Wikibooks:关于

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'''维基教科书'''（'''Wikibooks'''）是一个国际性的内容开放的教科书协作计划，任何人——包括您，都可以编辑维基教科书的内容。這些教科书在[[Wikibooks:CC_BY-SA_4.0協議文件|知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0许可协议]]与[[w:Wikipedia:GNU自由文档许可证文本|GNU自由文档许可]]下发布，目标是為世界上的每一个人提供由其自由选择、以特定语言所书写的關於各類知识的書籍。所有的內容由維基教科書的編輯者撰寫，维基媒体基金会负责營運本計劃。如果您想进一步了解维基教科书，请阅读'''[[Wikibooks:维基教科书是什么|维基教科书是什么]]'''。

'''中文维基教科书'''是面向中文用户的维基教科书子计划。中文維基教科書包含了大量以中文寫成的教科書内容，它們有些翻译自其他语言的维基教科书，也有些是专为中文维基教科书。中文维基教科书与其他维基姊妹计划拥有一些共同的核心方针和价值观，也拥有自己的地域文化特色。要进一步了解中文维基教科书，请阅读'''[[Wikibooks:中文维基教科书|中文维基教科书]]'''。

在浏览维基教科书读本的过程中，您将感受'''真正的自由'''，而不仅仅是免费的内容。您可以在线浏览、打印和下载维基教科书的内容页面，甚至可以在注明出处和许可的前提下自由分发它们。您可以自由地编辑教科书，修改错误，添加图片，补充内容，创建新的教科书或章节。不论年龄，文化背景，教育经历，您都可以为维基教科书做出贡献。如果您还不知道如何开始，请阅读'''[[Help:帮助|帮助]]'''。

维基教科书的内容'''由众多志愿者贡献'''，而非少数权威人士决定。社群的智慧保证了维基教科书能够保持客观中立，避免偏颇和盲从。教科书会被不断更新，以修正其中的错误并添加内容。与传统出版物相比，维基教科书总能稳定地提高质量并增加新内容。维基教科书的发展方向和方针政策由千千万万的社群成员——包括您，共同决定，而不是听命于某个人或少数人的组织。如果您想了解维基教科书运转的机制，请阅读'''[[Wikibooks:方针与指引|方针与指引]]'''。

{{blockquote|quote=&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent:0;&quot;&gt;只需要轻触页面或段落顶端的 {{button|{{int:Skin-view-edit}}|bgcolor=#FFF|bgcolor2=#FFF}} 、 {{button|{{int:Visualeditor-ca-editsource}}|bgcolor=#FFF|bgcolor2=#FFF}} 按钮，或者铅笔图标{{nbsp}}[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|baseline|18px|class=skin-invert]]即可编辑任何未受[[w:WP:保護|特殊保护]]的页面。&lt;/div&gt;}}

'''维基儿童'''（'''Wikijunior'''）是维基教科书的子计划，目標是为全世界的儿童编写教育读本。如果您想了解更多维基儿童的信息，请前往'''[[Wikijunior:维基儿童|维基儿童]]'''。

維基教科書為'''非牟利的協助項目'''，如果您支持維基教科書的信念，請考慮'''[https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=20120717SB001&amp;uselang=zh 捐助維基教科書]'''。
----
{{footnote|维&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;基&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;教科書的官方域名以wiki&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;books.org结尾（中文维&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;基&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;教科書的域名为zh.wiki&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;books.org）。若您正在浏览的网站之域名并非如此，则意味着您浏览的可能是一个[[w:镜像网站|镜像网站]]。欲浏览官方页面请点击[https://zh.%77%69%6B%69%62%6F%6F%6B%73.org/wiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} 这里]或在浏览器输入&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://zh.wikibooks.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。}}

[[Category:维基教科书]]
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'''维基教科书'''（'''Wikibooks'''）是一个国际性的内容开放的教科书协作计划，任何人——包括您，都可以编辑维基教科书的内容。這些教科书在[[Wikibooks:CC_BY-SA_4.0協議文件|知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0许可协议]]下发布，目标是為世界上的每一个人提供由其自由选择、以特定语言所书写的關於各類知识的書籍。所有的內容由維基教科書的編輯者撰寫，维基媒体基金会负责營運本計劃。如果您想进一步了解维基教科书，请阅读'''[[Wikibooks:维基教科书是什么|维基教科书是什么]]'''。

'''中文维基教科书'''是面向中文用户的维基教科书子计划。中文維基教科書包含了大量以中文寫成的教科書内容，它們有些翻译自其他语言的维基教科书，也有些是专为中文维基教科书。中文维基教科书与其他维基姊妹计划拥有一些共同的核心方针和价值观，也拥有自己的地域文化特色。要进一步了解中文维基教科书，请阅读'''[[Wikibooks:中文维基教科书|中文维基教科书]]'''。

在浏览维基教科书读本的过程中，您将感受'''真正的自由'''，而不仅仅是免费的内容。您可以在线浏览、打印和下载维基教科书的内容页面，甚至可以在注明出处和许可的前提下自由分发它们。您可以自由地编辑教科书，修改错误，添加图片，补充内容，创建新的教科书或章节。不论年龄，文化背景，教育经历，您都可以为维基教科书做出贡献。如果您还不知道如何开始，请阅读'''[[Help:帮助|帮助]]'''。

维基教科书的内容'''由众多志愿者贡献'''，而非少数权威人士决定。社群的智慧保证了维基教科书能够保持客观中立，避免偏颇和盲从。教科书会被不断更新，以修正其中的错误并添加内容。与传统出版物相比，维基教科书总能稳定地提高质量并增加新内容。维基教科书的发展方向和方针政策由千千万万的社群成员——包括您，共同决定，而不是听命于某个人或少数人的组织。如果您想了解维基教科书运转的机制，请阅读'''[[Wikibooks:方针与指引|方针与指引]]'''。

{{blockquote|quote=&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent:0;&quot;&gt;只需要轻触页面或段落顶端的 {{button|{{int:Skin-view-edit}}|bgcolor=#FFF|bgcolor2=#FFF}} 、 {{button|{{int:Visualeditor-ca-editsource}}|bgcolor=#FFF|bgcolor2=#FFF}} 按钮，或者铅笔图标{{nbsp}}[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|baseline|18px|class=skin-invert]]即可编辑任何未受[[w:WP:保護|特殊保护]]的页面。&lt;/div&gt;}}

'''维基儿童'''（'''Wikijunior'''）是维基教科书的子计划，目標是为全世界的儿童编写教育读本。如果您想了解更多维基儿童的信息，请前往'''[[Wikijunior:维基儿童|维基儿童]]'''。

維基教科書為'''非牟利的協助項目'''，如果您支持維基教科書的信念，請考慮'''[https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=20120717SB001&amp;uselang=zh 捐助維基教科書]'''。
----
{{footnote|维&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;基&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;教科書的官方域名以wiki&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;books.org结尾（中文维&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;基&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;教科書的域名为zh.wiki&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;books.org）。若您正在浏览的网站之域名并非如此，则意味着您浏览的可能是一个[[w:镜像网站|镜像网站]]。欲浏览官方页面请点击[https://zh.%77%69%6B%69%62%6F%6F%6B%73.org/wiki/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} 这里]或在浏览器输入&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://zh.wikibooks.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;。}}

[[Category:维基教科书]]
[[Category:帮助]]</text>
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    <title>突破网络审查</title>
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      <text bytes="11665" sha1="p0f8wwzo5kql388uxtfchwzxn22mx37" xml:space="preserve">我是上海市公安局民警，我严重警告，此页面在传播违法行为！
{{Update|time=2024-06-12}}
{{Wikipedia|规避网络审查}}
{{Wikipedia|Help:如何访问维基百科}}
'''突破网络审查'''（简称：'''破网'''）又称为'''翻墙'''、'''科学上网'''，是指针对互联网审查封锁的限制，绕过相应的IP封锁、内容过滤、域名劫持等，实现对网络内容的访问。

突破网络审查多数采用代理技术，通过与第三方能正常访问审查内容的节点建立连接，间接访问被审查内容。

本文概述突破中国大陆网络审查的现时可行方法。应对其他地区的网络审查亦可与一定程度参考之。

[[File:BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg|thumb|250px|翻墙是人民群众喜闻乐见的运动]]

==免费翻墙软件==
多数翻墙软件采用加密代理技术，具备反域名劫持功能。这些软件经过开发者的不断创新，已经简化到启动程序就可以了，其能自动进行系统代理配置，不需要管理员权限，也不用更改浏览器的任何设置。浏览器访问网页的请求被这些程序自动透明地处理，包括搜寻最快的代理服务器、加密网址和网页内容等。

软件关闭时会把系统代理设置恢复原状。若其未正常退出，浏览器或将无法联网，此时只需把翻墙软件打开后再关闭即可。

如果需要可在电脑上安装多个软件，以备不时之需。

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 免费翻墙软件一览表
|-
!名称!!官方网站!!代理接口!!是否绿色!!是否开放源代码
|-
|赛风||https://psiphon.ca&lt;br /&gt;https://psiphon3.com||HTTP代理，端口号自定义&lt;br /&gt;SOCKS代理，端口号自定义&lt;br /&gt;VPN||是||是
|-
|自由门||http://dongtaiwang.com||HTTP代理，端口号8580||是||否
|-
|无界浏览||https://wujieliulan.com||HTTP代理，端口号9666，可以自定义||是||否
|-
|迷雾通||https://geph.io/||加密代理||否||是
|}

=== 赛风 ===
{{Wikipedia|赛风}}
赛风（Psiphon）是多伦多大学的公民实验室开发的开源软件，现有适用于Windows、[[Android]]与[[iOS]]系统的版本，均可自动更新。

因官网被封锁，若要获取赛风，可从[https://s3.amazonaws.com/0ozb-6kaj-r0p8/zh/download.html 此页面]下载；该页面托管在亚马逊云服务器(AWS)上，凭借“依附的自由”不大可能遭到封杀。如以上链接失效，亦可给get{{@}}psiphon3.com或wangluo{{@}}saifeng3.com发一封邮件，内容任意，收到的回复邮件中即包含赛风。尽量不要使用中国国内的邮件服务商所提供的邮箱发送，这样很可能收不到回复邮件。&lt;ref&gt;[https://2xiangzi.blogspot.com/2015/07/3.html 赛风3使用教程]&lt;/ref&gt;

Windows版本的赛风带有数字签名，下载完成后可以校验。

=== 自由門和無界瀏覽 ===
[[自由門]]（FreeGate）和[[無界瀏覽]]（UltraSurf）是早期應用面較大的代理軟件，開發者皆有[[w:法輪功|法輪功]]背景。&lt;ref&gt;[https://program-think.blogspot.com/2010/03/choose-free-gate.html 「如何翻牆」系列：自由門——TOR 被封之後的另一個選擇]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://wujieliulan.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://dongtaiwang.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== TCB desync ===
由于防火长城的TCP状态机无法完美复刻真实的TCP状态，其可被特定修改的TCP包操纵，使其在防火长城的TCP控制块（TCP Control Block）上和真实的TCP状态脱同步（[[desync|desynchronize]]），无法完成深度包检测。
Geneva、INTANG、[[phantomsocks]]、[[GhosTCP]]等软件使用和西厢计划&lt;small&gt;（[[:w:zh:西厢计划|百科]]）&lt;/small&gt;相似的原理，通过修改TCP包绕过防火长城的检测，可以只在客户端运作，不需要第三方服务器。

== Shadowsocks(R) &amp; V2Ray ==
[[Shadowsocks]]、[[ShadowsocksR]]与[[V2Ray]]皆为抗封锁能力较强的代理软件（V2Ray支持多种代理协议，如[[Shadowsocks]]、[[ShadowsocksR]]、VMess、Trojan、VLESS、Hysteria2等）。使用它们一般需要购买并部署到位于境外的服务器（VPS），用户要有一定的技术能力。因此，出现了专门出售这类已经搭建好服务器的提供商，俗称“机场”。

在服务器端部署好之后，需要在你的电脑或移动设备上使用专用软件连接到你的服务器，而且客户端配置要和服务器端配置保持一致。

== VPN ==
{{Wikipedia|VPN}}
VPN即虚拟专用网（英语：Virtual Private Network），常用于企业的加密通信，也是一种常见的翻墙方式。设备连接上VPN服务器后，全部流量将通过该服务器中转（全局模式）。

互联网上有不少面向个人的免费与付费VPN服务。中国境内的供应商通常价格较低，然而用户的流量数据对审查机关可见，且有跑路风险，使用者需权衡利弊。

部分VPN协议由于缺乏混淆，会暴露出明显特征，容易受到干扰和封锁。

=== VPN Gate ===
VPN Gate是日本筑波大学研发的公共VPN服务，中继服务器数量较多，大都由志愿者义务提供。在中国连接时，由于服务器经常性被封锁，一般需要尝试多次方能找到可用的服务器，但连接后的网速比其他免费工具稍快。

VPN Gate客户端可从其[https://www.vpngate.net/ 官方网站]获取。

== 匿名软件 ==
翻墙软件专为突破网络封锁而设计，并不能抵抗对流量的嗅探分析，若要隐匿网络活动者的身份，须佐之以匿名软件Tor或I2P。

=== Tor ===
{{Wikipedia|Tor}}[[File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg|right|200px|Tor Logo]]
[[Tor]]的全称是“The Onion Router”（洋葱路由器），其通过三重代理链隐匿路由信息，反制现阶段大量存在的流量过滤、嗅探分析等工具，难以追踪，有效地保证了安全性。

Tor项目的[https://www.torproject.org/ 官方网站]提供了Tor浏览器——集成了Tor且经过安全性定制的[[Firefox]]，并针对封锁了Tor的地区提供了流量混淆工具。中国大陆地区可选择Meek网桥或者Snowflake网桥或以其他翻墙工具作为前置代理接入Tor网络，Obfs4网桥通过请求网桥也可在中国大陆接入。

Tor系自由软件，对个人隐私较有保障。在系统环境可靠的前提下，可以隐匿网络活动者的真实IP和浏览器指纹。各国政府可能会设置“蜜罐”节点试图识别Tor用户的身份。而只有当Tor链路上的三个代理都是蜜罐的情况下，才有可能追查得到某用户的真实IP地址。由于Tor每隔一段时间自动更换代理，任何节点都无法对用户进行长期监视。

=== I2P ===
{{Wikipedia|I2P}}
[[I2P]]的全称是&quot;Invisible Internet Project&quot;（隐形互联网计划）使用洋葱路由的变体大蒜路由（The Garlic Router）以不同链路发送和接收数据并将信息重新打包以加强混淆，安全性较之Tor更强，且难以封锁，速度尚可（大概40～50KB每秒，I2P内BT下载可达到数百KB），但在开始连接时速度极慢。其基于UDP的SSU协议17年间未曾被封锁过一次，并拥有大量的内部服务。

查看这个页面了解更多：[[I2P]]

==修改hosts文件==
{{Wikipedia|hosts文件}}
hosts文件负责将域名解析到相应的IP地址，通常用于补充网络中DNS的功能。当一个网站的域名被封锁而IP仍然可达时，可修改hosts文件使访问指向正确的IP地址。

hosts文件在Windows系统中的路径为&lt;code&gt;%SystemRoot%\system32\drivers\etc\hosts&lt;/code&gt;，类Unix操作系统中路径&lt;code&gt;/etc/hosts&lt;/code&gt;。编辑hosts文件需要管理员权限，对于Android系统需要root。该文件中每行的格式示例如下：
 127.0.0.1  localhost

此法的优点是无需代理，不失网速。但是一条规则只能解锁一个域名，hosts文件又不支持通配符，有失便利性。

2018年8月24日起，GFW开始启用SNI检测以封锁维基百科全域，仅修改hosts文件无法突破此封锁。

修改hosts文件可能会被一些安全软件发现甚至修复。在修改hosts文件的情况下，360安全卫士的体检可能会认为hosts文件出现问题，卸载360即可；360断网急救箱也会修复hosts文件。腾讯电脑管家运行时，一旦修改hosts文件就会弹出“hosts文件可能被劫持”的提示，但仍然可以信任。

==使用SSH的端口转发功能==
如果您在中国大陆以外有服务器，而且能用SSH软件连接，那么您可以利用端口转发功能实现代理。

若使用ssh命令登录，您可以附加参数&lt;code&gt;-D&lt;/code&gt;：

  ssh root@您的服务器IP -D 1080

使用其他软件的话，请寻找“Dynamic Port Forwarding”、“动态端口转发”类似字样的设置，并将端口设置成1080。连接成功后，修改您的浏览器代理设置，使用SOCKS5，地址127.0.0.1，端口1080，这样您就可以上网了。

由于GFW已经能够识别此类流量的特征，连接时间过长或流量过大会切断SSH连接，所以建议仅作为应急上网手段，而且连接成功后尽快下载其他翻墙软件，或者在服务器上部署翻墙软件服务器端如Trojan、V2ray、Hysteria2等。

== 在线代理 ==
{{Wikipedia|网页代理}}
在线代理（又称网页代理）是由网站提供的代理服务。用户无需在电脑上安装任何软件或修改任何配置，即可通过代理网站访问目标网站。

影响力大的代理网站会被封杀，不会长期可用，用户常常需要搜寻当前可用的代理网站。

由于在线代理掌握了用户与目标网站之间通信的全部数据，因而为安全起见，不可在其上登录重要账号或进行重要操作。

== 更换网络线路 ==
=== 境外手机卡漫游 ===
手机用户在漫游时，数据流量业务会送回SIM卡所属运营商接入互联网。因此可以购买境外的电话卡在本国漫游，使用其数据流量上网，即可绕过本国的网络审查。缺点是跨国漫游费用一般较为昂贵。

=== 拨号连线 ===
[[File:Dial up modem noises.ogg|thumb|调制解调器拨接音]]
一旦发生物理断网而国际长途电话仍然可用时，可以用老式的56k调制解调器拨号到境外ISP联网。2011年埃及示威期间政府关闭了本国互联网，民众即以此方法反制。

拨号连线的网速以现在的标准来看非常低，故只适用于紧急情况。

== 安全性提示 ==
* 不要安装中国国内厂商（2345、360、百度、腾讯等）出品的安全软件和浏览器，以及输入法。它们会配合网络审查（如'''防火长城'''和“反诈中心”），拦截翻墙工具，以及监控用户的浏览信息。
* 如果担心政府或代理提供者获取隐私信息，应尽量以HTTPS安全连接方式访问目标网站；以HTTPS加密传输之信息无法被中间人窃取或篡改，可保无虞。如果访问HTTPS网站时提示证书错误，那么请不要继续浏览，这种情况往往是信息已经被窃听或篡改（如果继续访问，数据安全性相当于明文）。
* 即使成功翻墙也应当注重保护个人隐私，如果从事敏感活动则建议准备专用环境（例如虚拟机）和专用账号，与常用环境和账号严格隔离，避免他人试探出您的真实身份。目前已确认有很多翻墙之后因发表言论（甚至只是单纯翻墙&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46823319 BBC NEWS：中国VPN用户被罚 “翻墙”怎么会违法]&lt;/ref&gt;）而遭到警方逮捕的案例。

== 参见 ==
* [[翻墙简史]]

==参考资料==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:互联网]]</text>
      <sha1>p0f8wwzo5kql388uxtfchwzxn22mx37</sha1>
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    <title>Python</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>52-Feb</username>
        <id>68604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 标准库模块 */</comment>
      <origin>186151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7027" sha1="5fckjuxn50m6emetk9qarnnldpfpbff" xml:space="preserve">{{NoteTA|G1=IT}}
'''Python''' 是一种面向对象、直译式计算机程序设计语言，也是一种功能强大而完善的通用型语言，已经具有十多年的发展历史。它可以运行于Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, GNU/Linux, BSD和很多其他的操作系统上。

{{stages}}
&lt;br /&gt;
__TOC__

== 介绍==
{{Python/介绍}}
:[[/Self Help/]] {{stage short|25%|Dec 15, 2008}}

== 概念 ==
:[[/基本语法/]] {{stage short|25%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/数据类型/]] {{stage short|25%|2018.2.3}}
::[[/数值/]] {{stage short|25%|2018.2.3}}
::[[/字符串/]] {{stage short|50%|2018.2.3}}
::[[/字节数组/|字节数组及相关类型]]{{stage short|100%|2022.10.5}}
::[[/列表/]] {{stage short|100%|2019.8.22}}
::[[/元组/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
::[[/字典/]] {{stage short|25%|2018.2.3}}
::[[/集合/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[Python/变量和字符串|变量和字符串]] {{stage short|100%}}
:[[/运算符/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/流程控制/]] {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/函数/]] {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/迭代器/]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 2, 2018}}
:[[/生成器/]] {{stage short|100%|Feb 2, 2018}}
:[[/作用域与名字空间/]] {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[Python/错误|错误]] {{stage short|100%}}
:[[/异常/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/输入输出/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/模块/]] {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/类/]] {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/编程习惯用法/]] 
 
===高级概念===
:[[/描述符/]]
:[[Python/装饰器|装饰器]] {{stage short|25%|Dec 16, 2008}}
:[[/上下文管理器/]] {{stage short|100%|April 10, 2014}}
:[[Python/反射|反射]] {{stage short|25%|April 10, 2014}}
:[[/元类/]] {{stage short|00%|Aug 6, 2006}}
:[[/性能/]]
:[[/提示与技巧/]] {{stage short|25%|Aug 6, 2006}}
:[[/内部实现/]]

== 用Python写程序 ==
:[[Python/创建|创建]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/基础数学|基础数学]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/序列|序列]]型数据结构 {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/表达式|决策控制]] {{stage short|00%}}
::[[Python/条件表达式|条件表达式]] {{stage short|00%}}
::[[Python/分支|分支 match-case]] {{stage short|00%}}
::[[Python/循环|循环]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/源文件和注释|源文件和注释]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/互交|用户界面和互交]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/模块|模块和使用]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/文件|创建和处理文件]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/文本|处理文本]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[Python/游戏编程|游戏编程]] {{stage short|00%}}
:[[/编程风格/]] {{stage short|00%}}

==模块==
===标准库模块===
:[[/Standard Library/|基础性标准库]] {{stage short|00%|Feb 10, 2009}}
:[[Python/Regular Expression|正则表达式]] {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/External commands/]]
:[[/XML工具/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/Process/|多进程]] {{stage short|25%|Aug 6, 2006}}
:[[/Threading/|线程]] {{stage short|25%|Aug 6, 2006}}
:[[/协程/]]  {{stage short|100%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/GUI Programming/]] {{stage short|50%|Aug 9, 2010}}
:[[/Tkinter/]]
:[[/CGI interface/]]
:[[/WSGI web programming/]] {{stage short|00%|Aug 6, 2006}}
:[[/Internet/]] {{stage short|75%|Feb 10, 2009}}
::[[/Email/]] {{stage short|25%|Feb 21, 2009}}
:[[/Networks/]] {{stage short|00%|Aug 6, 2006}}
::[[Python/Sockets|Socket编程]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/Math/]]
:[[Python/文件|文件 (I/O)]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[Python/Web Page Harvesting|网页内容获取]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/struct/]]
:[[/unittest/|单元测试]]
:[[/logging/|日志]]
:[[/dataclass/|dataclass]]
:[[/typing/|typing]]

===第三方库模块===
:[[/Database Programming/]] {{stage short|25%|Aug 9, 2010}}
:[[/numpy/]]
:[[/Image/]](PIL或pillow)
:[[Python/pandas|pandas]]
:[[/pydantic/|pydantic]]
:[[/游戏编程/]] {{stage short|25%|Aug 6,2006}}
:[[/PyQt4|Qt4]] {{stage short|75%|Feb 10, 2009}}
:[[/Dbus/]] {{stage short|00%|Jan 25, 2009}}
:[[/pyFormex/]]
:[[/matplotlib/]]
:[[/Sorted Container Types/]]
:[[/3rd Party Internet/]]
:[[/加密登录/]]
:[[/Excel/]]
:[[/MS Word/]]
:[[/TensorFlow/]] {{stage short|25%|}}

===编写扩展模块===
:[[/Extending with Perl/]] {{stage short|25%|Aug 9, 2010}} 
:[[/Extending with C/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/Extending with C++/]] {{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/Extending with Pyrex/]]{{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/Extending with ctypes/]]{{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
==工具与平台环境==
:[[/打包为可执行程序/]]{{stage short|00%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/pip包管理/]]{{stage short|50%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/Conda包管理/]]{{stage short|50%|2018.2.3}}
:[[/jupyter notebook/]] {{stage short|50%|2024.2.20}}
 
==注释==
* [https://www.python.org/doc/ 官方文档]
* [https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/ 官方入门]
== 参考链接 ==
{{wikiversity|Subject:Python}}
{{Wikipedia}}
*[http://sebug.net/paper/python/ 简明Python教程]
*[http://www.techbooksforfree.com/perlpython.shtml Python books available for free download]
*[http://www.honors.montana.edu/~jjc/easytut/easytut/ Non-programmers python tutorial] donated to this project: [[Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python]]
*[http://www.diveintopython.org/ Dive into Python]
*[http://www.python.org/doc/ The Python.org documents section]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/thinkCSpy/ How to think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python]
*[http://thinkpython.com/ How to think Like a (Python) Programmer]
*[http://www.byteofpython.info/ A Byte of Python]
*[http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Python/Cookbook/ ActiveState Python Cookbook]
*[http://gnosis.cx/TPiP/ Text Processing in Python]
*[http://www.devshed.com/c/b/Python/ Dev Shed's Python Tutorials]
*[http://my-python-blog.freehostia.com/ The Blog of a Python Adventurer] - A nonprogrammer attempts to learn python. Follow his adventures.
*[http://stratolab.com/misc/makebot MakeBot] - Simple Python IDE designed for teaching game programming to kids.
*[http://www.briggs.net.nz/log/writing/snake-wrangling-for-kids/ Snake Wrangling for Kids - Learning to Program with Python] 
*[http://pythonide.stani.be SPE - Stani's Python Editor]
*[http://awaretek.com/tutorials.html python tutorials]
*[http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors Python IDEs] - When coding, half of the work may be done by your IDE ... so choosing a good one might be helpful
*[http://www.pickatutorial.com/tutorials/python_1.htm Python Tutorials] - Python Tutorials
*[http://showmedo.com/videos/python Python Videos] at ShowMeDo, covering four IDEs, programming tools, introductions to coding and popular Python projects
*[http://sthato.bravehost.com/python.html Python Examples] - Some exciting python examples
* [http://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers &quot;Python for Non-Programmers&quot;]: a list on the Python wiki of various tutorials.
* [[Wikiversity:Topic:Python]] {{en}}


__NOTOC__

[[Category:Python| ]]

[[de:Python 3-Programmierung]]
[[ru:Учебник Python 2.6]]
[[vi:Python]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2970" sha1="9d0wvjrbzq25brw6afdhte2gboxqhzd" xml:space="preserve">== 課文 ==
　　壬戌之秋，七月既望，蘇子與客泛舟遊於赤壁之下。清風徐來，水波不興。舉酒屬客，誦明月之詩，歌窈窕之章。少焉，月出於東山之上，徘徊於-{斗}-牛之間。白露橫江，水光接天。縱一葦之所如，凌萬頃之茫然。浩浩乎如馮虛御風，而不知其所止；飄飄乎如遺世獨立，羽化而登仙。

　　於是飲酒樂甚，扣舷而歌之。歌曰：「桂棹兮蘭槳，擊空明兮溯流光。渺渺兮予懷，望美人兮天一方。」客有吹洞簫者，倚歌而和之。其聲嗚嗚然，如怨、如慕、如泣、如訴，餘音嫋嫋，不絕如縷，舞幽壑之潛蛟，泣孤舟之嫠婦。

　　蘇子愀然，正襟危坐而問客曰：「何為其然也？」客曰：「『月明星稀，烏鵲南飛』，此非曹孟德之詩乎？西望夏口，東望武昌，山川相繆，鬱乎蒼蒼，此非孟德之困於周郎者乎？方其破荊州，下江陵，順流而東也，舳艫千里，旌旗蔽空，釃酒臨江，橫槊賦詩，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉？況吾與子，漁樵於江渚之上，侶魚蝦而友麋鹿，駕一葉之扁舟，舉匏樽以相屬。寄蜉蝣於天地，渺滄海之一粟，哀吾生之須臾，羨長江之無窮，挾飛仙以遨遊，抱明月而長終，知不可乎驟得，托遺響於悲風。」

　　蘇子曰：「客亦知夫水與月乎？逝者如斯，而未嘗往也；盈虛者如彼，而卒莫消長也。蓋將自其變者而觀之，則天地曾不能以一瞬；自其不變者而觀之，則物與我皆無盡也，而又何羨乎？且夫天地之間，物各有主，苟非吾之所有，雖一毫而莫取。惟江上之清風，與山間之明月，耳得之而為聲，目遇之而成色，取之無禁、用之不竭，是造物者之無盡藏也，而吾與子之所共適。」

　　客喜而笑，洗盞更酌，-{肴}-核既盡，杯盤狼藉，相與枕藉乎舟中，不知東方之既白。

== 文本結構表（原文版） ==
蘇子與客泛舟，遊於赤壁之下。......誦明月之詩，歌窈窕之章。
*蘇軾：「桂棹兮蘭槳，擊空眀兮泝流光。渺渺兮予懷，望美人兮天一方。」
洞簫客：「哀吾生之須臾，羨長江之無窮；......。」
*洞簫客：「〔曹孟德〕固一世之雄也，而今安在哉！」
蘇軾：「〔水〕逝者如斯，而未嘗往也；〔月〕盈虛者如彼，而卒莫消長也。」
*「蓋將自其變者而觀之，則天地曾不能以一瞬；」
*「自其不變者而觀之，則物與我皆無盡也。而又何羨乎？」
蘇軾：「惟江上之清風，與山間之眀月，耳得之而為聲，目遇之而成色。取之無禁、用之不竭，是造物者之無盡藏也，而吾與子之所共食。」
*「且夫天地之間，物各有主，苟非吾之所有，雖一毫而莫取。」

[[Category:國文]]
[[Category:高中國文]]  
[[Category:高中語文]]</text>
      <sha1>9d0wvjrbzq25brw6afdhte2gboxqhzd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Python/生成器</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>186150</id>
      <parentid>180622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-13T14:41:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>52-Feb</username>
        <id>68604</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>186150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7482" sha1="awohm5uuhl1oxferm52kje5sgp9r2mh" xml:space="preserve">'''生成器'''（generator）是一种返回一个值的迭代器，每次从该迭代器取下一个值。

'''生成器表达式'''(generator expression)类似列表解析（list comprehension）表达式的语法，只不过把列表解析的[]换成()，但是它返回的是一个生成器对象而不是列表对象。

生成器其实是一种特殊的[[Python/迭代器|迭代器]]，不过这种迭代器更加优雅。它不需要迭代器的类一样写__iter__()和__next__()方法了，只需要一个yield关键字。 生成器一定是迭代器（反之不成立），因此任何生成器也是以一种惰性加载的模式生成值。
==使用生成器表达式==

 # 生成器表达式
 my_generator = (x for x in range(10))

 # 遍历生成器
 for item in my_generator:
    print(item)

==基于yield的生成器==
Python 2.2的PEP 255开始引入生成器。函数如果包含yield指令，该函数'''调用'''的返回值是一个生成器对象，此时函数体中的代码并不会执行，只有显示或隐示地调用next的时候才会真正执行里面的代码。yield可以暂停一个函数并返回此时的中间结果。该函数将保存执行环境并在下一次恢复。

生成器中，如果没有return语句，则执行到函数完毕时将返回StopIteration异常。如果在执行过程中遇到return语句，则直接抛出StopIteration异常，终止迭代。如果在return后返回一个值，那么这个值作为StopIteration异常的说明，不是程序的返回值。

可用close()手动关闭生成器函数，后面再调用生成器会直接返回StopIteration异常。

使用 yield 关键字创建生成器函数。生成器函数使用 yield 关键字来生成值，每次调用生成器的 __next__() 方法时，生成器会从上一次停止的地方继续执行。
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# 生成器函数
def my_generator():
    for x in range(10):
        yield x

# 遍历生成器
for item in my_generator():
    print(item)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

生成器函数最核心、最特殊的特性：支持通过 send() 方法从外部向生成器内部传入数据，生成器接收该数据完成运算后，再向外产出结果。这既是生成器语法中最难理解的知识点，也是协程实现的底层核心依赖。核心语法格式：
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
receive = yield value
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
执行逻辑拆解：上一轮迭代执行至 &lt;code&gt;yield value&lt;/code&gt; 时，函数暂停，并将 value 作为产出值返回给调用方；当本次外部调用 &lt;code&gt;gen.send(&lt;/code&gt;传入参数) 时，本次传入的参数会赋值给等式左侧变量 receive。

生成器首次激活限制
生成器初始化后，不能直接调用 &lt;code&gt;send(非None值)&lt;/code&gt;，仅允许两种启动方式：&lt;code&gt;next(gen)&lt;/code&gt; 或 &lt;code&gt;gen.send(None)&lt;/code&gt;；若首次传入任意非空参数，程序会直接抛出异常。因为生成器需要先执行到第一条 &lt;code&gt;yield&lt;/code&gt; 表达式，才会进入暂停、等待外部传值的状态，首次运行前不存在可接收数据的 &lt;code&gt;yield&lt;/code&gt; 点位。

除第一次启动外，每一次调用 &lt;code&gt;next()&lt;/code&gt; 或 &lt;code&gt;send()&lt;/code&gt; 的执行顺序固定：
# 回到上一轮暂停的 &lt;code&gt;yield&lt;/code&gt; 表达式位置，将本次外部传入的值赋值给 &lt;code&gt;yield&lt;/code&gt; 左侧接收变量（若存在）；
# 继续向下执行函数代码，直至遇见下一条 &lt;code&gt;yield&lt;/code&gt; 语句；
# 将该 &lt;code&gt;yield&lt;/code&gt; 右侧表达式的计算结果产出、返回给外部，随后再次暂停。

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def cumulative_sum():
    total = 0
    while True:
        value = (yield total)
        if value is None:
            break
        total += value

gen = cumulative_sum()
print(next(gen))  # 输出: 0，启动生成器并得到初始总和

print(gen.send(10))  # 输出: 10，发送10，总和变为10
print(gen.send(20))  # 输出: 30，发送20，总和变为30
print(gen.send(5))   # 输出: 35，发送5，总和变为35

gen.close()  # 关闭生成器
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;code&gt;throw()&lt;/code&gt;用来向生成器函数送入一个异常。生成器内部可以捕捉、处理此异常，也可以不处理此异常。
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def my_generator():
    try:
        while True:
            yield
    except Exception as e:
        print(&quot;Error:&quot;, e)

# 使用 throw() 方法向生成器抛出异常
my_generator = my_generator()
next(my_generator)
my_generator.throw(ValueError(&quot;Error &quot;))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==基于yield from的生成器==
Python3.3版本的PEP 380中添加了yield from语法，允许一个生成器将其部分操作委派给另一个生成器。

基于yield的生成器的局限性在于只能向它的直接调用者yield值。例如：
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def g(x):
    yield 1
    yield 2

def foo():
    iterator = g(0)
    print(next(iterator))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    next(foo()) # 错误，只能直接调用生成器
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
这意味着那些包含yield的代码不能想其他代码那样被分离出来放到一个单独的函数中，让外界去调用这个函数。这也正是yield from要解决的。yield from为调用者和子生成器之间提供了一个透明的双向通道，包括从子生成器获取数据以及向子生成器传送数据。 

虽然yield from主要设计用来向子生成器委派操作任务，但yield from可以向任意的迭代器委派操作。

yield from iterable本质上等于for item in iterable: yield item的缩写版。例如：
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
def g(x):
     yield from range(x, 0, -1)
     yield from range(x)

list(g(5)) #结果为[5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

委托生成器的作用：在调用方和子生成器之间行成双向通道。双向通道的含义：调用方可以通过send()直接发送消息给子生成器，而子生成器yield的值，也是直接返回给调用方。只有子生成器结束（return）了，yield from左边的变量才会被赋值，委托生成器后面的代码才会执行。

不同于普通的循环，yield from允许子生成器直接从调用者接收其发送的信息或者抛出调用时遇到的异常，并且返回给委派生产器一个值。如果对子生成器的调用产生StopIteration异常，委派生成器恢复继续执行yield from后面的语句；若子生成器产生其他任何异常，则都传递给委派生成器。如果GeneratorExit异常被抛给委派生成器，或者委派生成产器的close()方法被调用，如果子生成器有close()的话也将被调用。当子生成器结束并抛出异常时，yield from表达式的值是其StopIteration异常中的第一个参数。例如：
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;

def accumulate():    # 子生成器，将传进的非None值累加，传进的值若为None，则返回累加结果
    tally = 0
    while 1:
        next1 = yield
        if next1 is None:
            return tally
        tally += next1

def gather_tallies(tallies):    # 外部生成器，将累加操作任务委托给子生成器
    while 1:
        tally = yield from accumulate()
        tallies.append(tally)

 
tallies = []
acc = gather_tallies(tallies)
next(acc)    # 使累加生成器准备好接收传入值
for i in range(4):
    acc.send(i)

acc.send(None)
for i in range(5):
    acc.send(i)
    
acc.send(None)
print(tallies) #输出[6,10]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;</text>
      <sha1>awohm5uuhl1oxferm52kje5sgp9r2mh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Uses TemplateStyles</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>31499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>186136</id>
      <parentid>186001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-13T12:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Addonian1123</username>
        <id>65525</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>186136</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="3129" sha1="66ijkycrparncnakch97bt0ehmrt6iv" xml:space="preserve">-- This module implements the {{Uses TemplateStyles}} template.
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno')
local mList = require('Module:List')
local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools')
local mMessageBox = require('Module:Message box')

local p = {}

function p.main(frame)
	local origArgs = frame:getParent().args
	local args = {}
	for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do
		v = v:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$')
		if v ~= '' then
			args[k] = v
		end
	end
	return p._main(args)
end

function p._main(args)
	if #args == 0 then
		local prefixed = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText
		prefixed = prefixed:gsub(&quot;/doc&quot;,&quot;&quot;)
		args[1] = prefixed .. &quot;/styles.css&quot;
	end
	local tStyles = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args)
	local box = p.renderBox(tStyles)
	local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args, tStyles)
	return box .. trackingCategories
end

function p.renderBox(tStyles)
	local boxArgs = {}
	if #tStyles &lt; 1 then
		boxArgs.text = '&lt;strong class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;错误：未指定模板样式&lt;/strong&gt;'
	else
		local tStylesLinks = {}
		for i, ts in ipairs(tStyles) do
			local sandboxLink = nil
			local tsTitle = mw.title.new(ts)
			if tsTitle then
				local tsSandboxTitle = mw.title.new(string.format('%s:%s/sandbox/%s', tsTitle.nsText, tsTitle.baseText, tsTitle.subpageText))
				if tsSandboxTitle and tsSandboxTitle.exists then
					sandboxLink = string.format('&amp;#x200B;（[[:%s|沙盒]]）', tsSandboxTitle.prefixedText)
				end
			end
			tStylesLinks[i] = string.format('[[:%s]]%s', ts, sandboxLink or '')
		end
		local tStylesList = mList.makeList('bulleted', tStylesLinks)
		boxArgs.text = '本' .. 
			(mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespaces(828,829) and '-{zh-hans:模块; zh-hant:模組;}-' or '模板') ..
			'使用以下[[w:Help:模板樣式|模板样式]]：\n' .. tStylesList
	end
	boxArgs.type = 'notice'
	boxArgs.small = true
	boxArgs.image = '[[File:Farm-Fresh css add.svg|32px|alt=CSS]]'
	return mMessageBox.main('mbox', boxArgs)
end

function p.renderTrackingCategories(args, tStyles, titleObj)
	if yesno(args.nocat) then
		return ''
	end
	
	local cats = {}
	
	-- Error category
	if #tStyles &lt; 1 then
		cats[#cats + 1] = '有模板样式错误的模板'
	end
	
	-- TemplateStyles category
	titleObj = titleObj or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	local subpageBlacklist = {
		doc = true,
		sandbox = true,
		sandbox2 = true,
		testcases = true
	}
	if titleObj.namespace == 10 
		and not subpageBlacklist[titleObj.subpageText]
	then
		local category = args.category
		if not category then
			category = category or '使用模板样式的模板'
		end
		cats[#cats + 1] = category
		local currentProt = titleObj.protectionLevels[&quot;edit&quot;] and titleObj.protectionLevels[&quot;edit&quot;][1] or nil
		for i, ts in ipairs(tStyles) do
			local tsTitleObj = mw.title.new(ts)
			local tsProt = tsTitleObj.protectionLevels[&quot;edit&quot;] and tsTitleObj.protectionLevels[&quot;edit&quot;][1] or nil
			if tsProt ~= currentProt then
				cats[#cats + 1] = &quot;使用模板样式并受保护的模板&quot;
				break
			end
		end
	end
	
	for i, cat in ipairs(cats) do
		cats[i] = string.format('[[Category:%s]]', cat)
	end
	return table.concat(cats)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>66ijkycrparncnakch97bt0ehmrt6iv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:维基教科书软重定向</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>31798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>186139</id>
      <parentid>158239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-13T12:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Addonian1123</username>
        <id>65525</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:维基教科书]]; added [[Category:重定向]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>186139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="97" sha1="4ajex99zcvatzor0nzghn0f28xdr6n7" xml:space="preserve">以下页面使用了{{tlx|softredirect}}，指向其他维基的页面。
[[Category:重定向]]</text>
      <sha1>4ajex99zcvatzor0nzghn0f28xdr6n7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>现代标准汉语/语音/音节</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>186160</id>
      <parentid>184312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T02:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>魔琴</username>
        <id>49316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[IPE-NEXT] Quick edit</comment>
      <origin>186160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15237" sha1="dhqedcc9ffxvfr2kvtktedv638ih2tg" xml:space="preserve">一般来说，一个汉字的读音就是一个带声调的音节。普通话不带声调的音节约有400个，带声调的约有1300个。&lt;ref&gt;黄廖本p.73&lt;/ref&gt;

== 音节的结构 ==
一个字可以分为声母和韵母两个部分。韵母又可以按先前的介绍分为介音、韵腹和韵尾。

汉语的音节结构有以下特点：
# 一个不带声调的音节最多有四个音素
# 元音占优势。除个别字之外，一个字必须有元音（包括舌尖元音），而且最多可以有三个。
# 音节可以没有辅音，可以没有辅音声母（有零声母）。辅音一般出现在音节的开头（声母）或结尾（韵尾），而且没有连续的辅音。

== 儿化 ==
一个汉字一般对应一个音节，但部分情况例外。儿化是最常见的情况。'''儿化'''指韵母带卷舌色彩的音变，这种韵母叫'''儿化韵'''。譬如“花”[huā ㄏㄨㄚˉ]字，在念到韵腹的时候加上一个卷舌的动作，从/xuᴀ&lt;sup&gt;55&lt;/sup&gt;/变为/xuᴀɚ̯&lt;sup&gt;55&lt;/sup&gt;/。汉语拼音在音节后加字母「r」，如huār；注音符号则是加符号「ㄦ」，如「ㄏㄨㄚˉㄦ」。汉字写作「儿」，如「花儿」，有时「儿」字会缩小写如「花&lt;small&gt;儿&lt;/small&gt;」。這個「兒」字不是獨立的音節，也不是一個音素。

=== 兒化韻的發音 ===
儿化韵的发音，除了加卷舌动作之外，还可能会丢失韵尾、加央元音ə（变为ɚ），元音鼻化等。除了韵母为ê ㄝ的字不存在儿化现象外，其它韵母的儿化韵发音如下：

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ 儿化韵发音表&lt;ref&gt;中文維基百科：[[:w:兒化|兒化]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=2|韵腹
|colspan=4|{{IPA|/a/}}||colspan=4|{{IPA|/ə/}}||{{IPA|/i/}}||colspan=2|{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/y/}}||rowspan=2|[ɿ]和[ʅ]
|-bgcolor=#efefef
!colspan=2|介音
|∅||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/y/}}
|∅||{{IPA|/i/}}||{{IPA|/u/}}||{{IPA|/y/}}
|∅
|∅||{{IPA|/y/}}
|∅
|-
!rowspan=5|韵尾
|bgcolor=#efefef|∅
|{{IPA|/ᴀɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;ar&lt;br&gt;ㄚㄦ||{{IPA|/iᴀɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;iar&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄚㄦ||{{IPA|/uᴀɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;uar&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄚㄦ||
|{{IPA|/ɤ˞/}}&lt;br&gt;er&lt;br&gt;ㄜㄦ||{{IPA|/iɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;ier&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄝㄦ||{{IPA|/uo˞/}}&lt;br&gt;uor&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄛㄦ||{{IPA|/yɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;üer&lt;br&gt;ㄩㄝㄦ
|{{IPA|/iɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;ir&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄦ
|{{IPA|/u˞/}}&lt;br&gt;ur&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄦ||
|{{IPA|/yɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;ür&lt;br&gt;ㄩㄦ
|{{IPA|/ɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;-ir&lt;br&gt;(ㄭ)ㄦ
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/aɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;air&lt;br&gt;ㄞㄦ|||{{IPA|/iaɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;iair&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄞㄦ||{{IPA|/uaɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;uair&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄞㄦ||
|{{IPA|/ɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;eir&lt;br&gt;ㄟㄦ|| ||{{IPA|/uɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;uir&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄟㄦ||
|
| ||
|
|
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/ɑu˞/}}&lt;br&gt;aor&lt;br&gt;ㄠㄦ||{{IPA|/iɑu˞/}}&lt;br&gt;iaor&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄠㄦ|| ||
|{{IPA|/ou˞/}}&lt;br&gt;our&lt;br&gt;ㄡㄦ||{{IPA|/iou˞/}}&lt;br&gt;iur&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄡㄦ|| ||
|
| ||
|
|
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|{{IPA|/n/}}
|{{IPA|/aɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;anr&lt;br&gt;ㄢㄦ||{{IPA|/iɐɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;ianr&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄢㄦ||{{IPA|/uaɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;uanr&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄢㄦ||{{IPA|/yɐɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;üanr&lt;br&gt;ㄩㄢㄦ
|{{IPA|/ɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;enr&lt;br&gt;ㄣㄦ|| ||{{IPA|/uɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;unr&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄣㄦ||
|{{IPA|/iɚ/}} &lt;br&gt;inr&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄣㄦ
| ||
|{{IPA|/yɚ/}}&lt;br&gt;ünr&lt;br&gt;ㄩㄣㄦ
|
|-
|bgcolor=#efefef|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|{{IPA|/ɑ&amp;#771;ɚ&amp;#771;/}}&lt;br&gt;angr&lt;br&gt;ㄤㄦ||{{IPA|/iɑ&amp;#771;ɚ&amp;#771;/}}&lt;br&gt;iangr&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄤㄦ||{{IPA|/uɑ&amp;#771;ɚ&amp;#771;/}}&lt;br&gt;uangr&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄤㄦ||
|{{IPA|/ɚ̃/}}&lt;br&gt;engr&lt;br&gt;ㄥㄦ|| ||{{IPA|/uɚ̃/}} &lt;br&gt;uengr&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄥㄦ||
|{{IPA|/iɚ̃/}}&lt;br&gt;ingr&lt;br&gt;ㄧㄥㄦ
|{{IPA|/ʊ̃˞/}} &lt;br&gt;ongr&lt;br&gt;ㄨㄥㄦ||{{IPA|/yʊ̃˞/}}&lt;br&gt;iongr&lt;br&gt;ㄩㄥㄦ
|
|
|}
&lt;small&gt;注：
# 汉语拼音无法区分韵母「ㄦ」和兒化韵母「ㄜㄦ」，均写作「er」。
# 为查阅方便，本表去除了半元音。所有半元音均标记为改为对应的元音（或去除非音节标记）。
&lt;/small&gt;

兒化表現在韻尾和韻腹，不影響介音和聲母。&lt;ref&gt;黃廖本p.89&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 兒化的作用 ===
兒化現象來自北方方言，大多在中国大陆官话地区应用。非官话地区（含台湾、新加坡等）一般少用儿化音。然而即使是在北京地区，儿化现象也有减少的趋势。&lt;ref&gt;尤翠云,赵贤德. 普通话儿化词语规范问题探讨[J]. 天中学刊,2010,25(6):100-102. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-5261.2010.06.023.&lt;/ref&gt;

儿化的主要作用为：
# 区别词义。如「头」表示脑袋，「头&lt;small&gt;儿&lt;/small&gt;」表示领头人。
# 区别词性。如「尖」是形容词，而「尖&lt;small&gt;儿&lt;/small&gt;」是名词。
# 表达细小、轻松。如「头发丝&lt;small&gt;儿&lt;/small&gt;」。
# 表达亲切、喜爱的感情。如「小孩&lt;small&gt;儿&lt;/small&gt;」。

== 注音符号 ==
注音符号由中华民国教育部制定于1912年，1918年正式发布，后历经修改，成为现今的标准。

=== 注音符号的声母 ===
注音符号的声母可以按以下方式读出。
{|class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+聲母读音
|-
!注音
|ㄅ||ㄆ||ㄇ||ㄈ||ㄉ||ㄊ||ㄋ||ㄌ||ㄍ||ㄎ||ㄏ||ㄐ||ㄑ||ㄒ||ㄓ||ㄔ||ㄕ||ㄖ||ㄗ||ㄘ||ㄙ
|-
!拼音
|b||p||m||f||d||t||n||l||g||k||h||j||q||x||zh||ch||sh||r||z||c||s
|-
!rowspan = 2 |读音
|ㄅㄛ||ㄆㄛ||ㄇㄛ||ㄈㄛ||ㄉㄜ||ㄊㄜ||ㄋㄜ||ㄌㄜ||ㄍㄜ||ㄎㄜ||ㄏㄜ||ㄐㄧ||ㄑㄧ||ㄒㄧ||ㄓ(ㄭ)||ㄔ(ㄭ)||ㄕ(ㄭ)||ㄖ(ㄭ)||ㄗ(ㄭ)||ㄘ(ㄭ)||ㄙ(ㄭ)
|-
|bo||po||mo||fo||de||te||ne||le||ge||ke||he||ji||qi||xi||zhi||chi||shi||ri||zi||ci||si
|}

&lt;small&gt;注：ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄈ，台湾学校也教与ㄜ（拼音e）相拼，即ㄅㄜ、ㄆㄜ、ㄇㄜ、ㄈㄜ（拼音可记作be、pe、me、fe）。除了me ㄇㄜ外均不符汉语音系，此处不取此说。&lt;/small&gt;

注音符号刚发布时，还包括三个声母：

{|class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ 注音符号弃用的三个声母
|-
!注音!!图片!!IPA!!转写
|-
|ㄪ||[[Image:bpmf-v.svg|20px]]||{{IPA|v}}||v
|-
|ㄫ||[[Image:bpmf-ng.svg|20px]]||{{IPA|ŋ}}||ng
|-
|ㄬ||[[Image:bpmf-gn.svg|20px]]||{{IPA|n̠ʲ}}||gn
|}
&lt;small&gt;
注：
# 「gn」的IPA，汉语言学界也用符号[{{IPA|ȵ}}]，但未獲國際學會接受。也有人径作[{{IPA|ɲ}}]。
# 罗马转写指[[:w:国语罗马字|国语罗马字]]和[[:w:威妥玛拼音|威妥玛拼音]]，二者在这三个声母的转写上相同。汉语拼音没有规定这三个声母的转写，因为汉语拼音制定时三个声母已经弃用。
&lt;/small&gt;

这三个字母由于汉语语音标准调整而弃用。{{NoteTag|「序言」提到，1913年，中华民国读音统一会制定的语音标准叫「老国音」；20世纪20年代，老国音废除，改用北京语音（新国音）。与老国音相比，新国音没有ㄪ、ㄫ、ㄬ三个声母，这三个声母符号因此废弃。}}

=== 注音符号的韵母 ===
韵母列表见先前的「[[现代标准汉语/语音/韵母|韵母]]」一节。需要注意：
* 韵母ㄭ不写出。
* 声母ㄧ在最初发布时规定，直排作一横，横排作一竖。由于台湾长期直排，中国大陆长期横排，分别养成了不同的习惯。现不论排列方向，台湾一般作一横，中国大陆一般作一竖。

=== 注音符号的书写 ===

注音符号书写时，声母在前，韵母紧跟在后，韵母后标注声调。

声调符号用先前「[[现代标准汉语/语音/声调|声调]]」一章提到的四种符号表示，这四种'''调号'''标在韵母右上角。

{| class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!名稱!!陰平聲!!陽平聲!!上聲!!去聲
|-
!调号
|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ˉ&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ˊ&lt;/span&gt;||&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ˇ&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ˋ&lt;/span&gt;
|}

* 阴平调（ˉ）一般省略不标示。
* 轻声用一个点表示，在直排文本标在整个音节上方，横排则标在整个音节前方。

书写多个音节时，两个音节中加空格。

== 汉语拼音 ==
汉语拼音由中华人民共和国制定。1956年，中国文字改革委员会编制《汉语拼音方案》（下称《方案》）初稿，1958年由中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会批准推行。

=== 汉语拼音的字母 ===
汉语拼音采用26个拉丁字母。《方案》规定了这些字母的「名称音」，即字母本身的读音，而非字母的发音。不过现在称名称音者较为少见。

{| class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+ 汉语拼音字母表&lt;ref&gt;[[:s:汉语拼音方案|汉语拼音方案]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;周有光. 周有光文集 第十四卷[M]. 中央编译出版社, 2013, p. 310.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! 字母 || A a || B b || C c || D d || E e || F f || G g
|-
! rowspan=2| 名称音 
| ㄚ || ㄅㄝ || ㄘㄝ || ㄉㄝ || ㄜ || ㄝㄈ || ㄍㄝ
|-
| a || bê || cê || dê || e || êf || gê
|-
! 字母 || H h || I i || J j || K k || L l || M m || N n
|-
! rowspan=2| 名称音 
| ㄏㄚ || ㄧ || ㄐㄧㄝ || ㄎㄝ || ㄝㄌ || ㄝㄇ || ㄋㄝ
|-
| ha || i || jie || kê || êl || êm || nê
|-
! 字母 || O o || P p || Q q || R r || S s || T t ||
|-
! rowspan=2| 名称音 
| ㄛ || ㄆㄝ || ㄑㄧㄡ || ㄚㄦ || ㄝㄙ || ㄊㄝ ||
|-
| o || pê || qiu || ar || ês || tê
|-
! 字母 || U u || V v || W w || X x || Y y || Z z ||
|-
! rowspan=2| 名称音 
| ㄨ || ㄪㄝ || ㄨㄚ || ㄒㄧ || ㄧㄚ || ㄗㄝ ||
|-
| u || vê || wa || xi || ya || zê ||
|}
&lt;small&gt;
注：
# 《方案》原文只用注音符号注名称音。汉语拼音表记据周有光《字母名称和拼音教学》补。
# 《方案》规定，v只用来拼写“外来語、少数民族語言和方言”。
# 《方案》规定，字母的书写“依照拉丁字母的一般書写習慣”。实际书写时a、g一般作单层。
# 二合字母zh、ch、sh、ng没有名称音，不过也可以&lt;ref&gt;周有光. 周有光文集 第十四卷[M]. 中央编译出版社, 2013, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt;读作zhi/ㄓ、chi/ㄔ、shi/ㄕ、nge/ㄫㄜ。
&lt;/small&gt;

=== 汉语拼音的声母 ===
汉语拼音的声母与注音差异不大，详见[[#注音符号的声母|上文相应段落]]。

《方案》规定，为了使拼式简短，zh、ch、sh可以省作ẑ、ĉ、ŝ。但如此省简实际罕用。

=== 汉语拼音的韵母 ===

韵母列表见先前的「[[现代标准汉语/语音/韵母|韵母]]」一节。

《方案》规定，为了使拼式简短，ng可以省作ŋ。但如此省简实际罕用。

=== 汉语拼音的书写 ===

汉语拼音书写时，声母在前，韵母紧跟在后，声调标在某个字母的上方。汉语拼音还有一些拼写规定，具体如下：

'''一、隔音字母和隔音符号'''

汉语拼音规定了隔音符号和隔音字母，以避免音节界限发生混淆。

在零声母音节中，i、u、ü开头的韵母要按以下方式改写：

* i开头的韵母
** 若i是介音，将i改为y，如ia→ya。
** 若i是韵腹，在i前加y，如in→yin。
* u开头的韵母
** 若u是介音，将u改为w，如uo→wo。
** 若u是韵腹，在u前加w，只有u→wu。
* ü开头的韵母：把ü改为yu。

隔音符号：《方案》规定，以a、o、e开头的音节，当&lt;sup&gt;(1)&lt;/sup&gt;它连接在其它音节后面，且&lt;sup&gt;(2)&lt;/sup&gt;音节界限发生混淆时，该音节前面加符号-{「}-'-{」}-。如fān'àn（翻案）和fānàn（发难）。然而这个规则(2)仍有争议。即使不符合规则(2)，也可以加（部分学者认为应该加&lt;ref&gt;（林曦 1955）《汉语拼音基础知识》林曦著 第35页&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;（周有光 1961）出处未知，见 https://www.zhihu.com/question/19866763/answer/21347450&lt;/ref&gt;，且现实中一般都加）隔音符号，如bēi'āi（悲哀）、jiāo'ào（骄傲）。

'''二、省写'''

* '''iou'''、'''uei'''、'''uen'''前加声母时省作iu、ui、un。
* '''ü省略两点'''：ü仅在声母为l、u的音节中写作ü，与其它声母拼写时（j、q、x作声母时，以及零声母时隔音字母y后）均省略两点变为u。

'''三、标声调'''

与注音符号相同，声调符号用先前「[[现代标准汉语/语音/声调|声调]]」一章提到的四种符号表示。但不同的是，调号标在某一个字母上（注意，i需要把点抹去再标调号，但ü不用）：

# 标在韵腹上。
# iu、ui、un三个韵母简省了韵腹，此时分别标在u、i、u上。

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:87%;background-color:#def;padding:10px 1em;border:1px solid #999;margin:1em&quot;&gt;
在教学中，也常用这两个规则来替代：
# 按照a、o、e、i、u、ü的顺序。先找a，有a者，标a上；没有，找o、e；没有，找i、u、ü。
# i、u并列，标在后。
&lt;/div&gt;
与注音符号不同，汉语拼音的阴平（ˉ）不能省略，而轻声不标注。部分辞书标注轻声时，在音节前加点「·」。

'''四、正词法'''

汉语拼音原是为了用拉丁字母书写汉字，规定有正词法。但是现在只是用作注音工具，正词法一般不需要过多关注。

正词法的规则：
* 同一个词连写，词与词一般分写，中间加空格。如：jiànshè zǔguó 建设祖国。
* 句子或诗行开头、专有词开头、专有短语的每个词的开头，首字母大写。如：Zhōnghuá Mínguó 中华民国。
* 标题的字母可以全部大写，可以每个词首字母大写。

== 边缘音系 ==

这一章节主要介绍汉语中仅存在于口语的声音，一般作叹词，主要以下十个音节。中国大陆辞书收录其中九个，台湾辞书收录六个。{{NoteTag|有人认为现代汉语中还存在一個或两個入声音，參见秦问[https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/11021080470 《普通话（新国音）唯一的入声字》]。}}

{| class=wikitable
|+ 边缘音节
|-
! 无声调音节 !! IPA !! 例字 !! 备注
|-
|o ㄛ|| o || 哦[·o ·ㄛ] ||
|-
|lo ㄌㄛ|| lo || 咯[·lo ·ㄌㄛ] ||
|-
|ê ㄝ|| ε || 诶[ề ㄝˋ] ||
|-
|yo ㄧㄛ|| io || 唷[yō ㄧㄛˉ] ||
|- 
|m ㄇ|| m̩ || 嘸[ḿ ㄇˊ]&lt;br/&gt;呣[m̀ ㄇˋ] || 收錄於中国大陆辞书，台湾标准无此音。嘸仅读wǔ ㄨˇ，呣仅读móu ㄇㄡˊ。
|-
|n ㄋ|| n&amp;#809; || 嗯[ǹ ㄋˋ] || rowspan=2 | 收錄於中国大陆辞书，台湾标准无这两个音，嗯字读·en ·ㄣ。
|-
|ng ㄫ|| ŋ̍ || 嗯[ńg ㄫˊ] 
|-
|hm ㄏㄇ || m̥m̩ || 噷[hm̄ ㄏㄇˉ] || 收錄於中国大陆辞书，台湾标准无此音，噷字读xīn ㄒㄧㄣ或ㄏㄣ hēn。
|-
|hng ㄏㄫ || ŋ̊ŋ̍ || 哼[·hng ·ㄏㄫ] || 收錄於中国大陆辞书，台湾标准无此音，哼仅读hēng ㄏㄥˉ。
|-
|q ㄑ ||tɕ̩ʰ ||啐[·q ·ㄑ] || 收錄於台灣辞书，中国大陆标准无此音，啐仅读cuì ㄘㄨㄟˋ。
|}

o ㄛ、ê ㄝ、io ㄧㄛ三韵母只在上述边缘音节中出现，因此不列入下面的音节表及基本音节表。

== 音节表 ==

声母、韵母、声调并不能无节制地配合，一些声母和韵母无法相拼，一些声韵组合只存在少数几个声调。

现代汉语的完整音节表可以查看'''[[现代标准汉语/语音/音节/音节表|音节表]]'''。{{NoteTag|如果你想查询声母、韵母的配合表（即不考虑声调），可以查看'''[[现代标准汉语/语音/音节/基本音节表|基本音节表]]'''。}}
{{Nextpage|语音/音位}}

== 注释 ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== 参考资料 ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dhqedcc9ffxvfr2kvtktedv638ih2tg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>關於報紙參與教育摘要</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34734</id>
    <revision>
      <id>186157</id>
      <parentid>186130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T01:38:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-39800-95</username>
        <id>68894</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>186157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1587" sha1="e2qyazgjhlc8uxo1vkibmuhmuh5vgnv" xml:space="preserve">[[美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書|返回《美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書》首页]]

= 認識報紙參與教育（NIE） =

報紙參與教育（Newspaper in Education，簡稱 NIE）是一種以報紙作為教學媒材的教育模式，透過新聞內容、時事議題、圖像、評論及專題報導等多元素材，協助學生培養閱讀理解、媒體素養、批判思考、表達能力及跨領域學習能力。自20世紀以來，NIE 已在世界各國廣泛應用於中小學教育，並發展出不同的課程與教學模式。

隨著數位媒體與教育環境的變遷，NIE 的應用也逐漸擴展至跨領域學習、美感教育及探究式學習等面向。美感智能閱讀計畫以《安妮新聞》為教材，結合紙本閱讀、美感設計與跨領域主題，將讀報活動延伸為觀察、探索、討論、分析與創作等多元學習歷程，展現報紙作為綜合性學習媒材的教育價值。

本章將介紹報紙參與教育的發展背景、核心理念與教學特色，並概述臺灣及世界各國推動 NIE 的歷程與應用情形，以及其與當代美感教育及跨領域課程之間的關聯。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]
* 安妮新聞：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/ 安妮新聞官網]
* 安妮新聞刊物列表：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/journal/ 安妮新聞刊物列表]


&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[關於報紙參與教育摘要|下一課：關於報紙參與教育摘要]]</text>
      <sha1>e2qyazgjhlc8uxo1vkibmuhmuh5vgnv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>186158</id>
      <parentid>186157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T01:51:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-39800-95</username>
        <id>68894</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>186158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1575" sha1="f2z382p7ttnl0ia3csrkk7zkhb6l3vu" xml:space="preserve">[[美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書|返回《美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書》首页]]

= 認識報紙參與教育（NIE） =

報紙參與教育（Newspaper in Education，簡稱 NIE）是一種以報紙作為教學媒材的教育模式，透過新聞內容、時事議題、圖像、評論及專題報導等多元素材，協助學生培養閱讀理解、媒體素養、批判思考、表達能力及跨領域學習能力。自20世紀以來，NIE 已在世界各國廣泛應用於中小學教育，並發展出不同的課程與教學模式。

隨著數位媒體與教育環境的變遷，NIE 的應用也逐漸擴展至跨領域學習、美感教育及探究式學習等面向。美感智能閱讀計畫以《安妮新聞》為教材，結合紙本閱讀、美感設計與跨領域主題，將讀報活動延伸為觀察、探索、討論、分析與創作等多元學習歷程，展現報紙作為綜合性學習媒材的教育價值。

本章將介紹報紙參與教育的發展背景、核心理念與教學特色，並概述臺灣及世界各國推動 NIE 的歷程與應用情形，以及其與當代美感教育及跨領域課程之間的關聯。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]
* 安妮新聞：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/ 安妮新聞官網]
* 安妮新聞刊物列表：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/journal/ 安妮新聞刊物列表]


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== &lt;span id=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;5. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer ==

UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

== &lt;span id=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;6. Limitation on Liability ==
EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

== &lt;span id=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;7. Termination ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.a&quot;&gt;This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Adaptations or Collections from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.b&quot;&gt;Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;8. Miscellaneous ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.a&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.b&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.c&quot;&gt;If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.d&quot;&gt;No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.e&quot;&gt;This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.f&quot;&gt;The rights granted under, and the subject matter referenced, in this License were drafted utilizing the terminology of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on September 28, 1979), the Rome Convention of 1961, the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996 and the Universal Copyright Convention (as revised on July 24, 1971). These rights and subject matter take effect in the relevant jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced according to the corresponding provisions of the implementation of those treaty provisions in the applicable national law. If the standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law includes additional rights not granted under this License, such additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this License is not intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable law.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

{{ombox|image=none|text=
&lt;h3&gt;Creative Commons Notice&lt;/h3&gt;

Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor.

Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL, Creative Commons does not authorize the use by either party of the trademark &quot;Creative Commons&quot; or any related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time. For the avoidance of doubt, this trademark restriction does not form part of the License.

Creative Commons may be contacted at http://creativecommons.org/.
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:维基教科书版权]]</text>
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| text = &lt;center&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; padding: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;Creative Commons Deed&lt;/div&gt;
這是一份易於常人了解的法律條款摘要。（[[#License|完整的授權條款]]）&lt;/center&gt;
'''您可自由'''：
* '''分享''' — -{zh-hans:复制、发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络传播本作品 ;zh-hant:重製、散布及傳輸本著作}-
* -{zh-hans:创作演绎作品;zh-hant:'''重混''' — 修改本著作}-
* -{zh-hans:对本作品进行商业性使用;zh-hant:對本著作進行商業利用}-
'''惟-{zh-hans:须遵守;zh-hant:需遵照}-下列條件'''：
* -{zh-hans:'''署名''' — 您必须按照作者或者许可人指定的方式对作品进行署名。;zh-hant:'''姓名標示''' — 你必須按照著作人或授權人所指定的方式，表彰其姓名（但不得以任何方式暗示其為你或你使用本著作的方式背書）。}-
* -{zh-hans:'''相同方式共享''' — 如果您改变、转换本作品或者以本作品为基础进行创作，您只能采用与本协议相同的许可协议发布基于本作品的演绎作品。;zh-hant:'''相同方式分享''' — 若對本著作進行變更、轉換或修改，僅得依本授權條款或類似之授權條款散佈該衍生作品。}-
'''-{zh-hans:且认识到;zh-hant:且認知到}-'''：
* -{zh-hans:'''弃权''' — 若您获得著作权人准许，则上述所有条件都可予以免除。;zh-hant:'''免除''' — 若你得到著作權人的同意，上述任何條件都可獲'''免除'''。}-
*'''-{zh-hans:公有领域;zh-tw:公眾領域;zh-hk:公共領域}-''' — -{zh-hans:若在可适用法律下本作品或本作品的任何部分处于[[w:公有领域]]，则其处于公共领域的状态不受本许可协议影响。;zh-hant:當本著作或其任何要素在相關法律下屬'''[[w:公眾領域]]'''，此狀態絕不會受到本授權條款的影響。}-
* '''其他权利''' — -{zh-hans:以下权利不受本许可协议影响：;zh-hant:任何下列的權利絕不會受到本授權條款的影響：}-
** -{zh-hans:[[w:合理使用]]，或其他相关法律规定的著作权保护的限制或例外；;zh-hant:你'''[[w:合理使用]]的權利'''；}-
** -{zh-hans:作者的[[w:精神權利|人身权]]； ;zh-hant:作者的'''[[w:精神權利|著作人格權]]'''；}-
** -{zh-hans:其他人拥有的与本作品本身或与本作品的使用方式有关的权利，例如[[w:商品化权]]或[[w:隐私权]];zh-hant:其他人可能對該著作本身或該著作如何被使用所擁有的權利，例如'''[[w:形象權]]'''或[[w:隱私權]]。}-
* '''聲明''' — -{zh-hans:在再使用或者发行本作品时，您必须向他人明示本作品使用的许可协议条款。提供[//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.zh 链接]是明示的最佳方法。;zh-hant:為了再使用或散布之目的，你必須向他人清楚說明本著作所適用的授權條款。提供[//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ 連結]是最好的方式。}-
| image = [[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Cc-by_new.svg|25px]][[File:Cc-sa.svg|25px]]}}

==翻译版本==
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh|Creative Commons — 署名-相同方式共享 3.0 未本地化版本 — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-hans}}
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh_HK|Creative Commons — 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-hk}}
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh_TW|Creative Commons — 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-tw}}

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
= License =

{{ombox|image=none|text=CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN &quot;AS-IS&quot; BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE.}}

THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE (&quot;CCPL&quot; OR &quot;LICENSE&quot;). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPYRIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED.

BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PROVIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. TO THE EXTENT THIS LICENSE MAY BE CONSIDERED TO BE A CONTRACT, THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CONSIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

== &lt;span id=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1. Definitions ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.a&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Adaptation'''&quot; means a work based upon the Work, or upon the Work and other pre-existing works, such as a translation, adaptation, derivative work, arrangement of music or other alterations of a literary or artistic work, or phonogram or performance and includes cinematographic adaptations or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted including in any form recognizably derived from the original, except that a work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical work, performance or phonogram, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image (&quot;synching&quot;) will be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.b&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Collection'''&quot; means a collection of literary or artistic works, such as encyclopedias and anthologies, or performances, phonograms or broadcasts, or other works or subject matter other than works listed in Section 1(f) below, which, by reason of the selection and arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations, in which the Work is included in its entirety in unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent works in themselves, which together are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation (as defined below) for the purposes of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.c&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Creative Commons Compatible License'''&quot; means a license that is listed at http://creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses that has been approved by Creative Commons as being essentially equivalent to this License, including, at a minimum, because that license: (i) contains terms that have the same purpose, meaning and effect as the License Elements of this License; and, (ii) explicitly permits the relicensing of adaptations of works made available under that license under this License or a Creative Commons jurisdiction license with the same License Elements as this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.d&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Distribute'''&quot; means to make available to the public the original and copies of the Work or Adaptation, as appropriate, through sale or other transfer of ownership.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.e&quot;&gt;&quot;'''License Elements'''&quot; means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor and indicated in the title of this License: Attribution, ShareAlike.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.f&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Licensor'''&quot; means the individual, individuals, entity or entities that offer(s) the Work under the terms of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.g&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Original Author'''&quot; means, in the case of a literary or artistic work, the individual, individuals, entity or entities who created the Work or if no individual or entity can be identified, the publisher; and in addition (i) in the case of a performance the actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other persons who act, sing, deliver, declaim, play in, interpret or otherwise perform literary or artistic works or expressions of folklore; (ii) in the case of a phonogram the producer being the person or legal entity who first fixes the sounds of a performance or other sounds; and, (iii) in the case of broadcasts, the organization that transmits the broadcast.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.h&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Work'''&quot; means the literary and/or artistic work offered under the terms of this License including without limitation any production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression including digital form, such as a book, pamphlet and other writing; a lecture, address, sermon or other work of the same nature; a dramatic or dramatico-musical work; a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show; a musical composition with or without words; a cinematographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; a work of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving or lithography; a photographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; a work of applied art; an illustration, map, plan, sketch or three-dimensional work relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; a performance; a broadcast; a phonogram; a compilation of data to the extent it is protected as a copyrightable work; or a work performed by a variety or circus performer to the extent it is not otherwise considered a literary or artistic work.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.i&quot;&gt;&quot;'''You'''&quot; means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.j&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Publicly Perform'''&quot; means to perform public recitations of the Work and to communicate to the public those public recitations, by any means or process, including by wire or wireless means or public digital performances; to make available to the public Works in such a way that members of the public may access these Works from a place and at a place individually chosen by them; to perform the Work to the public by any means or process and the communication to the public of the performances of the Work, including by public digital performance; to broadcast and rebroadcast the Work by any means including signs, sounds or images.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.k&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Reproduce'''&quot; means to make copies of the Work by any means including without limitation by sound or visual recordings and the right of fixation and reproducing fixations of the Work, including storage of a protected performance or phonogram in digital form or other electronic medium.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2. Fair Dealing Rights ==
Nothing in this License is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any uses free from copyright or rights arising from limitations or exceptions that are provided for in connection with the copyright protection under copyright law or other applicable laws.

== &lt;span id=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3. License Grant ==
Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below:

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.a&quot;&gt;to Reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collections, and to Reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collections;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.b&quot;&gt;to create and Reproduce Adaptations provided that any such Adaptation, including any translation in any medium, takes reasonable steps to clearly label, demarcate or otherwise identify that changes were made to the original Work. For example, a translation could be marked &quot;The original work was translated from English to Spanish,&quot; or a modification could indicate &quot;The original work has been modified.&quot;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.c&quot;&gt;to Distribute and Publicly Perform the Work including as incorporated in Collections; and,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.d&quot;&gt;to Distribute and Publicly Perform Adaptations.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.e&quot;&gt;For the avoidance of doubt:
	&lt;ol type=&quot;i&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.i&quot;&gt;'''Non-waivable Compulsory License Schemes.''' In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, the Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License;&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.ii&quot;&gt;'''Waivable Compulsory License Schemes.''' In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme can be waived, the Licensor waives the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License; and,&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.iii&quot;&gt;'''Voluntary License Schemes.''' The Licensor waives the right to collect royalties, whether individually or, in the event that the Licensor is a member of a collecting society that administers voluntary licensing schemes, via that society, from any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary to exercise the rights in other media and formats. Subject to Section 8(f), all rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

== &lt;span id=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;4. Restrictions ==
The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by the following restrictions:

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.a&quot;&gt;You may Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work only under the terms of this License. You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for, this License with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Work that restrict the terms of this License or the ability of the recipient of the Work to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. When You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Work that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Work from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. This Section 4(a) applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. If You create a Collection, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collection any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested. If You create an Adaptation, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Adaptation any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.b&quot;&gt;You may Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation only under the terms of: (i) this License; (ii) a later version of this License with the same License Elements as this License; (iii) a Creative Commons jurisdiction license (either this or a later license version) that contains the same License Elements as this License (e.g., Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 US)); (iv) a Creative Commons Compatible License. If you license the Adaptation under one of the licenses mentioned in (iv), you must comply with the terms of that license. If you license the Adaptation under the terms of any of the licenses mentioned in (i), (ii) or (iii) (the &quot;Applicable License&quot;), you must comply with the terms of the Applicable License generally and the following provisions: (I) You must include a copy of, or the URI for, the Applicable License with every copy of each Adaptation You Distribute or Publicly Perform; (II) You may not offer or impose any terms on the Adaptation that restrict the terms of the Applicable License or the ability of the recipient of the Adaptation to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the Applicable License; (III) You must keep intact all notices that refer to the Applicable License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work as included in the Adaptation You Distribute or Publicly Perform; (IV) when You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Adaptation, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Adaptation that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Adaptation from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the Applicable License. This Section 4(b) applies to the Adaptation as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Adaptation itself to be made subject to the terms of the Applicable License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.c&quot;&gt;If You Distribute, or Publicly Perform the Work or any Adaptations or Collections, You must, unless a request has been made pursuant to Section 4(a), keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and provide, reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing: (i) the name of the Original Author (or pseudonym, if applicable) if supplied, and/or if the Original Author and/or Licensor designate another party or parties (e.g., a sponsor institute, publishing entity, journal) for attribution (&quot;Attribution Parties&quot;) in Licensor's copyright notice, terms of service or by other reasonable means, the name of such party or parties; (ii) the title of the Work if supplied; (iii) to the extent reasonably practicable, the URI, if any, that Licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work; and (iv) , consistent with Section 3(b), in the case of an Adaptation, a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Adaptation (e.g., &quot;French translation of the Work by Original Author,&quot; or &quot;Screenplay based on original Work by Original Author&quot;). The credit required by this Section 4(c) may be implemented in any reasonable manner; provided, however, that in the case of a Adaptation or Collection, at a minimum such credit will appear, if a credit for all contributing authors of the Adaptation or Collection appears, then as part of these credits and in a manner at least as prominent as the credits for the other contributing authors. For the avoidance of doubt, You may only use the credit required by this Section for the purpose of attribution in the manner set out above and, by exercising Your rights under this License, You may not implicitly or explicitly assert or imply any connection with, sponsorship or endorsement by the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties, as appropriate, of You or Your use of the Work, without the separate, express prior written permission of the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.d&quot;&gt;Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Adaptations or Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author's honor or reputation. Licensor agrees that in those jurisdictions (e.g. Japan), in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author's honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;5. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer ==

UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

== &lt;span id=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;6. Limitation on Liability ==
EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

== &lt;span id=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;7. Termination ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.a&quot;&gt;This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Adaptations or Collections from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.b&quot;&gt;Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;8. Miscellaneous ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.a&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.b&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.c&quot;&gt;If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.d&quot;&gt;No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.e&quot;&gt;This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.f&quot;&gt;The rights granted under, and the subject matter referenced, in this License were drafted utilizing the terminology of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on September 28, 1979), the Rome Convention of 1961, the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996 and the Universal Copyright Convention (as revised on July 24, 1971). These rights and subject matter take effect in the relevant jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced according to the corresponding provisions of the implementation of those treaty provisions in the applicable national law. If the standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law includes additional rights not granted under this License, such additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this License is not intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable law.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

{{ombox|image=none|text=
&lt;h3&gt;Creative Commons Notice&lt;/h3&gt;

Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor.

Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL, Creative Commons does not authorize the use by either party of the trademark &quot;Creative Commons&quot; or any related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time. For the avoidance of doubt, this trademark restriction does not form part of the License.

Creative Commons may be contacted at http://creativecommons.org/.
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:维基教科书版权]]</text>
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|1=zh-cn:链接; zh-tw:連結;
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{{ombox
| text = &lt;center&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; padding: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;Creative Commons Deed&lt;/div&gt;
這是一份易於常人了解的法律條款摘要。（[[#License|完整的授權條款]]）&lt;/center&gt;
'''您可自由'''：
* '''分享''' — -{zh-hans:复制、发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络传播本作品 ;zh-hant:重製、散布及傳輸本著作}-
* -{zh-hans:创作演绎作品;zh-hant:'''重混''' — 修改本著作}-
* -{zh-hans:对本作品进行商业性使用;zh-hant:對本著作進行商業利用}-
'''惟-{zh-hans:须遵守;zh-hant:需遵照}-下列條件'''：
* -{zh-hans:'''署名''' — 您必须按照作者或者许可人指定的方式对作品进行署名。;zh-hant:'''姓名標示''' — 你必須按照著作人或授權人所指定的方式，表彰其姓名（但不得以任何方式暗示其為你或你使用本著作的方式背書）。}-
* -{zh-hans:'''相同方式共享''' — 如果您改变、转换本作品或者以本作品为基础进行创作，您只能采用与本协议相同的许可协议发布基于本作品的演绎作品。;zh-hant:'''相同方式分享''' — 若對本著作進行變更、轉換或修改，僅得依本授權條款或類似之授權條款散佈該衍生作品。}-
'''-{zh-hans:且认识到;zh-hant:且認知到}-'''：
* -{zh-hans:'''弃权''' — 若您获得著作权人准许，则上述所有条件都可予以免除。;zh-hant:'''免除''' — 若你得到著作權人的同意，上述任何條件都可獲'''免除'''。}-
*'''-{zh-hans:公有领域;zh-tw:公眾領域;zh-hk:公共領域}-''' — -{zh-hans:若在可适用法律下本作品或本作品的任何部分处于[[w:公有领域|公有领域]]，则其处于公共领域的状态不受本许可协议影响。;zh-hant:當本著作或其任何要素在相關法律下屬'''[[w:公眾領域|公眾領域]]'''，此狀態絕不會受到本授權條款的影響。}-
* '''其他权利''' — -{zh-hans:以下权利不受本许可协议影响：;zh-hant:任何下列的權利絕不會受到本授權條款的影響：}-
** -{zh-hans:[[w:合理使用]]，或其他相关法律规定的著作权保护的限制或例外；;zh-hant:你'''[[w:合理使用|合理使用]]的權利'''；}-
** -{zh-hans:作者的[[w:精神權利|人身权]]； ;zh-hant:作者的'''[[w:精神權利|著作人格權]]'''；}-
** -{zh-hans:其他人拥有的与本作品本身或与本作品的使用方式有关的权利，例如[[w:商品化权]]或[[w:隐私权]];zh-hant:其他人可能對該著作本身或該著作如何被使用所擁有的權利，例如'''[[w:形象權|形象權]]'''或[[w:隱私權|隱私權]]。}-
* '''聲明''' — -{zh-hans:在再使用或者发行本作品时，您必须向他人明示本作品使用的许可协议条款。提供[//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.zh 链接]是明示的最佳方法。;zh-hant:為了再使用或散布之目的，你必須向他人清楚說明本著作所適用的授權條款。提供[//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ 連結]是最好的方式。}-
| image = [[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Cc-by_new.svg|25px]][[File:Cc-sa.svg|25px]]}}

==翻译版本==
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh|Creative Commons — 署名-相同方式共享 3.0 未本地化版本 — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-hans}}
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh_HK|Creative Commons — 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-hk}}
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh_TW|Creative Commons — 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-tw}}

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
= License =

{{ombox|image=none|text=CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN &quot;AS-IS&quot; BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE.}}

THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE (&quot;CCPL&quot; OR &quot;LICENSE&quot;). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPYRIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED.

BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PROVIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. TO THE EXTENT THIS LICENSE MAY BE CONSIDERED TO BE A CONTRACT, THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CONSIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

== &lt;span id=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1. Definitions ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.a&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Adaptation'''&quot; means a work based upon the Work, or upon the Work and other pre-existing works, such as a translation, adaptation, derivative work, arrangement of music or other alterations of a literary or artistic work, or phonogram or performance and includes cinematographic adaptations or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted including in any form recognizably derived from the original, except that a work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical work, performance or phonogram, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image (&quot;synching&quot;) will be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.b&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Collection'''&quot; means a collection of literary or artistic works, such as encyclopedias and anthologies, or performances, phonograms or broadcasts, or other works or subject matter other than works listed in Section 1(f) below, which, by reason of the selection and arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations, in which the Work is included in its entirety in unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent works in themselves, which together are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation (as defined below) for the purposes of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.c&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Creative Commons Compatible License'''&quot; means a license that is listed at http://creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses that has been approved by Creative Commons as being essentially equivalent to this License, including, at a minimum, because that license: (i) contains terms that have the same purpose, meaning and effect as the License Elements of this License; and, (ii) explicitly permits the relicensing of adaptations of works made available under that license under this License or a Creative Commons jurisdiction license with the same License Elements as this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.d&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Distribute'''&quot; means to make available to the public the original and copies of the Work or Adaptation, as appropriate, through sale or other transfer of ownership.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.e&quot;&gt;&quot;'''License Elements'''&quot; means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor and indicated in the title of this License: Attribution, ShareAlike.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.f&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Licensor'''&quot; means the individual, individuals, entity or entities that offer(s) the Work under the terms of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.g&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Original Author'''&quot; means, in the case of a literary or artistic work, the individual, individuals, entity or entities who created the Work or if no individual or entity can be identified, the publisher; and in addition (i) in the case of a performance the actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other persons who act, sing, deliver, declaim, play in, interpret or otherwise perform literary or artistic works or expressions of folklore; (ii) in the case of a phonogram the producer being the person or legal entity who first fixes the sounds of a performance or other sounds; and, (iii) in the case of broadcasts, the organization that transmits the broadcast.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.h&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Work'''&quot; means the literary and/or artistic work offered under the terms of this License including without limitation any production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression including digital form, such as a book, pamphlet and other writing; a lecture, address, sermon or other work of the same nature; a dramatic or dramatico-musical work; a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show; a musical composition with or without words; a cinematographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; a work of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving or lithography; a photographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; a work of applied art; an illustration, map, plan, sketch or three-dimensional work relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; a performance; a broadcast; a phonogram; a compilation of data to the extent it is protected as a copyrightable work; or a work performed by a variety or circus performer to the extent it is not otherwise considered a literary or artistic work.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.i&quot;&gt;&quot;'''You'''&quot; means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.j&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Publicly Perform'''&quot; means to perform public recitations of the Work and to communicate to the public those public recitations, by any means or process, including by wire or wireless means or public digital performances; to make available to the public Works in such a way that members of the public may access these Works from a place and at a place individually chosen by them; to perform the Work to the public by any means or process and the communication to the public of the performances of the Work, including by public digital performance; to broadcast and rebroadcast the Work by any means including signs, sounds or images.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.k&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Reproduce'''&quot; means to make copies of the Work by any means including without limitation by sound or visual recordings and the right of fixation and reproducing fixations of the Work, including storage of a protected performance or phonogram in digital form or other electronic medium.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2. Fair Dealing Rights ==
Nothing in this License is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any uses free from copyright or rights arising from limitations or exceptions that are provided for in connection with the copyright protection under copyright law or other applicable laws.

== &lt;span id=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3. License Grant ==
Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below:

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.a&quot;&gt;to Reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collections, and to Reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collections;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.b&quot;&gt;to create and Reproduce Adaptations provided that any such Adaptation, including any translation in any medium, takes reasonable steps to clearly label, demarcate or otherwise identify that changes were made to the original Work. For example, a translation could be marked &quot;The original work was translated from English to Spanish,&quot; or a modification could indicate &quot;The original work has been modified.&quot;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.c&quot;&gt;to Distribute and Publicly Perform the Work including as incorporated in Collections; and,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.d&quot;&gt;to Distribute and Publicly Perform Adaptations.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.e&quot;&gt;For the avoidance of doubt:
	&lt;ol type=&quot;i&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.i&quot;&gt;'''Non-waivable Compulsory License Schemes.''' In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, the Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License;&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.ii&quot;&gt;'''Waivable Compulsory License Schemes.''' In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme can be waived, the Licensor waives the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License; and,&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.iii&quot;&gt;'''Voluntary License Schemes.''' The Licensor waives the right to collect royalties, whether individually or, in the event that the Licensor is a member of a collecting society that administers voluntary licensing schemes, via that society, from any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary to exercise the rights in other media and formats. Subject to Section 8(f), all rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

== &lt;span id=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;4. Restrictions ==
The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by the following restrictions:

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.a&quot;&gt;You may Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work only under the terms of this License. You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for, this License with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Work that restrict the terms of this License or the ability of the recipient of the Work to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. When You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Work that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Work from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. This Section 4(a) applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. If You create a Collection, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collection any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested. If You create an Adaptation, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Adaptation any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.b&quot;&gt;You may Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation only under the terms of: (i) this License; (ii) a later version of this License with the same License Elements as this License; (iii) a Creative Commons jurisdiction license (either this or a later license version) that contains the same License Elements as this License (e.g., Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 US)); (iv) a Creative Commons Compatible License. If you license the Adaptation under one of the licenses mentioned in (iv), you must comply with the terms of that license. If you license the Adaptation under the terms of any of the licenses mentioned in (i), (ii) or (iii) (the &quot;Applicable License&quot;), you must comply with the terms of the Applicable License generally and the following provisions: (I) You must include a copy of, or the URI for, the Applicable License with every copy of each Adaptation You Distribute or Publicly Perform; (II) You may not offer or impose any terms on the Adaptation that restrict the terms of the Applicable License or the ability of the recipient of the Adaptation to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the Applicable License; (III) You must keep intact all notices that refer to the Applicable License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work as included in the Adaptation You Distribute or Publicly Perform; (IV) when You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Adaptation, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Adaptation that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Adaptation from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the Applicable License. This Section 4(b) applies to the Adaptation as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Adaptation itself to be made subject to the terms of the Applicable License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.c&quot;&gt;If You Distribute, or Publicly Perform the Work or any Adaptations or Collections, You must, unless a request has been made pursuant to Section 4(a), keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and provide, reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing: (i) the name of the Original Author (or pseudonym, if applicable) if supplied, and/or if the Original Author and/or Licensor designate another party or parties (e.g., a sponsor institute, publishing entity, journal) for attribution (&quot;Attribution Parties&quot;) in Licensor's copyright notice, terms of service or by other reasonable means, the name of such party or parties; (ii) the title of the Work if supplied; (iii) to the extent reasonably practicable, the URI, if any, that Licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work; and (iv) , consistent with Section 3(b), in the case of an Adaptation, a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Adaptation (e.g., &quot;French translation of the Work by Original Author,&quot; or &quot;Screenplay based on original Work by Original Author&quot;). The credit required by this Section 4(c) may be implemented in any reasonable manner; provided, however, that in the case of a Adaptation or Collection, at a minimum such credit will appear, if a credit for all contributing authors of the Adaptation or Collection appears, then as part of these credits and in a manner at least as prominent as the credits for the other contributing authors. For the avoidance of doubt, You may only use the credit required by this Section for the purpose of attribution in the manner set out above and, by exercising Your rights under this License, You may not implicitly or explicitly assert or imply any connection with, sponsorship or endorsement by the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties, as appropriate, of You or Your use of the Work, without the separate, express prior written permission of the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.d&quot;&gt;Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Adaptations or Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author's honor or reputation. Licensor agrees that in those jurisdictions (e.g. Japan), in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author's honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;5. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer ==

UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

== &lt;span id=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;6. Limitation on Liability ==
EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

== &lt;span id=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;7. Termination ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.a&quot;&gt;This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Adaptations or Collections from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.b&quot;&gt;Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;8. Miscellaneous ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.a&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.b&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.c&quot;&gt;If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.d&quot;&gt;No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.e&quot;&gt;This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.f&quot;&gt;The rights granted under, and the subject matter referenced, in this License were drafted utilizing the terminology of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on September 28, 1979), the Rome Convention of 1961, the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996 and the Universal Copyright Convention (as revised on July 24, 1971). These rights and subject matter take effect in the relevant jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced according to the corresponding provisions of the implementation of those treaty provisions in the applicable national law. If the standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law includes additional rights not granted under this License, such additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this License is not intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable law.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

{{ombox|image=none|text=
&lt;h3&gt;Creative Commons Notice&lt;/h3&gt;

Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor.

Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL, Creative Commons does not authorize the use by either party of the trademark &quot;Creative Commons&quot; or any related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time. For the avoidance of doubt, this trademark restriction does not form part of the License.

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&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:维基教科书版权]]</text>
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|1=zh-cn:链接; zh-tw:連結;
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| text = &lt;center&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; padding: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;Creative Commons Deed&lt;/div&gt;
這是一份易於常人了解的法律條款摘要。（[[#License|完整的授權條款（英文）]]）&lt;/center&gt;
'''您可自由'''：
* '''分享''' — -{zh-hans:复制、发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络传播本作品 ;zh-hant:重製、散布及傳輸本著作}-
* -{zh-hans:创作演绎作品;zh-hant:'''重混''' — 修改本著作}-
* -{zh-hans:对本作品进行商业性使用;zh-hant:對本著作進行商業利用}-
'''惟-{zh-hans:须遵守;zh-hant:需遵照}-下列條件'''：
* -{zh-hans:'''署名''' — 您必须按照作者或者许可人指定的方式对作品进行署名。;zh-hant:'''姓名標示''' — 你必須按照著作人或授權人所指定的方式，表彰其姓名（但不得以任何方式暗示其為你或你使用本著作的方式背書）。}-
* -{zh-hans:'''相同方式共享''' — 如果您改变、转换本作品或者以本作品为基础进行创作，您只能采用与本协议相同的许可协议发布基于本作品的演绎作品。;zh-hant:'''相同方式分享''' — 若對本著作進行變更、轉換或修改，僅得依本授權條款或類似之授權條款散佈該衍生作品。}-
'''-{zh-hans:且认识到;zh-hant:且認知到}-'''：
* -{zh-hans:'''弃权''' — 若您获得著作权人准许，则上述所有条件都可予以免除。;zh-hant:'''免除''' — 若你得到著作權人的同意，上述任何條件都可獲'''免除'''。}-
*'''-{zh-hans:公有领域;zh-tw:公眾領域;zh-hk:公共領域}-''' — -{zh-hans:若在可适用法律下本作品或本作品的任何部分处于[[w:公有领域|公有领域]]，则其处于公共领域的状态不受本许可协议影响。;zh-hant:當本著作或其任何要素在相關法律下屬'''[[w:公眾領域|公眾領域]]'''，此狀態絕不會受到本授權條款的影響。}-
* '''其他权利''' — -{zh-hans:以下权利不受本许可协议影响：;zh-hant:任何下列的權利絕不會受到本授權條款的影響：}-
** -{zh-hans:[[w:合理使用]]，或其他相关法律规定的著作权保护的限制或例外；;zh-hant:你'''[[w:合理使用|合理使用]]的權利'''；}-
** -{zh-hans:作者的[[w:精神權利|人身权]]； ;zh-hant:作者的'''[[w:精神權利|著作人格權]]'''；}-
** -{zh-hans:其他人拥有的与本作品本身或与本作品的使用方式有关的权利，例如[[w:商品化权]]或[[w:隐私权]];zh-hant:其他人可能對該著作本身或該著作如何被使用所擁有的權利，例如'''[[w:形象權|形象權]]'''或[[w:隱私權|隱私權]]。}-
* '''聲明''' — -{zh-hans:在再使用或者发行本作品时，您必须向他人明示本作品使用的许可协议条款。提供[//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.zh 链接]是明示的最佳方法。;zh-hant:為了再使用或散布之目的，你必須向他人清楚說明本著作所適用的授權條款。提供[//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ 連結]是最好的方式。}-
| image = [[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Cc-by_new.svg|25px]][[File:Cc-sa.svg|25px]]}}

==翻译版本==
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh|Creative Commons — 署名-相同方式共享 3.0 未本地化版本 — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-hans}}
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh_HK|Creative Commons — 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-hk}}
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/3.0/deed.zh_TW|Creative Commons — 姓名標示-相同方式分享 3.0 Unported — CC BY-SA 3.0]] {{zh-tw}}

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
= License =

{{ombox|image=none|text=CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN &quot;AS-IS&quot; BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE.}}

THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE (&quot;CCPL&quot; OR &quot;LICENSE&quot;). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPYRIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED.

BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PROVIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. TO THE EXTENT THIS LICENSE MAY BE CONSIDERED TO BE A CONTRACT, THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CONSIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

== &lt;span id=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;1. Definitions ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.a&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Adaptation'''&quot; means a work based upon the Work, or upon the Work and other pre-existing works, such as a translation, adaptation, derivative work, arrangement of music or other alterations of a literary or artistic work, or phonogram or performance and includes cinematographic adaptations or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted including in any form recognizably derived from the original, except that a work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical work, performance or phonogram, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image (&quot;synching&quot;) will be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.b&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Collection'''&quot; means a collection of literary or artistic works, such as encyclopedias and anthologies, or performances, phonograms or broadcasts, or other works or subject matter other than works listed in Section 1(f) below, which, by reason of the selection and arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations, in which the Work is included in its entirety in unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent works in themselves, which together are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation (as defined below) for the purposes of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.c&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Creative Commons Compatible License'''&quot; means a license that is listed at http://creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses that has been approved by Creative Commons as being essentially equivalent to this License, including, at a minimum, because that license: (i) contains terms that have the same purpose, meaning and effect as the License Elements of this License; and, (ii) explicitly permits the relicensing of adaptations of works made available under that license under this License or a Creative Commons jurisdiction license with the same License Elements as this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.d&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Distribute'''&quot; means to make available to the public the original and copies of the Work or Adaptation, as appropriate, through sale or other transfer of ownership.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.e&quot;&gt;&quot;'''License Elements'''&quot; means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor and indicated in the title of this License: Attribution, ShareAlike.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.f&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Licensor'''&quot; means the individual, individuals, entity or entities that offer(s) the Work under the terms of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.g&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Original Author'''&quot; means, in the case of a literary or artistic work, the individual, individuals, entity or entities who created the Work or if no individual or entity can be identified, the publisher; and in addition (i) in the case of a performance the actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other persons who act, sing, deliver, declaim, play in, interpret or otherwise perform literary or artistic works or expressions of folklore; (ii) in the case of a phonogram the producer being the person or legal entity who first fixes the sounds of a performance or other sounds; and, (iii) in the case of broadcasts, the organization that transmits the broadcast.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.h&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Work'''&quot; means the literary and/or artistic work offered under the terms of this License including without limitation any production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression including digital form, such as a book, pamphlet and other writing; a lecture, address, sermon or other work of the same nature; a dramatic or dramatico-musical work; a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show; a musical composition with or without words; a cinematographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; a work of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving or lithography; a photographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; a work of applied art; an illustration, map, plan, sketch or three-dimensional work relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; a performance; a broadcast; a phonogram; a compilation of data to the extent it is protected as a copyrightable work; or a work performed by a variety or circus performer to the extent it is not otherwise considered a literary or artistic work.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.i&quot;&gt;&quot;'''You'''&quot; means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.j&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Publicly Perform'''&quot; means to perform public recitations of the Work and to communicate to the public those public recitations, by any means or process, including by wire or wireless means or public digital performances; to make available to the public Works in such a way that members of the public may access these Works from a place and at a place individually chosen by them; to perform the Work to the public by any means or process and the communication to the public of the performances of the Work, including by public digital performance; to broadcast and rebroadcast the Work by any means including signs, sounds or images.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.k&quot;&gt;&quot;'''Reproduce'''&quot; means to make copies of the Work by any means including without limitation by sound or visual recordings and the right of fixation and reproducing fixations of the Work, including storage of a protected performance or phonogram in digital form or other electronic medium.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2. Fair Dealing Rights ==
Nothing in this License is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any uses free from copyright or rights arising from limitations or exceptions that are provided for in connection with the copyright protection under copyright law or other applicable laws.

== &lt;span id=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;3. License Grant ==
Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below:

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.a&quot;&gt;to Reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collections, and to Reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collections;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.b&quot;&gt;to create and Reproduce Adaptations provided that any such Adaptation, including any translation in any medium, takes reasonable steps to clearly label, demarcate or otherwise identify that changes were made to the original Work. For example, a translation could be marked &quot;The original work was translated from English to Spanish,&quot; or a modification could indicate &quot;The original work has been modified.&quot;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.c&quot;&gt;to Distribute and Publicly Perform the Work including as incorporated in Collections; and,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.d&quot;&gt;to Distribute and Publicly Perform Adaptations.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.e&quot;&gt;For the avoidance of doubt:
	&lt;ol type=&quot;i&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.i&quot;&gt;'''Non-waivable Compulsory License Schemes.''' In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, the Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License;&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.ii&quot;&gt;'''Waivable Compulsory License Schemes.''' In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme can be waived, the Licensor waives the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License; and,&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.e.iii&quot;&gt;'''Voluntary License Schemes.''' The Licensor waives the right to collect royalties, whether individually or, in the event that the Licensor is a member of a collecting society that administers voluntary licensing schemes, via that society, from any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary to exercise the rights in other media and formats. Subject to Section 8(f), all rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

== &lt;span id=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;4. Restrictions ==
The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by the following restrictions:

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.a&quot;&gt;You may Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work only under the terms of this License. You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for, this License with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Work that restrict the terms of this License or the ability of the recipient of the Work to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. When You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Work that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Work from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. This Section 4(a) applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. If You create a Collection, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collection any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested. If You create an Adaptation, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Adaptation any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.b&quot;&gt;You may Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation only under the terms of: (i) this License; (ii) a later version of this License with the same License Elements as this License; (iii) a Creative Commons jurisdiction license (either this or a later license version) that contains the same License Elements as this License (e.g., Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 US)); (iv) a Creative Commons Compatible License. If you license the Adaptation under one of the licenses mentioned in (iv), you must comply with the terms of that license. If you license the Adaptation under the terms of any of the licenses mentioned in (i), (ii) or (iii) (the &quot;Applicable License&quot;), you must comply with the terms of the Applicable License generally and the following provisions: (I) You must include a copy of, or the URI for, the Applicable License with every copy of each Adaptation You Distribute or Publicly Perform; (II) You may not offer or impose any terms on the Adaptation that restrict the terms of the Applicable License or the ability of the recipient of the Adaptation to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the Applicable License; (III) You must keep intact all notices that refer to the Applicable License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work as included in the Adaptation You Distribute or Publicly Perform; (IV) when You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Adaptation, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Adaptation that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Adaptation from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the Applicable License. This Section 4(b) applies to the Adaptation as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Adaptation itself to be made subject to the terms of the Applicable License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.c&quot;&gt;If You Distribute, or Publicly Perform the Work or any Adaptations or Collections, You must, unless a request has been made pursuant to Section 4(a), keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and provide, reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing: (i) the name of the Original Author (or pseudonym, if applicable) if supplied, and/or if the Original Author and/or Licensor designate another party or parties (e.g., a sponsor institute, publishing entity, journal) for attribution (&quot;Attribution Parties&quot;) in Licensor's copyright notice, terms of service or by other reasonable means, the name of such party or parties; (ii) the title of the Work if supplied; (iii) to the extent reasonably practicable, the URI, if any, that Licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work; and (iv) , consistent with Section 3(b), in the case of an Adaptation, a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Adaptation (e.g., &quot;French translation of the Work by Original Author,&quot; or &quot;Screenplay based on original Work by Original Author&quot;). The credit required by this Section 4(c) may be implemented in any reasonable manner; provided, however, that in the case of a Adaptation or Collection, at a minimum such credit will appear, if a credit for all contributing authors of the Adaptation or Collection appears, then as part of these credits and in a manner at least as prominent as the credits for the other contributing authors. For the avoidance of doubt, You may only use the credit required by this Section for the purpose of attribution in the manner set out above and, by exercising Your rights under this License, You may not implicitly or explicitly assert or imply any connection with, sponsorship or endorsement by the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties, as appropriate, of You or Your use of the Work, without the separate, express prior written permission of the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.d&quot;&gt;Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Adaptations or Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author's honor or reputation. Licensor agrees that in those jurisdictions (e.g. Japan), in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author's honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;5. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer ==

UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

== &lt;span id=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;6. Limitation on Liability ==
EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

== &lt;span id=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;7. Termination ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.a&quot;&gt;This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Adaptations or Collections from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.b&quot;&gt;Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;8. Miscellaneous ==

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.a&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.b&quot;&gt;Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.c&quot;&gt;If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.d&quot;&gt;No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.e&quot;&gt;This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.f&quot;&gt;The rights granted under, and the subject matter referenced, in this License were drafted utilizing the terminology of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on September 28, 1979), the Rome Convention of 1961, the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996 and the Universal Copyright Convention (as revised on July 24, 1971). These rights and subject matter take effect in the relevant jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced according to the corresponding provisions of the implementation of those treaty provisions in the applicable national law. If the standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law includes additional rights not granted under this License, such additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this License is not intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable law.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

{{ombox|image=none|text=
&lt;h3&gt;Creative Commons Notice&lt;/h3&gt;

Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor.

Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL, Creative Commons does not authorize the use by either party of the trademark &quot;Creative Commons&quot; or any related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time. For the avoidance of doubt, this trademark restriction does not form part of the License.

Creative Commons may be contacted at http://creativecommons.org/.
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:维基教科书版权]]</text>
      <sha1>tgv8yhr5a29ite78z9r19rtovra4zcq</sha1>
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        <username>Addonian1123</username>
        <id>65525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>创建页面，内容为“{{languageicon|zh|{{Lan|zh-hans=香港正体|zh-hant=香港繁體}}}}”</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:CC BY-SA 4.0協議文件</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>34739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>186147</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-13T13:46:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Addonian1123</username>
        <id>65525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>创建页面，内容为“__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{ombox | text = &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; padding: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;Creative Commons Deed&lt;/div&gt; 這是一份易於常人了解的法律條款摘要。（但不能替代下方[[#License|完整的授權條款（英文）]]）&lt;/div&gt; -{zh-hans:您可以自由地;zh-hant:你可自由}-： * '''-{zh-hans:共享;zh-hant:分享}-''' — -{zh-hans:在任…”</comment>
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      <text bytes="21695" sha1="r8lo42kb4rwcsjyoz1e2wc5dfbqa9jr" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{{ombox
| text = &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; padding: 0.3em;&quot;&gt;Creative Commons Deed&lt;/div&gt;
這是一份易於常人了解的法律條款摘要。（但不能替代下方[[#License|完整的授權條款（英文）]]）&lt;/div&gt;
-{zh-hans:您可以自由地;zh-hant:你可自由}-：
* '''-{zh-hans:共享;zh-hant:分享}-''' — -{zh-hans:在任何媒介以任何形式复制、发行本作品;zh-hant:以任何媒介或格式重製及散布本素材}-
* '''-{zh-hans:演绎;zh-hant:修改}-''' — -{zh-hans:修改、转换或以本作品为基础进行创作;zh-hant:重混、轉換本素材、及依本素材建立新素材}-
-{zh-hans:在任何用途下，甚至商业目的。;zh-hant:且為任何目的，包含商業性質之使用。}-

-{zh-hans:只要你遵守许可协议条款，许可人就无法收回你的这些权利。;zh-hant:只要你遵守授權條款規定，授權人不能撤回你使用本素材的自由。}-

惟须遵守下列条件：
* '''-{zh-hans:署名;zh-hant:姓名標示}-''' — -{zh-hans:您必须给出适当的[[署名權|署名]]，提供指向本许可协议的链接，同时标明是否（对原始作品）作了修改。您可以用任何合理的方式来署名，但是不得以任何方式暗示许可人为您或您的使用背书。;zh-hant:你必須給予適當[[署名權|表彰]]、提供指向本授權條款的連結，以及 指出（本作品的原始版本）是否已被變更。你可以任何合理方式為前述表彰，但不得以任何方式暗示授權人為你或你的使用方式背書。}-
* '''相同方式共享''' — -{zh-hans:如果您再混合、转换或者基于本作品进行创作，您必须基于与原先许可协议相同的许可协议分发您贡献的作品。;zh-hant:若你重混、轉換本素材，或依本素材建立新素材，你必須依本素材的授權條款來散布你的貢獻物。}-
* '''-{zh-hans:没有附加限制;zh-hant:不得增加額外限制}-''' — -{zh-hans:您不得适用法律术语或者技术措施从而限制其他人做许可协议允许的事情。;zh-hant:你不能增設法律條款或科技措施，來限制別人依授權條款本已許可的作為。}-

声明：
:-{zh-hans:您不必因为[[公有领域|公共领域]]的作品要素而遵守许可协议，或者您的使用被可适用的例外或限制所允许。;zh-hant:當你使用本素材中屬於[[公有领域|公眾領域]]的元素，或當法律有例外或限制條款允許你的使用，則你不需要遵守本授權條款。}-
:-{zh-hans:不提供担保。许可协议可能不会给与您意图使用的所必须的所有许可。例如，其他权利比如[[形象权]]、[[隐私权]]或[[人格权]]可能限制您如何使用作品。;zh-hant:未提供保證。本授權條款未必能完全提供，你預期用途所需要的所有許可。例如：[[形象權]]，[[隱私權]]、著作[[人格權]]等其他權利，可能限制你如何使用本素材。}-
| image = [[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|40px]]}}

== 翻译版本 ==
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.zh-hans|簡體中文版]]（-{署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际}-）
* [[CreativeCommons:by-sa/4.0/deed.zh-hant|繁體中文版]]（-{姓名標示-相同方式分享 4.0 國際}-）

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
= License =
{{ombox|image=none|text=Creative Commons Corporation (&quot;Creative Commons&quot;) is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an &quot;as-is&quot; basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.}}

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License (&quot;Public License&quot;). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

== &lt;span id=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Section 1 – Definitions.&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.a&quot;&gt;'''Adapted Material''' means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.b&quot;&gt;'''Adapter's License''' means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.c&quot;&gt;'''BY-SA Compatible License''' means a license listed at &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses]&lt;/span&gt;, approved by Creative Commons as essentially the equivalent of this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.d&quot;&gt;'''Copyright and Similar Rights''' means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section [[#2.b|2(b)(1)-(2)]] are not Copyright and Similar Rights.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.e&quot;&gt;'''Effective Technological Measures''' means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the [[世界知识产权组织版权条约|WIPO Copyright Treaty]] adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.f&quot;&gt;'''Exceptions and Limitations''' means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.g&quot;&gt;'''License Elements''' means the license attributes listed in the name of a Creative Commons Public License. The License Elements of this Public License are Attribution and ShareAlike.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.h&quot;&gt;'''Licensed Material''' means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.i&quot;&gt;'''Licensed Rights''' means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.j&quot;&gt;'''Licensor''' means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.k&quot;&gt;'''Share''' means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.l&quot;&gt;'''Sui Generis Database Rights''' means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;1.m&quot;&gt;'''You''' means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. '''Your''' has a corresponding meaning.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Section 2 – Scope.&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;2.a&quot;&gt;'''License grant'''
	&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.1&quot;&gt;Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
			&lt;ol type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.1.A&quot;&gt;reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and&lt;/li&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.1.B&quot;&gt;produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.&lt;/li&gt;
			&lt;/ol&gt;
		&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.2&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Exceptions and Limitations&lt;/u&gt;. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.3&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Term&lt;/u&gt;. The term of this Public License is specified in Section [[#6.a|6(a)]].&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.4&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Media and formats; technical modifications allowed&lt;/u&gt;. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section [[#2.a.4|2(a)(4)]] never produces Adapted Material.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.5&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Downstream recipients&lt;/u&gt;.
			&lt;ol type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.5.A&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material&lt;/u&gt;. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.5.B&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Additional offer from the Licensor – Adapted Material&lt;/u&gt;. Every recipient of Adapted Material from You automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material under the conditions of the Adapter's License You apply.&lt;/li&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.5.C&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;No downstream restrictions&lt;/u&gt;. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.&lt;/li&gt;
			&lt;/ol&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.a.6&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;No endorsement&lt;/u&gt;. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section [[#3.a.1.A.i|3(a)(1)(A)(i)]].&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;2.b&quot;&gt;'''Other rights'''.
	&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.b.1&quot;&gt;Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.b.2&quot;&gt;Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;2.b.3&quot;&gt;To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Section 3 – License Conditions.&lt;/span&gt; ==
Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.a&quot;&gt;'''Attribution'''.
	&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1&quot;&gt;If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:
			&lt;ol type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.A&quot;&gt;retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
					&lt;ol type=&quot;i&quot;&gt;
						&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.A.i&quot;&gt;identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);&lt;/li&gt;
						&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.A.ii&quot;&gt;a copyright notice;&lt;/li&gt;
						&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.A.iii&quot;&gt;a notice that refers to this Public License;&lt;/li&gt;
						&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.A.iv&quot;&gt;a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;&lt;/li&gt;
						&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.A.v&quot;&gt;a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;&lt;/li&gt;
					&lt;/ol&gt;
				&lt;/li&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.B&quot;&gt;indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and&lt;/li&gt;
				&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.1.C&quot;&gt;indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
			&lt;/ol&gt;
		&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.2&quot;&gt;You may satisfy the conditions in Section [[#3.a.1|3(a)(1)]] in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.a.3&quot;&gt;If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section [[#3.a.1.A|3(a)(1)(A)]] to the extent reasonably practicable.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;3.b&quot;&gt;'''ShareAlike'''. In addition to the conditions in Section [[#3.a|3(a)]], if You Share Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply.
	&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.b.1&quot;&gt;The Adapter's License You apply must be a Creative Commons license with the same License Elements, this version or later, or a BY-SA Compatible License.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.b.2&quot;&gt;You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share Adapted Material.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;3.b.3&quot;&gt;You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.&lt;/span&gt; ==

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.a&quot;&gt;for the avoidance of doubt, Section [[#2.a.1|2(a)(1)]] grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.b&quot;&gt;if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section [[#3.b|3(b)]]; and&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;4.c&quot;&gt;You must comply with the conditions in Section [[#3.a|3(a)]] if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section [[#4|4]] supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

== &lt;span id=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;5.a&quot;&gt;'''Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.'''&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;5.b&quot;&gt;'''To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.'''&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;5.c&quot;&gt;The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Section 6 – Term and Termination.&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;6.a&quot;&gt;This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;6.b&quot;&gt;Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section [[#6.a|6(a)]], it reinstates:
	&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;6.b.1&quot;&gt;automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li id=&quot;6.b.2&quot;&gt;upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.For the avoidance of doubt, this Section [[#6.b|6(b)]] does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;6.c&quot;&gt;For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;6.d&quot;&gt;Sections [[#1|1]], [[#5|5]], [[#6|6]], [[#7|7]], and [[#8|8]] survive termination of this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.a&quot;&gt;The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;7.b&quot;&gt;Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

== &lt;span id=&quot;8&quot;&gt;Section 8 – Interpretation.&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;ol type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.a&quot;&gt;For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.b&quot;&gt;To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.c&quot;&gt;No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li id=&quot;8.d&quot;&gt;Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

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&lt;h3&gt;Creative Commons Notice&lt;/h3&gt;
Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the &quot;Licensor.&quot; The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the ''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode CC0 Public Domain Dedication]&lt;/span&gt;''. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://creativecommons.org/policies creativecommons.org/policies]&lt;/span&gt;, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark &quot;Creative Commons&quot; or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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[[Category:維基百科版權]]</text>
      <sha1>r8lo42kb4rwcsjyoz1e2wc5dfbqa9jr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Python/typing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-13T16:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>52-Feb</username>
        <id>68604</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>创建页面，内容为“typing标准库提供了类型提示（type hints）。 ==类型定义== typing 包作用： * Python 3.9 及以前：提供泛型容器 List/Dict； * Python 3.10提供 TypeAlias 常量用于显式标记；   Python 3.5依赖 typing标准库，靠普通赋值实现类型别名：&lt;code&gt;Point = tuple[float, float]&lt;/code&gt; 赋值别名会立即求值，带来两个大问题： * 前向引用报错：别名里引用还未定义的类，必须加字符串引号 &quot;Cla…”</comment>
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      <text bytes="1922" sha1="lt8glqt30n11gnicqo7pgo6sm467ghl" xml:space="preserve">typing标准库提供了类型提示（type hints）。
==类型定义==
typing 包作用：
* Python 3.9 及以前：提供泛型容器 List/Dict；
* Python 3.10提供 TypeAlias 常量用于显式标记； 

Python 3.5依赖 typing标准库，靠普通赋值实现类型别名：&lt;code&gt;Point = tuple[float, float]&lt;/code&gt;
赋值别名会立即求值，带来两个大问题：
* 前向引用报错：别名里引用还未定义的类，必须加字符串引号 &quot;ClassA&quot;；
* 启动性能损耗：模块加载时一次性计算全部复杂类型注解，大型项目拖慢导入速度。

Python 3.10提出了TypeAlias标注：&lt;code&gt;Point: TypeAlias = tuple[float, float]&lt;/code&gt;，给静态检查器标记 “这是类型别名，不是普通变量”，缓解歧义问题。

Python3.12之前，泛型别名写法极其繁琐、作用域混乱、极易误用：
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
from typing import TypeVar
T = TypeVar(&quot;T&quot;)
Tree: TypeAlias = list[T] | dict[str, T]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
* TypeVar 全局定义，作用域污染；多个泛型别名共用同一个 TypeVar 会产生语义冲突；
* 使用者经常忘记传入泛型参数，默认退化为 Any，静态检查失效；
* 递归类型、多参数泛型、参数规范（ParamSpec）、可变类型元组（TypeVarTuple）语法堆砌、可读性极差

Python 3.12引入 type statement，统一类、函数、类型别名三处泛型语法：
* 旧：T=TypeVar(&quot;T&quot;); class A(Generic[T])
* 新：class A[T]
* 旧：def f(arg:T)-&gt;T
* 新：def f[T](arg:T)-&gt;T
* 新：type Tree[T] = list[T] | dict[str, T]  新写法类型参数绑定在别名局部作用域，TypeVar不再全局泄露，支持带边界、协变 / 逆变、ParamSpec、TypeVarTuple 全部高级泛型能力。
* type语句底层生成 TypeAliasType 对象，支持惰性求值，只有静态检查 / 显式访问时才解析类型，天然解决前向引用、加载性能问题。</text>
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      <comment>创建页面，内容为“[[美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書|返回《美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書》首页]]  = 新報紙參與教育 =  美感教育與跨領域能力近年來已成為教育政策與課程發展的重要議題之一，其目的在於培養學生的美感素養、感官感知能力，以及對生活環境的觀察、判斷與表達能力。相關研究亦將此類能力稱為美感智能（Aesthetic Intelligence），強調個體透…”</comment>
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= 新報紙參與教育 =

美感教育與跨領域能力近年來已成為教育政策與課程發展的重要議題之一，其目的在於培養學生的美感素養、感官感知能力，以及對生活環境的觀察、判斷與表達能力。相關研究亦將此類能力稱為美感智能（Aesthetic Intelligence），強調個體透過感知、理解與詮釋美感經驗，形成對周遭事物的辨識與回應能力。

在《哈佛商學院的美學課》（Aesthetic Intelligence）一書中，作者寶琳．布朗（Pauline Brown）根據其任職於 LVMH 集團的經驗，以及於哈佛商學院開設美學相關課程的內容，探討美學與美感在企業經營、品牌管理及日常生活中的應用，並說明美感能力在當代社會中的發展趨勢與影響。

在臺灣，教育部自 2013 年（民國 102 年）起推動「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，將美感教育融入課程發展，除重視技術與技能的學習外，也強調學生美感素養的培養，以及觀察、分析與評析事物品質的能力。藝術教育亦被視為培養學生觀察力、表達能力與溝通能力的重要途徑之一，透過藝術創作與欣賞，學生得以運用多元方式表達想法與傳遞情感。

2016 至 2019 年（民國 105 至 108 年）期間，教育部委託辦理「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，其主要工作包括培育種子教師、鼓勵教材與課程研發，以及推動美感教育於教學現場的實踐。自 2020 年（民國 109 年）起，教育部推動「美感智能閱讀計畫」，以《安妮新聞》作為閱讀教材之一，結合藝術、設計與跨領域議題，提供國小、國中及高中學生多元閱讀與學習的素材。

在美感智能閱讀計畫中，閱讀被視為跨領域學習的重要媒介。透過《安妮新聞》的內容設計，學生除可接觸國內外時事資訊外，也能結合美感教育的相關概念，進行觀察、探究、思考與討論，進一步發展跨領域學習能力，並豐富閱讀與學習的面向。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]

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= 新報紙參與教育摘要 =

美感教育與跨領域能力近年來已成為教育政策與課程發展的重要議題之一，其目的在於培養學生的美感素養、感官感知能力，以及對生活環境的觀察、判斷與表達能力。相關研究亦將此類能力稱為美感智能（Aesthetic Intelligence），強調個體透過感知、理解與詮釋美感經驗，形成對周遭事物的辨識與回應能力。

在《哈佛商學院的美學課》（Aesthetic Intelligence）一書中，作者寶琳．布朗（Pauline Brown）根據其任職於 LVMH 集團的經驗，以及於哈佛商學院開設美學相關課程的內容，探討美學與美感在企業經營、品牌管理及日常生活中的應用，並說明美感能力在當代社會中的發展趨勢與影響。

在臺灣，教育部自 2013 年（民國 102 年）起推動「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，將美感教育融入課程發展，除重視技術與技能的學習外，也強調學生美感素養的培養，以及觀察、分析與評析事物品質的能力。藝術教育亦被視為培養學生觀察力、表達能力與溝通能力的重要途徑之一，透過藝術創作與欣賞，學生得以運用多元方式表達想法與傳遞情感。

2016 至 2019 年（民國 105 至 108 年）期間，教育部委託辦理「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，其主要工作包括培育種子教師、鼓勵教材與課程研發，以及推動美感教育於教學現場的實踐。自 2020 年（民國 109 年）起，教育部推動「美感智能閱讀計畫」，以《安妮新聞》作為閱讀教材之一，結合藝術、設計與跨領域議題，提供國小、國中及高中學生多元閱讀與學習的素材。

在美感智能閱讀計畫中，閱讀被視為跨領域學習的重要媒介。透過《安妮新聞》的內容設計，學生除可接觸國內外時事資訊外，也能結合美感教育的相關概念，進行觀察、探究、思考與討論，進一步發展跨領域學習能力，並豐富閱讀與學習的面向。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]

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= 新報紙參與教育摘要 =

美感教育與跨領域能力近年來已成為教育政策與課程發展的重要議題之一，其目的在於培養學生的美感素養、感官感知能力，以及對生活環境的觀察、判斷與表達能力。相關研究亦將此類能力稱為美感智能（Aesthetic Intelligence），強調個體透過感知、理解與詮釋美感經驗，形成對周遭事物的辨識與回應能力。

在《哈佛商學院的美學課》（Aesthetic Intelligence）一書中，作者寶琳．布朗（Pauline Brown）根據其任職於 LVMH 集團的經驗，以及於哈佛商學院開設美學相關課程的內容，探討美學與美感在企業經營、品牌管理及日常生活中的應用，並說明美感能力在當代社會中的發展趨勢與影響。

在臺灣，教育部自 2013 年（民國 102 年）起推動「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，將美感教育融入課程發展，除重視技術與技能的學習外，也強調學生美感素養的培養，以及觀察、分析與評析事物品質的能力。藝術教育亦被視為培養學生觀察力、表達能力與溝通能力的重要途徑之一，透過藝術創作與欣賞，學生得以運用多元方式表達想法與傳遞情感。

2016 至 2019 年（民國 105 至 108 年）期間，教育部委託辦理「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，其主要工作包括培育種子教師、鼓勵教材與課程研發，以及推動美感教育於教學現場的實踐。自 2020 年（民國 109 年）起，教育部推動「美感智能閱讀計畫」，以《安妮新聞》作為閱讀教材之一，結合藝術、設計與跨領域議題，提供國小、國中及高中學生多元閱讀與學習的素材。

在美感智能閱讀計畫中，閱讀被視為跨領域學習的重要媒介。透過《安妮新聞》的內容設計，學生除可接觸國內外時事資訊外，也能結合美感教育的相關概念，進行觀察、探究、思考與討論，進一步發展跨領域學習能力，並豐富閱讀與學習的面向。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]

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= 新報紙參與教育摘要 =

美感教育與跨領域能力近年來已成為教育政策與課程發展的重要議題之一，其目的在於培養學生的美感素養、感官感知能力，以及對生活環境的觀察、判斷與表達能力。相關研究亦將此類能力稱為美感智能（Aesthetic Intelligence），強調個體透過感知、理解與詮釋美感經驗，形成對周遭事物的辨識與回應能力。

在《哈佛商學院的美學課》（Aesthetic Intelligence）一書中，作者寶琳．布朗（Pauline Brown）根據其任職於 LVMH 集團的經驗，以及於哈佛商學院開設美學相關課程的內容，探討美學與美感在企業經營、品牌管理及日常生活中的應用，並說明美感能力在當代社會中的發展趨勢與影響。

在臺灣，教育部自 2013 年（民國 102 年）起推動「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，將美感教育融入課程發展，除重視技術與技能的學習外，也強調學生美感素養的培養，以及觀察、分析與評析事物品質的能力。藝術教育亦被視為培養學生觀察力、表達能力與溝通能力的重要途徑之一，透過藝術創作與欣賞，學生得以運用多元方式表達想法與傳遞情感。

2016 至 2019 年（民國 105 至 108 年）期間，教育部委託辦理「美感與設計課程創新計畫」，其主要工作包括培育種子教師、鼓勵教材與課程研發，以及推動美感教育於教學現場的實踐。自 2020 年（民國 109 年）起，教育部推動「美感智能閱讀計畫」，以《安妮新聞》作為閱讀教材之一，結合藝術、設計與跨領域議題，提供國小、國中及高中學生多元閱讀與學習的素材。

在美感智能閱讀計畫中，閱讀被視為跨領域學習的重要媒介。透過《安妮新聞》的內容設計，學生除可接觸國內外時事資訊外，也能結合美感教育的相關概念，進行觀察、探究、思考與討論，進一步發展跨領域學習能力，並豐富閱讀與學習的面向。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]
* 安妮新聞：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/ 安妮新聞官網]
* 安妮新聞刊物列表：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/journal/ 安妮新聞刊物列表]

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[[認識安妮新聞|下一課：認識安妮新聞]]</text>
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      <comment>创建页面，内容为“[[美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書|返回《美感智能閱讀使用指南暨實踐工作書》首页]]  = 認識安妮新聞 = 《安妮新聞》的版面設計與內容規劃  一份報紙的版面設計與內容編排，反映了新聞資訊的組織方式與視覺呈現策略。透過閱讀報紙，讀者除了獲取新聞資訊外，也能理解版面配置、視覺層級與資訊安排等設計元素，進而提升閱讀理解與資訊判…”</comment>
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= 認識安妮新聞 =
《安妮新聞》的版面設計與內容規劃

一份報紙的版面設計與內容編排，反映了新聞資訊的組織方式與視覺呈現策略。透過閱讀報紙，讀者除了獲取新聞資訊外，也能理解版面配置、視覺層級與資訊安排等設計元素，進而提升閱讀理解與資訊判讀能力。

《安妮新聞》採用固定的版面設計架構，並結合不同主題的內容規劃，引導學生認識報紙的組成方式，以及資訊設計與美感表現之間的關係。介紹《安妮新聞》的版面設計特色、內容概念的延伸，以及各單元的規劃方式，作為閱讀與教學應用的參考。


== 附加資源 ==
* 電子書：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/publish/30/ 美感智能閱讀使用指南（Version 1）]
* 安妮新聞：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/ 安妮新聞官網]
* 安妮新聞刊物列表：[https://aade.project.edu.tw/annetimes/journal/ 安妮新聞刊物列表]


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