Dutch Golden Age paintings]] 3firq6hdn12sudak6ef5zf07qrawhsk 0 1080062 3135531 2022-08-20T05:34:48Z Andreicuax 54001 Choán khì [[Hô-lân-gí]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Hô-lân-gí]] 6bbuhqm45ltf84lg5t6lmcj044ja957 0 1080063 3135556 2022-08-20T11:35:37Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "'''Tēnkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 天弓三型防空飛彈; '''Kiong-3''') sī {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} khai-huat ê Tiong-tîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng, iōnglâi thè-uānn lāu-kū ê {{le|MIM-23 Hawk tō-tān|MIM-23 Hawk}} hē-thóng. Tiānkiong-3 ē-tàng nuâ-tsa̍h {{le|Kòo-tīng-i̍k hui-ki|Fixed-wing aircraft|Kò͘-tēng-e̍k hui-ki}}, {{le|S…" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tēnkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 天弓三型防空飛彈; '''Kiong-3''') sī {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} khai-huat ê Tiong-tîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng, iōnglâi thè-uānn lāu-kū ê {{le|MIM-23 Hawk tō-tān|MIM-23 Hawk}} hē-thóng. Tiānkiong-3 ē-tàng nuâ-tsa̍h {{le|Kòo-tīng-i̍k hui-ki|Fixed-wing aircraft|Kò͘-tēng-e̍k hui-ki}}, {{le|Sûn-e̍k tō-tān|Cruise missile|sûn-i̍k tō-gān}} hām {{le|Tè-têng tān-tō tō-tān|Short-range ballistic missile|tè-tîng}} {{le|tān-tō tō-tān|Ballistic missile}}, teh {{le|Tiong-huâ bîn-kok khong-kun|Republic of China Air Force}} lāi-té hū-tsik tsip-hîng liân-ha̍p hông-khòng kah tō-tān hông-gū jīm-bū.<ref>{{Cite web|title=斥資748億 軍方採購天弓三型飛彈|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|access-date=2022-05-27|author=劉麗榮|date=2014-08-29|publisher=中央通訊社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104035525/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|archive-date=2014-11-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.ncsist.org.tw/csistdup/products/product.aspx?catalog=28&product_Id=11 天弓三型飛彈] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-huâ bîn-kok tsū-tsè to-tān]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tō-tān hông-gū]] t1ddv3ov0ql5tgkv13344wwjrhpi80e 3135557 3135556 2022-08-20T11:47:34Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox weapon | name = Tēnkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān | image = File:天弓三型防空飛彈.png | imae_size = 300px | alt = | caption = 2022 nî-tōo kok-kun tsing-tsún tō-tān ián-si̍p siā-ki̍k tang-tiong ê Kiong-3 | origin = {{ROC}} | type = {{le|Tē tuì khong tō-tān|Surface-to-air missile}} <!-- Type selection --> | is_ranged = yes | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = | is_vehicle = | is_missile = yes | is_UK = <!-- Service history --> | service = 2015-nî tsì-kim | used_by = {{ROCAF}} | wars = <!-- Production history --> | designer = {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} | design_date = 1996-nî | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = 2015-nî | number = 12-thò | variants = <!-- General specifications --> | spec_label = | weight = 870 [[kg]]<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光">{{Cite web|title=【獨家】避免重蹈雄三誤射　天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光|url=https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20190618/4R7Q5AKV2JEEHOFWUUORVSEXVE/|access-date=2022-05-29|author=王烱華|date=2019-06-18|publisher=蘋果新聞網|archive-date=2022-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528181255/https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20190618/4R7Q5AKV2JEEHOFWUUORVSEXVE/}}</ref> | length = 5.49 [[m]]<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter = 0.4 [[m]] | crew = | passengers = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> | cartridge = | cartridge_weight = | caliber = | barrels = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = | max_range = | feed = | sights = <!-- Artillery specifications --> | breech = | recoil = | carriage = | elevation = | traverse = <!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> | blade_type = | hilt_type = | sheath_type = | head_type = | haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications --> | filling = | filling_weight = | detonation = | yield = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> | armour = | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = {{le|Kòo-thé thui-tsì-tsē hué-tsìnn|Solid-propellant rocket}} | engine_power = | pw_ratio = | payload_capacity = | transmission = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = 200 km<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | speed = 7 {{le|Mach|Mach number}}<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | guidance = Tiong-tôo tō-ín kai-tuānn: kuàn-sìng tō-ín + Luî-ta̍t siōng-liān siu-tsìng<br/>Tsiong-tuan tō-ín kai-tuānn: {{le|Tsú-tōng luî-ta̍t tō-ín|Active radar homing}} | steering = <!-- Missiles only --> | wingspan = | propellant = | ceiling = 45 km; tsîng-tîng hîng 70 km | altitude = | depth = | boost = | accuracy = | launch_platform = | transport = }} '''Tēnkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 天弓三型防空飛彈; '''Kiong-3''') sī {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} khai-huat ê Tiong-tîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng, iōnglâi thè-uānn lāu-kū ê {{le|MIM-23 Hawk tō-tān|MIM-23 Hawk}} hē-thóng. Tiānkiong-3 ē-tàng nuâ-tsa̍h {{le|Kòo-tīng-i̍k hui-ki|Fixed-wing aircraft|Kò͘-tēng-e̍k hui-ki}}, {{le|Sûn-e̍k tō-tān|Cruise missile|sûn-i̍k tō-gān}} hām {{le|Tè-têng tān-tō tō-tān|Short-range ballistic missile|tè-tîng}} {{le|tān-tō tō-tān|Ballistic missile}}, teh {{le|Tiong-huâ bîn-kok khong-kun|Republic of China Air Force}} lāi-té hū-tsik tsip-hîng liân-ha̍p hông-khòng kah tō-tān hông-gū jīm-bū.<ref>{{Cite web|title=斥資748億 軍方採購天弓三型飛彈|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|access-date=2022-05-27|author=劉麗榮|date=2014-08-29|publisher=中央通訊社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104035525/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|archive-date=2014-11-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.ncsist.org.tw/csistdup/products/product.aspx?catalog=28&product_Id=11 天弓三型飛彈] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-huâ bîn-kok tsū-tsè to-tān]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tō-tān hông-gū]] ein5c0m0tf1bquhdpd56dgtu4rwapcb 3135558 3135557 2022-08-20T11:55:59Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox weapon | name = Tēnkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān | image = File:天弓三型防空飛彈.png | imae_size = 300px | alt = | caption = 2022 nî-tōo kok-kun tsing-tsún tō-tān ián-si̍p siā-ki̍k tang-tiong ê Tēnkiong-3 | origin = {{ROC}} | type = {{le|Tē tuì khong tō-tān|Surface-to-air missile}} <!-- Type selection --> | is_ranged = yes | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = | is_vehicle = | is_missile = yes | is_UK = <!-- Service history --> | service = 2015-nî tsì-kim | used_by = {{ROCAF}} | wars = <!-- Production history --> | designer = {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} | design_date = 1996-nî | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = 2015-nî | number = 12-thò | variants = <!-- General specifications --> | spec_label = | weight = 870 [[kg]]<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光">{{Cite web|title=【獨家】避免重蹈雄三誤射　天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光|url=https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20190618/4R7Q5AKV2JEEHOFWUUORVSEXVE/|access-date=2022-05-29|author=王烱華|date=2019-06-18|publisher=蘋果新聞網|archive-date=2022-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528181255/https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20190618/4R7Q5AKV2JEEHOFWUUORVSEXVE/}}</ref> | length = 5.49 [[m]]<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter = 0.4 [[m]] | crew = | passengers = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> | cartridge = | cartridge_weight = | caliber = | barrels = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = | max_range = | feed = | sights = <!-- Artillery specifications --> | breech = | recoil = | carriage = | elevation = | traverse = <!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> | blade_type = | hilt_type = | sheath_type = | head_type = | haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications --> | filling = | filling_weight = | detonation = | yield = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> | armour = | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = {{le|Kòo-thé thui-tsì-tsē hué-tsìnn|Solid-propellant rocket}} | engine_power = | pw_ratio = | payload_capacity = | transmission = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = 200 km<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | speed = 7 {{le|Mach|Mach number}}<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | guidance = Tiong-tôo tō-ín kai-tuānn: kuàn-sìng tō-ín + Luî-ta̍t siōng-liān siu-tsìng<br/>Tsiong-tuan tō-ín kai-tuānn: {{le|Tsú-tōng luî-ta̍t tō-ín|Active radar homing}} | steering = <!-- Missiles only --> | wingspan = | propellant = | ceiling = 45 km; tsîng-tîng hîng 70 km | altitude = | depth = | boost = | accuracy = | launch_platform = | transport = }} '''Tēnkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 天弓三型防空飛彈; '''Kiong-3''') sī {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} khai-huat ê Tiong-tîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng, iōnglâi thè-uānn lāu-kū ê {{le|MIM-23 Hawk tō-tān|MIM-23 Hawk}} hē-thóng. Tiānkiong-3 ē-tàng nuâ-tsa̍h {{le|Kòo-tīng-i̍k hui-ki|Fixed-wing aircraft|Kò͘-tēng-e̍k hui-ki}}, {{le|Sûn-e̍k tō-tān|Cruise missile|sûn-i̍k tō-gān}} hām {{le|Tè-têng tān-tō tō-tān|Short-range ballistic missile|tè-tîng}} {{le|tān-tō tō-tān|Ballistic missile}}, teh {{le|Tiong-huâ bîn-kok khong-kun|Republic of China Air Force}} lāi-té hū-tsik tsip-hîng liân-ha̍p hông-khòng kah tō-tān hông-gū jīm-bū.<ref>{{Cite web|title=斥資748億 軍方採購天弓三型飛彈|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|access-date=2022-05-27|author=劉麗榮|date=2014-08-29|publisher=中央通訊社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104035525/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|archive-date=2014-11-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Tiānkiong-3 tō-tān hē-thóng == Tsi̍t-thò Tiānkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng pau-kua i-hā ê tsong-pī:<ref>{{Cite web|title=弓3進駐宜花東 反制共機擾台|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1259318|access-date=2022-05-27|author=游太郎|date=2019-01-06|publisher=自由時報|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103135/http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1259318|archive-date=2020-06-13|dead-url=no}}</ref> * Siòng-uītīn-lia̍t luî-ta̍t-tshia * Tsèn-su̍t tsí-hui-tshia * Thong-sìn tiòng-kè-tshia * Tiān-guân-tshia * Sí-liân-tsng suî-ti̍t tō-tān huat-siā-khì Í-siōng tsong-pī lóng ē-tàng sú-iōng {{le|Tiōng-hîng tsîng-tîng ki-tōng tsiàn-su̍t khah-tshia|Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|M983 khah-tshia}} hi̍k bîn-iōng khah-tshia ūn-su ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.ncsist.org.tw/csistdup/products/product.aspx?catalog=28&product_Id=11 天弓三型飛彈] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-huâ bîn-kok tsū-tsè to-tān]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tō-tān hông-gū]] 1b4bjgu6z8v1ux1oc3g3yjt6fxkg8bt