Wiktionary zhwiktionary https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5 MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.21 case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Thesaurus Thesaurus talk Citations Citations talk Reconstruction Reconstruction talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 4 1718 7267565 7265670 2022-07-21T10:24:55Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 與相鄰語言版本的比較 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑，以每一万个词条为单位计数。 * 近期統計圖表（區分機器人與一般用戶，選擇zhwiktionary_p，每日自動更新）：[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量] * 目前的詞條數：'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''（{{重新整理|更新}}）。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''，在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{StatIW2 |langa=fr|langaname=法語|langb=mg|langbname=馬拉加斯語|langd=ru|langdname=俄語|lange=de|langename=德語 |d0=2022-06-28|wa0=4447136 |wb0=1741936 |wc0=1234486 |wd0=1195648 |we0=1049239 |d1=2022-06-29|wa1=4447731 |wb1=1741962 |wc1=1234550 |wd1=1195728 |we1=1049285 |d2=2022-06-30|wa2=4448310 |wb2=1741984 |wc2=1234653 |wd2=1196002 |we2=1049431 |d3=2022-07-01|wa3=4448894 |wb3=1742007 |wc3=1234843 |wd3=1196158 |we3=1049558 |d4=2022-07-02|wa4=4449403 |wb4=1742033 |wc4=1234867 |wd4=1196315 |we4=1049671 |d5=2022-07-03|wa5=4449863 |wb5=1693894 |wc5=1235187 |wd5=1196520 |we5=1049796 |d6=2022-07-04|wa6=4450241 |wb6=1687153 |wc6=1235240 |wd6=1196612 |we6=1049830 |d7=2022-07-05|wa7=4450687 |wb7=1687162 |wc7=1235273 |wd7=1196768 |we7=1049899 |d8=2022-07-06|wa8=4450942 |wb8=1687165 |wc8=1235322 |wd8=1197103 |we8=1049976 |d9=2022-07-07|wa9=4451284 |wb9=1687204 |wc9=1235379 |wd9=1197258 |we9=1050084 |d10=2022-07-08|wa10=4451656 |wb10=1687234 |wc10=1235388 |wd10=1197701 |we10=1050143 |d11=2022-07-09|wa11=4452202 |wb11=1687265 |wc11=1235432 |wd11=1198040 |we11=1050269 |d12=2022-07-10|wa12=4453792 |wb12=1687274 |wc12=1235502 |wd12=1198325 |we12=1050380 |d13=2022-07-11|wa13=4453942 |wb13=1687274 |wc13=1235632 |wd13=1198643 |we13=1050433 |d14=2022-07-12|wa14=4454010 |wb14=1687274 |wc14=1235917 |wd14=1198777 |we14=1050572 |d15=2022-07-13|wa15=4455873 |wb15=1687313 |wc15=1235196 |wd15=1199128 |we15=1050636 |d16=2022-07-14|wa16=4456036 |wb16=1687338 |wc16=1220882 |wd16=1199195 |we16=1050685 |d17=2022-07-15|wa17=4457535 |wb17=1687424 |wc17=1216321 |wd17=1199546 |we17=1050759 |d18=2022-07-16|wa18=4457881 |wb18=1691706 |wc18=1212004 |wd18=1199716 |we18=1050889 |d19=2022-07-17|wa19=4458163 |wb19=1692150 |wc19=1200306 |wd19=1199856 |we19=1050957 |d20=2022-07-18|wa20=4459109 |wb20=1697332 |wc20=1200418 |wd20=1200053 |we20=1050990 |hidebottom=1 }} {{StatIW2|hidetop=1 |langa=fr|langaname=法語|langb=mg|langbname=馬拉加斯語|langd=ru|langdname=俄語|lange=de|langename=德語 |d0=2022-07-18|wa0=4459109 |wb0=1697332 |wc0=1200418 |wd0=1200053 |we0=1050990 |d1=2022-07-19|wa1=4459529 |wb1=1710489 |wc1=1201503 |wd1=1200164 |we1=1051020 |d2=2022-07-20|wa2=4460128 |wb2=1724982 |wc2=1201937 |wd2=1200349 |we2=1051062 |d3=2022-07-21|wa3=4460608 |wb3=1751123 |wc3=1203051 |wd3=1200527 |we3=1051143<!-- |d4=2022-07-22|wa4=|wb4=|wc4=|wd4=|we4= |d5=2022-07-23|wa5=|wb5=|wc5=|wd5=|we5= |d6=2022-07-24|wa6=|wb6=|wc6=|wd6=|we6= |d7=2022-07-25|wa7=|wb7=|wc7=|wd7=|we7= |d8=2022-07-26|wa8=|wb8=|wc8=|wd8=|we8= |d9=2022-07-27|wa9=|wb9=|wc9=|wd9=|we9= |d10=2022-07-28|wa10=|wb10=|wc10=|wd10=|we10= |d11=2022-07-29|wa11=|wb11=|wc11=|wd11=|we11= |d12=2022-08-30|wa12=|wb12=|wc12=|wd12=|we12= |d13=2022-08-01|wa13=|wb13=|wc13=|wd13=|we13= |d14=2022-08-02|wa14=|wb14=|wc14=|wd14=|we14= |d15=2022-08-03|wa15=|wb15=|wc15=|wd15=|we15= |d16=2022-08-04|wa16=|wb16=|wc16=|wd16=|we16= |d17=2022-08-05|wa17=|wb17=|wc17=|wd17=|we17= |d18=2022-08-06|wa18=|wb18=|wc18=|wd18=|we18= |d19=2022-08-07|wa19=|wb19=|wc19=|wd19=|we19= |d20=2022-08-08|wa20=|wb20=|wc20=|wd20=|we20=--> | }} * 来源：[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats]<!-- 统计的具体时间为当日2时（UTC）左右，近似表示前一天的数据 --> * 关于里程碑，参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见：[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Side box |metadata=No | above = '''最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量''' | abovestyle = text-align:center | text = {{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} | below = }} {{Side box |metadata=No<!--This makes the box display on the mobile site--> | above = '''自2016年起中文維基詞典總頁面瀏覽量（時間單位：月）''' | abovestyle = text-align:center | text = {{Graph:Chart | width = 800 | height = 300 | xAxisTitle = 時間 | yAxisTitle = 瀏覽量（次） | x = 2016/01/01,2016/02/01,2016/03/01,2016/04/01,2016/05/01,2016/06/01,2016/07/01,2016/08/01,2016/09/01,2016/10/01,2016/11/01,2016/12/01,2017/01/01,2017/02/01,2017/03/01,2017/04/01,2017/05/01,2017/06/01,2017/07/01,2017/08/01,2017/09/01,2017/10/01,2017/11/01,2017/12/01,2018/01/01,2018/02/01,2018/03/01,2018/04/01,2018/05/01,2018/06/01,2018/07/01,2018/08/01,2018/09/01,2018/10/01,2018/11/01,2018/12/01,2019/01/01,2019/02/01,2019/03/01,2019/04/01,2019/05/01,2019/06/01,2019/07/01,2019/08/01,2019/09/01,2019/10/01,2019/11/01,2019/12/01,2020/01/01,2020/02/01,2020/03/01,2020/04/01,2020/05/01,2020/06/01,2020/07/01,2020/08/01,2020/09/01,2020/10/01,2020/11/01,2020/12/01,2021/01/01,2021/02/01,2021/03/01,2021/04/01,2021/05/01,2021/06/01,2021/07/01,2021/08/01,2021/09/01,2021/10/01,2021/11/01,2021/12/01,2022/01/01,2022/02/01,2022/03/01,2022/04/01 | xType = date | yAxisFormat = | showSymbols = | y1 = 10097003,10370374,8792159,8941196,7730585,8096248,6653053,7707543,10114598,7503416,6761878,8479478,6306309,7029498,7793566,8952099,7201718,7403015,9094546,8753927,8887701,8836025,7012428,8297104,9776325,7383846,6846537,6478883,7844796,6800241,7032236,8907342,8070578,8878639,7374038,10399016,8843049,11735279,15986235,6536323,7794540,6340229,6963086,7077486,7262235,8135613,7350657,5924829,5389757,6706817,5468323,6028296,7420864,8089314,9463391,8952807,8032717,7976343,8839864,8511738,9062568,9099531,9196338,11036657,13507384,12075399,13497219,15603301,16689908,15728651,14140022,16914100,13589392,14818070,19016624,15144543 }} | below = }} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! 日期 !! 浏览量 |- | 2022-04-01 || 15,144,543 |- | 2022-03-01 || 19,016,624 |- | 2022-02-01 || 14,818,070 |- | 2022-01-01 || 13,589,392 |- | 2021-12-01 || 16,914,100 |- | 2021-11-01 || 14,140,022 |- | 2021-10-01 || 15,728,651 |- | 2021-09-01 || 16,689,908 |- | 2021-08-01 || 15,603,301 |- | 2021-07-01 || 13,497,219 |- | 2021-06-01 || 12,075399 |- | 2021-05-01 || 13,507,384 |- | 2021-04-01 || 11,036,657 |- | 2021-03-01 || 9,196,338 |- | 2021-02-01 || 9,099,531 |- | 2021-01-01 || 9,062,568 |- | 2020-12-01 || 8,511,738 |- | 2020-11-01 || 8,839,864 |- | 2020-10-01 || 7,976,343 |- | 2020-09-01 || 8,032,717 |- | 2020-08-01 || 8,952,807 |- | 2020-07-01 || 9,463,391 |- | 2020-06-01 || 8,089,314 |- | 2020-05-01 || 7,420,864 |- | 2020-04-01 || 6,028,296 |- | 2020-03-01 || 5,468,323 |- | 2020-02-01 || 6,706,817 |- | 2020-01-01 || 5,389,757 |- | 2019-12-01 || 5,924,829 |- | 2019-11-01 || 7,350,657 |- | 2019-10-01 || 8,135,613 |- | 2019-09-01 || 7,262,235 |- | 2019-08-01 || 7,077,486 |- | 2019-07-01 || 6,963,086 |- | 2019-06-01 || 6,340,229 |- | 2019-05-01 || 7,794,540 |- | 2019-04-01 || 6,536,323 |- | 2019-03-01 || 15,986,235 |- | 2019-02-01 || 11,735,279 |- | 2019-01-01 || 8,843,049 |- | 2018-12-01 || 10,399,016 |- | 2018-11-01 || 7,374,038 |- | 2018-10-01 || 8,878,639 |- | 2018-09-01 || 8,070,578 |- | 2018-08-01 || 8,907,342 |- | 2018-07-01 || 7,032,236 |- | 2018-06-01 || 6,800,241 |- | 2018-05-01 || 7,844,796 |- | 2018-04-01 || 6,478,883 |- | 2018-03-01 || 6,846,537 |- | 2018-02-01 || 7,383,846 |- | 2018-01-01 || 9,776,325 |- | 2017-12-01 || 8,297,104 |- | 2017-11-01 || 7,012,428 |- | 2017-10-01 || 8,836,025 |- | 2017-09-01 || 8,887,701 |- | 2017-08-01 || 8,753,927 |- | 2017-07-01 || 9,094,546 |- | 2017-06-01 || 7,403,015 |- | 2017-05-01 || 7,201,718 |- | 2017-04-01 || 8,952,099 |- | 2017-03-01 || 7,793,566 |- | 2017-02-01 || 7,029,498 |- | 2017-01-01 || 6,306,309 |- | 2016-12-01 || 8,479,478 |- | 2016-11-01 || 6,761,878 |- | 2016-10-01 || 7,503,416 |- | 2016-09-01 || 10,114,598 |- | 2016-08-01 || 7,707,543 |- | 2016-07-01 || 6,653,053 |- | 2016-06-01 || 8,096,248 |- | 2016-05-01 || 7,730,585 |- | 2016-04-01 || 8,941,196 |- | 2016-03-01 || 8,792,159 |- | 2016-02-01 || 10,370,374 |- | 2016-01-01 || 10,097,003 |} 数据来源：[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条： {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2021 |month=9 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=4,796 |m1=98.5 |t2=咲 |cat2=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]]（異體字） |v2=3,246 |m2=84.5 |alt2=-{咲}- |t3=雫 |cat3=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v3=2,581 |m3=87.9 |t4=峠 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v4=2,110 |m4=87.2 |t5=喰 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5=2,104 |m5=57.2 |t6=貓膩 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v6=2,050 |m6=90.2 |t7=雞巴 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v7=2,049 |m7=80.0 |t8=。 |cat8=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v8=2,011 |m8=97.1 |t9=味醂 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,002 |m9=80.0 |t10=明日黃花 |cat10=[[:Category:漢語成語|漢語成語]] |v10=1,889 |m10=98.9 }} 数据来源：[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date=2021-09&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{See|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:维基词典]] bo3tcj6upri3uk9i28ztxeq3awkzcio 0 29688 7267538 6242208 2022-07-21T04:43:52Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 助詞 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===詞源=== 繼承自{{inh|pl|sla-pro|*(j)ešče}}。 ===發音=== * {{pl-IPA}} * {{audio|pl|Pl-jeszcze.ogg|音頻}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞}} # [[還]]（沒）（和否定動詞連用） #: {{uxi|pl|Nie zrobiłem '''jeszcze''' zadania domowego.|我'''還'''沒做完作業。}} # [[還]]、[[仍]] #: {{syn|pl|wciąż|nadal}} #: {{uxi|pl|Jestem '''jeszcze''' zajęty.|我'''還'''在忙。}} # [[更]]、[[益發]]（在更大程度上，強調比較） #: {{uxi|pl|Jestem '''jeszcze bardziej zły''' niż byłem pięć minut temu.|我甚至比五分鐘前'''更'''生氣。}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|pl|już}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:PWN}} bh6b2fpf6hvxtmyqykp9y9l8icieq2u 0 34663 7267349 6237770 2022-07-20T13:10:22Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|örs|Örs|őrs|ørs|ORS}} ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===名词=== {{head|ca|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|ca|or}} ---- ==康沃爾語== ===词源=== {{rfe|kw}} ===发音=== * {{IPA|kw|[ɔɹz]}} ===名词=== {{kw-noun|m|orses}} # [[熊]] ====同义词==== * {{l|kw|arth}} {{topics|kw|熊科}} ---- ==法语== ===发音=== * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-ors.wav|音讯}} ===名词=== {{head|fr|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|fr|or}} ---- ==弗留利語== ===词源=== 来自{{inh|fur|la|ursus}}。 ===名词=== {{head|fur|名詞|g=m}} # [[熊]] ---- ==倫巴底語== ===词源=== 類似於{{cog|it|orso}}，来自拉丁语 ''[[ursus]]''。 ===名詞=== {{head|lmo|名詞}} # [[熊]] ---- ==馬爾他語== ===词源=== 来自{{bor|mt|it|orso}}和/或{{bor|mt|scn|ursu}}，二者皆来自{{der|mt|la|ursus}}。馬爾他語''o-''可能说明这个词具有意大利语源，但也可以解釋为由本土词演变而来。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|mt|/ɔrs/}} * {{homophones|mt|għors|q=一种发音}} ===名词=== {{mt-noun|g=m|p=orsijiet}} # [[熊]] #: {{syn|mt|debb|q=古舊}} {{c|mt|熊科}} ---- ==中古荷蘭語== ===名词=== {{dum-noun}} # [[馬]]，[[駿馬]] ====其他形式==== * {{alter|dum|hors|hers|ers|ros}} ====派生语汇==== * {{desctree|nl|ros}} ---- ==中古英語== ===名詞=== {{head|enm|名詞}} # {{alt form|enm|hors}} ---- ==奧克語== ===词源=== 来自{{inh|oc|pro}}，来自{{inh|oc|la|ursus||熊}}。 ===发音=== * {{audio|oc|LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-ors.wav|音讯}} ===名词=== {{oc-noun|m|orses}} # [[熊]] ====相关词语==== * {{l|oc|orsin}} [[Category:奧克語 哺乳動物]] ---- ==瑞典語== ===名詞=== {{head|sv|名詞變格形}} # {{sv-noun-form-indef-gen-pl|or}} # {{sv-noun-form-indef-gen|or}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|sv|a=ors|Ros|ros|sor}} 3y2f1g66s30czec0g88ceiq6sz7un4e 0 44536 7267607 6761046 2022-07-21T11:27:46Z 123哆3 67880 /* 讀音 */修正错误 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[方]][[兴]][[未]][[艾]]|正=[[方]][[興]][[未]][[艾]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=fāngxīngwèi'ài}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} {{翻译-底}} ==出处== ==示例== [[Category:成语索引|f方]] [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|方00八04木01艸02]] 95gjnwxj7gb9b64sj9xp5yazlogu936 3 60072 7267474 7104600 2022-07-20T23:54:15Z 175.223.27.153 /* 卻叉 */ 新章节 wikitext text/x-wiki '''User_talk:高晶''' == 欢迎！ == <div class="noprint" style="border: 1px solid blue; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;"> [[Image:Tournesol.png|right|150px|向日葵]] '''[[User:高晶|<font color=#ffa500>高晶</font>]]''' 您好！ [[Wiktionary:欢迎|欢迎]]您加入到[[维基词典]]大家庭！这是一个创作'''自由的'''、'''免费的'''、'''人人可编辑的'''、'''多语言'''词典的协作计划，它的目的是为了描述人类古今的所有词语并用中文来解释它们。这包括着每种语言的[[Wiktionary:语源|语源]]、[[Wiktionary:注音|读音]]与[[Wiktionary:解释|解释]]。[[维基词典]][[中文]]版始于2004年5月，至今为止已有[[Special:Statistics|'''''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''''']]个大大小小的[[Special:Allpages|词条]]。请参见[[Wiktionary:常见问题解答|常见问题]]和[[Wiktionary:帮助|帮助]]来获得有关如何使用本网站的更多信息。维基词典中的所有内容均在[[Wiktionary:GNU自由文檔協議證書文本|GNU自由文档协议证书]]下发布，这意味着它将是完全自由的。详细信息请参见[[Wiktionary:版权|版权]]。 如果您有兴趣参与这项重大工程的编辑工作，您可以把自己的用户名加入到[[Wiktionary:维基词典人|维基词典人]]列表上。如果您在编辑方面遇到了困难，欢迎您在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆|啤酒馆]]提出。如果您对某一单词有着疑问，请在[[Wiktionary:茶室|茶室]]里提出。您也可以直接在[[User talk:Shibo77|我的对话页]]上留言，[[User:Shibo77|我]]会尽快地给您回复。如果您对[[:w:Wiki|维基]]还比较陌生，可以参考[[Wiktionary:如何编辑页面|如何编辑页面]]、[[Wiktionary:体例说明|体例说明]]、[[Wiktionary:繁简处理|繁简转换]]与[[Wiktionary:佈局解釋|布局解释]]或到[[Wiktionary:社区主页|社区主页]]与别的维基人交往。与别的维基人交往时请在有关用户的对话页上留言^{(点击左上角的"'''讨论本页'''"即可进入)}。留言时请在言尾注上您的用户名与留言时间^{([[:w:协调世界时|国际协调时]])}，点击编辑框左上角的[[Image:Signature icon.png]]或输入<code>--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;</code>即可。别的维基人都是像您我一样的真人，抽出自己的宝贵时间在此无私奉献。编辑某些词条时难免会有分歧，可以在有关词条的讨论页上^{(点击左上角的"'''讨论本页'''"即可进入)}进行理智的讨论，请注意礼貌。 最后祝我们合作愉快！让我们一起编出一部一流的在线多语言词典！ <small>[[w:维基媒体基金会|<font color=black>维基媒体非营利组织</font>]]所承办的[[Wiktionary:姊妹计划|<font color=black>其它项目</font>]]：</small> <div align=right style="font-size:80%"> {| align="center" width="100%" |- | colspan="4" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | |- | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikipedia-logo.png|width=35px|height=35px|link=w:}} | <center>[[w:|'''维基百科''']]<br /><small>[[w:|<font color=black>自由的百科全书</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=Wikisource-logo.png|width=33px|height=35px|link=wikisource:zh:首页}} | <center>[[s:zh:首页|'''维基文库''']]<br /><small>[[s:|<font color=black>自由的源文档库</font>]]</small></center> |} | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikibooks-logo.svg|width=35px|height=35px|link=b:}} | <center>[[b:|'''维基教科书''']]<br /><small>[[b:|<font color=black>教科书与手册</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=Commons-logo.svg|width=26px|height=35px|link=commons:首页}} | <center>[[commons:首页|'''共享资源''']][[commons:主頁|^-{正}-•]][[commons:首页|^-{简}-•]][[commons:頭版|^粤]]<br /><small>[[commons:首页|<font color=black>共享的多媒体资料库</font>]]</small></center> |} | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikiquote-logo.png|width=31px|height=35px|link=q:}} | <center>[[q:|'''维基语录''']]<br /><small>[[q:|<font color=black>名人名言的集锦</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=Wikimedia-logo.png|width=35px|height=35px|link=m:首页}} | <center>[[m:首页|'''元维基''']][[m:主頁|^-{正}-•]][[m:首页|^-{简}-•]][[m:玄關|^粤]]<br /><small>[[m:首页|<font color=black>协调各维基计划</font>]]</small></center> |} | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikinews-logo.png|width=35px|height=18px|link=n:}} | <center>[[n:|'''维基新闻''']]<br /><small>[[n:|<font color=black>自由的新闻资源</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=WikispeciesZS.jpg|width=30px|height=35px|link=wikispecies:首页}} | <center>[[wikispecies:首页|'''维基物种''']][[wikispecies:玄關|^粤]]<br /><small>[[wikispecies:首页|<font color=black>自由的物种资料库</font>]]</small></center> |} |} </div> <div align=right style="font-size:80%">[[Wiktionary:其它语言|其它语言的维基词典]] · [http://zh-wikipedia.blogspot.com/ 中文维基百科网络杂志]</div> [[User:Shibo77|我]]是欢迎您的[[Wiktionary:维基词典人|维基人]]：'''''[[User:Shibo77|<font color=" #008000">Shibo77</font>]]''''' ^{<small>[[User talk:Shibo77|<font color="#000080">对话页</font>]]</small>} 04:58 2006年4月14日 (UTC) *<small>做跨语言链接的工作者请注意这里按照[[:w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]与[[:w:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]国际标准的语言编码字母顺序。请将<code><nowiki>fi:</nowiki></code>[[:w:芬兰语|芬兰语]]链接置于<code><nowiki>fr:</nowiki></code>[[:w:法语|法语]]链接前。多谢您的合作！</small> *<small>''Tiuj, kiuj faras interwiki ligilojn, bonvolu uzi la alfabetan ordon de lingvaj kodoj laŭ la internaciaj normoj ''[[:w:eo:ISO_639|ISO 639-3 ''k.'' ISO 639-1]]''. Bonvolu fiksi la ligilon de [[:w:eo:Finna lingvo|la finna lingvo]]'' <code><nowiki>fi:</nowiki></code> ''antaŭ la ligilon de [[:w:eo:Franca lingvo|la franca lingvo]]'' <code><nowiki>fr:</nowiki></code>. ''Dankojn pro via kunlaboro!''</small> *<small>''Concerning those who do interwiki linking, please remember to use the alphabetical order of codes for languages as given in the international standards'' [[:w:en:ISO_639-3|ISO 639-3]] ''and'' [[:w:en:ISO_639-1|ISO 639-1]]''. Please place [[:w:en:Finnish_language|the Finnish language]] link'' <code><nowiki>fi:</nowiki></code> ''before [[:w:en:French_language|the French language]] link'' <code><nowiki>fr:</nowiki></code>. ''Thank you for your cooperation!''</small> </div> <div align="right"><small>''Vi ne komprenas Ĉinan lingvon? Bonvolu fiksi'' <code><nowiki>{{User lang-0|zh}}</nowiki></code> ''sur via uzanto paĝo aŭ meti ĝin en via [[Wiktionary:巴別|babela ŝablono]].''</small></div> <div align="right"><small>''Don't understand Chinese? Post'' <code><nowiki>{{User lang-0|zh}}</nowiki></code> ''on your user page or put it into your [[Wiktionary:巴別|Babel box]].''</small></div> ==关于{{tl|zh-forms}}== 关注到您对多个汉语词条的贡献，但需注意对模板{{tl|zh-forms}}的使用：该模板会将页面标题自动判定为繁体/正体，因此对于标题为简体字的页面，您可以将页面移动至繁体字标题，或者在模板内添加参数<nowiki>|t=（繁体形式）</nowiki>。祝编安。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2022年1月30日 (日) 04:56 (UTC) == 漢語詞條格式 == 感謝您近日在維基詞典做出的貢獻。由於諸多漢語詞彙都還沒有依照新格式編寫，當您更新頁面內容時，希望您能順便更新{{tl|zh-pron}}，加入詞性模板（如 {{tl|zh-noun}}、{{tl|zh-verb}}、<code><nowiki>{{head|zh|形容詞}}</nowiki></code> 等等） ，並將章節底部的[[:Category:待分類的漢語詞]]、[[:Category:漢語]]移除。祝編安。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年1月31日 (一) 06:10 (UTC) ==用字== 觀察到閣下近日數次將漢語內容添加至日本新字體詞條下（如在詞條[[Special:diff/7083841|鎮痛剤]]、[[Special:diff/7083726|地殻]]），在此希望閣下能注意分辨，減少這方面的錯誤。祝編安。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2022年2月2日 (三) 10:08 (UTC) : 再次請閣下注意，注意用字，不要使用錯誤的繁體字/正體字，謝謝。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2022年2月13日 (日) 14:23 (UTC) == 卻叉 == https://zh.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/却叉 [[Special:用户贡献/175.223.27.153|175.223.27.153]] 2022年7月20日 (三) 23:54 (UTC) g57m6i4aemwx3eevko6fj088isz0d47 7267477 7267474 2022-07-21T00:23:07Z Hzy980512 19278 取消[[Special:Contributions/175.223.27.153|175.223.27.153]] ([[User talk:175.223.27.153|对话]])的编辑；更改回[[Special:Contributions/Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]的最后一个版本 wikitext text/x-wiki '''User_talk:高晶''' == 欢迎！ == <div class="noprint" style="border: 1px solid blue; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;"> [[Image:Tournesol.png|right|150px|向日葵]] '''[[User:高晶|<font color=#ffa500>高晶</font>]]''' 您好！ [[Wiktionary:欢迎|欢迎]]您加入到[[维基词典]]大家庭！这是一个创作'''自由的'''、'''免费的'''、'''人人可编辑的'''、'''多语言'''词典的协作计划，它的目的是为了描述人类古今的所有词语并用中文来解释它们。这包括着每种语言的[[Wiktionary:语源|语源]]、[[Wiktionary:注音|读音]]与[[Wiktionary:解释|解释]]。[[维基词典]][[中文]]版始于2004年5月，至今为止已有[[Special:Statistics|'''''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''''']]个大大小小的[[Special:Allpages|词条]]。请参见[[Wiktionary:常见问题解答|常见问题]]和[[Wiktionary:帮助|帮助]]来获得有关如何使用本网站的更多信息。维基词典中的所有内容均在[[Wiktionary:GNU自由文檔協議證書文本|GNU自由文档协议证书]]下发布，这意味着它将是完全自由的。详细信息请参见[[Wiktionary:版权|版权]]。 如果您有兴趣参与这项重大工程的编辑工作，您可以把自己的用户名加入到[[Wiktionary:维基词典人|维基词典人]]列表上。如果您在编辑方面遇到了困难，欢迎您在[[Wiktionary:啤酒馆|啤酒馆]]提出。如果您对某一单词有着疑问，请在[[Wiktionary:茶室|茶室]]里提出。您也可以直接在[[User talk:Shibo77|我的对话页]]上留言，[[User:Shibo77|我]]会尽快地给您回复。如果您对[[:w:Wiki|维基]]还比较陌生，可以参考[[Wiktionary:如何编辑页面|如何编辑页面]]、[[Wiktionary:体例说明|体例说明]]、[[Wiktionary:繁简处理|繁简转换]]与[[Wiktionary:佈局解釋|布局解释]]或到[[Wiktionary:社区主页|社区主页]]与别的维基人交往。与别的维基人交往时请在有关用户的对话页上留言^{(点击左上角的"'''讨论本页'''"即可进入)}。留言时请在言尾注上您的用户名与留言时间^{([[:w:协调世界时|国际协调时]])}，点击编辑框左上角的[[Image:Signature icon.png]]或输入<code>--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;</code>即可。别的维基人都是像您我一样的真人，抽出自己的宝贵时间在此无私奉献。编辑某些词条时难免会有分歧，可以在有关词条的讨论页上^{(点击左上角的"'''讨论本页'''"即可进入)}进行理智的讨论，请注意礼貌。 最后祝我们合作愉快！让我们一起编出一部一流的在线多语言词典！ <small>[[w:维基媒体基金会|<font color=black>维基媒体非营利组织</font>]]所承办的[[Wiktionary:姊妹计划|<font color=black>其它项目</font>]]：</small> <div align=right style="font-size:80%"> {| align="center" width="100%" |- | colspan="4" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | |- | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikipedia-logo.png|width=35px|height=35px|link=w:}} | <center>[[w:|'''维基百科''']]<br /><small>[[w:|<font color=black>自由的百科全书</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=Wikisource-logo.png|width=33px|height=35px|link=wikisource:zh:首页}} | <center>[[s:zh:首页|'''维基文库''']]<br /><small>[[s:|<font color=black>自由的源文档库</font>]]</small></center> |} | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikibooks-logo.svg|width=35px|height=35px|link=b:}} | <center>[[b:|'''维基教科书''']]<br /><small>[[b:|<font color=black>教科书与手册</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=Commons-logo.svg|width=26px|height=35px|link=commons:首页}} | <center>[[commons:首页|'''共享资源''']][[commons:主頁|^-{正}-•]][[commons:首页|^-{简}-•]][[commons:頭版|^粤]]<br /><small>[[commons:首页|<font color=black>共享的多媒体资料库</font>]]</small></center> |} | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikiquote-logo.png|width=31px|height=35px|link=q:}} | <center>[[q:|'''维基语录''']]<br /><small>[[q:|<font color=black>名人名言的集锦</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=Wikimedia-logo.png|width=35px|height=35px|link=m:首页}} | <center>[[m:首页|'''元维基''']][[m:主頁|^-{正}-•]][[m:首页|^-{简}-•]][[m:玄關|^粤]]<br /><small>[[m:首页|<font color=black>协调各维基计划</font>]]</small></center> |} | {| align="center" cellpadding="3" |- | {{Click|image=Wikinews-logo.png|width=35px|height=18px|link=n:}} | <center>[[n:|'''维基新闻''']]<br /><small>[[n:|<font color=black>自由的新闻资源</font>]]</small></center> |- | {{Click|image=WikispeciesZS.jpg|width=30px|height=35px|link=wikispecies:首页}} | <center>[[wikispecies:首页|'''维基物种''']][[wikispecies:玄關|^粤]]<br /><small>[[wikispecies:首页|<font color=black>自由的物种资料库</font>]]</small></center> |} |} </div> <div align=right style="font-size:80%">[[Wiktionary:其它语言|其它语言的维基词典]] · [http://zh-wikipedia.blogspot.com/ 中文维基百科网络杂志]</div> [[User:Shibo77|我]]是欢迎您的[[Wiktionary:维基词典人|维基人]]：'''''[[User:Shibo77|<font color=" #008000">Shibo77</font>]]''''' ^{<small>[[User talk:Shibo77|<font color="#000080">对话页</font>]]</small>} 04:58 2006年4月14日 (UTC) *<small>做跨语言链接的工作者请注意这里按照[[:w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]与[[:w:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]国际标准的语言编码字母顺序。请将<code><nowiki>fi:</nowiki></code>[[:w:芬兰语|芬兰语]]链接置于<code><nowiki>fr:</nowiki></code>[[:w:法语|法语]]链接前。多谢您的合作！</small> *<small>''Tiuj, kiuj faras interwiki ligilojn, bonvolu uzi la alfabetan ordon de lingvaj kodoj laŭ la internaciaj normoj ''[[:w:eo:ISO_639|ISO 639-3 ''k.'' ISO 639-1]]''. Bonvolu fiksi la ligilon de [[:w:eo:Finna lingvo|la finna lingvo]]'' <code><nowiki>fi:</nowiki></code> ''antaŭ la ligilon de [[:w:eo:Franca lingvo|la franca lingvo]]'' <code><nowiki>fr:</nowiki></code>. ''Dankojn pro via kunlaboro!''</small> *<small>''Concerning those who do interwiki linking, please remember to use the alphabetical order of codes for languages as given in the international standards'' [[:w:en:ISO_639-3|ISO 639-3]] ''and'' [[:w:en:ISO_639-1|ISO 639-1]]''. Please place [[:w:en:Finnish_language|the Finnish language]] link'' <code><nowiki>fi:</nowiki></code> ''before [[:w:en:French_language|the French language]] link'' <code><nowiki>fr:</nowiki></code>. ''Thank you for your cooperation!''</small> </div> <div align="right"><small>''Vi ne komprenas Ĉinan lingvon? Bonvolu fiksi'' <code><nowiki>{{User lang-0|zh}}</nowiki></code> ''sur via uzanto paĝo aŭ meti ĝin en via [[Wiktionary:巴別|babela ŝablono]].''</small></div> <div align="right"><small>''Don't understand Chinese? Post'' <code><nowiki>{{User lang-0|zh}}</nowiki></code> ''on your user page or put it into your [[Wiktionary:巴別|Babel box]].''</small></div> ==关于{{tl|zh-forms}}== 关注到您对多个汉语词条的贡献，但需注意对模板{{tl|zh-forms}}的使用：该模板会将页面标题自动判定为繁体/正体，因此对于标题为简体字的页面，您可以将页面移动至繁体字标题，或者在模板内添加参数<nowiki>|t=（繁体形式）</nowiki>。祝编安。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2022年1月30日 (日) 04:56 (UTC) == 漢語詞條格式 == 感謝您近日在維基詞典做出的貢獻。由於諸多漢語詞彙都還沒有依照新格式編寫，當您更新頁面內容時，希望您能順便更新{{tl|zh-pron}}，加入詞性模板（如 {{tl|zh-noun}}、{{tl|zh-verb}}、<code><nowiki>{{head|zh|形容詞}}</nowiki></code> 等等） ，並將章節底部的[[:Category:待分類的漢語詞]]、[[:Category:漢語]]移除。祝編安。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2022年1月31日 (一) 06:10 (UTC) ==用字== 觀察到閣下近日數次將漢語內容添加至日本新字體詞條下（如在詞條[[Special:diff/7083841|鎮痛剤]]、[[Special:diff/7083726|地殻]]），在此希望閣下能注意分辨，減少這方面的錯誤。祝編安。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2022年2月2日 (三) 10:08 (UTC) : 再次請閣下注意，注意用字，不要使用錯誤的繁體字/正體字，謝謝。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2022年2月13日 (日) 14:23 (UTC) r78937twpbho5yumq286izogavcc7sx 0 64763 7267432 6581584 2022-07-20T16:46:53Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{der|en|fr|cacophonie}}，源自{{der|en|grc|sc=polytonic|κακοφωνία}}，源自{{m|grc|sc=polytonic|κακός||坏的}} + {{m|grc|sc=polytonic|φωνή||声音}}。 ===发音=== * {{a|UK}} {{IPA|en|/kəˈkɒfəni/}} *{{accent|US}} {{IPA|en|/kəˈkɑfəni/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-cacophony.ogg|（美国）音频}} * {{audio|en|en-au-cacophony.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===名词=== {{en-noun|~}} # 不[[协调]]的[[声音]]，[[杂音]] #* '''1921-1922,''' [[w:en:H. P. Lovecraft|H. P. Lovecraft]], ''[[s:en:Herbert West: Reanimator|Herbert West: Reanimator]]'', #*: Not more unutterable could have been the chaos of hellish sound if the pit itself had opened to release the agony of the damned, for in one inconceivable '''cacophony''' was centered all the supernal terror and unnatural despair of animate nature. #*{{quote-web|en|June 14 2021|work=BBC Sport|author=Scott Mullen|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51197776|title=Scotland 0-2 Czech Republic|passage=A blistering start from the Scots served to steady the ship amid a '''cacophony''' that defied the quarter-full national stadium.}} ====反义词==== * {{l|en|euphony}} * {{l|en|harmony}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|cacophonic}} * {{l|en|cacophonous}} * {{l|en|castrophony}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|en|anthropophony}} * {{l|en|cacophonous}} * {{l|en|dissonance}} * {{l|en|harmony}} {{cln|en|含有前綴caco-的詞|sort=phony}} {{c|en|聲音}} hvegtdoljaj7vjmcwutdjqk5yxju9uc 0 66786 7267507 6585545 2022-07-21T03:01:08Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{suffix|en|chum|y}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈt͡ʃʌmɪ/}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|er|more}} # {{lb|en|非正式}} [[亲密]]的，交情深的 #: {{syn|en|familiar}} #: {{ant|en|mannered}} #* {{quote-av|en|year=1993|medium=television production|title=Beverly Hills, 90210|episode=Moving Targets|role=Brenda Walsh|actor=Shannen Doherty|season=4|number=7|text=源自what Brandon tells me, Andrea is getting pretty '''chummy''' with her dorm advisor!}} #* {{quote-av|en|year=2001|title=Curb Your Enthusiasm|medium=television production|season=2|number=2|actor=Larry David|writer=Larry David|episode=Thor|passage=Yeah, I was just being nice! I was being nice and '''chummy'''!}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{synonym of|en|chum||朋友，老兄}} #* '''1991''', Stephen King, ''Needful Things'' #*: Sonny's knotted, distrustful face relaxed all at once. "You're goddamned right about that, '''chummy'''!" he exclaimed. # {{lb|en|弃用}} [[清洗]][[烟囱]]的男童 # {{lb|en|警察|_|俚语}} {{n-g|给罪犯、嫌疑人的外号。}} #* '''2002''', Roy C. Lilley, Paul Lambden, ''The Tool Kit for Dental Risk Management'' (page 21) #*: What happens when the Old Bill turns up and want to look at ''''chummies'''{{sic}} dental records, guv, 'cos 'e's bitten a bloke's ear off in the pub'? {{C|en|職業}} 1hhq9q2343cti0wy5zcblkrjqm26wa6 0 78283 7267446 6608657 2022-07-20T17:04:56Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 在{{cog|en|extravagance}}的影响下源自{{bor|en|it|stravaganza}}。 ===发音=== * {{a|GenAm|RP}} {{IPA|en|/ɪkˌstɹæv.əˈɡæn.zə/}} ===名词=== {{en-noun|s|extravaganze}} # [[华丽]]，[[奇特]]的[[作品]] {{gloss|音乐，文学作品或戏剧}} # [[不羁]]的，[[混乱]]的或[[奢华]]的[[行动]]或[[活动]] #: {{ux|en|The bride had her heart set on a simple wedding, but her parents insisted on a three-hundred-guest '''extravaganza'''.|新娘本来已经决定要办一场简单的婚礼了，但她父母坚持要办一个300个来宾的'''盛宴'''。}} ====参见==== * {{l|en|extravagance}} jb7vt6dvc6qmb8esuuu16vm6suxw315 0 85142 7267512 6617823 2022-07-21T03:14:03Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|en|enm|unruly||不安定的，骚动的}}，等价于{{affix|en|un-|rule|-ly}}（对比{{cog|enm|ruly}}、{{m|enm|reuli||符合教规的}}），但也是早期形式{{inh|en|enm|unrouly}}、{{m|enm|unroly||unquiet, restless}}的变换形式，等价于{{prefix|en|un|roolie}}。后者源自{{der|en|non|*úróligr}}或受其影响，与{{cog|da|urolig||骚动的}}、{{cog|sv|orolig||骚动的}}、{{cog|is|órólegur||激动的}}有关。亦对比{{cog|enm|unroo}}、{{m|enm|unro||unrest}}。详见{{m|en|roo}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ʌnˈɹuːli/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-unruly.wav|（英国）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|uːli|s=3}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|er}} # [[失控]]的，[[暴乱]]的，[[无法无天]]的 #: {{ux|en|The police gathered to contain the '''unruly''' mob.|警察集合起来包围了'''失控'''的人群。}} #* {{quote-song|en|title=Barbarism Begins at Home|artist=The Smiths|year=1985|album=Meat Is Murder|author=Morrissey & Johnny Marr|passage='''Unruly''' boys who will not grow up / Must be taken in hand / '''Unruly''' girls who will not settle down / They must be taken in hand}} #* '''2011''' ''{{w|lang=en|Allen Gregory}}'', "Pilot" (season 1, episode 1): #*: Richard DeLongpre: Are you okay, my boy angel? #*: Allen Gregory DeLongpre: I have a broken heart. And undergarments filled with my own '''unruly''' waste. {{C|en|性格}} 6t6108ir5zyznnfr86qzw29y3zr7q00 7267513 7267512 2022-07-21T03:14:34Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|en|enm|unruly||不安定的，骚动的}}，等价于{{affix|en|un-|rule|-ly}}（对比{{cog|enm|ruly}}、{{m|enm|reuli||符合教规的}}），但也是早期形式{{inh|en|enm|unrouly}}、{{m|enm|unroly||unquiet, restless}}的变换形式，等价于{{prefix|en|un|roolie}}。后者源自{{der|en|non|*úróligr}}或受其影响，与{{cog|da|urolig||骚动的}}、{{cog|sv|orolig||骚动的}}、{{cog|is|órólegur||激动的}}有关。亦对比{{cog|enm|unroo}}、{{m|enm|unro||unrest}}。详见{{m|en|roo}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ʌnˈɹuːli/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-unruly.wav|（英国）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|uːli|s=3}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|er}} # [[失控]]的，[[暴乱]]的，[[无法无天]]的 #: {{ux|en|The police gathered to contain the '''unruly''' mob.|警察集合起来控制了'''失控'''的人群。}} #* {{quote-song|en|title=Barbarism Begins at Home|artist=The Smiths|year=1985|album=Meat Is Murder|author=Morrissey & Johnny Marr|passage='''Unruly''' boys who will not grow up / Must be taken in hand / '''Unruly''' girls who will not settle down / They must be taken in hand}} #* '''2011''' ''{{w|lang=en|Allen Gregory}}'', "Pilot" (season 1, episode 1): #*: Richard DeLongpre: Are you okay, my boy angel? #*: Allen Gregory DeLongpre: I have a broken heart. And undergarments filled with my own '''unruly''' waste. {{C|en|性格}} 9arlcazruufhugtn4qvcwdkqm4f4g00 7267514 7267513 2022-07-21T03:54:31Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|en|enm|unruly||不安定的，骚动的}}，等价于{{affix|en|un-|rule|-ly}}（对比{{cog|enm|ruly}}、{{m|enm|reuli||符合教规的}}），但也是早期形式{{inh|en|enm|unrouly}}、{{m|enm|unroly||unquiet, restless}}的变换形式，等价于{{prefix|en|un|roolie}}。后者源自{{der|en|non|*úróligr}}或受其影响，与{{cog|da|urolig||骚动的}}、{{cog|sv|orolig||骚动的}}、{{cog|is|órólegur||激动的}}有关。亦对比{{cog|enm|unroo}}、{{m|enm|unro||焦虑}}。详见{{m|en|roo}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ʌnˈɹuːli/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-unruly.wav|（英国）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|uːli|s=3}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|er}} # [[失控]]的，[[暴乱]]的，[[无法无天]]的 #: {{ux|en|The police gathered to contain the '''unruly''' mob.|警察集合起来控制了'''失控'''的人群。}} #* {{quote-song|en|title=Barbarism Begins at Home|artist=The Smiths|year=1985|album=Meat Is Murder|author=Morrissey & Johnny Marr|passage='''Unruly''' boys who will not grow up / Must be taken in hand / '''Unruly''' girls who will not settle down / They must be taken in hand}} #* '''2011''' ''{{w|lang=en|Allen Gregory}}'', "Pilot" (season 1, episode 1): #*: Richard DeLongpre: Are you okay, my boy angel? #*: Allen Gregory DeLongpre: I have a broken heart. And undergarments filled with my own '''unruly''' waste. {{C|en|性格}} 573bl6gwxoadhjpldhdba6gka000ocz 0 100332 7267483 6633011 2022-07-21T01:48:17Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{uder|en|fr|inaugural}}，源自{{m|fr|inaugurer}}，源自{{uder|en|la|augurare||起誓}}。 ===形容词=== {{en-adj|-}} # [[就职]]的，[[就任]]的 #* '''2008''' August 21, ''{{w|lang=en|Cape Times}}'', p. 21: #*: The University of Cape Town hosts an '''inaugural''' lecture by Professor Ian Scott {{...}} on Wednesday at 8pm. #* {{quote-journal|en|author=Michael Inwood|title=Martin Heidegger: the philosopher who fell for Hitler &#91;print version: Hitler's philosopher&#93;|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10739165/Martin-Heidegger-the-philosopher-who-fell-for-Hitler.html|work={{w|lang=en|The Daily Telegraph}} (Review)|location=London|date=12 April 2014|page=R11|passage=In 1928 [[w:en:Martin Heidegger|&#91;Martin&#93; Heidegger]] succeeded [[w:en:Edmund Husserl|&#91;Edmund&#93; Husserl]] to take a chair at Freiburg and in his '''inaugural''' lecture made a pronouncement that earned him a reputation as an archetypal metaphysician with his claim that our awareness of people as a whole depends on our experience of dread in the face of nothingness.}} # [[起始]]的，[[落成]]的，标志开始的 #: {{ux|en|2009 was the '''inaugural''' season for New York Yankees' new stadium.}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # [[开始]]，[[起点]]；{{qual|任期的}}开始 #: ''The '''inaugural''' of the President will take place in March.'' # [[就职]][[演讲]] #* '''2009''', Teddy Davis, ''ABC News'' on March 13, 2009. #*: In his '''inaugural''', President Obama proclaimed 'an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics'. ---- ==法语== ===形容词=== {{fr-adj}} # [[就职]]的，[[就任]]的 # [[起始]]的，标志开始的 ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:TLFi}} ---- ==葡萄牙语== ===发音=== {{pt-IPA}} ===形容词=== {{pt-adj|inaugura|l}} # [[首届]]的 # 发生于开始时的 ---- ==罗马尼亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|ro|fr|inaugural}} ===形容词=== {{ro-adj}} # [[就职]]的，[[就任]]的 # [[起始]]的，[[落成]]的，标志开始的 ====变格==== {{ro-decl-adj}} ---- ==西班牙语== ===发音=== {{es-IPA}} ===形容词=== {{es-adj}} # [[起始]]的，[[落成]]的，标志开始的 ====衍生词汇==== {{der2|es |viaje inaugural }} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:DRAE}} 1mg8e7tpp0begtzy73cbpn42uz1pg4x 7267484 7267483 2022-07-21T01:48:58Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{uder|en|fr|inaugural}}，源自{{m|fr|inaugurer}}，源自{{uder|en|la|augurare||起誓}}。 ===形容词=== {{en-adj|-}} # [[就职]]的，[[就任]]的 #* '''2008''' August 21, ''{{w|lang=en|Cape Times}}'', p. 21: #*: The University of Cape Town hosts an '''inaugural''' lecture by Professor Ian Scott {{...}} on Wednesday at 8pm. #* {{quote-journal|en|author=Michael Inwood|title=Martin Heidegger: the philosopher who fell for Hitler &#91;print version: Hitler's philosopher&#93;|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10739165/Martin-Heidegger-the-philosopher-who-fell-for-Hitler.html|work={{w|lang=en|The Daily Telegraph}} (Review)|location=London|date=12 April 2014|page=R11|passage=In 1928 [[w:en:Martin Heidegger|&#91;Martin&#93; Heidegger]] succeeded [[w:en:Edmund Husserl|&#91;Edmund&#93; Husserl]] to take a chair at Freiburg and in his '''inaugural''' lecture made a pronouncement that earned him a reputation as an archetypal metaphysician with his claim that our awareness of people as a whole depends on our experience of dread in the face of nothingness.}} # [[起始]]的，[[落成]]的，标志开始的 #: {{ux|en|2009 was the '''inaugural''' season for New York Yankees' new stadium.}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # [[开始]]，[[起点]]；{{qual|任期的}}开始 #: ''The '''inaugural''' of the President will take place in March.'' # [[就职]][[演讲]] #* '''2009''', Teddy Davis, ''ABC News'' on March 13, 2009. #*: In his '''inaugural''', President Obama proclaimed 'an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics'. ---- ==法语== ===形容词=== {{fr-adj}} # [[就职]]的，[[就任]]的 # [[起始]]的，标志开始的 ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:TLFi}} ---- ==葡萄牙语== ===发音=== {{pt-IPA}} ===形容词=== {{pt-adj|inaugura|l}} # [[首届]]的 # 发生于开始时的 ---- ==罗马尼亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|ro|fr|inaugural}} ===形容词=== {{ro-adj}} # [[就职]]的，[[就任]]的 # [[起始]]的，[[落成]]的，标志开始的 ====变格==== {{ro-decl-adj}} ---- ==西班牙语== ===发音=== {{es-IPA}} ===形容词=== {{es-adj}} # [[起始]]的，[[落成]]的，标志开始的 ====衍生词汇==== {{der2|es |viaje inaugural }} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:DRAE}} adaeig91881qkm52t1mju8r8d4b5iuf 0 101254 7267515 6633765 2022-07-21T04:26:01Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|jilț}} ==英语== ===词源=== {{der|en|sco|jillet|t=轻佻女性}}的缩约形。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/dʒɪlt/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-jilt.ogg|（美国）音频}} *: {{rhymes|en|ɪlt|s=1}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # [[无情]][[抛弃]][[爱人]]的[[女人]] #* '''1683''', {{w|lang=en|Thomas Otway}}, ''The Soldiers Fortune'' #*:And has she been long a '''Jilt'''? has she practi{{long s}}ed the Trade for any Time? ===动词=== {{en-verb}} # {{lb|en|及物}} 将...[[无情]][[抛弃]]，[[甩]] {{qual|爱人}}；（在恋爱中）[[欺骗]] #* {{RQ:Locke Human Understanding|4|20|text=Tell a man passionately in love, that he is '''jilted'''; bring a score of witnesses of the falsehood of his mistress, it is ten to one but three kind words of hers shall invalidate all their testimonies.}} #* {{RQ:Churchill Celebrity|chapter=8|passage=The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again; for, even after she had conquered her love for the Celebrity, the mortification of having been '''jilted''' by him remained.}} ---- ==土库曼语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|tk|ar|جِلْد||皮}}。 ===名词=== {{tk-noun|i|ler}} # [[皮肤]] ====变格==== {{tk-decl-noun-auto|i|c}} 9x89bmn65l5wp2c44tsz06p5zvsi6bg 0 102965 7267520 6635410 2022-07-21T04:29:45Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|loud mouth}} ==英语== ===词源=== {{compound|en|loud|mouth}} ===发音=== * {{audio|en|en-us-loudmouth.ogg|（美国）音频}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{lb|en|derogatory}} [[嗓门]]大的人 {{gloss|尤指态度高傲的人}} #: {{ux|en|I hear every word spoken by the '''loudmouth''' in the next office.|隔壁办公室那个'''嗓门特别大的人'''说的每个字我都听得一清二楚。}} #: {{syn|en|big mouth|blowhard|blusterer|boaster|braggart}} ===参见=== * {{l|en|mouth off}} * {{l|en|shoot one's mouth off}} {{cln|en|性狀複合詞|形容詞-名詞複合名詞}} {{C|en|人|談話}} 0hnms1fbj1ac17lvr4u5oiv1kfk5c8n 0 119515 7267344 6648667 2022-07-20T12:54:50Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{qualifier|重讀}} ** {{a|UK}} {{IPA|en|/ɔː(ɹ)/}} ** {{a|US}} {{IPA|en|/ɔɹ/|}} ** {{a|密蘇里州聖路易斯}} {{IPA|en|/ɑɹ/}} ** {{audio|en|en-uk-or.ogg|音頻（英式）}} ** {{audio|en|en-us-or.ogg|音頻（美式）}} ** {{homophones|en|oar|ore|o'er|awe}} {{qualifier|非R音口音}} ** {{rhymes|en|ɔː(r)}} * {{qualifier|非重讀}} ** {{a|US}} {{IPA|en|/ɚ/}} :'''or''' #[[抑或]]，[[或者]] #[[换句话说]] #[[不然的话]] #[[还是]]，[[要不]] #[[否则]] * -{[[正體]]: '''或'''[電子計算機]}- [[Category:電子計算機專有名詞]] [[Category:待分類的英語詞]] [[Category:英語]] [[分類:英语连词]] ---- ==法语== ===发音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-or.ogg|音讯}} * {{rhymes|fr|ɔʁ|s=1}} ===词源1=== 来自{{inh|fr|frm|or}}，来自{{inh|fr|fro|or}}，来自{{inh|fr|la|aurum}}，来自{{inh|fr|itc-pro|*auzom}}，来自{{der|fr|ine-pro|*h₂é-h₂us-o-||輝光}}，来自{{m|ine-pro|*h₂ews-||破曉，變亮，變紅}}。 ====名词==== {{fr-noun|m}} # [[黃金]] # {{lb|fr|紋章學}} [[金色]] =====派生词===== {{col3|fr |à prix d'or |âge d'or |bouton d'or |but en or |Côte d'Or |en or |franc comme l'or |livre d'or |la parole est d'argent, le silence est d'or |le silence est d'or |louis d'or |médaille d'or |mine d'or |noces d'or |nombre d'or |or blanc |or mussif |or noir |pont d'or |poule aux œufs d'or |rouler sur l'or |ruée vers l'or |se faire des couilles en or |tout ce qui brille n'est pas or |tout l'or du monde |valoir son pesant d'or |veau d'or }} =====相關詞語===== * {{l|fr|aurifère}} * {{l|fr|dorer}} * {{l|fr|orfèvre}} =====派生语汇===== * {{desc|ht|lò}} =====另见===== * [[Appendix:顔色]] ===词源2=== 来自{{inh|fr|fro|ore}}，来自{{inh|fr|VL.|[[hā]] [[horā]]}}，改自{{m|la|[[hāc]] [[horā]]||（在）这个小时|pos=離格}}。对比{{cog|es|ahora}}、{{cog|pt|agora}}。 ====副词==== {{fr-adv}} # {{lb|fr|棄用}} [[現在]] ====連詞==== {{head|fr|連詞}} # [[然而]] ===拓展閲讀=== * {{R:TLFi}} {{cln|fr|並列連詞}} {{C|fr|化學元素|顔色|金屬}} nrytl7fnnirtpdyjwiis18v1geccz68 0 133317 7267492 6662811 2022-07-21T02:22:02Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɹiːfaɪnd/}} ===动词=== {{head|en|動詞變位形式}} # {{en-past of|refine}} #: {{ux|en|The raw petroleum was '''refined''' into [[kerosene]].|原油被'''精炼'''成了煤油。}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj}} # [[精准]]的，[[精确]]的，尤指： ## {{label|en|指人|弃用}} [[睿智]]的，[[聪明]]的，{{label|en|有时|贬义}} 过于[[讲究]]的；[[假装]][[聪明]]的 ## {{label|en|指思想}} [[精妙]]的，[[细致]]的，[[周全]]的 ##: {{ux|en|The argument, while not persuasive, is quite '''refined'''.|那个论点虽然没有说服力，但是还是很'''细致'''的。}} ## {{label|en|指某过程}} [[成熟]]的 ##: {{ux|en|The curriculum has been carefully '''refined''' to meet the needs of foreign students.|课程表经过精心'''改善'''来满足外国学生的需求。}} # [[文明]]的，尤指： ## {{label|en|指语言}} [[高雅]]的，[[精良]]的 ##: {{ux|en|In the British Isles, [[Oxbridge]] is considered '''refined'''; [[Geordie]] somewhat less so.|不列颠群岛中，牛津剑桥[的口音]被认为较为'''高雅'''，而泰恩赛德就没那么'''高雅'''。}} ## {{label|en|指人}} [[优雅]]的，[[文雅]]的，[[斯文]]的，{{label|en|有时|贬义}} [[做作]]的；过于追求[[高雅]]的 ##: {{ux|en|[[w:en:Don Draper|Don Draper]] was a man of '''refined''' tastes.|唐·德雷柏的品味很'''高雅'''。}} ##* '''1946''', Elizabeth Metzger Howard, ''Before the Sun Goes Down'', p. 31: ##*: "Jesus Christ! Was my folks [[refined]]. My [[mam]] she wouldn't think[[-a#Etymology 8|-a]] lett[[-in'|in']] us [[young'uns]] call a [[pee pot]] a [[pee pot]]. A [[chamber]]'s what she called it... And [[by God]]! Us young'uns had [[ter]] call the [[pee pot]] a chamber or [[git]] our [[God damn]] necks [[wrang]]." # [[提纯]]的，无杂质的，尤指： ## {{label|en|指产品}} 高[[纯度]]的，[[精制]]的 ##: {{ux|en|Under current guidelines, '''refined''' sugar must be at least five times purer than its raw counterpart.|按目前的指导方针，'''精制后'''的糖的纯度必须是加工前的纯度的至少5倍。}} ## {{label|en|指金属}} [[精炼]]的 {{gloss|无熔渣或合金的}} ##: {{ux|en|The Temple at Jerusalem preferred Tyrian shekels, since even with [[Ba'al]]'s portrait they bore highly '''refined''' silver.|}} ## {{label|en|指人|弃用}} 有[[道德]]的，无污点的 # {{label|en|指市场}} [[交易]][[精制]]或[[精炼]]产品的 ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{label|en|金融}} [[精制]][[商品]]，[[精炼]][[产品]] #: {{ux|en|We're still purchasing copper ore, but the market for '''refined''' is weaker.|我们还在进购铜矿，但是'''精加工产品'''的市场更差。}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=deefinr|definer|e-friend|enfired|fendier}} {{C|en|性格}} pxksh54uucqflt0vk5u5fnmdfvr8qn9 0 134538 7267560 6664028 2022-07-21T09:41:15Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|en|enm|bedsyde}}、{{m|enm|bedde syde}}（亦作{{m|enm|beddes side}}、{{m|enm|beddes syde}}），等价于{{suf|en|bed|side}}。对比{{cog|de|Bettseite|t=床边}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈbɛdˌsaɪd/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-bedside.ogg|（美国）音频}} * {{hyph|en|bed|side}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # [[床边]]，[[床头]] ====衍生词汇==== {{der2|en|bedside manner|bedside table}} ====相关词汇==== {{rel3|en |chairside |labside |webside }} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=bddeeis|beddies}} cpnpcg9o4n5gdpjndakd8kzwo9gqjna 4 147553 7267478 7228065 2022-07-21T00:51:03Z 175.223.27.153 /* 聲母與韻母 */ wikitext text/x-wiki == 現代標準漢語 == 以下為根據[[漢語拼音]]而來的發音表記。詳細請參考'''[[w:現代標準漢語#語音系統]]'''。 ===声母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2|[[w:发音方法|发音方法]]＼[[w:发音部位|发音部位]]!![[w:双唇音|双唇音]]!![[w:唇齿音|唇齿音]]!!colspan=2|[[w:齿龈音|齿龈音]]!![[w:卷舌音|卷舌音]]!![[w:龈颚音|龈颚音]]!![[w:软颚音|软颚音]] |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞音|塞音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] |‹b›　{{IPA1|p}}<br />'''ㄅ'''　玻|| || ||‹d›　{{IPA1|t}}<br />'''ㄉ'''　得|| || ||‹g›　{{IPA1|k}}<br />'''ㄍ'''　哥 |- ![[w:送气|送气]] |‹p›　{{IPA1|pʰ}}<br />'''ㄆ'''　坡|| || ||‹t›　{{IPA1|tʰ}}<br />'''ㄊ'''　特|| || ||‹k›　{{IPA1|kʰ}}<br />'''ㄎ'''　科 |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞擦音|塞擦音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] | || ||‹z›　{{IPA1|t͡s}}<br />'''ㄗ'''　资|| ||‹zh›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂ}}<br />'''ㄓ'''　知||‹j›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕ}}<br />'''ㄐ'''　基|| |- ![[w:送气|送气]] | || ||‹c›　{{IPA1|t͡sʰ}}<br />'''ㄘ'''　雌|| ||‹ch›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂʰ}}<br />'''ㄔ'''　蚩||‹q›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕʰ}}<br />'''ㄑ'''　欺|| |- ! colspan=2|[[w:擦音|擦音]]（[[w:清音|清音]]） | ||‹f›　{{IPA1|f}}<br />'''ㄈ'''　佛||‹s›　{{IPA1|s}}<br />'''ㄙ'''　思|| ||‹sh›　{{IPA1|ʂ}}<br />'''ㄕ'''　诗||‹x›　{{IPA1|ɕ}}<br />'''ㄒ'''　希||‹h›　{{IPA1|x}}<br />'''ㄏ'''　喝 |- !colspan=2|[[w:鼻音|鼻音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） |‹m›　{{IPA1|m}}<br />'''ㄇ'''　摸|| || ||‹n›　{{IPA1|n}}<br />'''ㄋ'''　讷|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:边音|边音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || ||‹l›　{{IPA1|l}}<br />'''ㄌ'''　勒|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:通音|通音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || || ||‹r›　{{IPA1|ɻ}}<br />'''ㄖ'''　日|| || |} ===韻母=== :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! ![[w:开口呼|开口呼]] ![[w:齐齿呼|齐齿呼]] ![[w:合口呼|合口呼]] ![[w:撮口呼|撮口呼]] |- !rowspan="6" |[[w:单元音韵母|单元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹-i›　{{IPA1|ɨ, ɿ, ʅ}}<br />'''ㄭ'''　之、资的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹i›　{{IPA1|i}}<br />'''丨'''　衣 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹u›　{{IPA1|u}}<br />'''ㄨ'''　乌 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ü›　{{IPA1|y}}<br />'''ㄩ'''　迂 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹a›　{{IPA1|ɑ}}<br />'''ㄚ'''　啊 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ia›　{{IPA1|i̯a}}<br />'''丨ㄚ'''　呀 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ua›　{{IPA1|u̯a}}<br />'''ㄨㄚ'''　蛙 | style="background:#CCCCCC;"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹o›　{{IPA1|o}}<br />'''ㄛ'''　喔 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uo›　{{IPA1|u̯ɔ}}<br />'''ㄨㄛ'''　窝 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹e›　{{IPA1|ɤ}}<br />'''ㄜ'''　鹅 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹ê›　{{IPA1|ɛ}}<br />'''ㄝ'''　诶 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ie›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛ}}<br />'''丨ㄝ'''　耶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üe›　{{IPA1|y̯œ}}<br />'''ㄩㄝ'''　约 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹er›　{{IPA1|ɚ}}<br />'''ㄦ'''　儿 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="4" |[[w:复元音韵母|复元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ai›　{{IPA1|aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄞ'''　哀 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uai›　{{IPA1|u̯aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄞ'''　歪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ei›　{{IPA1|eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄟ'''　诶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)i›　{{IPA1|u̯eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄟ'''　威 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ao›　{{IPA1|ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄠ'''　熬 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iao›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄠ'''　腰 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ou›　{{IPA1|oʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄡ'''　欧 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹iou›　{{IPA1|i̯oʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄡ'''　优 | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="6" |[[w:带鼻音韵母|带鼻音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹an›　{{IPA1|an}}<br />'''ㄢ'''　安 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ian›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛn}}<br />'''丨ㄢ'''　烟 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uan›　{{IPA1|u̯an}}<br />'''ㄨㄢ'''　弯 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üan›　{{IPA1|y̯ɛn}}<br />'''ㄩㄢ'''　冤 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹en›　{{IPA1|ən}}<br />'''ㄣ'''　恩 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹in›　{{IPA1|in}}<br />'''丨ㄣ'''　因 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)n›　{{IPA1|u̯ən}}<br />'''ㄨㄣ'''　温 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ün›　{{IPA1|yn}}<br />'''ㄩㄣ'''　晕 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ang›　{{IPA1|ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄤ'''　昂 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iang›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄤ'''　央 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uang›　{{IPA1|u̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄤ'''　汪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹eng›　{{IPA1|ɤŋ}}<br />'''ㄥ'''　亨的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ing›　{{IPA1|iŋ, i̯əŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄥ'''　英 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ueng/ong›　{{IPA1|u̯ŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　翁 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|同‹iong› |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ong›　{{IPA1|u̯əŋ, ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　轰的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iong›　{{IPA1|i̯ʊŋ, y̯ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄩㄥ'''　庸 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |} == 粵語 == ===廣州話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[:w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |波||class="Unicode"|[p]||class="Unicode"|[b]||b||b||b||b||b||b||p||b |----- |婆||class="Unicode"|[pʰ]||class="Unicode"|[p]||p||p||p||p||p||p||p'||p |----- |摸||class="Unicode"|[m]||class="Unicode"|[m]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||m |----- |科||class="Unicode"|[f]||class="Unicode"|[f]||f||f||f||f||f||f||f||f |----- |多||class="Unicode"|[t]||class="Unicode"|[d]||d||d||d||d||d||d||t||t |----- |拖||class="Unicode"|[tʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t]||t||t||t||t||t||t||t'||th |----- |挪||class="Unicode"|[n]||class="Unicode"|[n]||n||n||n||n||n||n||n||n |----- |羅||class="Unicode"|[l]||class="Unicode"|[l]||l||l||l||l||l||l||l||l |----- |哥||class="Unicode"|[k]||class="Unicode"|[g]||g||g||g||g||g||g||k||k |----- |卡||class="Unicode"|[kʰ]||class="Unicode"|[k]||k||k||k||k||k||k||k'||kh |----- |我||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng |----- |何||class="Unicode"|[h]||class="Unicode"|[h]||h||h||h||h||h||h||h||h |----- |左||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||z||dz||z||j||j||ts||ch |----- |知||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||j||dz||z||j||j||ch||ch |----- |初||class="Unicode"|[t͡sʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||c||ts||c||ch||ch||ts'||ts |----- |雌||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||q||ts||c||ch||ch||ch'||ts |----- |梳||class="Unicode"|[s]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||s||s||s||s||s||s||s |----- |思||class="Unicode"|[ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||x||s||s||s||s||sh||s |----- |姑||class="Unicode"|[kʷ]||class="Unicode"|[gw]||gw||gu||gw||gw||gw||gw||kw||gw |----- |箍||class="Unicode"|[kʷʰ]||class="Unicode"|[kw]||kw||ku||kw||kw||kw||kw||k'w||kw |----- |也||class="Unicode"|[j]||class="Unicode"|[j]||y||y||j||j||y||y||y/i||d |----- |華||class="Unicode"|[w]||class="Unicode"|[w]||w||w||w||w||w||w||w/oo||w |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |呀||class="Unicode"|[ɑː]||class="Unicode"|[a]||aa||a||aa||aa||a||a||a||a |----- |挨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːi]||class="Unicode"|[ai]||aai||ai||aai||aai||aai||aai||aai||ai |----- |拗||class="Unicode"|[ɑːu]||class="Unicode"|[au]||aau||ao||aau||aau||aau||aau||aau||ao |----- |(監)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːm]||class="Unicode"|[am]||aam||am||aam||aam||aam||aam||aam||am |----- |晏||class="Unicode"|[ɑːn]||class="Unicode"|[an]||aan||an||aan||aan||aan||aan||aan||an |----- |罌||class="Unicode"|[ɑːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[aŋ]||aang||ang||aang||aang||aang||aang||aang||ang |----- |鴨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːp]||class="Unicode"|[ap]||aap||ab||aap||aap||aap||aap||aap||ap |----- |押||class="Unicode"|[ɑːt]||class="Unicode"|[at]||aat||ad||aat||aat||aat||aat||aat||at |----- |(客)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːk]||class="Unicode"|[ak]||aak||ag||aak||aak||aak||aak||aak||ac |----- |矮||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||ai||ei||ai||ai||ai||ai||ai||ây |----- |歐||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||au|||eo||au||au||au||au||au||âu |----- |庵||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||am||em||am||am||am||am||am/om||âm |----- |(恩)||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||an||en||an||an||an||an||an||anh |----- |鶯||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||ang||eng||ang||ang||ang||ang||ang||ǎng |----- |(急)||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||ap||eb||ap||ap||ap||ap||ap/op||ǎp |----- |(不)||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||at||ed||at||at||at||at||at||ach |----- |(德)||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||ak||eg||ak||ak||ak||ak||ak||ǎc |----- |誒||class="Unicode"|[ɛː]||class="Unicode"|[ɛ]||e||é||e||e||e||e||e||e |----- |(非)||class="Unicode"|[ei]||class="Unicode"|[ei]||ei||éi||ei||ei||ei||ei||ei||i |----- |(掉)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːu]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||eu||eu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(舔)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːm]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||em||em||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(鏡)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɛŋ]||eng||éng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng |----- |(夾)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːp]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ep||ep||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(尺)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɛk]||ek||ég||ek||ek||ek||ek||ek||ec |----- |衣||class="Unicode"|[iː]||class="Unicode"|[i]||i||i||i||i||i||i||i||ia |----- |妖||class="Unicode"|[iːu]||class="Unicode"|[iu]||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu |----- |淹||class="Unicode"|[iːm]||class="Unicode"|[im]||im||im||im||im||im||im||im||im |----- |煙||class="Unicode"|[iːn]||class="Unicode"|[in]||in||in||in||in||in||in||in||in |----- |英||class="Unicode"|[ɪŋ]||class="Unicode"|[iŋ]||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing |----- |葉||class="Unicode"|[iːp]||class="Unicode"|[ip]||ip||ib||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip |----- |熱||class="Unicode"|[iːt]||class="Unicode"|[it]||it||id||it||it||it||it||it||it |----- |益||class="Unicode"|[ɪk]||class="Unicode"|[ik]||ik||ig||ik||ik||ik||ik||ik||ic |----- |柯||class="Unicode"|[ɔː]||class="Unicode"|[ɔ]||o||o||o||o||o||oh||oh||o |----- |哀||class="Unicode"|[ɔːi]||class="Unicode"|[ɔi]||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi |----- |奧||class="Unicode"|[ou]||class="Unicode"|[ou]||ou||ou||ou||ou||ou||o||o||u |----- |安||class="Unicode"|[ɔːn]||class="Unicode"|[ɔn]||on||on||on||on||on||on||on||on |----- |(康)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɔŋ]||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||oong |----- |(渴)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːt]||class="Unicode"|[ɔt]||ot||od||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot |----- |惡||class="Unicode"|[ɔːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɔk]||ok||og||ok||ok||ok||ok||ok||oot |----- |烏||class="Unicode"|[uː]||class="Unicode"|[u]||u||u||u||u||u||oo||oo||ua |----- |煨||class="Unicode"|[uːi]||class="Unicode"|[ui]||ui||ui||ui||ui||ui||ooi||ooi||ui |----- |碗||class="Unicode"|[uːn]||class="Unicode"|[un]||un||un||un||un||un||oon||oon||un |----- |甕||class="Unicode"|[ʊŋ]||class="Unicode"|[uŋ]||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung |----- |活||class="Unicode"|[uːt]||class="Unicode"|[ut]||ut||ud||ut||ut||ut||oot||oot||ut |----- |屋||class="Unicode"|[ʊk]||class="Unicode"|[uk]||uk||ug||uk||uk||uk||uk||uk||uc |----- |靴||class="Unicode"|[œː]||class="Unicode"|[œ]||eu||ê||oe||oe||eu||euh||oeh||uêa |----- |(香)||class="Unicode"|[œːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[œŋ]||eung||êng||oeng||oeng||eung||eung||eung||uơng |----- |(約)||class="Unicode"|[œːk]||class="Unicode"|[œk]||euk||êg||oek||oek||euk||euk||euk||uơc |----- |(去)||class="Unicode"|[ɵy]||class="Unicode"|[œy]||eue||êu||oey||eoi||eui||ui||ui||uâi |----- |(春)||class="Unicode"|[ɵn]||class="Unicode"|[œn]||eun||ên||oen||eon||un||un||un||uânh |----- |(律)||class="Unicode"|[ɵt]||class="Unicode"|[œt]||eut||êd||oet||eot||ut||ut||ut||uâch |----- |於||class="Unicode"|[yː]||class="Unicode"|[y]||ue||ü||y||yu||yu||ue||ue||uya |----- |冤||class="Unicode"|[yːn]||class="Unicode"|[yn]||uen||ün||yn||yun||yun||uen||uen||uyn |----- |月||class="Unicode"|[yːt]||class="Unicode"|[yt]||uet||üd||yt||yut||yut||uet||uet||uyt |----- |唔||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||uhm |----- |五||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||uhm |} *<nowiki>*:</nowiki>口語變異 *[[黃錫凌羅馬拼音]] euue 省略成 eue, [[廣州話拼音方案]] êü 省略成 êu *在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點 ====聲調==== 下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。 {| class="wikitable" |----- !&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |陰平，53||˥˧||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|à}}||1||a||á |----- |高平，55||˥˥||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|ā}}||1⁰||a||&nbsp; |----- |陰上，35||˧˥||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||2||2||2||{{Unicode|á}}||2||{{Unicode|á}}||ã |----- |陰去，33||˧˧||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||3||3||3||a||3||{{Unicode|à}}||a |----- |陽平，21或11||˨˩ 或 ˩˩||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||4||4||4||{{Unicode|àh}}||4||{{Unicode|ā}}||à |----- |陽上，13或23||˩˧ 或 ˨˧||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||5||5||5||{{Unicode|áh}}||5||{{Unicode|ǎ}}||ạ |----- |陽去，22||˨˨||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||6||6||6||ah||6||{{Unicode|â}}||à |----- |陰入，5||˥||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||1||7或1||1||{{Unicode|āt}}||1||at||á |----- |中入，3||˧||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||3||8或3||3||at||3||{{Unicode|àt}}||a |----- |陽入，2||˨||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||6||9或6||6||aht||6||{{Unicode|ât}}||à |} ===台山話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /t͡sʰ/ || c || ts || ch || ch’ || [[床#Chinese|床]] |- | /p/ || b || b || b || p || [[鼻#Chinese|鼻]] |- | /t/ || d || d || d || t || [[樽#Chinese|樽]] |- | /k/ || g || g || g || k || [[見#Chinese|見]] |- | /f/ || f || f || f || f || [[風#Chinese|風]] |- | /h/ || h || h || h || h || [[台#Chinese|台]] |- | /kʰ/ || k || k || k || k’ || [[佢#Chinese|佢]] |- | /ᵐb/ || m || m || m || m || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /l/ || l || l || l || l || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /ⁿd/ || n || n || n || n || [[你#Chinese|你]] |- | /pʰ/ || p || p || p || p’ || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /ᵑg/ || ng || ŋ || ng || ng || [[人#Chinese|人]] |- | /tʰ/ || t || t || t || t’ || [[窗#Chinese|窗]] |- | /v/ || v || v || v || w || [[話#Chinese|話]] |- | /ʒ/ || y || y || y || y || [[嘢#Chinese|嘢]] |- | /t͡s/ || z || dz || j || ch || [[州#Chinese|州]] |- | /ɬ/ || lh || ɬ || x || lh || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /s/ || s || s || s || s || [[山#Chinese|山]] |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /iu/ || iu || iu || iu || iu || [[優#Chinese|優]] |- | /ak̚/ || ak || ak || ak || aak || [[得#Chinese|得]] |- | /am/ || am || am || am || aam || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /iak̚/ || iak || iak || ek || iak || [[糴#Chinese|糴]] |- | /eu/ || eu || ǝu || eo || aau || [[斗#Chinese|斗]] |- | /i/ || i || i || i || i || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /iau/ || iau || iau || el || iau || [[釣#Chinese|釣]] |- | /un/ || un || un || un || oon || [[敦#Chinese|敦]] |- | /ᵘɔ/ || o || ɔ || o || o || [[多#Chinese|多]] |- | /ɔk̚/ || ok || ɔk || ok || ok || [[惡#Chinese|惡]] |- | /iaŋ/ || iang || iaŋ || eng || iang || [[釘#Chinese|釘]] |- | /ᵘɔi/ || oi || ɔi || oi || oi || [[愛#Chinese|愛]] |- | /iap̚/ || iap || iap || ep || iep || [[碟#Chinese|碟]] |- | /iɛ/ || ie || ia || eh || e || [[嗲#Chinese|嗲]] |- | /ɵŋ/ || uung || ǝŋ || ung || ung || [[龍#Chinese|龍]] |- | /au/ || au || ɔu || ao || aau || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /im/ || im || im || im || im || [[音#Chinese|音]] |- | /ɔŋ/ || ong || ɔŋ || ong || ong || [[當#Chinese|當]] |- | /em/ || em || ǝm || eim || ? || [[含#Chinese|含]] |- | /an/ || an || an || an || aan || [[丹#Chinese|丹]] |- | /ep̚/ || ep || ǝp || eip || ? || 𢱕 |- | /et̚/ || et || ɛt || eik || ? || [[跌#Chinese|跌]] |- | /ip̚/ || ip || ip || ip || ip || [[邑#Chinese|邑]] |- | /ᵘɔt̚/ || ot || ɔt || ot || ot || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /aŋ/ || ang || aŋ || ang || aang || [[登#Chinese|登]] |- | /m̩/ || m || m || m || m || [[五#Chinese|五]] |- | /ɵt̚/ || uut || ut || ut || ? || [[律#Chinese|律]] |- | /ut̚/ || ut || ut || ut || oot || [[突#Chinese|突]] |- | /ɵk̚/ || uuk || ǝk || uk || uk || [[六#Chinese|六]] |- | /in/ || in || in || in || in || [[因#Chinese|因]] |- | /ei/ || ei || i || i || i || [[耳#Chinese|耳]] |- | /ᵘɔn/ || on || ɔn || on || on || [[安#Chinese|安]] |- | /ui/ || ui || ui || ui || ooi || [[對#Chinese|對]] |- | /at̚/ || at || at || at || aat || [[押#Chinese|押]] |- | /u/ || u || u || u || oo || [[都#Chinese|都]] |- | /iam/ || iam || iam || em || iem || [[店#Chinese|店]] |- | /it̚/ || it || it || it || it || [[一#Chinese|一]] |- | /en/ || en || ein || ein || ien || [[丁#Chinese|丁]] |- | /a/ || a || a || a || a || [[阿#Chinese|阿]] |- | /ai/ || ai || ai || ai || aai || [[大#Chinese|大]] |- | /ap̚/ || ap || ap || ap || aap || [[搭#Chinese|搭]] |} ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 33 || 1 || ä || à || [[偷#Chinese|偷]] |- | 55 || 2 || ā || a || [[口#Chinese|口]] |- | 22 || 3 || ã || ā || [[頭#Chinese|頭]] |- | 21 || 4 || â || ạ̄ || [[厚#Chinese|厚]] |- | 32 || 5 || à || â || [[後#Chinese|後]] |} =====變調===== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 335 || 1* || ä/ || à* || [[頭先#Chinese|頭'''先''']] |- | 225 || 3* || ã/ || ā* || [[近來#Chinese|近'''來''']] |- | 215 || 4* || â/ || ạ̄* || [[去街#Chinese|去'''街''']] |- | 325 || 5* || à/ || â* || [[台山話#Chinese|台山'''話''']] |} ==閩南語== ===閩南語[[w:白話字|白話字]]=== ====聲母==== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan=3 | &nbsp; ! colspan=3 align=center | [[塞音]]及[[塞擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[鼻音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[邊音]] |- ! colspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|清音]] ! rowspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|濁音]] |- ! align=center | [[不送氣]] ! align=center | [[送氣]] |- ! [[唇音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">p</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|p]]}} 邊 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ph</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|pʰ]]}} 頗 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">b</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁雙唇塞音|b]]}} 文 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">m</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[雙唇鼻音|m]]}} 毛 | | |- ! [[韵图#.E8.88.8C.E9.9F.B3|舌音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">t</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|t]]}} 地 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">th</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|tʰ]]}} 他 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">n</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦鼻音|n]]}} 耐 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">l</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦邊音|l]]}} 柳 |- ! [[齒音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ch</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡s]]}} 曾 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">chh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡sʰ]]}} 出 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">j</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁齒齦塞擦音|d͡z]]}} 入 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">s</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦擦音|s]]}} 時 | |- ! [[牙音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">k</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|k]]}} 求 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">kh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|kʰ]]}} 去 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">g</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁軟顎塞音|g]]}} 語 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ng</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[軟顎鼻音|ŋ]]}} 雅 | | |- ! [[喉音]] | | | | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">h</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清喉擦音|h]]}} 喜 | |- |} #「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統[[五音 (音韻)|五音]]，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。 #漢字為傳統[[彙集雅俗通十五音|十五音]]，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。 ====元音==== {|class="wikitable" ! &nbsp; ! align=center | [[前元音]] ! align=center | [[央元音]] ! align=center | [[後元音]] |- ! [[閉元音|高元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">i</span> {{IPA1|i}} | | <span style="font-size:larger;">u</span> {{IPA1|u}} |- ! [[中元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">e</span> {{IPA1|e}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o</span> {{IPA1|ə}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o·</span> {{IPA1|ɔ}} |- ! [[開元音|低元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">a</span> {{IPA1|a}} | | |} #有些[[腔調]]的o是發成[[半閉元音|半閉]]後圓唇元音 {{IPA1|o}}、半閉後不圓唇元音{{IPA1|ɤ}}。 ====聲調==== ''（以a為標注範例）'' {| class="wikitable" !width="12.5%" |1 !width="12.5%" |2 !width="12.5%" |3 !width="12.5%" |4 !width="12.5%" |5 !width="12.5%" |6 !width="12.5%" |7 !width="12.5%" |8 |- |陰平 |陰上 |陰去 |陰入 |陽平 |陽上 |陽去 |陽入 |- |a |á |à |a+入聲韻尾 |â |ā |ā |{{unicode|a̍}}+入聲韻尾 |} =====備注===== * 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。 * 第4、8聲為入聲。 * 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於[[文白異讀|白讀]]。 ===閩南語[[w:臺羅音標|台羅音標]]=== ==客家話== ===客家話拼音方案=== ====字母==== 拼音採用[[拉丁字母]]，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 {{IPA1|ɛ}}。 ====聲母==== 聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | b {{IPA1|p}} 波 || p {{IPA1|pʻ}} 婆 || m {{IPA1|m}} 摸 || f {{IPA1|f}} 火 || v {{IPA1|v}} 窩 |- | d {{IPA1|t}} 多 || t {{IPA1|tʻ}} 拖 || n {{IPA1|n}} 挪 || l {{IPA1|l}} 羅 || &nbsp; |- | g {{IPA1|k}} 哥 || k {{IPA1|kʻ}} 科 || ng {{IPA1|ŋ}} 我 || h {{IPA1|h}} 河 || &nbsp; |- | j {{IPA1|t͡si-}} 擠 || q {{IPA1|ʦʻi-}} 妻 || x {{IPA1|si-}} 西 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | z {{IPA1|t͡s}} 資 || c {{IPA1|ʦʻ}} 雌 || s {{IPA1|s}} 思 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} 資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i {{IPA1|ɪ}}。 ====韻母==== 韻母總數為74個。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | i {{IPA1|ɪ}} 資 || i {{IPA1|i}} 衣 || u {{IPA1|u}} 姑 |- | a {{IPA1|a}} 阿 || ia {{IPA1|ia}} 也 || ua {{IPA1|ua}} 掛 |- | o {{IPA1|ɔ}} 哦 || io {{IPA1|iɔ}} 喲 || uo {{IPA1|uɔ}} 過 |- | ê {{IPA1|ɛ}} 這 || iê {{IPA1|iɛ}} (撒) || uê {{IPA1|uɛ}} 穢 |- | ai {{IPA1|ai}} 挨 || iai {{IPA1|iai}} 椰 || uai {{IPA1|uai}} 怪 |- | oi {{IPA1|ɔi}} 哀 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | au {{IPA1|au}} 凹 || iau {{IPA1|iau}} 腰 || &nbsp; |- | êu {{IPA1|ɛu}} 歐 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iu {{IPA1|iu}} 有 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iui {{IPA1|iui}} 銳 || ui {{IPA1|ui}} 貴 |- | am {{IPA1|am}} 庵 || iam {{IPA1|iam}} 淹 || &nbsp; |- | êm {{IPA1|ɛm}} 砧 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | em {{IPA1|əm}} 針 || im {{IPA1|im}} 陰 |- | an {{IPA1|an}} 班 || ian {{IPA1|ian}} 煙 || uan {{IPA1|uan}} 關 |- | on {{IPA1|ɔn}} 安 || ion {{IPA1|iɔn}} 阮 || uon {{IPA1|uɔn}} 管 |- | ên {{IPA1|ɛn}} 恩 || iên {{IPA1|iɛn}} 邊 || uên {{IPA1|uɛn}} 耿 |- | en {{IPA1|ən}} 真 || in {{IPA1|in}} 因 |- | &nbsp; || iun {{IPA1|iun}} 允 || un {{IPA1|un}} 敦 |- | ang {{IPA1|aŋ}} 冷 || iang {{IPA1|iaŋ}} 影 || uang {{IPA1|uaŋ}} 礦 |- | ong {{IPA1|ɔŋ}} 江 || iong {{IPA1|iɔŋ}} 央 || uong {{IPA1|uɔŋ}} 光 |- | &nbsp; || iung {{IPA1|iuŋ}} 雍 || ung {{IPA1|uŋ}} 工 |- | ab {{IPA1|ap}} 鴨 || iab {{IPA1|iap}} 葉 || &nbsp; |- | êb {{IPA1|ɛp}} 粒 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | eb {{IPA1|əp}} 汁 || ib {{IPA1|ip}} 邑 || &nbsp; |- | ad {{IPA1|at}} 八 || iad {{IPA1|iat}} 乙 || uad {{IPA1|uat}} 刮 |- | od {{IPA1|ɔt}} 遏 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | êd {{IPA1|ɛt}} 北 || iêd {{IPA1|iɛt}} 鱉 || uêd {{IPA1|uɛt}} 國 |- | ed {{IPA1|ət}} 質 || id {{IPA1|it}} 一 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iud {{IPA1|iut}} -{郁}- || ud {{IPA1|ut}} 骨 |- | ag {{IPA1|ak}} 扼 || iag {{IPA1|iak}} 錫 || uag {{IPA1|uak}} □ |- | og {{IPA1|ɔk}} 惡 || iog {{IPA1|iɔk}} 約 || uog {{IPA1|uɔk}} 郭 |- | &nbsp; || iug {{IPA1|iuk}} 育 || ug {{IPA1|uk}} 督 |- |m {{IPA1|m}} 唔 || n {{IPA1|n}} 五 || &nbsp; |} i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。 ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | 調類 || 陰平 || 陽平 || 上聲 || 去聲 || 陰入 || 陽入 |- | 調號 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | 調值 || 44 || 11 || 31 || 52 || 11 || 55 |- | &nbsp; || fu¹ || fu² || fu³ || fu⁴ || fug⁵ || fug⁶ |- | 例字 || 夫 || 扶 || 府 || 富 || 福 || 服 |} ===外部鏈接=== *[http://hakka.fhl.net/dict/index_hakka.html 客語字典查尋] ==晉語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰx/}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 麻 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/}} || f || 夫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/v/}} || v || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰx/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n/}} || n || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 查 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 如 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 拤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 嘎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰx/}} || k || 卡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} || gh || 我 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 我 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || i || 知 || 只在 {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}前 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 胡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 魚 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}} || er || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/}} || a || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/}} || ia || 牙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/}} || ua || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ/}} || e || 鵝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ/}} || ue || 和 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/}} || ie || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/}} || ye || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 懷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/}} || ei || 給 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uei/}} || ui || 灰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iau/}} || iau || 妖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || eu || 歐 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || ieu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/æ̃/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uæ̃/}} || uan || 歡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} || on || 昂 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} || ion || 央 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} || uon || 黃 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} || ang || 昂 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} || iang || 央 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} || uang || 黃 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃ŋ/}} || eng || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ĩŋ/}} || ing || 英 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ũŋ/}} || ung || 轟 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ỹŋ/}} || yng || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/}} || ah || 喝 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/}} || iah || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/}} || uah || 滑 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} || eh || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəʔ/}} || ieh || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} || ueh || 忽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yəʔ/}} || yeh || 月 || |- |} ===兒化=== 在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。 ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 平聲 || 11 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 上聲 || 53 || 2 || 反 || |- | 去聲 || 45 || 3 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 2 || 4 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 54 || 5 || 罰 || 在新式中併入陰入 |- | 輕聲 || || || || |} ==湘語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || p || 趴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 媽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɸ/}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l̃/}} || l || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 叉 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/}} || zh || 遮 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂʰ/}} || ch || 畬 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}} || sh || 賒 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 惹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 佳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 喫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 黏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 椏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || r || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ̩/}} || r || 知 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/|/t͡ʂʰ/|/ʂ/|/ʐ/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 淤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || a || 阿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia̠/}} || ia || 鴉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua̠/}} || ua || 蛙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ya̠/}} || ya || 噦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/}} || o || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/io/}} || io || 喲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ̞/}} || e || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie̞/}} || ie || 椰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ̞/}} || ue || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞/}} || ye || 抈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yai/}} || yai || 衰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e̞i/}} || ei || 欸 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue̞i/}} || uei || 威 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞i/}} || yei || 銳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒu/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒu/}} || iau || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || ou || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || iou || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/õ/}} || onn || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃/}} || enn || 占 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iẽ/}} || ienn || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yẽ/}} || yenn || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ən/}} || en || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/}} || in || 因 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uən/}} || un || 溫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/}} || yn || 暈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iæn/}} || ian || 秧 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yæn/}} || yan || 霜 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʊŋ/}} || ong || 翁 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/ən/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iʊŋ/}} || iong || 雍 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/in/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || m || 姆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/}} || n || 你 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 |- | 陰平 || 33 || 1 || 詩 |- | 陽平 || 13 || 2 || 時 |- | 上聲 || 41 || 3 || 使 |- | 陰去 || 45 || 4 || 世 |- | 陽去 || 21 || 5 || 是 |- | 入聲 || 24 || 6 || 食 |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 猴'''子''' |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{陽 平 }[13] + \text{陰 去 }[45] \to [\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }] + \text{陰 去 }[45]</math> * (快速說話時) <math>\begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + \text{入 聲 }[24] \to \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + [44]</math> ==贛語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/|lang=gan}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/|lang=gan}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/|lang=gan}} || m || 馬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/|lang=gan}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/|lang=gan}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/|lang=gan}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|lang=gan}} || z || 遮 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/|lang=gan}} || c || 車 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/|lang=gan}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/|lang=gan}} || j || 姐 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/|lang=gan}} || q || 且 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 膩 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/|lang=gan}} || x || 寫 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/k/|lang=gan}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/|lang=gan}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/|lang=gan}} || ng || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/h/|lang=gan}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/|lang=gan}} || i || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/|lang=gan}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/|lang=gan}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/|lang=gan}} || y || 迂 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/|lang=gan}} || a || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/|lang=gan}} || ia || 爺 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/|lang=gan}} || ua || 娃 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/|lang=gan}} || o || 我 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uo/|lang=gan}} || uo || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e/|lang=gan}} || e || 許 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/|lang=gan}} || ie || 渠 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue/|lang=gan}} || ue || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/|lang=gan}} || ye || 靴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵ/|lang=gan}} || eo || 而 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/|lang=gan}} || m || 姆 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/|lang=gan}} || n || 你 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/|lang=gan}} || ng || 五 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/|lang=gan}} || ai || 愛 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/|lang=gan}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/oi/|lang=gan}} || oi || - || 只用作感歎詞 |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/|lang=gan}} || ei || - || 只用於縮約形式 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨi/|lang=gan}} || i || 灰 || 只在{{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ui/|lang=gan}} || ui || 委 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/|lang=gan}} || au || 咬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛu/|lang=gan}} || eu || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛu/|lang=gan}} || ieu || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 洲 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/iu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/|lang=gan}} || an || 淹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/|lang=gan}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵn/|lang=gan}} || on || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵn/|lang=gan}} || uon || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵn/|lang=gan}} || yon || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛn/|lang=gan}} || en || 恆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛn/|lang=gan}} || ien || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨn/|lang=gan}} || iin || 本 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/|lang=gan}} || in || 陰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/un/|lang=gan}} || un || 文 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/|lang=gan}} || yn || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/|lang=gan}} || ang || 坑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/|lang=gan}} || iang || 影 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/|lang=gan}} || uang || 橫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || ong || 巷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || iong || 羊 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || uong || 王 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uŋ/|lang=gan}} || ung || 翁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuŋ/|lang=gan}} || iung || 擁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/at̚/|lang=gan}} || at || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uat̚/|lang=gan}} || uat || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || ot || 喝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || uot || 活 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || yot || 越 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || et || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || iet || 頁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || uet || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨt̚/|lang=gan}} || iit || 不 || |- | {{IPAchar|/it̚/|lang=gan}} || it || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ut̚/|lang=gan}} || ut || 骨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yt̚/|lang=gan}} || yt || 屈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/|lang=gan}} || ah || 客 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/|lang=gan}} || iah || 額 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/|lang=gan}} || uah || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || oh || 惡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || ioh || 藥 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || uoh || 郭 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uʔ/|lang=gan}} || uh || 屋 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuʔ/|lang=gan}} || iuh || 肉 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 陰平 || 42 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 陽平(A) || 24 || 2 || 襻 || 只與送氣聲母搭配 |- | 上聲 || 213 || 3 || 反 || |- | 陽平(B) || 35 || 4 || 凡 || 只與不送氣聲母搭配 |- | 去聲 || 11 || 5 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 5 || 6 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 2 || 7 || 罰 || |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 朋'''友''' || |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix} \to [13] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix} \to [24] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \text{輕 聲 } \to [21] + \text{輕 聲 }</math> ===重音=== 在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。 : {{l|zh|今日}} 'jin¹ nyit⁶ : {{l|zh|水果}} sui³ 'guo³ ==吳語== <!--[[:en:Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu]]--> ===聲母與韻母=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! 清濁 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | p || 清 || b || p || {{IPAchar|/p/}} || {{l|zh|[[布]][[幫]][[北]]}} |- | ph || 清 || p || ph || {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[怕]][[胖]][[劈]]}} |- | b || 濁 || bh || b || {{IPAchar|/b̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[步]][[盆]][[拔]]}} |- | m || 濁 || m || m || {{IPAchar|/m/}} || {{l|zh|[[马]][[梅]][[門]]}} |- | 'm || 清 || || 'm || {{IPAchar|/ʔm/}} || {{l|zh|[[媽]][[闷]][[瞇]]}} |- | f || 清 || f || f || {{IPAchar|/f/}} || {{l|zh|[[飛]][[粉]][[福]]}} |- | v || 濁 || fh || v || {{IPAchar|/v̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[扶]][[奉]][[服]]}} |- | || 清 || || vh || {{IPAchar|/v̥/}} || {{l|zh|[[朆]]}} |- | t || 清 || d || t || {{IPAchar|/t/}} || {{l|zh|[[膽]][[懂]][[德]]}} |- | th || 清 || t || th || {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[透]][[聽]][[鐵]]}} |- | d || 濁 || dh || d || {{IPAchar|/d̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[地]][[動]][[奪]]}} |- | n || 濁 || n || n || {{IPAchar|/n/}} || {{l|zh|[[囡]][[內]][[男]]}} |- | 'n || 清 || || 'n || {{IPAchar|/ʔn/}} || {{l|zh|[[孬]]}}{{l|zh|[[你]]}}_(文){{l|zh|[[哪]]}}_(文) |- | l || 濁 || l || l || {{IPAchar|/l/}} || {{l|zh|[[賴]][[領]][[立]]}} |- | 'l || 清 || || 'l || {{IPAchar|/ʔl/}} || {{l|zh|[[拉]][[拎]][[撈]]}} |- | ts || 清 || z || ts || {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || {{l|zh|[[煮]][[增]][[摘]]}} |- | tsh || 清 || c || tsh || {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[處]][[倉]][[出]]}} |- | dz || 濁 || zh || dz || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡z/}} || {{l|zh|[[橱]][[从]][[择]]}} |- | s || 清 || s || s || {{IPAchar|/s/}} || {{l|zh|[[書]][[鬆]][[色]]}} |- | z || 濁 || sh || z || {{IPAchar|/z̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[樹]][[上]][[石]]}} |- | j || 清 || j || c(i)<br>ts(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舉]][[精]][[腳]]}} |- | q || 清 || q || ch(i)<br>tsh(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[丘]][[輕]][[切]]}} |- | jj || 濁 || jh || j(i) || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡ʑ/}} || {{l|zh|[[旗]][[群]][[劇]]}} |- | ny || 濁 || ny || ny || {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[黏]][[扭]][[泥]]}} |- | 'ny || 清 || || 'ny || {{IPAchar|/ʔn̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[粘]][[研]]}} |- | x || 清 || x || s(i)<br>sh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[修]][[勛]][[血]]}} |- | xx || 濁 || xh || z(i)<br>zh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ʑ̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[徐]][[寻]][[夕]]}} |- | k || 清 || g || k || {{IPAchar|/k/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[公]][[夾]]}} |- | kh || 清 || k || kh || {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[開]][[墾]][[擴]]}} |- | g || 濁 || gh || g || {{IPAchar|/ɡ̊/}} || {{l|zh|[[葵]][[共]][[軋]]}} |- | ng || 濁 || ng || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[我]][[外]][[鵝]]}} |- | 'ng || 清 || || 'ng || {{IPAchar|/ʔŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[嗯]]}} |- | h || 清 || h || h || {{IPAchar|/h/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[荒]][[忽]]}} |- | || 清 || hh || - || {{IPAchar|/ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[衣]][[烏]][[鴨]]}} |- | hh || 濁 || wh || gh<br>y/w<ref group=note>Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.</ref> || {{IPAchar|/ɦ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鞋]][[移]][[雨]]}} |} <references group=note /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | a || a || a || {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[太]][[柴]][[鞋]]}} |- | o || o || o || {{IPAchar|/o̝/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[模]][[蛇]]}} |- | au || ao || au || {{IPAchar|/ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[寶]][[朝]][[高]]}} |- | eu || || eu || {{IPAchar|/ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鬥]][[醜]][[狗]]}} |- | e || e || e, ai, ae || {{IPAchar|/e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[雷]][[來]][[蘭]]}} |- | oe || oe || oe || {{IPAchar|/ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[最]][[亂]]}} |- | i || i, yi || i, ie, y, ye || {{IPAchar|/i/}} || {{l|zh|[[基]][[錢]][[微]]}} |- | ia || ia, ya || ia, ya || {{IPAchar|/i̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[野]][[寫]][[亞]]}} |- | iau || iao, yao || iau, yau || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[條]][[蕉]][[搖]]}} |- | ieu || || ieu, yeu || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[流]][[尤]][[休]]}} |- | u || u || u || {{IPAchar|/ʋʷ/}} || {{l|zh|[[波]][[歌]][[做]]}} |- | ua || ua || ua, wa || {{IPAchar|/u̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[怪]][[淮]][[娃]]}} |- | ue || ue || ue, we || {{IPAchar|/u̯e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[回]][[貫]][[彎]]}} |- | uoe || || uoe, woe || {{IPAchar|/u̯ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[官]][[歡]][[緩]]}} |- | y || yu || iu, yu || {{IPAchar|/y/}} || {{l|zh|[[居]][[女]][[羽]]}} |- | yoe || || ioe, yoe || {{IPAchar|/ɥø/}} || {{l|zh|[[軟]][[園]][[權]]}} |- | an || ang || an || {{IPAchar|/ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[冷]][[長]][[硬]]}} |- | aan || ang || aon || {{IPAchar|/ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[黨]][[放]][[忙]]}} |- | en || en || en || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[奮]][[登]][[論]]}} |- | on || ong || on || {{IPAchar|/ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[翁]][[蟲]][[風]]}} |- | aq || ak || ah || {{IPAchar|/ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[辣]][[麥]][[客]]}} |- | oq || ok || oh || {{IPAchar|/ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[北]][[郭]][[目]]}} |- | eq || ek || eh || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舌]][[色]][[割]]}} |- | ian || || ian, yan || {{IPAchar|/i̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[良]][[象]][[陽]]}} |- | iaan || || iaon, yaon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[旺]]}}_(白) |- | in || in || in, yin || {{IPAchar|/ɪ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[緊]][[靈]][[人]]}}_(白) |- | ion || || ion, yon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[窮]][[榮]][[濃]]}} |- | iaq || || iah, yah || {{IPAchar|/i̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[藥]][[腳]][[略]]}} |- | ioq || || ioh, yoh || {{IPAchar|/i̯ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[肉]][[浴]][[玉]]}} |- | iq || ik || ih, yih || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[筆]][[亦]][[吃]]}} |- | uan || || uan, wan || {{IPAchar|/u̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[橫]][[光]]}}_～火 |- | uaan || || uaon, waon || {{IPAchar|/u̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[廣]][[狂]][[況]]}} |- | un || || uen, wun || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[困]][[魂]][[溫]]}} |- | uaq || || uah, wah || {{IPAchar|/u̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[挖]][[劃]][[刮]]}} |- | ueq || || ueh, weh || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[活]][[擴]][[骨]]}} |- | yn || || iuin, yuin || {{IPAchar|/ʏ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[均]][[雲]][[訓]]}} |- | yq || || uih, yuih || {{IPAchar|/ɥɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[血]][[缺]][[悅]]}} |- | er || er || r || {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}}<!--Qian uses /əl/--> || {{l|zh|[[而]][[爾]][[耳]]}}_(文) |- | r || y || y || {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[知]][[次]][[住]]}} |- | mm || || m || {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[姆]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[畝]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[嘸]]}}_～沒 |- | ngg || n || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/}} || {{l|zh|[[五]][[魚]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[午]]}}_端～ |} ===聲調=== Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts&mdash;a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule. For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables. There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style ({{lang|zh|中派與新派}}) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style ({{lang|zh|老派}}) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones&mdash;level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless&mdash;dark, voiced&mdash;light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total. Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop. Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see [[w:Suzhou dialect#Tones|Suzhou dialect § Tones]] on Wikipedia. :{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" |- ! 調號 !! 調名 !! 清濁 !! 調值 !! 例字 !!對應中古漢語聲調 |- !1!!{{zh-l|陰平}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥˧}} 53||{{l|zh|[[刀]][[漿]][[司]][[東]]}}||陰平 |- !2!!{{zh-l|陰去}} |清||{{IPAfont|˧˦}} 34||{{l|zh|[[島]][[到]][[獎]][[醬]]}}||陰上、陰去 |- !3!!{{zh-l|陽去}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˨˧}} 23||{{l|zh|[[桃]][[導]][[道]][[牆]]}}||陽平、陽上、陽去 |- !4!!{{zh-l|陰入}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥ʔ}} <u>55</u>||{{l|zh|[[雀]][[削]][[說]][[足]]}}||陰入 |- !5!!{{zh-l|陽入}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˩˨ʔ}} <u>12</u>||{{l|zh|[[嚼]][[石]][[曲]][[食]]}}||陽入 |} {{attention|wuu|tone 0 is undocumented}} ====Left-prominent tone sandhi (''word sandhi'')==== Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%" |+Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns |- !Tonal category!!Monosyllabics!!Disyllabics!!Trisyllabics!!Tetrasyllabics!!Pentasyllabics |- !1. Dark level type |53||55＋21||55＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋33＋21 |- !2. Dark departing type |34||33＋44||33＋55＋21||33＋55＋33＋21||33＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !3. Light departing type |23||22＋44||22＋55＋21||22＋55＋33＋21||22＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !4. Dark checked type |<u>55</u>||<u>33</u>＋44||<u>33</u>＋55＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !5. Light checked type |<u>12</u>||<u>11</u>＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋22＋23<br /><u>22</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>22</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |} For Wu romanisations in the template {{temp|zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces). ====Right-prominent tone sandhi (''phrase sandhi'')==== When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- !rowspan=2|Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''word A'') !colspan=5|Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''syllable A-x'') !rowspan=2|Example |- !Tone 1!!Tone 2!!Tone 3!!Tone 4!!Tone 5 |- !Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it |rowspan=2 colspan=2|44||rowspan=2|33||rowspan=2|<u>44</u>||rowspan=2|<u>22</u> |{{zh-l|儂好|tr=3non+2hau}}<br>{{zh-l|炒魷魚|tr=2tshau+3hhieu hhngg}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|硬碰硬|tr=3ngan+'''-phan'''+3ngan}} |- !Multisyllabic word |rowspan=2 colspan=3|33||rowspan=2 colspan=2|<u>33</u> |{{zh-l|嘸著嘸落/呒着呒落|tr=3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|前世作孽|tr=3xxi sr+'''4tsoq'''+5nyiq}} |} Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable. ====Conversion from MiniDict tone notation==== * {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), and {{lang|zh|入}} (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers. {| class="wikitable" |+ MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion |- !MiniDict||Voicing of initial||Tone category |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|平}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||1 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|上}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|去}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|入}}||voiced||5 |- |voiceless||4 |} ===Other notations=== The notation <code>+</code> is explained above in the [[#Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)]] section. Additionally, the symbol <code>&</code> can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{temp|zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page {{zh-l|*日腳}}, the transcription for {{lang|zh|今朝是啥日腳？}} in Wu is <code>1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq</code>. ===Examples=== * {{l|zh|中華}}: 1tson hho * {{l|zh|天才}}: 1thi ze * {{l|zh|火葬場}}: 2hu tsaan zan * {{l|zh|電視}}: 3di zr * {{l|zh|韓國}}: 3hhoe koq * {{l|zh|法律}}: 4faq liq * {{l|zh|日本}}: 5zeq pen ===Resources=== * For checking the pronunciation of words: ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese'' ({{lang|zh|《上海话大词典》}}) - uses IPA notations throughout the book * For checking the pronunciation of characters: [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ Wu Chinese MiniDict] *: Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. [http://wu-chinese.com/romanization/index.html Their romanisation scheme] aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively. *: Correspondences with WT romanisation: *::Initials (MiniDict = WT): <code>c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh</code> *::: Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. {{lang|zh|譯}} yih = hhiq and {{lang|zh|皇}} waon = hhuaan *::Finals (MiniDict = WT): <code>ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm</code> *::Tones: {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), {{lang|zh|入}} (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark. [[category:發音]] [[category:漢語|*]] qctql2lr4fdd7pt7c6xbn40qkqi3av8 7267479 7267478 2022-07-21T00:58:03Z 175.223.27.153 /* 聲母與韻母 */ wikitext text/x-wiki == 現代標準漢語 == 以下為根據[[漢語拼音]]而來的發音表記。詳細請參考'''[[w:現代標準漢語#語音系統]]'''。 ===声母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2|[[w:发音方法|发音方法]]＼[[w:发音部位|发音部位]]!![[w:双唇音|双唇音]]!![[w:唇齿音|唇齿音]]!!colspan=2|[[w:齿龈音|齿龈音]]!![[w:卷舌音|卷舌音]]!![[w:龈颚音|龈颚音]]!![[w:软颚音|软颚音]] |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞音|塞音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] |‹b›　{{IPA1|p}}<br />'''ㄅ'''　玻|| || ||‹d›　{{IPA1|t}}<br />'''ㄉ'''　得|| || ||‹g›　{{IPA1|k}}<br />'''ㄍ'''　哥 |- ![[w:送气|送气]] |‹p›　{{IPA1|pʰ}}<br />'''ㄆ'''　坡|| || ||‹t›　{{IPA1|tʰ}}<br />'''ㄊ'''　特|| || ||‹k›　{{IPA1|kʰ}}<br />'''ㄎ'''　科 |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞擦音|塞擦音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] | || ||‹z›　{{IPA1|t͡s}}<br />'''ㄗ'''　资|| ||‹zh›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂ}}<br />'''ㄓ'''　知||‹j›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕ}}<br />'''ㄐ'''　基|| |- ![[w:送气|送气]] | || ||‹c›　{{IPA1|t͡sʰ}}<br />'''ㄘ'''　雌|| ||‹ch›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂʰ}}<br />'''ㄔ'''　蚩||‹q›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕʰ}}<br />'''ㄑ'''　欺|| |- ! colspan=2|[[w:擦音|擦音]]（[[w:清音|清音]]） | ||‹f›　{{IPA1|f}}<br />'''ㄈ'''　佛||‹s›　{{IPA1|s}}<br />'''ㄙ'''　思|| ||‹sh›　{{IPA1|ʂ}}<br />'''ㄕ'''　诗||‹x›　{{IPA1|ɕ}}<br />'''ㄒ'''　希||‹h›　{{IPA1|x}}<br />'''ㄏ'''　喝 |- !colspan=2|[[w:鼻音|鼻音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） |‹m›　{{IPA1|m}}<br />'''ㄇ'''　摸|| || ||‹n›　{{IPA1|n}}<br />'''ㄋ'''　讷|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:边音|边音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || ||‹l›　{{IPA1|l}}<br />'''ㄌ'''　勒|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:通音|通音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || || ||‹r›　{{IPA1|ɻ}}<br />'''ㄖ'''　日|| || |} ===韻母=== :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! ![[w:开口呼|开口呼]] ![[w:齐齿呼|齐齿呼]] ![[w:合口呼|合口呼]] ![[w:撮口呼|撮口呼]] |- !rowspan="6" |[[w:单元音韵母|单元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹-i›　{{IPA1|ɨ, ɿ, ʅ}}<br />'''ㄭ'''　之、资的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹i›　{{IPA1|i}}<br />'''丨'''　衣 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹u›　{{IPA1|u}}<br />'''ㄨ'''　乌 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ü›　{{IPA1|y}}<br />'''ㄩ'''　迂 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹a›　{{IPA1|ɑ}}<br />'''ㄚ'''　啊 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ia›　{{IPA1|i̯a}}<br />'''丨ㄚ'''　呀 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ua›　{{IPA1|u̯a}}<br />'''ㄨㄚ'''　蛙 | style="background:#CCCCCC;"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹o›　{{IPA1|o}}<br />'''ㄛ'''　喔 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uo›　{{IPA1|u̯ɔ}}<br />'''ㄨㄛ'''　窝 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹e›　{{IPA1|ɤ}}<br />'''ㄜ'''　鹅 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹ê›　{{IPA1|ɛ}}<br />'''ㄝ'''　诶 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ie›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛ}}<br />'''丨ㄝ'''　耶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üe›　{{IPA1|y̯œ}}<br />'''ㄩㄝ'''　约 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹er›　{{IPA1|ɚ}}<br />'''ㄦ'''　儿 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="4" |[[w:复元音韵母|复元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ai›　{{IPA1|aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄞ'''　哀 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uai›　{{IPA1|u̯aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄞ'''　歪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ei›　{{IPA1|eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄟ'''　诶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)i›　{{IPA1|u̯eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄟ'''　威 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ao›　{{IPA1|ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄠ'''　熬 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iao›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄠ'''　腰 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ou›　{{IPA1|oʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄡ'''　欧 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹iou›　{{IPA1|i̯oʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄡ'''　优 | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="6" |[[w:带鼻音韵母|带鼻音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹an›　{{IPA1|an}}<br />'''ㄢ'''　安 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ian›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛn}}<br />'''丨ㄢ'''　烟 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uan›　{{IPA1|u̯an}}<br />'''ㄨㄢ'''　弯 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üan›　{{IPA1|y̯ɛn}}<br />'''ㄩㄢ'''　冤 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹en›　{{IPA1|ən}}<br />'''ㄣ'''　恩 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹in›　{{IPA1|in}}<br />'''丨ㄣ'''　因 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)n›　{{IPA1|u̯ən}}<br />'''ㄨㄣ'''　温 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ün›　{{IPA1|yn}}<br />'''ㄩㄣ'''　晕 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ang›　{{IPA1|ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄤ'''　昂 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iang›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄤ'''　央 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uang›　{{IPA1|u̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄤ'''　汪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹eng›　{{IPA1|ɤŋ}}<br />'''ㄥ'''　亨的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ing›　{{IPA1|iŋ, i̯əŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄥ'''　英 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ueng/ong›　{{IPA1|u̯ŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　翁 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|同‹iong› |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ong›　{{IPA1|u̯əŋ, ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　轰的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iong›　{{IPA1|i̯ʊŋ, y̯ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄩㄥ'''　庸 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |} == 粵語 == ===廣州話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[:w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |波||class="Unicode"|[p]||class="Unicode"|[b]||b||b||b||b||b||b||p||b |----- |婆||class="Unicode"|[pʰ]||class="Unicode"|[p]||p||p||p||p||p||p||p'||p |----- |摸||class="Unicode"|[m]||class="Unicode"|[m]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||m |----- |科||class="Unicode"|[f]||class="Unicode"|[f]||f||f||f||f||f||f||f||f |----- |多||class="Unicode"|[t]||class="Unicode"|[d]||d||d||d||d||d||d||t||t |----- |拖||class="Unicode"|[tʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t]||t||t||t||t||t||t||t'||th |----- |挪||class="Unicode"|[n]||class="Unicode"|[n]||n||n||n||n||n||n||n||n |----- |羅||class="Unicode"|[l]||class="Unicode"|[l]||l||l||l||l||l||l||l||l |----- |哥||class="Unicode"|[k]||class="Unicode"|[g]||g||g||g||g||g||g||k||k |----- |卡||class="Unicode"|[kʰ]||class="Unicode"|[k]||k||k||k||k||k||k||k'||kh |----- |我||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng |----- |何||class="Unicode"|[h]||class="Unicode"|[h]||h||h||h||h||h||h||h||h |----- |左||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||z||dz||z||j||j||ts||ch |----- |知||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||j||dz||z||j||j||ch||ch |----- |初||class="Unicode"|[t͡sʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||c||ts||c||ch||ch||ts'||ts |----- |雌||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||q||ts||c||ch||ch||ch'||ts |----- |梳||class="Unicode"|[s]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||s||s||s||s||s||s||s |----- |思||class="Unicode"|[ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||x||s||s||s||s||sh||s |----- |姑||class="Unicode"|[kʷ]||class="Unicode"|[gw]||gw||gu||gw||gw||gw||gw||kw||gw |----- |箍||class="Unicode"|[kʷʰ]||class="Unicode"|[kw]||kw||ku||kw||kw||kw||kw||k'w||kw |----- |也||class="Unicode"|[j]||class="Unicode"|[j]||y||y||j||j||y||y||y/i||d |----- |華||class="Unicode"|[w]||class="Unicode"|[w]||w||w||w||w||w||w||w/oo||w |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |呀||class="Unicode"|[ɑː]||class="Unicode"|[a]||aa||a||aa||aa||a||a||a||a |----- |挨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːi]||class="Unicode"|[ai]||aai||ai||aai||aai||aai||aai||aai||ai |----- |拗||class="Unicode"|[ɑːu]||class="Unicode"|[au]||aau||ao||aau||aau||aau||aau||aau||ao |----- |(監)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːm]||class="Unicode"|[am]||aam||am||aam||aam||aam||aam||aam||am |----- |晏||class="Unicode"|[ɑːn]||class="Unicode"|[an]||aan||an||aan||aan||aan||aan||aan||an |----- |罌||class="Unicode"|[ɑːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[aŋ]||aang||ang||aang||aang||aang||aang||aang||ang |----- |鴨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːp]||class="Unicode"|[ap]||aap||ab||aap||aap||aap||aap||aap||ap |----- |押||class="Unicode"|[ɑːt]||class="Unicode"|[at]||aat||ad||aat||aat||aat||aat||aat||at |----- |(客)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːk]||class="Unicode"|[ak]||aak||ag||aak||aak||aak||aak||aak||ac |----- |矮||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||ai||ei||ai||ai||ai||ai||ai||ây |----- |歐||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||au|||eo||au||au||au||au||au||âu |----- |庵||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||am||em||am||am||am||am||am/om||âm |----- |(恩)||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||an||en||an||an||an||an||an||anh |----- |鶯||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||ang||eng||ang||ang||ang||ang||ang||ǎng |----- |(急)||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||ap||eb||ap||ap||ap||ap||ap/op||ǎp |----- |(不)||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||at||ed||at||at||at||at||at||ach |----- |(德)||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||ak||eg||ak||ak||ak||ak||ak||ǎc |----- |誒||class="Unicode"|[ɛː]||class="Unicode"|[ɛ]||e||é||e||e||e||e||e||e |----- |(非)||class="Unicode"|[ei]||class="Unicode"|[ei]||ei||éi||ei||ei||ei||ei||ei||i |----- |(掉)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːu]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||eu||eu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(舔)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːm]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||em||em||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(鏡)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɛŋ]||eng||éng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng |----- |(夾)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːp]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ep||ep||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(尺)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɛk]||ek||ég||ek||ek||ek||ek||ek||ec |----- |衣||class="Unicode"|[iː]||class="Unicode"|[i]||i||i||i||i||i||i||i||ia |----- |妖||class="Unicode"|[iːu]||class="Unicode"|[iu]||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu |----- |淹||class="Unicode"|[iːm]||class="Unicode"|[im]||im||im||im||im||im||im||im||im |----- |煙||class="Unicode"|[iːn]||class="Unicode"|[in]||in||in||in||in||in||in||in||in |----- |英||class="Unicode"|[ɪŋ]||class="Unicode"|[iŋ]||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing |----- |葉||class="Unicode"|[iːp]||class="Unicode"|[ip]||ip||ib||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip |----- |熱||class="Unicode"|[iːt]||class="Unicode"|[it]||it||id||it||it||it||it||it||it |----- |益||class="Unicode"|[ɪk]||class="Unicode"|[ik]||ik||ig||ik||ik||ik||ik||ik||ic |----- |柯||class="Unicode"|[ɔː]||class="Unicode"|[ɔ]||o||o||o||o||o||oh||oh||o |----- |哀||class="Unicode"|[ɔːi]||class="Unicode"|[ɔi]||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi |----- |奧||class="Unicode"|[ou]||class="Unicode"|[ou]||ou||ou||ou||ou||ou||o||o||u |----- |安||class="Unicode"|[ɔːn]||class="Unicode"|[ɔn]||on||on||on||on||on||on||on||on |----- |(康)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɔŋ]||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||oong |----- |(渴)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːt]||class="Unicode"|[ɔt]||ot||od||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot |----- |惡||class="Unicode"|[ɔːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɔk]||ok||og||ok||ok||ok||ok||ok||oot |----- |烏||class="Unicode"|[uː]||class="Unicode"|[u]||u||u||u||u||u||oo||oo||ua |----- |煨||class="Unicode"|[uːi]||class="Unicode"|[ui]||ui||ui||ui||ui||ui||ooi||ooi||ui |----- |碗||class="Unicode"|[uːn]||class="Unicode"|[un]||un||un||un||un||un||oon||oon||un |----- |甕||class="Unicode"|[ʊŋ]||class="Unicode"|[uŋ]||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung |----- |活||class="Unicode"|[uːt]||class="Unicode"|[ut]||ut||ud||ut||ut||ut||oot||oot||ut |----- |屋||class="Unicode"|[ʊk]||class="Unicode"|[uk]||uk||ug||uk||uk||uk||uk||uk||uc |----- |靴||class="Unicode"|[œː]||class="Unicode"|[œ]||eu||ê||oe||oe||eu||euh||oeh||uêa |----- |(香)||class="Unicode"|[œːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[œŋ]||eung||êng||oeng||oeng||eung||eung||eung||uơng |----- |(約)||class="Unicode"|[œːk]||class="Unicode"|[œk]||euk||êg||oek||oek||euk||euk||euk||uơc |----- |(去)||class="Unicode"|[ɵy]||class="Unicode"|[œy]||eue||êu||oey||eoi||eui||ui||ui||uâi |----- |(春)||class="Unicode"|[ɵn]||class="Unicode"|[œn]||eun||ên||oen||eon||un||un||un||uânh |----- |(律)||class="Unicode"|[ɵt]||class="Unicode"|[œt]||eut||êd||oet||eot||ut||ut||ut||uâch |----- |於||class="Unicode"|[yː]||class="Unicode"|[y]||ue||ü||y||yu||yu||ue||ue||uya |----- |冤||class="Unicode"|[yːn]||class="Unicode"|[yn]||uen||ün||yn||yun||yun||uen||uen||uyn |----- |月||class="Unicode"|[yːt]||class="Unicode"|[yt]||uet||üd||yt||yut||yut||uet||uet||uyt |----- |唔||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||uhm |----- |五||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||uhm |} *<nowiki>*:</nowiki>口語變異 *[[黃錫凌羅馬拼音]] euue 省略成 eue, [[廣州話拼音方案]] êü 省略成 êu *在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點 ====聲調==== 下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。 {| class="wikitable" |----- !&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |陰平，53||˥˧||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|à}}||1||a||á |----- |高平，55||˥˥||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|ā}}||1⁰||a||&nbsp; |----- |陰上，35||˧˥||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||2||2||2||{{Unicode|á}}||2||{{Unicode|á}}||ã |----- |陰去，33||˧˧||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||3||3||3||a||3||{{Unicode|à}}||a |----- |陽平，21或11||˨˩ 或 ˩˩||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||4||4||4||{{Unicode|àh}}||4||{{Unicode|ā}}||à |----- |陽上，13或23||˩˧ 或 ˨˧||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||5||5||5||{{Unicode|áh}}||5||{{Unicode|ǎ}}||ạ |----- |陽去，22||˨˨||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||6||6||6||ah||6||{{Unicode|â}}||à |----- |陰入，5||˥||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||1||7或1||1||{{Unicode|āt}}||1||at||á |----- |中入，3||˧||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||3||8或3||3||at||3||{{Unicode|àt}}||a |----- |陽入，2||˨||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||6||9或6||6||aht||6||{{Unicode|ât}}||à |} ===台山話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /t͡sʰ/ || c || ts || ch || ch’ || [[床#Chinese|床]] |- | /p/ || b || b || b || p || [[鼻#Chinese|鼻]] |- | /t/ || d || d || d || t || [[樽#Chinese|樽]] |- | /k/ || g || g || g || k || [[見#Chinese|見]] |- | /f/ || f || f || f || f || [[風#Chinese|風]] |- | /h/ || h || h || h || h || [[台#Chinese|台]] |- | /kʰ/ || k || k || k || k’ || [[佢#Chinese|佢]] |- | /ᵐb/ || m || m || m || m || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /l/ || l || l || l || l || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /ⁿd/ || n || n || n || n || [[你#Chinese|你]] |- | /pʰ/ || p || p || p || p’ || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /ᵑg/ || ng || ŋ || ng || ng || [[人#Chinese|人]] |- | /tʰ/ || t || t || t || t’ || [[窗#Chinese|窗]] |- | /v/ || v || v || v || w || [[話#Chinese|話]] |- | /ʒ/ || y || y || y || y || [[嘢#Chinese|嘢]] |- | /t͡s/ || z || dz || j || ch || [[州#Chinese|州]] |- | /ɬ/ || lh || ɬ || x || lh || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /s/ || s || s || s || s || [[山#Chinese|山]] |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /iu/ || iu || iu || iu || iu || [[優#Chinese|優]] |- | /ak̚/ || ak || ak || ak || aak || [[得#Chinese|得]] |- | /am/ || am || am || am || aam || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /iak̚/ || iak || iak || ek || iak || [[糴#Chinese|糴]] |- | /eu/ || eu || ǝu || eo || aau || [[斗#Chinese|斗]] |- | /i/ || i || i || i || i || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /iau/ || iau || iau || el || iau || [[釣#Chinese|釣]] |- | /un/ || un || un || un || oon || [[敦#Chinese|敦]] |- | /ᵘɔ/ || o || ɔ || o || o || [[多#Chinese|多]] |- | /ɔk̚/ || ok || ɔk || ok || ok || [[惡#Chinese|惡]] |- | /iaŋ/ || iang || iaŋ || eng || iang || [[釘#Chinese|釘]] |- | /ᵘɔi/ || oi || ɔi || oi || oi || [[愛#Chinese|愛]] |- | /iap̚/ || iap || iap || ep || iep || [[碟#Chinese|碟]] |- | /iɛ/ || ie || ia || eh || e || [[嗲#Chinese|嗲]] |- | /ɵŋ/ || uung || ǝŋ || ung || ung || [[龍#Chinese|龍]] |- | /au/ || au || ɔu || ao || aau || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /im/ || im || im || im || im || [[音#Chinese|音]] |- | /ɔŋ/ || ong || ɔŋ || ong || ong || [[當#Chinese|當]] |- | /em/ || em || ǝm || eim || ? || [[含#Chinese|含]] |- | /an/ || an || an || an || aan || [[丹#Chinese|丹]] |- | /ep̚/ || ep || ǝp || eip || ? || 𢱕 |- | /et̚/ || et || ɛt || eik || ? || [[跌#Chinese|跌]] |- | /ip̚/ || ip || ip || ip || ip || [[邑#Chinese|邑]] |- | /ᵘɔt̚/ || ot || ɔt || ot || ot || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /aŋ/ || ang || aŋ || ang || aang || [[登#Chinese|登]] |- | /m̩/ || m || m || m || m || [[五#Chinese|五]] |- | /ɵt̚/ || uut || ut || ut || ? || [[律#Chinese|律]] |- | /ut̚/ || ut || ut || ut || oot || [[突#Chinese|突]] |- | /ɵk̚/ || uuk || ǝk || uk || uk || [[六#Chinese|六]] |- | /in/ || in || in || in || in || [[因#Chinese|因]] |- | /ei/ || ei || i || i || i || [[耳#Chinese|耳]] |- | /ᵘɔn/ || on || ɔn || on || on || [[安#Chinese|安]] |- | /ui/ || ui || ui || ui || ooi || [[對#Chinese|對]] |- | /at̚/ || at || at || at || aat || [[押#Chinese|押]] |- | /u/ || u || u || u || oo || [[都#Chinese|都]] |- | /iam/ || iam || iam || em || iem || [[店#Chinese|店]] |- | /it̚/ || it || it || it || it || [[一#Chinese|一]] |- | /en/ || en || ein || ein || ien || [[丁#Chinese|丁]] |- | /a/ || a || a || a || a || [[阿#Chinese|阿]] |- | /ai/ || ai || ai || ai || aai || [[大#Chinese|大]] |- | /ap̚/ || ap || ap || ap || aap || [[搭#Chinese|搭]] |} ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 33 || 1 || ä || à || [[偷#Chinese|偷]] |- | 55 || 2 || ā || a || [[口#Chinese|口]] |- | 22 || 3 || ã || ā || [[頭#Chinese|頭]] |- | 21 || 4 || â || ạ̄ || [[厚#Chinese|厚]] |- | 32 || 5 || à || â || [[後#Chinese|後]] |} =====變調===== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 335 || 1* || ä/ || à* || [[頭先#Chinese|頭'''先''']] |- | 225 || 3* || ã/ || ā* || [[近來#Chinese|近'''來''']] |- | 215 || 4* || â/ || ạ̄* || [[去街#Chinese|去'''街''']] |- | 325 || 5* || à/ || â* || [[台山話#Chinese|台山'''話''']] |} ==閩南語== ===閩南語[[w:白話字|白話字]]=== ====聲母==== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan=3 | &nbsp; ! colspan=3 align=center | [[塞音]]及[[塞擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[鼻音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[邊音]] |- ! colspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|清音]] ! rowspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|濁音]] |- ! align=center | [[不送氣]] ! align=center | [[送氣]] |- ! [[唇音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">p</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|p]]}} 邊 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ph</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|pʰ]]}} 頗 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">b</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁雙唇塞音|b]]}} 文 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">m</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[雙唇鼻音|m]]}} 毛 | | |- ! [[韵图#.E8.88.8C.E9.9F.B3|舌音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">t</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|t]]}} 地 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">th</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|tʰ]]}} 他 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">n</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦鼻音|n]]}} 耐 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">l</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦邊音|l]]}} 柳 |- ! [[齒音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ch</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡s]]}} 曾 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">chh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡sʰ]]}} 出 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">j</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁齒齦塞擦音|d͡z]]}} 入 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">s</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦擦音|s]]}} 時 | |- ! [[牙音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">k</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|k]]}} 求 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">kh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|kʰ]]}} 去 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">g</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁軟顎塞音|g]]}} 語 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ng</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[軟顎鼻音|ŋ]]}} 雅 | | |- ! [[喉音]] | | | | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">h</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清喉擦音|h]]}} 喜 | |- |} #「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統[[五音 (音韻)|五音]]，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。 #漢字為傳統[[彙集雅俗通十五音|十五音]]，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。 ====元音==== {|class="wikitable" ! &nbsp; ! align=center | [[前元音]] ! align=center | [[央元音]] ! align=center | [[後元音]] |- ! [[閉元音|高元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">i</span> {{IPA1|i}} | | <span style="font-size:larger;">u</span> {{IPA1|u}} |- ! [[中元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">e</span> {{IPA1|e}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o</span> {{IPA1|ə}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o·</span> {{IPA1|ɔ}} |- ! [[開元音|低元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">a</span> {{IPA1|a}} | | |} #有些[[腔調]]的o是發成[[半閉元音|半閉]]後圓唇元音 {{IPA1|o}}、半閉後不圓唇元音{{IPA1|ɤ}}。 ====聲調==== ''（以a為標注範例）'' {| class="wikitable" !width="12.5%" |1 !width="12.5%" |2 !width="12.5%" |3 !width="12.5%" |4 !width="12.5%" |5 !width="12.5%" |6 !width="12.5%" |7 !width="12.5%" |8 |- |陰平 |陰上 |陰去 |陰入 |陽平 |陽上 |陽去 |陽入 |- |a |á |à |a+入聲韻尾 |â |ā |ā |{{unicode|a̍}}+入聲韻尾 |} =====備注===== * 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。 * 第4、8聲為入聲。 * 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於[[文白異讀|白讀]]。 ===閩南語[[w:臺羅音標|台羅音標]]=== ==客家話== ===客家話拼音方案=== ====字母==== 拼音採用[[拉丁字母]]，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 {{IPA1|ɛ}}。 ====聲母==== 聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | b {{IPA1|p}} 波 || p {{IPA1|pʻ}} 婆 || m {{IPA1|m}} 摸 || f {{IPA1|f}} 火 || v {{IPA1|v}} 窩 |- | d {{IPA1|t}} 多 || t {{IPA1|tʻ}} 拖 || n {{IPA1|n}} 挪 || l {{IPA1|l}} 羅 || &nbsp; |- | g {{IPA1|k}} 哥 || k {{IPA1|kʻ}} 科 || ng {{IPA1|ŋ}} 我 || h {{IPA1|h}} 河 || &nbsp; |- | j {{IPA1|t͡si-}} 擠 || q {{IPA1|ʦʻi-}} 妻 || x {{IPA1|si-}} 西 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | z {{IPA1|t͡s}} 資 || c {{IPA1|ʦʻ}} 雌 || s {{IPA1|s}} 思 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} 資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i {{IPA1|ɪ}}。 ====韻母==== 韻母總數為74個。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | i {{IPA1|ɪ}} 資 || i {{IPA1|i}} 衣 || u {{IPA1|u}} 姑 |- | a {{IPA1|a}} 阿 || ia {{IPA1|ia}} 也 || ua {{IPA1|ua}} 掛 |- | o {{IPA1|ɔ}} 哦 || io {{IPA1|iɔ}} 喲 || uo {{IPA1|uɔ}} 過 |- | ê {{IPA1|ɛ}} 這 || iê {{IPA1|iɛ}} (撒) || uê {{IPA1|uɛ}} 穢 |- | ai {{IPA1|ai}} 挨 || iai {{IPA1|iai}} 椰 || uai {{IPA1|uai}} 怪 |- | oi {{IPA1|ɔi}} 哀 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | au {{IPA1|au}} 凹 || iau {{IPA1|iau}} 腰 || &nbsp; |- | êu {{IPA1|ɛu}} 歐 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iu {{IPA1|iu}} 有 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iui {{IPA1|iui}} 銳 || ui {{IPA1|ui}} 貴 |- | am {{IPA1|am}} 庵 || iam {{IPA1|iam}} 淹 || &nbsp; |- | êm {{IPA1|ɛm}} 砧 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | em {{IPA1|əm}} 針 || im {{IPA1|im}} 陰 |- | an {{IPA1|an}} 班 || ian {{IPA1|ian}} 煙 || uan {{IPA1|uan}} 關 |- | on {{IPA1|ɔn}} 安 || ion {{IPA1|iɔn}} 阮 || uon {{IPA1|uɔn}} 管 |- | ên {{IPA1|ɛn}} 恩 || iên {{IPA1|iɛn}} 邊 || uên {{IPA1|uɛn}} 耿 |- | en {{IPA1|ən}} 真 || in {{IPA1|in}} 因 |- | &nbsp; || iun {{IPA1|iun}} 允 || un {{IPA1|un}} 敦 |- | ang {{IPA1|aŋ}} 冷 || iang {{IPA1|iaŋ}} 影 || uang {{IPA1|uaŋ}} 礦 |- | ong {{IPA1|ɔŋ}} 江 || iong {{IPA1|iɔŋ}} 央 || uong {{IPA1|uɔŋ}} 光 |- | &nbsp; || iung {{IPA1|iuŋ}} 雍 || ung {{IPA1|uŋ}} 工 |- | ab {{IPA1|ap}} 鴨 || iab {{IPA1|iap}} 葉 || &nbsp; |- | êb {{IPA1|ɛp}} 粒 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | eb {{IPA1|əp}} 汁 || ib {{IPA1|ip}} 邑 || &nbsp; |- | ad {{IPA1|at}} 八 || iad {{IPA1|iat}} 乙 || uad {{IPA1|uat}} 刮 |- | od {{IPA1|ɔt}} 遏 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | êd {{IPA1|ɛt}} 北 || iêd {{IPA1|iɛt}} 鱉 || uêd {{IPA1|uɛt}} 國 |- | ed {{IPA1|ət}} 質 || id {{IPA1|it}} 一 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iud {{IPA1|iut}} -{郁}- || ud {{IPA1|ut}} 骨 |- | ag {{IPA1|ak}} 扼 || iag {{IPA1|iak}} 錫 || uag {{IPA1|uak}} □ |- | og {{IPA1|ɔk}} 惡 || iog {{IPA1|iɔk}} 約 || uog {{IPA1|uɔk}} 郭 |- | &nbsp; || iug {{IPA1|iuk}} 育 || ug {{IPA1|uk}} 督 |- |m {{IPA1|m}} 唔 || n {{IPA1|n}} 五 || &nbsp; |} i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。 ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | 調類 || 陰平 || 陽平 || 上聲 || 去聲 || 陰入 || 陽入 |- | 調號 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | 調值 || 44 || 11 || 31 || 52 || 11 || 55 |- | &nbsp; || fu¹ || fu² || fu³ || fu⁴ || fug⁵ || fug⁶ |- | 例字 || 夫 || 扶 || 府 || 富 || 福 || 服 |} ===外部鏈接=== *[http://hakka.fhl.net/dict/index_hakka.html 客語字典查尋] ==晉語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰx/}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 麻 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/}} || f || 夫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/v/}} || v || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰx/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n/}} || n || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 查 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 如 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 拤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 嘎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰx/}} || k || 卡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} || gh || 我 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 我 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || i || 知 || 只在 {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}前 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 胡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 魚 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}} || er || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/}} || a || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/}} || ia || 牙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/}} || ua || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ/}} || e || 鵝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ/}} || ue || 和 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/}} || ie || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/}} || ye || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 懷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/}} || ei || 給 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uei/}} || ui || 灰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iau/}} || iau || 妖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || eu || 歐 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || ieu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/æ̃/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uæ̃/}} || uan || 歡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} || on || 昂 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} || ion || 央 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} || uon || 黃 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} || ang || 昂 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} || iang || 央 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} || uang || 黃 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃ŋ/}} || eng || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ĩŋ/}} || ing || 英 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ũŋ/}} || ung || 轟 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ỹŋ/}} || yng || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/}} || ah || 喝 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/}} || iah || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/}} || uah || 滑 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} || eh || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəʔ/}} || ieh || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} || ueh || 忽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yəʔ/}} || yeh || 月 || |- |} ===兒化=== 在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。 ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 平聲 || 11 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 上聲 || 53 || 2 || 反 || |- | 去聲 || 45 || 3 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 2 || 4 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 54 || 5 || 罰 || 在新式中併入陰入 |- | 輕聲 || || || || |} ==湘語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || p || 趴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 媽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɸ/}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l̃/}} || l || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 叉 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/}} || zh || 遮 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂʰ/}} || ch || 畬 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}} || sh || 賒 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 惹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 佳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 喫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 黏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 椏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || r || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ̩/}} || r || 知 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/|/t͡ʂʰ/|/ʂ/|/ʐ/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 淤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || a || 阿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia̠/}} || ia || 鴉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua̠/}} || ua || 蛙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ya̠/}} || ya || 噦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/}} || o || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/io/}} || io || 喲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ̞/}} || e || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie̞/}} || ie || 椰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ̞/}} || ue || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞/}} || ye || 抈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yai/}} || yai || 衰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e̞i/}} || ei || 欸 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue̞i/}} || uei || 威 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞i/}} || yei || 銳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒu/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒu/}} || iau || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || ou || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || iou || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/õ/}} || onn || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃/}} || enn || 占 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iẽ/}} || ienn || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yẽ/}} || yenn || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ən/}} || en || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/}} || in || 因 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uən/}} || un || 溫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/}} || yn || 暈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iæn/}} || ian || 秧 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yæn/}} || yan || 霜 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʊŋ/}} || ong || 翁 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/ən/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iʊŋ/}} || iong || 雍 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/in/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || m || 姆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/}} || n || 你 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 |- | 陰平 || 33 || 1 || 詩 |- | 陽平 || 13 || 2 || 時 |- | 上聲 || 41 || 3 || 使 |- | 陰去 || 45 || 4 || 世 |- | 陽去 || 21 || 5 || 是 |- | 入聲 || 24 || 6 || 食 |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 猴'''子''' |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{陽 平 }[13] + \text{陰 去 }[45] \to [\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }] + \text{陰 去 }[45]</math> * (快速說話時) <math>\begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + \text{入 聲 }[24] \to \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + [44]</math> ==贛語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/|lang=gan}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/|lang=gan}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/|lang=gan}} || m || 馬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/|lang=gan}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/|lang=gan}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/|lang=gan}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|lang=gan}} || z || 遮 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/|lang=gan}} || c || 車 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/|lang=gan}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/|lang=gan}} || j || 姐 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/|lang=gan}} || q || 且 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 膩 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/|lang=gan}} || x || 寫 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/k/|lang=gan}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/|lang=gan}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/|lang=gan}} || ng || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/h/|lang=gan}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/|lang=gan}} || i || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/|lang=gan}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/|lang=gan}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/|lang=gan}} || y || 迂 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/|lang=gan}} || a || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/|lang=gan}} || ia || 爺 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/|lang=gan}} || ua || 娃 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/|lang=gan}} || o || 我 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uo/|lang=gan}} || uo || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e/|lang=gan}} || e || 許 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/|lang=gan}} || ie || 渠 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue/|lang=gan}} || ue || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/|lang=gan}} || ye || 靴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵ/|lang=gan}} || eo || 而 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/|lang=gan}} || m || 姆 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/|lang=gan}} || n || 你 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/|lang=gan}} || ng || 五 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/|lang=gan}} || ai || 愛 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/|lang=gan}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/oi/|lang=gan}} || oi || - || 只用作感歎詞 |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/|lang=gan}} || ei || - || 只用於縮約形式 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨi/|lang=gan}} || i || 灰 || 只在{{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ui/|lang=gan}} || ui || 委 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/|lang=gan}} || au || 咬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛu/|lang=gan}} || eu || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛu/|lang=gan}} || ieu || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 洲 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/iu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/|lang=gan}} || an || 淹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/|lang=gan}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵn/|lang=gan}} || on || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵn/|lang=gan}} || uon || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵn/|lang=gan}} || yon || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛn/|lang=gan}} || en || 恆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛn/|lang=gan}} || ien || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨn/|lang=gan}} || iin || 本 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/|lang=gan}} || in || 陰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/un/|lang=gan}} || un || 文 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/|lang=gan}} || yn || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/|lang=gan}} || ang || 坑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/|lang=gan}} || iang || 影 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/|lang=gan}} || uang || 橫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || ong || 巷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || iong || 羊 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || uong || 王 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uŋ/|lang=gan}} || ung || 翁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuŋ/|lang=gan}} || iung || 擁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/at̚/|lang=gan}} || at || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uat̚/|lang=gan}} || uat || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || ot || 喝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || uot || 活 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || yot || 越 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || et || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || iet || 頁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || uet || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨt̚/|lang=gan}} || iit || 不 || |- | {{IPAchar|/it̚/|lang=gan}} || it || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ut̚/|lang=gan}} || ut || 骨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yt̚/|lang=gan}} || yt || 屈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/|lang=gan}} || ah || 客 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/|lang=gan}} || iah || 額 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/|lang=gan}} || uah || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || oh || 惡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || ioh || 藥 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || uoh || 郭 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uʔ/|lang=gan}} || uh || 屋 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuʔ/|lang=gan}} || iuh || 肉 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 陰平 || 42 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 陽平(A) || 24 || 2 || 襻 || 只與送氣聲母搭配 |- | 上聲 || 213 || 3 || 反 || |- | 陽平(B) || 35 || 4 || 凡 || 只與不送氣聲母搭配 |- | 去聲 || 11 || 5 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 5 || 6 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 2 || 7 || 罰 || |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 朋'''友''' || |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix} \to [13] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix} \to [24] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \text{輕 聲 } \to [21] + \text{輕 聲 }</math> ===重音=== 在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。 : {{l|zh|今日}} 'jin¹ nyit⁶ : {{l|zh|水果}} sui³ 'guo³ ==吳語== <!--[[:en:Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu]]--> ===聲母與韻母=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! 清濁 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | p || 清 || b || p || {{IPAchar|/p/}} || {{l|zh|[[布]][[幫]][[北]]}} |- | ph || 清 || p || ph || {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[怕]][[胖]][[劈]]}} |- | b || 濁 || bh || b || {{IPAchar|/b̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[步]][[盆]][[拔]]}} |- | m || 濁 || m || m || {{IPAchar|/m/}} || {{l|zh|[[马]][[梅]][[門]]}} |- | 'm || 清 || || 'm || {{IPAchar|/ʔm/}} || {{l|zh|[[媽]][[闷]][[瞇]]}} |- | f || 清 || f || f || {{IPAchar|/f/}} || {{l|zh|[[飛]][[粉]][[福]]}} |- | v || 濁 || fh || v || {{IPAchar|/v̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[扶]][[奉]][[服]]}} |- | || 清 || || vh || {{IPAchar|/v̥/}} || {{l|zh|[[朆]]}} |- | t || 清 || d || t || {{IPAchar|/t/}} || {{l|zh|[[膽]][[懂]][[德]]}} |- | th || 清 || t || th || {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[透]][[聽]][[鐵]]}} |- | d || 濁 || dh || d || {{IPAchar|/d̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[地]][[動]][[奪]]}} |- | n || 濁 || n || n || {{IPAchar|/n/}} || {{l|zh|[[囡]][[內]][[男]]}} |- | 'n || 清 || || 'n || {{IPAchar|/ʔn/}} || {{l|zh|[[孬]]}}{{l|zh|[[你]]}}_(文){{l|zh|[[哪]]}}_(文) |- | l || 濁 || l || l || {{IPAchar|/l/}} || {{l|zh|[[賴]][[領]][[立]]}} |- | 'l || 清 || || 'l || {{IPAchar|/ʔl/}} || {{l|zh|[[拉]][[拎]][[撈]]}} |- | ts || 清 || z || z || {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || {{l|zh|[[煮]][[增]][[摘]]}} |- | tsh || 清 || c || c || {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[處]][[倉]][[出]]}} |- | dz || 濁 || zh || zz || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡z/}} || {{l|zh|[[橱]][[从]][[择]]}} |- | s || 清 || s || s || {{IPAchar|/s/}} || {{l|zh|[[書]][[鬆]][[色]]}} |- | z || 濁 || sh || ss || {{IPAchar|/z̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[樹]][[上]][[石]]}} |- | j || 清 || j || c(i)<br>ts(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舉]][[精]][[腳]]}} |- | q || 清 || q || ch(i)<br>tsh(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[丘]][[輕]][[切]]}} |- | jj || 濁 || jh || j(i) || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡ʑ/}} || {{l|zh|[[旗]][[群]][[劇]]}} |- | ny || 濁 || ny || ny || {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[黏]][[扭]][[泥]]}} |- | 'ny || 清 || || 'ny || {{IPAchar|/ʔn̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[粘]][[研]]}} |- | x || 清 || x || s(i)<br>sh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[修]][[勛]][[血]]}} |- | xx || 濁 || xh || z(i)<br>zh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ʑ̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[徐]][[寻]][[夕]]}} |- | k || 清 || g || k || {{IPAchar|/k/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[公]][[夾]]}} |- | kh || 清 || k || kh || {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[開]][[墾]][[擴]]}} |- | g || 濁 || gh || g || {{IPAchar|/ɡ̊/}} || {{l|zh|[[葵]][[共]][[軋]]}} |- | ng || 濁 || ng || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[我]][[外]][[鵝]]}} |- | 'ng || 清 || || 'ng || {{IPAchar|/ʔŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[嗯]]}} |- | h || 清 || h || h || {{IPAchar|/h/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[荒]][[忽]]}} |- | || 清 || hh || - || {{IPAchar|/ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[衣]][[烏]][[鴨]]}} |- | hh || 濁 || wh || gh<br>y/w<ref group=note>Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.</ref> || {{IPAchar|/ɦ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鞋]][[移]][[雨]]}} |} <references group=note /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | a || a || a || {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[太]][[柴]][[鞋]]}} |- | o || o || o || {{IPAchar|/o̝/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[模]][[蛇]]}} |- | au || ao || au || {{IPAchar|/ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[寶]][[朝]][[高]]}} |- | eu || || eu || {{IPAchar|/ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鬥]][[醜]][[狗]]}} |- | e || e || e, ai, ae || {{IPAchar|/e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[雷]][[來]][[蘭]]}} |- | oe || oe || oe || {{IPAchar|/ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[最]][[亂]]}} |- | i || i, yi || i, ie, y, ye || {{IPAchar|/i/}} || {{l|zh|[[基]][[錢]][[微]]}} |- | ia || ia, ya || ia, ya || {{IPAchar|/i̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[野]][[寫]][[亞]]}} |- | iau || iao, yao || iau, yau || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[條]][[蕉]][[搖]]}} |- | ieu || || ieu, yeu || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[流]][[尤]][[休]]}} |- | u || u || u || {{IPAchar|/ʋʷ/}} || {{l|zh|[[波]][[歌]][[做]]}} |- | ua || ua || ua, wa || {{IPAchar|/u̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[怪]][[淮]][[娃]]}} |- | ue || ue || ue, we || {{IPAchar|/u̯e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[回]][[貫]][[彎]]}} |- | uoe || || uoe, woe || {{IPAchar|/u̯ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[官]][[歡]][[緩]]}} |- | y || yu || iu, yu || {{IPAchar|/y/}} || {{l|zh|[[居]][[女]][[羽]]}} |- | yoe || || ioe, yoe || {{IPAchar|/ɥø/}} || {{l|zh|[[軟]][[園]][[權]]}} |- | an || ang || an || {{IPAchar|/ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[冷]][[長]][[硬]]}} |- | aan || ang || aon || {{IPAchar|/ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[黨]][[放]][[忙]]}} |- | en || en || en || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[奮]][[登]][[論]]}} |- | on || ong || on || {{IPAchar|/ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[翁]][[蟲]][[風]]}} |- | aq || ak || ah || {{IPAchar|/ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[辣]][[麥]][[客]]}} |- | oq || ok || oh || {{IPAchar|/ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[北]][[郭]][[目]]}} |- | eq || ek || eh || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舌]][[色]][[割]]}} |- | ian || || ian, yan || {{IPAchar|/i̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[良]][[象]][[陽]]}} |- | iaan || || iaon, yaon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[旺]]}}_(白) |- | in || in || in, yin || {{IPAchar|/ɪ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[緊]][[靈]][[人]]}}_(白) |- | ion || || ion, yon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[窮]][[榮]][[濃]]}} |- | iaq || || iah, yah || {{IPAchar|/i̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[藥]][[腳]][[略]]}} |- | ioq || || ioh, yoh || {{IPAchar|/i̯ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[肉]][[浴]][[玉]]}} |- | iq || ik || ih, yih || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[筆]][[亦]][[吃]]}} |- | uan || || uan, wan || {{IPAchar|/u̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[橫]][[光]]}}_～火 |- | uaan || || uaon, waon || {{IPAchar|/u̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[廣]][[狂]][[況]]}} |- | un || || uen, wun || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[困]][[魂]][[溫]]}} |- | uaq || || uah, wah || {{IPAchar|/u̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[挖]][[劃]][[刮]]}} |- | ueq || || ueh, weh || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[活]][[擴]][[骨]]}} |- | yn || || iuin, yuin || {{IPAchar|/ʏ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[均]][[雲]][[訓]]}} |- | yq || || uih, yuih || {{IPAchar|/ɥɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[血]][[缺]][[悅]]}} |- | er || er || r || {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}}<!--Qian uses /əl/--> || {{l|zh|[[而]][[爾]][[耳]]}}_(文) |- | r || y || y || {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[知]][[次]][[住]]}} |- | mm || || m || {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[姆]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[畝]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[嘸]]}}_～沒 |- | ngg || n || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/}} || {{l|zh|[[五]][[魚]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[午]]}}_端～ |} ===聲調=== Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts&mdash;a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule. For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables. There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style ({{lang|zh|中派與新派}}) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style ({{lang|zh|老派}}) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones&mdash;level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless&mdash;dark, voiced&mdash;light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total. Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop. Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see [[w:Suzhou dialect#Tones|Suzhou dialect § Tones]] on Wikipedia. :{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" |- ! 調號 !! 調名 !! 清濁 !! 調值 !! 例字 !!對應中古漢語聲調 |- !1!!{{zh-l|陰平}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥˧}} 53||{{l|zh|[[刀]][[漿]][[司]][[東]]}}||陰平 |- !2!!{{zh-l|陰去}} |清||{{IPAfont|˧˦}} 34||{{l|zh|[[島]][[到]][[獎]][[醬]]}}||陰上、陰去 |- !3!!{{zh-l|陽去}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˨˧}} 23||{{l|zh|[[桃]][[導]][[道]][[牆]]}}||陽平、陽上、陽去 |- !4!!{{zh-l|陰入}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥ʔ}} <u>55</u>||{{l|zh|[[雀]][[削]][[說]][[足]]}}||陰入 |- !5!!{{zh-l|陽入}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˩˨ʔ}} <u>12</u>||{{l|zh|[[嚼]][[石]][[曲]][[食]]}}||陽入 |} {{attention|wuu|tone 0 is undocumented}} ====Left-prominent tone sandhi (''word sandhi'')==== Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%" |+Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns |- !Tonal category!!Monosyllabics!!Disyllabics!!Trisyllabics!!Tetrasyllabics!!Pentasyllabics |- !1. Dark level type |53||55＋21||55＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋33＋21 |- !2. Dark departing type |34||33＋44||33＋55＋21||33＋55＋33＋21||33＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !3. Light departing type |23||22＋44||22＋55＋21||22＋55＋33＋21||22＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !4. Dark checked type |<u>55</u>||<u>33</u>＋44||<u>33</u>＋55＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !5. Light checked type |<u>12</u>||<u>11</u>＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋22＋23<br /><u>22</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>22</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |} For Wu romanisations in the template {{temp|zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces). ====Right-prominent tone sandhi (''phrase sandhi'')==== When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- !rowspan=2|Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''word A'') !colspan=5|Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''syllable A-x'') !rowspan=2|Example |- !Tone 1!!Tone 2!!Tone 3!!Tone 4!!Tone 5 |- !Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it |rowspan=2 colspan=2|44||rowspan=2|33||rowspan=2|<u>44</u>||rowspan=2|<u>22</u> |{{zh-l|儂好|tr=3non+2hau}}<br>{{zh-l|炒魷魚|tr=2tshau+3hhieu hhngg}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|硬碰硬|tr=3ngan+'''-phan'''+3ngan}} |- !Multisyllabic word |rowspan=2 colspan=3|33||rowspan=2 colspan=2|<u>33</u> |{{zh-l|嘸著嘸落/呒着呒落|tr=3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|前世作孽|tr=3xxi sr+'''4tsoq'''+5nyiq}} |} Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable. ====Conversion from MiniDict tone notation==== * {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), and {{lang|zh|入}} (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers. {| class="wikitable" |+ MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion |- !MiniDict||Voicing of initial||Tone category |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|平}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||1 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|上}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|去}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|入}}||voiced||5 |- |voiceless||4 |} ===Other notations=== The notation <code>+</code> is explained above in the [[#Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)]] section. Additionally, the symbol <code>&</code> can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{temp|zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page {{zh-l|*日腳}}, the transcription for {{lang|zh|今朝是啥日腳？}} in Wu is <code>1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq</code>. ===Examples=== * {{l|zh|中華}}: 1tson hho * {{l|zh|天才}}: 1thi ze * {{l|zh|火葬場}}: 2hu tsaan zan * {{l|zh|電視}}: 3di zr * {{l|zh|韓國}}: 3hhoe koq * {{l|zh|法律}}: 4faq liq * {{l|zh|日本}}: 5zeq pen ===Resources=== * For checking the pronunciation of words: ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese'' ({{lang|zh|《上海话大词典》}}) - uses IPA notations throughout the book * For checking the pronunciation of characters: [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ Wu Chinese MiniDict] *: Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. [http://wu-chinese.com/romanization/index.html Their romanisation scheme] aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively. *: Correspondences with WT romanisation: *::Initials (MiniDict = WT): <code>c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh</code> *::: Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. {{lang|zh|譯}} yih = hhiq and {{lang|zh|皇}} waon = hhuaan *::Finals (MiniDict = WT): <code>ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm</code> *::Tones: {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), {{lang|zh|入}} (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark. [[category:發音]] [[category:漢語|*]] rhbo3mv822qltybc1yqfoegy82ptp00 7267480 7267479 2022-07-21T00:58:43Z 175.223.27.153 wikitext text/x-wiki == 現代標準漢語 == 以下為根據[[漢語拼音]]而來的發音表記。詳細請參考'''[[w:現代標準漢語#語音系統]]'''。 ===声母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2|[[w:发音方法|发音方法]]＼[[w:发音部位|发音部位]]!![[w:双唇音|双唇音]]!![[w:唇齿音|唇齿音]]!!colspan=2|[[w:齿龈音|齿龈音]]!![[w:卷舌音|卷舌音]]!![[w:龈颚音|龈颚音]]!![[w:软颚音|软颚音]] |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞音|塞音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] |‹b›　{{IPA1|p}}<br />'''ㄅ'''　玻|| || ||‹d›　{{IPA1|t}}<br />'''ㄉ'''　得|| || ||‹g›　{{IPA1|k}}<br />'''ㄍ'''　哥 |- ![[w:送气|送气]] |‹p›　{{IPA1|pʰ}}<br />'''ㄆ'''　坡|| || ||‹t›　{{IPA1|tʰ}}<br />'''ㄊ'''　特|| || ||‹k›　{{IPA1|kʰ}}<br />'''ㄎ'''　科 |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞擦音|塞擦音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] | || ||‹z›　{{IPA1|t͡s}}<br />'''ㄗ'''　资|| ||‹zh›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂ}}<br />'''ㄓ'''　知||‹j›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕ}}<br />'''ㄐ'''　基|| |- ![[w:送气|送气]] | || ||‹c›　{{IPA1|t͡sʰ}}<br />'''ㄘ'''　雌|| ||‹ch›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂʰ}}<br />'''ㄔ'''　蚩||‹q›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕʰ}}<br />'''ㄑ'''　欺|| |- ! colspan=2|[[w:擦音|擦音]]（[[w:清音|清音]]） | ||‹f›　{{IPA1|f}}<br />'''ㄈ'''　佛||‹s›　{{IPA1|s}}<br />'''ㄙ'''　思|| ||‹sh›　{{IPA1|ʂ}}<br />'''ㄕ'''　诗||‹x›　{{IPA1|ɕ}}<br />'''ㄒ'''　希||‹h›　{{IPA1|x}}<br />'''ㄏ'''　喝 |- !colspan=2|[[w:鼻音|鼻音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） |‹m›　{{IPA1|m}}<br />'''ㄇ'''　摸|| || ||‹n›　{{IPA1|n}}<br />'''ㄋ'''　讷|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:边音|边音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || ||‹l›　{{IPA1|l}}<br />'''ㄌ'''　勒|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:通音|通音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || || ||‹r›　{{IPA1|ɻ}}<br />'''ㄖ'''　日|| || |} ===韻母=== :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! ![[w:开口呼|开口呼]] ![[w:齐齿呼|齐齿呼]] ![[w:合口呼|合口呼]] ![[w:撮口呼|撮口呼]] |- !rowspan="6" |[[w:单元音韵母|单元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹-i›　{{IPA1|ɨ, ɿ, ʅ}}<br />'''ㄭ'''　之、资的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹i›　{{IPA1|i}}<br />'''丨'''　衣 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹u›　{{IPA1|u}}<br />'''ㄨ'''　乌 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ü›　{{IPA1|y}}<br />'''ㄩ'''　迂 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹a›　{{IPA1|ɑ}}<br />'''ㄚ'''　啊 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ia›　{{IPA1|i̯a}}<br />'''丨ㄚ'''　呀 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ua›　{{IPA1|u̯a}}<br />'''ㄨㄚ'''　蛙 | style="background:#CCCCCC;"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹o›　{{IPA1|o}}<br />'''ㄛ'''　喔 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uo›　{{IPA1|u̯ɔ}}<br />'''ㄨㄛ'''　窝 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹e›　{{IPA1|ɤ}}<br />'''ㄜ'''　鹅 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹ê›　{{IPA1|ɛ}}<br />'''ㄝ'''　诶 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ie›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛ}}<br />'''丨ㄝ'''　耶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üe›　{{IPA1|y̯œ}}<br />'''ㄩㄝ'''　约 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹er›　{{IPA1|ɚ}}<br />'''ㄦ'''　儿 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="4" |[[w:复元音韵母|复元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ai›　{{IPA1|aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄞ'''　哀 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uai›　{{IPA1|u̯aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄞ'''　歪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ei›　{{IPA1|eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄟ'''　诶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)i›　{{IPA1|u̯eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄟ'''　威 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ao›　{{IPA1|ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄠ'''　熬 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iao›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄠ'''　腰 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ou›　{{IPA1|oʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄡ'''　欧 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹iou›　{{IPA1|i̯oʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄡ'''　优 | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="6" |[[w:带鼻音韵母|带鼻音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹an›　{{IPA1|an}}<br />'''ㄢ'''　安 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ian›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛn}}<br />'''丨ㄢ'''　烟 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uan›　{{IPA1|u̯an}}<br />'''ㄨㄢ'''　弯 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üan›　{{IPA1|y̯ɛn}}<br />'''ㄩㄢ'''　冤 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹en›　{{IPA1|ən}}<br />'''ㄣ'''　恩 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹in›　{{IPA1|in}}<br />'''丨ㄣ'''　因 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)n›　{{IPA1|u̯ən}}<br />'''ㄨㄣ'''　温 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ün›　{{IPA1|yn}}<br />'''ㄩㄣ'''　晕 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ang›　{{IPA1|ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄤ'''　昂 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iang›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄤ'''　央 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uang›　{{IPA1|u̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄤ'''　汪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹eng›　{{IPA1|ɤŋ}}<br />'''ㄥ'''　亨的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ing›　{{IPA1|iŋ, i̯əŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄥ'''　英 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ueng/ong›　{{IPA1|u̯ŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　翁 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|同‹iong› |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ong›　{{IPA1|u̯əŋ, ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　轰的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iong›　{{IPA1|i̯ʊŋ, y̯ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄩㄥ'''　庸 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |} == 粵語 == ===廣州話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[:w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |波||class="Unicode"|[p]||class="Unicode"|[b]||b||b||b||b||b||b||p||b |----- |婆||class="Unicode"|[pʰ]||class="Unicode"|[p]||p||p||p||p||p||p||p'||p |----- |摸||class="Unicode"|[m]||class="Unicode"|[m]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||m |----- |科||class="Unicode"|[f]||class="Unicode"|[f]||f||f||f||f||f||f||f||f |----- |多||class="Unicode"|[t]||class="Unicode"|[d]||d||d||d||d||d||d||t||t |----- |拖||class="Unicode"|[tʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t]||t||t||t||t||t||t||t'||th |----- |挪||class="Unicode"|[n]||class="Unicode"|[n]||n||n||n||n||n||n||n||n |----- |羅||class="Unicode"|[l]||class="Unicode"|[l]||l||l||l||l||l||l||l||l |----- |哥||class="Unicode"|[k]||class="Unicode"|[g]||g||g||g||g||g||g||k||k |----- |卡||class="Unicode"|[kʰ]||class="Unicode"|[k]||k||k||k||k||k||k||k'||kh |----- |我||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng |----- |何||class="Unicode"|[h]||class="Unicode"|[h]||h||h||h||h||h||h||h||h |----- |左||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||z||dz||z||j||j||ts||ch |----- |知||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||j||dz||z||j||j||ch||ch |----- |初||class="Unicode"|[t͡sʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||c||ts||c||ch||ch||ts'||ts |----- |雌||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||q||ts||c||ch||ch||ch'||ts |----- |梳||class="Unicode"|[s]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||s||s||s||s||s||s||s |----- |思||class="Unicode"|[ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||x||s||s||s||s||sh||s |----- |姑||class="Unicode"|[kʷ]||class="Unicode"|[gw]||gw||gu||gw||gw||gw||gw||kw||gw |----- |箍||class="Unicode"|[kʷʰ]||class="Unicode"|[kw]||kw||ku||kw||kw||kw||kw||k'w||kw |----- |也||class="Unicode"|[j]||class="Unicode"|[j]||y||y||j||j||y||y||y/i||d |----- |華||class="Unicode"|[w]||class="Unicode"|[w]||w||w||w||w||w||w||w/oo||w |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |呀||class="Unicode"|[ɑː]||class="Unicode"|[a]||aa||a||aa||aa||a||a||a||a |----- |挨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːi]||class="Unicode"|[ai]||aai||ai||aai||aai||aai||aai||aai||ai |----- |拗||class="Unicode"|[ɑːu]||class="Unicode"|[au]||aau||ao||aau||aau||aau||aau||aau||ao |----- |(監)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːm]||class="Unicode"|[am]||aam||am||aam||aam||aam||aam||aam||am |----- |晏||class="Unicode"|[ɑːn]||class="Unicode"|[an]||aan||an||aan||aan||aan||aan||aan||an |----- |罌||class="Unicode"|[ɑːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[aŋ]||aang||ang||aang||aang||aang||aang||aang||ang |----- |鴨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːp]||class="Unicode"|[ap]||aap||ab||aap||aap||aap||aap||aap||ap |----- |押||class="Unicode"|[ɑːt]||class="Unicode"|[at]||aat||ad||aat||aat||aat||aat||aat||at |----- |(客)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːk]||class="Unicode"|[ak]||aak||ag||aak||aak||aak||aak||aak||ac |----- |矮||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||ai||ei||ai||ai||ai||ai||ai||ây |----- |歐||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||au|||eo||au||au||au||au||au||âu |----- |庵||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||am||em||am||am||am||am||am/om||âm |----- |(恩)||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||an||en||an||an||an||an||an||anh |----- |鶯||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||ang||eng||ang||ang||ang||ang||ang||ǎng |----- |(急)||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||ap||eb||ap||ap||ap||ap||ap/op||ǎp |----- |(不)||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||at||ed||at||at||at||at||at||ach |----- |(德)||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||ak||eg||ak||ak||ak||ak||ak||ǎc |----- |誒||class="Unicode"|[ɛː]||class="Unicode"|[ɛ]||e||é||e||e||e||e||e||e |----- |(非)||class="Unicode"|[ei]||class="Unicode"|[ei]||ei||éi||ei||ei||ei||ei||ei||i |----- |(掉)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːu]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||eu||eu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(舔)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːm]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||em||em||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(鏡)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɛŋ]||eng||éng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng |----- |(夾)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːp]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ep||ep||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(尺)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɛk]||ek||ég||ek||ek||ek||ek||ek||ec |----- |衣||class="Unicode"|[iː]||class="Unicode"|[i]||i||i||i||i||i||i||i||ia |----- |妖||class="Unicode"|[iːu]||class="Unicode"|[iu]||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu |----- |淹||class="Unicode"|[iːm]||class="Unicode"|[im]||im||im||im||im||im||im||im||im |----- |煙||class="Unicode"|[iːn]||class="Unicode"|[in]||in||in||in||in||in||in||in||in |----- |英||class="Unicode"|[ɪŋ]||class="Unicode"|[iŋ]||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing |----- |葉||class="Unicode"|[iːp]||class="Unicode"|[ip]||ip||ib||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip |----- |熱||class="Unicode"|[iːt]||class="Unicode"|[it]||it||id||it||it||it||it||it||it |----- |益||class="Unicode"|[ɪk]||class="Unicode"|[ik]||ik||ig||ik||ik||ik||ik||ik||ic |----- |柯||class="Unicode"|[ɔː]||class="Unicode"|[ɔ]||o||o||o||o||o||oh||oh||o |----- |哀||class="Unicode"|[ɔːi]||class="Unicode"|[ɔi]||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi |----- |奧||class="Unicode"|[ou]||class="Unicode"|[ou]||ou||ou||ou||ou||ou||o||o||u |----- |安||class="Unicode"|[ɔːn]||class="Unicode"|[ɔn]||on||on||on||on||on||on||on||on |----- |(康)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɔŋ]||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||oong |----- |(渴)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːt]||class="Unicode"|[ɔt]||ot||od||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot |----- |惡||class="Unicode"|[ɔːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɔk]||ok||og||ok||ok||ok||ok||ok||oot |----- |烏||class="Unicode"|[uː]||class="Unicode"|[u]||u||u||u||u||u||oo||oo||ua |----- |煨||class="Unicode"|[uːi]||class="Unicode"|[ui]||ui||ui||ui||ui||ui||ooi||ooi||ui |----- |碗||class="Unicode"|[uːn]||class="Unicode"|[un]||un||un||un||un||un||oon||oon||un |----- |甕||class="Unicode"|[ʊŋ]||class="Unicode"|[uŋ]||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung |----- |活||class="Unicode"|[uːt]||class="Unicode"|[ut]||ut||ud||ut||ut||ut||oot||oot||ut |----- |屋||class="Unicode"|[ʊk]||class="Unicode"|[uk]||uk||ug||uk||uk||uk||uk||uk||uc |----- |靴||class="Unicode"|[œː]||class="Unicode"|[œ]||eu||ê||oe||oe||eu||euh||oeh||uêa |----- |(香)||class="Unicode"|[œːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[œŋ]||eung||êng||oeng||oeng||eung||eung||eung||uơng |----- |(約)||class="Unicode"|[œːk]||class="Unicode"|[œk]||euk||êg||oek||oek||euk||euk||euk||uơc |----- |(去)||class="Unicode"|[ɵy]||class="Unicode"|[œy]||eue||êu||oey||eoi||eui||ui||ui||uâi |----- |(春)||class="Unicode"|[ɵn]||class="Unicode"|[œn]||eun||ên||oen||eon||un||un||un||uânh |----- |(律)||class="Unicode"|[ɵt]||class="Unicode"|[œt]||eut||êd||oet||eot||ut||ut||ut||uâch |----- |於||class="Unicode"|[yː]||class="Unicode"|[y]||ue||ü||y||yu||yu||ue||ue||uya |----- |冤||class="Unicode"|[yːn]||class="Unicode"|[yn]||uen||ün||yn||yun||yun||uen||uen||uyn |----- |月||class="Unicode"|[yːt]||class="Unicode"|[yt]||uet||üd||yt||yut||yut||uet||uet||uyt |----- |唔||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||uhm |----- |五||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||uhm |} *<nowiki>*:</nowiki>口語變異 *[[黃錫凌羅馬拼音]] euue 省略成 eue, [[廣州話拼音方案]] êü 省略成 êu *在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點 ====聲調==== 下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。 {| class="wikitable" |----- !&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |陰平，53||˥˧||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|à}}||1||a||á |----- |高平，55||˥˥||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|ā}}||1⁰||a||&nbsp; |----- |陰上，35||˧˥||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||2||2||2||{{Unicode|á}}||2||{{Unicode|á}}||ã |----- |陰去，33||˧˧||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||3||3||3||a||3||{{Unicode|à}}||a |----- |陽平，21或11||˨˩ 或 ˩˩||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||4||4||4||{{Unicode|àh}}||4||{{Unicode|ā}}||à |----- |陽上，13或23||˩˧ 或 ˨˧||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||5||5||5||{{Unicode|áh}}||5||{{Unicode|ǎ}}||ạ |----- |陽去，22||˨˨||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||6||6||6||ah||6||{{Unicode|â}}||à |----- |陰入，5||˥||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||1||7或1||1||{{Unicode|āt}}||1||at||á |----- |中入，3||˧||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||3||8或3||3||at||3||{{Unicode|àt}}||a |----- |陽入，2||˨||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||6||9或6||6||aht||6||{{Unicode|ât}}||à |} ===台山話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /t͡sʰ/ || c || ts || ch || ch’ || [[床#Chinese|床]] |- | /p/ || b || b || b || p || [[鼻#Chinese|鼻]] |- | /t/ || d || d || d || t || [[樽#Chinese|樽]] |- | /k/ || g || g || g || k || [[見#Chinese|見]] |- | /f/ || f || f || f || f || [[風#Chinese|風]] |- | /h/ || h || h || h || h || [[台#Chinese|台]] |- | /kʰ/ || k || k || k || k’ || [[佢#Chinese|佢]] |- | /ᵐb/ || m || m || m || m || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /l/ || l || l || l || l || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /ⁿd/ || n || n || n || n || [[你#Chinese|你]] |- | /pʰ/ || p || p || p || p’ || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /ᵑg/ || ng || ŋ || ng || ng || [[人#Chinese|人]] |- | /tʰ/ || t || t || t || t’ || [[窗#Chinese|窗]] |- | /v/ || v || v || v || w || [[話#Chinese|話]] |- | /ʒ/ || y || y || y || y || [[嘢#Chinese|嘢]] |- | /t͡s/ || z || dz || j || ch || [[州#Chinese|州]] |- | /ɬ/ || lh || ɬ || x || lh || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /s/ || s || s || s || s || [[山#Chinese|山]] |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /iu/ || iu || iu || iu || iu || [[優#Chinese|優]] |- | /ak̚/ || ak || ak || ak || aak || [[得#Chinese|得]] |- | /am/ || am || am || am || aam || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /iak̚/ || iak || iak || ek || iak || [[糴#Chinese|糴]] |- | /eu/ || eu || ǝu || eo || aau || [[斗#Chinese|斗]] |- | /i/ || i || i || i || i || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /iau/ || iau || iau || el || iau || [[釣#Chinese|釣]] |- | /un/ || un || un || un || oon || [[敦#Chinese|敦]] |- | /ᵘɔ/ || o || ɔ || o || o || [[多#Chinese|多]] |- | /ɔk̚/ || ok || ɔk || ok || ok || [[惡#Chinese|惡]] |- | /iaŋ/ || iang || iaŋ || eng || iang || [[釘#Chinese|釘]] |- | /ᵘɔi/ || oi || ɔi || oi || oi || [[愛#Chinese|愛]] |- | /iap̚/ || iap || iap || ep || iep || [[碟#Chinese|碟]] |- | /iɛ/ || ie || ia || eh || e || [[嗲#Chinese|嗲]] |- | /ɵŋ/ || uung || ǝŋ || ung || ung || [[龍#Chinese|龍]] |- | /au/ || au || ɔu || ao || aau || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /im/ || im || im || im || im || [[音#Chinese|音]] |- | /ɔŋ/ || ong || ɔŋ || ong || ong || [[當#Chinese|當]] |- | /em/ || em || ǝm || eim || ? || [[含#Chinese|含]] |- | /an/ || an || an || an || aan || [[丹#Chinese|丹]] |- | /ep̚/ || ep || ǝp || eip || ? || 𢱕 |- | /et̚/ || et || ɛt || eik || ? || [[跌#Chinese|跌]] |- | /ip̚/ || ip || ip || ip || ip || [[邑#Chinese|邑]] |- | /ᵘɔt̚/ || ot || ɔt || ot || ot || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /aŋ/ || ang || aŋ || ang || aang || [[登#Chinese|登]] |- | /m̩/ || m || m || m || m || [[五#Chinese|五]] |- | /ɵt̚/ || uut || ut || ut || ? || [[律#Chinese|律]] |- | /ut̚/ || ut || ut || ut || oot || [[突#Chinese|突]] |- | /ɵk̚/ || uuk || ǝk || uk || uk || [[六#Chinese|六]] |- | /in/ || in || in || in || in || [[因#Chinese|因]] |- | /ei/ || ei || i || i || i || [[耳#Chinese|耳]] |- | /ᵘɔn/ || on || ɔn || on || on || [[安#Chinese|安]] |- | /ui/ || ui || ui || ui || ooi || [[對#Chinese|對]] |- | /at̚/ || at || at || at || aat || [[押#Chinese|押]] |- | /u/ || u || u || u || oo || [[都#Chinese|都]] |- | /iam/ || iam || iam || em || iem || [[店#Chinese|店]] |- | /it̚/ || it || it || it || it || [[一#Chinese|一]] |- | /en/ || en || ein || ein || ien || [[丁#Chinese|丁]] |- | /a/ || a || a || a || a || [[阿#Chinese|阿]] |- | /ai/ || ai || ai || ai || aai || [[大#Chinese|大]] |- | /ap̚/ || ap || ap || ap || aap || [[搭#Chinese|搭]] |} ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 33 || 1 || ä || à || [[偷#Chinese|偷]] |- | 55 || 2 || ā || a || [[口#Chinese|口]] |- | 22 || 3 || ã || ā || [[頭#Chinese|頭]] |- | 21 || 4 || â || ạ̄ || [[厚#Chinese|厚]] |- | 32 || 5 || à || â || [[後#Chinese|後]] |} =====變調===== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 335 || 1* || ä/ || à* || [[頭先#Chinese|頭'''先''']] |- | 225 || 3* || ã/ || ā* || [[近來#Chinese|近'''來''']] |- | 215 || 4* || â/ || ạ̄* || [[去街#Chinese|去'''街''']] |- | 325 || 5* || à/ || â* || [[台山話#Chinese|台山'''話''']] |} ==閩南語== ===閩南語[[w:白話字|白話字]]=== ====聲母==== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan=3 | &nbsp; ! colspan=3 align=center | [[塞音]]及[[塞擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[鼻音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[邊音]] |- ! colspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|清音]] ! rowspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|濁音]] |- ! align=center | [[不送氣]] ! align=center | [[送氣]] |- ! [[唇音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">p</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|p]]}} 邊 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ph</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|pʰ]]}} 頗 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">b</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁雙唇塞音|b]]}} 文 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">m</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[雙唇鼻音|m]]}} 毛 | | |- ! [[韵图#.E8.88.8C.E9.9F.B3|舌音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">t</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|t]]}} 地 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">th</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|tʰ]]}} 他 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">n</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦鼻音|n]]}} 耐 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">l</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦邊音|l]]}} 柳 |- ! [[齒音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ch</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡s]]}} 曾 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">chh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡sʰ]]}} 出 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">j</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁齒齦塞擦音|d͡z]]}} 入 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">s</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦擦音|s]]}} 時 | |- ! [[牙音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">k</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|k]]}} 求 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">kh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|kʰ]]}} 去 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">g</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁軟顎塞音|g]]}} 語 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ng</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[軟顎鼻音|ŋ]]}} 雅 | | |- ! [[喉音]] | | | | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">h</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清喉擦音|h]]}} 喜 | |- |} #「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統[[五音 (音韻)|五音]]，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。 #漢字為傳統[[彙集雅俗通十五音|十五音]]，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。 ====元音==== {|class="wikitable" ! &nbsp; ! align=center | [[前元音]] ! align=center | [[央元音]] ! align=center | [[後元音]] |- ! [[閉元音|高元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">i</span> {{IPA1|i}} | | <span style="font-size:larger;">u</span> {{IPA1|u}} |- ! [[中元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">e</span> {{IPA1|e}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o</span> {{IPA1|ə}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o·</span> {{IPA1|ɔ}} |- ! [[開元音|低元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">a</span> {{IPA1|a}} | | |} #有些[[腔調]]的o是發成[[半閉元音|半閉]]後圓唇元音 {{IPA1|o}}、半閉後不圓唇元音{{IPA1|ɤ}}。 ====聲調==== ''（以a為標注範例）'' {| class="wikitable" !width="12.5%" |1 !width="12.5%" |2 !width="12.5%" |3 !width="12.5%" |4 !width="12.5%" |5 !width="12.5%" |6 !width="12.5%" |7 !width="12.5%" |8 |- |陰平 |陰上 |陰去 |陰入 |陽平 |陽上 |陽去 |陽入 |- |a |á |à |a+入聲韻尾 |â |ā |ā |{{unicode|a̍}}+入聲韻尾 |} =====備注===== * 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。 * 第4、8聲為入聲。 * 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於[[文白異讀|白讀]]。 ===閩南語[[w:臺羅音標|台羅音標]]=== ==客家話== ===客家話拼音方案=== ====字母==== 拼音採用[[拉丁字母]]，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 {{IPA1|ɛ}}。 ====聲母==== 聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | b {{IPA1|p}} 波 || p {{IPA1|pʻ}} 婆 || m {{IPA1|m}} 摸 || f {{IPA1|f}} 火 || v {{IPA1|v}} 窩 |- | d {{IPA1|t}} 多 || t {{IPA1|tʻ}} 拖 || n {{IPA1|n}} 挪 || l {{IPA1|l}} 羅 || &nbsp; |- | g {{IPA1|k}} 哥 || k {{IPA1|kʻ}} 科 || ng {{IPA1|ŋ}} 我 || h {{IPA1|h}} 河 || &nbsp; |- | j {{IPA1|t͡si-}} 擠 || q {{IPA1|ʦʻi-}} 妻 || x {{IPA1|si-}} 西 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | z {{IPA1|t͡s}} 資 || c {{IPA1|ʦʻ}} 雌 || s {{IPA1|s}} 思 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} 資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i {{IPA1|ɪ}}。 ====韻母==== 韻母總數為74個。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | i {{IPA1|ɪ}} 資 || i {{IPA1|i}} 衣 || u {{IPA1|u}} 姑 |- | a {{IPA1|a}} 阿 || ia {{IPA1|ia}} 也 || ua {{IPA1|ua}} 掛 |- | o {{IPA1|ɔ}} 哦 || io {{IPA1|iɔ}} 喲 || uo {{IPA1|uɔ}} 過 |- | ê {{IPA1|ɛ}} 這 || iê {{IPA1|iɛ}} (撒) || uê {{IPA1|uɛ}} 穢 |- | ai {{IPA1|ai}} 挨 || iai {{IPA1|iai}} 椰 || uai {{IPA1|uai}} 怪 |- | oi {{IPA1|ɔi}} 哀 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | au {{IPA1|au}} 凹 || iau {{IPA1|iau}} 腰 || &nbsp; |- | êu {{IPA1|ɛu}} 歐 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iu {{IPA1|iu}} 有 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iui {{IPA1|iui}} 銳 || ui {{IPA1|ui}} 貴 |- | am {{IPA1|am}} 庵 || iam {{IPA1|iam}} 淹 || &nbsp; |- | êm {{IPA1|ɛm}} 砧 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | em {{IPA1|əm}} 針 || im {{IPA1|im}} 陰 |- | an {{IPA1|an}} 班 || ian {{IPA1|ian}} 煙 || uan {{IPA1|uan}} 關 |- | on {{IPA1|ɔn}} 安 || ion {{IPA1|iɔn}} 阮 || uon {{IPA1|uɔn}} 管 |- | ên {{IPA1|ɛn}} 恩 || iên {{IPA1|iɛn}} 邊 || uên {{IPA1|uɛn}} 耿 |- | en {{IPA1|ən}} 真 || in {{IPA1|in}} 因 |- | &nbsp; || iun {{IPA1|iun}} 允 || un {{IPA1|un}} 敦 |- | ang {{IPA1|aŋ}} 冷 || iang {{IPA1|iaŋ}} 影 || uang {{IPA1|uaŋ}} 礦 |- | ong {{IPA1|ɔŋ}} 江 || iong {{IPA1|iɔŋ}} 央 || uong {{IPA1|uɔŋ}} 光 |- | &nbsp; || iung {{IPA1|iuŋ}} 雍 || ung {{IPA1|uŋ}} 工 |- | ab {{IPA1|ap}} 鴨 || iab {{IPA1|iap}} 葉 || &nbsp; |- | êb {{IPA1|ɛp}} 粒 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | eb {{IPA1|əp}} 汁 || ib {{IPA1|ip}} 邑 || &nbsp; |- | ad {{IPA1|at}} 八 || iad {{IPA1|iat}} 乙 || uad {{IPA1|uat}} 刮 |- | od {{IPA1|ɔt}} 遏 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | êd {{IPA1|ɛt}} 北 || iêd {{IPA1|iɛt}} 鱉 || uêd {{IPA1|uɛt}} 國 |- | ed {{IPA1|ət}} 質 || id {{IPA1|it}} 一 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iud {{IPA1|iut}} -{郁}- || ud {{IPA1|ut}} 骨 |- | ag {{IPA1|ak}} 扼 || iag {{IPA1|iak}} 錫 || uag {{IPA1|uak}} □ |- | og {{IPA1|ɔk}} 惡 || iog {{IPA1|iɔk}} 約 || uog {{IPA1|uɔk}} 郭 |- | &nbsp; || iug {{IPA1|iuk}} 育 || ug {{IPA1|uk}} 督 |- |m {{IPA1|m}} 唔 || n {{IPA1|n}} 五 || &nbsp; |} i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。 ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | 調類 || 陰平 || 陽平 || 上聲 || 去聲 || 陰入 || 陽入 |- | 調號 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | 調值 || 44 || 11 || 31 || 52 || 11 || 55 |- | &nbsp; || fu¹ || fu² || fu³ || fu⁴ || fug⁵ || fug⁶ |- | 例字 || 夫 || 扶 || 府 || 富 || 福 || 服 |} ===外部鏈接=== *[http://hakka.fhl.net/dict/index_hakka.html 客語字典查尋] ==晉語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰx/}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 麻 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/}} || f || 夫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/v/}} || v || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰx/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n/}} || n || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 查 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 如 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 拤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 嘎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰx/}} || k || 卡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} || gh || 我 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 我 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || i || 知 || 只在 {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}前 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 胡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 魚 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}} || er || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/}} || a || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/}} || ia || 牙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/}} || ua || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ/}} || e || 鵝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ/}} || ue || 和 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/}} || ie || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/}} || ye || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 懷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/}} || ei || 給 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uei/}} || ui || 灰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iau/}} || iau || 妖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || eu || 歐 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || ieu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/æ̃/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uæ̃/}} || uan || 歡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} || on || 昂 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} || ion || 央 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} || uon || 黃 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} || ang || 昂 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} || iang || 央 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} || uang || 黃 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃ŋ/}} || eng || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ĩŋ/}} || ing || 英 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ũŋ/}} || ung || 轟 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ỹŋ/}} || yng || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/}} || ah || 喝 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/}} || iah || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/}} || uah || 滑 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} || eh || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəʔ/}} || ieh || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} || ueh || 忽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yəʔ/}} || yeh || 月 || |- |} ===兒化=== 在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。 ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 平聲 || 11 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 上聲 || 53 || 2 || 反 || |- | 去聲 || 45 || 3 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 2 || 4 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 54 || 5 || 罰 || 在新式中併入陰入 |- | 輕聲 || || || || |} ==湘語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || p || 趴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 媽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɸ/}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l̃/}} || l || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 叉 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/}} || zh || 遮 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂʰ/}} || ch || 畬 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}} || sh || 賒 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 惹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 佳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 喫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 黏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 椏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || r || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ̩/}} || r || 知 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/|/t͡ʂʰ/|/ʂ/|/ʐ/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 淤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || a || 阿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia̠/}} || ia || 鴉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua̠/}} || ua || 蛙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ya̠/}} || ya || 噦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/}} || o || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/io/}} || io || 喲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ̞/}} || e || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie̞/}} || ie || 椰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ̞/}} || ue || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞/}} || ye || 抈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yai/}} || yai || 衰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e̞i/}} || ei || 欸 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue̞i/}} || uei || 威 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞i/}} || yei || 銳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒu/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒu/}} || iau || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || ou || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || iou || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/õ/}} || onn || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃/}} || enn || 占 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iẽ/}} || ienn || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yẽ/}} || yenn || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ən/}} || en || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/}} || in || 因 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uən/}} || un || 溫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/}} || yn || 暈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iæn/}} || ian || 秧 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yæn/}} || yan || 霜 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʊŋ/}} || ong || 翁 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/ən/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iʊŋ/}} || iong || 雍 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/in/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || m || 姆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/}} || n || 你 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 |- | 陰平 || 33 || 1 || 詩 |- | 陽平 || 13 || 2 || 時 |- | 上聲 || 41 || 3 || 使 |- | 陰去 || 45 || 4 || 世 |- | 陽去 || 21 || 5 || 是 |- | 入聲 || 24 || 6 || 食 |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 猴'''子''' |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{陽 平 }[13] + \text{陰 去 }[45] \to [\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }] + \text{陰 去 }[45]</math> * (快速說話時) <math>\begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + \text{入 聲 }[24] \to \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + [44]</math> ==贛語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/|lang=gan}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/|lang=gan}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/|lang=gan}} || m || 馬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/|lang=gan}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/|lang=gan}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/|lang=gan}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|lang=gan}} || z || 遮 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/|lang=gan}} || c || 車 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/|lang=gan}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/|lang=gan}} || j || 姐 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/|lang=gan}} || q || 且 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 膩 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/|lang=gan}} || x || 寫 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/k/|lang=gan}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/|lang=gan}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/|lang=gan}} || ng || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/h/|lang=gan}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/|lang=gan}} || i || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/|lang=gan}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/|lang=gan}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/|lang=gan}} || y || 迂 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/|lang=gan}} || a || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/|lang=gan}} || ia || 爺 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/|lang=gan}} || ua || 娃 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/|lang=gan}} || o || 我 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uo/|lang=gan}} || uo || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e/|lang=gan}} || e || 許 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/|lang=gan}} || ie || 渠 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue/|lang=gan}} || ue || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/|lang=gan}} || ye || 靴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵ/|lang=gan}} || eo || 而 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/|lang=gan}} || m || 姆 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/|lang=gan}} || n || 你 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/|lang=gan}} || ng || 五 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/|lang=gan}} || ai || 愛 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/|lang=gan}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/oi/|lang=gan}} || oi || - || 只用作感歎詞 |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/|lang=gan}} || ei || - || 只用於縮約形式 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨi/|lang=gan}} || i || 灰 || 只在{{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ui/|lang=gan}} || ui || 委 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/|lang=gan}} || au || 咬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛu/|lang=gan}} || eu || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛu/|lang=gan}} || ieu || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 洲 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/iu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/|lang=gan}} || an || 淹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/|lang=gan}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵn/|lang=gan}} || on || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵn/|lang=gan}} || uon || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵn/|lang=gan}} || yon || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛn/|lang=gan}} || en || 恆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛn/|lang=gan}} || ien || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨn/|lang=gan}} || iin || 本 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/|lang=gan}} || in || 陰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/un/|lang=gan}} || un || 文 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/|lang=gan}} || yn || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/|lang=gan}} || ang || 坑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/|lang=gan}} || iang || 影 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/|lang=gan}} || uang || 橫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || ong || 巷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || iong || 羊 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || uong || 王 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uŋ/|lang=gan}} || ung || 翁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuŋ/|lang=gan}} || iung || 擁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/at̚/|lang=gan}} || at || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uat̚/|lang=gan}} || uat || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || ot || 喝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || uot || 活 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || yot || 越 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || et || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || iet || 頁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || uet || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨt̚/|lang=gan}} || iit || 不 || |- | {{IPAchar|/it̚/|lang=gan}} || it || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ut̚/|lang=gan}} || ut || 骨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yt̚/|lang=gan}} || yt || 屈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/|lang=gan}} || ah || 客 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/|lang=gan}} || iah || 額 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/|lang=gan}} || uah || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || oh || 惡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || ioh || 藥 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || uoh || 郭 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uʔ/|lang=gan}} || uh || 屋 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuʔ/|lang=gan}} || iuh || 肉 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 陰平 || 42 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 陽平(A) || 24 || 2 || 襻 || 只與送氣聲母搭配 |- | 上聲 || 213 || 3 || 反 || |- | 陽平(B) || 35 || 4 || 凡 || 只與不送氣聲母搭配 |- | 去聲 || 11 || 5 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 5 || 6 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 2 || 7 || 罰 || |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 朋'''友''' || |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix} \to [13] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix} \to [24] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \text{輕 聲 } \to [21] + \text{輕 聲 }</math> ===重音=== 在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。 : {{l|zh|今日}} 'jin¹ nyit⁶ : {{l|zh|水果}} sui³ 'guo³ ==吳語== <!--[[:en:Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu]]--> ===聲母與韻母=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! 清濁 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | p || 清 || b || p || {{IPAchar|/p/}} || {{l|zh|[[布]][[幫]][[北]]}} |- | ph || 清 || p || ph || {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[怕]][[胖]][[劈]]}} |- | b || 濁 || bh || b || {{IPAchar|/b̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[步]][[盆]][[拔]]}} |- | m || 濁 || m || m || {{IPAchar|/m/}} || {{l|zh|[[马]][[梅]][[門]]}} |- | 'm || 清 || || 'm || {{IPAchar|/ʔm/}} || {{l|zh|[[媽]][[闷]][[瞇]]}} |- | f || 清 || f || f || {{IPAchar|/f/}} || {{l|zh|[[飛]][[粉]][[福]]}} |- | v || 濁 || fh || v || {{IPAchar|/v̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[扶]][[奉]][[服]]}} |- | || 清 || || vh || {{IPAchar|/v̥/}} || {{l|zh|[[朆]]}} |- | t || 清 || d || t || {{IPAchar|/t/}} || {{l|zh|[[膽]][[懂]][[德]]}} |- | th || 清 || t || th || {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[透]][[聽]][[鐵]]}} |- | d || 濁 || dh || d || {{IPAchar|/d̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[地]][[動]][[奪]]}} |- | n || 濁 || n || n || {{IPAchar|/n/}} || {{l|zh|[[囡]][[內]][[男]]}} |- | 'n || 清 || || 'n || {{IPAchar|/ʔn/}} || {{l|zh|[[孬]]}}{{l|zh|[[你]]}}_(文){{l|zh|[[哪]]}}_(文) |- | l || 濁 || l || l || {{IPAchar|/l/}} || {{l|zh|[[賴]][[領]][[立]]}} |- | 'l || 清 || || 'l || {{IPAchar|/ʔl/}} || {{l|zh|[[拉]][[拎]][[撈]]}} |- | ts || 清 || z || ts || {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || {{l|zh|[[煮]][[增]][[摘]]}} |- | tsh || 清 || c || tsh || {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[處]][[倉]][[出]]}} |- | dz || 濁 || zh || dz || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡z/}} || {{l|zh|[[橱]][[从]][[择]]}} |- | s || 清 || s || s || {{IPAchar|/s/}} || {{l|zh|[[書]][[鬆]][[色]]}} |- | z || 濁 || sh || z || {{IPAchar|/z̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[樹]][[上]][[石]]}} |- | j || 清 || j || c(i)<br>ts(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舉]][[精]][[腳]]}} |- | q || 清 || q || ch(i)<br>tsh(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[丘]][[輕]][[切]]}} |- | jj || 濁 || jh || j(i) || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡ʑ/}} || {{l|zh|[[旗]][[群]][[劇]]}} |- | ny || 濁 || ny || ny || {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[黏]][[扭]][[泥]]}} |- | 'ny || 清 || || 'ny || {{IPAchar|/ʔn̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[粘]][[研]]}} |- | x || 清 || x || s(i)<br>sh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[修]][[勛]][[血]]}} |- | xx || 濁 || xh || z(i)<br>zh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ʑ̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[徐]][[寻]][[夕]]}} |- | k || 清 || g || k || {{IPAchar|/k/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[公]][[夾]]}} |- | kh || 清 || k || kh || {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[開]][[墾]][[擴]]}} |- | g || 濁 || gh || g || {{IPAchar|/ɡ̊/}} || {{l|zh|[[葵]][[共]][[軋]]}} |- | ng || 濁 || ng || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[我]][[外]][[鵝]]}} |- | 'ng || 清 || || 'ng || {{IPAchar|/ʔŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[嗯]]}} |- | h || 清 || h || h || {{IPAchar|/h/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[荒]][[忽]]}} |- | || 清 || hh || - || {{IPAchar|/ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[衣]][[烏]][[鴨]]}} |- | hh || 濁 || wh || gh<br>y/w<ref group=note>Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.</ref> || {{IPAchar|/ɦ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鞋]][[移]][[雨]]}} |} <references group=note /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | a || a || a || {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[太]][[柴]][[鞋]]}} |- | o || o || o || {{IPAchar|/o̝/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[模]][[蛇]]}} |- | au || ao || au || {{IPAchar|/ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[寶]][[朝]][[高]]}} |- | eu || || eu || {{IPAchar|/ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鬥]][[醜]][[狗]]}} |- | e || e || e, ai, ae || {{IPAchar|/e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[雷]][[來]][[蘭]]}} |- | oe || oe || oe || {{IPAchar|/ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[最]][[亂]]}} |- | i || i, yi || i, ie, y, ye || {{IPAchar|/i/}} || {{l|zh|[[基]][[錢]][[微]]}} |- | ia || ia, ya || ia, ya || {{IPAchar|/i̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[野]][[寫]][[亞]]}} |- | iau || iao, yao || iau, yau || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[條]][[蕉]][[搖]]}} |- | ieu || || ieu, yeu || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[流]][[尤]][[休]]}} |- | u || u || u || {{IPAchar|/ʋʷ/}} || {{l|zh|[[波]][[歌]][[做]]}} |- | ua || ua || ua, wa || {{IPAchar|/u̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[怪]][[淮]][[娃]]}} |- | ue || ue || ue, we || {{IPAchar|/u̯e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[回]][[貫]][[彎]]}} |- | uoe || || uoe, woe || {{IPAchar|/u̯ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[官]][[歡]][[緩]]}} |- | y || yu || iu, yu || {{IPAchar|/y/}} || {{l|zh|[[居]][[女]][[羽]]}} |- | yoe || || ioe, yoe || {{IPAchar|/ɥø/}} || {{l|zh|[[軟]][[園]][[權]]}} |- | an || ang || an || {{IPAchar|/ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[冷]][[長]][[硬]]}} |- | aan || ang || aon || {{IPAchar|/ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[黨]][[放]][[忙]]}} |- | en || en || en || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[奮]][[登]][[論]]}} |- | on || ong || on || {{IPAchar|/ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[翁]][[蟲]][[風]]}} |- | aq || ak || ah || {{IPAchar|/ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[辣]][[麥]][[客]]}} |- | oq || ok || oh || {{IPAchar|/ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[北]][[郭]][[目]]}} |- | eq || ek || eh || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舌]][[色]][[割]]}} |- | ian || || ian, yan || {{IPAchar|/i̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[良]][[象]][[陽]]}} |- | iaan || || iaon, yaon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[旺]]}}_(白) |- | in || in || in, yin || {{IPAchar|/ɪ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[緊]][[靈]][[人]]}}_(白) |- | ion || || ion, yon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[窮]][[榮]][[濃]]}} |- | iaq || || iah, yah || {{IPAchar|/i̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[藥]][[腳]][[略]]}} |- | ioq || || ioh, yoh || {{IPAchar|/i̯ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[肉]][[浴]][[玉]]}} |- | iq || ik || ih, yih || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[筆]][[亦]][[吃]]}} |- | uan || || uan, wan || {{IPAchar|/u̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[橫]][[光]]}}_～火 |- | uaan || || uaon, waon || {{IPAchar|/u̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[廣]][[狂]][[況]]}} |- | un || || uen, wun || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[困]][[魂]][[溫]]}} |- | uaq || || uah, wah || {{IPAchar|/u̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[挖]][[劃]][[刮]]}} |- | ueq || || ueh, weh || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[活]][[擴]][[骨]]}} |- | yn || || iuin, yuin || {{IPAchar|/ʏ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[均]][[雲]][[訓]]}} |- | yq || || uih, yuih || {{IPAchar|/ɥɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[血]][[缺]][[悅]]}} |- | er || er || r || {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}}<!--Qian uses /əl/--> || {{l|zh|[[而]][[爾]][[耳]]}}_(文) |- | r || y || y || {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[知]][[次]][[住]]}} |- | mm || || m || {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[姆]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[畝]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[嘸]]}}_～沒 |- | ngg || n || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/}} || {{l|zh|[[五]][[魚]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[午]]}}_端～ |} ===聲調=== Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts&mdash;a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule. For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables. There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style ({{lang|zh|中派與新派}}) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style ({{lang|zh|老派}}) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones&mdash;level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless&mdash;dark, voiced&mdash;light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total. Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop. Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see [[w:Suzhou dialect#Tones|Suzhou dialect § Tones]] on Wikipedia. :{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" |- ! 調號 !! 調名 !! 清濁 !! 調值 !! 例字 !!對應中古漢語聲調 |- !1!!{{zh-l|陰平}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥˧}} 53||{{l|zh|[[刀]][[漿]][[司]][[東]]}}||陰平 |- !2!!{{zh-l|陰去}} |清||{{IPAfont|˧˦}} 34||{{l|zh|[[島]][[到]][[獎]][[醬]]}}||陰上、陰去 |- !3!!{{zh-l|陽去}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˨˧}} 23||{{l|zh|[[桃]][[導]][[道]][[牆]]}}||陽平、陽上、陽去 |- !4!!{{zh-l|陰入}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥ʔ}} <u>55</u>||{{l|zh|[[雀]][[削]][[說]][[足]]}}||陰入 |- !5!!{{zh-l|陽入}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˩˨ʔ}} <u>12</u>||{{l|zh|[[嚼]][[石]][[曲]][[食]]}}||陽入 |} {{attention|wuu|tone 0 is undocumented}} ====Left-prominent tone sandhi (''word sandhi'')==== Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%" |+Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns |- !Tonal category!!Monosyllabics!!Disyllabics!!Trisyllabics!!Tetrasyllabics!!Pentasyllabics |- !1. Dark level type |53||55＋21||55＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋33＋21 |- !2. Dark departing type |34||33＋44||33＋55＋21||33＋55＋33＋21||33＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !3. Light departing type |23||22＋44||22＋55＋21||22＋55＋33＋21||22＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !4. Dark checked type |<u>55</u>||<u>33</u>＋44||<u>33</u>＋55＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !5. Light checked type |<u>12</u>||<u>11</u>＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋22＋23<br /><u>22</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>22</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |} For Wu romanisations in the template {{temp|zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces). ====Right-prominent tone sandhi (''phrase sandhi'')==== When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- !rowspan=2|Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''word A'') !colspan=5|Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''syllable A-x'') !rowspan=2|Example |- !Tone 1!!Tone 2!!Tone 3!!Tone 4!!Tone 5 |- !Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it |rowspan=2 colspan=2|44||rowspan=2|33||rowspan=2|<u>44</u>||rowspan=2|<u>22</u> |{{zh-l|儂好|tr=3non+2hau}}<br>{{zh-l|炒魷魚|tr=2tshau+3hhieu hhngg}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|硬碰硬|tr=3ngan+'''-phan'''+3ngan}} |- !Multisyllabic word |rowspan=2 colspan=3|33||rowspan=2 colspan=2|<u>33</u> |{{zh-l|嘸著嘸落/呒着呒落|tr=3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|前世作孽|tr=3xxi sr+'''4tsoq'''+5nyiq}} |} Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable. ====Conversion from MiniDict tone notation==== * {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), and {{lang|zh|入}} (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers. {| class="wikitable" |+ MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion |- !MiniDict||Voicing of initial||Tone category |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|平}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||1 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|上}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|去}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|入}}||voiced||5 |- |voiceless||4 |} ===Other notations=== The notation <code>+</code> is explained above in the [[#Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)]] section. Additionally, the symbol <code>&</code> can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{temp|zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page {{zh-l|*日腳}}, the transcription for {{lang|zh|今朝是啥日腳？}} in Wu is <code>1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq</code>. ===Examples=== * {{l|zh|中華}}: 1tson hho * {{l|zh|天才}}: 1thi ze * {{l|zh|火葬場}}: 2hu tsaan zan * {{l|zh|電視}}: 3di zr * {{l|zh|韓國}}: 3hhoe koq * {{l|zh|法律}}: 4faq liq * {{l|zh|日本}}: 5zeq pen ===Resources=== * For checking the pronunciation of words: ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese'' ({{lang|zh|《上海话大词典》}}) - uses IPA notations throughout the book * For checking the pronunciation of characters: [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ Wu Chinese MiniDict] *: Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. [http://wu-chinese.com/romanization/index.html Their romanisation scheme] aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively. *: Correspondences with WT romanisation: *::Initials (MiniDict = WT): <code>c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh</code> *::: Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. {{lang|zh|譯}} yih = hhiq and {{lang|zh|皇}} waon = hhuaan *::Finals (MiniDict = WT): <code>ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm</code> *::Tones: {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), {{lang|zh|入}} (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark. [[category:發音]] [[category:漢語|*]] qctql2lr4fdd7pt7c6xbn40qkqi3av8 7267481 7267480 2022-07-21T01:00:22Z 175.223.27.153 /* 聲母與韻母 */ wikitext text/x-wiki == 現代標準漢語 == 以下為根據[[漢語拼音]]而來的發音表記。詳細請參考'''[[w:現代標準漢語#語音系統]]'''。 ===声母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2|[[w:发音方法|发音方法]]＼[[w:发音部位|发音部位]]!![[w:双唇音|双唇音]]!![[w:唇齿音|唇齿音]]!!colspan=2|[[w:齿龈音|齿龈音]]!![[w:卷舌音|卷舌音]]!![[w:龈颚音|龈颚音]]!![[w:软颚音|软颚音]] |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞音|塞音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] |‹b›　{{IPA1|p}}<br />'''ㄅ'''　玻|| || ||‹d›　{{IPA1|t}}<br />'''ㄉ'''　得|| || ||‹g›　{{IPA1|k}}<br />'''ㄍ'''　哥 |- ![[w:送气|送气]] |‹p›　{{IPA1|pʰ}}<br />'''ㄆ'''　坡|| || ||‹t›　{{IPA1|tʰ}}<br />'''ㄊ'''　特|| || ||‹k›　{{IPA1|kʰ}}<br />'''ㄎ'''　科 |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞擦音|塞擦音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] | || ||‹z›　{{IPA1|t͡s}}<br />'''ㄗ'''　资|| ||‹zh›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂ}}<br />'''ㄓ'''　知||‹j›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕ}}<br />'''ㄐ'''　基|| |- ![[w:送气|送气]] | || ||‹c›　{{IPA1|t͡sʰ}}<br />'''ㄘ'''　雌|| ||‹ch›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂʰ}}<br />'''ㄔ'''　蚩||‹q›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕʰ}}<br />'''ㄑ'''　欺|| |- ! colspan=2|[[w:擦音|擦音]]（[[w:清音|清音]]） | ||‹f›　{{IPA1|f}}<br />'''ㄈ'''　佛||‹s›　{{IPA1|s}}<br />'''ㄙ'''　思|| ||‹sh›　{{IPA1|ʂ}}<br />'''ㄕ'''　诗||‹x›　{{IPA1|ɕ}}<br />'''ㄒ'''　希||‹h›　{{IPA1|x}}<br />'''ㄏ'''　喝 |- !colspan=2|[[w:鼻音|鼻音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） |‹m›　{{IPA1|m}}<br />'''ㄇ'''　摸|| || ||‹n›　{{IPA1|n}}<br />'''ㄋ'''　讷|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:边音|边音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || ||‹l›　{{IPA1|l}}<br />'''ㄌ'''　勒|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:通音|通音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || || ||‹r›　{{IPA1|ɻ}}<br />'''ㄖ'''　日|| || |} ===韻母=== :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! ![[w:开口呼|开口呼]] ![[w:齐齿呼|齐齿呼]] ![[w:合口呼|合口呼]] ![[w:撮口呼|撮口呼]] |- !rowspan="6" |[[w:单元音韵母|单元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹-i›　{{IPA1|ɨ, ɿ, ʅ}}<br />'''ㄭ'''　之、资的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹i›　{{IPA1|i}}<br />'''丨'''　衣 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹u›　{{IPA1|u}}<br />'''ㄨ'''　乌 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ü›　{{IPA1|y}}<br />'''ㄩ'''　迂 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹a›　{{IPA1|ɑ}}<br />'''ㄚ'''　啊 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ia›　{{IPA1|i̯a}}<br />'''丨ㄚ'''　呀 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ua›　{{IPA1|u̯a}}<br />'''ㄨㄚ'''　蛙 | style="background:#CCCCCC;"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹o›　{{IPA1|o}}<br />'''ㄛ'''　喔 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uo›　{{IPA1|u̯ɔ}}<br />'''ㄨㄛ'''　窝 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹e›　{{IPA1|ɤ}}<br />'''ㄜ'''　鹅 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹ê›　{{IPA1|ɛ}}<br />'''ㄝ'''　诶 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ie›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛ}}<br />'''丨ㄝ'''　耶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üe›　{{IPA1|y̯œ}}<br />'''ㄩㄝ'''　约 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹er›　{{IPA1|ɚ}}<br />'''ㄦ'''　儿 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="4" |[[w:复元音韵母|复元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ai›　{{IPA1|aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄞ'''　哀 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uai›　{{IPA1|u̯aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄞ'''　歪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ei›　{{IPA1|eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄟ'''　诶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)i›　{{IPA1|u̯eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄟ'''　威 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ao›　{{IPA1|ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄠ'''　熬 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iao›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄠ'''　腰 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ou›　{{IPA1|oʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄡ'''　欧 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹iou›　{{IPA1|i̯oʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄡ'''　优 | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="6" |[[w:带鼻音韵母|带鼻音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹an›　{{IPA1|an}}<br />'''ㄢ'''　安 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ian›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛn}}<br />'''丨ㄢ'''　烟 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uan›　{{IPA1|u̯an}}<br />'''ㄨㄢ'''　弯 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üan›　{{IPA1|y̯ɛn}}<br />'''ㄩㄢ'''　冤 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹en›　{{IPA1|ən}}<br />'''ㄣ'''　恩 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹in›　{{IPA1|in}}<br />'''丨ㄣ'''　因 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)n›　{{IPA1|u̯ən}}<br />'''ㄨㄣ'''　温 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ün›　{{IPA1|yn}}<br />'''ㄩㄣ'''　晕 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ang›　{{IPA1|ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄤ'''　昂 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iang›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄤ'''　央 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uang›　{{IPA1|u̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄤ'''　汪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹eng›　{{IPA1|ɤŋ}}<br />'''ㄥ'''　亨的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ing›　{{IPA1|iŋ, i̯əŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄥ'''　英 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ueng/ong›　{{IPA1|u̯ŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　翁 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|同‹iong› |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ong›　{{IPA1|u̯əŋ, ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　轰的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iong›　{{IPA1|i̯ʊŋ, y̯ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄩㄥ'''　庸 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |} == 粵語 == ===廣州話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[:w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |波||class="Unicode"|[p]||class="Unicode"|[b]||b||b||b||b||b||b||p||b |----- |婆||class="Unicode"|[pʰ]||class="Unicode"|[p]||p||p||p||p||p||p||p'||p |----- |摸||class="Unicode"|[m]||class="Unicode"|[m]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||m |----- |科||class="Unicode"|[f]||class="Unicode"|[f]||f||f||f||f||f||f||f||f |----- |多||class="Unicode"|[t]||class="Unicode"|[d]||d||d||d||d||d||d||t||t |----- |拖||class="Unicode"|[tʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t]||t||t||t||t||t||t||t'||th |----- |挪||class="Unicode"|[n]||class="Unicode"|[n]||n||n||n||n||n||n||n||n |----- |羅||class="Unicode"|[l]||class="Unicode"|[l]||l||l||l||l||l||l||l||l |----- |哥||class="Unicode"|[k]||class="Unicode"|[g]||g||g||g||g||g||g||k||k |----- |卡||class="Unicode"|[kʰ]||class="Unicode"|[k]||k||k||k||k||k||k||k'||kh |----- |我||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng |----- |何||class="Unicode"|[h]||class="Unicode"|[h]||h||h||h||h||h||h||h||h |----- |左||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||z||dz||z||j||j||ts||ch |----- |知||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||j||dz||z||j||j||ch||ch |----- |初||class="Unicode"|[t͡sʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||c||ts||c||ch||ch||ts'||ts |----- |雌||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||q||ts||c||ch||ch||ch'||ts |----- |梳||class="Unicode"|[s]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||s||s||s||s||s||s||s |----- |思||class="Unicode"|[ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||x||s||s||s||s||sh||s |----- |姑||class="Unicode"|[kʷ]||class="Unicode"|[gw]||gw||gu||gw||gw||gw||gw||kw||gw |----- |箍||class="Unicode"|[kʷʰ]||class="Unicode"|[kw]||kw||ku||kw||kw||kw||kw||k'w||kw |----- |也||class="Unicode"|[j]||class="Unicode"|[j]||y||y||j||j||y||y||y/i||d |----- |華||class="Unicode"|[w]||class="Unicode"|[w]||w||w||w||w||w||w||w/oo||w |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |呀||class="Unicode"|[ɑː]||class="Unicode"|[a]||aa||a||aa||aa||a||a||a||a |----- |挨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːi]||class="Unicode"|[ai]||aai||ai||aai||aai||aai||aai||aai||ai |----- |拗||class="Unicode"|[ɑːu]||class="Unicode"|[au]||aau||ao||aau||aau||aau||aau||aau||ao |----- |(監)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːm]||class="Unicode"|[am]||aam||am||aam||aam||aam||aam||aam||am |----- |晏||class="Unicode"|[ɑːn]||class="Unicode"|[an]||aan||an||aan||aan||aan||aan||aan||an |----- |罌||class="Unicode"|[ɑːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[aŋ]||aang||ang||aang||aang||aang||aang||aang||ang |----- |鴨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːp]||class="Unicode"|[ap]||aap||ab||aap||aap||aap||aap||aap||ap |----- |押||class="Unicode"|[ɑːt]||class="Unicode"|[at]||aat||ad||aat||aat||aat||aat||aat||at |----- |(客)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːk]||class="Unicode"|[ak]||aak||ag||aak||aak||aak||aak||aak||ac |----- |矮||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||ai||ei||ai||ai||ai||ai||ai||ây |----- |歐||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||au|||eo||au||au||au||au||au||âu |----- |庵||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||am||em||am||am||am||am||am/om||âm |----- |(恩)||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||an||en||an||an||an||an||an||anh |----- |鶯||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||ang||eng||ang||ang||ang||ang||ang||ǎng |----- |(急)||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||ap||eb||ap||ap||ap||ap||ap/op||ǎp |----- |(不)||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||at||ed||at||at||at||at||at||ach |----- |(德)||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||ak||eg||ak||ak||ak||ak||ak||ǎc |----- |誒||class="Unicode"|[ɛː]||class="Unicode"|[ɛ]||e||é||e||e||e||e||e||e |----- |(非)||class="Unicode"|[ei]||class="Unicode"|[ei]||ei||éi||ei||ei||ei||ei||ei||i |----- |(掉)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːu]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||eu||eu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(舔)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːm]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||em||em||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(鏡)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɛŋ]||eng||éng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng |----- |(夾)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːp]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ep||ep||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(尺)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɛk]||ek||ég||ek||ek||ek||ek||ek||ec |----- |衣||class="Unicode"|[iː]||class="Unicode"|[i]||i||i||i||i||i||i||i||ia |----- |妖||class="Unicode"|[iːu]||class="Unicode"|[iu]||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu |----- |淹||class="Unicode"|[iːm]||class="Unicode"|[im]||im||im||im||im||im||im||im||im |----- |煙||class="Unicode"|[iːn]||class="Unicode"|[in]||in||in||in||in||in||in||in||in |----- |英||class="Unicode"|[ɪŋ]||class="Unicode"|[iŋ]||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing |----- |葉||class="Unicode"|[iːp]||class="Unicode"|[ip]||ip||ib||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip |----- |熱||class="Unicode"|[iːt]||class="Unicode"|[it]||it||id||it||it||it||it||it||it |----- |益||class="Unicode"|[ɪk]||class="Unicode"|[ik]||ik||ig||ik||ik||ik||ik||ik||ic |----- |柯||class="Unicode"|[ɔː]||class="Unicode"|[ɔ]||o||o||o||o||o||oh||oh||o |----- |哀||class="Unicode"|[ɔːi]||class="Unicode"|[ɔi]||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi |----- |奧||class="Unicode"|[ou]||class="Unicode"|[ou]||ou||ou||ou||ou||ou||o||o||u |----- |安||class="Unicode"|[ɔːn]||class="Unicode"|[ɔn]||on||on||on||on||on||on||on||on |----- |(康)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɔŋ]||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||oong |----- |(渴)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːt]||class="Unicode"|[ɔt]||ot||od||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot |----- |惡||class="Unicode"|[ɔːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɔk]||ok||og||ok||ok||ok||ok||ok||oot |----- |烏||class="Unicode"|[uː]||class="Unicode"|[u]||u||u||u||u||u||oo||oo||ua |----- |煨||class="Unicode"|[uːi]||class="Unicode"|[ui]||ui||ui||ui||ui||ui||ooi||ooi||ui |----- |碗||class="Unicode"|[uːn]||class="Unicode"|[un]||un||un||un||un||un||oon||oon||un |----- |甕||class="Unicode"|[ʊŋ]||class="Unicode"|[uŋ]||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung |----- |活||class="Unicode"|[uːt]||class="Unicode"|[ut]||ut||ud||ut||ut||ut||oot||oot||ut |----- |屋||class="Unicode"|[ʊk]||class="Unicode"|[uk]||uk||ug||uk||uk||uk||uk||uk||uc |----- |靴||class="Unicode"|[œː]||class="Unicode"|[œ]||eu||ê||oe||oe||eu||euh||oeh||uêa |----- |(香)||class="Unicode"|[œːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[œŋ]||eung||êng||oeng||oeng||eung||eung||eung||uơng |----- |(約)||class="Unicode"|[œːk]||class="Unicode"|[œk]||euk||êg||oek||oek||euk||euk||euk||uơc |----- |(去)||class="Unicode"|[ɵy]||class="Unicode"|[œy]||eue||êu||oey||eoi||eui||ui||ui||uâi |----- |(春)||class="Unicode"|[ɵn]||class="Unicode"|[œn]||eun||ên||oen||eon||un||un||un||uânh |----- |(律)||class="Unicode"|[ɵt]||class="Unicode"|[œt]||eut||êd||oet||eot||ut||ut||ut||uâch |----- |於||class="Unicode"|[yː]||class="Unicode"|[y]||ue||ü||y||yu||yu||ue||ue||uya |----- |冤||class="Unicode"|[yːn]||class="Unicode"|[yn]||uen||ün||yn||yun||yun||uen||uen||uyn |----- |月||class="Unicode"|[yːt]||class="Unicode"|[yt]||uet||üd||yt||yut||yut||uet||uet||uyt |----- |唔||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||uhm |----- |五||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||uhm |} *<nowiki>*:</nowiki>口語變異 *[[黃錫凌羅馬拼音]] euue 省略成 eue, [[廣州話拼音方案]] êü 省略成 êu *在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點 ====聲調==== 下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。 {| class="wikitable" |----- !&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |陰平，53||˥˧||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|à}}||1||a||á |----- |高平，55||˥˥||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|ā}}||1⁰||a||&nbsp; |----- |陰上，35||˧˥||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||2||2||2||{{Unicode|á}}||2||{{Unicode|á}}||ã |----- |陰去，33||˧˧||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||3||3||3||a||3||{{Unicode|à}}||a |----- |陽平，21或11||˨˩ 或 ˩˩||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||4||4||4||{{Unicode|àh}}||4||{{Unicode|ā}}||à |----- |陽上，13或23||˩˧ 或 ˨˧||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||5||5||5||{{Unicode|áh}}||5||{{Unicode|ǎ}}||ạ |----- |陽去，22||˨˨||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||6||6||6||ah||6||{{Unicode|â}}||à |----- |陰入，5||˥||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||1||7或1||1||{{Unicode|āt}}||1||at||á |----- |中入，3||˧||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||3||8或3||3||at||3||{{Unicode|àt}}||a |----- |陽入，2||˨||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||6||9或6||6||aht||6||{{Unicode|ât}}||à |} ===台山話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /t͡sʰ/ || c || ts || ch || ch’ || [[床#Chinese|床]] |- | /p/ || b || b || b || p || [[鼻#Chinese|鼻]] |- | /t/ || d || d || d || t || [[樽#Chinese|樽]] |- | /k/ || g || g || g || k || [[見#Chinese|見]] |- | /f/ || f || f || f || f || [[風#Chinese|風]] |- | /h/ || h || h || h || h || [[台#Chinese|台]] |- | /kʰ/ || k || k || k || k’ || [[佢#Chinese|佢]] |- | /ᵐb/ || m || m || m || m || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /l/ || l || l || l || l || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /ⁿd/ || n || n || n || n || [[你#Chinese|你]] |- | /pʰ/ || p || p || p || p’ || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /ᵑg/ || ng || ŋ || ng || ng || [[人#Chinese|人]] |- | /tʰ/ || t || t || t || t’ || [[窗#Chinese|窗]] |- | /v/ || v || v || v || w || [[話#Chinese|話]] |- | /ʒ/ || y || y || y || y || [[嘢#Chinese|嘢]] |- | /t͡s/ || z || dz || j || ch || [[州#Chinese|州]] |- | /ɬ/ || lh || ɬ || x || lh || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /s/ || s || s || s || s || [[山#Chinese|山]] |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /iu/ || iu || iu || iu || iu || [[優#Chinese|優]] |- | /ak̚/ || ak || ak || ak || aak || [[得#Chinese|得]] |- | /am/ || am || am || am || aam || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /iak̚/ || iak || iak || ek || iak || [[糴#Chinese|糴]] |- | /eu/ || eu || ǝu || eo || aau || [[斗#Chinese|斗]] |- | /i/ || i || i || i || i || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /iau/ || iau || iau || el || iau || [[釣#Chinese|釣]] |- | /un/ || un || un || un || oon || [[敦#Chinese|敦]] |- | /ᵘɔ/ || o || ɔ || o || o || [[多#Chinese|多]] |- | /ɔk̚/ || ok || ɔk || ok || ok || [[惡#Chinese|惡]] |- | /iaŋ/ || iang || iaŋ || eng || iang || [[釘#Chinese|釘]] |- | /ᵘɔi/ || oi || ɔi || oi || oi || [[愛#Chinese|愛]] |- | /iap̚/ || iap || iap || ep || iep || [[碟#Chinese|碟]] |- | /iɛ/ || ie || ia || eh || e || [[嗲#Chinese|嗲]] |- | /ɵŋ/ || uung || ǝŋ || ung || ung || [[龍#Chinese|龍]] |- | /au/ || au || ɔu || ao || aau || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /im/ || im || im || im || im || [[音#Chinese|音]] |- | /ɔŋ/ || ong || ɔŋ || ong || ong || [[當#Chinese|當]] |- | /em/ || em || ǝm || eim || ? || [[含#Chinese|含]] |- | /an/ || an || an || an || aan || [[丹#Chinese|丹]] |- | /ep̚/ || ep || ǝp || eip || ? || 𢱕 |- | /et̚/ || et || ɛt || eik || ? || [[跌#Chinese|跌]] |- | /ip̚/ || ip || ip || ip || ip || [[邑#Chinese|邑]] |- | /ᵘɔt̚/ || ot || ɔt || ot || ot || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /aŋ/ || ang || aŋ || ang || aang || [[登#Chinese|登]] |- | /m̩/ || m || m || m || m || [[五#Chinese|五]] |- | /ɵt̚/ || uut || ut || ut || ? || [[律#Chinese|律]] |- | /ut̚/ || ut || ut || ut || oot || [[突#Chinese|突]] |- | /ɵk̚/ || uuk || ǝk || uk || uk || [[六#Chinese|六]] |- | /in/ || in || in || in || in || [[因#Chinese|因]] |- | /ei/ || ei || i || i || i || [[耳#Chinese|耳]] |- | /ᵘɔn/ || on || ɔn || on || on || [[安#Chinese|安]] |- | /ui/ || ui || ui || ui || ooi || [[對#Chinese|對]] |- | /at̚/ || at || at || at || aat || [[押#Chinese|押]] |- | /u/ || u || u || u || oo || [[都#Chinese|都]] |- | /iam/ || iam || iam || em || iem || [[店#Chinese|店]] |- | /it̚/ || it || it || it || it || [[一#Chinese|一]] |- | /en/ || en || ein || ein || ien || [[丁#Chinese|丁]] |- | /a/ || a || a || a || a || [[阿#Chinese|阿]] |- | /ai/ || ai || ai || ai || aai || [[大#Chinese|大]] |- | /ap̚/ || ap || ap || ap || aap || [[搭#Chinese|搭]] |} ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 33 || 1 || ä || à || [[偷#Chinese|偷]] |- | 55 || 2 || ā || a || [[口#Chinese|口]] |- | 22 || 3 || ã || ā || [[頭#Chinese|頭]] |- | 21 || 4 || â || ạ̄ || [[厚#Chinese|厚]] |- | 32 || 5 || à || â || [[後#Chinese|後]] |} =====變調===== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 335 || 1* || ä/ || à* || [[頭先#Chinese|頭'''先''']] |- | 225 || 3* || ã/ || ā* || [[近來#Chinese|近'''來''']] |- | 215 || 4* || â/ || ạ̄* || [[去街#Chinese|去'''街''']] |- | 325 || 5* || à/ || â* || [[台山話#Chinese|台山'''話''']] |} ==閩南語== ===閩南語[[w:白話字|白話字]]=== ====聲母==== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan=3 | &nbsp; ! colspan=3 align=center | [[塞音]]及[[塞擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[鼻音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[邊音]] |- ! colspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|清音]] ! rowspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|濁音]] |- ! align=center | [[不送氣]] ! align=center | [[送氣]] |- ! [[唇音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">p</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|p]]}} 邊 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ph</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|pʰ]]}} 頗 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">b</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁雙唇塞音|b]]}} 文 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">m</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[雙唇鼻音|m]]}} 毛 | | |- ! [[韵图#.E8.88.8C.E9.9F.B3|舌音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">t</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|t]]}} 地 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">th</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|tʰ]]}} 他 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">n</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦鼻音|n]]}} 耐 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">l</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦邊音|l]]}} 柳 |- ! [[齒音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ch</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡s]]}} 曾 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">chh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡sʰ]]}} 出 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">j</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁齒齦塞擦音|d͡z]]}} 入 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">s</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦擦音|s]]}} 時 | |- ! [[牙音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">k</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|k]]}} 求 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">kh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|kʰ]]}} 去 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">g</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁軟顎塞音|g]]}} 語 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ng</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[軟顎鼻音|ŋ]]}} 雅 | | |- ! [[喉音]] | | | | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">h</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清喉擦音|h]]}} 喜 | |- |} #「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統[[五音 (音韻)|五音]]，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。 #漢字為傳統[[彙集雅俗通十五音|十五音]]，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。 ====元音==== {|class="wikitable" ! &nbsp; ! align=center | [[前元音]] ! align=center | [[央元音]] ! align=center | [[後元音]] |- ! [[閉元音|高元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">i</span> {{IPA1|i}} | | <span style="font-size:larger;">u</span> {{IPA1|u}} |- ! [[中元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">e</span> {{IPA1|e}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o</span> {{IPA1|ə}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o·</span> {{IPA1|ɔ}} |- ! [[開元音|低元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">a</span> {{IPA1|a}} | | |} #有些[[腔調]]的o是發成[[半閉元音|半閉]]後圓唇元音 {{IPA1|o}}、半閉後不圓唇元音{{IPA1|ɤ}}。 ====聲調==== ''（以a為標注範例）'' {| class="wikitable" !width="12.5%" |1 !width="12.5%" |2 !width="12.5%" |3 !width="12.5%" |4 !width="12.5%" |5 !width="12.5%" |6 !width="12.5%" |7 !width="12.5%" |8 |- |陰平 |陰上 |陰去 |陰入 |陽平 |陽上 |陽去 |陽入 |- |a |á |à |a+入聲韻尾 |â |ā |ā |{{unicode|a̍}}+入聲韻尾 |} =====備注===== * 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。 * 第4、8聲為入聲。 * 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於[[文白異讀|白讀]]。 ===閩南語[[w:臺羅音標|台羅音標]]=== ==客家話== ===客家話拼音方案=== ====字母==== 拼音採用[[拉丁字母]]，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 {{IPA1|ɛ}}。 ====聲母==== 聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | b {{IPA1|p}} 波 || p {{IPA1|pʻ}} 婆 || m {{IPA1|m}} 摸 || f {{IPA1|f}} 火 || v {{IPA1|v}} 窩 |- | d {{IPA1|t}} 多 || t {{IPA1|tʻ}} 拖 || n {{IPA1|n}} 挪 || l {{IPA1|l}} 羅 || &nbsp; |- | g {{IPA1|k}} 哥 || k {{IPA1|kʻ}} 科 || ng {{IPA1|ŋ}} 我 || h {{IPA1|h}} 河 || &nbsp; |- | j {{IPA1|t͡si-}} 擠 || q {{IPA1|ʦʻi-}} 妻 || x {{IPA1|si-}} 西 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | z {{IPA1|t͡s}} 資 || c {{IPA1|ʦʻ}} 雌 || s {{IPA1|s}} 思 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} 資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i {{IPA1|ɪ}}。 ====韻母==== 韻母總數為74個。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | i {{IPA1|ɪ}} 資 || i {{IPA1|i}} 衣 || u {{IPA1|u}} 姑 |- | a {{IPA1|a}} 阿 || ia {{IPA1|ia}} 也 || ua {{IPA1|ua}} 掛 |- | o {{IPA1|ɔ}} 哦 || io {{IPA1|iɔ}} 喲 || uo {{IPA1|uɔ}} 過 |- | ê {{IPA1|ɛ}} 這 || iê {{IPA1|iɛ}} (撒) || uê {{IPA1|uɛ}} 穢 |- | ai {{IPA1|ai}} 挨 || iai {{IPA1|iai}} 椰 || uai {{IPA1|uai}} 怪 |- | oi {{IPA1|ɔi}} 哀 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | au {{IPA1|au}} 凹 || iau {{IPA1|iau}} 腰 || &nbsp; |- | êu {{IPA1|ɛu}} 歐 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iu {{IPA1|iu}} 有 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iui {{IPA1|iui}} 銳 || ui {{IPA1|ui}} 貴 |- | am {{IPA1|am}} 庵 || iam {{IPA1|iam}} 淹 || &nbsp; |- | êm {{IPA1|ɛm}} 砧 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | em {{IPA1|əm}} 針 || im {{IPA1|im}} 陰 |- | an {{IPA1|an}} 班 || ian {{IPA1|ian}} 煙 || uan {{IPA1|uan}} 關 |- | on {{IPA1|ɔn}} 安 || ion {{IPA1|iɔn}} 阮 || uon {{IPA1|uɔn}} 管 |- | ên {{IPA1|ɛn}} 恩 || iên {{IPA1|iɛn}} 邊 || uên {{IPA1|uɛn}} 耿 |- | en {{IPA1|ən}} 真 || in {{IPA1|in}} 因 |- | &nbsp; || iun {{IPA1|iun}} 允 || un {{IPA1|un}} 敦 |- | ang {{IPA1|aŋ}} 冷 || iang {{IPA1|iaŋ}} 影 || uang {{IPA1|uaŋ}} 礦 |- | ong {{IPA1|ɔŋ}} 江 || iong {{IPA1|iɔŋ}} 央 || uong {{IPA1|uɔŋ}} 光 |- | &nbsp; || iung {{IPA1|iuŋ}} 雍 || ung {{IPA1|uŋ}} 工 |- | ab {{IPA1|ap}} 鴨 || iab {{IPA1|iap}} 葉 || &nbsp; |- | êb {{IPA1|ɛp}} 粒 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | eb {{IPA1|əp}} 汁 || ib {{IPA1|ip}} 邑 || &nbsp; |- | ad {{IPA1|at}} 八 || iad {{IPA1|iat}} 乙 || uad {{IPA1|uat}} 刮 |- | od {{IPA1|ɔt}} 遏 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | êd {{IPA1|ɛt}} 北 || iêd {{IPA1|iɛt}} 鱉 || uêd {{IPA1|uɛt}} 國 |- | ed {{IPA1|ət}} 質 || id {{IPA1|it}} 一 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iud {{IPA1|iut}} -{郁}- || ud {{IPA1|ut}} 骨 |- | ag {{IPA1|ak}} 扼 || iag {{IPA1|iak}} 錫 || uag {{IPA1|uak}} □ |- | og {{IPA1|ɔk}} 惡 || iog {{IPA1|iɔk}} 約 || uog {{IPA1|uɔk}} 郭 |- | &nbsp; || iug {{IPA1|iuk}} 育 || ug {{IPA1|uk}} 督 |- |m {{IPA1|m}} 唔 || n {{IPA1|n}} 五 || &nbsp; |} i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。 ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | 調類 || 陰平 || 陽平 || 上聲 || 去聲 || 陰入 || 陽入 |- | 調號 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | 調值 || 44 || 11 || 31 || 52 || 11 || 55 |- | &nbsp; || fu¹ || fu² || fu³ || fu⁴ || fug⁵ || fug⁶ |- | 例字 || 夫 || 扶 || 府 || 富 || 福 || 服 |} ===外部鏈接=== *[http://hakka.fhl.net/dict/index_hakka.html 客語字典查尋] ==晉語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰx/}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 麻 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/}} || f || 夫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/v/}} || v || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰx/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n/}} || n || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 查 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 如 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 拤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 嘎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰx/}} || k || 卡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} || gh || 我 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 我 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || i || 知 || 只在 {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}前 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 胡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 魚 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}} || er || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/}} || a || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/}} || ia || 牙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/}} || ua || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ/}} || e || 鵝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ/}} || ue || 和 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/}} || ie || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/}} || ye || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 懷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/}} || ei || 給 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uei/}} || ui || 灰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iau/}} || iau || 妖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || eu || 歐 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || ieu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/æ̃/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uæ̃/}} || uan || 歡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} || on || 昂 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} || ion || 央 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} || uon || 黃 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} || ang || 昂 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} || iang || 央 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} || uang || 黃 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃ŋ/}} || eng || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ĩŋ/}} || ing || 英 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ũŋ/}} || ung || 轟 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ỹŋ/}} || yng || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/}} || ah || 喝 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/}} || iah || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/}} || uah || 滑 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} || eh || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəʔ/}} || ieh || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} || ueh || 忽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yəʔ/}} || yeh || 月 || |- |} ===兒化=== 在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。 ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 平聲 || 11 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 上聲 || 53 || 2 || 反 || |- | 去聲 || 45 || 3 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 2 || 4 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 54 || 5 || 罰 || 在新式中併入陰入 |- | 輕聲 || || || || |} ==湘語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || p || 趴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 媽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɸ/}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l̃/}} || l || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 叉 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/}} || zh || 遮 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂʰ/}} || ch || 畬 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}} || sh || 賒 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 惹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 佳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 喫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 黏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 椏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || r || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ̩/}} || r || 知 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/|/t͡ʂʰ/|/ʂ/|/ʐ/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 淤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || a || 阿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia̠/}} || ia || 鴉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua̠/}} || ua || 蛙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ya̠/}} || ya || 噦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/}} || o || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/io/}} || io || 喲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ̞/}} || e || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie̞/}} || ie || 椰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ̞/}} || ue || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞/}} || ye || 抈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yai/}} || yai || 衰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e̞i/}} || ei || 欸 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue̞i/}} || uei || 威 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞i/}} || yei || 銳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒu/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒu/}} || iau || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || ou || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || iou || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/õ/}} || onn || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃/}} || enn || 占 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iẽ/}} || ienn || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yẽ/}} || yenn || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ən/}} || en || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/}} || in || 因 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uən/}} || un || 溫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/}} || yn || 暈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iæn/}} || ian || 秧 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yæn/}} || yan || 霜 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʊŋ/}} || ong || 翁 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/ən/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iʊŋ/}} || iong || 雍 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/in/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || m || 姆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/}} || n || 你 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 |- | 陰平 || 33 || 1 || 詩 |- | 陽平 || 13 || 2 || 時 |- | 上聲 || 41 || 3 || 使 |- | 陰去 || 45 || 4 || 世 |- | 陽去 || 21 || 5 || 是 |- | 入聲 || 24 || 6 || 食 |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 猴'''子''' |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{陽 平 }[13] + \text{陰 去 }[45] \to [\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }] + \text{陰 去 }[45]</math> * (快速說話時) <math>\begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + \text{入 聲 }[24] \to \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + [44]</math> ==贛語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/|lang=gan}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/|lang=gan}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/|lang=gan}} || m || 馬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/|lang=gan}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/|lang=gan}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/|lang=gan}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|lang=gan}} || z || 遮 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/|lang=gan}} || c || 車 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/|lang=gan}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/|lang=gan}} || j || 姐 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/|lang=gan}} || q || 且 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 膩 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/|lang=gan}} || x || 寫 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/k/|lang=gan}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/|lang=gan}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/|lang=gan}} || ng || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/h/|lang=gan}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/|lang=gan}} || i || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/|lang=gan}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/|lang=gan}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/|lang=gan}} || y || 迂 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/|lang=gan}} || a || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/|lang=gan}} || ia || 爺 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/|lang=gan}} || ua || 娃 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/|lang=gan}} || o || 我 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uo/|lang=gan}} || uo || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e/|lang=gan}} || e || 許 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/|lang=gan}} || ie || 渠 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue/|lang=gan}} || ue || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/|lang=gan}} || ye || 靴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵ/|lang=gan}} || eo || 而 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/|lang=gan}} || m || 姆 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/|lang=gan}} || n || 你 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/|lang=gan}} || ng || 五 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/|lang=gan}} || ai || 愛 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/|lang=gan}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/oi/|lang=gan}} || oi || - || 只用作感歎詞 |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/|lang=gan}} || ei || - || 只用於縮約形式 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨi/|lang=gan}} || i || 灰 || 只在{{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ui/|lang=gan}} || ui || 委 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/|lang=gan}} || au || 咬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛu/|lang=gan}} || eu || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛu/|lang=gan}} || ieu || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 洲 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/iu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/|lang=gan}} || an || 淹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/|lang=gan}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵn/|lang=gan}} || on || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵn/|lang=gan}} || uon || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵn/|lang=gan}} || yon || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛn/|lang=gan}} || en || 恆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛn/|lang=gan}} || ien || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨn/|lang=gan}} || iin || 本 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/|lang=gan}} || in || 陰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/un/|lang=gan}} || un || 文 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/|lang=gan}} || yn || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/|lang=gan}} || ang || 坑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/|lang=gan}} || iang || 影 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/|lang=gan}} || uang || 橫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || ong || 巷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || iong || 羊 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || uong || 王 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uŋ/|lang=gan}} || ung || 翁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuŋ/|lang=gan}} || iung || 擁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/at̚/|lang=gan}} || at || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uat̚/|lang=gan}} || uat || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || ot || 喝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || uot || 活 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || yot || 越 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || et || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || iet || 頁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || uet || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨt̚/|lang=gan}} || iit || 不 || |- | {{IPAchar|/it̚/|lang=gan}} || it || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ut̚/|lang=gan}} || ut || 骨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yt̚/|lang=gan}} || yt || 屈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/|lang=gan}} || ah || 客 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/|lang=gan}} || iah || 額 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/|lang=gan}} || uah || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || oh || 惡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || ioh || 藥 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || uoh || 郭 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uʔ/|lang=gan}} || uh || 屋 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuʔ/|lang=gan}} || iuh || 肉 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 陰平 || 42 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 陽平(A) || 24 || 2 || 襻 || 只與送氣聲母搭配 |- | 上聲 || 213 || 3 || 反 || |- | 陽平(B) || 35 || 4 || 凡 || 只與不送氣聲母搭配 |- | 去聲 || 11 || 5 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 5 || 6 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 2 || 7 || 罰 || |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 朋'''友''' || |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix} \to [13] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix} \to [24] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \text{輕 聲 } \to [21] + \text{輕 聲 }</math> ===重音=== 在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。 : {{l|zh|今日}} 'jin¹ nyit⁶ : {{l|zh|水果}} sui³ 'guo³ ==吳語== <!--[[:en:Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu]]--> ===聲母與韻母=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! 清濁 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | p || 清 || b || p || {{IPAchar|/p/}} || {{l|zh|[[布]][[幫]][[北]]}} |- | ph || 清 || p || ph || {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[怕]][[胖]][[劈]]}} |- | b || 濁 || bh || b || {{IPAchar|/b̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[步]][[盆]][[拔]]}} |- | m || 濁 || m || m || {{IPAchar|/m/}} || {{l|zh|[[马]][[梅]][[門]]}} |- | 'm || 清 || || 'm || {{IPAchar|/ʔm/}} || {{l|zh|[[媽]][[闷]][[瞇]]}} |- | f || 清 || f || f || {{IPAchar|/f/}} || {{l|zh|[[飛]][[粉]][[福]]}} |- | v || 濁 || fh || v || {{IPAchar|/v̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[扶]][[奉]][[服]]}} |- | || 清 || || vh || {{IPAchar|/v̥/}} || {{l|zh|[[朆]]}} |- | t || 清 || d || t || {{IPAchar|/t/}} || {{l|zh|[[膽]][[懂]][[德]]}} |- | th || 清 || t || th || {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[透]][[聽]][[鐵]]}} |- | d || 濁 || dh || d || {{IPAchar|/d̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[地]][[動]][[奪]]}} |- | n || 濁 || n || n || {{IPAchar|/n/}} || {{l|zh|[[囡]][[內]][[男]]}} |- | 'n || 清 || || 'n || {{IPAchar|/ʔn/}} || {{l|zh|[[孬]]}}{{l|zh|[[你]]}}_(文){{l|zh|[[哪]]}}_(文) |- | l || 濁 || l || l || {{IPAchar|/l/}} || {{l|zh|[[賴]][[領]][[立]]}} |- | 'l || 清 || || 'l || {{IPAchar|/ʔl/}} || {{l|zh|[[拉]][[拎]][[撈]]}} |- | z || 清 || z || ts || {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || {{l|zh|[[煮]][[增]][[摘]]}} |- | c || 清 || c || tsh || {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[處]][[倉]][[出]]}} |- | zz || 濁 || zh || dz || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡z/}} || {{l|zh|[[橱]][[从]][[择]]}} |- | s || 清 || s || s || {{IPAchar|/s/}} || {{l|zh|[[書]][[鬆]][[色]]}} |- | ss || 濁 || sh || z || {{IPAchar|/z̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[樹]][[上]][[石]]}} |- | j || 清 || j || c(i)<br>ts(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舉]][[精]][[腳]]}} |- | q || 清 || q || ch(i)<br>tsh(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[丘]][[輕]][[切]]}} |- | jj || 濁 || jh || j(i)<br>dz(i) || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡ʑ/}} || {{l|zh|[[旗]][[群]][[劇]]}} |- | ny || 濁 || ny || ny || {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[黏]][[扭]][[泥]]}} |- | 'ny || 清 || || 'ny || {{IPAchar|/ʔn̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[粘]][[研]]}} |- | x || 清 || x || s(i)<br>sh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[修]][[勛]][[血]]}} |- | xx || 濁 || xh || z(i)<br>zh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ʑ̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[徐]][[寻]][[夕]]}} |- | k || 清 || g || k || {{IPAchar|/k/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[公]][[夾]]}} |- | kh || 清 || k || kh || {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[開]][[墾]][[擴]]}} |- | g || 濁 || gh || g || {{IPAchar|/ɡ̊/}} || {{l|zh|[[葵]][[共]][[軋]]}} |- | ng || 濁 || ng || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[我]][[外]][[鵝]]}} |- | 'ng || 清 || || 'ng || {{IPAchar|/ʔŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[嗯]]}} |- | h || 清 || h || h || {{IPAchar|/h/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[荒]][[忽]]}} |- | || 清 || hh || - || {{IPAchar|/ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[衣]][[烏]][[鴨]]}} |- | hh || 濁 || wh || gh<br>y/w<ref group=note>Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.</ref> || {{IPAchar|/ɦ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鞋]][[移]][[雨]]}} |} <references group=note /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | a || a || a || {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[太]][[柴]][[鞋]]}} |- | o || o || o || {{IPAchar|/o̝/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[模]][[蛇]]}} |- | au || ao || au || {{IPAchar|/ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[寶]][[朝]][[高]]}} |- | eu || || eu || {{IPAchar|/ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鬥]][[醜]][[狗]]}} |- | e || e || e, ai, ae || {{IPAchar|/e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[雷]][[來]][[蘭]]}} |- | oe || oe || oe || {{IPAchar|/ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[最]][[亂]]}} |- | i || i, yi || i, ie, y, ye || {{IPAchar|/i/}} || {{l|zh|[[基]][[錢]][[微]]}} |- | ia || ia, ya || ia, ya || {{IPAchar|/i̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[野]][[寫]][[亞]]}} |- | iau || iao, yao || iau, yau || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[條]][[蕉]][[搖]]}} |- | ieu || || ieu, yeu || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[流]][[尤]][[休]]}} |- | u || u || u || {{IPAchar|/ʋʷ/}} || {{l|zh|[[波]][[歌]][[做]]}} |- | ua || ua || ua, wa || {{IPAchar|/u̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[怪]][[淮]][[娃]]}} |- | ue || ue || ue, we || {{IPAchar|/u̯e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[回]][[貫]][[彎]]}} |- | uoe || || uoe, woe || {{IPAchar|/u̯ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[官]][[歡]][[緩]]}} |- | y || yu || iu, yu || {{IPAchar|/y/}} || {{l|zh|[[居]][[女]][[羽]]}} |- | yoe || || ioe, yoe || {{IPAchar|/ɥø/}} || {{l|zh|[[軟]][[園]][[權]]}} |- | an || ang || an || {{IPAchar|/ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[冷]][[長]][[硬]]}} |- | aan || ang || aon || {{IPAchar|/ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[黨]][[放]][[忙]]}} |- | en || en || en || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[奮]][[登]][[論]]}} |- | on || ong || on || {{IPAchar|/ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[翁]][[蟲]][[風]]}} |- | aq || ak || ah || {{IPAchar|/ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[辣]][[麥]][[客]]}} |- | oq || ok || oh || {{IPAchar|/ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[北]][[郭]][[目]]}} |- | eq || ek || eh || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舌]][[色]][[割]]}} |- | ian || || ian, yan || {{IPAchar|/i̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[良]][[象]][[陽]]}} |- | iaan || || iaon, yaon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[旺]]}}_(白) |- | in || in || in, yin || {{IPAchar|/ɪ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[緊]][[靈]][[人]]}}_(白) |- | ion || || ion, yon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[窮]][[榮]][[濃]]}} |- | iaq || || iah, yah || {{IPAchar|/i̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[藥]][[腳]][[略]]}} |- | ioq || || ioh, yoh || {{IPAchar|/i̯ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[肉]][[浴]][[玉]]}} |- | iq || ik || ih, yih || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[筆]][[亦]][[吃]]}} |- | uan || || uan, wan || {{IPAchar|/u̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[橫]][[光]]}}_～火 |- | uaan || || uaon, waon || {{IPAchar|/u̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[廣]][[狂]][[況]]}} |- | un || || uen, wun || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[困]][[魂]][[溫]]}} |- | uaq || || uah, wah || {{IPAchar|/u̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[挖]][[劃]][[刮]]}} |- | ueq || || ueh, weh || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[活]][[擴]][[骨]]}} |- | yn || || iuin, yuin || {{IPAchar|/ʏ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[均]][[雲]][[訓]]}} |- | yq || || uih, yuih || {{IPAchar|/ɥɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[血]][[缺]][[悅]]}} |- | er || er || r || {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}}<!--Qian uses /əl/--> || {{l|zh|[[而]][[爾]][[耳]]}}_(文) |- | r || y || y || {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[知]][[次]][[住]]}} |- | mm || || m || {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[姆]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[畝]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[嘸]]}}_～沒 |- | ngg || n || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/}} || {{l|zh|[[五]][[魚]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[午]]}}_端～ |} ===聲調=== Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts&mdash;a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule. For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables. There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style ({{lang|zh|中派與新派}}) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style ({{lang|zh|老派}}) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones&mdash;level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless&mdash;dark, voiced&mdash;light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total. Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop. Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see [[w:Suzhou dialect#Tones|Suzhou dialect § Tones]] on Wikipedia. :{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" |- ! 調號 !! 調名 !! 清濁 !! 調值 !! 例字 !!對應中古漢語聲調 |- !1!!{{zh-l|陰平}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥˧}} 53||{{l|zh|[[刀]][[漿]][[司]][[東]]}}||陰平 |- !2!!{{zh-l|陰去}} |清||{{IPAfont|˧˦}} 34||{{l|zh|[[島]][[到]][[獎]][[醬]]}}||陰上、陰去 |- !3!!{{zh-l|陽去}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˨˧}} 23||{{l|zh|[[桃]][[導]][[道]][[牆]]}}||陽平、陽上、陽去 |- !4!!{{zh-l|陰入}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥ʔ}} <u>55</u>||{{l|zh|[[雀]][[削]][[說]][[足]]}}||陰入 |- !5!!{{zh-l|陽入}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˩˨ʔ}} <u>12</u>||{{l|zh|[[嚼]][[石]][[曲]][[食]]}}||陽入 |} {{attention|wuu|tone 0 is undocumented}} ====Left-prominent tone sandhi (''word sandhi'')==== Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%" |+Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns |- !Tonal category!!Monosyllabics!!Disyllabics!!Trisyllabics!!Tetrasyllabics!!Pentasyllabics |- !1. Dark level type |53||55＋21||55＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋33＋21 |- !2. Dark departing type |34||33＋44||33＋55＋21||33＋55＋33＋21||33＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !3. Light departing type |23||22＋44||22＋55＋21||22＋55＋33＋21||22＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !4. Dark checked type |<u>55</u>||<u>33</u>＋44||<u>33</u>＋55＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !5. Light checked type |<u>12</u>||<u>11</u>＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋22＋23<br /><u>22</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>22</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |} For Wu romanisations in the template {{temp|zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces). ====Right-prominent tone sandhi (''phrase sandhi'')==== When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- !rowspan=2|Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''word A'') !colspan=5|Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''syllable A-x'') !rowspan=2|Example |- !Tone 1!!Tone 2!!Tone 3!!Tone 4!!Tone 5 |- !Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it |rowspan=2 colspan=2|44||rowspan=2|33||rowspan=2|<u>44</u>||rowspan=2|<u>22</u> |{{zh-l|儂好|tr=3non+2hau}}<br>{{zh-l|炒魷魚|tr=2tshau+3hhieu hhngg}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|硬碰硬|tr=3ngan+'''-phan'''+3ngan}} |- !Multisyllabic word |rowspan=2 colspan=3|33||rowspan=2 colspan=2|<u>33</u> |{{zh-l|嘸著嘸落/呒着呒落|tr=3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|前世作孽|tr=3xxi sr+'''4tsoq'''+5nyiq}} |} Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable. ====Conversion from MiniDict tone notation==== * {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), and {{lang|zh|入}} (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers. {| class="wikitable" |+ MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion |- !MiniDict||Voicing of initial||Tone category |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|平}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||1 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|上}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|去}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|入}}||voiced||5 |- |voiceless||4 |} ===Other notations=== The notation <code>+</code> is explained above in the [[#Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)]] section. Additionally, the symbol <code>&</code> can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{temp|zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page {{zh-l|*日腳}}, the transcription for {{lang|zh|今朝是啥日腳？}} in Wu is <code>1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq</code>. ===Examples=== * {{l|zh|中華}}: 1tson hho * {{l|zh|天才}}: 1thi ze * {{l|zh|火葬場}}: 2hu tsaan zan * {{l|zh|電視}}: 3di zr * {{l|zh|韓國}}: 3hhoe koq * {{l|zh|法律}}: 4faq liq * {{l|zh|日本}}: 5zeq pen ===Resources=== * For checking the pronunciation of words: ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese'' ({{lang|zh|《上海话大词典》}}) - uses IPA notations throughout the book * For checking the pronunciation of characters: [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ Wu Chinese MiniDict] *: Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. [http://wu-chinese.com/romanization/index.html Their romanisation scheme] aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively. *: Correspondences with WT romanisation: *::Initials (MiniDict = WT): <code>c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh</code> *::: Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. {{lang|zh|譯}} yih = hhiq and {{lang|zh|皇}} waon = hhuaan *::Finals (MiniDict = WT): <code>ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm</code> *::Tones: {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), {{lang|zh|入}} (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark. [[category:發音]] [[category:漢語|*]] rxg31g7hdw22bjz5p2kub1owj4m8s7d 7267482 7267481 2022-07-21T01:02:22Z 175.223.27.153 /* 聲母與韻母 */ wikitext text/x-wiki == 現代標準漢語 == 以下為根據[[漢語拼音]]而來的發音表記。詳細請參考'''[[w:現代標準漢語#語音系統]]'''。 ===声母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2|[[w:发音方法|发音方法]]＼[[w:发音部位|发音部位]]!![[w:双唇音|双唇音]]!![[w:唇齿音|唇齿音]]!!colspan=2|[[w:齿龈音|齿龈音]]!![[w:卷舌音|卷舌音]]!![[w:龈颚音|龈颚音]]!![[w:软颚音|软颚音]] |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞音|塞音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] |‹b›　{{IPA1|p}}<br />'''ㄅ'''　玻|| || ||‹d›　{{IPA1|t}}<br />'''ㄉ'''　得|| || ||‹g›　{{IPA1|k}}<br />'''ㄍ'''　哥 |- ![[w:送气|送气]] |‹p›　{{IPA1|pʰ}}<br />'''ㄆ'''　坡|| || ||‹t›　{{IPA1|tʰ}}<br />'''ㄊ'''　特|| || ||‹k›　{{IPA1|kʰ}}<br />'''ㄎ'''　科 |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞擦音|塞擦音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] | || ||‹z›　{{IPA1|t͡s}}<br />'''ㄗ'''　资|| ||‹zh›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂ}}<br />'''ㄓ'''　知||‹j›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕ}}<br />'''ㄐ'''　基|| |- ![[w:送气|送气]] | || ||‹c›　{{IPA1|t͡sʰ}}<br />'''ㄘ'''　雌|| ||‹ch›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂʰ}}<br />'''ㄔ'''　蚩||‹q›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕʰ}}<br />'''ㄑ'''　欺|| |- ! colspan=2|[[w:擦音|擦音]]（[[w:清音|清音]]） | ||‹f›　{{IPA1|f}}<br />'''ㄈ'''　佛||‹s›　{{IPA1|s}}<br />'''ㄙ'''　思|| ||‹sh›　{{IPA1|ʂ}}<br />'''ㄕ'''　诗||‹x›　{{IPA1|ɕ}}<br />'''ㄒ'''　希||‹h›　{{IPA1|x}}<br />'''ㄏ'''　喝 |- !colspan=2|[[w:鼻音|鼻音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） |‹m›　{{IPA1|m}}<br />'''ㄇ'''　摸|| || ||‹n›　{{IPA1|n}}<br />'''ㄋ'''　讷|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:边音|边音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || ||‹l›　{{IPA1|l}}<br />'''ㄌ'''　勒|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:通音|通音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || || ||‹r›　{{IPA1|ɻ}}<br />'''ㄖ'''　日|| || |} ===韻母=== :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! ![[w:开口呼|开口呼]] ![[w:齐齿呼|齐齿呼]] ![[w:合口呼|合口呼]] ![[w:撮口呼|撮口呼]] |- !rowspan="6" |[[w:单元音韵母|单元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹-i›　{{IPA1|ɨ, ɿ, ʅ}}<br />'''ㄭ'''　之、资的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹i›　{{IPA1|i}}<br />'''丨'''　衣 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹u›　{{IPA1|u}}<br />'''ㄨ'''　乌 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ü›　{{IPA1|y}}<br />'''ㄩ'''　迂 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹a›　{{IPA1|ɑ}}<br />'''ㄚ'''　啊 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ia›　{{IPA1|i̯a}}<br />'''丨ㄚ'''　呀 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ua›　{{IPA1|u̯a}}<br />'''ㄨㄚ'''　蛙 | style="background:#CCCCCC;"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹o›　{{IPA1|o}}<br />'''ㄛ'''　喔 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uo›　{{IPA1|u̯ɔ}}<br />'''ㄨㄛ'''　窝 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹e›　{{IPA1|ɤ}}<br />'''ㄜ'''　鹅 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹ê›　{{IPA1|ɛ}}<br />'''ㄝ'''　诶 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ie›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛ}}<br />'''丨ㄝ'''　耶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üe›　{{IPA1|y̯œ}}<br />'''ㄩㄝ'''　约 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹er›　{{IPA1|ɚ}}<br />'''ㄦ'''　儿 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="4" |[[w:复元音韵母|复元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ai›　{{IPA1|aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄞ'''　哀 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uai›　{{IPA1|u̯aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄞ'''　歪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ei›　{{IPA1|eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄟ'''　诶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)i›　{{IPA1|u̯eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄟ'''　威 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ao›　{{IPA1|ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄠ'''　熬 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iao›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄠ'''　腰 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ou›　{{IPA1|oʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄡ'''　欧 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹iou›　{{IPA1|i̯oʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄡ'''　优 | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="6" |[[w:带鼻音韵母|带鼻音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹an›　{{IPA1|an}}<br />'''ㄢ'''　安 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ian›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛn}}<br />'''丨ㄢ'''　烟 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uan›　{{IPA1|u̯an}}<br />'''ㄨㄢ'''　弯 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üan›　{{IPA1|y̯ɛn}}<br />'''ㄩㄢ'''　冤 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹en›　{{IPA1|ən}}<br />'''ㄣ'''　恩 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹in›　{{IPA1|in}}<br />'''丨ㄣ'''　因 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)n›　{{IPA1|u̯ən}}<br />'''ㄨㄣ'''　温 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ün›　{{IPA1|yn}}<br />'''ㄩㄣ'''　晕 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ang›　{{IPA1|ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄤ'''　昂 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iang›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄤ'''　央 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uang›　{{IPA1|u̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄤ'''　汪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹eng›　{{IPA1|ɤŋ}}<br />'''ㄥ'''　亨的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ing›　{{IPA1|iŋ, i̯əŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄥ'''　英 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ueng/ong›　{{IPA1|u̯ŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　翁 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|同‹iong› |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ong›　{{IPA1|u̯əŋ, ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　轰的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iong›　{{IPA1|i̯ʊŋ, y̯ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄩㄥ'''　庸 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |} == 粵語 == ===廣州話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[:w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |波||class="Unicode"|[p]||class="Unicode"|[b]||b||b||b||b||b||b||p||b |----- |婆||class="Unicode"|[pʰ]||class="Unicode"|[p]||p||p||p||p||p||p||p'||p |----- |摸||class="Unicode"|[m]||class="Unicode"|[m]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||m |----- |科||class="Unicode"|[f]||class="Unicode"|[f]||f||f||f||f||f||f||f||f |----- |多||class="Unicode"|[t]||class="Unicode"|[d]||d||d||d||d||d||d||t||t |----- |拖||class="Unicode"|[tʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t]||t||t||t||t||t||t||t'||th |----- |挪||class="Unicode"|[n]||class="Unicode"|[n]||n||n||n||n||n||n||n||n |----- |羅||class="Unicode"|[l]||class="Unicode"|[l]||l||l||l||l||l||l||l||l |----- |哥||class="Unicode"|[k]||class="Unicode"|[g]||g||g||g||g||g||g||k||k |----- |卡||class="Unicode"|[kʰ]||class="Unicode"|[k]||k||k||k||k||k||k||k'||kh |----- |我||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng |----- |何||class="Unicode"|[h]||class="Unicode"|[h]||h||h||h||h||h||h||h||h |----- |左||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||z||dz||z||j||j||ts||ch |----- |知||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||j||dz||z||j||j||ch||ch |----- |初||class="Unicode"|[t͡sʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||c||ts||c||ch||ch||ts'||ts |----- |雌||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||q||ts||c||ch||ch||ch'||ts |----- |梳||class="Unicode"|[s]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||s||s||s||s||s||s||s |----- |思||class="Unicode"|[ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||x||s||s||s||s||sh||s |----- |姑||class="Unicode"|[kʷ]||class="Unicode"|[gw]||gw||gu||gw||gw||gw||gw||kw||gw |----- |箍||class="Unicode"|[kʷʰ]||class="Unicode"|[kw]||kw||ku||kw||kw||kw||kw||k'w||kw |----- |也||class="Unicode"|[j]||class="Unicode"|[j]||y||y||j||j||y||y||y/i||d |----- |華||class="Unicode"|[w]||class="Unicode"|[w]||w||w||w||w||w||w||w/oo||w |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |呀||class="Unicode"|[ɑː]||class="Unicode"|[a]||aa||a||aa||aa||a||a||a||a |----- |挨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːi]||class="Unicode"|[ai]||aai||ai||aai||aai||aai||aai||aai||ai |----- |拗||class="Unicode"|[ɑːu]||class="Unicode"|[au]||aau||ao||aau||aau||aau||aau||aau||ao |----- |(監)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːm]||class="Unicode"|[am]||aam||am||aam||aam||aam||aam||aam||am |----- |晏||class="Unicode"|[ɑːn]||class="Unicode"|[an]||aan||an||aan||aan||aan||aan||aan||an |----- |罌||class="Unicode"|[ɑːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[aŋ]||aang||ang||aang||aang||aang||aang||aang||ang |----- |鴨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːp]||class="Unicode"|[ap]||aap||ab||aap||aap||aap||aap||aap||ap |----- |押||class="Unicode"|[ɑːt]||class="Unicode"|[at]||aat||ad||aat||aat||aat||aat||aat||at |----- |(客)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːk]||class="Unicode"|[ak]||aak||ag||aak||aak||aak||aak||aak||ac |----- |矮||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||ai||ei||ai||ai||ai||ai||ai||ây |----- |歐||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||au|||eo||au||au||au||au||au||âu |----- |庵||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||am||em||am||am||am||am||am/om||âm |----- |(恩)||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||an||en||an||an||an||an||an||anh |----- |鶯||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||ang||eng||ang||ang||ang||ang||ang||ǎng |----- |(急)||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||ap||eb||ap||ap||ap||ap||ap/op||ǎp |----- |(不)||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||at||ed||at||at||at||at||at||ach |----- |(德)||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||ak||eg||ak||ak||ak||ak||ak||ǎc |----- |誒||class="Unicode"|[ɛː]||class="Unicode"|[ɛ]||e||é||e||e||e||e||e||e |----- |(非)||class="Unicode"|[ei]||class="Unicode"|[ei]||ei||éi||ei||ei||ei||ei||ei||i |----- |(掉)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːu]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||eu||eu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(舔)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːm]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||em||em||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(鏡)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɛŋ]||eng||éng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng |----- |(夾)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːp]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ep||ep||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(尺)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɛk]||ek||ég||ek||ek||ek||ek||ek||ec |----- |衣||class="Unicode"|[iː]||class="Unicode"|[i]||i||i||i||i||i||i||i||ia |----- |妖||class="Unicode"|[iːu]||class="Unicode"|[iu]||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu |----- |淹||class="Unicode"|[iːm]||class="Unicode"|[im]||im||im||im||im||im||im||im||im |----- |煙||class="Unicode"|[iːn]||class="Unicode"|[in]||in||in||in||in||in||in||in||in |----- |英||class="Unicode"|[ɪŋ]||class="Unicode"|[iŋ]||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing |----- |葉||class="Unicode"|[iːp]||class="Unicode"|[ip]||ip||ib||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip |----- |熱||class="Unicode"|[iːt]||class="Unicode"|[it]||it||id||it||it||it||it||it||it |----- |益||class="Unicode"|[ɪk]||class="Unicode"|[ik]||ik||ig||ik||ik||ik||ik||ik||ic |----- |柯||class="Unicode"|[ɔː]||class="Unicode"|[ɔ]||o||o||o||o||o||oh||oh||o |----- |哀||class="Unicode"|[ɔːi]||class="Unicode"|[ɔi]||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi |----- |奧||class="Unicode"|[ou]||class="Unicode"|[ou]||ou||ou||ou||ou||ou||o||o||u |----- |安||class="Unicode"|[ɔːn]||class="Unicode"|[ɔn]||on||on||on||on||on||on||on||on |----- |(康)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɔŋ]||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||oong |----- |(渴)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːt]||class="Unicode"|[ɔt]||ot||od||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot |----- |惡||class="Unicode"|[ɔːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɔk]||ok||og||ok||ok||ok||ok||ok||oot |----- |烏||class="Unicode"|[uː]||class="Unicode"|[u]||u||u||u||u||u||oo||oo||ua |----- |煨||class="Unicode"|[uːi]||class="Unicode"|[ui]||ui||ui||ui||ui||ui||ooi||ooi||ui |----- |碗||class="Unicode"|[uːn]||class="Unicode"|[un]||un||un||un||un||un||oon||oon||un |----- |甕||class="Unicode"|[ʊŋ]||class="Unicode"|[uŋ]||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung |----- |活||class="Unicode"|[uːt]||class="Unicode"|[ut]||ut||ud||ut||ut||ut||oot||oot||ut |----- |屋||class="Unicode"|[ʊk]||class="Unicode"|[uk]||uk||ug||uk||uk||uk||uk||uk||uc |----- |靴||class="Unicode"|[œː]||class="Unicode"|[œ]||eu||ê||oe||oe||eu||euh||oeh||uêa |----- |(香)||class="Unicode"|[œːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[œŋ]||eung||êng||oeng||oeng||eung||eung||eung||uơng |----- |(約)||class="Unicode"|[œːk]||class="Unicode"|[œk]||euk||êg||oek||oek||euk||euk||euk||uơc |----- |(去)||class="Unicode"|[ɵy]||class="Unicode"|[œy]||eue||êu||oey||eoi||eui||ui||ui||uâi |----- |(春)||class="Unicode"|[ɵn]||class="Unicode"|[œn]||eun||ên||oen||eon||un||un||un||uânh |----- |(律)||class="Unicode"|[ɵt]||class="Unicode"|[œt]||eut||êd||oet||eot||ut||ut||ut||uâch |----- |於||class="Unicode"|[yː]||class="Unicode"|[y]||ue||ü||y||yu||yu||ue||ue||uya |----- |冤||class="Unicode"|[yːn]||class="Unicode"|[yn]||uen||ün||yn||yun||yun||uen||uen||uyn |----- |月||class="Unicode"|[yːt]||class="Unicode"|[yt]||uet||üd||yt||yut||yut||uet||uet||uyt |----- |唔||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||uhm |----- |五||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||uhm |} *<nowiki>*:</nowiki>口語變異 *[[黃錫凌羅馬拼音]] euue 省略成 eue, [[廣州話拼音方案]] êü 省略成 êu *在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點 ====聲調==== 下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。 {| class="wikitable" |----- !&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |陰平，53||˥˧||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|à}}||1||a||á |----- |高平，55||˥˥||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|ā}}||1⁰||a||&nbsp; |----- |陰上，35||˧˥||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||2||2||2||{{Unicode|á}}||2||{{Unicode|á}}||ã |----- |陰去，33||˧˧||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||3||3||3||a||3||{{Unicode|à}}||a |----- |陽平，21或11||˨˩ 或 ˩˩||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||4||4||4||{{Unicode|àh}}||4||{{Unicode|ā}}||à |----- |陽上，13或23||˩˧ 或 ˨˧||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||5||5||5||{{Unicode|áh}}||5||{{Unicode|ǎ}}||ạ |----- |陽去，22||˨˨||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||6||6||6||ah||6||{{Unicode|â}}||à |----- |陰入，5||˥||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||1||7或1||1||{{Unicode|āt}}||1||at||á |----- |中入，3||˧||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||3||8或3||3||at||3||{{Unicode|àt}}||a |----- |陽入，2||˨||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||6||9或6||6||aht||6||{{Unicode|ât}}||à |} ===台山話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /t͡sʰ/ || c || ts || ch || ch’ || [[床#Chinese|床]] |- | /p/ || b || b || b || p || [[鼻#Chinese|鼻]] |- | /t/ || d || d || d || t || [[樽#Chinese|樽]] |- | /k/ || g || g || g || k || [[見#Chinese|見]] |- | /f/ || f || f || f || f || [[風#Chinese|風]] |- | /h/ || h || h || h || h || [[台#Chinese|台]] |- | /kʰ/ || k || k || k || k’ || [[佢#Chinese|佢]] |- | /ᵐb/ || m || m || m || m || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /l/ || l || l || l || l || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /ⁿd/ || n || n || n || n || [[你#Chinese|你]] |- | /pʰ/ || p || p || p || p’ || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /ᵑg/ || ng || ŋ || ng || ng || [[人#Chinese|人]] |- | /tʰ/ || t || t || t || t’ || [[窗#Chinese|窗]] |- | /v/ || v || v || v || w || [[話#Chinese|話]] |- | /ʒ/ || y || y || y || y || [[嘢#Chinese|嘢]] |- | /t͡s/ || z || dz || j || ch || [[州#Chinese|州]] |- | /ɬ/ || lh || ɬ || x || lh || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /s/ || s || s || s || s || [[山#Chinese|山]] |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /iu/ || iu || iu || iu || iu || [[優#Chinese|優]] |- | /ak̚/ || ak || ak || ak || aak || [[得#Chinese|得]] |- | /am/ || am || am || am || aam || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /iak̚/ || iak || iak || ek || iak || [[糴#Chinese|糴]] |- | /eu/ || eu || ǝu || eo || aau || [[斗#Chinese|斗]] |- | /i/ || i || i || i || i || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /iau/ || iau || iau || el || iau || [[釣#Chinese|釣]] |- | /un/ || un || un || un || oon || [[敦#Chinese|敦]] |- | /ᵘɔ/ || o || ɔ || o || o || [[多#Chinese|多]] |- | /ɔk̚/ || ok || ɔk || ok || ok || [[惡#Chinese|惡]] |- | /iaŋ/ || iang || iaŋ || eng || iang || [[釘#Chinese|釘]] |- | /ᵘɔi/ || oi || ɔi || oi || oi || [[愛#Chinese|愛]] |- | /iap̚/ || iap || iap || ep || iep || [[碟#Chinese|碟]] |- | /iɛ/ || ie || ia || eh || e || [[嗲#Chinese|嗲]] |- | /ɵŋ/ || uung || ǝŋ || ung || ung || [[龍#Chinese|龍]] |- | /au/ || au || ɔu || ao || aau || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /im/ || im || im || im || im || [[音#Chinese|音]] |- | /ɔŋ/ || ong || ɔŋ || ong || ong || [[當#Chinese|當]] |- | /em/ || em || ǝm || eim || ? || [[含#Chinese|含]] |- | /an/ || an || an || an || aan || [[丹#Chinese|丹]] |- | /ep̚/ || ep || ǝp || eip || ? || 𢱕 |- | /et̚/ || et || ɛt || eik || ? || [[跌#Chinese|跌]] |- | /ip̚/ || ip || ip || ip || ip || [[邑#Chinese|邑]] |- | /ᵘɔt̚/ || ot || ɔt || ot || ot || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /aŋ/ || ang || aŋ || ang || aang || [[登#Chinese|登]] |- | /m̩/ || m || m || m || m || [[五#Chinese|五]] |- | /ɵt̚/ || uut || ut || ut || ? || [[律#Chinese|律]] |- | /ut̚/ || ut || ut || ut || oot || [[突#Chinese|突]] |- | /ɵk̚/ || uuk || ǝk || uk || uk || [[六#Chinese|六]] |- | /in/ || in || in || in || in || [[因#Chinese|因]] |- | /ei/ || ei || i || i || i || [[耳#Chinese|耳]] |- | /ᵘɔn/ || on || ɔn || on || on || [[安#Chinese|安]] |- | /ui/ || ui || ui || ui || ooi || [[對#Chinese|對]] |- | /at̚/ || at || at || at || aat || [[押#Chinese|押]] |- | /u/ || u || u || u || oo || [[都#Chinese|都]] |- | /iam/ || iam || iam || em || iem || [[店#Chinese|店]] |- | /it̚/ || it || it || it || it || [[一#Chinese|一]] |- | /en/ || en || ein || ein || ien || [[丁#Chinese|丁]] |- | /a/ || a || a || a || a || [[阿#Chinese|阿]] |- | /ai/ || ai || ai || ai || aai || [[大#Chinese|大]] |- | /ap̚/ || ap || ap || ap || aap || [[搭#Chinese|搭]] |} ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 33 || 1 || ä || à || [[偷#Chinese|偷]] |- | 55 || 2 || ā || a || [[口#Chinese|口]] |- | 22 || 3 || ã || ā || [[頭#Chinese|頭]] |- | 21 || 4 || â || ạ̄ || [[厚#Chinese|厚]] |- | 32 || 5 || à || â || [[後#Chinese|後]] |} =====變調===== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 335 || 1* || ä/ || à* || [[頭先#Chinese|頭'''先''']] |- | 225 || 3* || ã/ || ā* || [[近來#Chinese|近'''來''']] |- | 215 || 4* || â/ || ạ̄* || [[去街#Chinese|去'''街''']] |- | 325 || 5* || à/ || â* || [[台山話#Chinese|台山'''話''']] |} ==閩南語== ===閩南語[[w:白話字|白話字]]=== ====聲母==== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan=3 | &nbsp; ! colspan=3 align=center | [[塞音]]及[[塞擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[鼻音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[邊音]] |- ! colspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|清音]] ! rowspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|濁音]] |- ! align=center | [[不送氣]] ! align=center | [[送氣]] |- ! [[唇音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">p</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|p]]}} 邊 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ph</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|pʰ]]}} 頗 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">b</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁雙唇塞音|b]]}} 文 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">m</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[雙唇鼻音|m]]}} 毛 | | |- ! [[韵图#.E8.88.8C.E9.9F.B3|舌音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">t</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|t]]}} 地 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">th</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|tʰ]]}} 他 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">n</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦鼻音|n]]}} 耐 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">l</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦邊音|l]]}} 柳 |- ! [[齒音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ch</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡s]]}} 曾 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">chh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡sʰ]]}} 出 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">j</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁齒齦塞擦音|d͡z]]}} 入 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">s</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦擦音|s]]}} 時 | |- ! [[牙音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">k</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|k]]}} 求 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">kh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|kʰ]]}} 去 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">g</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁軟顎塞音|g]]}} 語 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ng</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[軟顎鼻音|ŋ]]}} 雅 | | |- ! [[喉音]] | | | | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">h</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清喉擦音|h]]}} 喜 | |- |} #「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統[[五音 (音韻)|五音]]，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。 #漢字為傳統[[彙集雅俗通十五音|十五音]]，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。 ====元音==== {|class="wikitable" ! &nbsp; ! align=center | [[前元音]] ! align=center | [[央元音]] ! align=center | [[後元音]] |- ! [[閉元音|高元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">i</span> {{IPA1|i}} | | <span style="font-size:larger;">u</span> {{IPA1|u}} |- ! [[中元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">e</span> {{IPA1|e}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o</span> {{IPA1|ə}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o·</span> {{IPA1|ɔ}} |- ! [[開元音|低元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">a</span> {{IPA1|a}} | | |} #有些[[腔調]]的o是發成[[半閉元音|半閉]]後圓唇元音 {{IPA1|o}}、半閉後不圓唇元音{{IPA1|ɤ}}。 ====聲調==== ''（以a為標注範例）'' {| class="wikitable" !width="12.5%" |1 !width="12.5%" |2 !width="12.5%" |3 !width="12.5%" |4 !width="12.5%" |5 !width="12.5%" |6 !width="12.5%" |7 !width="12.5%" |8 |- |陰平 |陰上 |陰去 |陰入 |陽平 |陽上 |陽去 |陽入 |- |a |á |à |a+入聲韻尾 |â |ā |ā |{{unicode|a̍}}+入聲韻尾 |} =====備注===== * 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。 * 第4、8聲為入聲。 * 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於[[文白異讀|白讀]]。 ===閩南語[[w:臺羅音標|台羅音標]]=== ==客家話== ===客家話拼音方案=== ====字母==== 拼音採用[[拉丁字母]]，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 {{IPA1|ɛ}}。 ====聲母==== 聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | b {{IPA1|p}} 波 || p {{IPA1|pʻ}} 婆 || m {{IPA1|m}} 摸 || f {{IPA1|f}} 火 || v {{IPA1|v}} 窩 |- | d {{IPA1|t}} 多 || t {{IPA1|tʻ}} 拖 || n {{IPA1|n}} 挪 || l {{IPA1|l}} 羅 || &nbsp; |- | g {{IPA1|k}} 哥 || k {{IPA1|kʻ}} 科 || ng {{IPA1|ŋ}} 我 || h {{IPA1|h}} 河 || &nbsp; |- | j {{IPA1|t͡si-}} 擠 || q {{IPA1|ʦʻi-}} 妻 || x {{IPA1|si-}} 西 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | z {{IPA1|t͡s}} 資 || c {{IPA1|ʦʻ}} 雌 || s {{IPA1|s}} 思 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} 資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i {{IPA1|ɪ}}。 ====韻母==== 韻母總數為74個。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | i {{IPA1|ɪ}} 資 || i {{IPA1|i}} 衣 || u {{IPA1|u}} 姑 |- | a {{IPA1|a}} 阿 || ia {{IPA1|ia}} 也 || ua {{IPA1|ua}} 掛 |- | o {{IPA1|ɔ}} 哦 || io {{IPA1|iɔ}} 喲 || uo {{IPA1|uɔ}} 過 |- | ê {{IPA1|ɛ}} 這 || iê {{IPA1|iɛ}} (撒) || uê {{IPA1|uɛ}} 穢 |- | ai {{IPA1|ai}} 挨 || iai {{IPA1|iai}} 椰 || uai {{IPA1|uai}} 怪 |- | oi {{IPA1|ɔi}} 哀 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | au {{IPA1|au}} 凹 || iau {{IPA1|iau}} 腰 || &nbsp; |- | êu {{IPA1|ɛu}} 歐 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iu {{IPA1|iu}} 有 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iui {{IPA1|iui}} 銳 || ui {{IPA1|ui}} 貴 |- | am {{IPA1|am}} 庵 || iam {{IPA1|iam}} 淹 || &nbsp; |- | êm {{IPA1|ɛm}} 砧 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | em {{IPA1|əm}} 針 || im {{IPA1|im}} 陰 |- | an {{IPA1|an}} 班 || ian {{IPA1|ian}} 煙 || uan {{IPA1|uan}} 關 |- | on {{IPA1|ɔn}} 安 || ion {{IPA1|iɔn}} 阮 || uon {{IPA1|uɔn}} 管 |- | ên {{IPA1|ɛn}} 恩 || iên {{IPA1|iɛn}} 邊 || uên {{IPA1|uɛn}} 耿 |- | en {{IPA1|ən}} 真 || in {{IPA1|in}} 因 |- | &nbsp; || iun {{IPA1|iun}} 允 || un {{IPA1|un}} 敦 |- | ang {{IPA1|aŋ}} 冷 || iang {{IPA1|iaŋ}} 影 || uang {{IPA1|uaŋ}} 礦 |- | ong {{IPA1|ɔŋ}} 江 || iong {{IPA1|iɔŋ}} 央 || uong {{IPA1|uɔŋ}} 光 |- | &nbsp; || iung {{IPA1|iuŋ}} 雍 || ung {{IPA1|uŋ}} 工 |- | ab {{IPA1|ap}} 鴨 || iab {{IPA1|iap}} 葉 || &nbsp; |- | êb {{IPA1|ɛp}} 粒 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | eb {{IPA1|əp}} 汁 || ib {{IPA1|ip}} 邑 || &nbsp; |- | ad {{IPA1|at}} 八 || iad {{IPA1|iat}} 乙 || uad {{IPA1|uat}} 刮 |- | od {{IPA1|ɔt}} 遏 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | êd {{IPA1|ɛt}} 北 || iêd {{IPA1|iɛt}} 鱉 || uêd {{IPA1|uɛt}} 國 |- | ed {{IPA1|ət}} 質 || id {{IPA1|it}} 一 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iud {{IPA1|iut}} -{郁}- || ud {{IPA1|ut}} 骨 |- | ag {{IPA1|ak}} 扼 || iag {{IPA1|iak}} 錫 || uag {{IPA1|uak}} □ |- | og {{IPA1|ɔk}} 惡 || iog {{IPA1|iɔk}} 約 || uog {{IPA1|uɔk}} 郭 |- | &nbsp; || iug {{IPA1|iuk}} 育 || ug {{IPA1|uk}} 督 |- |m {{IPA1|m}} 唔 || n {{IPA1|n}} 五 || &nbsp; |} i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。 ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | 調類 || 陰平 || 陽平 || 上聲 || 去聲 || 陰入 || 陽入 |- | 調號 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | 調值 || 44 || 11 || 31 || 52 || 11 || 55 |- | &nbsp; || fu¹ || fu² || fu³ || fu⁴ || fug⁵ || fug⁶ |- | 例字 || 夫 || 扶 || 府 || 富 || 福 || 服 |} ===外部鏈接=== *[http://hakka.fhl.net/dict/index_hakka.html 客語字典查尋] ==晉語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰx/}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 麻 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/}} || f || 夫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/v/}} || v || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰx/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n/}} || n || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 查 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 如 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 拤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 嘎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰx/}} || k || 卡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} || gh || 我 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 我 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || i || 知 || 只在 {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}前 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 胡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 魚 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}} || er || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/}} || a || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/}} || ia || 牙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/}} || ua || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ/}} || e || 鵝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ/}} || ue || 和 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/}} || ie || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/}} || ye || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 懷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/}} || ei || 給 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uei/}} || ui || 灰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iau/}} || iau || 妖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || eu || 歐 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || ieu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/æ̃/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uæ̃/}} || uan || 歡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} || on || 昂 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} || ion || 央 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} || uon || 黃 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} || ang || 昂 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} || iang || 央 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} || uang || 黃 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃ŋ/}} || eng || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ĩŋ/}} || ing || 英 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ũŋ/}} || ung || 轟 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ỹŋ/}} || yng || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/}} || ah || 喝 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/}} || iah || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/}} || uah || 滑 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} || eh || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəʔ/}} || ieh || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} || ueh || 忽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yəʔ/}} || yeh || 月 || |- |} ===兒化=== 在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。 ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 平聲 || 11 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 上聲 || 53 || 2 || 反 || |- | 去聲 || 45 || 3 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 2 || 4 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 54 || 5 || 罰 || 在新式中併入陰入 |- | 輕聲 || || || || |} ==湘語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || p || 趴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 媽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɸ/}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l̃/}} || l || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 叉 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/}} || zh || 遮 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂʰ/}} || ch || 畬 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}} || sh || 賒 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 惹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 佳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 喫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 黏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 椏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || r || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ̩/}} || r || 知 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/|/t͡ʂʰ/|/ʂ/|/ʐ/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 淤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || a || 阿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia̠/}} || ia || 鴉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua̠/}} || ua || 蛙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ya̠/}} || ya || 噦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/}} || o || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/io/}} || io || 喲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ̞/}} || e || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie̞/}} || ie || 椰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ̞/}} || ue || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞/}} || ye || 抈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yai/}} || yai || 衰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e̞i/}} || ei || 欸 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue̞i/}} || uei || 威 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞i/}} || yei || 銳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒu/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒu/}} || iau || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || ou || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || iou || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/õ/}} || onn || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃/}} || enn || 占 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iẽ/}} || ienn || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yẽ/}} || yenn || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ən/}} || en || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/}} || in || 因 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uən/}} || un || 溫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/}} || yn || 暈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iæn/}} || ian || 秧 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yæn/}} || yan || 霜 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʊŋ/}} || ong || 翁 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/ən/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iʊŋ/}} || iong || 雍 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/in/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || m || 姆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/}} || n || 你 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 |- | 陰平 || 33 || 1 || 詩 |- | 陽平 || 13 || 2 || 時 |- | 上聲 || 41 || 3 || 使 |- | 陰去 || 45 || 4 || 世 |- | 陽去 || 21 || 5 || 是 |- | 入聲 || 24 || 6 || 食 |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 猴'''子''' |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{陽 平 }[13] + \text{陰 去 }[45] \to [\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }] + \text{陰 去 }[45]</math> * (快速說話時) <math>\begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + \text{入 聲 }[24] \to \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + [44]</math> ==贛語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/|lang=gan}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/|lang=gan}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/|lang=gan}} || m || 馬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/|lang=gan}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/|lang=gan}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/|lang=gan}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|lang=gan}} || z || 遮 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/|lang=gan}} || c || 車 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/|lang=gan}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/|lang=gan}} || j || 姐 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/|lang=gan}} || q || 且 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 膩 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/|lang=gan}} || x || 寫 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/k/|lang=gan}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/|lang=gan}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/|lang=gan}} || ng || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/h/|lang=gan}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/|lang=gan}} || i || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/|lang=gan}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/|lang=gan}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/|lang=gan}} || y || 迂 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/|lang=gan}} || a || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/|lang=gan}} || ia || 爺 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/|lang=gan}} || ua || 娃 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/|lang=gan}} || o || 我 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uo/|lang=gan}} || uo || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e/|lang=gan}} || e || 許 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/|lang=gan}} || ie || 渠 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue/|lang=gan}} || ue || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/|lang=gan}} || ye || 靴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵ/|lang=gan}} || eo || 而 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/|lang=gan}} || m || 姆 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/|lang=gan}} || n || 你 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/|lang=gan}} || ng || 五 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/|lang=gan}} || ai || 愛 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/|lang=gan}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/oi/|lang=gan}} || oi || - || 只用作感歎詞 |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/|lang=gan}} || ei || - || 只用於縮約形式 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨi/|lang=gan}} || i || 灰 || 只在{{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ui/|lang=gan}} || ui || 委 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/|lang=gan}} || au || 咬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛu/|lang=gan}} || eu || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛu/|lang=gan}} || ieu || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 洲 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/iu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/|lang=gan}} || an || 淹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/|lang=gan}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵn/|lang=gan}} || on || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵn/|lang=gan}} || uon || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵn/|lang=gan}} || yon || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛn/|lang=gan}} || en || 恆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛn/|lang=gan}} || ien || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨn/|lang=gan}} || iin || 本 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/|lang=gan}} || in || 陰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/un/|lang=gan}} || un || 文 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/|lang=gan}} || yn || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/|lang=gan}} || ang || 坑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/|lang=gan}} || iang || 影 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/|lang=gan}} || uang || 橫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || ong || 巷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || iong || 羊 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || uong || 王 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uŋ/|lang=gan}} || ung || 翁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuŋ/|lang=gan}} || iung || 擁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/at̚/|lang=gan}} || at || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uat̚/|lang=gan}} || uat || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || ot || 喝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || uot || 活 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || yot || 越 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || et || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || iet || 頁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || uet || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨt̚/|lang=gan}} || iit || 不 || |- | {{IPAchar|/it̚/|lang=gan}} || it || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ut̚/|lang=gan}} || ut || 骨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yt̚/|lang=gan}} || yt || 屈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/|lang=gan}} || ah || 客 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/|lang=gan}} || iah || 額 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/|lang=gan}} || uah || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || oh || 惡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || ioh || 藥 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || uoh || 郭 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uʔ/|lang=gan}} || uh || 屋 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuʔ/|lang=gan}} || iuh || 肉 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 陰平 || 42 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 陽平(A) || 24 || 2 || 襻 || 只與送氣聲母搭配 |- | 上聲 || 213 || 3 || 反 || |- | 陽平(B) || 35 || 4 || 凡 || 只與不送氣聲母搭配 |- | 去聲 || 11 || 5 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 5 || 6 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 2 || 7 || 罰 || |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 朋'''友''' || |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix} \to [13] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix} \to [24] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \text{輕 聲 } \to [21] + \text{輕 聲 }</math> ===重音=== 在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。 : {{l|zh|今日}} 'jin¹ nyit⁶ : {{l|zh|水果}} sui³ 'guo³ ==吳語== <!--[[:en:Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu]]--> ===聲母與韻母=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! 清濁 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | p || 清 || b || p || {{IPAchar|/p/}} || {{l|zh|[[布]][[幫]][[北]]}} |- | ph || 清 || p || ph || {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[怕]][[胖]][[劈]]}} |- | b || 濁 || bh || b || {{IPAchar|/b̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[步]][[盆]][[拔]]}} |- | m || 濁 || m || m || {{IPAchar|/m/}} || {{l|zh|[[马]][[梅]][[門]]}} |- | 'm || 清 || || 'm || {{IPAchar|/ʔm/}} || {{l|zh|[[媽]][[闷]][[瞇]]}} |- | f || 清 || f || f || {{IPAchar|/f/}} || {{l|zh|[[飛]][[粉]][[福]]}} |- | v || 濁 || fh || v || {{IPAchar|/v̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[扶]][[奉]][[服]]}} |- | || 清 || || vh || {{IPAchar|/v̥/}} || {{l|zh|[[朆]]}} |- | t || 清 || d || t || {{IPAchar|/t/}} || {{l|zh|[[膽]][[懂]][[德]]}} |- | th || 清 || t || th || {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[透]][[聽]][[鐵]]}} |- | d || 濁 || dh || d || {{IPAchar|/d̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[地]][[動]][[奪]]}} |- | n || 濁 || n || n || {{IPAchar|/n/}} || {{l|zh|[[囡]][[內]][[男]]}} |- | 'n || 清 || || 'n || {{IPAchar|/ʔn/}} || {{l|zh|[[孬]]}}{{l|zh|[[你]]}}_(文){{l|zh|[[哪]]}}_(文) |- | l || 濁 || l || l || {{IPAchar|/l/}} || {{l|zh|[[賴]][[領]][[立]]}} |- | 'l || 清 || || 'l || {{IPAchar|/ʔl/}} || {{l|zh|[[拉]][[拎]][[撈]]}} |- | z || 清 || z || ts || {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || {{l|zh|[[煮]][[增]][[摘]]}} |- | c || 清 || c || tsh || {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[處]][[倉]][[出]]}} |- | zz || 濁 || zh || dz || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡z/}} || {{l|zh|[[橱]][[从]][[择]]}} |- | s || 清 || s || s || {{IPAchar|/s/}} || {{l|zh|[[書]][[鬆]][[色]]}} |- | ss || 濁 || sh || z || {{IPAchar|/z̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[樹]][[上]][[石]]}} |- | j || 清 || j || k(i)<br>ts(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舉]][[精]][[腳]]}} |- | q || 清 || q || kh(i)<br>tsh(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[丘]][[輕]][[切]]}} |- | jj || 濁 || jh || g(i)<br>dz(i) || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡ʑ/}} || {{l|zh|[[旗]][[群]][[劇]]}} |- | ny || 濁 || ny || ny || {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[黏]][[扭]][[泥]]}} |- | 'ny || 清 || || 'ny || {{IPAchar|/ʔn̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[粘]][[研]]}} |- | x || 清 || x || s(i)<br>sh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[修]][[勛]][[血]]}} |- | xx || 濁 || xh || z(i)<br>zh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ʑ̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[徐]][[寻]][[夕]]}} |- | k || 清 || g || k || {{IPAchar|/k/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[公]][[夾]]}} |- | kh || 清 || k || kh || {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[開]][[墾]][[擴]]}} |- | g || 濁 || gh || g || {{IPAchar|/ɡ̊/}} || {{l|zh|[[葵]][[共]][[軋]]}} |- | ng || 濁 || ng || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[我]][[外]][[鵝]]}} |- | 'ng || 清 || || 'ng || {{IPAchar|/ʔŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[嗯]]}} |- | h || 清 || h || h || {{IPAchar|/h/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[荒]][[忽]]}} |- | || 清 || hh || - || {{IPAchar|/ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[衣]][[烏]][[鴨]]}} |- | hh || 濁 || wh || gh<br>y/w<ref group=note>Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.</ref> || {{IPAchar|/ɦ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鞋]][[移]][[雨]]}} |} <references group=note /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | a || a || a || {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[太]][[柴]][[鞋]]}} |- | o || o || o || {{IPAchar|/o̝/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[模]][[蛇]]}} |- | au || ao || au || {{IPAchar|/ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[寶]][[朝]][[高]]}} |- | eu || || eu || {{IPAchar|/ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鬥]][[醜]][[狗]]}} |- | e || e || e, ai, ae || {{IPAchar|/e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[雷]][[來]][[蘭]]}} |- | oe || oe || oe || {{IPAchar|/ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[最]][[亂]]}} |- | i || i, yi || i, ie, y, ye || {{IPAchar|/i/}} || {{l|zh|[[基]][[錢]][[微]]}} |- | ia || ia, ya || ia, ya || {{IPAchar|/i̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[野]][[寫]][[亞]]}} |- | iau || iao, yao || iau, yau || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[條]][[蕉]][[搖]]}} |- | ieu || || ieu, yeu || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[流]][[尤]][[休]]}} |- | u || u || u || {{IPAchar|/ʋʷ/}} || {{l|zh|[[波]][[歌]][[做]]}} |- | ua || ua || ua, wa || {{IPAchar|/u̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[怪]][[淮]][[娃]]}} |- | ue || ue || ue, we || {{IPAchar|/u̯e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[回]][[貫]][[彎]]}} |- | uoe || || uoe, woe || {{IPAchar|/u̯ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[官]][[歡]][[緩]]}} |- | y || yu || iu, yu || {{IPAchar|/y/}} || {{l|zh|[[居]][[女]][[羽]]}} |- | yoe || || ioe, yoe || {{IPAchar|/ɥø/}} || {{l|zh|[[軟]][[園]][[權]]}} |- | an || ang || an || {{IPAchar|/ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[冷]][[長]][[硬]]}} |- | aan || ang || aon || {{IPAchar|/ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[黨]][[放]][[忙]]}} |- | en || en || en || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[奮]][[登]][[論]]}} |- | on || ong || on || {{IPAchar|/ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[翁]][[蟲]][[風]]}} |- | aq || ak || ah || {{IPAchar|/ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[辣]][[麥]][[客]]}} |- | oq || ok || oh || {{IPAchar|/ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[北]][[郭]][[目]]}} |- | eq || ek || eh || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舌]][[色]][[割]]}} |- | ian || || ian, yan || {{IPAchar|/i̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[良]][[象]][[陽]]}} |- | iaan || || iaon, yaon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[旺]]}}_(白) |- | in || in || in, yin || {{IPAchar|/ɪ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[緊]][[靈]][[人]]}}_(白) |- | ion || || ion, yon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[窮]][[榮]][[濃]]}} |- | iaq || || iah, yah || {{IPAchar|/i̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[藥]][[腳]][[略]]}} |- | ioq || || ioh, yoh || {{IPAchar|/i̯ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[肉]][[浴]][[玉]]}} |- | iq || ik || ih, yih || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[筆]][[亦]][[吃]]}} |- | uan || || uan, wan || {{IPAchar|/u̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[橫]][[光]]}}_～火 |- | uaan || || uaon, waon || {{IPAchar|/u̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[廣]][[狂]][[況]]}} |- | un || || uen, wun || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[困]][[魂]][[溫]]}} |- | uaq || || uah, wah || {{IPAchar|/u̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[挖]][[劃]][[刮]]}} |- | ueq || || ueh, weh || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[活]][[擴]][[骨]]}} |- | yn || || iuin, yuin || {{IPAchar|/ʏ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[均]][[雲]][[訓]]}} |- | yq || || uih, yuih || {{IPAchar|/ɥɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[血]][[缺]][[悅]]}} |- | er || er || r || {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}}<!--Qian uses /əl/--> || {{l|zh|[[而]][[爾]][[耳]]}}_(文) |- | r || y || y || {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[知]][[次]][[住]]}} |- | mm || || m || {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[姆]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[畝]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[嘸]]}}_～沒 |- | ngg || n || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/}} || {{l|zh|[[五]][[魚]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[午]]}}_端～ |} ===聲調=== Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts&mdash;a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule. For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables. There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style ({{lang|zh|中派與新派}}) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style ({{lang|zh|老派}}) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones&mdash;level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless&mdash;dark, voiced&mdash;light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total. Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop. Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see [[w:Suzhou dialect#Tones|Suzhou dialect § Tones]] on Wikipedia. :{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" |- ! 調號 !! 調名 !! 清濁 !! 調值 !! 例字 !!對應中古漢語聲調 |- !1!!{{zh-l|陰平}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥˧}} 53||{{l|zh|[[刀]][[漿]][[司]][[東]]}}||陰平 |- !2!!{{zh-l|陰去}} |清||{{IPAfont|˧˦}} 34||{{l|zh|[[島]][[到]][[獎]][[醬]]}}||陰上、陰去 |- !3!!{{zh-l|陽去}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˨˧}} 23||{{l|zh|[[桃]][[導]][[道]][[牆]]}}||陽平、陽上、陽去 |- !4!!{{zh-l|陰入}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥ʔ}} <u>55</u>||{{l|zh|[[雀]][[削]][[說]][[足]]}}||陰入 |- !5!!{{zh-l|陽入}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˩˨ʔ}} <u>12</u>||{{l|zh|[[嚼]][[石]][[曲]][[食]]}}||陽入 |} {{attention|wuu|tone 0 is undocumented}} ====Left-prominent tone sandhi (''word sandhi'')==== Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%" |+Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns |- !Tonal category!!Monosyllabics!!Disyllabics!!Trisyllabics!!Tetrasyllabics!!Pentasyllabics |- !1. Dark level type |53||55＋21||55＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋33＋21 |- !2. Dark departing type |34||33＋44||33＋55＋21||33＋55＋33＋21||33＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !3. Light departing type |23||22＋44||22＋55＋21||22＋55＋33＋21||22＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !4. Dark checked type |<u>55</u>||<u>33</u>＋44||<u>33</u>＋55＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !5. Light checked type |<u>12</u>||<u>11</u>＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋22＋23<br /><u>22</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>22</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |} For Wu romanisations in the template {{temp|zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces). ====Right-prominent tone sandhi (''phrase sandhi'')==== When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- !rowspan=2|Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''word A'') !colspan=5|Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''syllable A-x'') !rowspan=2|Example |- !Tone 1!!Tone 2!!Tone 3!!Tone 4!!Tone 5 |- !Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it |rowspan=2 colspan=2|44||rowspan=2|33||rowspan=2|<u>44</u>||rowspan=2|<u>22</u> |{{zh-l|儂好|tr=3non+2hau}}<br>{{zh-l|炒魷魚|tr=2tshau+3hhieu hhngg}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|硬碰硬|tr=3ngan+'''-phan'''+3ngan}} |- !Multisyllabic word |rowspan=2 colspan=3|33||rowspan=2 colspan=2|<u>33</u> |{{zh-l|嘸著嘸落/呒着呒落|tr=3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|前世作孽|tr=3xxi sr+'''4tsoq'''+5nyiq}} |} Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable. ====Conversion from MiniDict tone notation==== * {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), and {{lang|zh|入}} (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers. {| class="wikitable" |+ MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion |- !MiniDict||Voicing of initial||Tone category |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|平}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||1 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|上}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|去}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|入}}||voiced||5 |- |voiceless||4 |} ===Other notations=== The notation <code>+</code> is explained above in the [[#Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)]] section. Additionally, the symbol <code>&</code> can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{temp|zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page {{zh-l|*日腳}}, the transcription for {{lang|zh|今朝是啥日腳？}} in Wu is <code>1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq</code>. ===Examples=== * {{l|zh|中華}}: 1tson hho * {{l|zh|天才}}: 1thi ze * {{l|zh|火葬場}}: 2hu tsaan zan * {{l|zh|電視}}: 3di zr * {{l|zh|韓國}}: 3hhoe koq * {{l|zh|法律}}: 4faq liq * {{l|zh|日本}}: 5zeq pen ===Resources=== * For checking the pronunciation of words: ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese'' ({{lang|zh|《上海话大词典》}}) - uses IPA notations throughout the book * For checking the pronunciation of characters: [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ Wu Chinese MiniDict] *: Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. [http://wu-chinese.com/romanization/index.html Their romanisation scheme] aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively. *: Correspondences with WT romanisation: *::Initials (MiniDict = WT): <code>c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh</code> *::: Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. {{lang|zh|譯}} yih = hhiq and {{lang|zh|皇}} waon = hhuaan *::Finals (MiniDict = WT): <code>ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm</code> *::Tones: {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), {{lang|zh|入}} (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark. [[category:發音]] [[category:漢語|*]] 53iioyehud8barkscy3pzsoym6ty1mr 7267485 7267482 2022-07-21T01:59:39Z Sayonzei 40728 取消[[Special:Contributions/175.223.27.153|175.223.27.153]] ([[User talk:175.223.27.153|对话]])的编辑；更改回[[Special:Contributions/Htu 2143|Htu 2143]]的最后一个版本 wikitext text/x-wiki == 現代標準漢語 == 以下為根據[[漢語拼音]]而來的發音表記。詳細請參考'''[[w:現代標準漢語#語音系統]]'''。 ===声母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! colspan=2|[[w:发音方法|发音方法]]＼[[w:发音部位|发音部位]]!![[w:双唇音|双唇音]]!![[w:唇齿音|唇齿音]]!!colspan=2|[[w:齿龈音|齿龈音]]!![[w:卷舌音|卷舌音]]!![[w:龈颚音|龈颚音]]!![[w:软颚音|软颚音]] |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞音|塞音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] |‹b›　{{IPA1|p}}<br />'''ㄅ'''　玻|| || ||‹d›　{{IPA1|t}}<br />'''ㄉ'''　得|| || ||‹g›　{{IPA1|k}}<br />'''ㄍ'''　哥 |- ![[w:送气|送气]] |‹p›　{{IPA1|pʰ}}<br />'''ㄆ'''　坡|| || ||‹t›　{{IPA1|tʰ}}<br />'''ㄊ'''　特|| || ||‹k›　{{IPA1|kʰ}}<br />'''ㄎ'''　科 |- !rowspan=2|[[w:塞擦音|塞擦音]]<br>（[[w:清音|清音]]）||[[w:不送气|不送气]] | || ||‹z›　{{IPA1|t͡s}}<br />'''ㄗ'''　资|| ||‹zh›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂ}}<br />'''ㄓ'''　知||‹j›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕ}}<br />'''ㄐ'''　基|| |- ![[w:送气|送气]] | || ||‹c›　{{IPA1|t͡sʰ}}<br />'''ㄘ'''　雌|| ||‹ch›　{{IPA1|t͡ʂʰ}}<br />'''ㄔ'''　蚩||‹q›　{{IPA1|t͡ɕʰ}}<br />'''ㄑ'''　欺|| |- ! colspan=2|[[w:擦音|擦音]]（[[w:清音|清音]]） | ||‹f›　{{IPA1|f}}<br />'''ㄈ'''　佛||‹s›　{{IPA1|s}}<br />'''ㄙ'''　思|| ||‹sh›　{{IPA1|ʂ}}<br />'''ㄕ'''　诗||‹x›　{{IPA1|ɕ}}<br />'''ㄒ'''　希||‹h›　{{IPA1|x}}<br />'''ㄏ'''　喝 |- !colspan=2|[[w:鼻音|鼻音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） |‹m›　{{IPA1|m}}<br />'''ㄇ'''　摸|| || ||‹n›　{{IPA1|n}}<br />'''ㄋ'''　讷|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:边音|边音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || ||‹l›　{{IPA1|l}}<br />'''ㄌ'''　勒|| || || |- !colspan=2|[[w:通音|通音]]（[[w:浊音|浊音]]） | || || || ||‹r›　{{IPA1|ɻ}}<br />'''ㄖ'''　日|| || |} ===韻母=== :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto" |- ! ![[w:开口呼|开口呼]] ![[w:齐齿呼|齐齿呼]] ![[w:合口呼|合口呼]] ![[w:撮口呼|撮口呼]] |- !rowspan="6" |[[w:单元音韵母|单元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹-i›　{{IPA1|ɨ, ɿ, ʅ}}<br />'''ㄭ'''　之、资的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹i›　{{IPA1|i}}<br />'''丨'''　衣 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹u›　{{IPA1|u}}<br />'''ㄨ'''　乌 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ü›　{{IPA1|y}}<br />'''ㄩ'''　迂 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹a›　{{IPA1|ɑ}}<br />'''ㄚ'''　啊 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ia›　{{IPA1|i̯a}}<br />'''丨ㄚ'''　呀 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ua›　{{IPA1|u̯a}}<br />'''ㄨㄚ'''　蛙 | style="background:#CCCCCC;"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹o›　{{IPA1|o}}<br />'''ㄛ'''　喔 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uo›　{{IPA1|u̯ɔ}}<br />'''ㄨㄛ'''　窝 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹e›　{{IPA1|ɤ}}<br />'''ㄜ'''　鹅 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹ê›　{{IPA1|ɛ}}<br />'''ㄝ'''　诶 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ie›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛ}}<br />'''丨ㄝ'''　耶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üe›　{{IPA1|y̯œ}}<br />'''ㄩㄝ'''　约 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;border-right:3px groove #000;"|‹er›　{{IPA1|ɚ}}<br />'''ㄦ'''　儿 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="4" |[[w:复元音韵母|复元音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ai›　{{IPA1|aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄞ'''　哀 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uai›　{{IPA1|u̯aɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄞ'''　歪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ei›　{{IPA1|eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄟ'''　诶 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)i›　{{IPA1|u̯eɪ̯}}<br />'''ㄨㄟ'''　威 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ao›　{{IPA1|ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄠ'''　熬 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iao›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄠ'''　腰 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹ou›　{{IPA1|oʊ̯}}<br />'''ㄡ'''　欧 | style="border:1px solid #000;border-bottom:3px groove #000;"|‹iou›　{{IPA1|i̯oʊ̯}}<br />'''丨ㄡ'''　优 | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| | style="border-bottom:3px groove #000;background:#CCCCCC"| |- ! rowspan="6" |[[w:带鼻音韵母|带鼻音韵母]] | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹an›　{{IPA1|an}}<br />'''ㄢ'''　安 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ian›　{{IPA1|i̯ɛn}}<br />'''丨ㄢ'''　烟 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uan›　{{IPA1|u̯an}}<br />'''ㄨㄢ'''　弯 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹üan›　{{IPA1|y̯ɛn}}<br />'''ㄩㄢ'''　冤 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹en›　{{IPA1|ən}}<br />'''ㄣ'''　恩 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹in›　{{IPA1|in}}<br />'''丨ㄣ'''　因 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹u(e)n›　{{IPA1|u̯ən}}<br />'''ㄨㄣ'''　温 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ün›　{{IPA1|yn}}<br />'''ㄩㄣ'''　晕 |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ang›　{{IPA1|ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄤ'''　昂 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iang›　{{IPA1|i̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄤ'''　央 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹uang›　{{IPA1|u̯ɑŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄤ'''　汪 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹eng›　{{IPA1|ɤŋ}}<br />'''ㄥ'''　亨的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ing›　{{IPA1|iŋ, i̯əŋ}}<br />'''丨ㄥ'''　英 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ueng/ong›　{{IPA1|u̯ŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　翁 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|同‹iong› |- | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹ong›　{{IPA1|u̯əŋ, ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄨㄥ'''　轰的韵母 | style="border:1px solid #000;"|‹iong›　{{IPA1|i̯ʊŋ, y̯ʊŋ}}<br />'''ㄩㄥ'''　庸 | style="background:#CCCCCC"| | style="background:#CCCCCC"| |} == 粵語 == ===廣州話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[:w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |波||class="Unicode"|[p]||class="Unicode"|[b]||b||b||b||b||b||b||p||b |----- |婆||class="Unicode"|[pʰ]||class="Unicode"|[p]||p||p||p||p||p||p||p'||p |----- |摸||class="Unicode"|[m]||class="Unicode"|[m]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||m |----- |科||class="Unicode"|[f]||class="Unicode"|[f]||f||f||f||f||f||f||f||f |----- |多||class="Unicode"|[t]||class="Unicode"|[d]||d||d||d||d||d||d||t||t |----- |拖||class="Unicode"|[tʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t]||t||t||t||t||t||t||t'||th |----- |挪||class="Unicode"|[n]||class="Unicode"|[n]||n||n||n||n||n||n||n||n |----- |羅||class="Unicode"|[l]||class="Unicode"|[l]||l||l||l||l||l||l||l||l |----- |哥||class="Unicode"|[k]||class="Unicode"|[g]||g||g||g||g||g||g||k||k |----- |卡||class="Unicode"|[kʰ]||class="Unicode"|[k]||k||k||k||k||k||k||k'||kh |----- |我||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng |----- |何||class="Unicode"|[h]||class="Unicode"|[h]||h||h||h||h||h||h||h||h |----- |左||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||z||dz||z||j||j||ts||ch |----- |知||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[d͡z]||dz||j||dz||z||j||j||ch||ch |----- |初||class="Unicode"|[t͡sʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||c||ts||c||ch||ch||ts'||ts |----- |雌||class="Unicode"|[t͡ɕʰ]||class="Unicode"|[t͡s]||ts||q||ts||c||ch||ch||ch'||ts |----- |梳||class="Unicode"|[s]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||s||s||s||s||s||s||s |----- |思||class="Unicode"|[ɕ]||class="Unicode"|[s]||s||x||s||s||s||s||sh||s |----- |姑||class="Unicode"|[kʷ]||class="Unicode"|[gw]||gw||gu||gw||gw||gw||gw||kw||gw |----- |箍||class="Unicode"|[kʷʰ]||class="Unicode"|[kw]||kw||ku||kw||kw||kw||kw||k'w||kw |----- |也||class="Unicode"|[j]||class="Unicode"|[j]||y||y||j||j||y||y||y/i||d |----- |華||class="Unicode"|[w]||class="Unicode"|[w]||w||w||w||w||w||w||w/oo||w |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" |----- !style="width:4em"|&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |呀||class="Unicode"|[ɑː]||class="Unicode"|[a]||aa||a||aa||aa||a||a||a||a |----- |挨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːi]||class="Unicode"|[ai]||aai||ai||aai||aai||aai||aai||aai||ai |----- |拗||class="Unicode"|[ɑːu]||class="Unicode"|[au]||aau||ao||aau||aau||aau||aau||aau||ao |----- |(監)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːm]||class="Unicode"|[am]||aam||am||aam||aam||aam||aam||aam||am |----- |晏||class="Unicode"|[ɑːn]||class="Unicode"|[an]||aan||an||aan||aan||aan||aan||aan||an |----- |罌||class="Unicode"|[ɑːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[aŋ]||aang||ang||aang||aang||aang||aang||aang||ang |----- |鴨||class="Unicode"|[ɑːp]||class="Unicode"|[ap]||aap||ab||aap||aap||aap||aap||aap||ap |----- |押||class="Unicode"|[ɑːt]||class="Unicode"|[at]||aat||ad||aat||aat||aat||aat||aat||at |----- |(客)||class="Unicode"|[ɑːk]||class="Unicode"|[ak]||aak||ag||aak||aak||aak||aak||aak||ac |----- |矮||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||class="Unicode"|[ɐi]||ai||ei||ai||ai||ai||ai||ai||ây |----- |歐||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||class="Unicode"|[ɐu]||au|||eo||au||au||au||au||au||âu |----- |庵||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||class="Unicode"|[ɐm]||am||em||am||am||am||am||am/om||âm |----- |(恩)||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||class="Unicode"|[ɐn]||an||en||an||an||an||an||an||anh |----- |鶯||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɐŋ]||ang||eng||ang||ang||ang||ang||ang||ǎng |----- |(急)||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||class="Unicode"|[ɐp]||ap||eb||ap||ap||ap||ap||ap/op||ǎp |----- |(不)||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||class="Unicode"|[ɐt]||at||ed||at||at||at||at||at||ach |----- |(德)||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||class="Unicode"|[ɐk]||ak||eg||ak||ak||ak||ak||ak||ǎc |----- |誒||class="Unicode"|[ɛː]||class="Unicode"|[ɛ]||e||é||e||e||e||e||e||e |----- |(非)||class="Unicode"|[ei]||class="Unicode"|[ei]||ei||éi||ei||ei||ei||ei||ei||i |----- |(掉)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːu]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||eu||eu||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(舔)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːm]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||em||em||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(鏡)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɛŋ]||eng||éng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng||eng |----- |(夾)*||class="Unicode"|[ɛːp]||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ep||ep||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- |(尺)||class="Unicode"|[ɛːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɛk]||ek||ég||ek||ek||ek||ek||ek||ec |----- |衣||class="Unicode"|[iː]||class="Unicode"|[i]||i||i||i||i||i||i||i||ia |----- |妖||class="Unicode"|[iːu]||class="Unicode"|[iu]||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu||iu |----- |淹||class="Unicode"|[iːm]||class="Unicode"|[im]||im||im||im||im||im||im||im||im |----- |煙||class="Unicode"|[iːn]||class="Unicode"|[in]||in||in||in||in||in||in||in||in |----- |英||class="Unicode"|[ɪŋ]||class="Unicode"|[iŋ]||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing||ing |----- |葉||class="Unicode"|[iːp]||class="Unicode"|[ip]||ip||ib||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip||ip |----- |熱||class="Unicode"|[iːt]||class="Unicode"|[it]||it||id||it||it||it||it||it||it |----- |益||class="Unicode"|[ɪk]||class="Unicode"|[ik]||ik||ig||ik||ik||ik||ik||ik||ic |----- |柯||class="Unicode"|[ɔː]||class="Unicode"|[ɔ]||o||o||o||o||o||oh||oh||o |----- |哀||class="Unicode"|[ɔːi]||class="Unicode"|[ɔi]||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi||oi |----- |奧||class="Unicode"|[ou]||class="Unicode"|[ou]||ou||ou||ou||ou||ou||o||o||u |----- |安||class="Unicode"|[ɔːn]||class="Unicode"|[ɔn]||on||on||on||on||on||on||on||on |----- |(康)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[ɔŋ]||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||ong||oong |----- |(渴)||class="Unicode"|[ɔːt]||class="Unicode"|[ɔt]||ot||od||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot||ot |----- |惡||class="Unicode"|[ɔːk]||class="Unicode"|[ɔk]||ok||og||ok||ok||ok||ok||ok||oot |----- |烏||class="Unicode"|[uː]||class="Unicode"|[u]||u||u||u||u||u||oo||oo||ua |----- |煨||class="Unicode"|[uːi]||class="Unicode"|[ui]||ui||ui||ui||ui||ui||ooi||ooi||ui |----- |碗||class="Unicode"|[uːn]||class="Unicode"|[un]||un||un||un||un||un||oon||oon||un |----- |甕||class="Unicode"|[ʊŋ]||class="Unicode"|[uŋ]||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung||ung |----- |活||class="Unicode"|[uːt]||class="Unicode"|[ut]||ut||ud||ut||ut||ut||oot||oot||ut |----- |屋||class="Unicode"|[ʊk]||class="Unicode"|[uk]||uk||ug||uk||uk||uk||uk||uk||uc |----- |靴||class="Unicode"|[œː]||class="Unicode"|[œ]||eu||ê||oe||oe||eu||euh||oeh||uêa |----- |(香)||class="Unicode"|[œːŋ]||class="Unicode"|[œŋ]||eung||êng||oeng||oeng||eung||eung||eung||uơng |----- |(約)||class="Unicode"|[œːk]||class="Unicode"|[œk]||euk||êg||oek||oek||euk||euk||euk||uơc |----- |(去)||class="Unicode"|[ɵy]||class="Unicode"|[œy]||eue||êu||oey||eoi||eui||ui||ui||uâi |----- |(春)||class="Unicode"|[ɵn]||class="Unicode"|[œn]||eun||ên||oen||eon||un||un||un||uânh |----- |(律)||class="Unicode"|[ɵt]||class="Unicode"|[œt]||eut||êd||oet||eot||ut||ut||ut||uâch |----- |於||class="Unicode"|[yː]||class="Unicode"|[y]||ue||ü||y||yu||yu||ue||ue||uya |----- |冤||class="Unicode"|[yːn]||class="Unicode"|[yn]||uen||ün||yn||yun||yun||uen||uen||uyn |----- |月||class="Unicode"|[yːt]||class="Unicode"|[yt]||uet||üd||yt||yut||yut||uet||uet||uyt |----- |唔||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||class="Unicode"|[m̩]||m||m||m||m||m||m||m||uhm |----- |五||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||class="Unicode"|[ŋ̩]||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||ng||uhm |} *<nowiki>*:</nowiki>口語變異 *[[黃錫凌羅馬拼音]] euue 省略成 eue, [[廣州話拼音方案]] êü 省略成 êu *在廣州話拼音方案，聲母 j, q, x 是用來拼寫 i, ü 韻之用，另外 ü 行的韻母用來拼 j, q, x 時，省略兩點 ====聲調==== 下表的平、上、去聲以 “a” 音為例，入聲以 “at” 音為例。 {| class="wikitable" |----- !&nbsp;!!style="width:4em"|[[w:國際音標|IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:粵語寬式國際音標|寬式IPA]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:黃錫凌羅馬拼音|黃錫凌]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:广州话拼音方案|廣州]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:教育學院拼音方案|教院]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|粵拼]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:耶魯粵語拼音|耶魯]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:劉錫祥拼音|劉錫祥]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:Meyer-Wempe|Meyer-Wempe]]!!style="width:4em"|[[w:蘇鴻傑-越语式|越语式]] |----- |陰平，53||˥˧||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|à}}||1||a||á |----- |高平，55||˥˥||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||{{Unicode|ˈa}}||1||1||1||{{Unicode|ā}}||1⁰||a||&nbsp; |----- |陰上，35||˧˥||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||{{Unicode|ˊa}}||2||2||2||{{Unicode|á}}||2||{{Unicode|á}}||ã |----- |陰去，33||˧˧||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||{{Unicode|ˉa}}||3||3||3||a||3||{{Unicode|à}}||a |----- |陽平，21或11||˨˩ 或 ˩˩||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||{{Unicode|ˌa}}||4||4||4||{{Unicode|àh}}||4||{{Unicode|ā}}||à |----- |陽上，13或23||˩˧ 或 ˨˧||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||{{Unicode|ˏa}}||5||5||5||{{Unicode|áh}}||5||{{Unicode|ǎ}}||ạ |----- |陽去，22||˨˨||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||{{Unicode|ˍa}}||6||6||6||ah||6||{{Unicode|â}}||à |----- |陰入，5||˥||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||{{Unicode|ˈat}}||1||7或1||1||{{Unicode|āt}}||1||at||á |----- |中入，3||˧||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||{{Unicode|ˉat}}||3||8或3||3||at||3||{{Unicode|àt}}||a |----- |陽入，2||˨||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||{{Unicode|ˍat}}||6||9或6||6||aht||6||{{Unicode|ât}}||à |} ===台山話拼音對照表=== ====聲母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /t͡sʰ/ || c || ts || ch || ch’ || [[床#Chinese|床]] |- | /p/ || b || b || b || p || [[鼻#Chinese|鼻]] |- | /t/ || d || d || d || t || [[樽#Chinese|樽]] |- | /k/ || g || g || g || k || [[見#Chinese|見]] |- | /f/ || f || f || f || f || [[風#Chinese|風]] |- | /h/ || h || h || h || h || [[台#Chinese|台]] |- | /kʰ/ || k || k || k || k’ || [[佢#Chinese|佢]] |- | /ᵐb/ || m || m || m || m || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /l/ || l || l || l || l || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /ⁿd/ || n || n || n || n || [[你#Chinese|你]] |- | /pʰ/ || p || p || p || p’ || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /ᵑg/ || ng || ŋ || ng || ng || [[人#Chinese|人]] |- | /tʰ/ || t || t || t || t’ || [[窗#Chinese|窗]] |- | /v/ || v || v || v || w || [[話#Chinese|話]] |- | /ʒ/ || y || y || y || y || [[嘢#Chinese|嘢]] |- | /t͡s/ || z || dz || j || ch || [[州#Chinese|州]] |- | /ɬ/ || lh || ɬ || x || lh || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /s/ || s || s || s || s || [[山#Chinese|山]] |} ====韻母==== {| class="wikitable" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] || 維基詞典 || Stephen Li || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | /iu/ || iu || iu || iu || iu || [[優#Chinese|優]] |- | /ak̚/ || ak || ak || ak || aak || [[得#Chinese|得]] |- | /am/ || am || am || am || aam || [[三#Chinese|三]] |- | /iak̚/ || iak || iak || ek || iak || [[糴#Chinese|糴]] |- | /eu/ || eu || ǝu || eo || aau || [[斗#Chinese|斗]] |- | /i/ || i || i || i || i || [[皮#Chinese|皮]] |- | /iau/ || iau || iau || el || iau || [[釣#Chinese|釣]] |- | /un/ || un || un || un || oon || [[敦#Chinese|敦]] |- | /ᵘɔ/ || o || ɔ || o || o || [[多#Chinese|多]] |- | /ɔk̚/ || ok || ɔk || ok || ok || [[惡#Chinese|惡]] |- | /iaŋ/ || iang || iaŋ || eng || iang || [[釘#Chinese|釘]] |- | /ᵘɔi/ || oi || ɔi || oi || oi || [[愛#Chinese|愛]] |- | /iap̚/ || iap || iap || ep || iep || [[碟#Chinese|碟]] |- | /iɛ/ || ie || ia || eh || e || [[嗲#Chinese|嗲]] |- | /ɵŋ/ || uung || ǝŋ || ung || ung || [[龍#Chinese|龍]] |- | /au/ || au || ɔu || ao || aau || [[老#Chinese|老]] |- | /im/ || im || im || im || im || [[音#Chinese|音]] |- | /ɔŋ/ || ong || ɔŋ || ong || ong || [[當#Chinese|當]] |- | /em/ || em || ǝm || eim || ? || [[含#Chinese|含]] |- | /an/ || an || an || an || aan || [[丹#Chinese|丹]] |- | /ep̚/ || ep || ǝp || eip || ? || 𢱕 |- | /et̚/ || et || ɛt || eik || ? || [[跌#Chinese|跌]] |- | /ip̚/ || ip || ip || ip || ip || [[邑#Chinese|邑]] |- | /ᵘɔt̚/ || ot || ɔt || ot || ot || [[乜#Chinese|乜]] |- | /aŋ/ || ang || aŋ || ang || aang || [[登#Chinese|登]] |- | /m̩/ || m || m || m || m || [[五#Chinese|五]] |- | /ɵt̚/ || uut || ut || ut || ? || [[律#Chinese|律]] |- | /ut̚/ || ut || ut || ut || oot || [[突#Chinese|突]] |- | /ɵk̚/ || uuk || ǝk || uk || uk || [[六#Chinese|六]] |- | /in/ || in || in || in || in || [[因#Chinese|因]] |- | /ei/ || ei || i || i || i || [[耳#Chinese|耳]] |- | /ᵘɔn/ || on || ɔn || on || on || [[安#Chinese|安]] |- | /ui/ || ui || ui || ui || ooi || [[對#Chinese|對]] |- | /at̚/ || at || at || at || aat || [[押#Chinese|押]] |- | /u/ || u || u || u || oo || [[都#Chinese|都]] |- | /iam/ || iam || iam || em || iem || [[店#Chinese|店]] |- | /it̚/ || it || it || it || it || [[一#Chinese|一]] |- | /en/ || en || ein || ein || ien || [[丁#Chinese|丁]] |- | /a/ || a || a || a || a || [[阿#Chinese|阿]] |- | /ai/ || ai || ai || ai || aai || [[大#Chinese|大]] |- | /ap̚/ || ap || ap || ap || aap || [[搭#Chinese|搭]] |} ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 33 || 1 || ä || à || [[偷#Chinese|偷]] |- | 55 || 2 || ā || a || [[口#Chinese|口]] |- | 22 || 3 || ã || ā || [[頭#Chinese|頭]] |- | 21 || 4 || â || ạ̄ || [[厚#Chinese|厚]] |- | 32 || 5 || à || â || [[後#Chinese|後]] |} =====變調===== {| class="wikitable" ! 調值 || 維基詞典 || Gene Chin || [[w:美國國防語言學院|國防語言學院]] || 例 |- | 335 || 1* || ä/ || à* || [[頭先#Chinese|頭'''先''']] |- | 225 || 3* || ã/ || ā* || [[近來#Chinese|近'''來''']] |- | 215 || 4* || â/ || ạ̄* || [[去街#Chinese|去'''街''']] |- | 325 || 5* || à/ || â* || [[台山話#Chinese|台山'''話''']] |} ==閩南語== ===閩南語[[w:白話字|白話字]]=== ====聲母==== {|class="wikitable" ! rowspan=3 | &nbsp; ! colspan=3 align=center | [[塞音]]及[[塞擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[鼻音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[擦音]] ! rowspan=3 align=center | [[邊音]] |- ! colspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|清音]] ! rowspan=2 align=center | [[清濁音|濁音]] |- ! align=center | [[不送氣]] ! align=center | [[送氣]] |- ! [[唇音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">p</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|p]]}} 邊 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ph</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清雙唇塞音|pʰ]]}} 頗 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">b</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁雙唇塞音|b]]}} 文 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">m</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[雙唇鼻音|m]]}} 毛 | | |- ! [[韵图#.E8.88.8C.E9.9F.B3|舌音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">t</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|t]]}} 地 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">th</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞音|tʰ]]}} 他 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">n</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦鼻音|n]]}} 耐 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">l</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[齒齦邊音|l]]}} 柳 |- ! [[齒音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ch</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡s]]}} 曾 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">chh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦塞擦音|t͡sʰ]]}} 出 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">j</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁齒齦塞擦音|d͡z]]}} 入 | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">s</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清齒齦擦音|s]]}} 時 | |- ! [[牙音]] | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">k</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|k]]}} 求 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">kh</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清軟顎塞音|kʰ]]}} 去 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">g</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[濁軟顎塞音|g]]}} 語 | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">ng</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[軟顎鼻音|ŋ]]}} 雅 | | |- ! [[喉音]] | | | | | align=center | <span style="font-size:larger;">h</span><br/> {{IPA1|[[清喉擦音|h]]}} 喜 | |- |} #「唇舌齒牙喉」依傳統[[五音 (音韻)|五音]]，與現代語言學的發音部位分法不儘相同。 #漢字為傳統[[彙集雅俗通十五音|十五音]]，但「毛、耐、雅」十五音裡沒有；另十五音有零聲母「英」，白話字不標。 ====元音==== {|class="wikitable" ! &nbsp; ! align=center | [[前元音]] ! align=center | [[央元音]] ! align=center | [[後元音]] |- ! [[閉元音|高元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">i</span> {{IPA1|i}} | | <span style="font-size:larger;">u</span> {{IPA1|u}} |- ! [[中元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">e</span> {{IPA1|e}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o</span> {{IPA1|ə}} | <span style="font-size:larger;">o·</span> {{IPA1|ɔ}} |- ! [[開元音|低元音]] | <span style="font-size:larger;">a</span> {{IPA1|a}} | | |} #有些[[腔調]]的o是發成[[半閉元音|半閉]]後圓唇元音 {{IPA1|o}}、半閉後不圓唇元音{{IPA1|ɤ}}。 ====聲調==== ''（以a為標注範例）'' {| class="wikitable" !width="12.5%" |1 !width="12.5%" |2 !width="12.5%" |3 !width="12.5%" |4 !width="12.5%" |5 !width="12.5%" |6 !width="12.5%" |7 !width="12.5%" |8 |- |陰平 |陰上 |陰去 |陰入 |陽平 |陽上 |陽去 |陽入 |- |a |á |à |a+入聲韻尾 |â |ā |ā |{{unicode|a̍}}+入聲韻尾 |} =====備注===== * 七聲調區，第6聲（陽上）併入第7聲（陽去），是為聲韻學上「濁上變去」。 * 第4、8聲為入聲。 * 入聲韻尾：有 -p、-t、-k、-h 四種。 喉塞音韻尾 -h 僅會出現於[[文白異讀|白讀]]。 ===閩南語[[w:臺羅音標|台羅音標]]=== ==客家話== ===客家話拼音方案=== ====字母==== 拼音採用[[拉丁字母]]，其中r、w不用來拼寫梅縣客家話。ê 是字母 e 的變體，用以代表 {{IPA1|ɛ}}。 ====聲母==== 聲母總數為19個。不以輔音為首的音節，稱為零聲母。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | b {{IPA1|p}} 波 || p {{IPA1|pʻ}} 婆 || m {{IPA1|m}} 摸 || f {{IPA1|f}} 火 || v {{IPA1|v}} 窩 |- | d {{IPA1|t}} 多 || t {{IPA1|tʻ}} 拖 || n {{IPA1|n}} 挪 || l {{IPA1|l}} 羅 || &nbsp; |- | g {{IPA1|k}} 哥 || k {{IPA1|kʻ}} 科 || ng {{IPA1|ŋ}} 我 || h {{IPA1|h}} 河 || &nbsp; |- | j {{IPA1|t͡si-}} 擠 || q {{IPA1|ʦʻi-}} 妻 || x {{IPA1|si-}} 西 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | z {{IPA1|t͡s}} 資 || c {{IPA1|ʦʻ}} 雌 || s {{IPA1|s}} 思 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |} 資 zi¹、雌 ci¹、思 si¹ 等字的韻母用 i {{IPA1|ɪ}}。 ====韻母==== 韻母總數為74個。列表如下： {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | i {{IPA1|ɪ}} 資 || i {{IPA1|i}} 衣 || u {{IPA1|u}} 姑 |- | a {{IPA1|a}} 阿 || ia {{IPA1|ia}} 也 || ua {{IPA1|ua}} 掛 |- | o {{IPA1|ɔ}} 哦 || io {{IPA1|iɔ}} 喲 || uo {{IPA1|uɔ}} 過 |- | ê {{IPA1|ɛ}} 這 || iê {{IPA1|iɛ}} (撒) || uê {{IPA1|uɛ}} 穢 |- | ai {{IPA1|ai}} 挨 || iai {{IPA1|iai}} 椰 || uai {{IPA1|uai}} 怪 |- | oi {{IPA1|ɔi}} 哀 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | au {{IPA1|au}} 凹 || iau {{IPA1|iau}} 腰 || &nbsp; |- | êu {{IPA1|ɛu}} 歐 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iu {{IPA1|iu}} 有 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iui {{IPA1|iui}} 銳 || ui {{IPA1|ui}} 貴 |- | am {{IPA1|am}} 庵 || iam {{IPA1|iam}} 淹 || &nbsp; |- | êm {{IPA1|ɛm}} 砧 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | em {{IPA1|əm}} 針 || im {{IPA1|im}} 陰 |- | an {{IPA1|an}} 班 || ian {{IPA1|ian}} 煙 || uan {{IPA1|uan}} 關 |- | on {{IPA1|ɔn}} 安 || ion {{IPA1|iɔn}} 阮 || uon {{IPA1|uɔn}} 管 |- | ên {{IPA1|ɛn}} 恩 || iên {{IPA1|iɛn}} 邊 || uên {{IPA1|uɛn}} 耿 |- | en {{IPA1|ən}} 真 || in {{IPA1|in}} 因 |- | &nbsp; || iun {{IPA1|iun}} 允 || un {{IPA1|un}} 敦 |- | ang {{IPA1|aŋ}} 冷 || iang {{IPA1|iaŋ}} 影 || uang {{IPA1|uaŋ}} 礦 |- | ong {{IPA1|ɔŋ}} 江 || iong {{IPA1|iɔŋ}} 央 || uong {{IPA1|uɔŋ}} 光 |- | &nbsp; || iung {{IPA1|iuŋ}} 雍 || ung {{IPA1|uŋ}} 工 |- | ab {{IPA1|ap}} 鴨 || iab {{IPA1|iap}} 葉 || &nbsp; |- | êb {{IPA1|ɛp}} 粒 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | eb {{IPA1|əp}} 汁 || ib {{IPA1|ip}} 邑 || &nbsp; |- | ad {{IPA1|at}} 八 || iad {{IPA1|iat}} 乙 || uad {{IPA1|uat}} 刮 |- | od {{IPA1|ɔt}} 遏 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; |- | êd {{IPA1|ɛt}} 北 || iêd {{IPA1|iɛt}} 鱉 || uêd {{IPA1|uɛt}} 國 |- | ed {{IPA1|ət}} 質 || id {{IPA1|it}} 一 || &nbsp; |- | &nbsp; || iud {{IPA1|iut}} -{郁}- || ud {{IPA1|ut}} 骨 |- | ag {{IPA1|ak}} 扼 || iag {{IPA1|iak}} 錫 || uag {{IPA1|uak}} □ |- | og {{IPA1|ɔk}} 惡 || iog {{IPA1|iɔk}} 約 || uog {{IPA1|uɔk}} 郭 |- | &nbsp; || iug {{IPA1|iuk}} 育 || ug {{IPA1|uk}} 督 |- |m {{IPA1|m}} 唔 || n {{IPA1|n}} 五 || &nbsp; |} i 行的韻母，前面沒有聲母的時候，寫成 yi、ya、yo、yê、yai、yau、yu、yui、yam、yim、yan、yin、yun、yang、yong、yung、yab、yib、yad、yid、yud、yag、yog、yug。 ====聲調==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | 調類 || 陰平 || 陽平 || 上聲 || 去聲 || 陰入 || 陽入 |- | 調號 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 |- | 調值 || 44 || 11 || 31 || 52 || 11 || 55 |- | &nbsp; || fu¹ || fu² || fu³ || fu⁴ || fug⁵ || fug⁶ |- | 例字 || 夫 || 扶 || 府 || 富 || 福 || 服 |} ===外部鏈接=== *[http://hakka.fhl.net/dict/index_hakka.html 客語字典查尋] ==晉語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰx/}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 麻 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/}} || f || 夫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/v/}} || v || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰx/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n/}} || n || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 查 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 如 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 拤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 嘎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰx/}} || k || 卡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} || gh || 我 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 我 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɣ/}} |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[w:國際音標|IPA]] !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || i || 知 || 只在 {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}前 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 胡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 魚 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}} || er || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/}} || a || 哈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/}} || ia || 牙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/}} || ua || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ/}} || e || 鵝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ/}} || ue || 和 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/}} || ie || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/}} || ye || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 懷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/}} || ei || 給 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uei/}} || ui || 灰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iau/}} || iau || 妖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || eu || 歐 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || ieu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/æ̃/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uæ̃/}} || uan || 歡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} || on || 昂 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} || ion || 央 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} || uon || 黃 || 舊式; = 新式 {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/}} || ang || 昂 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/ɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/}} || iang || 央 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/iɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/}} || uang || 黃 || 新式; = 舊式 {{IPAchar|/uɒ̃/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃ŋ/}} || eng || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ĩŋ/}} || ing || 英 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ũŋ/}} || ung || 轟 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ỹŋ/}} || yng || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/}} || ah || 喝 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/}} || iah || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/}} || uah || 滑 || 在新式中多併入 {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/əʔ/}} || eh || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəʔ/}} || ieh || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uəʔ/}} || ueh || 忽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yəʔ/}} || yeh || 月 || |- |} ===兒化=== 在原有韻尾後加上“r”來表示兒化。對於韻尾-e (/ɤ/)，要在“r”前加上一個撇，即-e'r (/ɤɻ/)，以區別於-er (/əɻ/)。 ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 平聲 || 11 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 上聲 || 53 || 2 || 反 || |- | 去聲 || 45 || 3 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 2 || 4 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 54 || 5 || 罰 || 在新式中併入陰入 |- | 輕聲 || || || || |} ==湘語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || p || 趴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/}} || m || 媽 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɸ/}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l̃/}} || l || 拿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || z || 渣 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || c || 叉 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/s/}} || s || 沙 || 在新式中當在{{IPAchar|/i/}}前時改用{{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/}} || zh || 遮 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ʂʰ/}} || ch || 畬 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}} || sh || 賒 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/s/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} || r || 惹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || j || 佳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || q || 喫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 黏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || x || 蝦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/k/}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || ng || 椏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/x/}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || r || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ʐ̩/}} || r || 知 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡ʂ/|/t͡ʂʰ/|/ʂ/|/ʐ/}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/}} || y || 淤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || a || 阿 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia̠/}} || ia || 鴉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua̠/}} || ua || 蛙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ya̠/}} || ya || 噦 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/}} || o || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/io/}} || io || 喲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɤ̞/}} || e || 兒 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie̞/}} || ie || 椰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɤ̞/}} || ue || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞/}} || ye || 抈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/}} || ai || 哀 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yai/}} || yai || 衰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e̞i/}} || ei || 欸 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue̞i/}} || uei || 威 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye̞i/}} || yei || 銳 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɒu/}} || au || 熬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɒu/}} || iau || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/əu/}} || ou || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iəu/}} || iou || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/õ/}} || onn || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ə̃/}} || enn || 占 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iẽ/}} || ienn || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yẽ/}} || yenn || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ən/}} || en || 恩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/}} || in || 因 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uən/}} || un || 溫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/}} || yn || 暈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/}} || an || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iæn/}} || ian || 秧 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yæn/}} || yan || 霜 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ʊŋ/}} || ong || 翁 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/ən/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/iʊŋ/}} || iong || 雍 || 在新式中併入{{IPAchar|/in/}} |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || m || 姆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/}} || n || 你 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 |- | 陰平 || 33 || 1 || 詩 |- | 陽平 || 13 || 2 || 時 |- | 上聲 || 41 || 3 || 使 |- | 陰去 || 45 || 4 || 世 |- | 陽去 || 21 || 5 || 是 |- | 入聲 || 24 || 6 || 食 |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 猴'''子''' |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{陽 平 }[13] + \text{陰 去 }[45] \to [\text{接 近 24，但 仍 與 入 聲 有 區 別 }] + \text{陰 去 }[45]</math> * (快速說話時) <math>\begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + \text{入 聲 }[24] \to \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[33]\\ \text{陽 平 }[13]\\ \text{入 聲 }[24] \end{Bmatrix} + [44]</math> ==贛語== ===聲母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/p/|lang=gan}} || b || 巴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/pʰ/|lang=gan}} || p || 爬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m/|lang=gan}} || m || 馬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}} || f || 花 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t/|lang=gan}} || d || 打 || |- | {{IPAchar|/tʰ/|lang=gan}} || t || 他 || |- | {{IPAchar|/l/|lang=gan}} || l || 拉 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡s/|lang=gan}} || z || 遮 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/|lang=gan}} || c || 車 || |- | {{IPAchar|/s/|lang=gan}} || s || 沙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/|lang=gan}} || j || 姐 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/|lang=gan}} || q || 且 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || ny || 膩 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɕ/|lang=gan}} || x || 寫 || 只在高位前元音前 |- | {{IPAchar|/k/|lang=gan}} || g || 家 || |- | {{IPAchar|/kʰ/|lang=gan}} || k || 抲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ/|lang=gan}} || ng || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/h/|lang=gan}} || h || 蝦 || |} ===韻母=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! IPA !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | {{IPAchar|/z̩/|lang=gan}} || i || 資 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/i/|lang=gan}} || i || 衣 || |- | {{IPAchar|/u/|lang=gan}} || u || 烏 || |- | {{IPAchar|/y/|lang=gan}} || y || 迂 || |- | {{IPAchar|/a/|lang=gan}} || a || 丫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ia/|lang=gan}} || ia || 爺 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ua/|lang=gan}} || ua || 娃 || |- | {{IPAchar|/o/|lang=gan}} || o || 我 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uo/|lang=gan}} || uo || 窩 || |- | {{IPAchar|/e/|lang=gan}} || e || 許 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ie/|lang=gan}} || ie || 渠 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ue/|lang=gan}} || ue || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ye/|lang=gan}} || ye || 靴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵ/|lang=gan}} || eo || 而 || |- | {{IPAchar|/m̩/|lang=gan}} || m || 姆 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/n̩/|lang=gan}} || n || 你 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/|lang=gan}} || ng || 五 || 零聲母 |- | {{IPAchar|/ai/|lang=gan}} || ai || 愛 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uai/|lang=gan}} || uai || 歪 || |- | {{IPAchar|/oi/|lang=gan}} || oi || - || 只用作感歎詞 |- | {{IPAchar|/ei/|lang=gan}} || ei || - || 只用於縮約形式 |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨi/|lang=gan}} || i || 灰 || 只在{{IPAchar|/f/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/ui/|lang=gan}} || ui || 委 || |- | {{IPAchar|/au/|lang=gan}} || au || 咬 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛu/|lang=gan}} || eu || 猴 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛu/|lang=gan}} || ieu || 腰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 洲 || 只在{{IPAchar|/t͡s/|/t͡sʰ/|/s/|lang=gan}}後 |- | {{IPAchar|/iu/|lang=gan}} || iu || 優 || |- | {{IPAchar|/an/|lang=gan}} || an || 淹 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uan/|lang=gan}} || uan || 彎 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵn/|lang=gan}} || on || 安 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵn/|lang=gan}} || uon || 完 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵn/|lang=gan}} || yon || 冤 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛn/|lang=gan}} || en || 恆 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛn/|lang=gan}} || ien || 煙 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨn/|lang=gan}} || iin || 本 || |- | {{IPAchar|/in/|lang=gan}} || in || 陰 || |- | {{IPAchar|/un/|lang=gan}} || un || 文 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yn/|lang=gan}} || yn || 雲 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aŋ/|lang=gan}} || ang || 坑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaŋ/|lang=gan}} || iang || 影 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaŋ/|lang=gan}} || uang || 橫 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || ong || 巷 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || iong || 羊 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔŋ/|lang=gan}} || uong || 王 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uŋ/|lang=gan}} || ung || 翁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuŋ/|lang=gan}} || iung || 擁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/at̚/|lang=gan}} || at || 鴨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uat̚/|lang=gan}} || uat || 挖 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || ot || 喝 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || uot || 活 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yɵt̚/|lang=gan}} || yot || 越 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || et || 黑 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || iet || 頁 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɛt̚/|lang=gan}} || uet || 國 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɨt̚/|lang=gan}} || iit || 不 || |- | {{IPAchar|/it̚/|lang=gan}} || it || 一 || |- | {{IPAchar|/ut̚/|lang=gan}} || ut || 骨 || |- | {{IPAchar|/yt̚/|lang=gan}} || yt || 屈 || |- | {{IPAchar|/aʔ/|lang=gan}} || ah || 客 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iaʔ/|lang=gan}} || iah || 額 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uaʔ/|lang=gan}} || uah || - || |- | {{IPAchar|/ɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || oh || 惡 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || ioh || 藥 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uɔʔ/|lang=gan}} || uoh || 郭 || |- | {{IPAchar|/uʔ/|lang=gan}} || uh || 屋 || |- | {{IPAchar|/iuʔ/|lang=gan}} || iuh || 肉 || |} ===聲調=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! 聲調名 !! 聲調值 !! 維基詞典 !! 例 !! 註 |- | 陰平 || 42 || 1 || 翻 || |- | 陽平(A) || 24 || 2 || 襻 || 只與送氣聲母搭配 |- | 上聲 || 213 || 3 || 反 || |- | 陽平(B) || 35 || 4 || 凡 || 只與不送氣聲母搭配 |- | 去聲 || 11 || 5 || 飯 || |- | 陰入 || 5 || 6 || 法 || |- | 陽入 || 2 || 7 || 罰 || |- | 輕聲 || || ''（無符號）'' || 朋'''友''' || |} ====變調==== * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix} \to [13] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{陰 平 }[42]\\ \text{陽 平 (A) }[24]\\ \text{陽 平 (B) }[35]\\ \text{陰 入 }[5] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix} \to [24] + \begin{Bmatrix} \text{上 聲 }[213]\\ \text{去 聲 }[11]\\ \text{陽 入 }[2] \end{Bmatrix}</math> * <math>\text{上 聲 }[213] + \text{輕 聲 } \to [21] + \text{輕 聲 }</math> ===重音=== 在音節前加一個撇號(')來表示重音。 : {{l|zh|今日}} 'jin¹ nyit⁶ : {{l|zh|水果}} sui³ 'guo³ ==吳語== <!--[[:en:Wiktionary:About_Chinese/Wu]]--> ===聲母與韻母=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! 清濁 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | p || 清 || b || p || {{IPAchar|/p/}} || {{l|zh|[[布]][[幫]][[北]]}} |- | ph || 清 || p || ph || {{IPAchar|/pʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[怕]][[胖]][[劈]]}} |- | b || 濁 || bh || b || {{IPAchar|/b̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[步]][[盆]][[拔]]}} |- | m || 濁 || m || m || {{IPAchar|/m/}} || {{l|zh|[[马]][[梅]][[門]]}} |- | 'm || 清 || || 'm || {{IPAchar|/ʔm/}} || {{l|zh|[[媽]][[闷]][[瞇]]}} |- | f || 清 || f || f || {{IPAchar|/f/}} || {{l|zh|[[飛]][[粉]][[福]]}} |- | v || 濁 || fh || v || {{IPAchar|/v̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[扶]][[奉]][[服]]}} |- | || 清 || || vh || {{IPAchar|/v̥/}} || {{l|zh|[[朆]]}} |- | t || 清 || d || t || {{IPAchar|/t/}} || {{l|zh|[[膽]][[懂]][[德]]}} |- | th || 清 || t || th || {{IPAchar|/tʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[透]][[聽]][[鐵]]}} |- | d || 濁 || dh || d || {{IPAchar|/d̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[地]][[動]][[奪]]}} |- | n || 濁 || n || n || {{IPAchar|/n/}} || {{l|zh|[[囡]][[內]][[男]]}} |- | 'n || 清 || || 'n || {{IPAchar|/ʔn/}} || {{l|zh|[[孬]]}}{{l|zh|[[你]]}}_(文){{l|zh|[[哪]]}}_(文) |- | l || 濁 || l || l || {{IPAchar|/l/}} || {{l|zh|[[賴]][[領]][[立]]}} |- | 'l || 清 || || 'l || {{IPAchar|/ʔl/}} || {{l|zh|[[拉]][[拎]][[撈]]}} |- | ts || 清 || z || ts || {{IPAchar|/t͡s/}} || {{l|zh|[[煮]][[增]][[摘]]}} |- | tsh || 清 || c || tsh || {{IPAchar|/t͡sʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[處]][[倉]][[出]]}} |- | dz || 清 || || dz || {{IPAchar|/d͡z/}} || {{l|zh|[[橱]][[从]][[择]]}} |- | s || 清 || s || s || {{IPAchar|/s/}} || {{l|zh|[[書]][[鬆]][[色]]}} |- | z || 濁 || sh || z || {{IPAchar|/z̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[樹]][[上]][[石]]}} |- | j || 清 || j || c(i)<br>ts(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舉]][[精]][[腳]]}} |- | q || 清 || q || ch(i)<br>tsh(i) || {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[丘]][[輕]][[切]]}} |- | jj || 濁 || jh || j(i) || {{IPAchar|/d̥͡ʑ/}} || {{l|zh|[[旗]][[群]][[劇]]}} |- | ny || 濁 || ny || ny || {{IPAchar|/n̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[黏]][[扭]][[泥]]}} |- | 'ny || 清 || || 'ny || {{IPAchar|/ʔn̠ʲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[粘]][[研]]}} |- | x || 清 || x || s(i)<br>sh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ɕ/}} || {{l|zh|[[修]][[勛]][[血]]}} |- | xx || 濁 || xh || z(i)<br>zh(i) || {{IPAchar|/ʑ̻/}} || {{l|zh|[[徐]][[寻]][[夕]]}} |- | k || 清 || g || k || {{IPAchar|/k/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[公]][[夾]]}} |- | kh || 清 || k || kh || {{IPAchar|/kʰ/}} || {{l|zh|[[開]][[墾]][[擴]]}} |- | g || 濁 || gh || g || {{IPAchar|/ɡ̊/}} || {{l|zh|[[葵]][[共]][[軋]]}} |- | ng || 濁 || ng || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[我]][[外]][[鵝]]}} |- | 'ng || 清 || || 'ng || {{IPAchar|/ʔŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[嗯]]}} |- | h || 清 || h || h || {{IPAchar|/h/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[荒]][[忽]]}} |- | || 清 || hh || - || {{IPAchar|/ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[衣]][[烏]][[鴨]]}} |- | hh || 濁 || wh || gh<br>y/w<ref group=note>Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.</ref> || {{IPAchar|/ɦ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鞋]][[移]][[雨]]}} |} <references group=note /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! 維基詞典<br/>羅馬化 !! [[w:錢乃榮|錢乃榮]]<br/>羅馬化 !! [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ 吴音小字典] !! IPA !! 例字 |- | a || a || a || {{IPAchar|/a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[太]][[柴]][[鞋]]}} |- | o || o || o || {{IPAchar|/o̝/}} || {{l|zh|[[花]][[模]][[蛇]]}} |- | au || ao || au || {{IPAchar|/ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[寶]][[朝]][[高]]}} |- | eu || || eu || {{IPAchar|/ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[鬥]][[醜]][[狗]]}} |- | e || e || e, ai, ae || {{IPAchar|/e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[雷]][[來]][[蘭]]}} |- | oe || oe || oe || {{IPAchar|/ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[乾]][[最]][[亂]]}} |- | i || i, yi || i, ie, y, ye || {{IPAchar|/i/}} || {{l|zh|[[基]][[錢]][[微]]}} |- | ia || ia, ya || ia, ya || {{IPAchar|/i̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[野]][[寫]][[亞]]}} |- | iau || iao, yao || iau, yau || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[條]][[蕉]][[搖]]}} |- | ieu || || ieu, yeu || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɜ/}} || {{l|zh|[[流]][[尤]][[休]]}} |- | u || u || u || {{IPAchar|/ʋʷ/}} || {{l|zh|[[波]][[歌]][[做]]}} |- | ua || ua || ua, wa || {{IPAchar|/u̯a̠/}} || {{l|zh|[[怪]][[淮]][[娃]]}} |- | ue || ue || ue, we || {{IPAchar|/u̯e̞/}} || {{l|zh|[[回]][[貫]][[彎]]}} |- | uoe || || uoe, woe || {{IPAchar|/u̯ø/}} || {{l|zh|[[官]][[歡]][[緩]]}} |- | y || yu || iu, yu || {{IPAchar|/y/}} || {{l|zh|[[居]][[女]][[羽]]}} |- | yoe || || ioe, yoe || {{IPAchar|/ɥø/}} || {{l|zh|[[軟]][[園]][[權]]}} |- | an || ang || an || {{IPAchar|/ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[冷]][[長]][[硬]]}} |- | aan || ang || aon || {{IPAchar|/ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[黨]][[放]][[忙]]}} |- | en || en || en || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[奮]][[登]][[論]]}} |- | on || ong || on || {{IPAchar|/ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[翁]][[蟲]][[風]]}} |- | aq || ak || ah || {{IPAchar|/ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[辣]][[麥]][[客]]}} |- | oq || ok || oh || {{IPAchar|/ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[北]][[郭]][[目]]}} |- | eq || ek || eh || {{IPAchar|/ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[舌]][[色]][[割]]}} |- | ian || || ian, yan || {{IPAchar|/i̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[良]][[象]][[陽]]}} |- | iaan || || iaon, yaon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[旺]]}}_(白) |- | in || in || in, yin || {{IPAchar|/ɪ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[緊]][[靈]][[人]]}}_(白) |- | ion || || ion, yon || {{IPAchar|/i̯ʊ̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[窮]][[榮]][[濃]]}} |- | iaq || || iah, yah || {{IPAchar|/i̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[藥]][[腳]][[略]]}} |- | ioq || || ioh, yoh || {{IPAchar|/i̯ŏʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[肉]][[浴]][[玉]]}} |- | iq || ik || ih, yih || {{IPAchar|/i̯ɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[筆]][[亦]][[吃]]}} |- | uan || || uan, wan || {{IPAchar|/u̯ã/}} || {{l|zh|[[橫]][[光]]}}_～火 |- | uaan || || uaon, waon || {{IPAchar|/u̯ɑ̃/}} || {{l|zh|[[廣]][[狂]][[況]]}} |- | un || || uen, wun || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ŋ/}} || {{l|zh|[[困]][[魂]][[溫]]}} |- | uaq || || uah, wah || {{IPAchar|/u̯ă̠ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[挖]][[劃]][[刮]]}} |- | ueq || || ueh, weh || {{IPAchar|/u̯ə̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[活]][[擴]][[骨]]}} |- | yn || || iuin, yuin || {{IPAchar|/ʏ̆ɲ/}} || {{l|zh|[[均]][[雲]][[訓]]}} |- | yq || || uih, yuih || {{IPAchar|/ɥɪ̆ʔ/}} || {{l|zh|[[血]][[缺]][[悅]]}} |- | er || er || r || {{IPAchar|/əɻ/}}<!--Qian uses /əl/--> || {{l|zh|[[而]][[爾]][[耳]]}}_(文) |- | r || y || y || {{IPAchar|/z̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[知]][[次]][[住]]}} |- | mm || || m || {{IPAchar|/m̩/}} || {{l|zh|[[姆]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[畝]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[嘸]]}}_～沒 |- | ngg || n || ng || {{IPAchar|/ŋ̍/}} || {{l|zh|[[五]][[魚]]}}_(白){{l|zh|[[午]]}}_端～ |} ===聲調=== Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts&mdash;a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule. For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables. There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style ({{lang|zh|中派與新派}}) Shanghainese, a reduction from six in old-style ({{lang|zh|老派}}) Shanghainese. The tonal category a character belongs to can essentially be inferred from its Middle Chinese pronunciation, or pronunciations from other Chinese varieties. Middle Chinese had four tones&mdash;level, rising, departing and checked. In the development to Shanghainese, each of the four Middle Chinese tones split in two, conditioned by the voicing (voiceless&mdash;dark, voiced&mdash;light) of the initial of the character. Three of the resultant eight tonal categories then merged with other categories, producing five tonal categories in total. Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop. Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see [[w:Suzhou dialect#Tones|Suzhou dialect § Tones]] on Wikipedia. :{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:center" |- ! 調號 !! 調名 !! 清濁 !! 調值 !! 例字 !!對應中古漢語聲調 |- !1!!{{zh-l|陰平}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥˧}} 53||{{l|zh|[[刀]][[漿]][[司]][[東]]}}||陰平 |- !2!!{{zh-l|陰去}} |清||{{IPAfont|˧˦}} 34||{{l|zh|[[島]][[到]][[獎]][[醬]]}}||陰上、陰去 |- !3!!{{zh-l|陽去}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˨˧}} 23||{{l|zh|[[桃]][[導]][[道]][[牆]]}}||陽平、陽上、陽去 |- !4!!{{zh-l|陰入}} |清||{{IPAfont|˥ʔ}} <u>55</u>||{{l|zh|[[雀]][[削]][[說]][[足]]}}||陰入 |- !5!!{{zh-l|陽入}} |濁||{{IPAfont|˩˨ʔ}} <u>12</u>||{{l|zh|[[嚼]][[石]][[曲]][[食]]}}||陽入 |} {{attention|wuu|tone 0 is undocumented}} ====Left-prominent tone sandhi (''word sandhi'')==== Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%" |+Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns |- !Tonal category!!Monosyllabics!!Disyllabics!!Trisyllabics!!Tetrasyllabics!!Pentasyllabics |- !1. Dark level type |53||55＋21||55＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋21||55＋33＋33＋33＋21 |- !2. Dark departing type |34||33＋44||33＋55＋21||33＋55＋33＋21||33＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !3. Light departing type |23||22＋44||22＋55＋21||22＋55＋33＋21||22＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !4. Dark checked type |<u>55</u>||<u>33</u>＋44||<u>33</u>＋55＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>33</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |- !5. Light checked type |<u>12</u>||<u>11</u>＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋23||<u>11</u>＋22＋22＋23<br /><u>22</u>＋55＋33＋21||<u>22</u>＋55＋33＋33＋21 |} For Wu romanisations in the template {{temp|zh-pron}}, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces). ====Right-prominent tone sandhi (''phrase sandhi'')==== When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%" |- !rowspan=2|Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''word A'') !colspan=5|Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. ''syllable A-x'') !rowspan=2|Example |- !Tone 1!!Tone 2!!Tone 3!!Tone 4!!Tone 5 |- !Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it |rowspan=2 colspan=2|44||rowspan=2|33||rowspan=2|<u>44</u>||rowspan=2|<u>22</u> |{{zh-l|儂好|tr=3non+2hau}}<br>{{zh-l|炒魷魚|tr=2tshau+3hhieu hhngg}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|硬碰硬|tr=3ngan+'''-phan'''+3ngan}} |- !Multisyllabic word |rowspan=2 colspan=3|33||rowspan=2 colspan=2|<u>33</u> |{{zh-l|嘸著嘸落/呒着呒落|tr=3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq}} |- !Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it |{{zh-l|前世作孽|tr=3xxi sr+'''4tsoq'''+5nyiq}} |} Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable. ====Conversion from MiniDict tone notation==== * {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), and {{lang|zh|入}} (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers. {| class="wikitable" |+ MiniDict to Wiktionary tone conversion |- !MiniDict||Voicing of initial||Tone category |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|平}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||1 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|上}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|去}}||voiced||3 |- |voiceless||2 |- |rowspan=2|{{lang|zh|入}}||voiced||5 |- |voiceless||4 |} ===Other notations=== The notation <code>+</code> is explained above in the [[#Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)]] section. Additionally, the symbol <code>&</code> can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{temp|zh-x}}; for example, as shown on the page {{zh-l|*日腳}}, the transcription for {{lang|zh|今朝是啥日腳？}} in Wu is <code>1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq</code>. ===Examples=== * {{l|zh|中華}}: 1tson hho * {{l|zh|天才}}: 1thi ze * {{l|zh|火葬場}}: 2hu tsaan zan * {{l|zh|電視}}: 3di zr * {{l|zh|韓國}}: 3hhoe koq * {{l|zh|法律}}: 4faq liq * {{l|zh|日本}}: 5zeq pen ===Resources=== * For checking the pronunciation of words: ''Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese'' ({{lang|zh|《上海话大词典》}}) - uses IPA notations throughout the book * For checking the pronunciation of characters: [http://wu-chinese.com/minidict/ Wu Chinese MiniDict] *: Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. [http://wu-chinese.com/romanization/index.html Their romanisation scheme] aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively. *: Correspondences with WT romanisation: *::Initials (MiniDict = WT): <code>c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh</code> *::: Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e. {{lang|zh|譯}} yih = hhiq and {{lang|zh|皇}} waon = hhuaan *::Finals (MiniDict = WT): <code>ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm</code> *::Tones: {{lang|zh|平}} (level), {{lang|zh|上}} (rising), {{lang|zh|去}} (departing), {{lang|zh|入}} (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark. [[category:發音]] [[category:漢語|*]] b7knfdhsfei3lwidmxtazkt8eqqy1dv 0 303045 7267608 6762916 2022-07-21T11:28:20Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=88|rad=父|as=7|sn=11|four=|canj=CKWLN|ids=⿱父𦉬}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0690.080|dkj=|dj=|hdz=32040.040|uh=3E18}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} oxjnkjsg34dy5zpjj8kl7346izrfu3v 0 325848 7267470 6731988 2022-07-20T21:02:20Z 火焱 67300 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== #{{Lang|ko|'''[[chuối gáo]]'''}}〈{{Lang|ko|桎梏}}〉的漢字表記。 [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|木06木07]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[分类:越南语汉字词|chuối gáo]] ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=zhìgù |c=zat6 guk1,zat1 guk1 |mn=xm:chit-kok |cat=n }} ===釋義=== {{zh-noun}} # {{书}} 刑具。腳鐐和手銬。 #::《史記‧齊太公世家》：“鮑叔牙迎受管仲，及堂阜而脫桎梏。” #::唐·柳宗元《答周君巢餌藥久壽書》：“宗元以罪大擯廢，居小州，與囚徒為朋，行則若帶纆索，處則若關桎梏。” #::清·李煥章《宋連璧傳》：“上大怒，執之，就斬西市，桎梏忽脫地，寂無人矣。” #拘繫，囚禁。 #::《孟子‧盡心上》：“盡其道而死者，正命也；桎梏死者，非正命也。” #::《後漢書‧陳蕃傳》：“﹝朱震﹞收葬蕃尸，匿其子逸於甘陵界中。事覺繫獄，合門桎梏。” #::宋·王讜《唐語林‧識鑒》：“﹝張守珪﹞見陝尉李桎梏裴冕。冕呼：‘張公！困厄中豈能相救？’” #謂束縛，壓制，阻碍。 #::唐·白居易《朱陳村》詩：“以此自桎梏，信為大謬人。” #::清·龔自珍《反祈招序》：“作詩二章，以貽後之自桎梏者。” #::孫中山《倫敦被難記》一：“雖然，華人之被桎梏雖極酷烈，而其天生之性靈，深沉之智力，到底不可磨滅。” #::《莊子˙德充符》：「彼且蘄以諔詭幻怪之名聞，不知至人之以是為己桎梏邪！」 ===出处=== ===使用=== ====示例==== :[1]　 ====用法说明==== ====相关词汇==== *近义词：[[枷锁]]｜[[束缚]] *反义词： *派生词： *同音词（現代標準漢語）： *相近词汇： *常见词语搭配：[[打碎]]～｜[[挣脱]]～｜[[打破]]～｜[[陷]]～｜[[超脫]]～ ====翻译==== {{翻译-顶}} *英语：[[fetter]]s, [[shackle]]s {{翻译-底}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|しつ|k1=しっ|こく|yomi=o}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|しっこく}} # 腳鐐和手銬。 # {{喻}}束縛。 ==朝鮮語== #{{Lang|ko|'''[[질곡]]'''}}〈{{Lang|ko|桎梏}}〉的漢字表記。 [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|木06木07]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[分类:朝鲜语汉字词|질곡]] ps3z8qdi2cyvyofd58b387g03kaxa23 0 596222 7267614 6683730 2022-07-21T11:45:54Z Ianbu 13487 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[常]][[客]]|正=[[常]][[客]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=chángkè}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *俄语：[[частый]] [[гость]]; [[постоянный]] [[посетитель]]; [[завсегдатай]] {{翻译-底}} ==日語== 〈{{Lang|ja|[[常]][[客]]}}〉【じょうきゃく】 #常客，老主顾。 [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|巾08宀06]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] rbcjq4m86j8s3atkjmvahcooqla22vo 0 650384 7267348 6712810 2022-07-20T12:58:54Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"lo"的變體}} ==海地克里奥尔语== ===词源=== 来自{{der|ht|fr|l'||（定冠词）}} + {{m|fr|or||黃金}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|ht|名詞}} # [[黃金]] ---- ==越南語== ===讀音=== {{越音|a1=l|a2=ò}} {{越參/lo}} ===釋義=== 漢字：垆 炉   爐 [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] i030vgsf1gaculnyxpkx6eftj6q0xz1 0 678918 7267568 6854536 2022-07-21T10:44:35Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=瞞早-潮州話}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=míngzǎo,er=y |c=ming4 zou2 |mn-t=mua3 za2 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[明天]][[早上]]，明天的[[早晨]] # {{lb|zh|dialectal}} [[明天]] ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial|明早}} {{zh-dial|明天}} {{zh-cat|未來}} n54a2k4tp0cpvhabg0l34h7kyhltrij 0 749662 7267582 5470570 2022-07-21T10:55:48Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|まつだ}} ==日語== ===專有名詞=== {{ja-pos|proper}} # [[馬自達]]，汽車品品牌 # {{syn of|ja|アフラ・マズダ|t=阿胡拉·馬茲達}} {{c|ja|汽車|sort=まつだ'}} gy3exi5xvrh0mb1gibsekosjga8257a 0 858732 7267475 5092877 2022-07-21T00:22:08Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|насле́дие|pos=n}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun+|насле́дие}} # [[遗产]] ====变格==== {{ru-noun-table|насле́дие}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|ru|насле́довать}} 3vrmgh2ejvoej7uy69yz7y8x3s07vxj 0 960604 7267424 5182986 2022-07-20T16:20:38Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{ja-kanjitab|し|たく|yomi=on}} ===其他形式=== * {{l/ja|仕度}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|したく}} # [[准备]] # [[设备]]，[[设施]] ===动词=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|したく}} # [[准备]] #: {{ja-usex|夕飯を支度する|ゆうはん を したく する|'''准备'''晚餐}} ====活用形==== {{ja-suru|したく}} 2adzf91rf099fxclov7iv8591ghkp8m 0 962923 7267548 4986745 2022-07-21T05:47:22Z Sayonzei 40728 Sayonzei移动页面[[natale]]至[[Natale]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{-it-}} [n.] [[Category:意大利语名词]] 圣诞节 epdhtupeapwusoss6ix54glpb05xt89 0 1030041 7267553 6868193 2022-07-21T06:03:24Z 1.200.105.246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=51|rad=干|as=2|sn=5|four=|canj=TJ|ids=⿱丷干,⿱䒑十}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0339.020|hdz=10408.010|ch=00004800004.010|sbgy=0328.520|uh=22189}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=rěn |mc=y |cat=v }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} # {{†}} [[刺穿]] 5l9ubz7f627mu3izhvintor3j5voloy 0 1047385 7267427 6878162 2022-07-20T16:25:14Z Fglffer 55252 Fglffer移动页面[[轻松]]至[[輕鬆]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|簡=[[轻]][[松]]|正=[[輕]][[鬆]]}} ===讀音=== {{漢語讀音|國={{國音|qīng|sōng}}|粵=|滬=|白話字=khin-sang|臺羅拼音=khin-sang}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *俄语：1) [[лёгкий]]; [[свободный]]; [[чувствовать]] [[себя]] [[легко]] ([[непринуждённо]], [[естественно]]); [[почувствовать]] [[облегчение]]; 2) [[распущенный]]; [[легкомысленный]]; [[беспечный]], [[беззаботный]] {{翻译-底}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|车05木04]] tuj2tk9newbbgmot90odoz4xnpg1tap 7267429 7267427 2022-07-20T16:30:23Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=轻松}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=qīngsōng |c=hing1 sung1 |h=pfs=khiâng-sûng |mn=khin-sang |mn-t=king1 sang1/kêng1 sang1 |mn-t_note=king1 sang1 - Chaozhou, Shantou; kêng1 sang1 - Jieyang, Pontianak |w=1qin son |ma=Zh-qīngsōng.oga |cat=a,v }} ===形容詞=== {{zh-adj}} # [[輕快]][[舒適]] ====同義詞==== * {{qual|書面或用於組詞}} {{zh-l|緩}} * {{zh-l|寬鬆}} ====反義詞==== * {{zh-l|緊張}} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[放鬆]]；[[冷靜]] ====衍生詞==== {{zh-der|輕鬆自如|輕鬆自在}} {{zh-cat|Elementary|情感}} 9zm198mdn8aejfabkay7vxayx63x8cm 0 1114653 7267613 6944974 2022-07-21T11:44:53Z Ianbu 13487 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[主]][[顾]]|正=[[主]][[顧]]}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=zhǔgù|mn=chú-kò͘}} ===釋義=== # 常客 ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *俄语：[[посетитель]], [[покупатель]], [[клиент]] ([[особенно]] [[постоянный]]); [[Вы]] (''[[вежл.]]'' [[к]] [[покупателю]]) {{翻译-底}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|丶04页04]] 2ulj8xo2rzrycleiz2bj0rxmn5nmaln 0 1130563 7267551 7257397 2022-07-21T05:58:49Z 219.77.217.197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info/new}} {{漢}}{{漢語數詞}} * {{总笔画|3}} * {{部首|一|2}} * [[Wiktionary:中文数字|数字]]：10000 * {{正字|萬}} * {{異體|萬|𥝄|𥝅|𫈧|𰊶|𫮮|𫊅|万|𠃡|𤈬|𤍚|㸘|𢁭}} * {{异体|卍}} {{字形拆解|1900}} {{康熙|《子集上》《一部》万|《廣韻》《集韻》《韻會》𡘋同萬。　又三字姓。西魏有柱國万紐于謹。　又《廣韻》莫北切《集韻》密北切。万俟，複姓。俟音其，今讀木其。北齊特進万俟普。}} 有点不准，下次看百度百科吧 别看维基百科了 === 字源 === {{字源}} === 筆順 === {{笔顺}} === 参考 === * {{大字源|137|7}} * {{汉语大字典|1|9|3}} * {{康熙字典|0076|76|3}} * {{辞海|10|6|4}} * {{Unihan数据|4E07}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=MS|四角号码=1022₇|Unicode|十进制=19975|UTF8=E4 B8 87 |UTF16=4E07|UTF32=00004E07|Big5=C945|CCCII=216421|CNS1986=2-2126|CNS1992=2-2126|EACC=274F22|GB80=4582|GB90=8881|JISX=4392|KPS97=DAB9|KS=5618|中文电码|中国大陆=8001}} ==漢語== :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|万}}|250%}} ===讀音=== {{字音|國={{國音|wàn|mò|字=是}}|粵={{粵音|m|aan|6|m|ak|6|字=是}}}} {{上古音/白沙/表|萬}} {{古音|微|元|三|合|山|去|無|販}} {{古音|明|德|一|開|曾|入|莫|北}} ===釋義=== （wàn，ㄨㄢˋ） {{字見|萬}} （mò，ㄇㄛˋ） #見“'''[[万俟]]'''”。 ===翻译=== {{翻譯-見|萬}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=一02|kyu=萬}} {{ja-kanji forms|万|萬}} ===讀音=== {{ja-readings |goon=もん |kanon=ばん |kanyoon=まん |kun=よろず-<よろづ- |nanori=かず, かつ, すすむ, たか, つむ, つもる, ま, ゆる, よし }} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|万}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[일만]](一萬) (ilman)|[[만]] (man)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|万}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== {{越字音|mặc|vạn|muôn|vàn}} {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/4e07/842c 萬]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|一02]] [[分類:汉语汉字|一02]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] osoh6mwq7ie0479vjed9rulpffxqvbm 0 1132784 7267430 6690142 2022-07-20T16:39:39Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|兌}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=10|rad=儿|as=05|sn=7|four=8021|canj=CRHU,XCRHU|ids=⿱丷兄(GTV),⿱𠮦儿(GTV)}} ====衍生詞==== * {{l|mul|[[説]]([[说]]), [[税]], [[悦]], [[脱]], [[鋭]]([[锐]]), [[閲]]([[阅]]), [[敚]], [[蜕]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0125.021|hdz=10271.010|uh=5151|ud=20817}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|兌}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=儿05}} <!-- 非舊字體。參見 兌 (U+514C) --> # [[交換]] # [[轉換]] # [[易經]]的一種卦象 ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[だ]] (da), [[たい]] (tai), [[えい]] (ei)|kun=[[よろこぶ]] (yorokobu)}} ===使用說明=== 這個字缺乏JIS支援，所以不單獨使用。使用{{l|mul|兌}} (U+514C) 來替代。然而，-{兑}-被用於漢字的部件組合，如{{l|mul|[[説]] [[税]] [[悦]] [[脱]] [[鋭]]}}。 ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[태]], [[예]]|rv=tae, ye|mr=t'ae, ye}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=儿05}} baz21p86fkc3nu512i8l0mo1pr2ah5m 7267431 7267430 2022-07-20T16:41:57Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=10|rad=儿|as=05|sn=7|four=8021|canj=CRHU,XCRHU|ids=⿱丷兄(GTV),⿱𠮦儿(GTV)}} ====衍生詞==== * {{l|mul|[[説]]([[说]]), [[税]], [[悦]], [[脱]], [[鋭]]([[锐]]), [[閲]]([[阅]]), [[敚]], [[蜕]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0125.021|hdz=10271.010|uh=5151|ud=20817}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-see|兌}} ---- ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=儿05}} <!-- 非舊字體。參見 兌 (U+514C) --> # [[交換]] # [[轉換]] # [[易經]]的一種卦象 ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=[[だ]] (da), [[たい]] (tai), [[えい]] (ei)|kun=[[よろこぶ]] (yorokobu)}} ===使用說明=== 這個字缺乏JIS支援，所以不單獨使用。使用{{l|mul|兌}} (U+514C) 來替代。然而，-{兑}-被用於漢字的部件組合，如{{l|mul|[[説]] [[税]] [[悦]] [[脱]] [[鋭]]}}。 ---- ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=[[태]], [[예]]|rv=tae, ye|mr=t'ae, ye}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=儿05}} nwmz9zeq4895ft300n6o2uahmrk0p7i 0 1133872 7267552 7258460 2022-07-21T06:00:41Z 1.200.105.246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=9}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=24|rad=十|as=07|sn=9|four=40227|canj=JBTJ|ids=⿱十⿵冂𢆉}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㑲]], [[㓓]], [[喃]], [[𡎜]], [[婻]], [[𪩂]], [[㣮]], [[揇]], [[湳]], [[暔]], [[腩]], [[楠]], [[煵]], [[遖]], [[䊖]], [[䋻]]([[䌾]]), [[蝻]], [[諵]], [[𨂾]], [[𨡯]], [[𨩇]], [[𠄼]], [[献]], [[𢆥]], [[𦣰]], [[萳]], [[罱]], [[䈒]]}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0157.050|dkj=02750|dj=0357.080|hdz=10065.020|ch=00002170003.010|sbgy=0221.280|uh=5357}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|ss=⿱十冂|alt=}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|gan|hak:nàm|wuu}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=nán |ma=y |m-l=lang2 |dg=нан1 |c=naam4 |c-t= |g=lan1 |h=pfs=nàm |j=nan1 |mb=nâng |md=nàng |mn=lâm |mn-t=lam5/nam5/nang5 |mn-t_note=lam5 - 潮州, 饒平; nam5 - 汕頭, 潮陽, 揭陽; nang5 - 澄海 |w=3noe |x=lan1 |cat=n}} {{zh-pron |m=nā,ná,1nb=standard in Mainland,2nb=standard in Taiwan |c=naa1 |mn-t=na1 |dial=n |cat=}} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *西班牙语：[[sur]] *英语：[[south]] *法语 : [[sud]] *德语 : [[Süden]] *瑞典语 : [[syd]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{ja-kanji|grade=2|rs=十07}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音==={{ja-readings |goon=なん<なん<なむ |kanon=だん<だん<だむ |kanyoon=な |kun=みなみ- |nanori=あけ, なみ, は, みな, みまみ, よし }} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|南}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音||[[남]] (nam)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|南}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== * [[nam]] ==參考資料== {{reflist}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|十07]] [[分類:汉语汉字|十07]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 4xzn8l9unxfzpp4mtsc3u556em9e3ln 0 1156859 7267610 7221206 2022-07-21T11:42:54Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{commonscat}} ==跨語言== {{ja-forms|[[万]]|[[万]]|萬}} ===漢字er=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=09|sn=13|snmj+=12|four=44427|canj=TWLB|ids=⿱艹禺}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㒖]], [[噧]], [[𫮮]], [[𡽇]], [[𢶯]], [[澫]], [[𤢥]], [[𦼌]], [[𣜜]], [[燤]], [[𤛶]], [[邁]], [[𥖣]], [[𥜍]], [[䊪]], [[𬚑]], [[蠇]], [[䜕]], [[贎]], [[𧾗]], [[𨆣]], [[𨲴]], [[𨭬]], [[𬒪]], [[𫙽]], [[𪒪]], [[勱]]}} * {{l|mul|[[厲]], [[𫴆]], [[𭙿]], [[癘]], [[𨷈]], [[𥍈]], [[蠆]], [[躉]]}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=1042.330|dkj=31339|dj=1501.060|hdz=53247.080|ch=00011490004.020|sbgy=0397.370|uh=842C}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=万|alt=㸘,𤍚,𢁭,𥝄,𥝅}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{liushu|p}} – [[蠍子]]。這個詞的原意已丟失，衍生字{{och-l|蠆}}用來指原意。 ===Etymology=== ; “蠍子 ” : 參見{{och-l|蠆}}。 ; “宗教舞蹈；巫術” : 或許來自{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*s-man||醫學}}。對照{{cog|bo|སྨན||醫學；民間信仰的女妖}}、{{cog|my|မန်း||說出神秘的話語治癒或驅除邪惡}}。 ; “[[無數]]；一萬個” : {{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}}考慮此義項{{der|zh|sit}}的詞源，將其與{{cog|bo|འབུམ||十萬；完整；全部；各種各樣}}比較。在[[突厥語]]、[[蒙古語]]、[[通古斯語]]、[[朝鮮語]]和[[吐火羅語]]等分支中也有類似的詞；根據{{zh-ref|Pulleyblank (''apud'' Clauson, 1972)}}、{{zh-ref|Beckwith (2009)}}, {{zh-ref|Adams (2013)}}和{{zh-ref|Tremblay (2005)}}被視為非常古老的漢語借用詞。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=wàn |ma=y |m-s=wan4 |dg=ван3 |c=maan6 |ca=LL-Q9186-Luilui6666-万.wav |c-t=man5 |g=uan5 |h=pfs=van;gd=van4 |j=van3 |mb=uāing |md=uâng |mn=ml,tw,ph,sg:bān |mn-t=bhuêng7/bhuang7 |mn-t_note=bhuêng7 - 潮州; bhuang7 - 汕頭 |w=3me,3ve |w_note=3me - 口語 (僅用於{{zh-l|*萬子}}); 3ve - 文讀 (數字) |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a,num,n,adv,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} #[[蟲]]名。[[蝎]]。 {{例|《說文》|萬，蟲也。}} #数词，[[千]]的[[十]]倍。 {{例|唐·元稹《遣悲怀》|今日俸钱过十万，与君营奠复营斋。}} #喻極[[多]]。例：[[萬物]]。 #[[極]]，[[非常]]，[[絕對]]。例：[[萬壽]]、[[萬劫]]。 #古州名： ##南朝梁大同二年置。治所在石城（今四川省达县）。 ##唐贞观八年改浦州置。治所在南浦（今四川省万县市）。 ##明洪武元年置。治所在萬安（今广东省万宁县）。 #古代的一种舞名。例：[[萬舞]]（古代的舞名。先是武舞，舞者手拿兵器；后是文舞，舞者手拿鸟羽和乐器。亦泛指舞蹈）。 #县名。在四川省东部长江北岸。三国吴置羊渠县，蜀汉改南浦县，元入萬州，明改萬县。 #[[倍]]。 {{例|宋·苏轼《与滕达道二十三首》|悲苦之怀，必萬常人。}} #姓。源于“姬”姓，多分布于河南、山西、江西一带。 ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语：[[innumerable]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|萬}}|220%}} {{ja-kanji forms|万|萬}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[よろず]] (yorozu), [[おおきい]] (ookii) |[[まん]] (man)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|萬}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[일만]](一萬) (ilman)|[[만]] (man)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|萬}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== {{越字音|mặc|vạn|mại|muôn|vàn|vẹn}} {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/3e18 㸘]</span> |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/4e07 万]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|禸08]] [[分類:汉语汉字|禸08]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 14uzpwu9gy715zff490a5g7voapa9j9 7267611 7267610 2022-07-21T11:43:17Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{commonscat}} ==跨語言== {{ja-forms|[[万]]|[[万]]|萬}} ===漢字er=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=09|sn=13|snmj+=12|four=44427|canj=TWLB|ids=⿱艹禺}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㒖]], [[噧]], [[𫮮]], [[𡽇]], [[𢶯]], [[澫]], [[𤢥]], [[𦼌]], [[𣜜]], [[燤]], [[𤛶]], [[邁]], [[𥖣]], [[𥜍]], [[䊪]], [[𬚑]], [[蠇]], [[䜕]], [[贎]], [[𧾗]], [[𨆣]], [[𨲴]], [[𨭬]], [[𬒪]], [[𫙽]], [[𪒪]], [[勱]]}} * {{l|mul|[[厲]], [[𫴆]], [[𭙿]], [[癘]], [[𨷈]], [[𥍈]], [[蠆]], [[躉]]}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=1042.330|dkj=31339|dj=1501.060|hdz=53247.080|ch=00011490004.020|sbgy=0397.370|uh=842C}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=万|alt=㸘,𤍚,𢁭,𥝄,𥝅}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{liushu|p}} – [[蠍子]]。這個詞的原意已丟失，衍生字{{och-l|蠆}}用來指原意。 ===詞源=== ; “蠍子” : 參見{{och-l|蠆}}。 ; “宗教舞蹈；巫術” : 或許來自{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*s-man||醫學}}。對照{{cog|bo|སྨན||醫學；民間信仰的女妖}}、{{cog|my|မန်း||說出神秘的話語治癒或驅除邪惡}}。 ; “[[無數]]；一萬個” : {{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}}考慮此義項{{der|zh|sit}}的詞源，將其與{{cog|bo|འབུམ||十萬；完整；全部；各種各樣}}比較。在[[突厥語]]、[[蒙古語]]、[[通古斯語]]、[[朝鮮語]]和[[吐火羅語]]等分支中也有類似的詞；根據{{zh-ref|Pulleyblank (''apud'' Clauson, 1972)}}、{{zh-ref|Beckwith (2009)}}, {{zh-ref|Adams (2013)}}和{{zh-ref|Tremblay (2005)}}被視為非常古老的漢語借用詞。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=wàn |ma=y |m-s=wan4 |dg=ван3 |c=maan6 |ca=LL-Q9186-Luilui6666-万.wav |c-t=man5 |g=uan5 |h=pfs=van;gd=van4 |j=van3 |mb=uāing |md=uâng |mn=ml,tw,ph,sg:bān |mn-t=bhuêng7/bhuang7 |mn-t_note=bhuêng7 - 潮州; bhuang7 - 汕頭 |w=3me,3ve |w_note=3me - 口語 (僅用於{{zh-l|*萬子}}); 3ve - 文讀 (數字) |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a,num,n,adv,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} #[[蟲]]名。[[蝎]]。 {{例|《說文》|萬，蟲也。}} #数词，[[千]]的[[十]]倍。 {{例|唐·元稹《遣悲怀》|今日俸钱过十万，与君营奠复营斋。}} #喻極[[多]]。例：[[萬物]]。 #[[極]]，[[非常]]，[[絕對]]。例：[[萬壽]]、[[萬劫]]。 #古州名： ##南朝梁大同二年置。治所在石城（今四川省达县）。 ##唐贞观八年改浦州置。治所在南浦（今四川省万县市）。 ##明洪武元年置。治所在萬安（今广东省万宁县）。 #古代的一种舞名。例：[[萬舞]]（古代的舞名。先是武舞，舞者手拿兵器；后是文舞，舞者手拿鸟羽和乐器。亦泛指舞蹈）。 #县名。在四川省东部长江北岸。三国吴置羊渠县，蜀汉改南浦县，元入萬州，明改萬县。 #[[倍]]。 {{例|宋·苏轼《与滕达道二十三首》|悲苦之怀，必萬常人。}} #姓。源于“姬”姓，多分布于河南、山西、江西一带。 ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语：[[innumerable]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|萬}}|220%}} {{ja-kanji forms|万|萬}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[よろず]] (yorozu), [[おおきい]] (ookii) |[[まん]] (man)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|萬}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[일만]](一萬) (ilman)|[[만]] (man)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|萬}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== {{越字音|mặc|vạn|mại|muôn|vàn|vẹn}} {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/3e18 㸘]</span> |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/4e07 万]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|禸08]] [[分類:汉语汉字|禸08]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 4kzcrizts60ndkwcc0yi287rjflx86z 7267612 7267611 2022-07-21T11:44:52Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{commonscat}} ==跨語言== {{ja-forms|[[万]]|[[万]]|萬}} ===漢字er=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=09|sn=13|snmj+=12|four=44427|canj=TWLB|ids=⿱艹禺}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㒖]], [[噧]], [[𫮮]], [[𡽇]], [[𢶯]], [[澫]], [[𤢥]], [[𦼌]], [[𣜜]], [[燤]], [[𤛶]], [[邁]], [[𥖣]], [[𥜍]], [[䊪]], [[𬚑]], [[蠇]], [[䜕]], [[贎]], [[𧾗]], [[𨆣]], [[𨲴]], [[𨭬]], [[𬒪]], [[𫙽]], [[𪒪]], [[勱]]}} * {{l|mul|[[厲]], [[𫴆]], [[𭙿]], [[癘]], [[𨷈]], [[𥍈]], [[蠆]], [[躉]]}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=1042.330|dkj=31339|dj=1501.060|hdz=53247.080|ch=00011490004.020|sbgy=0397.370|uh=842C}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=万|alt=㸘,𥝄,𥝅,𫈧,𰊶,𫮮,𫊅,𠃡,𤈬,𤍚,𢁭}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{liushu|p}} – [[蠍子]]。這個詞的原意已丟失，衍生字{{och-l|蠆}}用來指原意。 ===詞源=== ; “蠍子” : 參見{{och-l|蠆}}。 ; “宗教舞蹈；巫術” : 或許來自{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*s-man||醫學}}。對照{{cog|bo|སྨན||醫學；民間信仰的女妖}}、{{cog|my|မန်း||說出神秘的話語治癒或驅除邪惡}}。 ; “[[無數]]；一萬個” : {{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}}考慮此義項{{der|zh|sit}}的詞源，將其與{{cog|bo|འབུམ||十萬；完整；全部；各種各樣}}比較。在[[突厥語]]、[[蒙古語]]、[[通古斯語]]、[[朝鮮語]]和[[吐火羅語]]等分支中也有類似的詞；根據{{zh-ref|Pulleyblank (''apud'' Clauson, 1972)}}、{{zh-ref|Beckwith (2009)}}, {{zh-ref|Adams (2013)}}和{{zh-ref|Tremblay (2005)}}被視為非常古老的漢語借用詞。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=wàn |ma=y |m-s=wan4 |dg=ван3 |c=maan6 |ca=LL-Q9186-Luilui6666-万.wav |c-t=man5 |g=uan5 |h=pfs=van;gd=van4 |j=van3 |mb=uāing |md=uâng |mn=ml,tw,ph,sg:bān |mn-t=bhuêng7/bhuang7 |mn-t_note=bhuêng7 - 潮州; bhuang7 - 汕頭 |w=3me,3ve |w_note=3me - 口語 (僅用於{{zh-l|*萬子}}); 3ve - 文讀 (數字) |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a,num,n,adv,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} #[[蟲]]名。[[蝎]]。 {{例|《說文》|萬，蟲也。}} #数词，[[千]]的[[十]]倍。 {{例|唐·元稹《遣悲怀》|今日俸钱过十万，与君营奠复营斋。}} #喻極[[多]]。例：[[萬物]]。 #[[極]]，[[非常]]，[[絕對]]。例：[[萬壽]]、[[萬劫]]。 #古州名： ##南朝梁大同二年置。治所在石城（今四川省达县）。 ##唐贞观八年改浦州置。治所在南浦（今四川省万县市）。 ##明洪武元年置。治所在萬安（今广东省万宁县）。 #古代的一种舞名。例：[[萬舞]]（古代的舞名。先是武舞，舞者手拿兵器；后是文舞，舞者手拿鸟羽和乐器。亦泛指舞蹈）。 #县名。在四川省东部长江北岸。三国吴置羊渠县，蜀汉改南浦县，元入萬州，明改萬县。 #[[倍]]。 {{例|宋·苏轼《与滕达道二十三首》|悲苦之怀，必萬常人。}} #姓。源于“姬”姓，多分布于河南、山西、江西一带。 ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语：[[innumerable]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|萬}}|220%}} {{ja-kanji forms|万|萬}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[よろず]] (yorozu), [[おおきい]] (ookii) |[[まん]] (man)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|萬}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[일만]](一萬) (ilman)|[[만]] (man)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|萬}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== {{越字音|mặc|vạn|mại|muôn|vàn|vẹn}} {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/3e18 㸘]</span> |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/4e07 万]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|禸08]] [[分類:汉语汉字|禸08]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 7dap37adfiy4ok667df5qtqhc73izsy 7267615 7267612 2022-07-21T11:47:43Z Fglffer 55252 /* 來源 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{commonscat}} ==跨語言== {{ja-forms|[[万]]|[[万]]|萬}} ===漢字er=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=09|sn=13|snmj+=12|four=44427|canj=TWLB|ids=⿱艹禺}} ====衍生字==== * {{l|mul|[[㒖]], [[噧]], [[𫮮]], [[𡽇]], [[𢶯]], [[澫]], [[𤢥]], [[𦼌]], [[𣜜]], [[燤]], [[𤛶]], [[邁]], [[𥖣]], [[𥜍]], [[䊪]], [[𬚑]], [[蠇]], [[䜕]], [[贎]], [[𧾗]], [[𨆣]], [[𨲴]], [[𨭬]], [[𬒪]], [[𫙽]], [[𪒪]], [[勱]]}} * {{l|mul|[[厲]], [[𫴆]], [[𭙿]], [[癘]], [[𨷈]], [[𥍈]], [[蠆]], [[躉]]}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=1042.330|dkj=31339|dj=1501.060|hdz=53247.080|ch=00011490004.020|sbgy=0397.370|uh=842C}} {{說文}} ---- ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=万|alt=㸘,𥝄,𥝅,𫈧,𰊶,𫮮,𫊅,𠃡,𤈬,𤍚,𢁭}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{liushu|p}} – [[蠍子]]。這個詞的原意已丟失，衍生字{{och-l|蠆}}用來指原意。 ===詞源=== ; “蠍子” : 參見{{och-l|蠆}}。 ; “宗教舞蹈；巫術” : 或許來自{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*s-man||醫學}}。對照{{cog|bo|སྨན||醫學；民間信仰的女妖}}、{{cog|my|မန်း||說出神秘的話語治癒或驅除邪惡}}。 ; “[[無數]]；一萬個” : {{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}}考慮此義項{{der|zh|sit}}的詞源，將其與{{cog|bo|འབུམ||十萬；完整；全部；各種各樣}}比較。在[[突厥語]]、[[蒙古語]]、[[通古斯語]]、[[朝鮮語]]和[[吐火羅語]]等分支中也有類似的詞；根據{{zh-ref|Pulleyblank (''apud'' Clauson, 1972)}}、{{zh-ref|Beckwith (2009)}}, {{zh-ref|Adams (2013)}}和{{zh-ref|Tremblay (2005)}}被視為非常古老的漢語借用詞。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=wàn |ma=y |m-s=wan4 |dg=ван3 |c=maan6 |ca=LL-Q9186-Luilui6666-万.wav |c-t=man5 |g=uan5 |h=pfs=van;gd=van4 |j=van3 |mb=uāing |md=uâng |mn=ml,tw,ph,sg:bān |mn-t=bhuêng7/bhuang7 |mn-t_note=bhuêng7 - 潮州; bhuang7 - 汕頭 |w=3me,3ve |w_note=3me - 口語 (僅用於{{zh-l|*萬子}}); 3ve - 文讀 (數字) |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a,num,n,adv,pn }} ===釋義=== {{zh-hanzi}} #[[蟲]]名。[[蝎]]。 {{例|《說文》|萬，蟲也。}} #数词，[[千]]的[[十]]倍。 {{例|唐·元稹《遣悲怀》|今日俸钱过十万，与君营奠复营斋。}} #喻極[[多]]。例：[[萬物]]。 #[[極]]，[[非常]]，[[絕對]]。例：[[萬壽]]、[[萬劫]]。 #古州名： ##南朝梁大同二年置。治所在石城（今四川省达县）。 ##唐贞观八年改浦州置。治所在南浦（今四川省万县市）。 ##明洪武元年置。治所在萬安（今广东省万宁县）。 #古代的一种舞名。例：[[萬舞]]（古代的舞名。先是武舞，舞者手拿兵器；后是文舞，舞者手拿鸟羽和乐器。亦泛指舞蹈）。 #县名。在四川省东部长江北岸。三国吴置羊渠县，蜀汉改南浦县，元入萬州，明改萬县。 #[[倍]]。 {{例|宋·苏轼《与滕达道二十三首》|悲苦之怀，必萬常人。}} #姓。源于“姬”姓，多分布于河南、山西、江西一带。 ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语：[[innumerable]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{组词}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|萬}}|220%}} {{ja-kanji forms|万|萬}} {{百科|語=ja}} ===讀音=== {{日字音 |[[よろず]] (yorozu), [[おおきい]] (ookii) |[[まん]] (man)}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|萬}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音|[[일만]](一萬) (ilman)|[[만]] (man)}} ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|萬}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== {{越字音|mặc|vạn|mại|muôn|vàn|vẹn}} {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/3e18 㸘]</span> |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/842c/4e07 万]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|禸08]] [[分類:汉语汉字|禸08]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] kjnx3jyk7efzrtjelvydd1yo43ghaqf 0 1172641 7267593 5743075 2022-07-21T11:11:03Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=5|rad=乙|as=4|sn=5|four=|canj=|ids=⿰⿱乙丬乚}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0084.101|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10053.010|uh=200E1}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} 7otqipts9ojvx76k4l3fzd7nfxm2b6s 0 1181669 7267422 6975350 2022-07-20T16:20:02Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=宝特瓶|alt=保特瓶}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|en|PET}} + {{zh-l|瓶|bottle}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=bǎotèpíng |c=bou2 dak6 ping4 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # gftq5zfwem4nly7dmkyaeters8i0b1a 7267423 7267422 2022-07-20T16:20:20Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=宝特瓶|alt=保特瓶}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|en|PET}} + {{zh-l|瓶}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=bǎotèpíng |c=bou2 dak6 ping4 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # dsx2odpng8jedpxxnqai0dp9uh2uwi3 0 1186677 7267606 5743079 2022-07-21T11:27:24Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言== === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=50|rad=巾|as=4|sn=7|four=|canj=|ids=⿱亼帀}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0329.240|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10128.050|uh=2206D}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} f0s2czz1z06r5jeq03ipu31ajypzg28 0 1199059 7267595 5743076 2022-07-21T11:12:48Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=86|rad=火|as=7|sn=11|four=|canj=|ids=⿳火罒又}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0673.040|dkj=|dj=|hdz=32204.120|uh=2422C}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} csypeovwrbl0ufph0a8ft2kx54sj5j1 7267596 7267595 2022-07-21T11:15:16Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=86|rad=火|as=7|sn=11|four=|canj=|ids=⿳火罒又}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0673.040|dkj=|dj=|hdz=32204.120|uh=2422C}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|a}} bhi9md9m4cijfqqhy5airj1toxfmis4 0 1199631 7267602 5743077 2022-07-21T11:24:57Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=86|rad=火|as=11|sn=15|four=|canj=|ids=⿳火罒艸}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0681.110|dkj=|dj=|hdz=32229.020|uh=2435A}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} fvtv540yu2f2piz1qd2jgifront615k 0 1205106 7267489 6982696 2022-07-21T02:15:06Z 1.200.105.246 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{zh-etym-short|情緒|商數}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=qíngshāng,er=y |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[情緒]][[商數]]([[EQ]]) ===參見=== * {{zh-l|智商}} ke9jeo0h6ycul50j063l12m75ftdhwh 7267490 7267489 2022-07-21T02:15:30Z 1.200.105.246 /* 名詞 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{zh-etym-short|情緒|商數}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=qíngshāng,er=y |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[情緒]][[商數]] ([[EQ]]) ===參見=== * {{zh-l|智商}} jlaj80rlrbrrr6o69gltmnjfkbgswvr 0 1207490 7267584 6983435 2022-07-21T10:59:50Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=114|rad=禸|as=10|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿳⿰丩&CDP-88AC;龱禸}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0848.151|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10058.030|uh=25744}} == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} qp9h70fc3woqacwvkyxmq9vlx2rtiao 7267585 7267584 2022-07-21T11:00:20Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=114|rad=禸|as=10|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿳⿰丩&CDP-88AC;龱禸}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0848.151|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10058.030|uh=25744}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} d5jnd8nxh4yjes5vpqnchleay45x3b1 0 1207492 7267587 5743070 2022-07-21T11:01:00Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=114|rad=禸|as=11|sn=15|four=|canj=|ids=⿳臼龱禸}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=0848.151|dkj=|dj=|hdz=53043.030|uh=25745}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} sjjfjm6x6j0d2ti3bcnxfh6fv8kj9ns 0 1214833 7267556 6985957 2022-07-21T06:16:49Z 1.200.105.246 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|type=22}} {{zh-wp}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=lādīng zìmǔ,er=y |c=laai1 ding1 zi6 mou5 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # {{zh-cat|字母}} ouskedd80l39li93q7bejgdeh9wjpj3 0 1239712 7267589 5743071 2022-07-21T11:02:38Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=9|sn=13|four=|canj=|ids=⿳艹日禸}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2B227}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} 2b5k7r3wgrxxupav2s59u1mh0mysnif 0 1239806 7267592 5743073 2022-07-21T11:10:13Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=15|sn=19|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹⿰禺耒}} ==== 來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2B285}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} ddwkkfadtog3l27kw2185wv2xme50g8 0 1242187 7267590 5743072 2022-07-21T11:04:12Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} == 跨語言 == === 漢字 === {{Han char|rn=32|rad=土|as=13|sn=|four=|canj=|ids=⿰土萬}} ==== 來源 ==== * {{Han ref|kx=|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2BBAE}} ---- == 漢語 == {{zh-see|萬|v}} guayvgsl1j3pusdtt8n2mgeloia9nfd 0 1243819 7267488 6994873 2022-07-21T02:13:47Z 1.200.105.246 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===詞源=== {{zh-etym-short|智力|商數}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=zhìshāng,er=y |c=zi3 soeng1 |mn=qz,tw,xm:tì-siong/zz:tì-siang |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[智力]][[商數]] ([[IQ]]) # {{lb|zh|informal}} [[智能]]；[[智慧]] #: {{zh-x|就 這 智商，還 出來 混 吶{na}！|}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|智慧}} {{zh-l|智力}} ====衍生詞==== {{zh-der|智商稅}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|情商}} mltyxheu6eof1g50istx2d9kpevkm8t 0 1271994 7267426 6997866 2022-07-20T16:24:35Z Fglffer 55252 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=shuǐguǒdāo |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # tsu2vi67ijgztj1dgpn5w44ubqo3kmv 0 1337740 7267570 7018168 2022-07-21T10:46:40Z 七个点 53490 // Edit via [[w:zh:WP:MF|WikiMirror]] [[w:zh:User:AnYiLin/js/Wikiplus-wikimirror.js|W+]] wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|t=馬自達|type=3}} ===詞源=== ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎ zì dá |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # (南京官话)三轮车，三轮电动车 #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子}}(北京土话) d7g143ru5yezqlwgvg64z0yy51624bx 7267575 7267570 2022-07-21T10:50:20Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达|type=3}} {{wikipedia}} ===词源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |cat=n,pn }} ===专有名词=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中国大陆|台湾}} [[日本]]的一个[[汽车]][[制造]][[公司]]。 ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|南京官话}} [[三轮车]]，三轮电动车 #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京官话}} aisqqhpwnhanr9d43zkojtqeqme5kct 7267576 7267575 2022-07-21T10:50:44Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}. ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |c=maa5 zi6 daat6 |cat=pn,n }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中國大陸|臺灣}} 總部位於[[日本]][[廣島]]的汽車品牌 ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|香港|澳門}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|noun}} # {{lb|zh|南京官話}} [[三轮车]]，[[三轮]][[电动车]] #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京土话}} {{zh-cat|汽車}} s9jm66ci2p0shn9j8gnuzu3nav8i5ud 7267577 7267576 2022-07-21T10:50:54Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |c=maa5 zi6 daat6 |cat=pn,n }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中國大陸|臺灣}} 總部位於[[日本]][[廣島]]的汽車品牌 ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|香港|澳門}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|noun}} # {{lb|zh|南京官話}} [[三轮车]]，[[三轮]][[电动车]] #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京土话}} {{zh-cat|汽車}} k635posdpiufdgx66ka0b4w0rm0s43e 7267578 7267577 2022-07-21T10:50:57Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |c=maa5 zi6 daat6 |cat=pn,n }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中國大陸|臺灣}} 總部位於[[日本]][[廣島]]的汽車品牌 ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|香港|澳門}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ====近义词==== * {{qual|香港|澳门}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|noun}} # {{lb|zh|南京官話}} [[三轮车]]，[[三轮]][[电动车]] #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京土话}} {{zh-cat|汽車}} btq5gnadqoax4p6zbt7lnye7c0ghif0 7267579 7267578 2022-07-21T10:51:18Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |c=maa5 zi6 daat6 |cat=pn,n }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中國大陸|臺灣}} 總部位於[[日本]][[廣島]]的汽車品牌 ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|香港|澳門}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|noun}} # {{lb|zh|南京官話}} [[三轮车]]，[[三轮]][[电动车]] #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京土话}} {{zh-cat|汽車}} k635posdpiufdgx66ka0b4w0rm0s43e 7267580 7267579 2022-07-21T10:51:34Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |c=maa5 zi6 daat6 |cat=pn,n }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中國大陸|臺灣}} 總部位於[[日本]][[廣島]]的汽車品牌 ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|香港|澳門}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|南京官話}} [[三轮车]]，[[三轮]][[电动车]] #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京土话}} {{zh-cat|汽車}} jmyx3kxel9n01jv69h2e3t7jlyddvq5 7267581 7267580 2022-07-21T10:51:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=马自达}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== {{psm|zh|ja|マツダ|tr=Matsuda}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mǎzìdá |c=maa5 zi6 daat6 |cat=pn,n }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|中國大陸|臺灣}} 總部位於[[日本]][[廣島]]的[[汽车]][[制造]][[公司]] ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|香港|澳門}} {{zh-l|萬事得}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|南京官話}} [[三轮车]]，[[三轮]][[电动车]] #: {{zh-syn|三蹦子|q1=北京官話}} {{zh-cat|汽車}} 1h35pyybhg1mnbcnl2rxas76olrbgnt 0 1364442 7267350 7022899 2022-07-20T13:37:12Z 2001:B011:7C05:B6FC:B065:4E83:ED76:2330 /* 語源 */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===釋義=== {{main|附录:台灣俗語列表}} #指人年輕時候不努力，老的時候只能夠嘆氣於自己沒有成就。 ===語源=== 《漢樂府·長歌行》：“[[少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲]]。” ===相關詞彙=== *近義詞： *反義詞： *派生詞： *相關詞彙： *常見詞語搭配： ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} {{翻译-底}} [[Category:台湾俗语]] [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|干03小01一03力05力00，老00大00彳07人11心08]] igx1ombcevuhepnyt8j3ci1lgu4xhe2 0 1364661 7267609 7022910 2022-07-21T11:32:17Z Ianbu 13487 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===寫法=== {{漢語寫法|简=[[一]][[试]][[成]][[主]][[顾]]|正=[[一]][[試]][[成]][[主]][[顧]]}} ===讀音=== {{漢語讀音|國={{國音|yī|shì|chéng|zhǔ|gù}}|粵=|滬=|白話字=chi̍t-chhì sêng chú-kò͘|臺羅拼音=tsi̍t-tshì sîng tsú-kòo}} ===釋義=== {{main|附录:台灣俗語列表}} #指沒有嘗試的人一試過某樣事物後，就變成長久消費的人，用來稱讚產品、商家的品質和穩定性。 ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} {{翻译-底}} [[Category:台湾俗语]] [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|一00言06戈02丶04頁12]] gl2sqnui3j5ma2o4win91r01qxk81jb 828 1365068 7267411 7259771 2022-07-20T14:59:34Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local raw_categories = {} local raw_handlers = {} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- LABELS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- labels["詞條維護"] = { description = "正在被編輯者關注與改進的{{{langname}}}詞條，或含有{{{langname}}}術語的其他語言詞條。", parents = {{name = "{{{langcat}}}", raw = true}}, umbrella_parents = "分類", } labels["entries without References header"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} entries without a References header.", parents = {"詞條維護"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["entries without References or Further reading header"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} entries without a References or Further reading header.", parents = {"詞條維護"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["entries that don't exist"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that do not meet the [[Wiktionary:Criteria for inclusion|criteria for inclusion]] (CFD). They are added to the category with the template {{temp|no entry|{{{langcode}}}}}.", parents = {"詞條維護"}, } labels["descendants to be fixed in desctree"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} descendants to be fixed in desctree.", parents = {"詞條維護"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["詞條請求"] = { description = "Entries with [[Template:der]], [[Template:inh]], [[Template:m]] and similar templates lacking the parameter for linking to {{{langname}}} terms.", parents = {"詞條維護"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["紅鏈"] = { description = "指向尚未建立的{{{langname}}}詞條的連結。", parents = {"詞條維護"}, catfix = false, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["紅鏈/l"] = { description = "使用模板<code>{{[[Template:l|l]]}}</code>產生的{{{langname}}}紅鏈。", parents = {"紅鏈"}, catfix = false, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["紅鏈/m"] = { description = "使用模板<code>{{[[Template:m|m]]}}</code>產生的{{{langname}}}紅鏈。", parents = {"紅鏈"}, catfix = false, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["紅鏈/t"] = { description = "使用模板<code>{{[[Template:t|t]]}}</code>產生的{{{langname}}}紅鏈。", parents = {"紅鏈"}, catfix = false, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["紅鏈/t+"] = { description = "使用模板<code>{{[[Template:t+|t+]]}}</code>產生的{{{langname}}}紅鏈。", parents = {"紅鏈"}, catfix = false, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["有國際音標的"] = { description = "以國際音標形式給出發音的{{{langname}}}詞彙。關於與本分類相關的請求，請見[[:Category:{{{langname}}}詞條發音請求]]。", parents = {"詞條維護"}, } labels["有音頻鏈接的"] = { description = "以音頻鏈接形式給出發音的{{{langname}}}詞彙。", parents = {"詞條維護"}, } labels["terms needing to be assigned to a sense"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} entries that have terms under headers such as \"Synonyms\" or \"Antonyms\" not assigned to a specific sense of the entry in which they appear. Use [[Template:syn]] or [[Template:ant]] to fix these.", parents = {"詞條維護"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } --[=[ labels["terms with inflection tables"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} entries that contain inflection tables. For requests related to this category, see [[:Category:Requests for inflections in {{{langname}}} entries]].", parents = {"詞條維護"}, } ]=] labels["有使用例的"] = { description = "含有用[[Template:ux]]等模板添加的使用例或引文的{{{langname}}}詞彙。關於與本分類相關的請求，請見[[:Category:{{{langname}}}例句請求]]。另見[[:Category:{{{langname}}}引文請求]]。", parents = {"詞條維護"}, } labels["有引文的"] = { description = "含有用[[Template:quote]]、[[Template:quote-book]]和[[Template:quote-journal]]等模板添加的引文的{{{langname}}}詞彙。關於與本分類相關的請求，請見[[:Category:{{{langname}}}引文請求]]。另見[[:Category:{{{langname}}}例句請求]]。", parents = {"詞條維護"}, } labels["標題行有紅鏈的"] = { description = "在其標題行中包含紅色鏈接（即未創建的形式）的{{{langname}}}詞。", parents = {"紅鏈"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels["terms with red links in their inflection tables"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} terms that contain red links (i.e. uncreated forms) in their inflection tables.", parents = {"redlinks"}, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } for _, pos in ipairs({"名詞", "專有名詞", "動詞", "形容詞", "副詞", "分詞", "限定詞", "代詞", "數詞", "後綴"}) do labels["標題行有紅鏈的" .. pos] = { description = "在其標題行中包含紅色鏈接（即未創建的形式）的{{{langname}}}" .. pos .. "。", parents = {"標題行有紅鏈的"}, breadcrumb = pos, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } labels[pos .. " with red links in their inflection tables"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} " .. pos .. " that contain red links (i.e. uncreated forms) in their inflection tables.", parents = {"terms with red links in their inflection tables"}, breadcrumb = pos, can_be_empty = true, hidden = true, } end -- Add 'umbrella_parents' key if not already present. for key, data in pairs(labels) do if not data.umbrella_parents then data.umbrella_parents = "詞條維護子分類" end end ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- RAW CATEGORIES -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- raw_categories["詞條維護子分類"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to 詞條維護.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "詞條維護", is_label = true, sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["請求"] = { intro = "{{shortcut|WT:CR|WT:RQ}}", description = "各種請求分類的父分類。", parents = {"Category:维基词典"}, } raw_categories["各語言請求"] = { description = "Categories with requests in various specific languages.", additional = "{{{umbrella_msg}}}", parents = { {name = "請求子分類", sort = " "}, {name = "請求", sort = " "}, }, breadcrumb = "各語言", } raw_categories["請求子分類"] = { description = "Umbrella categories covering topics related to requests.", additional = "{{{umbrella_meta_msg}}}", parents = { "Umbrella metacategories", {name = "請求", sort = " "}, }, } raw_categories["Requests for quotation by source"] = { description = "Categories with requests for quotation, broken out by the source of the quotation.", additional = "Some abbreviated names of sources are explained at [[Wiktionary:Abbreviated Authorities in Webster]].", parents = {{name = "Requests for quotation", sort = "source"}}, breadcrumb = "By source", } raw_categories["Requests for quotation"] = { -- FIXME description = "Words are added to this category by the inclusion in their entries of {{temp|rfv-quote}}.", parents = {{name = "Requests", sort = "quotation"}}, breadcrumb = "Quotation", } raw_categories["Requests for date by source"] = { description = "Categories with requests for date, broken out by the source of the quotation whose date is sought.", parents = {{name = "Requests for date", sort = "source"}}, breadcrumb = "By source", } raw_categories["Requests for date"] = { -- FIXME, break date requests by language and make not-hidden description = "Requests for a date to be added to a quotation.", additional = "To add an article to this category, use {{temp|rfdate}} or {{temp|rfdatek}} to include the author. " .. "Please remove the template from the article once the date has been provided. Articles are also added automatically by " .. "templates such as {{temp|quote-book}} if the year= parameter is not provided. Providing the parameter in each case on " .. "the page automatically removes the article from this category. See [[Wiktionary:Quotations]] for information about " .. "formatting dates and quotations.", parents = {{name = "Requests", sort = "date"}}, breadcrumb = "Date", hidden = true, } ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- RAW HANDLERS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This array consists of category match specs. Each spec contains one or more properties, whose values are strings -- that may contain references to other properties using the {{{PROPERTY}}} syntax. Each such spec should have at least -- a `regex` property that matches the name of the category. Capturing groups in this regex can be referenced in other -- properties using {{{1}}} for the first group, {{{2}}} for the second group, etc. Property expansion happens -- recursively if needed (i.e. a property can reference another property, which in turn references a third property). -- -- If there is a `language_name` propery, it specifies the language name (and will typically be a reference to a -- capturing group from the `regex` property); if not specified, it defaults to "{{{1}}}" unless the `nolang` property -- is set, in which case there is no language name derivable from the category name. The language name must be the -- canonical name of a recognized language, or an error is thrown. Based on the language name, the `language_code` and -- `language_object` properties are automatically filled in. -- -- If the `regex` values of multiple category specs match, the first one takes precedence. -- -- Recognized or predefined properties: -- -- `pagename`: Current pagename. -- `regex`: See above. -- `1`, `2`, `3`, ...: See above. -- `language_name`, `language_code`, `language_object`: See above. -- `nolang`: See above. -- `description`: Override the description (normally taken directly from the pagename). -- `template_name`: Name of template which generates this category. -- `template_sample_call`: Syntax for calling the template. Defaults to "{{{template_name}}}|{{{language_code}}}". -- Used to display an example template call and the output of this call. -- `template_actual_sample_call`: Syntax for calling the template. Takes precedence over `template_sample_call` when -- generating example template output (but not when displaying an example template call) and is intended for a -- template call that uses the |nocat=1 parameter. -- `template_example_output`: Override the text that displays example template output (see `template_sample_call`). -- `additional_template_description`: Extra text to be displayed after the example template output. -- `parents`: Parent categories. Should be a list of elements, each of which is an object containing at least a name= -- and sort= field (same format as parents= for regular raw categories, except that the name= and sort= field will -- have {{{PROPERTY}}} references expanded). If no parents are specified, and the pagename is of the form -- "Requests for FOO by language", the parent will be "Request subcategories by language" with FOO as the sort key. -- Otherwise, the `language_name` property must exist, and the parent will be "Requests concerning LANGNAME" with -- the pagename minus any initial "Requests for " as the sort key. -- `umbrella`: Parent all-language category. Sort key is based on the language name. -- `breadcrumb`: Specify the breadcrumb. If `parents` is given, there is no default (i.e. it will end up being the -- pagename). Otherwise, if the pagename is of the form "Requests for FOO by language", "Requests for FOO in BAR", -- or "Requests for FOO", it will be FOO. -- `not_hidden_category`: Don't hide the category. -- `catfix`: Same as `catfix` in regular labels and raw categories, except that request-specific {{{PROPERTY}}} syntax -- is expanded. -- `toc_template`, `toc_template_full`: Same as the corresponding fields in regular labels and raw categories, except -- that request-specific {{{PROPERTY}}} syntax is expanded. -- -- An actual template call can be inserted into a string using the syntax <<{{TEMPLATE|ARG1|ARG2|...}}>>. local requests_categories = { { regex = "^(.+)相關請求$", description = "需要有相關經驗的編者參與的{{{1}}}詞條。", parents = {{name = "詞條維護", is_label = true, sort = "請求"}}, umbrella = "各語言請求", breadcrumb = "請求", not_hidden_category = true }, { regex = "^(.+)詞條詞源請求$", umbrella = "各語言詞源請求", template_name = "rfe", }, { regex = "^Requests for expansion of etymologies in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for expansion of etymologies by language", template_name = "etystub", }, { regex = "^(.+)詞條發音請求", umbrella = "各語言發音請求", template_name = "rfp", }, { regex = "^(.+)詞條發音音訊檔案請求$", umbrella = "各語言發音音訊檔案請求", template_name = "rfap", }, { regex = "^Requests for definitions in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for definitions by language", template_name = "rfdef", }, { regex = "^Requests for clarification of definitions in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for clarification of definitions by language", template_name = "rfclarify", }, { -- This is for part-of-speech-specific categories such as -- "Requests for inflections in Northern Ndebele noun entries" or -- "Requests for accents in Ukrainian proper noun entries". -- Here and below, we assume that the part of speech is begins with -- a lowercase letter, while the preceding language name ends in a -- capitalized word. Note that this entry comes before the -- following one and takes precedence over it. regex = "^(.-)([名動形副專][容有]?[名]?詞)詞條屈折請求$", parents = {{name = "{{{language_name}}}詞條屈折請求", sort = "{{{2}}}"}}, umbrella = "各語言{{{2}}}屈折請求", breadcrumb = "{{{2}}}", template_name = "rfinfl", template_sample_call = "{{rfinfl|{{{language_code}}}|{{{2}}}}}", }, { regex = "^(.+)詞條屈折請求$", umbrella = "各語言屈折請求", template_name = "rfinfl", }, { regex = "^各語言(.+)屈折請求$", nolang = true, }, { regex = "^Requests for tone in (.-) ([a-z]+[a-z ]*) entries$", parents = {{name = "Requests for tone in {{{language_name}}} entries", sort = "{{{2}}}"}}, umbrella = "Requests for tone of {{{2}}}s by language", breadcrumb = "{{{2}}}", template_name = "rftone", template_sample_call = "{{rftone|{{{language_code}}}|{{{2}}}}}", }, { regex = "^Requests for tone in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for tone by language", template_name = "rftone", }, { regex = "^Requests for tone of (.+) by language$", nolang = true, }, { regex = "^Requests for accents in (.-) ([a-z]+[a-z ]*) entries$", parents = {{name = "Requests for accents in {{{language_name}}} entries", sort = "{{{2}}}"}}, umbrella = "Requests for accents of {{{2}}}s by language", breadcrumb = "{{{2}}}", template_name = "rfaccents", template_sample_call = "{{rfaccents|{{{language_code}}}|{{{2}}}}}", }, { regex = "^Requests for accents in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for accents by language", template_name = "rfaccents", }, { regex = "^Requests for accents of (.+) by language$", nolang = true, }, { regex = "^Requests for aspect in (.-) ([a-z]+[a-z ]*) entries$", parents = {{name = "Requests for aspect in {{{language_name}}} entries", sort = "{{{2}}}"}}, umbrella = "Requests for aspect of {{{2}}}s by language", breadcrumb = "{{{2}}}", template_name = "rfaspect", template_sample_call = "{{rfaspect|{{{language_code}}}|{{{2}}}}}", }, { regex = "^Requests for aspect in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for aspect by language", template_name = "rfaspect", }, { regex = "^Requests for aspect of (.+) by language$", nolang = true, }, { regex = "^Requests for gender in (.-) ([a-z]+[a-z ]*) entries$", parents = {{name = "Requests for gender in {{{language_name}}} entries", sort = "{{{2}}}"}}, umbrella = "Requests for gender of {{{2}}}s by language", breadcrumb = "{{{2}}}", template_name = "rfgender", template_sample_call = "{{rfgender|{{{language_code}}}|{{{2}}}}}", }, { regex = "^(.+)詞條性別請求", umbrella = "各語言性別請求", template_name = "rfgender", }, { regex = "^Requests for gender of (.+) by language$", nolang = true, }, { regex = "^Requests for example sentences in (.+)$", umbrella = "Requests for example sentences by language", template_name = "rfex", }, { regex = "^Requests for quotations in (.+)$", umbrella = "Requests for quotations by language", template_name = "rfquote", }, { regex = "^Requests for translations into (.+)$", umbrella = "Requests for translations by language", template_name = "t-needed", catfix = "en", }, { regex = "^([^各].+)使用例翻譯請求$", umbrella = "各語言使用例翻譯請求", breadcrumb = "使用例翻譯", template_name = "t-needed", template_sample_call = "{{t-needed|{{{language_code}}}|usex=1}}", template_actual_sample_call = "{{t-needed|{{{language_code}}}|usex=1|nocat=1}}", additional_template_description = "如果使用例是外語並且缺少翻譯，{{temp|ux}}、{{temp|uxi}}、{{temp|quote}}、{{temp|Q}}和{{temp|ja-usex}}模板會自動將頁面添加到此分類中。" }, { regex = "^Requests for review of (.+) translations$", umbrella = "Requests for review of translations by language", breadcrumb = "Review of translations", template_name = "t-check", template_sample_call = "{{t-check|{{{language_code}}}|example}}", template_example_output = "", catfix = "en", }, { regex = "^Requests for transliteration of (.+) terms$", umbrella = "Requests for transliteration by language", template_name = "rftranslit", additional_template_description = "The {{temp|head}} template, and the large number of language-specific variants of it, automatically add " .. "the page to this category if the example is in a foreign language and no transliteration can be generated (particularly in languages without " .. "automated transliteration, such as Hebrew and Persian).", }, { regex = "^Requests for native script for (.+) terms$", umbrella = "Requests for native script by language", template_name = "rfscript", template_actual_sample_call = "{{rfscript|{{{language_code}}}|nocat=1}}", catfix = false, additional_template_description = "Many templates such as {{temp|l}}, {{temp|m}} and {{temp|t}} automatically place the page in this category when they are missing the term but have been provided with a transliteration." }, { regex = "^Requests for native script in (.+) usage examples$", umbrella = "Requests for native script in usage examples by language", template_name = "rfscript", template_sample_call = "{{rfscript|{{{language_code}}}|usex=1}}", template_actual_sample_call = "{{rfscript|{{{language_code}}}|usex=1|nocat=1}}", catfix = false, additional_template_description = "The {{temp|ux}} and {{temp|uxi}} templates automatically add the page to this category if the example itself is missing but the translation is supplied." }, { regex = "^Requests for (.+) script for (.+) terms$", language_name = "{{{2}}}", parents = {{name = "Requests for native script for {{{language_name}}} terms", sort = "{{{1}}} script"}}, umbrella = "Requests for {{{1}}} script by language", breadcrumb = "{{{1}}} script", template_name = "rfscript", script_code = "<<{{#invoke:scripts/templates|getByCanonicalName|{{{1}}}}}>>", template_sample_call = "{{rfscript|{{{language_code}}}|sc={{{script_code}}}}}", template_actual_sample_call = "{{rfscript|{{{language_code}}}|sc={{{script_code}}}|nocat=1}}", catfix = false, additional_template_description = "Many templates such as {{temp|l}}, {{temp|m}} and {{temp|t}} automatically place the page in this category when they are missing the term but have been provided with a transliteration." }, { regex = "^Requests for (.+) script by language$", nolang = true, }, { regex = "^Requests for images in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for images by language", template_name = "rfi", }, { regex = "^Requests for references for (.+) terms$", umbrella = "Requests for references by language", template_name = "rfref", }, { regex = "^Requests for references for etymologies in (.+) entries$", parents = {{name = "Requests for references for {{{language_name}}} terms", sort = "etymologies"}}, umbrella = "Requests for references for etymologies by language", breadcrumb = "Etymologies", template_name = "rfv-etym", }, { regex = "^Requests for references for pronunciations in (.+) entries$", parents = {{name = "Requests for references for {{{language_name}}} terms", sort = "pronunciations"}}, umbrella = "Requests for references for pronunciations by language", breadcrumb = "Pronunciations", template_name = "rfv-pron", }, { regex = "^需要注意的(.+)詞$", umbrella = "需要注意的詞", template_name = "attention", template_example_output = "This template does not generate any text in entries.", -- These pages typically contain a mixture of English and native-language entries, so disable catfix. catfix = false, -- Setting catfix = false will normally trigger the English table of contents template. -- We still want the native-language table of contents template, though. toc_template = "{{{language_code}}}-categoryTOC", toc_template_full = "{{{language_code}}}-categoryTOC/full", }, { regex = "^Requests for cleanup in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for cleanup by language", template_name = "rfc", template_actual_sample_call = "{{rfc|{{{language_code}}}|nocat=1}}", }, { regex = "^Requests for cleanup of Pronunciation N headers in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for cleanup of Pronunciation N headers by language", template_name = "rfc-pron-n", template_actual_sample_call = "{{rfc-pron-n|{{{language_code}}}|nocat=1}}", template_example_output = "This template does not generate any text in entries.", additional_template_description = [=[ The purpose of this category is to tag entries that use headers with "Pronunciation" and a number. While these headers and structure are sometimes used, they are not specifically prescribed by [[WT:ELE]]. No complete proposal has yet been made on how they should work, what the semantics are, or how they interact with multiple etymologies. As a result they should generally be avoided. Instead, merge the entries (possibly under multiple Etymology sections, if appropriate), and list all pronunciations, appropriately tagged, under a Pronunciation header. [[User:KassadBot|KassadBot]] tags these entries (or used to tag these entries, when the bot was operational). At some point if a proposal is made and adopted as policy, these entries should be reviewed. This category is hidden.]=], }, { regex = "^Requests for deletion in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for deletion by language", template_name = "rfd", template_actual_sample_call = "{{rfd|{{{language_code}}}|nocat=1}}", }, { regex = "^Requests for verification in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for verification by language", template_name = "rfv", }, { regex = "^Requests for attention in etymologies in (.+) entries$", umbrella = "Requests for attention in etymologies by language", }, { regex = "^Requests for quotation/(.+)$", description = "Requests for a quotation or for quotations from {{{1}}}.", parents = {{name = "Requests for quotation by source", sort = "{{{1}}}"}}, breadcrumb = "{{{1}}}", nolang = true, template_name = "rfquotek", template_sample_call = "{{rfquotek|LANGCODE|{{{1}}}}}", template_example_output = "\n(where LANGCODE is the language code of the entry)\n\nIt results in the message below:\n\n{{rfquotek|und|{{{1}}}}}", }, { regex = "^Requests for date/(.+)$", description = "Requests for a date for a quotation or quotations from {{{1}}}.", parents = {{name = "Requests for date by source", sort = "{{{1}}}"}}, breadcrumb = "{{{1}}}", nolang = true, template_name = "rfdatek", template_sample_call = "{{rfdatek|LANGCODE|{{{1}}}}}", template_example_output = "\n(where LANGCODE is the language code of the entry)\n\nIt results in the message below:\n\n{{rfdatek|und|{{{1}}}}}", }, } table.insert(raw_handlers, function(data) local items = {pagename = data.category} local function replace_template_refs(result) if not result then return result end --[[ Replaces pseudo-template code {{{ }}} with the corresponding member of the "items" table. Has to be done at least twice, since some of the items are nested: {{{template_sample_call_with_temp}}} ⇓ {{{{{template_name}}}|{{{language_code}}}}} ⇓ {{attention|en}} ]] while result:find("{{{") do result = mw.ustring.gsub( result, "{{{([^%}%{]+)}}}", function(item) if items[item] then if type(items[item]) == "string" or type(items[item]) == "number" then return items[item] else error('The item "{{{' .. item .. '}}}" is a ' .. type(items[item]) .. ' and can\'t be concatenated. (Pagename: ' .. items.pagename .. '.)') end else error('The item "' .. item .. '" was not found in the "items" table. (Pagename: ' .. items.pagename .. '.)') end end ) end -- Preprocess template code surrounded by << >>, repeatedly from inside out -- in case we have a << >> template call nested inside of another one -- (this doesn't currently happen). We need this mechanism at all because -- in "Requests for SCRIPT script for LANGUAGE terms", we need to convert the -- script to a script code before insertion into the template example code, -- which is inside of <pre> so it won't get expanded by the normal poscatboiler -- mechanism. while result:find("<<") do result = mw.ustring.gsub( result, "<<([^><]+)>>", function (template_code) return mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(template_code) end ) end return result end local valid_category = false for i, category in ipairs(requests_categories) do local matchvals = {mw.ustring.match(items.pagename, category.regex)} if #matchvals > 0 then valid_category = true for key, value in pairs(category) do items[key] = value end for key, value in ipairs(matchvals) do items["" .. key] = value end break end end if not valid_category then for i, category in ipairs(requests_categories) do if items.pagename == category.umbrella then valid_category = true items.nolang = true end end end if not valid_category then return nil end if not items.nolang then items.language_name = items.language_name or "{{{1}}}" items.language_name = replace_template_refs(items.language_name) items.language_object = require("Module:languages").getByCanonicalName(items.language_name, true) items.language_code = items.language_object:getCode() end if items.template_name then items.template_sample_call = items.template_sample_call or "{{{{{template_name}}}|{{{language_code}}}}}" items.full_text_about_the_template = "要提出這個語言的這項請求，請在條目中使用這段代碼（另見[[Template:{{{template_name}}}]]的文檔）：\n\n<pre>{{{template_sample_call}}}</pre>" if items.template_example_output then items.full_text_about_the_template = items.full_text_about_the_template .. " " .. items.template_example_output else items.template_actual_sample_call = items.template_actual_sample_call or items.template_sample_call items.full_text_about_the_template = items.full_text_about_the_template .. "\n會產生下面這條消息：\n\n{{{template_actual_sample_call}}}" end if items.additional_template_description then items.full_text_about_the_template = items.full_text_about_the_template .. "\n\n" .. items.additional_template_description end end local parents = items.parents local breadcrumb = items.breadcrumb and replace_template_refs(items.breadcrumb) if parents then for _, parent in ipairs(parents) do parent.name = replace_template_refs(parent.name) parent.sort = replace_template_refs(parent.sort) end else local umbrella_type = items.pagename:match("^各語言(.+)請求$") if umbrella_type then breadcrumb = breadcrumb or umbrella_type parents = {{name = "請求子分類", sort = umbrella_type}} elseif not items.language_name then error("Internal error: Don't know how to compute parents for non-language-specific category '" .. items.pagename .. "'") else local default_breadcrumb = items.pagename:match("^Requests for (.+) in .*$") or items.pagename:match("^Requests for (.+)$") breadcrumb = breadcrumb or default_breadcrumb parents = {{name = items.language_name .. "相關請求", sort = default_breadcrumb}} end end if not items.nolang then table.insert(parents, {name = replace_template_refs(items.umbrella), sort = items.language_name}) end local additional = replace_template_refs(items.full_text_about_the_template) if items.pagename:find("^各語言") then additional = "{{{umbrella_msg}}}" .. (additional and "\n\n" .. additional or "") end return { description = replace_template_refs(items.description) or items.pagename .. "。", lang = items.language_code, additional = additional, parents = parents, -- If no breadcrumb=, it will default to the category name breadcrumb = breadcrumb, catfix = replace_template_refs(items.catfix), toc_template = replace_template_refs(items.toc_template), toc_template_full = replace_template_refs(items.toc_template_full), hidden = not items.not_hidden_category, can_be_empty = true, } end) return {LABELS = labels, RAW_CATEGORIES = raw_categories, RAW_HANDLERS = raw_handlers} 6qr5s11gxxarsnmz1hy54uj3dft2qmm 3 1367071 7267473 7261540 2022-07-20T23:53:25Z 175.223.27.153 /* 卻叉 */ 新章节 wikitext text/x-wiki == 欢迎来到维基词典！ == <div class="noprint" style="border: 1px solid green; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;"> [[Image:Tournesol.png|right|150px|向日葵|link=|alt=]] '''[[:User:Fglffer|<font color=#ffa500>Fglffer</font>]]''' 您好！ [[:Wiktionary:欢迎|热诚欢迎]]您加入到[[:维基词典]]大家庭！这是一个由志愿者编纂的、人人均可编辑的多语言词典的协作计划，它的目标是描述人类古今的所有词语并用中文来解释它们。这包括着每种语言的[[:Wiktionary:语源|语源]]、[[:Wiktionary:注音|读音]]与[[:Wiktionary:解释|解释]]。维基词典中文版始于2004年5月，至今为止已有[[:Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']]个大大小小的[[:Special:Allpages|词条]]。 我们热切希望您能加入编辑者行列之中。如果您在编辑方面遇到了困难，欢迎您在[[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆|啤酒馆]]提出。如果您对某一单词持有疑问，请在[[:Wiktionary:茶室|茶室]]里提出。如果您对[[:w:Wiki|维基]]还比较陌生，可以参考[[:Wiktionary:如何编辑页面|如何编辑页面]]、[[:Wiktionary:体例说明|体例说明]]、[[:Wiktionary:繁简处理|繁简转换]]与[[:Wiktionary:佈局解釋|布局解释]]或到[[:Wiktionary:社群首页|社群首页]]与别的维基人交往。与别的维基人交往时请在有关用户的对话页上留言。别的维基人都是像您我一样的真人，抽出自己的宝贵时间在此无私奉献。编辑某些词条时也许会有分歧，可以在有关词条的讨论页上（点击左上角的“讨论本页”即可进入）进行理智的讨论，请注意礼貌。 最后，希望您能留下来，成为我们的一员。让我们一起编出一部一流的在线多语言词典！ 我是欢迎您的维基词典人：[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|讨论]]） 2017年11月22日 (三) 05:54 (UTC) <small><div style="line-width:1em">{{lang|en|''Welcome to Chinese Wiktionary. Thank you for your contributions! If you have any queries about the Chinese Wiktionary, you are more than welcome to discuss it at [[:Wiktionary:Chaguan]] (tea room). You can also put a [[:Wiktionary:巴別|Babel box]] on your user page, to let us know your language capabilities and make contact more convenient. Again, welcome!''}}</div></small> </div> == 感謝你旳貢獻 == 但是不要刪別人旳内容，可否？別人旳貢獻也是貢獻，何況《康熙字典》部首本來就是宂碼，爲何止能寫《康熙字典》字典那些信息而不可寫別旳信息了？査閱閣下旳貢獻並把刪除我旳貢獻悉數補充回來實在是給我造成了很大麻煩，希望閣下以後不要這樣獨斷了。--[[User:Wargaz|即里羽元]]（[[User talk:Wargaz|讨论]]） 2020年10月16日 (五) 05:57 (UTC) == 感谢阁下修改Appendix系wikidata链接 == 这部份我早就注意到了。目前剩下300个，将由我半自动处理。可以在wikidata尝试[https://query.wikidata.org/#SELECT%20%3Ftitle%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fsitelink%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fzh.wiktionary.org%2F%3E.%0A%20%20BIND%28replace%28wikibase%3AdecodeUri%28SUBSTR%28STR%28%3Fsitelink%29%2C%2032%29%29%2C%22_%22%2C%22%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Ftitle%29%0A%20%20FILTER%20regex%28%3Ftitle%2C%20%22%5E%E9%99%84%E5%BD%95%3A%22%29%0A%7D%0A 此SPARQL查询]： <syntaxhighlight lang="sql"> SELECT ?title WHERE { ?sitelink schema:isPartOf <https://zh.wiktionary.org/>. BIND(replace(wikibase:decodeUri(SUBSTR(STR(?sitelink), 32)),"_"," ") AS ?title) FILTER regex(?title, "^附录:") } </syntaxhighlight> 还有部分Unicode的Appendix需要建立及找到对应enwikt页面进行链接。这部份阁下想建立的话也行，我目前机器人工作的重心不在此。[[User:EdwardAlexanderCrowley|<font color="#0CC">'''𝓔.𝓐.𝓒𝓻𝓸𝔀𝓵𝓮𝔂'''</font>]][[User:ͱ/talk|<font color="#F60">𝟞</font>]][[User:ͱ/con|<font color="#A6D">𝟞</font>]][[w:U:ͱ/s|<font color="#56A">𝟞</font>^✍️]] 2021年6月2日 (三) 04:57 (UTC) :已将全部"附录:"改为"Appendix:" [[User:EdwardAlexanderCrowley|<font color="#0CC">'''𝓔.𝓐.𝓒𝓻𝓸𝔀𝓵𝓮𝔂'''</font>]][[User:ͱ/talk|<font color="#F60">𝟞</font>]][[User:ͱ/con|<font color="#A6D">𝟞</font>]][[w:U:ͱ/s|<font color="#56A">𝟞</font>^✍️]] 2021年6月2日 (三) 12:12 (UTC) ==[[tōng-uē]]== 閣下創建的 [[tōng-uē]] 是臺羅，不是白話字。由於 [[tōng-ōe]] 已創建，無法直接移動，我已將 [[tōng-uē]] 提到刪除請求。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2021年7月8日 (四) 13:01 (UTC) == 關於您最近貢獻的一些問題 == 您好，我昨晚和管理員[[User:Sayonzei]]討論後，我們一致決定想要和您說一下您最近的貢獻和編輯戰的問題。您最近對中文維基詞典做了很多貢獻，我們對此非常感激，同時我們也從編輯特征、線上時段等有理由相信您，也就是這個賬戶的使用者亦透過匿名IP用戶[[User:180.217.38.176]]作出貢獻，因此我在這裡希望對您的編輯提一些建議： * 希望您搬運英文維基的時候盡量不要留英文原文，使用英文解釋詞語完全違背了中文維基詞典的初衷，請看[[Wiktionary:首頁]]下的說明： 请注意，这是中文维基词典：目的是描述所有语言的所有词语，并用中文解释它们。 舉個例子，我就是出於這個原因才對[[ばい]]作出了[[Special:Diff/6238529]]這個編輯，因為[[bye]]直接用在中文文學文獻中較為罕見，一般都使用[[拜拜]]等說法，所以即使很多人都知道[[bye]]的意思，也不應直接用來作詞典的釋義。 * 另希望您搬運英文維基時對不確定的字詞要多查字典、資料，並且多用預覽功能檢視自己寫作的效果，盡量避免[[Special:Permalink/6238541]]裡面“電子計算機”這種非常容易避免的錯誤。 請您知悉，雖然我提出了上述建議，但也不強求您一定要接受，您也可以繼續像現在這樣作出您的貢獻，我們也很感激，也很願意閒暇時勘正您編輯中的一些錯誤或對英語原文進行翻譯，前提是您不要使用自動程式或者手動快速且大批量地從其他地方導入未經翻譯或者僅機械翻譯級別的詞條即可。 <u>然後不同於上方的建議，我希望您要認真閱讀並考慮我接下來說的話</u>：我想要指出您最近的編輯戰傾向。您最近對我的編輯和[[User:Suzukaze-c]]先生/女士的編輯進行了編輯戰行為。編輯戰對維基這類網站毫無益處，也不益於促進解決雙方的爭端，達到您想要的結果。您需要知道，不管是您創建的詞條還是我創建的詞條，這個詞條都不是屬於您或者我自己的，每個人都有權利編輯，也有權利質疑、修改乃至刪除您所寫的內容，特別是您又經常留英文，所以大家對您的詞條進行改善是再正常不過的了，如果您一開始寫了a，然後有人改成了B，然後您有異議，請不要急於將B改回a，這樣將成為編輯戰的導火線，而是應該在這個頁面的討論頁或者那位用戶的討論頁下留言，解決爭端達成共識後再進行編輯。雖然中文維基詞典因為活躍編輯用戶較少一些政策不完善，沒有正式的反編輯戰方針，但是請您閒暇時參閱{{w|Wikipedia:編輯戰}}一文來瞭解更多背景。如果您今後再參與編輯戰，違反多數維基項目都認可的“{{w|Wikipedia:回退不過三|回退不過三}}”原則，我們不排除可能會將您暫時封禁。 感謝您抽空閱讀我冗長的留言，我們歡迎也希望您能夠繼續為中文維基詞典作出有益的貢獻。如果您有任何異議或疑問，歡迎回覆這個留言、在我的討論頁留言或在[[Wiktionary:啤酒館|啤酒館]]處留言，謝謝您。 --[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|讨论]]） 2021年8月10日 (二) 02:50 (UTC) == 請問您作出[[Special:Diff/6245687]]編輯的原因是什麼 == 您好，不知道您為什麼要用那麼多字解釋日語詞，然後還在中文詞條中留下英語翻譯？--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|讨论]]） 2021年8月23日 (一) 06:54 (UTC) :我沒有看到方針有寫不能重複解釋詞語的意思，還有那個模板是翻譯模板，如果你不喜歡的話，請替換成其他的。或許也可以譯作文言？--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|讨论]]） 2021年8月23日 (一) 07:23 (UTC) ::我只是認為因為中文沒有特定的方針，所以應該遵循普遍的詞典的習慣，比如說英語詞典或者其他語種詞典的本語言詞條中的例句都是沒有翻譯成其他語言的，因為只是介紹那個詞語的用法而已。再者用在中文維基詞典用英語解釋漢語例句有違首頁“目的是描述所有语言的所有词语，并用中文解释它们”這一本站的目標。所以我覺得如果不是廣東話、文言等不是標準現代漢語的例句都不必包含翻譯。那個漢語例句模板是從英文維基詞典引入的，自然有顯示翻譯的功能，但也不一定要使用。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|讨论]]） 2021年8月23日 (一) 07:49 (UTC) == 一點小建議 == {{ping|Fglffer|‎1.200.74.249}}我自認我的編輯肯定不是完美的（比如我還沒有搞清楚《宋本廣韻》等書怎麼加到新參考資料模板內），所以歡迎包括您在內的編者改進我寫的頁面等，但希望您說話時對我和其他人保有起碼的尊重，言語中不要太有攻擊性。您之前的編輯屢次夾帶英文，翻譯質量差，最近您又直接從英維原封不動複製貼上代碼，把[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]等模塊模板搞壞搞出error了，但是其他活躍編者大多數時候都沒有直接移除您的編輯，而是很耐心地在您的基礎上改進您寫的頁面。中文維基詞典活躍編者少，我們珍惜每一位遇到的編者，所以希望您說話時不要太尖銳，不要把戾氣帶到本站，如果您對我的編輯有任何建設性意見（比如想把“字形來源”改成“字源”等），還是希望您用討論頁留言的方式，而不是用編輯摘要（我使用編輯摘要主要是因為您經常使用IP位址編輯）。本站沒有那麼多活躍管理員處理除了編輯以外的站務。謝謝，祝編安。-- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]） 2022年7月14日 (四) 09:58 (UTC) == 卻叉 == https://zh.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/却叉 [[Special:用户贡献/175.223.27.153|175.223.27.153]] 2022年7月20日 (三) 23:53 (UTC) 7pekw7pq50phyt4xfvg90uca4h544sd 7267476 7267473 2022-07-21T00:23:06Z Hzy980512 19278 取消[[Special:Contributions/175.223.27.153|175.223.27.153]] ([[User talk:175.223.27.153|对话]])的编辑；更改回[[Special:Contributions/Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]的最后一个版本 wikitext text/x-wiki == 欢迎来到维基词典！ == <div class="noprint" style="border: 1px solid green; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 5px;"> [[Image:Tournesol.png|right|150px|向日葵|link=|alt=]] '''[[:User:Fglffer|<font color=#ffa500>Fglffer</font>]]''' 您好！ [[:Wiktionary:欢迎|热诚欢迎]]您加入到[[:维基词典]]大家庭！这是一个由志愿者编纂的、人人均可编辑的多语言词典的协作计划，它的目标是描述人类古今的所有词语并用中文来解释它们。这包括着每种语言的[[:Wiktionary:语源|语源]]、[[:Wiktionary:注音|读音]]与[[:Wiktionary:解释|解释]]。维基词典中文版始于2004年5月，至今为止已有[[:Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']]个大大小小的[[:Special:Allpages|词条]]。 我们热切希望您能加入编辑者行列之中。如果您在编辑方面遇到了困难，欢迎您在[[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆|啤酒馆]]提出。如果您对某一单词持有疑问，请在[[:Wiktionary:茶室|茶室]]里提出。如果您对[[:w:Wiki|维基]]还比较陌生，可以参考[[:Wiktionary:如何编辑页面|如何编辑页面]]、[[:Wiktionary:体例说明|体例说明]]、[[:Wiktionary:繁简处理|繁简转换]]与[[:Wiktionary:佈局解釋|布局解释]]或到[[:Wiktionary:社群首页|社群首页]]与别的维基人交往。与别的维基人交往时请在有关用户的对话页上留言。别的维基人都是像您我一样的真人，抽出自己的宝贵时间在此无私奉献。编辑某些词条时也许会有分歧，可以在有关词条的讨论页上（点击左上角的“讨论本页”即可进入）进行理智的讨论，请注意礼貌。 最后，希望您能留下来，成为我们的一员。让我们一起编出一部一流的在线多语言词典！ 我是欢迎您的维基词典人：[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|讨论]]） 2017年11月22日 (三) 05:54 (UTC) <small><div style="line-width:1em">{{lang|en|''Welcome to Chinese Wiktionary. Thank you for your contributions! If you have any queries about the Chinese Wiktionary, you are more than welcome to discuss it at [[:Wiktionary:Chaguan]] (tea room). You can also put a [[:Wiktionary:巴別|Babel box]] on your user page, to let us know your language capabilities and make contact more convenient. Again, welcome!''}}</div></small> </div> == 感謝你旳貢獻 == 但是不要刪別人旳内容，可否？別人旳貢獻也是貢獻，何況《康熙字典》部首本來就是宂碼，爲何止能寫《康熙字典》字典那些信息而不可寫別旳信息了？査閱閣下旳貢獻並把刪除我旳貢獻悉數補充回來實在是給我造成了很大麻煩，希望閣下以後不要這樣獨斷了。--[[User:Wargaz|即里羽元]]（[[User talk:Wargaz|讨论]]） 2020年10月16日 (五) 05:57 (UTC) == 感谢阁下修改Appendix系wikidata链接 == 这部份我早就注意到了。目前剩下300个，将由我半自动处理。可以在wikidata尝试[https://query.wikidata.org/#SELECT%20%3Ftitle%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fsitelink%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fzh.wiktionary.org%2F%3E.%0A%20%20BIND%28replace%28wikibase%3AdecodeUri%28SUBSTR%28STR%28%3Fsitelink%29%2C%2032%29%29%2C%22_%22%2C%22%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Ftitle%29%0A%20%20FILTER%20regex%28%3Ftitle%2C%20%22%5E%E9%99%84%E5%BD%95%3A%22%29%0A%7D%0A 此SPARQL查询]： <syntaxhighlight lang="sql"> SELECT ?title WHERE { ?sitelink schema:isPartOf <https://zh.wiktionary.org/>. BIND(replace(wikibase:decodeUri(SUBSTR(STR(?sitelink), 32)),"_"," ") AS ?title) FILTER regex(?title, "^附录:") } </syntaxhighlight> 还有部分Unicode的Appendix需要建立及找到对应enwikt页面进行链接。这部份阁下想建立的话也行，我目前机器人工作的重心不在此。[[User:EdwardAlexanderCrowley|<font color="#0CC">'''𝓔.𝓐.𝓒𝓻𝓸𝔀𝓵𝓮𝔂'''</font>]][[User:ͱ/talk|<font color="#F60">𝟞</font>]][[User:ͱ/con|<font color="#A6D">𝟞</font>]][[w:U:ͱ/s|<font color="#56A">𝟞</font>^✍️]] 2021年6月2日 (三) 04:57 (UTC) :已将全部"附录:"改为"Appendix:" [[User:EdwardAlexanderCrowley|<font color="#0CC">'''𝓔.𝓐.𝓒𝓻𝓸𝔀𝓵𝓮𝔂'''</font>]][[User:ͱ/talk|<font color="#F60">𝟞</font>]][[User:ͱ/con|<font color="#A6D">𝟞</font>]][[w:U:ͱ/s|<font color="#56A">𝟞</font>^✍️]] 2021年6月2日 (三) 12:12 (UTC) ==[[tōng-uē]]== 閣下創建的 [[tōng-uē]] 是臺羅，不是白話字。由於 [[tōng-ōe]] 已創建，無法直接移動，我已將 [[tōng-uē]] 提到刪除請求。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2021年7月8日 (四) 13:01 (UTC) == 關於您最近貢獻的一些問題 == 您好，我昨晚和管理員[[User:Sayonzei]]討論後，我們一致決定想要和您說一下您最近的貢獻和編輯戰的問題。您最近對中文維基詞典做了很多貢獻，我們對此非常感激，同時我們也從編輯特征、線上時段等有理由相信您，也就是這個賬戶的使用者亦透過匿名IP用戶[[User:180.217.38.176]]作出貢獻，因此我在這裡希望對您的編輯提一些建議： * 希望您搬運英文維基的時候盡量不要留英文原文，使用英文解釋詞語完全違背了中文維基詞典的初衷，請看[[Wiktionary:首頁]]下的說明： 请注意，这是中文维基词典：目的是描述所有语言的所有词语，并用中文解释它们。 舉個例子，我就是出於這個原因才對[[ばい]]作出了[[Special:Diff/6238529]]這個編輯，因為[[bye]]直接用在中文文學文獻中較為罕見，一般都使用[[拜拜]]等說法，所以即使很多人都知道[[bye]]的意思，也不應直接用來作詞典的釋義。 * 另希望您搬運英文維基時對不確定的字詞要多查字典、資料，並且多用預覽功能檢視自己寫作的效果，盡量避免[[Special:Permalink/6238541]]裡面“電子計算機”這種非常容易避免的錯誤。 請您知悉，雖然我提出了上述建議，但也不強求您一定要接受，您也可以繼續像現在這樣作出您的貢獻，我們也很感激，也很願意閒暇時勘正您編輯中的一些錯誤或對英語原文進行翻譯，前提是您不要使用自動程式或者手動快速且大批量地從其他地方導入未經翻譯或者僅機械翻譯級別的詞條即可。 <u>然後不同於上方的建議，我希望您要認真閱讀並考慮我接下來說的話</u>：我想要指出您最近的編輯戰傾向。您最近對我的編輯和[[User:Suzukaze-c]]先生/女士的編輯進行了編輯戰行為。編輯戰對維基這類網站毫無益處，也不益於促進解決雙方的爭端，達到您想要的結果。您需要知道，不管是您創建的詞條還是我創建的詞條，這個詞條都不是屬於您或者我自己的，每個人都有權利編輯，也有權利質疑、修改乃至刪除您所寫的內容，特別是您又經常留英文，所以大家對您的詞條進行改善是再正常不過的了，如果您一開始寫了a，然後有人改成了B，然後您有異議，請不要急於將B改回a，這樣將成為編輯戰的導火線，而是應該在這個頁面的討論頁或者那位用戶的討論頁下留言，解決爭端達成共識後再進行編輯。雖然中文維基詞典因為活躍編輯用戶較少一些政策不完善，沒有正式的反編輯戰方針，但是請您閒暇時參閱{{w|Wikipedia:編輯戰}}一文來瞭解更多背景。如果您今後再參與編輯戰，違反多數維基項目都認可的“{{w|Wikipedia:回退不過三|回退不過三}}”原則，我們不排除可能會將您暫時封禁。 感謝您抽空閱讀我冗長的留言，我們歡迎也希望您能夠繼續為中文維基詞典作出有益的貢獻。如果您有任何異議或疑問，歡迎回覆這個留言、在我的討論頁留言或在[[Wiktionary:啤酒館|啤酒館]]處留言，謝謝您。 --[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|讨论]]） 2021年8月10日 (二) 02:50 (UTC) == 請問您作出[[Special:Diff/6245687]]編輯的原因是什麼 == 您好，不知道您為什麼要用那麼多字解釋日語詞，然後還在中文詞條中留下英語翻譯？--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|讨论]]） 2021年8月23日 (一) 06:54 (UTC) :我沒有看到方針有寫不能重複解釋詞語的意思，還有那個模板是翻譯模板，如果你不喜歡的話，請替換成其他的。或許也可以譯作文言？--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|讨论]]） 2021年8月23日 (一) 07:23 (UTC) ::我只是認為因為中文沒有特定的方針，所以應該遵循普遍的詞典的習慣，比如說英語詞典或者其他語種詞典的本語言詞條中的例句都是沒有翻譯成其他語言的，因為只是介紹那個詞語的用法而已。再者用在中文維基詞典用英語解釋漢語例句有違首頁“目的是描述所有语言的所有词语，并用中文解释它们”這一本站的目標。所以我覺得如果不是廣東話、文言等不是標準現代漢語的例句都不必包含翻譯。那個漢語例句模板是從英文維基詞典引入的，自然有顯示翻譯的功能，但也不一定要使用。--[[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|讨论]]） 2021年8月23日 (一) 07:49 (UTC) == 一點小建議 == {{ping|Fglffer|‎1.200.74.249}}我自認我的編輯肯定不是完美的（比如我還沒有搞清楚《宋本廣韻》等書怎麼加到新參考資料模板內），所以歡迎包括您在內的編者改進我寫的頁面等，但希望您說話時對我和其他人保有起碼的尊重，言語中不要太有攻擊性。您之前的編輯屢次夾帶英文，翻譯質量差，最近您又直接從英維原封不動複製貼上代碼，把[[Module:Zh-dial-map]]等模塊模板搞壞搞出error了，但是其他活躍編者大多數時候都沒有直接移除您的編輯，而是很耐心地在您的基礎上改進您寫的頁面。中文維基詞典活躍編者少，我們珍惜每一位遇到的編者，所以希望您說話時不要太尖銳，不要把戾氣帶到本站，如果您對我的編輯有任何建設性意見（比如想把“字形來源”改成“字源”等），還是希望您用討論頁留言的方式，而不是用編輯摘要（我使用編輯摘要主要是因為您經常使用IP位址編輯）。本站沒有那麼多活躍管理員處理除了編輯以外的站務。謝謝，祝編安。-- [[User:Hzy980512|Hzy980512]]（[[User talk:Hzy980512|留言]]） 2022年7月14日 (四) 09:58 (UTC) kzme62qddcsoh76huf8tj1fgb4605qe 10 1378101 7267537 5712146 2022-07-21T04:43:43Z Sayonzei 40728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:pl-IPA|show}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 4ujjfpf469ljqfnfloxxi1vt8yk6180 828 1378102 7267414 5932078 2022-07-20T15:05:05Z GnolizX 63671 更新 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("pl") local letters2phones = { ["a"] = { ["u"] = { "a", "w" }, [false] = "a", }, ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = "ɔ̃", }, ["b"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "bʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "bʲ", "i" }, ["o"] = { "bʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "bʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "bʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "bʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "b" }, ["c"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "t͡ɕ", "a" }, ["e"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɛ" }, ["o"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "t͡ɕ", "u" }, ["u"] = { "t͡ɕ", "u" }, ["y"] = { "t͡ɕ", "ɨ" }, [false] = { "t͡ɕ", "i" } }, ["h"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "xʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "xʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "xʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "xʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "xʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "x" }, ["z"] = "t͡ʂ", [false] = "t͡s" }, ["ć"] = "t͡ɕ", ["d"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "dʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "dʲ", "i" }, ["o"] = { "dʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "dʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "dʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "dʲ", "i" } }, ["z"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = {"d͡ʑ", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "d͡ʑ", "a" }, ["e"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɛ" }, ["o"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "d͡ʑ", "u" }, ["u"] = { "d͡ʑ", "u" }, ["y"] = { "d͡ʑ", "ɨ" }, [false] = { "d͡ʑ", "i" } }, [false] = "d͡z" }, ["ż"] = "d͡ʐ", ["ź"] = "d͡ʑ", [false] = "d" }, ["e"] = { ["u"] = { "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = "ɛ", }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = "ɛ̃", }, ["f"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "fʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "fʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "fʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "fʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "fʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "fʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "f" }, ["g"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "ɡʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "ɡʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "ɡ" }, ["h"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "xʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "xʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "xʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "xʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "xʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "xʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "x" }, ["i"] = "i", ["j"] = "j", ["k"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "kʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "kʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "kʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "kʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "kʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "kʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "k" }, ["l"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "lʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "lʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "lʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "lʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "lʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "lʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "l" }, ["ł"] = "w", ["m"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "mʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "mʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "mʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "mʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "mʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "mʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "m" }, ["n"] = { ["k"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "ŋ", "kʲ", "i" } }, [false] = { "ŋ", "k" } }, ["g"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "w" }, [false] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "ŋ", "ɡʲ", "i" } }, [false] = { "ŋ", "ɡ" } }, ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ɲ", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɲ", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "ɲ", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ɲ", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɲ", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "ɲ", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "ɲ", "a" }, ["e"] = { "ɲ", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "ɲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "ɲ", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "ɲ", "u" }, ["u"] = { "ɲ", "u" }, [false] = { "ɲ", "i" } }, [false] = "n" }, ["ń"] = "ɲ", ["o"] = { [false] = "ɔ", }, ["ó"] = "u", ["p"] = { ["i"] = { -- piątek, piasek, etc. ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "pʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "pʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "pʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "pʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "pʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "pʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "p" }, ["r"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "rʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "rʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "rʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "rʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "rʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "rʲ", "i" } }, ["z"] = "ʐ", [false] = "r" }, ["q"] = { ["u"] = { "k", "v" }, [false] = false }, ["s"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ɕ", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɕ", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "ɕ", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ɕ", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ɕ", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "ɕ", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "ɕ", "a" }, ["e"] = { "ɕ", "ɛ" }, ["o"] = { "ɕ", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "ɕ", "u" }, ["u"] = { "ɕ", "u" }, ["y"] = { "ɕ", "ɨ" }, [false] = { "ɕ", "i" } }, ["z"] = "ʂ", [false] = "s", }, ["ś"] = "ɕ", ["t"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["ł"] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["ł"] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "tʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "tʲ", "i" }, ["o"] = { "tʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "tʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "tʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "tʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "t" }, ["u"] = "u", ["v"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "vʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "vʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "vʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "vʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "vʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "v" }, ["w"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "vʲ", "j", "a" }, ["e"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɛ" }, ["i"] = { "vʲ", "j", "i" }, ["o"] = { "vʲ", "j", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "vʲ", "j", "u" }, ["u"] = { "vʲ", "j", "u" }, [false] = { "vʲ", "i" } }, [false] = "v" }, ["x"] = { "k", "s" }, ["y"] = "ɨ", ["z"] = { ["i"] = { ["ą"] = { ["l"] = { "ʑ", "ɔ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ʑ", "ɔ", "w" }, [false] = { "ʑ", "ɔ̃" } }, ["ę"] = { ["l"] = { "ʑ", "ɛ", "l" }, ["ł"] = { "ʑ", "ɛ", "w" }, [false] = { "ʑ", "ɛ̃" } }, ["a"] = { "ʑ", "a" }, ["e"] = { "ʑ", "ɛ" }, ["o"] = { "ʑ", "ɔ" }, ["ó"] = { "ʑ", "u" }, ["u"] = { "ʑ", "u" }, [false] = { "ʑ", "i" } }, [false] = "z" }, ["ź"] = "ʑ", ["ż"] = "ʐ", ["-"] = {}, } local valid_phone = { ["a"] = true, ["b"] = true, ["bʲ"] = true, ["d"] = true, ["dʲ"] = true, ["d͡z"] = true, ["d͡ʑ"] = true, ["d͡ʐ"] = true, ["ɛ"] = true, ["ɛ̃"] = true, ["f"] = true, ["fʲ"] = true, ["ɡ"] = true, ["ɡʲ"] = true, ["i"] = true, ["ɨ"] = true, ["j"] = true, ["k"] = true, ["kʲ"] = true, ["l"] = true, ["lʲ"] = true, ["m"] = true, ["mʲ"] = true, ["n"] = true, ["ŋ"] = true, ["ɲ"] = true, ["ɔ"] = true, ["ɔ̃"] = true, ["p"] = true, ["pʲ"] = true, ["r"] = true, ["rʲ"] = true, ["s"] = true, ["ɕ"] = true, ["ʂ"] = true, ["t"] = true, ["tʲ"] = true, ["t͡s"] = true, ["t͡ɕ"] = true, ["t͡ʂ"] = true, ["u"] = true, ["v"] = true, ["vʲ"] = true, ["w"] = true, ["w̃"] = true, ["x"] = true, ["xʲ"] = true, ["z"] = true, ["ʑ"] = true, ["ʐ"] = true, ["ɣ"] = true } local sylmarks = { ["."] = ".", ["'"] = "ˈ", ["ˈ"] = "ˈ", [","] = "ˌ" } local vowel = { ["a"] = true, ["ɛ"] = true, ["ɛ̃"] = true, ["i"] = true, ["ɨ"] = true, ["ɔ"] = true, ["ɔ̃"] = true, ["u"] = true } local devoice = { ["b"] = "p", ["d"] = "t", ["d͡z"] = "t͡s", ["d͡ʑ"] = "t͡ɕ", ["d͡ʐ"] = "t͡ʂ", ["ɡ"] = "k", ["v"] = "f", ["vʲ"] = "fʲ", ["z"] = "s", ["ʑ"] = "ɕ", ["ʐ"] = "ʂ", -- non-devoicable ["bʲ"] = "bʲ", ["dʲ"] = "dʲ", ["ɡʲ"] = "ɡʲ", ["m"] = "m", ["mʲ"] = "mʲ", ["n"] = "n", ["ɲ"] = "ɲ", ["ŋ"] = "ŋ", ["w"] = "w", ["w̃"] = "w̃", ["l"] = "l", ["lʲ"] = "lʲ", ["j"] = "j", ["r"] = "r", ["rʲ"] = "rʲ", ["tʲ"] = "tʲ", } local voice = { ["p"] = "b", ["t"] = "d", ["t͡s"] = "d͡z", ["t͡ɕ"] = "d͡ʑ", ["t͡ʂ"] = "d͡ʐ", ["k"] = "ɡ", ["f"] = "v", ["fʲ"] = "vʲ", ["s"] = "z", ["ɕ"] = "ʑ", ["ʂ"] = "ʐ", ["x"] = "ɣ", -- non-voicable ["bʲ"] = "bʲ", ["dʲ"] = "dʲ", ["ɡʲ"] = "ɡʲ", ["m"] = "m", ["mʲ"] = "mʲ", ["n"] = "n", ["ɲ"] = "ɲ", ["ŋ"] = "ŋ", ["w"] = "w", ["w̃"] = "w̃", ["l"] = "l", ["lʲ"] = "lʲ", ["j"] = "j", ["r"] = "r", ["rʲ"] = "rʲ", ["tʲ"] = "tʲ", } local forward_assimilants = { ["v"] = true, ["vʲ"] = true } local denasalized = { ["ɛ̃"] = "ɛ", ["ɔ̃"] = "ɔ", } local nasal_map = { ["p"] = "m", ["pʲ"] = "m", ["b"] = "m", ["bʲ"] = "m", -- zębu, klępa ["k"] = "ŋ", ["kʲ"] = "ŋ", ["ɡ"] = "ŋ", ["ɡʲ"] = "ŋ", -- pąk, łęgowy ["t"] = "n", ["d"] = "n", -- wątek, piątek, mądrość ["t͡ɕ"] = "ɲ", ["d͡ʑ"] = "ɲ", ["ɕ"] = "ɲ", ["ʑ"] = "ɲ", -- pięć, pędziwiatr, łabędź -- gęsi, więzi ["t͡ʂ"] = "n", ["d͡ʐ"] = "n", -- pączek, ? -- węszyć, mężny ["t͡s"] = "n", ["d͡z"] = "n", -- wiedząc, pieniędzy } local SPECIAL_FLAGS = { IS_RZ = "IS_RZ", } local third_last_syllable_stress = { "łbym", "łabym", "łbyś", "łabyś", "łby", "łaby", "łoby", "liby", "łyby", } local fourth_last_syllable_stress = { "libyśmy", "łybyśmy", "libyście", "łybyście", } --- -- Check whether phone doesn't change due to voicing/devoicing ---@param phone string ---@return boolean local function is_neutral(phone) return (devoice[phone] and voice[phone]) and (voice[phone] == devoice[phone]) end --- -- Check whether phone is a special character (syllable mark or word boundary) ---@param phone string ---@return boolean local function is_special(phone) return phone == " " or sylmarks[phone] end --- -- Check whether phone is voiced ---@param phone string ---@return boolean local function is_voiced(phone) return devoice[phone] and phone ~= devoice[phone] end --- -- Check whether phone is prone to forward assimilation ---@param phone string ---@param flags table Special flags for this phone ---@return boolean local function is_forward_assimilant(phone, flags) return forward_assimilants[phone] or (flags and flags[SPECIAL_FLAGS.IS_RZ]) end --- -- Check whether phone cluster is a palatalized cluster ---@param cluster string ---@return boolean local function is_palatalized_cluster(cluster) return cluster:find("[ɡxkfbmprvdtl]ʲj[aɔ̃ɛɛ̃iɔu]") ~= nil end --- -- Process special flags for grapheme and associate them with the recorded phone ---@param grapheme string ---@return table | nil local function process_special_flags(grapheme) if grapheme == "rz" then return { [SPECIAL_FLAGS.IS_RZ] = true } end end --- -- Convert letters and graphemes to phones ---@param word string ---@return table<number, string>, table<number, table<string, boolean>> local function convert_to_phones(word) local phones = {} local flags = {} local chbuf = "" local function append_phone(phone) table.insert(phones, phone) -- mark rz for assimilation later local grapheme_flags = process_special_flags(chbuf) if grapheme_flags then flags[#phones] = grapheme_flags end chbuf = "" end local l2ptab = letters2phones for ch in mw.ustring.gmatch(mw.ustring.lower(word), ".") do local value = l2ptab[ch] if value == nil then value = l2ptab[false] if value == false then return nil elseif type(value) == "table" then for _, phone in ipairs(value) do append_phone(phone) end else append_phone(value) end l2ptab = letters2phones value = l2ptab[ch] end chbuf = chbuf .. ch if type(value) == "table" then if value[false] == nil then for _, phone in ipairs(value) do append_phone(phone) end l2ptab = letters2phones else l2ptab = value end elseif type(value) == "string" then append_phone(value) l2ptab = letters2phones else append_phone(ch) end end if l2ptab ~= letters2phones then local value = l2ptab[false] if type(value) == "table" then for _, phone in ipairs(value) do append_phone(phone) end else append_phone(value) end end return phones, flags end --- -- Simplify nasals ---@param phones table<number, string> ---@return table<number, string> local function simplify_nasals(phones, flags) local new_phones, new_flags = {}, {} for i, phone in ipairs(phones) do if denasalized[phone] then local pnext = phones[i + 1] if sylmarks[pnext] then pnext = phones[i + 2] end if phone == "ɛ̃" and (not pnext or not valid_phone[pnext]) then -- denasalize word-final ę table.insert(new_phones, denasalized[phone]) new_flags[#new_phones] = flags[i] elseif nasal_map[pnext] then table.insert(new_phones, denasalized[phone]) table.insert(new_phones, nasal_map[pnext]) new_flags[#new_phones] = flags[i] else table.insert(new_phones, phone) new_flags[#new_phones] = flags[i] end else table.insert(new_phones, phone) new_flags[#new_phones] = flags[i] end end return new_phones, new_flags end --- -- Devoice consonant phones in terminal positions ---@param phones table<number, string> Target phone table to mutate local function terminal_devoice(phones) local final_phone = phones[#phones] if is_voiced(final_phone) then phones[#phones] = devoice[final_phone] end end --- -- Process consonant cluster assimilation for single cluster ---@param cluster table<number, string> Consonant cluster ---@param flags table<number, table<string, boolean>> Flags relative to the cluster ---@param new_phones table<number, string> Target phone table to mutate local function process_consonant_cluster(cluster, flags, new_phones) local determining_index = #cluster while cluster[determining_index] do local candidate = cluster[determining_index] -- Skip forward assimilants and neutral phones to find the first voiced/devoiced consonant which decides the entire cluster if not is_forward_assimilant(candidate, flags[determining_index]) and not is_neutral(candidate) and not is_special(candidate) then break end determining_index = determining_index - 1 end -- If the cluster ends up being comprised of just neutral phones and forward assimilants, add it as-is if determining_index == 0 then for _, consonant in ipairs(cluster) do table.insert(new_phones, consonant) end return end -- Transform the entire cluster, forward and back, relative to the determining consonant's voicing local determining_consonant = cluster[determining_index] local target_map = is_voiced(determining_consonant) and voice or devoice for _, consonant in ipairs(cluster) do local transformed = target_map[consonant] or consonant table.insert(new_phones, transformed) end end --- -- Process consonant cluster assimilation for single cluster ---@param phones table<number, string> ---@param flags table<number, table<string, boolean>> ---@return table<number, string> local function process_consonant_clusters(phones, flags) local new_phones = {} local i = 1 while i <= #phones do local pcurr, pnext = phones[i] if not valid_phone[pcurr] or vowel[pcurr] then -- Other phone encountered, add it as-is table.insert(new_phones, pcurr) else -- Consonant cluster to process local cluster = {} -- Phone flags indexed relative to the cluster local cluster_flags = {} -- Search forward for consonant cluster local j = i while j <= #phones do pnext = phones[j] -- Break on vowel or invalid symbol and process what we have if vowel[pnext] or (not valid_phone[pnext] and not is_special(pnext)) then break end table.insert(cluster, pnext) -- Set the cluster-relative flag for the latest processed phoneme cluster_flags[#cluster] = flags[j] j = j + 1 end if #cluster > 0 then if #cluster > 1 then -- Process actual consonant cluster process_consonant_cluster(cluster, cluster_flags, new_phones) -- Skip forward past the processed phones to avoid any unwanted duplication -- Offset by 1 to compensate, because i is unconditionally incremented by 1 at the very end i = j - 1 else -- The cluster is a single consonant, add it as-is table.insert(new_phones, cluster[1]) end end end i = i + 1 end return new_phones end --- -- Join several phones together, handling table and nil values ---@vararg string | table Phones to join together ---@return string local function join_phones(...) local args = {...} local str = "" for _, syllable in ipairs(args) do if type(syllable) == "table" then str = str .. table.concat(syllable, "") else str = str .. (syllable or "") end end return str end --- -- Group phones into syllables ---@param phones table<number, string> ---@return table<number, string> local function collect_syllables(phones) local words, curword, sylmarked, sylbuf = {}, nil, false for i, pcurr in ipairs(phones) do local pprev, pnext, pnnext = phones[i - 1], phones[i + 1], phones[i + 2] if valid_phone[pcurr] then if not curword then curword, sylbuf, had_vowl, sylmarked = {}, '', false, false table.insert(words, curword) end local same_syl = true if vowel[pcurr] then if had_vowl then same_syl = false end had_vowl = true elseif had_vowl then if vowel[pnext] then same_syl = false elseif not vowel[pprev] and not vowel[pnext] then same_syl = false elseif vowel[pprev] and is_palatalized_cluster(join_phones(pcurr, pnext, pnnext)) then same_syl = false elseif ((pcurr == "s") and ((pnext == "t") or (pnext == "p") or (pnext == "k"))) or (pnext == "r") or (pnext == "f") or (pnext == "w") or ((pcurr == "ɡ") and (pnext == "ʐ")) or ((pcurr == "d") and ((pnext == "l") or (pnext == "w") or (pnext == "ɲ"))) or is_palatalized_cluster(join_phones(pprev, pcurr, pnext)) then -- these should belong to a common syllable same_syl = true end end if same_syl then sylbuf = sylbuf .. pcurr else table.insert(curword, sylbuf) sylbuf, had_vowl = pcurr, vowel[pcurr] end elseif (curword or valid_phone[pnext]) and sylmarks[pcurr] then if not curword then curword, sylbuf, had_vowl = {}, '', false table.insert(words, curword) end sylmarked = true if sylbuf then table.insert(curword, sylbuf) sylbuf = '' end table.insert(curword, sylmarks[pcurr]) else if sylbuf then if #curword > 0 and not had_vowl then curword[#curword] = curword[#curword] .. sylbuf else table.insert(curword, sylbuf) end if sylmarked then words[#words] = table.concat(curword) end end curword, sylbuf = nil, nil table.insert(words, pcurr) end end if sylbuf then if #curword > 0 and not had_vowl then curword[#curword] = curword[#curword] .. sylbuf else table.insert(curword, sylbuf) end if sylmarked then words[#words] = table.concat(curword) end end return words end local function get_stressed_syllable(word) local stressed_syllable = 1 for i,v in ipairs(third_last_syllable_stress) do if word:sub(-string.len(v)) == v then stressed_syllable = 2 end end for i,v in ipairs(fourth_last_syllable_stress) do if word:sub(-string.len(v)) == v then stressed_syllable = 3 end end return stressed_syllable end local function is_more_than_one_word(word) if string.find(word, " ") then return true else return false end end function export.convert_to_IPA(word) local stressed_syllable = get_stressed_syllable(word) local more_than_one_word = is_more_than_one_word(word) local phones, flags = convert_to_phones(word) phones, flags = simplify_nasals(phones, flags) terminal_devoice(phones) phones = process_consonant_clusters(phones, flags) local words = collect_syllables(phones) -- mark syllable breaks and stress for i, word in ipairs(words) do if type(word) == "table" then -- unless already marked if not ((word[2] == ".") or (word[2] == "ˈ") or (word[2] == "ˌ")) then for j, syl in ipairs(word) do if not more_than_one_word then if #word < stressed_syllable+1 then stressed_syllable = #word-1 end end if #word > 1 then if j == (#word - stressed_syllable) then word[j] = "ˈ" .. syl elseif j ~= 1 then word[j] = "." .. syl end end end end words[i] = table.concat(word) end end for i, word in ipairs(words) do -- get rid of /ʲ/ words[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(words[i], "ʲ([ij])", "%1") words[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(words[i], "ʲ", "j") -- replace /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ with /ɔw̃/ and /ɛw̃/ words[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(words[i], "ɛ̃", "ɛw̃") words[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(words[i], "ɔ̃", "ɔw̃") ---- replace /n/ with /w̃/ before /s, z, ʂ, ʐ, ɕ, ʑ/ (currently turned off) -- words[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(words[i], "n([szʂʐɕʑ])", "w̃%1") -- words[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(words[i], "n([ˈˌ.])([szʂʐɕʑ])", "w̃%1%2") end return table.concat(words) end function export.show(frame) local page_title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local args = require "Module:parameters".process(frame:getParent().args, { [1] = { list = true }, ["qual"] = { list = true, allow_holes = true }, ["n"] = { list = true, allow_holes = true }, }) local Array = require "Module:array" local words if next(args[1]) ~= nil then words = args[1] else words = { page_title } end local transcriptions = Array(words):map(function(word, i) local qualifiers = { args.qual[i] } return { pron = "/" .. export.convert_to_IPA(word) .. "/", qualifiers = #qualifiers > 0 and qualifiers or nil, note = args.n[i] } end) return m_IPA.format_IPA_full(lang, transcriptions) end return export rdfgna6sbmyjimsa32857iobpquki4h 0 1403889 7267466 5936039 2022-07-20T19:16:29Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 發音 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===詞源=== 源自{{inh|pl|sla-pro|*Rimъ|gloss=羅馬}}。 ===發音=== * {{pl-p}} * {{audio|pl|Pl-Rzym.ogg|音頻}} ===专有名词=== {{infl|pl|proper noun|g=m}} # [[罗马]] # [[羅馬帝國]] ====Declension==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-in|tantum=s}} ====派生詞==== * {{i|名詞}} {{l|pl|rzymianin|g=m}}, {{l|pl|rzymianka|g=f}}, {{l|pl|Rzymianin|g=m}}, {{l|pl|Rzymianka|g=f}} * {{i|形容詞}} {{l|pl|rzymski||[[Roman]]}}, {{l|pl|rzymskokatolicki||[[Roman Catholic]]}}) ===拓展閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:PWN}} [[Category:波兰语 首都]] hhiunhik7me1u8nhdrks0e5yqxmkcr2 7267467 7267466 2022-07-20T19:17:05Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 專有名詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===詞源=== 源自{{inh|pl|sla-pro|*Rimъ|gloss=羅馬}}。 ===發音=== * {{pl-p}} * {{audio|pl|Pl-Rzym.ogg|音頻}} ===专有名词=== {{pl-proper noun|m-in}} # [[罗马]] # [[羅馬帝國]] ====變格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-in|tantum=s}} ====派生詞==== * {{i|名詞}} {{l|pl|rzymianin|g=m}}, {{l|pl|rzymianka|g=f}}, {{l|pl|Rzymianin|g=m}}, {{l|pl|Rzymianka|g=f}} * {{i|形容詞}} {{l|pl|rzymski||羅馬的}}, {{l|pl|rzymskokatolicki||[[羅馬天主教]]}}) ===拓展閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:PWN}} [[Category:波兰语 首都]] 5dgdwnl8msnemh176xr840nidpui1fv 7267468 7267467 2022-07-20T19:17:26Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 派生詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===詞源=== 源自{{inh|pl|sla-pro|*Rimъ|gloss=羅馬}}。 ===發音=== * {{pl-p}} * {{audio|pl|Pl-Rzym.ogg|音頻}} ===专有名词=== {{pl-proper noun|m-in}} # [[罗马]] # [[羅馬帝國]] ====變格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-in|tantum=s}} ====派生詞==== * {{i|名詞}} {{l|pl|rzymianin|g=m}}, {{l|pl|rzymianka|g=f}}, {{l|pl|Rzymianin|g=m}}, {{l|pl|Rzymianka|g=f}} * {{i|形容詞}} {{l|pl|rzymski||羅馬的}}, {{l|pl|rzymskokatolicki||[[羅馬天主教]]}} ===拓展閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:PWN}} [[Category:波兰语 首都]] c9tfol41noljn6tq3xlrmimwmgdtsdf 0 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9kl0bj6lhmew7qbugvykzaq6uycb7sm 828 1717018 7267413 6665583 2022-07-20T15:02:50Z GnolizX 63671 更新 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local langcode = "pl" local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode(langcode) local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA") local m_pl_IPA = require("Module:pl-IPA") local vowels = "aeiouyąęó" local vowel = "[" .. vowels .. "]" local consonants = "bcćdfghjklłmnńpqrsśtuvwxyzźż" local consonant = "[" .. consonants .. "]" -- vowel digraphs, not necessarily actual phonetic diphthongs local diphthong_i_v2 = "[aąoeęuói]" local diphthongs = { ["a"] = "u", ["e"] = "u", ["i"] = diphthong_i_v2 } -- consonant digraphs (key = first letter, value = possible second letters) local digraphs = { ["c"] = "[hz]", ["d"] = "[zźż]", ["q"] = "u", ["r"] = "z", ["s"] = "z", } local past_tense_suffixes = { "liśmy", "liście", "łyśmy", "łyście", } local latin_borrowing_suffixes = { "ika", "yka", "iki", "yki", "ika", "yka", "ice", "yce", "ikom", "ykom", "ikę", "ykę", "iką", "yką", "ice", "yce", "ikach", "ykach", "iko", "yko", } -- if this is changed, the next two functions also need to be local function is_respelling_close_enough(respelling, word) word = mw.ustring.gsub(word, "j(" .. diphthong_i_v2 .. ")", "i%1") respelling = mw.ustring.gsub(respelling, "['.]", "") respelling = mw.ustring.gsub(respelling, "j(" .. diphthong_i_v2 .. ")", "i%1") return word == respelling end local function partition(word, oword) local parts = {} local lenword = mw.ustring.len(word) local pos = 1 local offset = 0 word = mw.ustring.gsub(word, "['-]", ".") while pos <= lenword do if mw.ustring.find(mw.ustring.lower(word), "^" .. vowel, pos) then local initial = mw.ustring.sub(mw.ustring.lower(word), pos, pos) local seq = 1 if diphthongs[initial] and mw.ustring.find(mw.ustring.lower(word), "^" .. initial .. diphthongs[initial], pos) then seq = 2 end table.insert(parts, { "v", mw.ustring.sub(oword, pos - offset, pos - offset + seq - 1) }) pos = pos + seq elseif mw.ustring.find(mw.ustring.lower(word), "^" .. consonant, pos) then local initial = mw.ustring.sub(mw.ustring.lower(word), pos, pos) local seq = 1 if digraphs[initial] and mw.ustring.find(mw.ustring.lower(word), "^" .. initial .. digraphs[initial], pos) then seq = 2 end table.insert(parts, { "c", mw.ustring.sub(oword, pos - offset, pos - offset + seq - 1) }) pos = pos + seq elseif mw.ustring.find(word, "^% ", pos) then -- multiword, do not hyphenate return nil elseif mw.ustring.find(word, "^%.", pos) then -- syllable break if not mw.ustring.find(oword, "^['-]", pos - offset) then offset = offset + 1 end table.insert(parts, { "b", nil }) pos = pos + 1 else -- unrecognized symbol return nil end end return parts end local function get_word_suffix(word) word = word:gsub("([ˈ'.,ˌ])", "") local word_suffix = 0 for i,v in ipairs(past_tense_suffixes) do if word:sub(-string.len(v)) == v then word_suffix = 1 end end for i,v in ipairs(latin_borrowing_suffixes) do if word:sub(-string.len(v)) == v then word_suffix = 2 end end return word_suffix end function export.generate_hyphenation(word, otitle) local syllables = {} local cursyl = "" local nucleus = false local coda = nil local pos = 1 parts = partition(word, otitle) if not parts then return nil end for pos, p in ipairs(parts) do local kind, part = unpack(p) if kind == "v" then if coda then cursyl = cursyl .. mw.ustring.sub(syllables[#syllables], -coda) syllables[#syllables] = mw.ustring.sub(syllables[#syllables], 1, -coda - 1) coda = nil end if nucleus then table.insert(syllables, cursyl) cursyl = "" end nucleus = true coda = nil cursyl = cursyl .. part elseif kind == "c" then cursyl = cursyl .. part if nucleus then table.insert(syllables, cursyl) cursyl = "" nucleus = false coda = mw.ustring.len(part) else coda = nil end elseif kind == "b" then -- implicit syllable break if #cursyl > 0 then if nucleus or #syllables < 1 then table.insert(syllables, cursyl) else syllables[#syllables] = syllables[#syllables] .. cursyl end end cursyl = "" nucleus = false coda = nil else -- unrecognized kind return nil end end if #cursyl > 0 then if nucleus or #syllables < 1 then table.insert(syllables, cursyl) else syllables[#syllables] = syllables[#syllables] .. cursyl end end return syllables end local ipavowel = "[aɛiɨɔu]" function export.generate_rhyme(ipa) local vowels_at = { } local pos = 1 while true do local posnext = mw.ustring.find(ipa, ipavowel, pos) if not posnext then break end table.insert(vowels_at, posnext) pos = posnext + 1 end local vend if #vowels_at < 1 then return nil end if #vowels_at > 1 then vend = vowels_at[#vowels_at - 1] else vend = vowels_at[#vowels_at] end local snippet = mw.ustring.sub(ipa, vend) snippet = mw.ustring.gsub(snippet, "[ˈˌ.]", "") if mw.ustring.find(snippet, " ") then return nil -- copout, something must be wrong end return snippet end function export.show(frame) local args = require "Module:parameters".process(frame:getParent().args, { [1] = { list = true }, ["ipa"] = { list = true, default = nil, allow_holes = true }, ["qual"] = { list = true, allow_holes = true }, ["n"] = { list = true, allow_holes = true }, ["h"] = { list = true, allow_holes = true }, ["hyphen"] = {}, ["r"] = { list = true, allow_holes = true }, ["rhymes"] = {}, ["a"] = { list = true, default = nil }, ["audio"] = {}, ["ac"] = { list = true, default = nil }, ["caption"] = {}, ["hh"] = { default = "" }, ["homophones"] = {}, ["q"] = { list = true, default = nil, allow_holes = true }, ["hp"] = { list = true, default = nil, allow_holes = true }, ["rp"] = { list = true, default = nil, allow_holes = true }, ["hhp"] = { list = true, default = nil, allow_holes = true }, ["nohyphen"] = { type = "boolean", default = false }, ["norhymes"] = { type = "boolean", default = false }, ["fs"] = { type = "boolean" }, ["fixstress"] = {}, ["title"] = { default = nil }, -- for debugging or demonstration only }) local words, transcriptions, transcriptions_raw local lines = {} local categories = {} local actual = args["title"] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text if next(args[1]) ~= nil then words = args[1] else words = { actual } end local multiword = mw.ustring.find(words[1], " ") local hyphenations = args["h"] local rhymes = args["r"] local ipa = args["ipa"] if #ipa < 1 then ipa = nil end local qualifiers = args["q"] if not qualifiers or qualifiers.maxindex < 1 then qualifiers = args["qual"] end local hyphlabels = args["hp"] local rhymlabels = args["rp"] local nohyphen = args["nohyphen"] local norhymes = args["norhymes"] local fixstress = args["fs"] if args["fixstress"] then fixstress = args["fixstress"] end local homophones = mw.text.split(args["hh"], ",") local homophonelabels = args["hhp"] if #homophones == 1 and homophones[1] == "" then homophones = {} end local audio = {} local audios = args["a"] local captions = args["ac"] word_suffix = 0 if not ipa and #words == 1 then -- 0 - normal word -- 1 - past tense verb stressed antepenultimately -- 2 - Latin borrowing stressed antepenultimately word_suffix = get_word_suffix(words[1]) end if not (fixstress or (fixstress == nil and word_suffix == 1)) then word_suffix = 0 end if args["hyphen"] then hyphenation[1] = args["hyphen"] end if args["rhymes"] then rhymes[1] = args["rhymes"] end if args["homophones"] then homophones = mw.text.split(args["homophones"], ",") end if args["audio"] then audios[1] = args["audio"] end if args["captions"] then captions[1] = args["caption"] end local respelling_ok = true for i, w in ipairs(words) do if not is_respelling_close_enough(w, actual) then respelling_ok = false break end end for i, audiofile in ipairs(audios) do if audiofile then table.insert(audio, {file = audiofile, caption = captions[i] or "Audio"}) end end if not next(audio) then table.insert(categories, "波蘭語詞條發音音訊檔案請求") end if #hyphenations == 1 and hyphenations[1] == "-" then nohyphen = true end if #rhymes == 1 and rhymes[1] == "-" then norhymes = true end if word_suffix == 0 then if ipa then transcriptions = {} transcriptions_raw = {} for i = 1, #ipa do local qual = qualifiers[i] table.insert(transcriptions, { pron = ipa[i], qualifiers = qual and { qual } or nil, note = args.n[i] }) end else transcriptions = {} transcriptions_raw = {} for i = 1, #words do local qual = qualifiers[i] local ipaconv = m_pl_IPA.convert_to_IPA(words[i]) table.insert(transcriptions_raw, ipaconv) table.insert(transcriptions, { pron = "/" .. ipaconv .. "/", qualifiers = qual and { qual } or nil, note = args.n[i] }) end end table.insert(lines, "* " .. m_IPA.format_IPA_full(lang, transcriptions)) else transcriptions = {} transcriptions2 = {} transcriptions_raw = {} if word_suffix == 1 then qualifier1 = {"規範性標準；罕用"} qualifier2 = {"口語；總體比較常用"} elseif word_suffix == 2 then qualifier1 = {"標準"} qualifier2 = {"口語；常用於閒談"} end local ipaconv = m_pl_IPA.convert_to_IPA(words[1]) table.insert(transcriptions_raw, ipaconv) ipaconv_syllables = mw.text.split(ipaconv, "([ˈ.])") for j, syl in ipairs(ipaconv_syllables) do if j == (#ipaconv_syllables - 2) then ipaconv_syllables[j] = "ˈ" .. syl elseif j ~= 1 then ipaconv_syllables[j] = "." .. syl end end ipacov_fixed_stress = table.concat(ipaconv_syllables) table.insert(transcriptions, { pron = "/" .. ipacov_fixed_stress .. "/", qualifiers = qualifier1, }) table.insert(lines, "* " .. m_IPA.format_IPA_full(lang, transcriptions)) table.insert(transcriptions2, { pron = "/" .. ipaconv .. "/", qualifiers = qualifier2, }) table.insert(lines, "* " .. m_IPA.format_IPA_full(lang, transcriptions2)) end for i, a in ipairs(audio) do table.insert(lines, "* " .. frame:expandTemplate{title = "audio", args = {langcode, a["file"], a["caption"]}}) end if not ipa and #hyphenations < 1 and respelling_ok and not multiword then local autohyph = export.generate_hyphenation(words[1], actual) if autohyph then table.insert(hyphenations, autohyph) end elseif #hyphenations >= 1 then local newhyphenations = {} for i, h in ipairs(hyphenations) do local t = {} for x in mw.text.gsplit(h, "[.]") do table.insert(t, x) end newhyphenations[i] = t end hyphenations = newhyphenations end if not norhymes then if not ipa and #rhymes < 1 and #transcriptions_raw > 0 then local autorhyme = export.generate_rhyme(transcriptions_raw[1]) if autorhyme then table.insert(rhymes, autorhyme) end end if #rhymes > 0 then -- merge rhymes if they have identical labels local last_label = false local new_rhymes = {} local new_labels = {} local current_list = {} for i, r in ipairs(rhymes) do local label = rhymlabels[i] if last_label == label then table.insert(current_list, r) else if #current_list > 0 then table.insert(new_rhymes, current_list) end if last_label ~= false then table.insert(new_labels, last_label) end current_list = { r } last_label = label end end table.insert(new_rhymes, current_list) table.insert(new_labels, last_label) rhymes = new_rhymes rhymlabels = new_labels end for i, r in ipairs(rhymes) do local label = "" if rhymlabels[i] then label = " " .. require("Module:qualifier").format_qualifier(rhymlabels[i]) end if #r >= 1 then local sylkeys = {} local sylcounts = {} -- get all possible syllable counts from syllabifications for i, h in ipairs(hyphenations) do local hl = #h if hl > 0 and not sylkeys[hl] then table.insert(sylcounts, hl) sylkeys[hl] = true end end local rhymeobjs = {} for _, rhyme in ipairs(r) do table.insert(rhymeobjs, {rhyme = rhyme}) end table.insert(lines, "* " .. require("Module:rhymes").format_rhymes( { lang = lang, rhymes = rhymeobjs, num_syl = sylcounts }) .. label) end end end if not nohyphen then if #transcriptions > 0 and #hyphenations > 0 then local syl_IPA = require("Module:syllables").getVowels(transcriptions[1].pron, lang) local syl_hyph = #hyphenations[1] if syl_IPA and syl_IPA ~= syl_hyph then table.insert(categories, "pl-pronunciation syllable count mismatch") end end if not actual:find("[ %.]") and #hyphenations < 1 then table.insert(categories, "pl-pronunciation without hyphenation") end for i, h in ipairs(hyphenations) do local label = "" if hyphlabels[i] then label = " " .. require("Module:qualifier").format_qualifier(hyphlabels[i]) end table.insert(lines, "* 音節化：" .. require("Module:links").full_link({lang = lang, alt = table.concat(h, "‧"), tr = "-"}) .. label) end end if #homophones > 0 then local homophone_param = {langcode} for i, h in ipairs(homophones) do table.insert(homophone_param, h) if homophonelabels[i] then homophone_param["q" .. i] = homophonelabels[i] end end table.insert(lines, "* " .. frame:expandTemplate{title = "homophones", args = homophone_param}) end return table.concat(lines, "\n") .. require("Module:utilities/format_categories")(categories, lang) end return export 5atnxjpphs93c5pgu9wkhwx66mwettj 828 1729003 7267421 7234801 2022-07-20T15:15:58Z GnolizX 63671 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local raw_categories = {} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- LABELS -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- labels["模塊"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}的[[模塊]]／[[模組]]，包含可重用的Lua脚本，便於建立和管理詞條。", umbrella = { parents = {{name = "模塊", sort = " "}}, breadcrumb = "各語言", }, parents = {{name = "{{{langcat}}}", raw = true}}, } labels["資料模塊"] = { description = "{{{langname}}} [[Wiktionary:Modules|modules]] containing data used by other modules.", umbrella = { parents = {{name = "資料模塊", sort = " "}}, breadcrumb = "各語言", }, parents = {"模塊"}, } ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- RAW CATEGORIES -- -- -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- raw_categories["模塊"] = { description = "This is a general holder category for modules.", additional = "For more information on what modules are and how they work, see [[Wiktionary:Scribunto]]. For a complete list of all modules, see [[Special:PrefixIndex/Module:|here]].", parents = {"Category:維基詞典"}, } raw_categories["未分類模塊"] = { description = "Uncategorized modules.", additional = "Modules are placed here by [[MediaWiki:Scribunto-doc-page-does-not-exist]]. The default documentation page, [[Template:documentation/preloadModule]], also adds this category.", parents = { {name = "模塊", sort = " "} }, } raw_categories["模塊單元測試"] = { description = "模塊的單元測試。", parents = { {name = "模塊", sort = "1測試模塊"} }, } raw_categories["附錄模塊"] = { description = "Modules with functions that generate content for or extract information from pages in the Appendix namespace.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Bot support modules"] = { description = "Modules for supporting individual bot accounts.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["分類模塊"] = { intro = "{{also|:Category:Category templates}}", description = "Modules for adding categories to pages or generating the description and subcategories of category pages.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["資料模塊"] = { description = "Modules that do not contain functions, but only export a table of data that is used by other modules. Modules that are in this category should be imported using <code>mw.loadData</code> rather than <code>require</code>.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Character insertion data modules"] = { description = "Modules containing data for use by {{temp|chars}}.", parents = { "資料模塊" }, breadcrumb = "character insertion", } raw_categories["Debugging modules"] = { description = "Modules used for debugging.", additional = "Some should only be used in sandbox modules or when using the [[mw:Extension:TemplateSandbox|{{MediaWiki:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}]] button in the edit page of modules and templates.", parents = { "Lua metamodules", "Modules" }, } raw_categories["定義模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that are used in [[Wiktionary:Glossary#definition line|definition lines]] of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["棄用模塊"] = { description = "Modules that should not be used, as their functions are performed by newer modules.", parents = { "模塊", "Category:Wiktionary maintenance" }, } raw_categories["討論模塊"] = { description = "Modules concerning discussion pages.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["文檔模塊"] = { description = "Modules for generating documentation pages.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Entry-generating modules"] = { description = "Modules with functions that are used to generate new entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["詞源模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that define the etymology of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["之形式模塊"] = { description = "Modules that generate the definition line of non-lemma forms, e.g. verb forms and noun forms.", parents = { "定義模塊", "模塊" }, } raw_categories["通用模塊"] = { description = "Modules that serve some sort of utility purpose in various entries but are used by multiple languages. Modules only used by one language should be at [[:Category:Utility modules]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["標題行模塊"] = { description = "Modules that support [[:Category:Headword-line templates by language|headword-line templates]] for a specific language.", additional = "See also [[:Category:Headword-line templates]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["屈折模塊"] = { description = "Modules used to support [[:Category:Inflection-table templates by language|inflection templates]] for a specific language.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["內鏈模塊"] = { description = "Modules that are used in [[:Category:Internal link templates|internal link templates]].", parents = { "通用模塊", "模塊" }, } raw_categories["JSON-generating modules"] = { description = "Modules with functions that generate data in JSON format.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["語言和文字模塊"] = { description = "Modules that process language and script codes and return data on them.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["列表模塊"] = { description = "Modules that generate lists and tables of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Lua元模塊"] = { description = "Modules that have exported functions that are only used by other modules: that is, cannot be called using {{temp|#invoke:}}.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["維護模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates used for maintaining entries, such as cleanup templates (e.g. {{temp|attention}}), deletion templates (e.g. {{temp|rfd}}) and verification templates (e.g. {{temp|rfv}}).", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["發音模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that are used to create the language-specific pronunciation of entries.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["引文和使用例模塊"] = { description = "Modules that fuel templates that are used to format quotations and usage examples.", parents = { "Definition modules", "Modules" }, breadcrumb = "quotation and usage example", } raw_categories["參考模塊"] = { description = "Modules that are used for [[:Category:Reference templates|reference templates]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["沙盒模塊"] = { description = "Test versions of modules intended for production use.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Sortkey-generating modules"] = { description = "Modules that are used to generate sortkeys.", additional = "Sortkeys determine the order of entry names in categories.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["斯氏核心詞模塊"] = { description = "收錄[[w:斯瓦迪士核心詞列表|斯氏核心詞]]的模塊。", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["模板介面模塊"] = { description = "Modules whose purpose is to provide an interface between templates and the functions of a module.", additional = "They are usually named <code>.../templates</code>, and the functions present within them usually all have only a \"frame\" parameter.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["追蹤模塊"] = { description = "Modules that add tracking templates.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Unused modules"] = { description = "Unused modules.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["User sandbox modules"] = { description = "Modules that are for personal use and testing by individual editors.", additional = "These should all begin with <code>User:</code> followed by the user's name. If several sandbox modules are needed by a single user, subpages can be created. These modules should not be used in real Wiktionary content pages, as all content on those pages should be editable by anyone and, if necessary, edit protected.", parents = { "沙盒模塊", "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Utility modules"] = { description = "Modules that deal with several utilities needed by a certain language.", additional = "Usually their names end with -utilities or -common (preceded by the language code), although more specific utility modules that one language uses may reside here as well. If a utility is used by many languages, it should be in [[:Category:General utility modules]].", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["投票模塊"] = { description = "Modules used to manage Wiktionary votes.", parents = { "模塊" }, } raw_categories["Wikitext parsing modules"] = { description = "Modules that contain functions that grab the wikitext of a page and get information from it by performing string operations on it.", parents = { "模塊" }, } return {LABELS = labels, RAW_CATEGORIES = raw_categories} trimvyai5wejjgg5zb0n8u40gwiydzc 4 1910271 7267469 7265517 2022-07-20T20:39:51Z Alexis Jazz 89634 Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexist:Project:GUS2Wiki/top|{{/top}}|This page provides a historical record of [[Special:GadgetUsage]] through its page history. To get the data in CSV format, see wikitext. To customize this message or add categories, create [[/top]].}} 以下是缓存的数据，最后更新于2022-07-17T21:56:07Z。缓存中最多有{{PLURAL:5000|5000条结果}}。 {| class="sortable wikitable" ! 小工具 !! data-sort-type="number" | 用户人数 !! data-sort-type="number" | 活跃用户 |- |Cat-a-lot || 68 || 9 |- |CommentsinLocalTime || 40 || 4 |- |Edittools-vector || 27 || 6 |- |HotCat || 77 || 12 |- |Navigation popups || 79 || 7 |- |ToolsRedirect || 39 || 8 |- |TranslateHelper || 20 || 6 |- |Twinkle || 33 || 12 |- |UTCLiveClock || 39 || 5 |- |markblocked || 44 || 6 |- |specialchars || 22 || 4 |} * [[Special:GadgetUsage]] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] <!-- data in CSV format: Cat-a-lot,68,9 CommentsinLocalTime,40,4 Edittools-vector,27,6 HotCat,77,12 Navigation popups,79,7 ToolsRedirect,39,8 TranslateHelper,20,6 Twinkle,33,12 UTCLiveClock,39,5 markblocked,44,6 specialchars,22,4 --> qkcx2c6d7wafsdjkxjaocixext0p080 7267586 7267469 2022-07-21T11:00:21Z Alexis Jazz 89634 Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexist:Project:GUS2Wiki/top|{{/top}}|This page provides a historical record of [[Special:GadgetUsage]] through its page history. To get the data in CSV format, see wikitext. To customize this message or add categories, create [[/top]].}} 以下是缓存的数据，最后更新于2022-07-21T00:40:43Z。缓存中最多有{{PLURAL:5000|5000条结果}}。 {| class="sortable wikitable" ! 小工具 !! data-sort-type="number" | 用户人数 !! data-sort-type="number" | 活跃用户 |- |Cat-a-lot || 68 || 10 |- |CommentsinLocalTime || 40 || 4 |- |Edittools-vector || 27 || 6 |- |HotCat || 77 || 13 |- |Navigation popups || 79 || 7 |- |ToolsRedirect || 39 || 9 |- |TranslateHelper || 20 || 6 |- |Twinkle || 33 || 13 |- |UTCLiveClock || 39 || 5 |- |markblocked || 44 || 6 |- |specialchars || 22 || 4 |} * [[Special:GadgetUsage]] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] <!-- data in CSV format: Cat-a-lot,68,10 CommentsinLocalTime,40,4 Edittools-vector,27,6 HotCat,77,13 Navigation popups,79,7 ToolsRedirect,39,9 TranslateHelper,20,6 Twinkle,33,13 UTCLiveClock,39,5 markblocked,44,6 specialchars,22,4 --> scqhiovzaf7ayqtn2m6ajrspi39e7ek 106 1912566 7267345 2022-07-20T12:55:52Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rhymes nav|fr|ɔ|ʁ}} ==發音== /-ɔʁ/, /<tt>-ɔʁ</tt>/ ==押韵== ===单音节=== * {{l|fr|bord}} * {{l|fr|clore}} * {{l|fr|cor}} * {{l|fr|corps}} * {{l|fr|dore}} * {{l|fr|dors}} * {{l|fr|dort}} * {{l|fr|flore}} * {{l|fr|fort}} * {{l|fr|hors}} * {{l|fr|lors}} * {{l|fr|mord}} * {{l|fr|mords}} * {{l|fr|mors}} * {{l|fr|mort}} * {{l|fr|nord}} * {{l|fr|porc}} * {{l|fr|port}} * {{l|fr|or}} * {{l|fr|sors}} * {{l|fr|sort}} * {{l|fr|sport}} * {{l|fr|store}} * {{l|fr|tord}} * {{l|fr|tort}} ===双音节=== * {{l|fr|adore}} * {{l|fr|alors}} * {{l|fr|décor}} * {{l|fr|dehors}} * {{l|fr|encore}} * {{l|fr|trésor}} ===三音节=== * {{l|fr|demi-mort}} e54wh3lq90vgycm1js9cz0max2xm44y 106 1912567 7267346 2022-07-20T12:56:33Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rhymes nav|fr|ɔ}} *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔ|以/-ɔ/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔf|以/-ɔf/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔk|以/-ɔk/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔl|以/-ɔl/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔm|以/-ɔm/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔn|以/-ɔn/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔɲ|以/-ɔɲ/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔʁ|以/-ɔʁ/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔʁb|以/-ɔʁb/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔʁɲ|以/-ɔʁɲ/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔs|以/-ɔs/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔt|以/-ɔt/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔɡ|以/-ɔɡ/结尾的韵部]] *[[Rhymes:法語/ɔʃ|以/-ɔʃ/结尾的韵部]] kpysm0qmfudjjy0bzud6rrqv37oux4o 14 1912568 7267347 2022-07-20T12:56:42Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 118 1912569 7267351 2022-07-20T13:41:35Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始印欧语== ===词根=== {{ine-root}}<ref>{{R:itc:EDL}}</ref> # [[黎明]] # [[東方]] ====派生词==== {{PIE root see}} * *h₂éwsr̥h₂ ** 古典亞美尼亞語：հաւա՛ր(ա) (hawa՛r(a))（晨風，微風） * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-i-}} ** {{desc|gem-pro||alt=*auzi(z)}} *** {{desc|der=1|gem-pro|*Auziwandilaz|t=晨星}}<ref>{{cite-book|last=Hatto|first=Arthur T.|year=1965|title=Eos: An enquiry into the theme of lovers' meetings and partings at dawn in poetry|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|p=70|isbn=978-3-11-170360-2}}</ref> {{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro|*h₂éwsōs|*h₂éws-ōs ~ *h₂us-}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂é-h₂us-o-m}} ? ** {{desctree|itc-pro|*auzom}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-r-}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Husr-}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Husr-}} **** {{desc|sa|उषर्|tr=úṣar|pos=呼格单数}}, {{l|sa|उस्रस्|tr=usrás|pos=属格单数}}, {{l|sa|उस्रि|tr=usrí|pos=方位格单数}}等其他变形（见载于梨俱吠陀） * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-ró-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Husrás}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Husrás}} **** {{desc|sa|उस्र|tr=usrá|t=微紅的，紅潤的；明亮的；清晨的}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ro-}} ** {{desc|sqj-pro|*ausra}} *** {{desc|sq|err}} ** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*aušra-|alt=*auš(t)ra-}} *** {{desc|lv|àustra}}, {{l|lv|aũstra|t=晨光}} **** {{desc|lv|Austra|der=1}} **** {{desc|lv|austrumi|t=东方|der=1}} *** {{desc|lt|aušrà}}, {{l|lt|auštrà}} *** {{desc|sla-pro|*utro}}（意外丟失-s-，出現在變體*ustro中）{{see desc}} ** {{desc|gem-pro|*austraz|t=东方的}}, {{l|gem-pro|*austrą|t=东方}}, {{l|gem-pro|*Austrǭ|t=復活節，春天；女神名}}（帶有规律插音*sr > *str）{{see desc}} ** {{desc|grk-pro|*aúhrā}}（< ''*h₂éwsreh₂''或''*h₂éwsr̥h₂''） *** {{desctree|grc|αὔρᾱ}} ***: 荷馬、愛奧尼亞希臘語：{{l|grc|αὔρη}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-teros}} ** {{desc|itc-pro|*austeros}} *** {{desc|la|auster|t=南风}} {{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-es-téro-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Hušastáras}} *** {{desc|ira-pro|*Hušastárah}} **** 後期阿維斯陀語：{{l|ae|𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀|t=东方的}} ***** {{desc|pal||tr=ʾwšstl|ts=ōšastar|t=东方，东方的|bor=1}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ḗr}} (< **h₂ews-ér-s，“在黎明的东西；薄霧”<ref>{{cite-journal|last=Nikolaev|first=Alexander|title=The Germanic word for ‘sword’ and delocatival derivation in Proto-Indo-European|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nikolaev/files/Nikolaev_The_Germanic_Word_for_Sword.pdf|editor=|journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies|format=PDF|volume=37|issue=3/4|location=|date=Fall/Winter 2009|page=466}}</ref>) ** {{desc|grk-pro|*auhḗr}} *** {{desc|grc|ᾱ̓ήρ}} ***: 多利亞希臘語：{{l|grc|ἀβήρ}} ***: 伊歐里斯希臘語：{{l|grc|αὐήρ}} ***: 愛奧尼亞希臘語：{{l|grc|ἠήρ}} **** {{desc|grc|ἦρι|t=清晨，一大早|der=1|unc=1}}（< 方位格 ''*h₂éws-r-i''或''*h₂ews-ér-i''，对比{{l|grc|ἠέριος|t=隨著清晨}}）（除非 < {{m|ine-pro|*h₂éyeri}}） **** {{desc|grc|αὔριον|der=1}}（< 方位格 ''*h₂éws-r-i-om''） ***** {{desc|el|αύριο}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂wōs-r-ih₂}}？（或''*wōsris''；或者派生自{{m|ine-pro|*wósr̥|t=春天}}） ** {{desc|cel-pro|*wāris}}（或''*wā(s)rī''） *** {{desc|mga|fáir}} *** {{desc|cy|gwawr}}（< ''*wā(s)rā''） * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂éws ~ *h₂us-és}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Húš}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Húṣ}} **** {{desc|sa|उष्|tr=úṣ|t=黎明}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂éws-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Húštiš}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Húṣṭiṣ}} **** {{desc|sa|व्युष्टि|tr=vyùṣṭi|der=1|t=黎明的第一縷曙光，破曉}} {{qual|与{{m|sa|वि-|t=周圍，大約}}复合}} * 未分類构词： ** {{desc|lv|ausma|t=黎明}} *** {{desc|lv|Ausma|der=1}} ** {{desc|ine-toc-pro|*wi̯äsā|t=黄金}}<ref>{{R:txb:Adams 2013|head=yasa|pages=524–525}}</ref> *** {{desc|xto|wäs}} *** {{desc|txb|yasā}} **** {{desc|txb|yasna|der=1|unc=1}} *** {{desc|urj-pro|*waśke|t=銅，黃銅|bor=1|unc=1}}<ref name="M&A">{{R:ine:Mallory 2006|head=Metals|passage=*''hₐewes-''|page=241}}</ref><ref group=note>或分别由後原始烏拉爾語借至原始芬蘭-薩米-莫爾多維亞語{{m|urj-pro|*waśke}}、{{cog|urj-ugr-pro|*waś|t=金屬，鐵}}和{{cog|syd-pro|*wesä|t=金屬，鐵}}。</ref> {{see desc}} =====注释===== {{reflist|group=note}} ===参考资料=== <references/> ===词根=== {{ine-root}}<ref name="Beekes_1">{{R:grc:Beekes|head=αὔω 2|page=175}}</ref><ref name="De vaan_1">{{R:itc:EDL|head=hauriō, -īre|page=281}}</ref><ref name="Kroonen_1">{{R:gem:EDPG|head=*ausan-|page=43}}</ref><ref name="Matasovich_1">{{R:cel:EDPC|head=*awsetlo-|page=48}}</ref> # [[汲]]水，[[舀]]起 ====派生词==== {{PIE root see}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-e-ti}} ** {{desc|gem-pro|*ausaną|t=舀}} {{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ye-ti}} ** {{desc|itc-pro|*auzjō}} *** {{desc|la|hauriō|t=汲取，舀取}} {{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-e-ti}}或{{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ye-ti}} ** {{desc|grk-pro||unc=1}} *** {{desc|grc|αὔω}} *** {{desc|gmy|𐀢𐀨𐀄𐀵𐀫|ts=puraustrō|der=1}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-}}<ref name="Beekes_2">{{R:grc:Beekes|head=ἀφύσσω|page=180}}</ref> ** {{desc|grk-pro|}} *** {{desc|grc|ἀφύσσω|alt=(ἀφ)ύσσω|t=汲取或舀取液體|der=1}} * 未分類构词： ** {{desc|ine-ana-pro|-}} *** {{desc|plq|𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫|tr=ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-an-ta|ts=hussīnta, ḫuššīnanta|t=他們為自己取水；祭品，尤指奠酒}} ** {{desc|cel-pro|*awsetlo-}}或{{l|cel-pro|*awselo-||肉叉}} {{qual|可能}} *** {{desc|sga|aél|unc=1}}（或来自古英语{{l|ang|awul}}） ===参考资料=== <references/> 68qrqbmfj4gat8hvewr96cdp9labu4h 7267352 7267351 2022-07-20T13:45:13Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始印欧语== ===词根=== {{ine-root}}<ref>{{R:itc:EDL}}</ref> # [[黎明]] # [[東方]] ====派生词==== {{PIE root see}} * *h₂éwsr̥h₂ ** 古典亞美尼亞語：հաւա՛ր(ա) (hawa՛r(a))（晨風，微風） * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-i-}} ** {{desc|gem-pro||alt=*auzi(z)}} *** {{desc|der=1|gem-pro|*Auziwandilaz|t=晨星}}<ref>{{cite-book|last=Hatto|first=Arthur T.|year=1965|title=Eos: An enquiry into the theme of lovers' meetings and partings at dawn in poetry|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|p=70|isbn=978-3-11-170360-2}}</ref>{{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro|*h₂éwsōs|*h₂éws-ōs ~ *h₂us-}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂é-h₂us-o-m}}？ ** {{desctree|itc-pro|*auzom}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-r-}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Husr-}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Husr-}} **** {{desc|sa|उषर्|tr=úṣar|pos=呼格单数}}, {{l|sa|उस्रस्|tr=usrás|pos=属格单数}}, {{l|sa|उस्रि|tr=usrí|pos=方位格单数}}等其他变形（见载于梨俱吠陀） * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-ró-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Husrás}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Husrás}} **** {{desc|sa|उस्र|tr=usrá|t=微紅的，紅潤的；明亮的；清晨的}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ro-}} ** {{desc|sqj-pro|*ausra}} *** {{desc|sq|err}} ** {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*aušra-|alt=*auš(t)ra-}} *** {{desc|lv|àustra}}, {{l|lv|aũstra|t=晨光}} **** {{desc|lv|Austra|der=1}} **** {{desc|lv|austrumi|t=东方|der=1}} *** {{desc|lt|aušrà}}, {{l|lt|auštrà}} *** {{desc|sla-pro|*utro}}（意外丟失-s-，出現在變體*ustro中）{{see desc}} ** {{desc|gem-pro|*austraz|t=东方的}}, {{l|gem-pro|*austrą|t=东方}}, {{l|gem-pro|*Austrǭ|t=復活節，春天；女神名}}（帶有规律插音*sr > *str）{{see desc}} ** {{desc|grk-pro|*aúhrā}}（< ''*h₂éwsreh₂''或''*h₂éwsr̥h₂''） *** {{desctree|grc|αὔρᾱ}} ***: 荷馬、愛奧尼亞希臘語：{{l|grc|αὔρη}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-teros}} ** {{desc|itc-pro|*austeros}} *** {{desc|la|auster|t=南风}}{{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-es-téro-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Hušastáras}} *** {{desc|ira-pro|*Hušastárah}} **** 後期阿維斯陀語：{{l|ae|𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀|t=东方的}} ***** {{desc|pal||tr=ʾwšstl|ts=ōšastar|t=东方，东方的|bor=1}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ḗr}} (< **h₂ews-ér-s，“在黎明的东西；薄霧”<ref>{{cite-journal|last=Nikolaev|first=Alexander|title=The Germanic word for ‘sword’ and delocatival derivation in Proto-Indo-European|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nikolaev/files/Nikolaev_The_Germanic_Word_for_Sword.pdf|editor=|journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies|format=PDF|volume=37|issue=3/4|location=|date=Fall/Winter 2009|page=466}}</ref>) ** {{desc|grk-pro|*auhḗr}} *** {{desc|grc|ᾱ̓ήρ}} ***: 多利亞希臘語：{{l|grc|ἀβήρ}} ***: 伊歐里斯希臘語：{{l|grc|αὐήρ}} ***: 愛奧尼亞希臘語：{{l|grc|ἠήρ}} **** {{desc|grc|ἦρι|t=清晨，一大早|der=1|unc=1}}（< 方位格 ''*h₂éws-r-i''或''*h₂ews-ér-i''，对比{{l|grc|ἠέριος|t=隨著清晨}}）（除非 < {{m|ine-pro|*h₂éyeri}}） **** {{desc|grc|αὔριον|der=1}}（< 方位格 ''*h₂éws-r-i-om''） ***** {{desc|el|αύριο}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂wōs-r-ih₂}}？（或''*wōsris''；或者派生自{{m|ine-pro|*wósr̥|t=春天}}） ** {{desc|cel-pro|*wāris}}（或''*wā(s)rī''） *** {{desc|mga|fáir}} *** {{desc|cy|gwawr}}（< ''*wā(s)rā''） * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂éws ~ *h₂us-és}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Húš}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Húṣ}} **** {{desc|sa|उष्|tr=úṣ|t=黎明}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂éws-ti-s ~ *h₂us-téy-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*Húštiš}} *** {{desc|inc-pro|*Húṣṭiṣ}} **** {{desc|sa|व्युष्टि|tr=vyùṣṭi|der=1|t=黎明的第一縷曙光，破曉}} {{qual|与{{m|sa|वि-|t=周圍，大約}}复合}} * 未分類构词： ** {{desc|lv|ausma|t=黎明}} *** {{desc|lv|Ausma|der=1}} ** {{desc|ine-toc-pro|*wi̯äsā|t=黄金}}<ref>{{R:txb:Adams 2013|head=yasa|pages=524–525}}</ref> *** {{desc|xto|wäs}} *** {{desc|txb|yasā}} **** {{desc|txb|yasna|der=1|unc=1}} *** {{desc|urj-pro|*waśke|t=銅，黃銅|bor=1|unc=1}}<ref name="M&A">{{R:ine:Mallory 2006|head=Metals|passage=*''hₐewes-''|page=241}}</ref><ref group=註>或分别由後原始烏拉爾語借至原始芬蘭-薩米-莫爾多維亞語{{m|urj-pro|*waśke}}、{{cog|urj-ugr-pro|*waś|t=金屬，鐵}}和{{cog|syd-pro|*wesä|t=金屬，鐵}}。</ref>{{see desc}} =====註釋===== {{reflist|group=註}} ===参考资料=== <references/> ===词根=== {{ine-root}}<ref name="Beekes_1">{{R:grc:Beekes|head=αὔω 2|page=175}}</ref><ref name="De vaan_1">{{R:itc:EDL|head=hauriō, -īre|page=281}}</ref><ref name="Kroonen_1">{{R:gem:EDPG|head=*ausan-|page=43}}</ref><ref name="Matasovich_1">{{R:cel:EDPC|head=*awsetlo-|page=48}}</ref> # [[汲]]水，[[舀]]起 ====派生词==== {{PIE root see}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-e-ti}} ** {{desc|gem-pro|*ausaną|t=舀}}{{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ye-ti}} ** {{desc|itc-pro|*auzjō}} *** {{desc|la|hauriō|t=汲取，舀取}}{{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-e-ti}}或{{l|ine-pro||*h₂ews-ye-ti}} ** {{desc|grk-pro||unc=1}} *** {{desc|grc|αὔω}} *** {{desc|gmy|𐀢𐀨𐀄𐀵𐀫|ts=puraustrō|der=1}} * {{l|ine-pro||*h₂us-}}<ref name="Beekes_2">{{R:grc:Beekes|head=ἀφύσσω|page=180}}</ref> ** {{desc|grk-pro|}} *** {{desc|grc|ἀφύσσω|alt=(ἀφ)ύσσω|t=汲取或舀取液體|der=1}} * 未分類构词： ** {{desc|ine-ana-pro|-}} *** {{desc|plq|𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫|tr=ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-an-ta|ts=hussīnta, ḫuššīnanta|t=他們為自己取水；祭品，尤指奠酒}} ** {{desc|cel-pro|*awsetlo-}}或{{l|cel-pro|*awselo-||肉叉}} {{qual|可能}} *** {{desc|sga|aél|unc=1}}（或来自古英语{{l|ang|awul}}） ===参考资料=== <references/> kgowgujwuyz93048xroi9h4od0hf8b2 0 1912570 7267353 2022-07-20T13:46:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|sporządzić|-ać}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-sporządzać.ogg}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=sporządzić}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[準備]]；[[製作]] # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[起草]]；[[擬定]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai-am,asz|sporządza|pp}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} s4yvyerwnec2dl4krj39woteqqvgbnv 0 1912571 7267354 2022-07-20T13:47:17Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|s-|porządzić}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-sporządzić.ogg}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=p|impf=sporządzać}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[準備]]；[[製作]] # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[起草]]；[[擬定]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ap|sporządzić|sporządzę|sporządzi|sporządzą|sporządzi|sporządzi|sporządzi|sporządź|pp=sporządzon|pp2=sporządzeni|ap=sporządziwszy|ip=sporządzono|vn=sporządzenie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} g1epzlza6501p9tacmk67r75be2zac3 10 1912572 7267355 2022-07-20T13:47:47Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cite-book|<!-- -->|last=Mallory<!-- -->|first=J. P.<!-- -->|authorlink=en:J. P. Mallory<!-- -->|coauthors=[[w:en:Douglas Q. Adams|Adams, D. Q.]]<!-- -->|entry={{{head|{{{2|}}}}}}<!-- -->|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World<!-- -->|trans-title=牛津原始印歐語和原始印歐語世界導論<!-- -->|location=New York<!-- -->|publisher=Oxford University Press<!-- -->|year=2006<!-- -->|page={{{page|{{{1|}}}}}}<!-- -->|pages={{{pages|}}}<!-- -->|passage={{{passage|}}}<!-- -->|isbn=978-0199296682<!-- -->|series=Oxford Linguistics<!-- -->}}<noinclude>[[Category:原始印欧语参考模板|Mallory 2006]]</noinclude> bqsiqh1t1meaqqyh4bvw2v1h0weqco3 0 1912573 7267356 2022-07-20T13:48:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|kompletny|-ie}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-kompletnie.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # [[完全]] #: {{syn|pl|bez reszty|całkowicie|do cna|do spodu|do szczętu|doszczętnie|na sto procent|zupełnie}} #: {{ant|pl|częściowo}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|kompletny}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} g8fvgaphl4yffvs9kg3gsddn0fcazd5 0 1912574 7267357 2022-07-20T13:48:49Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 字面意思為“沒有改變”。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-bez reszty.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-|head=[[bez]] [[reszta|reszty]]}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[完全]]，[[百分百]] #: {{syn|pl|całkowicie|do cna|do spodu|do szczętu|doszczętnie|kompletnie|na sto procent|zupełnie}} #: {{ant|pl|częściowo}} #: {{uxi|pl|Jestem '''bez reszty''' po Twojej stronie.|我'''肯定'''站在你這邊。}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ib60u701w9yi6ccvfp2odmazbet594p 0 1912575 7267358 2022-07-20T13:49:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 可能是方言{{m|pl|[[do kna]], [[do knu]]}}的變體，源自棄用詞{{m|pl|[[kien]], [[kień]]||樹樁；樹幹}}，源自{{der|pl|sla-pro|[[*kъnъ]], [[*kъnь]]}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-do cna.wav}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[完全]] #: {{syn|pl|bez reszty|całkowicie|do spodu|do szczętu|doszczętnie|kompletnie|na sto procent|zupełnie}} #: {{ant|pl|częściowo}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=動詞| [[knuć]] {{g|impf}} }} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|knieja|knowanie|konar}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 91ns3q8p6b8ckauiv2zr3sajlyxrj78 0 1912576 7267359 2022-07-20T13:50:25Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|do-szczętu|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-do szczętu.wav}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-|haed=[[do]] [[szczęt]]u}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[完全]]，[[絕對]] #: {{syn|pl|bez reszty|całkowicie|do cna|do spodu|doszczętnie|kompletnie|na sto procent|zupełnie}} #: {{ant|pl|częściowo}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|doszczętny}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=副詞|doszczętnie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} f2qhgzr5mhpnv601fy7zy8m04dc8pmb 0 1912577 7267360 2022-07-20T13:51:05Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|doszczętny|-ie}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|do'szczęt.nie|a=Pl-doszczętnie.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # [[徹底]]，[[完全]] #: {{syn|pl|bez reszty|całkowicie|do cna|do spodu|do szczętu|kompletnie|na sto procent|zupełnie}} #: {{ant|pl|częściowo}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|doszczętny}} {{col3|pl|title=副詞|do szczętu}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} qm4nvduzbgpzdw3abibl3ql3dps34s5 0 1912578 7267361 2022-07-20T13:51:20Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|'orses}} ==康沃爾語== ===名词=== {{head|kw|名詞複數形式|g=m-p}} # {{plural of|kw|ors||熊}} ---- ==奧克語== ===名詞=== {{head|oc|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|oc|ors}} soz5yjx0sbr281krzkzrtj6djrgn7e1 0 1912579 7267362 2022-07-20T13:51:53Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|orses}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|'orse}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eorss|Roses|roses|rosés|sores}} fnkhqw0qtascbx0m8vbb9fri09z4hgf 0 1912580 7267363 2022-07-20T13:52:06Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|do szczętu|-ny}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|do'szczęt.ny|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-doszczętny.wav}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=doszczętnie}} # [[徹底]]的，[[廣泛]]的 #: {{syn|pl|całkowity|zupełny}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=副詞|do szczętu}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ap0nxsxoizy582r9fpaaz41cual39d7 0 1912581 7267364 2022-07-20T13:52:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-na sto procent.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[完全]] #: {{syn|pl|bez reszty|całkowicie|do cna|do spodu|do szczętu|doszczętnie|kompletnie|zupełnie}} #: {{ant|pl|częściowo}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞}} # {{lb|pl|口语|idiomatic}} [[肯定]]，[[絕對]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na bank|na mur beton|na pewno|z pewnością}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 21viyy7vh24i873b5cr5m6ae4ntdysf 0 1912582 7267365 2022-07-20T13:53:15Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-częściowo.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # [[部分]]地 #: {{ant|pl|bez reszty|całkowicie|do cna|do spodu|do szczętu|doszczętnie|kompletnie|na sto procent|zupełnie}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|część}} {{col3|pl|częściowy}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} rkinlfsetxy20g10bi1ekjvrj5jy4l1 0 1912583 7267366 2022-07-20T13:54:10Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|całki|-ity}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-całkowity.ogg}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=całkowicie}} # [[徹底]]的，[[完全]]的 # {{lb|pl|mathematics|relational}} [[整數]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|liczba całkowita}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} cqe7d0ndqjvvr6xmnb5lmq0r75e678s 0 1912584 7267367 2022-07-20T13:54:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== {{wikipedia|lang=pl}} ===词源=== 字面意思為“完全數”。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-liczba całkowita.ogg}} ===名词=== {{head|pl|名詞|g=f|head=[[liczba]] [[całkowity|całkowita]]}} # {{lb|pl|mathematics}} [[整數]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-phrase|f|adj}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} q7twsexmngbc1dwjpu2dhdwyroihhk3 0 1912585 7267368 2022-07-20T13:55:01Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|orse}} ==英语== ===词源=== 方言中缺少[[w:清聲門擦音|清聲門擦音]]{{IPAchar|[h]|lang=en}}的說話者對''[[horse]]''的發音的表示。 ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{pronunciation spelling of|en|horse}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eors|EROS|Eros|ROEs|Roes|Rose|eros|ores|roes|rose|rosé|sero-|sore|öres}} phznjnnuw78vht2cncjqekwx7q5jom1 0 1912586 7267369 2022-07-20T13:55:31Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-całki.wav}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|pl|波茲南}} [[完全]]的；[[完整]]的 #: {{syn|pl|cały|cołki}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ===名词=== {{head|pl|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{inflection of|pl|całka||gen|s|;|nom//acc//voc|p}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} gzwhe89k6dbnpw85r1m8vv8fxw6oroz 0 1912587 7267370 2022-07-20T13:56:09Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|całką}} ==波兰语== {{wikipedia|lang=pl}} ===词源=== {{calque|pl|en|integral}}，源自{{affix|pl|cały|-ka}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-całka.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # {{lb|pl|數學}} [[積分]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|całkowy}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 5qalddbwvavi8nw8bifd9aahjuayef2 0 1912588 7267371 2022-07-20T13:56:31Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|całka|-owy}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-całkowy.wav}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|pl|mathematics|relational}} [[積分]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 5inwxw6r630ckx3wqerr5oh9ne68i0o 0 1912589 7267372 2022-07-20T13:57:57Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|pl|波茲南}} {{alternative form of|pl|całki}}。 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ---- ==西里西亞語== ===词源=== 源自{{der|szl|sla-pro|*cělъ}}。 ===形容词=== {{head|szl|形容詞}} # [[完全]]的；[[完整]]的 q7c4w0tnxw0tpjwev7w6xrbvnw1ctjk 0 1912590 7267373 2022-07-20T13:58:27Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|'orse}} ==英语== ===词源=== {{bor|en|la|}} ===副词=== {{en-adv|-}} # {{lb|en|法律|英國}} [[否則]] ===形容詞=== {{en-adj|-}} # {{lb|en|法律|英國}} [[別的]]，[[不同]]的，[[另外]]的 ===参考资料=== * ''Orse'', Joseph J. Whitaker, editor, ''An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord'', 1991. ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eors|EROS|Eros|ROEs|Roes|Rose|eros|ores|roes|rose|rosé|sero-|sore|öres}} ---- ==意大利语== ===名词=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|orsa}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|it|a=eors|-sore|Reso|reso|rose|rosé}} ---- ==拉丁语== ===分詞=== {{la-part-form|ōrse}} # {{inflection of|la|ōrsus||voc|m|s}} ---- ==塔倫蒂諾語== ===名詞=== {{head|roa-tar|名詞}} # [[熊]] ppvm8g38dq7t1jqjy8jlur5r5bn4fxc 0 1912591 7267374 2022-07-20T13:58:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|bez-cienia wątpliwości|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-bez cienia wątpliwości.wav}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞|head=[[bez]] [[cień|cienia]] [[wątpliwość|wątpliwości]]}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[毫無疑問]] #: {{syn|pl|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na bank|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent|z pewnością}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} r2i100qyl60208kan9v4z0lr7cn5j7w 0 1912592 7267375 2022-07-20T13:59:11Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|wątpliwy|-ość}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-wątpliwość.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # [[懷疑]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} r89ca97hcr1ptdyf660ifqmhxhs9n97 0 1912593 7267376 2022-07-20T13:59:28Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬爾他語== ===名词=== {{mt-noun-pl}} # {{plural of|mt|ors}} hoit313kt8cgxx5h51vt3u0bt76uzq0 0 1912594 7267377 2022-07-20T13:59:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-bez wątpienia.wav|bez-wątpienia}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞|head=[[bez]] [[wątpienie|wątpienia]]}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[無疑]]，[[毫無疑問]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na bank|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent|z pewnością}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 4nmhi1ng9k7o8gsokfml79whazia1xb 10 1912595 7267378 2022-07-20T14:00:00Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:mt-headword|show|名詞複數形式}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> hn11xo36d59ywm4kelmgyfrez0hsjf2 10 1912596 7267379 2022-07-20T14:00:20Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki <br> {{documentation subpage}} {{documentation needed}}<!-- Replace this with a short description of the purpose of the template, and how to use it. --> <includeonly> [[Category:馬爾他語標題行模板|noun plural]] </includeonly> 5ilwi344d03wbzfa1s5kk4wh3q859yz 0 1912597 7267380 2022-07-20T14:01:08Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 字面意思為“沒有兩個意見”。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-bez dwóch zdań.ogg}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞|head=[[bez]] [[dwa|dwóch]] [[zdanie|zdań]]}} # {{lb|pl|口语|idiomatic}} [[絕對]]，[[肯定]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na bank|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent|z pewnością}} #: {{uxi|pl|To jest '''bez dwóch zdań''' najlepsza restauracja.|這'''絕對'''是最好的餐館。}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} e1t8ul4lu7uwsz5lfce9bsosy3cr5ew 0 1912598 7267381 2022-07-20T14:02:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{inh+|pl|sla-pro|*kъněja}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-knieja.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # [[廣闊]]而[[茂密]]的[[森林]] # 大[[漁網]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f|genp=kniei/kniej}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|kniejówka}} {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|kniejowy}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} * {{R:wsource|pl|Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego/knieja}} {{C|pl|捕魚|森林}} 4rrsuo5s548fm6pav0itomj2gc32jl0 106 1912599 7267382 2022-07-20T14:03:13Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{rhymes nav|fr|ɔ|-}} ==发音== * {{IPAchar|/-ɔ/}} * 在比利時之外和其他一些地區的口音，這些詞也押{{IPAchar|/o/}}韻。 ==押韵== ===单音节=== * {{l|fr|broc}}, {{l|fr|brocs}} * {{l|fr|croc}}, {{l|fr|crocs}} * {{l|fr|lot}}, {{l|fr|lots}} * {{l|fr|mot}}, {{l|fr|mots}} * {{l|fr|pot}}, {{l|fr|pots}} * {{l|fr|sot}}, {{l|fr|sots}} * {{l|fr|trop}} * {{l|fr|trot}}, {{l|fr|trots}} ===双音节=== * {{l|fr|accroc}}, {{l|fr|accrocs}} * {{l|fr|capot}}, {{l|fr|capots}} * {{l|fr|escroc}}, {{l|fr|escrocs}} * {{l|fr|galop}}, {{l|fr|galops}} * {{l|fr|idiot}}, {{l|fr|idiots}} * {{l|fr|raccroc}} * {{l|fr|sirop}}, {{l|fr|sirops}} 8b47turs5jf3d1b1hbc95i59f4fnms5 0 1912600 7267383 2022-07-20T14:03:27Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|knować|-anie}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-knowanie.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|n}} # {{verbal noun of|pl|knować}} # [[陰謀]]；[[計劃]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-n}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=動詞|knować}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} q94pg1shso01cicrwvjzincsnghjyr6 0 1912601 7267384 2022-07-20T14:04:29Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自早期的{{m|pl|knować}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-knuć.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=uknuć}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[謀劃]]；[[密謀]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai|knuć|knuję|knuje|knują|knu|knu|knu|knuj|pp=knut|pp2=knuci|ip=knuto|vn=knucie}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=動詞|knować}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|knowanie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 2o466lqqbjue4r50i2de6qbllv46xrh 0 1912602 7267385 2022-07-20T14:04:52Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|u-|knuć}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|'u.knuć|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-uknuć.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=p|impf=knuć}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[謀劃]]；[[密謀]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ap|uknuć|uknuję|uknuje|uknują|uknu|uknu|uknu|uknuj|pp=uknut|pp2=uknuci|ip=uknuto|ap=uknuwszy|vn=uknucie}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=動詞|knować}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|knowanie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} rcv11k2s7j3wgwzphatq3edthw2brx8 0 1912603 7267386 2022-07-20T14:05:36Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{unk|pl|不確定}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|'wąt.pić|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-wątpić.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=zwątpić}} # {{lb|pl|不及物}} [[懷疑]] #: {{ant|pl|ufać}} ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai-ić|wąt|p|imp=wątp}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|wątpliwość}} {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|wątpliwy}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|zwątpienie}} {{col3|pl|title=副詞|wątpliwie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} s0ls1ykln4exzhgc8gs54rcrglymdb2 0 1912604 7267387 2022-07-20T14:06:06Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|z-|wątpić}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|'zwąt.pić|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-zwątpić.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=p|impf=wątpić}} # {{lb|pl|不及物}} [[懷疑]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ap-ić|zwąt|p|imp=zwątp}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|zwątpienie}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|wątpliwość}} {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|wątpliwy}} {{col3|pl|title=副詞|wątpliwie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 5ahvwjlynuxp082nt09hh95glx0hclf 0 1912605 7267388 2022-07-20T14:06:59Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 字面意思為“如同無一般”。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-jak nic.wav}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞}} # {{lb|pl|口语|idiomatic}} [[絕對]]，[[肯定]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|na bank|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent|z pewnością}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} rcr54dt5leauu9yvyc3abbh4hccka7h 0 1912606 7267389 2022-07-20T14:08:21Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 字面意思為“在銀行；到銀行”。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-na bank.ogg}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞}} # {{lb|pl|口语|idiomatic}} [[絕對]]，[[肯定]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|bankowo|jak nic|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent|z pewnością}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} bvw2a0whdh8bmqwsgceed6nl6x50k1q 0 1912607 7267390 2022-07-20T14:09:02Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|bankowy|-o}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-bankowo.wav}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # {{lb|pl|口语}} [[絕對]]，[[肯定]] #: {{syn|pl|na bank|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent|z pewnością}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bank|bankowość|bankier|bankierka}} {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|bankowy}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} avdxpknouetxjg4tcb9ajkzktcfx3ov 0 1912608 7267391 2022-07-20T14:10:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|napewno}} ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-na pewno.ogg}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[絕對]]，[[肯定]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na bank|na mur beton|na sto procent|z pewnością}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} hs6yngcgibj4q45gwpl3m6awebajjxa 0 1912609 7267392 2022-07-20T14:11:41Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|z-pewnością|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-z pewnością.wav}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞|head=[[z]] [[pewność|pewnością]]}} # {{lb|pl|口语|idiomatic}} [[絕對]]，[[肯定]] #: {{syn|pl|bez cienia wątpliwości|bez wątpienia|bez dwóch zdań|jak amen w pacierzu|jak nic|na bank|na mur beton|na pewno|na sto procent}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} hw14ee6elfcoyrgem59xmvvz0787zjy 0 1912610 7267393 2022-07-20T14:11:54Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|bank|-owy}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-bankowy.ogg}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|pl|relational}} [[銀行]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=副詞|bankowo}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bankowość}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bank|bankier|bankierka}} {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|bankierski}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 2gp007dkhzqliphq22ajv3628gw2cye 0 1912611 7267394 2022-07-20T14:12:49Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|bankier|-ski}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-bankierski.wav}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|pl|relational}} [[銀行家]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bank|bankier|bankierka|bankierowa|bankierówna|bankierstwo}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 4b1q2ymhgifet3u17xftl0ahpyq6li1 0 1912612 7267395 2022-07-20T14:13:31Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|bankier|-stwo}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-bankierstwo.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|n}} # [[銀行家]][[身份]] # {{lb|pl|literary}} [[銀行家]] {{gl|整體}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-n|tantum=s}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|bankierski}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bank|bankier|bankierka|bankierowa|bankierówna}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|集體|銀行}} ovanq4nqklfs42ffddv03eoy92ommbn 0 1912613 7267396 2022-07-20T14:14:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|bankierówną}} ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|bankier|-ówna}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # {{lb|pl|不常用}} [[銀行家]]的[[女兒]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f|genp=bankierówien}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|bankierski}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bank|bankier|bankierka|bankierowa|bankierstwo}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} iykkyfa5yzt6dlynv2mkbgtv4u42nmt 0 1912614 7267397 2022-07-20T14:15:41Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Bankier}} ==荷兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|nl|dum|banckier}}，源自{{der|nl|frm|banquier}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|nl|/bɑŋˈkiːr/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-bankier.ogg|音频}} * {{hyphenation|nl|ban|kier}} * {{rhymes|nl|iːr}} ===名词=== {{nl-noun|m|-s|bankiertje}} # [[銀行家]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|nl|bankieren}} * {{l|nl|bankiershuis}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|af|bankier}} ===异序词=== * {{l|nl|baker in}}、{{l|nl|inbaker}} [[Category:荷蘭語 職業]] ---- ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{bor+|pl|fr|banquier}}或{{bor|pl|de|Bankier}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-bankier.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|m-pr|f=bankierka}} # {{lb|pl|banking}} [[銀行家]] # {{lb|pl|gambling}} [[莊家]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-pr}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|bankierski}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bankierowa|bankierówna|bankierstwo}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|bank}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 2r3lbo1ilz1zfhg60bsxlyiv5ef2l3c 0 1912615 7267398 2022-07-20T14:16:30Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|pewny|-ość}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-pewność.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # [[確認]]；[[信心]] #: {{syn|pl|ufność|zaufanie|wiara}} #: {{ant|pl|niepewność}} ====用法说明==== * 一般只用單數。 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} hfcl09v46frwbw5sobpkiv3qv7e85gq 0 1912616 7267399 2022-07-20T14:16:55Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|ufny|-ość}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-ufność.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # [[信任]]，[[信心]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} kmzz9ysg3p78cyyab8zpgbqt8lmazfb 0 1912617 7267400 2022-07-20T14:17:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|niepewny|-ość}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-niepewność.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # [[不確定]] #: {{ant|pl|pewność}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} tm9uwyhzotj33f81x4a0tj1t9ksmq7s 0 1912618 7267401 2022-07-20T14:17:58Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|nie-|pewny}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-niepewny.ogg}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|bardziej|adv=niepewnie}} # [[不確定]]的 # 難以[[信任]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|niepewnie|niepewność}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} mi66sdxom56t8zmxx57bya0tvifry9d 0 1912619 7267402 2022-07-20T14:18:26Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|niepewny|-ie}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-niepewnie.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|bardziej}} # [[不確定]]地 # [[猶豫]]地 ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|niepewny}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} euujlre6bkb58qdos87upuh2dkqp1o7 0 1912620 7267403 2022-07-20T14:19:15Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|pl|pewien}} ===词源=== {{inh+|pl|sla-pro|*pъvьnъ}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-pewny.ogg}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|pewniejszy|adv=pewnie|adv2=pewno}} # [[確定]]的，[[肯定]]的 #: {{ant|pl|niepewny}} # 可[[信賴]]的 # 有[[把握]]的，有[[信心]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|pewny siebie}} {{col3|pl|title=助詞|na pewno}} {{col3|pl|title=名詞|pewniak|pewnik|pewność|zapewnienie}} {{col3|pl|title=動詞| [[upewniać]] {{g|impf}}, [[upewnić]] {{g|pf}}| [[zapewniać]] {{g|impf}}, [[zapewnić]] {{g|pf}} }} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} qy67tmojlqkk7o4qctoa651emii14tq 0 1912621 7267404 2022-07-20T14:20:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pewny siebie.wav}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|-|adv=-}} # [[自信]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} k2o93i3teimt47o366joefpa14wn18z 0 1912622 7267405 2022-07-20T14:20:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-siebie.ogg}} ===代詞=== {{head|pl|代詞}} # {{non-gloss definition|反身代詞：}} [[自己]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-generic|heads=單數及複數 |– |[[się]]/siebie |[[sobie]]/[[se]] |[[się]]/siebie |[[sobą]] |[[sobie]]/[[se]] |– }} ===参见=== * {{l|pl|się}}、{{l|pl|sam}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} s8g6nl0rx994ceulxdy9lkmt62qmgua 10 1912623 7267406 2022-07-20T14:21:14Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<includeonly/>#invoke:pl-noun|template_decl_generic|subst=<includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly>substcheck<includeonly>}}</includeonly>}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> sqsz823bgct9fwl4b0v9mr97up2hk2z 0 1912624 7267407 2022-07-20T14:22:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-pewien.ogg}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|bardziej|adv=-}} # [[肯定]]的，[[確定]]的 #: {{uxi|pl|Nie jestem '''pewien'''.|我不'''確定'''。}} #: {{syn|pl|pewny}} # {{lb|pl|不可比}} [[特定]]的，[[某]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto|pewny|nom_m_sg=pewien}} ===代詞=== {{head|pl|代詞}} # [[某]]個 #: {{syn|pl|jakiś}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto|pewny|nom_m_sg=pewien}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 6ylvwfe7rn2o5b1wjmz2lncaydrcbeq 10 1912625 7267408 2022-07-20T14:25:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<includeonly/>#invoke:pl-noun|template_decl_pronoun|subst=<includeonly>{{subst:</includeonly>substcheck<includeonly>}}</includeonly>}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> lze1arz3kcfopnbevhv7ozx1y74g9yw 0 1912626 7267409 2022-07-20T14:26:24Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|jaki|-ś}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-jakiś.ogg}} ===代詞=== {{head|pl|代詞|g=m|陰性|jakaś|中性|jakieś|複數|jacyś|或|jakieś}} # [[某]]（{{non-gloss|無定指}}） #: {{syn|pl|pewien}} #: {{ux|pl|W ogrodzie widziałem '''jakieś''' zwierzę.|我在園子裡看見'''一個'''動物（但不知道是什麼東西）。}} #: {{ux|pl|Jeśli będziesz w sklepie, to kup '''jakąś''' herbatę.|你如果要去商店，買'''點'''茶回來（什麼茶都行）。}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-pronoun |jakiś|jakaś|jakieś|jacyś|jakieś |jakiegoś|jakiejś|jakiegoś|jakichś|jakichś |jakiemuś|jakiejś|jakiemuś|jakimś|jakimś |jakiegoś/jakiś|jakąś|jakieś|jakichś|jakieś |jakimś|jakąś|jakimś|jakimiś|jakimiś |jakimś|jakiejś|jakimś|jakichś|jakichś }} 賓格形式 {{m|pl|jakiegoś}} 用於陽性個人及動物名詞，{{m|pl|jakiś}} 則用於陽性非動物名詞。 ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 26mnr2qr3fm72tjhtg0pcu02x172b97 0 1912627 7267410 2022-07-20T14:50:01Z P1ayer 5118 新詞條 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ふゆ|し|たく|k2=じ|y=k,o2}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ふゆじたく}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ふゆじたく}} # 為[[過冬]]做準備。 ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|ふゆじたく}} # 為[[過冬]]做準備。 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|ふゆじたく}} 24fkshw6ikdn46z3pdgua88r8wv5y5a 7267412 7267410 2022-07-20T15:00:32Z P1ayer 5118 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ふゆ|し|たく|k2=じ|y=k,o2}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|冬|ふゆ|支度|したく|t1=冬天|t2=準備}} 的組詞。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ふゆじたく}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ふゆじたく}} # 為[[過冬]]做準備。 ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|ふゆじたく}} # 為[[過冬]]做準備。 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|ふゆじたく}} o15ob88e2uv5a0bys8y8bcfl7w0y6tz 828 1912628 7267415 2022-07-20T15:06:37Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki 實現[[Template:pl-pronunciation]]；国际音标生成依赖[[Module:pl-IPA]]。 <includeonly> [[Category:波蘭語模塊|pronunciation]] [[Category:發音模塊]] </includeonly> df58dsm3oll43gj8tw3l6q97tmqn2c7 828 1912629 7267416 2022-07-20T15:08:38Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki 本模塊由{{temp|pl-IPA}}调用，用于生成波蘭語词语的国际音标發音。 另见：[[Module:pl-IPA/testcases]]。 {{module cat}} jcycvlkdh6pwiq218vg7e1twi4textk 828 1912630 7267417 2022-07-20T15:11:02Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 Scribunto text/plain local tests = require('Module:UnitTests') local m_IPA = require("Module:pl-IPA") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("pl") local function tag_IPA(IPA) return '<span class="IPA">' .. IPA .. '</span>' end local options = { display = tag_IPA } function tests:check_ipa(word, expected, respelling) self:equals( require("Module:links").full_link({ term = word, lang = lang }, nil, true) .. (respelling and ("（重拼為" .. respelling .. "）") or ""), m_IPA.convert_to_IPA(respelling or word), expected, options ) end function tests:test_ipa() local examples = { { 'klacz', 'klat͡ʂ' }, { 'odrzut', 'ˈɔd.ʐut' }, { 'zupa', 'ˈzu.pa' }, { 'przeżytek', 'pʂɛˈʐɨ.tɛk' }, { 'awers', 'ˈa.vɛrs' }, { 'abażur', 'aˈba.ʐur' }, { 'haczyk', 'ˈxa.t͡ʂɨk' }, { 'różdżka', 'ˈruʂ.t͡ʂka' }, { 'będąc', 'ˈbɛn.dɔnt͡s' }, { 'względnie', 'ˈvzɡlɛn.dɲɛ' }, { 'łódka', 'ˈwut.ka' }, { 'także', 'ˈtaɡ.ʐɛ' }, { 'jakby', 'ˈjaɡ.bɨ' }, { 'krzak', 'kʂak' }, { 'odtworzyć', 'ɔtˈtfɔ.ʐɨt͡ɕ' }, { 'dach domu', 'daɣ ˈdɔ.mu' }, { 'liść zielony', 'liʑd͡ʑ ʑɛˈlɔ.nɨ' }, { 'kawka', 'ˈkaf.ka' }, { 'wybór', 'ˈvɨ.bur' }, { 'rząd', 'ʐɔnt' }, { 'wagary', 'vaˈɡa.rɨ' }, { 'afrykański', 'af.rɨˈkaɲ.ski' }, { 'kwazinorma', 'kfa.ziˈnɔr.ma', 'kwaz-inorma' }, { 'naukowiec', 'na.uˈkɔ.vjɛt͡s', 'na-ukowiec' }, { 'dżawa', 'ˈd͡ʐa.va' }, { 'klechda', 'ˈklɛɣ.da' }, { 'zaawansowany', 'za.a.van.sɔˈva.nɨ' }, { 'powstrzymać', 'pɔfˈstʂɨ.mat͡ɕ' }, { 'babski', 'ˈbap.ski' }, { 'przeświadczyć', 'pʂɛˈɕfjat.t͡ʂɨt͡ɕ', 'przeˈświad.czyć' }, { 'suchokwiat', 'suˈxɔk.fjat' }, { 'zewnętrzny', 'zɛvˈnɛn.tʂnɨ' }, { 'nie od razu Rzym zbudowano', 'ɲɛ ɔdˈra.zu ʐɨm zbu.dɔˈva.nɔ', 'nie od-razu Rzym zbudowano' }, { 'natura ciągnie wilka do lasu', 'naˈtu.ra ˈt͡ɕɔŋ.ɡɲɛ ˈvil.ka dɔ ˈla.su' }, { 'ugryźć się w język', 'ˈuɡ.rɨɕt͡ɕ ɕɛ ˈvjɛw̃.zɨk', 'ugryźć się w-język' }, { 'bank', 'baŋk' }, { 'okienko', 'ɔˈkjɛŋ.kɔ' }, { 'panienka', 'paˈɲɛŋ.ka' }, { 'bolonka', 'bɔˈlɔŋ.ka' }, { 'chemikalia', 'xɛ.miˈka.lja' }, { 'zagłębić', 'zaˈɡwɛm.bit͡ɕ', 'zaˈɡłę.bić' }, { 'postępować', 'pɔ.stɛmˈpɔ.vat͡ɕ', 'po.stęˈpo.wać' }, { 'partia', 'ˈpar.tja', }, { 'Holandia', 'xɔˈlan.dja' }, { 'radio', 'ˈra.djɔ' }, { 'ankieta', 'aŋˈkjɛ.ta' }, { 'szankier', 'ˈʂaŋ.kjɛr' }, { 'wąchać', 'ˈvɔw̃.xat͡ɕ' }, { 'węch', 'vɛw̃x' }, { 'szklanki', 'ˈʂklaŋ.ki' }, { 'slangi', 'ˈslaŋ.ɡi' }, { 'wziął', 'vʑɔw' }, { 'wzięli', 'ˈvʑɛ.li' }, { 'ciął', 't͡ɕɔw' }, { 'cięli', 'ˈt͡ɕɛ.li' }, { 'zgiął', 'zɡjɔw' }, { 'zgięli', 'ˈzɡjɛ.li' }, { 'objawić', 'ɔbˈja.vit͡ɕ' }, { 'grałybyśmy', 'ˈɡra.wɨ.bɨɕ.mɨ' }, { 'grałbym', 'ˈɡraw.bɨm' }, { 'rynsztok', 'ˈrɨn.ʂtɔk' }, { 'sens', 'sɛns' }, { 'enzym', 'ˈɛn.zɨm' }, { 'instytut', 'inˈstɨ.tut' }, } self:iterate(examples, "check_ipa") end return tests 4reb450qkxldjuf48a2py6wb5gu5czs 828 1912631 7267418 2022-07-20T15:11:48Z GnolizX 63671 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:pl-IPA/testcases|run_tests}} <includeonly> [[Category:發音模塊測試用例]] </includeonly> n49s8xt0kjwkd7t2vvum6yhwv3hglpm 14 1912632 7267419 2022-07-20T15:13:36Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:模塊單元測試]] [[Category:發音模塊]] 5vi2h909c6oxdhb6z12zwa2esvfbiwf 14 1912633 7267420 2022-07-20T15:14:27Z GnolizX 63671 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 1912634 7267425 2022-07-20T16:24:32Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{ja-see|支度}} bmwtle967l3aji0ghz94h85lf4u8rts 0 1912635 7267428 2022-07-20T16:25:14Z Fglffer 55252 Fglffer移动页面[[轻松]]至[[輕鬆]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[輕鬆]] 90le4hxahxwfqe9b5kmqpqlh8dc9nlg 0 1912636 7267433 2022-07-20T16:48:20Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== {{m|en|shoot-'em-up}}的发音缩约。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ʃmʌp/}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌp|s=1}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{lb|en|video games|俚语}} [[枪战]][[游戏]] #* {{quote-book|en|year=2005|author=Simon Carless|title=Gaming Hacks|passage=Highlights include the great-looking '''shmup''' ''Judgement Silversword''.}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=2005|author=Raph Koster|title=A Theory of Fun for Game Design|passage=''Galaga'' was probably the most influential of all of these because it added bonus levels and the power-up, a concept that has become standard in every '''shmup'''.}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=hmpsu|humps|phums|sumph}} {{C|en|電子遊戲類型}} dnlf3g7ygztfxo9xwmfkzbvqkj6wech 7267436 7267433 2022-07-20T16:51:39Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== {{m|en|shoot 'em up}}的发音缩约。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|en|/ʃmʌp/}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌp|s=1}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{lb|en|video games|俚语}} [[枪战]][[游戏]] #* {{quote-book|en|year=2005|author=Simon Carless|title=Gaming Hacks|passage=Highlights include the great-looking '''shmup''' ''Judgement Silversword''.}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=2005|author=Raph Koster|title=A Theory of Fun for Game Design|passage=''Galaga'' was probably the most influential of all of these because it added bonus levels and the power-up, a concept that has become standard in every '''shmup'''.}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=hmpsu|humps|phums|sumph}} {{C|en|電子遊戲類型}} punl92tjnigghnelb51h9vnr8pbf11p 0 1912637 7267434 2022-07-20T16:49:49Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|shoot-em-up|shoot 'em up}} ==英语== ===名词=== {{en-noun|head=[[shoot]]-[['em|’em]]-[[up]]}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|shoot 'em up}} #* '''1988''', ''CRASH'' magazine (issue 50) #*: Mix together a '''shoot-’em-up''', a collect-’em-up and a maze game, add sundry reaction tests to taste and you’ve got a tasty game indeed. bjk4o5rwo1ny9sez5b1lvtlz8n8n3lo 0 1912638 7267435 2022-07-20T16:51:18Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|shoot-'em-up|shoot-em-up}} ==英语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|en|shoot-em-up}}、{{l|en|shoot-'em-up}}、{{l|en|shoot them up}} ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-shoot 'em up.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===名词=== {{en-noun|head=[[shoot]] [['em|’em]] [[up]]}} # {{lb|en|习语|影视|电视|文学|电子游戏}} [[枪战]]多的[[作品]]，以枪战为主题的作品 #: ''My wife won't watch this movie; it's a '''shoot ’em up'''.'' #* '''1983''', ''Popular Mechanics'' (volume 160, number 2, August 1983, page 88) #*: The arcaders have it easy. All they need to do is drop a quarter into a machine to find out how good the latest '''shoot 'em up''' game really is. But for the home computer owner, it's another story. #* '''1989''', Duncan Macdonald, ''R-Type'' (video game review) in ''Your Sinclair'' issue 37, January 1989 #*: An unmissable '''shoot 'em up'''. ====近义词==== * {{sense|电子游戏类型}} {{l|en|shmup}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|cute-'em-up}} ===参见=== * {{l|en|beat 'em up}} {{cln|en|縮約形}} {{C|en|電子遊戲類型}} 7nq0yckife2iirad9dsyh2odqaxfphf 0 1912639 7267437 2022-07-20T16:52:03Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|shoot-'em-up|shoot 'em up}} ==英语== ===名词=== {{en-noun|head=[[shoot]][[-]][[em]][[-]][[up]]}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|shoot 'em up}} si2ncm3jz84e4sdcttkue0xqf49mgx1 100 1912640 7267438 2022-07-20T16:53:24Z P1ayer 5118 新詞條 wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] 4qfselhdqd5r34muje6rqxdfzf5i39s 7267442 7267438 2022-07-20T16:57:40Z P1ayer 5118 /* 並列(並立) */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] icrth5n2crettkmq15uyhtt2e9ovry7 7267448 7267442 2022-07-20T17:18:18Z P1ayer 5118 /* 添加(累加・付加) */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] lj3qvspx3qj2nir56mp7ya4gimeoy8u 7267449 7267448 2022-07-20T17:28:56Z P1ayer 5118 /* 対比 */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} *{{ja-r|一方|いっぽう}} *{{ja-r|逆に|ぎゃくに}} *{{ja-r|その反面|そのはんめん}} *{{ja-r|それに対して|それにたいして}} *{{ja-r|対して|たいして}} *{{ja-r|他方|たほう}} *{{ja-r|反対に|はんたいに}} *{{ja-r|反面|はんめん}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] 0wwaf1xy7qdiip6bxs9cvf7yscv2f62 7267450 7267449 2022-07-20T17:45:06Z P1ayer 5118 /* 選択 */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} *{{ja-r|一方|いっぽう}} *{{ja-r|逆に|ぎゃくに}} *{{ja-r|その反面|そのはんめん}} *{{ja-r|それに対して|それにたいして}} *{{ja-r|対して|たいして}} *{{ja-r|他方|たほう}} *{{ja-r|反対に|はんたいに}} *{{ja-r|反面|はんめん}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} *{{ja-r|あるいは}} *{{ja-r|それとも}} *{{ja-r|他には|たには}} *{{ja-r|他にも|たにも}} *{{ja-r|ないしは}} *{{ja-r|または}} *{{ja-r|もしくは}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] krbki1enlwzxng7usaqnqtmh989m22l 7267451 7267450 2022-07-20T17:55:54Z P1ayer 5118 /* 説明 */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} 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qzjbed8s4h4962mgfenq47kko3ryuq1 7267452 7267451 2022-07-20T18:06:58Z P1ayer 5118 /* 補足 */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} *{{ja-r|一方|いっぽう}} *{{ja-r|逆に|ぎゃくに}} *{{ja-r|その反面|そのはんめん}} *{{ja-r|それに対して|それにたいして}} *{{ja-r|対して|たいして}} *{{ja-r|他方|たほう}} *{{ja-r|反対に|はんたいに}} *{{ja-r|反面|はんめん}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} *{{ja-r|あるいは}} *{{ja-r|それとも}} *{{ja-r|他には|たには}} *{{ja-r|他にも|たにも}} *{{ja-r|ないしは}} *{{ja-r|または}} *{{ja-r|もしくは}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} *{{ja-r|だって}} *{{ja-r|というのは}} *{{ja-r|というのも}} *{{ja-r|なぜかというと}} *{{ja-r|なぜなら}} *{{ja-r|なぜならば}} *{{ja-r|なにしろ}} *{{ja-r|なにせ}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} *{{ja-r|実のところ|じつのところ}} *{{ja-r|じつは}} *{{ja-r|実は言うと|じつはいうと}} *{{ja-r|そのかわり}} *{{ja-r|そもそも}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|ただし}} *{{ja-r|因みに|ちなみに}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|もっとも}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] c0toamcyaodct56ml0a0nzr1q0g8i4k 7267453 7267452 2022-07-20T18:19:44Z P1ayer 5118 使用[[WP:HOTCAT|HotCat]]已添加[[Category:日語連詞]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} *{{ja-r|一方|いっぽう}} *{{ja-r|逆に|ぎゃくに}} *{{ja-r|その反面|そのはんめん}} *{{ja-r|それに対して|それにたいして}} *{{ja-r|対して|たいして}} *{{ja-r|他方|たほう}} *{{ja-r|反対に|はんたいに}} *{{ja-r|反面|はんめん}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} *{{ja-r|あるいは}} *{{ja-r|それとも}} *{{ja-r|他には|たには}} *{{ja-r|他にも|たにも}} *{{ja-r|ないしは}} *{{ja-r|または}} *{{ja-r|もしくは}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} *{{ja-r|だって}} *{{ja-r|というのは}} *{{ja-r|というのも}} *{{ja-r|なぜかというと}} *{{ja-r|なぜなら}} *{{ja-r|なぜならば}} *{{ja-r|なにしろ}} *{{ja-r|なにせ}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} *{{ja-r|実のところ|じつのところ}} *{{ja-r|じつは}} *{{ja-r|実は言うと|じつはいうと}} *{{ja-r|そのかわり}} *{{ja-r|そもそも}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|ただし}} *{{ja-r|因みに|ちなみに}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|もっとも}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] [[Category:日語連詞]] kjzskcfb9l85e2ik0cdiqnyz0o9x9fz 7267454 7267453 2022-07-20T18:21:50Z P1ayer 5118 /* 結論 */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} *{{ja-r|一方|いっぽう}} *{{ja-r|逆に|ぎゃくに}} *{{ja-r|その反面|そのはんめん}} *{{ja-r|それに対して|それにたいして}} *{{ja-r|対して|たいして}} *{{ja-r|他方|たほう}} *{{ja-r|反対に|はんたいに}} *{{ja-r|反面|はんめん}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} *{{ja-r|あるいは}} *{{ja-r|それとも}} *{{ja-r|他には|たには}} *{{ja-r|他にも|たにも}} *{{ja-r|ないしは}} *{{ja-r|または}} *{{ja-r|もしくは}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top4|列挙}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} *{{ja-r|だって}} *{{ja-r|というのは}} *{{ja-r|というのも}} *{{ja-r|なぜかというと}} *{{ja-r|なぜなら}} *{{ja-r|なぜならば}} *{{ja-r|なにしろ}} *{{ja-r|なにせ}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} *{{ja-r|実のところ|じつのところ}} *{{ja-r|じつは}} *{{ja-r|実は言うと|じつはいうと}} *{{ja-r|そのかわり}} *{{ja-r|そもそも}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|ただし}} *{{ja-r|因みに|ちなみに}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|もっとも}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] [[Category:日語連詞|*]] rwfac2ylhpkmgrco8s1lrc3qa2za931 7267486 7267454 2022-07-21T02:03:54Z P1ayer 5118 wikitext text/x-wiki 日語的'''接続詞'''（Conjunction），在漢語又稱'''連詞'''或'''連接詞'''。是一種表達前後敘述關係的用詞。 {{wikipedia|接続詞|lang=ja}} ==種類== ===順接=== {{der-top4|順接}} *{{ja-r|このため}} *{{ja-r|さもないと}} *{{ja-r|したがって}} *{{ja-r|すると}} *{{ja-r|そうしたら}} *{{ja-r|そうしてみると}} *{{ja-r|そうしないと}} *{{ja-r|そうすると}} *{{ja-r|そうでないなら}} *{{ja-r|そうなると}} *{{ja-r|そうなれば}} *{{ja-r|そこで}} *{{ja-r|そのため}} *{{ja-r|それで}} *{{ja-r|それでは}} *{{ja-r|それなら}} *{{ja-r|それゆえに}} *{{ja-r|だから}} *{{ja-r|だとしたら}} *{{ja-r|だとすると}} *{{ja-r|だとすれば}} *{{ja-r|となると}} *{{ja-r|となれば}} *{{ja-r|ならば}} *{{ja-r|ゆえに}} *{{ja-r|よって}} {{der-bottom}} ===逆接=== {{der-top4|逆接}} *{{ja-r|が}} *{{ja-r|けど}} *{{ja-r|けれど}} *{{ja-r|けれども}} *{{ja-r|しかし}} *{{ja-r|しかしながら}} *{{ja-r|しかるに}} *{{ja-r|そうではあるが}} *{{ja-r|そうはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|そのくせ}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それでも}} *{{ja-r|それなのに}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|だが}} *{{ja-r|だけど}} *{{ja-r|だけども}} *{{ja-r|ですが}} *{{ja-r|ではあるが}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|でも}} *{{ja-r|ところが}} *{{ja-r|とはいうものの}} *{{ja-r|とはいえ}} *{{ja-r|なのに}} *{{ja-r|にもかかわらず}} *{{ja-r|のに}} *{{ja-r|ものの}} {{der-bottom}} ===並列(並立)=== {{der-top4|並列(並立)}} *{{ja-r|同じく|おなじく}} *{{ja-r|および}} *{{ja-r|かつ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|ならびに}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===添加(累加・付加)=== {{der-top4|添加(累加・付加)}} *{{ja-r|おまけに}} *{{ja-r|加えて|くわえて}} *{{ja-r|さらに}} *{{ja-r|しかも}} *{{ja-r|そして}} *{{ja-r|そのうえ}} *{{ja-r|それから}} *{{ja-r|それどころか}} *{{ja-r|それに}} *{{ja-r|それに加えて|それにくわえて}} *{{ja-r|それにしても}} *{{ja-r|そればかりか}} *{{ja-r|そればかりでなく}} *{{ja-r|ともあれ}} *{{ja-r|どころか}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|ひいては}} *{{ja-r|また}} {{der-bottom}} ===対比=== {{der-top4|対比}} *{{ja-r|一方|いっぽう}} *{{ja-r|逆に|ぎゃくに}} *{{ja-r|その反面|そのはんめん}} *{{ja-r|それに対して|それにたいして}} *{{ja-r|対して|たいして}} *{{ja-r|他方|たほう}} *{{ja-r|反対に|はんたいに}} *{{ja-r|反面|はんめん}} {{der-bottom}} ===選択=== {{der-top4|選択}} *{{ja-r|あるいは}} *{{ja-r|それとも}} *{{ja-r|他には|たには}} *{{ja-r|他にも|たにも}} *{{ja-r|ないしは}} *{{ja-r|または}} *{{ja-r|もしくは}} {{der-bottom}} ===列挙=== {{der-top|列挙}} *({{ja-r|第|だい|rom=-}} + {{w|数詞|lang=ja}} + {{ja-l|に}})：第一に、第二に、第三に、…(無限) *({{w|数詞|lang=ja}} + {{ja-l|つ目は}})：一つ目は、二つ目は、三つ目は、…(無限) *{{ja-l|はじめに}}/{{ja-l|最初に}}、{{ja-l|続いて}}/{{ja-l|次いで}}、{{ja-l|最後に}}/{{ja-l|その後}} *{{ja-l|まず}}、{{ja-l|次に}}、{{ja-l|さらに}}/{{ja-l|そして}} {{der-bottom}} ===説明=== {{der-top4|説明}} *{{ja-r|だって}} *{{ja-r|というのは}} *{{ja-r|というのも}} *{{ja-r|なぜかというと}} *{{ja-r|なぜなら}} *{{ja-r|なぜならば}} *{{ja-r|なにしろ}} *{{ja-r|なにせ}} {{der-bottom}} ===補足=== {{der-top4|補足}} *{{ja-r|実のところ|じつのところ}} *{{ja-r|じつは}} *{{ja-r|実は言うと|じつはいうと}} *{{ja-r|そのかわり}} *{{ja-r|そもそも}} *{{ja-r|ただ}} *{{ja-r|ただし}} *{{ja-r|因みに|ちなみに}} *{{ja-r|なお}} *{{ja-r|もっとも}} {{der-bottom}} ===換言(言換)=== {{der-top4|換言(言換)}} {{der-bottom}} ===例示=== {{der-top4|例示}} {{der-bottom}} ===教示=== {{der-top4|教示}} {{der-bottom}} ===変転=== {{der-top4|変転}} {{der-bottom}} ===転換=== {{der-top4|転換}} {{der-bottom}} ===結論=== {{der-top4|結論}} {{der-bottom}} [[Category:日語附錄]] [[Category:日語連詞|*]] he4y2xlgrp3ts31ux6gemc1243fy01l 0 1912641 7267439 2022-07-20T16:55:39Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===形容词=== {{en-adj|-|head=[[all]]-[[you]]-[[can]]-[[eat]]}} # {{lb|en|字面义}} [[自助餐]]的 {{gloss|支付固定价格后可无限享用食物的}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=1995|author=Edward B Fiske|title=The Fiske Guide to Colleges 1995|passage=It's an '''all-you-can-eat''' deal, and students can use their meal cards at numerous campus snack bars and sandwich shops.}} #* '''2007''', Bob Sehlinger, Grant Rafter, Katie Brandon, ''Beyond Disney'' #*: JT's serves '''all-you-can-eat''' prime rib on Wednesday nights for $18.99. # {{lb|en|比喻义|引申义}} [[自助]]的，[[定期]][[定额]][[无限]]使用的 #* '''1998''', ''Network World'' (volume 15, number 3, 19 January 1998) #*: "Last year, when they came out with their '''all-you-can-eat''', $19.95 per month service, it nearly brought them down." #* '''2008''', ''Billboard'' magazine (11 October 2008) #*: Nokia has unveiled its '''all-you-can-eat''' Comes With Music package for the United Kingdom... ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=aaacellnotuy|eat-all-you-can}} {{C|en|飯店}} n5cfxh1yjrql03kevep6p35vvzc735w 0 1912642 7267440 2022-07-20T16:57:23Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== {{back-form|en|trailblazer}}。 ===动词=== {{en-verb}} # [[开辟]] {{qual|新的道路，新的途径}} #* '''2015''', Leonard Sweet, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=ekUBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&dq=%22to+trailblaze%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwB2oVChMI7fCuku2rxwIVQ5SICh15hQks#v=onepage&q=%22to%20trailblaze%22&f=false 源自Tablet to Table: Where Community Is Found and Identity Is Formed] #*: These boundaries both tribalize our identity and allow us to '''trailblaze''' new paths through life. ====近义词==== * {{l|en|blaze a trail}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|trailblazing}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:OneLook}} 6j96got2l7b6814v7vzfitvrtu7qe3v 7267441 7267440 2022-07-20T16:57:36Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== {{back-form|en|trailblazer}}。 ===动词=== {{en-verb}} # [[开辟]] {{qual|新的道路，新的途径}} #* '''2015''', Leonard Sweet, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=ekUBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&dq=%22to+trailblaze%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEwQ6AEwB2oVChMI7fCuku2rxwIVQ5SICh15hQks#v=onepage&q=%22to%20trailblaze%22&f=false From Tablet to Table: Where Community Is Found and Identity Is Formed] #*: These boundaries both tribalize our identity and allow us to '''trailblaze''' new paths through life. ====近义词==== * {{l|en|blaze a trail}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|trailblazing}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:OneLook}} kxgbt7stl1ceh8zyv13i3rsxja56054 0 1912643 7267443 2022-07-20T16:58:42Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|en|trail-blazing}} ===词源=== {{compound|en|trail|blazing}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj}} # [[开创性]]的，[[先驱]]的，[[创新]]的 #* {{quote-journal|1=en|year=2011|author=Patrick Spedding|author2=James Lambert|title=Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy|journal=Studies in Philology|volume=108|issue=1|page=120|text=One can only wonder what led Rothstein to claim that Neville was such a '''trail-blazing''' pornographer.}} #* {{quote-journal|en|author=Jeff Gordinier|title=In search of the perfect taco|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/10/style/tmagazine/redzepi-searches-for-the-perfect-taco.html|work=[[w:en:T: The New York Times Style Magazine|T: The New York Times Style Magazine]] (international edition)|date=25 October 2014|page=100|passage=The '''trailblazing''' {{w|lang=en|Oaxaca}}n chef Alejandro Ruiz {{...}} has spiked this black-bean sauce with a hidden depth charge of flavor: patches of foliage from a local avocado tree. The leaves electrify the sauce with an unexpected thrum of black licorice.}} ===动词=== {{head|en|動詞變位形式}} # {{present participle of|en|trailblaze|nocat=1}} ozrhi4wk2ncs6uxu5b5uuwqb6429baz 0 1912644 7267444 2022-07-20T16:58:55Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===副词=== {{en-adj}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|trailblazing}} p87ywn68smkvdxr8polma08uizsgng1 7267445 7267444 2022-07-20T16:59:15Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===形容词=== {{en-adj}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|trailblazing}} dlsmx8apa2crfke3z4nifjqg1o34c4d 0 1912645 7267447 2022-07-20T17:08:21Z Fglffer 55252 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=ròuqiú |mn=bah-kiû |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[肉墊]] # [[肉丸]] # {{lb|zh|pathology}} [[痔瘡]] ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|肉丸}} {{zh-cat|食物|肉}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|にく|きゅう|yomi=on}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|にくきゅう}} # [[肉墊]] qlan2uqbq3e0vzu1xzc7cir47r89l42 7267456 7267447 2022-07-20T19:02:22Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=ròuqiú |mn=bah-kiû |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[肉墊]] # [[肉丸]] # {{lb|zh|pathology}} [[痔瘡]] ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|肉丸}} {{zh-cat|食物|肉}} ---- ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|にく|きゅう|yomi=on}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|にくきゅう|hhira=にくきう}} # [[肉墊]] fipn7d1l9x1hz8jqce2ai9x5yqx1a2j 828 1912646 7267455 2022-07-20T18:36:43Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.list = { ["title"] = "", ["meaning"] = "以肉末製成的球形食品", ["note"] = "", ["Classical"] = { "" }, ["Formal"] = { "肉丸", "肉丸子", "肉球" }, --肉圓? ["Taxonomic"] = { "" }, ["Beijing"] = { "" }, ["Taiwan"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Tianjin"] = { "" }, ["Langfang"] = { "" }, ["Chengde"] = { "" }, ["Tangshan"] = { "" }, ["Cangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Baoding"] = { "" }, ["Shijiazhuang"] = { "" }, ["Daming"] = { "" }, ["Ulan Hot"] = { "" }, ["Tongliao"] = { "" }, ["Chifeng"] = { "" }, ["Bayanhot"] = { "" }, ["Hailar"] = { "" }, ["Heihe"] = { "" }, ["Qiqihar"] = { "" }, ["Harbin"] = { "" }, ["Jiamusi"] = { "" }, ["Baicheng"] = { "" }, ["Changchun"] = { "" }, ["Tonghua"] = { "" }, ["Shenyang"] = { "" }, ["Dandong"] = { "" }, ["Jinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Dalian"] = { "" }, ["Yantai"] = { "" }, ["Muping"] = { "" }, ["Qingdao"] = { "" }, ["Lijin"] = { "" }, ["Weicheng"] = { "" }, ["Fangzi"] = { "" }, ["Hanting"] = { "" }, ["Changyi"] = { "" }, ["Gaomi"] = { "" }, ["Zhucheng"] = { "" }, ["Anqiu"] = { "" }, ["Changle-WF"] = { "" }, ["Linqu"] = { "" }, ["Qingzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shouguang"] = { "" }, ["Rizhao"] = { "" }, ["Wulian"] = { "" }, ["Jinan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangqiu"] = { "" }, ["Jining-M"] = { "" }, ["Luoyang"] = { "" }, ["Wanrong"] = { "" }, ["Ronghe"] = { "" }, ["Shangqiu"] = { "" }, ["Yuanyang"] = { "" }, ["Zhengzhou"] = { "" }, ["Kaifeng"] = { "" }, ["Lingbao"] = { "" }, ["Xinyang"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin-XH"] = { "" }, ["Baihe"] = { "" }, ["Baihe-MP"] = { "" }, ["Shiquan"] = { "" }, ["Ziyang"] = { "" }, ["Hanzhong"] = { "" }, ["Xi'an"] = { "" }, ["Dingbian"] = { "" }, ["Baoji"] = { "" }, ["Yinchuan"] = { "" }, ["Tianshui"] = { "" }, ["Lanzhou"] = { "" }, ["Dunhuang"] = { "" }, ["Tianzhu"] = { "" }, ["Xining"] = { "" }, ["Hami"] = { "" }, ["Ürümqi"] = { "" }, ["Dabancheng-XG"] = { "" }, ["Midong-CSZ"] = { "" }, ["Ürümqi-BFG"] = { "" }, ["Yanqi"] = { "" }, ["Wuhan"] = { "" }, ["Huanggang"] = { "" }, ["Yichang"] = { "" }, ["Xiangyang"] = { "" }, ["Tianmen"] = { "" }, ["Hong'an"] = { "" }, ["Chengdu"] = { "" }, ["Xindu"] = { "" }, ["Nanchong"] = { "" }, ["Nanbu"] = { "" }, ["Dazhou"] = { "" }, ["Hanyuan"] = { "" }, ["Xichang"] = { "" }, ["Zigong"] = { "" }, ["Muli"] = { "" }, ["Chongqing"] = { "" }, ["Lhasa"] = { "" }, ["Guiyang"] = { "肉圓子" }, ["Zunyi"] = { "" }, ["Bijie"] = { "" }, ["Liping"] = { "" }, ["Zhaotong"] = { "" }, ["Dali"] = { "" }, ["Kunming"] = { "" }, ["Mengzi"] = { "" }, ["Guilin"] = { "" }, ["Lingui"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang"] = { "" }, ["Lipu"] = { "" }, ["Pingle"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo"] = { "" }, ["Liuzhou"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Liuzhou-LR"] = { "" }, ["Luzhai"] = { "" }, ["Sanjiang-DZ"] = { "" }, ["Yongning-FJ"] = { "" }, ["Wuming"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-M"] = { "" }, ["Shanglin"] = { "" }, ["Yizhou"] = { "" }, ["Luocheng"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-LP"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-PT"] = { "" }, ["Xiangzhou-NL"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-M"] = { "" }, ["Jishou"] = { "" }, ["Changde"] = { "" }, ["Yongzhou"] = { "" }, ["Xiangtan-JN"] = { "" }, ["Anqing"] = { "" }, ["Xuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Pizhou"] = { "" }, ["Suining"] = { "" }, ["Peixian"] = { "" }, ["Xinyi-M"] = { "" }, ["Fengxian-M"] = { "" }, ["Xuzhou-JW"] = { "" }, ["Suqian"] = { "" }, ["Ganyu"] = { "" }, ["Fuyang"] = { "" }, ["Wuhu"] = { "" }, ["Yangzhou"] = { "劗肉" }, --written as 㓠肉 ["Jiangdu"] = { "" }, ["Baoying"] = { "" }, ["Gaoyou"] = { "" }, ["Yizheng"] = { "" }, ["Lianyungang"] = { "" }, ["Donghai"] = { "" }, ["Guanyun"] = { "" }, ["Guannan"] = { "" }, ["Huai'an"] = { "" }, ["Huai'an-HA"] = { "" }, ["Lianshui"] = { "" }, ["Huaiyin"] = { "" }, ["Xuyi"] = { "" }, ["Hongze"] = { "" }, ["Jinhu"] = { "" }, ["Xinghua"] = { "" }, ["Nanjing"] = { "肉圓兒" }, ["Hefei"] = { "" }, ["Bengbu"] = { "" }, ["Chuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Nantong"] = { "" }, ["Rugao"] = { "" }, ["Rudong"] = { "" }, ["Hai'an"] = { "" }, ["Yancheng"] = { "" }, ["Dongtai"] = { "" }, ["Binhai"] = { "" }, ["Sheyang"] = { "" }, ["Funing"] = { "" }, ["Jianhu"] = { "" }, ["Xiangshui"] = { "" }, ["Shuyang"] = { "" }, ["Sihong"] = { "" }, ["Siyang"] = { "" }, ["Taizhou-M"] = { "" }, ["Taixing"] = { "" }, ["Jiangyan"] = { "" }, ["Jingjiang-DX"] = { "" }, ["Zhenjiang"] = { "" }, ["Jurong"] = { "" }, ["Yangzhong"] = { "" }, ["Qimen-AL-Jun"] = { "" }, ["Changle-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Yanping"] = { "" }, ["Jiangshan-M-NBD"] = { "" }, ["Kaihua-M-HB"] = { "" }, ["Yushan-M-HY"] = { "" }, ["Malaysia-M"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-M"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Gansu-DG"] = { "" }, ["Shaanxi-DG"] = { "" }, ["Kokang"] = { "" }, ["Dagudi"] = { "" }, ["Reshuitang"] = { "" }, ["Mae Salong"] = { "" }, ["Mae Sai"] = { "" }, ["Oudomxay"] = { "" }, ["Siantar"] = { "" }, ["Taz"] = { "" }, ["Taiyuan"] = { "" }, ["Pingyao"] = { "" }, ["Yangyuan"] = { "" }, ["Datong"] = { "" }, ["Yunzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yunzhou-XCT"] = { "" }, ["Xinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Lishi"] = { "" }, ["Linfen"] = { "" }, ["Changzhi"] = { "" }, ["Linhe"] = { "" }, ["Baochang"] = { "" }, ["Jining"] = { "" }, ["Hohhot"] = { "" }, ["Baotou"] = { "" }, ["Dongsheng"] = { "" }, ["Haibowan"] = { "" }, ["Erenhot"] = { "" }, ["Pingshan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangjiakou"] = { "" }, ["Handan"] = { "" }, ["Linzhou"] = { "" }, ["Suide"] = { "" }, ["Shanghai"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Chongming"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Baoshan-SCD"] = { "" }, ["Baoshan-LD"] = { "" }, ["Zhoupu"] = { "" }, ["Songjiang"] = { "" }, ["Suzhou"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-SL"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-LL"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Wuxi"] = { "" }, ["Changshu"] = { "" }, ["Kunshan"] = { "" }, ["Taicang"] = { "" }, ["Tongzhou"] = { "" }, ["Qidong"] = { "" }, ["Haimen-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Jiaxing"] = { "" }, ["Jiashan"] = { "" }, ["Pinghu"] = { "" }, ["Haining-YG"] = { "" }, ["Tongxiang"] = { "" }, ["Haiyan"] = { "" }, ["Changzhou"] = { "" }, ["Liyang"] = { "" }, ["Jintan"] = { "" }, ["Yixing"] = { "" }, ["Danyang"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Danyang-TJQ"] = { "" }, ["Jingjiang"] = { "" }, ["Jiangyin"] = { "" }, ["Gaochun"] = { "" }, ["Huzhou"] = { "" }, ["Huzhou-SL"] = { "" }, ["Changxing"] = { "" }, ["Anji"] = { "" }, ["Deqing-W"] = { "" }, ["Hangzhou"] = { "肉圓兒" }, ["Yuhang"] = { "" }, ["Lin'an"] = { "" }, ["Fuyang-W"] = { "" }, ["Xiaoshan"] = { "" }, ["Tonglu"] = { "" }, ["Fenshui-WS"] = { "" }, ["Shaoxing"] = { "" }, ["Zhuji"] = { "" }, ["Zhuji-WJJ"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou-CR"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou-TP"] = { "" }, ["Xinchang"] = { "" }, ["Ningbo"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Zhenhai"] = { "" }, ["Fenghua"] = { "" }, ["Yuyao"] = { "" }, ["Cixi"] = { "" }, ["Xiangshan"] = { "" }, ["Ninghai"] = { "" }, ["Zhoushan"] = { "" }, ["Huangyan"] = { "" }, ["Tiantai"] = { "" }, ["Xianju"] = { "" }, ["Sanmen"] = { "" }, ["Linhai"] = { "" }, ["Wenling"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-DMY"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-CM"] = { "" }, ["Wenzhou"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Yueqing"] = { "" }, ["Yongjia-FL"] = { "" }, ["Rui'an"] = { "" }, ["Longgang"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-JX"] = { "" }, ["Pingyang"] = { "" }, ["Taishun"] = { "" }, ["Wencheng"] = { "" }, ["Lishui"] = { "" }, ["Qingtian"] = { "" }, ["Jinyun"] = { "" }, ["Xuanping"] = { "" }, ["Songyang-XP"] = { "" }, ["Songyang-GS"] = { "" }, ["Yunhe"] = { "" }, ["Jingning"] = { "" }, ["Qingyuan-W"] = { "" }, ["Longquan"] = { "" }, ["Quzhou"] = { "" }, ["Suichang"] = { "" }, ["Jiangshan"] = { "" }, ["Changshan"] = { "" }, ["Kaihua"] = { "" }, ["Longyou"] = { "" }, ["Jinhua"] = { "" }, --圓圓, 肉圓? ["Tangxi"] = { "" }, ["Yiwu"] = { "" }, ["Yongkang"] = { "" }, ["Pujiang"] = { "" }, ["Dongyang"] = { "" }, ["Pan'an"] = { "" }, ["Wuyi"] = { "" }, ["Lanxi"] = { "" }, ["Shangrao"] = { "" }, ["Guangfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yushan"] = { "" }, ["Changsha"] = { "" }, ["Shuangfeng"] = { "" }, ["Xiangtan"] = { "" }, ["Xiangxiang"] = { "" }, ["Xiangxiang-MQ"] = { "" }, ["Loudi"] = { "" }, ["Hengshan"] = { "" }, ["Hengshan-BG"] = { "" }, ["Quanzhou-X"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang-X"] = { "" }, ["Qinglong-CL"] = { "" }, ["Nanchang"] = { "" }, ["Lichuan"] = { "" }, ["Pingxiang"] = { "" }, ["Guixi"] = { "" }, ["Poyang"] = { "" }, ["Yugan"] = { "" }, ["Wannian"] = { "" }, ["Yiyang"] = { "" }, ["Hengfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yanshan"] = { "" }, ["Pengze"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin-NT"] = { "" }, ["Meixian"] = { "" }, ["Xingning"] = { "" }, ["Dabu-XH"] = { "" }, ["Dabu-GB"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-TK"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-LH"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-HJ"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-FL"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-PT"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou-SK"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou-HL"] = { "" }, ["Huiyang"] = { "" }, ["Huidong-PS"] = { "" }, ["Huidong-DL"] = { "" }, ["Dongguan-H"] = { "" }, ["Longmen-PL"] = { "" }, ["Longmen-LX"] = { "" }, ["Boluo"] = { "" }, ["Shenzhen-H"] = { "" }, ["Shenzhen-H-LH"] = { "" }, ["Zengcheng-ZG"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-WGS"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-NLHS"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-HC"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-CB"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-MY"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-ML"] = { "" }, ["Heyuan"] = { "" }, ["Zijin"] = { "" }, ["Zijin-GZ"] = { "" }, ["Longchuan-TC"] = { "" }, ["Longchuan-SD"] = { "" }, ["Heping-LZ"] = { "" }, ["Lianping"] = { "" }, ["Lianping-ZX"] = { "" }, ["Lianping-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Wengyuan"] = { "" }, ["Nanxiong-ZJ"] = { "" }, ["Qujiang"] = { "" }, ["Xinfeng-MT"] = { "" }, ["Xinfeng-DX"] = { "" }, ["Xiaosanjiang"] = { "" }, ["Liannan"] = { "" }, ["Conghua-H"] = { "" }, ["Jiexi"] = { "" }, ["Luhe"] = { "" }, ["Xiuzhuan"] = { "" }, ["Pinghe-JF"] = { "" }, ["Changting"] = { "" }, ["Shanghang"] = { "" }, ["Yongding"] = { "" }, ["Wuping"] = { "" }, ["Wuping-Y"] = { "" }, ["Pingyu"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng-PT"] = { "" }, ["Ninghua"] = { "" }, ["Qingliu"] = { "" }, ["Yudu"] = { "肉丸子", "肉丸" }, ["Ningdu"] = { "" }, ["Ruijin"] = { "" }, ["Shicheng"] = { "" }, ["Shangyou"] = { "" }, ["Sandu"] = { "" }, ["Ganzhou-PL"] = { "" }, ["Dayu"] = { "" }, ["Taoyuan"] = { "" }, ["Miaoli"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Liudui"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Hsinchu"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Dongshi"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Raoping"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Yunlin"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Guoxing"] = { "" }, ["Hong Kong-H"] = { "" }, ["Tangkou"] = { "" }, ["Sanjia"] = { "" }, ["Sihe"] = { "" }, ["Qianpai"] = { "" }, ["Xindong"] = { "" }, ["Shalang"] = { "" }, ["Xin'an"] = { "" }, ["Shijiao"] = { "" }, ["Qingping"] = { "" }, ["Xihe"] = { "" }, ["Luchuan-LC"] = { "" }, ["Luchuan-DQ"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-SH"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LT"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LP"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Tang'an"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu-GH"] = { "" }, ["Xingye-GF"] = { "" }, ["Mashan-PL"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-WL"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian-XY"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-H-XJ"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-SDT"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-DSG"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-H"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-JB"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-GL"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-H"] = { "" }, ["Guidong"] = { "" }, ["Chengdu-H-LT"] = { "" }, ["Longquanyi-H-SL"] = { "" }, ["Qingbaijiang-H-LW"] = { "" }, ["Xindu-H-SBT"] = { "" }, ["Xindu-H-XD"] = { "" }, ["Sabah-B"] = { "" }, ["Sabah-L"] = { "" }, ["Kuala Lumpur-H"] = { "" }, ["Senai"] = { "" }, ["Senai-JX"] = { "" }, ["Kuching"] = { "" }, ["Sungai Tapang"] = { "" }, ["Singkawang"] = { "" }, ["Pontianak-MX"] = { "" }, ["Metal"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MX"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-DB"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-MX"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-FS"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-JX"] = { "" }, ["Jixi"] = { "" }, ["Shexian"] = { "" }, ["Shexian-XG"] = { "" }, ["Shexian-DGY"] = { "" }, ["Tunxi"] = { "" }, ["Xiuning"] = { "" }, ["Yixian"] = { "" }, ["Qimen"] = { "" }, ["Qimen-AL-Min"] = { "" }, ["Wuyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fuliang"] = { "" }, ["Dexing"] = { "" }, ["Jingde"] = { "" }, ["Zhanda"] = { "" }, ["Chun'an"] = { "" }, ["Sui'an"] = { "" }, ["Jiande"] = { "" }, ["Shouchang"] = { "" }, ["Guangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Hong Kong"] = { "肉丸" }, ["HK Weitou"] = { "" }, ["Kam Tin"] = { "" }, ["Ting Kok"] = { "" }, ["Tung Ping Chau"] = { "" }, ["Macau"] = { "" }, ["Panyu"] = { "" }, ["Huadu"] = { "" }, ["Conghua"] = { "" }, ["Zengcheng"] = { "" }, ["Foshan"] = { "" }, ["Nanhai"] = { "" }, ["Shunde"] = { "" }, ["Sanshui"] = { "" }, ["Gaoming"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-CKM"] = { "" }, ["Zhuhai"] = { "" }, ["Doumen-T"] = { "" }, ["Doumen-S"] = { "" }, ["Jiangmen"] = { "" }, ["Xinhui"] = { "" }, ["Taishan"] = { "" }, ["Taishan-GH"] = { "" }, ["Kaiping"] = { "" }, ["Enping"] = { "" }, ["Heshan"] = { "" }, ["Dongguan"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Shenzhen-C-LH"] = { "" }, ["Bao'an"] = { "" }, ["Dapeng"] = { "" }, ["Qingyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fogang"] = { "" }, ["Yingde"] = { "" }, ["Yangshan"] = { "" }, ["Lianshan"] = { "" }, ["Lianshan-YH"] = { "" }, ["Lianzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shaoguan"] = { "" }, ["Qujiang-C"] = { "" }, ["Renhua"] = { "" }, ["Lechang"] = { "" }, ["Gaoyao"] = { "" }, ["Sihui"] = { "" }, ["Guangning"] = { "" }, ["Deqing"] = { "" }, ["Huaiji"] = { "" }, ["Fengkai"] = { "" }, ["Yunfu"] = { "" }, ["Xinxing"] = { "" }, ["Luoding"] = { "" }, ["Yunan"] = { "" }, ["Yangjiang"] = { "" }, ["Xinyi"] = { "" }, ["Maoming"] = { "" }, ["Zhanjiang"] = { "" }, ["Lianjiang"] = { "" }, ["Wuchuan"] = { "" }, ["Nanning"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-Tanka"] = { "" }, ["Wuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yulin"] = { "" }, ["Hepu"] = { "" }, ["Hepu-ST"] = { "" }, ["Guiping"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-JT"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-JK"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-MD"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-ML"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-PN"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-DZ"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan-XX"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan-CT"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-GC"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-NJ"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-PD"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu-TL"] = { "" }, ["Baise"] = { "" }, ["Bobai"] = { "" }, ["Lingshan"] = { "" }, ["Pubei"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-XD"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-CT"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-NS"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-XNJ"] = { "" }, ["Beihai"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-NK"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-YP"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-QG"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-QG-CB"] = { "" }, ["Ningming"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian"] = { "" }, ["Pumen"] = { "" }, ["Fangchenggang-FC"] = { "" }, ["Dongxing"] = { "" }, ["Chongzuo-LT"] = { "" }, ["Fusui-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-C-YJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-C-MJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-C-SS"] = { "" }, ["Danzhou"] = { "" }, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = { "" }, ["Penang-C"] = { "" }, ["Sarikei-C"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-C"] = { "" }, ["Ho Chi Minh City"] = { "" }, ["Mong Cai"] = { "" }, ["Yangon-C"] = { "" }, ["Mandalay-C"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-C"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-GJY"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-ZGL"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-XXJD"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SL"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-XX"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SC"] = { "" }, ["Binyang"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-XQ"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian-P"] = { "" }, ["Chongzuo-P"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-CY"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-DBZ"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-ZY"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-DB"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-YJ"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-WT"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-LT"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-GQ"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-TX"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang-P"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-P"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-P"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-P-PT"] = { "" }, ["Liucheng-P"] = { "" }, ["Luocheng-P"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-GA"] = { "" }, ["Xiamen"] = { "肉圓仔" }, ["Tong'an"] = { "" }, ["Quanzhou"] = { "肉圓仔" }, ["Jinjiang"] = { "" }, ["Nan'an"] = { "" }, ["Shishi"] = { "" }, ["Hui'an"] = { "" }, ["Anxi"] = { "" }, ["Yongchun"] = { "" }, ["Dehua"] = { "" }, ["Zhangzhou"] = { "肉圓仔" }, ["Longhai"] = { "" }, ["Changtai"] = { "" }, ["Hua'an"] = { "" }, ["Nanjing-MN"] = { "" }, ["Pinghe"] = { "" }, ["Zhangpu"] = { "" }, ["Yunxiao"] = { "" }, ["Zhao'an"] = { "" }, ["Dongshan"] = { "" }, ["Taipei"] = { "" }, ["Wanhua"] = { "" }, ["Tamsui"] = { "" }, --肉丸仔, 細粒肉丸? ["Sanxia"] = { "" }, ["Pingxi"] = { "肉丸" }, --written as 肉圓 ["Kaohsiung"] = { "" }, ["Cijin"] = { "肉丸仔" }, --written as 肉圓仔 ["Hongmaogang"] = { "" }, ["Dalinpu"] = { "肉丸" }, --written as 肉圓 ["Tianliao"] = { "" }, ["Yilan"] = { "" }, --丸仔? ["Toucheng"] = { "" }, ["Lukang"] = { "" }, ["Taichung"] = { "" }, ["Wuqi"] = { "" }, ["Tainan"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Anping"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Taitung"] = { "" }, ["Hsinchu-MN"] = { "" }, ["Kinmen"] = { "" }, ["Magong"] = { "" }, ["Xiyu"] = { "" }, ["Malaysia-MN"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN"] = { "" }, ["Philippine-MN"] = { "" }, ["Medan"] = { "" }, ["Longyan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangping"] = { "" }, ["Yongfu"] = { "" }, ["Datian"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-PT"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-XW"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-DS"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-MN-BYG"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-MN"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-MN"] = { "" }, ["Lechang-TT"] = { "" }, ["Yingde-YZ"] = { "" }, ["Yunan-LT"] = { "" }, ["Hangzhou-PF"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-MN"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-KM"] = { "" }, ["Chaozhou"] = { "" }, ["Shantou"] = { "肉圓" }, --written as 肉丸 ["Chenghai"] = { "" }, ["Chaoyang"] = { "" }, ["Nan'ao-HZ"] = { "" }, ["Nan'ao-YA"] = { "" }, ["Jieyang"] = { "肉圓" }, --written as 肉丸 ["Lufeng"] = { "" }, ["Haifeng"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-MN-LH"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-MN-HJ"] = { "" }, ["Thailand-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Cambodia-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Johor Bahru"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Pontianak-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Leizhou"] = { "" }, --肉丸? ["Wenchang"] = { "" }, ["Haikou"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Qionghai"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN-H"] = { "" }, ["Putian"] = { "" }, ["Putian-DH"] = { "" }, ["Xianyou"] = { "" }, ["Fuding-AY"] = { "" }, ["Shaxi"] = { "" }, ["Sanxiang"] = { "" }, ["Fuzhou"] = { "" }, --肉丸, 肉丸囝? ["Changle"] = { "" }, ["Lianjiang-MD"] = { "" }, ["Fuqing"] = { "" }, ["Pingtan"] = { "" }, ["Yongtai"] = { "" }, ["Minqing"] = { "" }, ["Gutian"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-MD"] = { "" }, ["Luoyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fu'an"] = { "" }, ["Ningde"] = { "" }, ["Xiapu"] = { "" }, ["Zherong"] = { "" }, ["Shouning"] = { "" }, ["Zhouning"] = { "" }, ["Fuding"] = { "" }, ["Matsu"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MD-FQ"] = { "" }, ["Taishun-MD"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-MD"] = { "" }, ["Jian'ou"] = { "" }, ["Dikou"] = { "" }, ["Songxi"] = { "" }, ["Zhenghe"] = { "" }, ["Zhenqian"] = { "" }, ["Jianyang"] = { "" }, ["Huangkeng"] = { "" }, ["Wuyishan"] = { "" }, ["Shibei"] = { "" }, ["Yong'an"] = { "" }, ["Sanyuan"] = { "" }, ["Shaxian"] = { "" }, ["Yanping-WT"] = { "" }, ["Fu'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Fuding-She"] = { "" }, ["Luoyuan-She"] = { "" }, ["Sanming-She"] = { "" }, ["Shunchang-She"] = { "" }, ["Hua'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Guixi-She"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-She"] = { "" }, ["Jingning-She"] = { "" }, ["Lishui-She"] = { "" }, ["Longyou-She"] = { "" }, ["Lin'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Jiande-She"] = { "" }, ["Ningguo-She"] = { "" }, ["Chaozhou-She"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-She"] = { "" }, ["Guzhang-WX"] = { "" }, ["Yuanling-WX"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX-LJT"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX-LJT-2"] = { "" }, ["Chengbu-WX"] = { "" }, ["Jiande-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Jinhua-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Lanxi-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Tunxi-JXYM"] = { "" }, } return export m1uw9khkphd6f2ph3wigs627hvnqcbh 7267457 7267455 2022-07-20T19:02:46Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.list = { ["meaning"] = "以肉末製成的球形食品", ["note"] = "", ["Classical"] = { "" }, ["Formal"] = { "肉丸", "肉丸子", "肉球" }, --肉圓? ["Taxonomic"] = { "" }, ["Beijing"] = { "" }, ["Taiwan"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Tianjin"] = { "" }, ["Langfang"] = { "" }, ["Chengde"] = { "" }, ["Tangshan"] = { "" }, ["Cangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Baoding"] = { "" }, ["Shijiazhuang"] = { "" }, ["Daming"] = { "" }, ["Ulan Hot"] = { "" }, ["Tongliao"] = { "" }, ["Chifeng"] = { "" }, ["Bayanhot"] = { "" }, ["Hailar"] = { "" }, ["Heihe"] = { "" }, ["Qiqihar"] = { "" }, ["Harbin"] = { "" }, ["Jiamusi"] = { "" }, ["Baicheng"] = { "" }, ["Changchun"] = { "" }, ["Tonghua"] = { "" }, ["Shenyang"] = { "" }, ["Dandong"] = { "" }, ["Jinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Dalian"] = { "" }, ["Yantai"] = { "" }, ["Muping"] = { "" }, ["Qingdao"] = { "" }, ["Lijin"] = { "" }, ["Weicheng"] = { "" }, ["Fangzi"] = { "" }, ["Hanting"] = { "" }, ["Changyi"] = { "" }, ["Gaomi"] = { "" }, ["Zhucheng"] = { "" }, ["Anqiu"] = { "" }, ["Changle-WF"] = { "" }, ["Linqu"] = { "" }, ["Qingzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shouguang"] = { "" }, ["Rizhao"] = { "" }, ["Wulian"] = { "" }, ["Jinan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangqiu"] = { "" }, ["Jining-M"] = { "" }, ["Luoyang"] = { "" }, ["Wanrong"] = { "" }, ["Ronghe"] = { "" }, ["Shangqiu"] = { "" }, ["Yuanyang"] = { "" }, ["Zhengzhou"] = { "" }, ["Kaifeng"] = { "" }, ["Lingbao"] = { "" }, ["Xinyang"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin-XH"] = { "" }, ["Baihe"] = { "" }, ["Baihe-MP"] = { "" }, ["Shiquan"] = { "" }, ["Ziyang"] = { "" }, ["Hanzhong"] = { "" }, ["Xi'an"] = { "" }, ["Dingbian"] = { "" }, ["Baoji"] = { "" }, ["Yinchuan"] = { "" }, ["Tianshui"] = { "" }, ["Lanzhou"] = { "" }, ["Dunhuang"] = { "" }, ["Tianzhu"] = { "" }, ["Xining"] = { "" }, ["Hami"] = { "" }, ["Ürümqi"] = { "" }, ["Dabancheng-XG"] = { "" }, ["Midong-CSZ"] = { "" }, ["Ürümqi-BFG"] = { "" }, ["Yanqi"] = { "" }, ["Wuhan"] = { "" }, ["Huanggang"] = { "" }, ["Yichang"] = { "" }, ["Xiangyang"] = { "" }, ["Tianmen"] = { "" }, ["Hong'an"] = { "" }, ["Chengdu"] = { "" }, ["Xindu"] = { "" }, ["Nanchong"] = { "" }, ["Nanbu"] = { "" }, ["Dazhou"] = { "" }, ["Hanyuan"] = { "" }, ["Xichang"] = { "" }, ["Zigong"] = { "" }, ["Muli"] = { "" }, ["Chongqing"] = { "" }, ["Lhasa"] = { "" }, ["Guiyang"] = { "肉圓子" }, ["Zunyi"] = { "" }, ["Bijie"] = { "" }, ["Liping"] = { "" }, ["Zhaotong"] = { "" }, ["Dali"] = { "" }, ["Kunming"] = { "" }, ["Mengzi"] = { "" }, ["Guilin"] = { "" }, ["Lingui"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang"] = { "" }, ["Lipu"] = { "" }, ["Pingle"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo"] = { "" }, ["Liuzhou"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Liuzhou-LR"] = { "" }, ["Luzhai"] = { "" }, ["Sanjiang-DZ"] = { "" }, ["Yongning-FJ"] = { "" }, ["Wuming"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-M"] = { "" }, ["Shanglin"] = { "" }, ["Yizhou"] = { "" }, ["Luocheng"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-LP"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-PT"] = { "" }, ["Xiangzhou-NL"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-M"] = { "" }, ["Jishou"] = { "" }, ["Changde"] = { "" }, ["Yongzhou"] = { "" }, ["Xiangtan-JN"] = { "" }, ["Anqing"] = { "" }, ["Xuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Pizhou"] = { "" }, ["Suining"] = { "" }, ["Peixian"] = { "" }, ["Xinyi-M"] = { "" }, ["Fengxian-M"] = { "" }, ["Xuzhou-JW"] = { "" }, ["Suqian"] = { "" }, ["Ganyu"] = { "" }, ["Fuyang"] = { "" }, ["Wuhu"] = { "" }, ["Yangzhou"] = { "劗肉" }, --written as 㓠肉 ["Jiangdu"] = { "" }, ["Baoying"] = { "" }, ["Gaoyou"] = { "" }, ["Yizheng"] = { "" }, ["Lianyungang"] = { "" }, ["Donghai"] = { "" }, ["Guanyun"] = { "" }, ["Guannan"] = { "" }, ["Huai'an"] = { "" }, ["Huai'an-HA"] = { "" }, ["Lianshui"] = { "" }, ["Huaiyin"] = { "" }, ["Xuyi"] = { "" }, ["Hongze"] = { "" }, ["Jinhu"] = { "" }, ["Xinghua"] = { "" }, ["Nanjing"] = { "肉圓兒" }, ["Hefei"] = { "" }, ["Bengbu"] = { "" }, ["Chuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Nantong"] = { "" }, ["Rugao"] = { "" }, ["Rudong"] = { "" }, ["Hai'an"] = { "" }, ["Yancheng"] = { "" }, ["Dongtai"] = { "" }, ["Binhai"] = { "" }, ["Sheyang"] = { "" }, ["Funing"] = { "" }, ["Jianhu"] = { "" }, ["Xiangshui"] = { "" }, ["Shuyang"] = { "" }, ["Sihong"] = { "" }, ["Siyang"] = { "" }, ["Taizhou-M"] = { "" }, ["Taixing"] = { "" }, ["Jiangyan"] = { "" }, ["Jingjiang-DX"] = { "" }, ["Zhenjiang"] = { "" }, ["Jurong"] = { "" }, ["Yangzhong"] = { "" }, ["Qimen-AL-Jun"] = { "" }, ["Changle-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Yanping"] = { "" }, ["Jiangshan-M-NBD"] = { "" }, ["Kaihua-M-HB"] = { "" }, ["Yushan-M-HY"] = { "" }, ["Malaysia-M"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-M"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Gansu-DG"] = { "" }, ["Shaanxi-DG"] = { "" }, ["Kokang"] = { "" }, ["Dagudi"] = { "" }, ["Reshuitang"] = { "" }, ["Mae Salong"] = { "" }, ["Mae Sai"] = { "" }, ["Oudomxay"] = { "" }, ["Siantar"] = { "" }, ["Taz"] = { "" }, ["Taiyuan"] = { "" }, ["Pingyao"] = { "" }, ["Yangyuan"] = { "" }, ["Datong"] = { "" }, ["Yunzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yunzhou-XCT"] = { "" }, ["Xinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Lishi"] = { "" }, ["Linfen"] = { "" }, ["Changzhi"] = { "" }, ["Linhe"] = { "" }, ["Baochang"] = { "" }, ["Jining"] = { "" }, ["Hohhot"] = { "" }, ["Baotou"] = { "" }, ["Dongsheng"] = { "" }, ["Haibowan"] = { "" }, ["Erenhot"] = { "" }, ["Pingshan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangjiakou"] = { "" }, ["Handan"] = { "" }, ["Linzhou"] = { "" }, ["Suide"] = { "" }, ["Shanghai"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Chongming"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Baoshan-SCD"] = { "" }, ["Baoshan-LD"] = { "" }, ["Zhoupu"] = { "" }, ["Songjiang"] = { "" }, ["Suzhou"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-SL"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-LL"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Wuxi"] = { "" }, ["Changshu"] = { "" }, ["Kunshan"] = { "" }, ["Taicang"] = { "" }, ["Tongzhou"] = { "" }, ["Qidong"] = { "" }, ["Haimen-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Jiaxing"] = { "" }, ["Jiashan"] = { "" }, ["Pinghu"] = { "" }, ["Haining-YG"] = { "" }, ["Tongxiang"] = { "" }, ["Haiyan"] = { "" }, ["Changzhou"] = { "" }, ["Liyang"] = { "" }, ["Jintan"] = { "" }, ["Yixing"] = { "" }, ["Danyang"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Danyang-TJQ"] = { "" }, ["Jingjiang"] = { "" }, ["Jiangyin"] = { "" }, ["Gaochun"] = { "" }, ["Huzhou"] = { "" }, ["Huzhou-SL"] = { "" }, ["Changxing"] = { "" }, ["Anji"] = { "" }, ["Deqing-W"] = { "" }, ["Hangzhou"] = { "肉圓兒" }, ["Yuhang"] = { "" }, ["Lin'an"] = { "" }, ["Fuyang-W"] = { "" }, ["Xiaoshan"] = { "" }, ["Tonglu"] = { "" }, ["Fenshui-WS"] = { "" }, ["Shaoxing"] = { "" }, ["Zhuji"] = { "" }, ["Zhuji-WJJ"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou-CR"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou-TP"] = { "" }, ["Xinchang"] = { "" }, ["Ningbo"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Zhenhai"] = { "" }, ["Fenghua"] = { "" }, ["Yuyao"] = { "" }, ["Cixi"] = { "" }, ["Xiangshan"] = { "" }, ["Ninghai"] = { "" }, ["Zhoushan"] = { "" }, ["Huangyan"] = { "" }, ["Tiantai"] = { "" }, ["Xianju"] = { "" }, ["Sanmen"] = { "" }, ["Linhai"] = { "" }, ["Wenling"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-DMY"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-CM"] = { "" }, ["Wenzhou"] = { "肉圓" }, ["Yueqing"] = { "" }, ["Yongjia-FL"] = { "" }, ["Rui'an"] = { "" }, ["Longgang"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-JX"] = { "" }, ["Pingyang"] = { "" }, ["Taishun"] = { "" }, ["Wencheng"] = { "" }, ["Lishui"] = { "" }, ["Qingtian"] = { "" }, ["Jinyun"] = { "" }, ["Xuanping"] = { "" }, ["Songyang-XP"] = { "" }, ["Songyang-GS"] = { "" }, ["Yunhe"] = { "" }, ["Jingning"] = { "" }, ["Qingyuan-W"] = { "" }, ["Longquan"] = { "" }, ["Quzhou"] = { "" }, ["Suichang"] = { "" }, ["Jiangshan"] = { "" }, ["Changshan"] = { "" }, ["Kaihua"] = { "" }, ["Longyou"] = { "" }, ["Jinhua"] = { "" }, --圓圓, 肉圓? ["Tangxi"] = { "" }, ["Yiwu"] = { "" }, ["Yongkang"] = { "" }, ["Pujiang"] = { "" }, ["Dongyang"] = { "" }, ["Pan'an"] = { "" }, ["Wuyi"] = { "" }, ["Lanxi"] = { "" }, ["Shangrao"] = { "" }, ["Guangfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yushan"] = { "" }, ["Changsha"] = { "" }, ["Shuangfeng"] = { "" }, ["Xiangtan"] = { "" }, ["Xiangxiang"] = { "" }, ["Xiangxiang-MQ"] = { "" }, ["Loudi"] = { "" }, ["Hengshan"] = { "" }, ["Hengshan-BG"] = { "" }, ["Quanzhou-X"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang-X"] = { "" }, ["Qinglong-CL"] = { "" }, ["Nanchang"] = { "" }, ["Lichuan"] = { "" }, ["Pingxiang"] = { "" }, ["Guixi"] = { "" }, ["Poyang"] = { "" }, ["Yugan"] = { "" }, ["Wannian"] = { "" }, ["Yiyang"] = { "" }, ["Hengfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yanshan"] = { "" }, ["Pengze"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin-NT"] = { "" }, ["Meixian"] = { "" }, ["Xingning"] = { "" }, ["Dabu-XH"] = { "" }, ["Dabu-GB"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-TK"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-LH"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-HJ"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-FL"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-PT"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou-SK"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou-HL"] = { "" }, ["Huiyang"] = { "" }, ["Huidong-PS"] = { "" }, ["Huidong-DL"] = { "" }, ["Dongguan-H"] = { "" }, ["Longmen-PL"] = { "" }, ["Longmen-LX"] = { "" }, ["Boluo"] = { "" }, ["Shenzhen-H"] = { "" }, ["Shenzhen-H-LH"] = { "" }, ["Zengcheng-ZG"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-WGS"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-NLHS"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-HC"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-CB"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-MY"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-ML"] = { "" }, ["Heyuan"] = { "" }, ["Zijin"] = { "" }, ["Zijin-GZ"] = { "" }, ["Longchuan-TC"] = { "" }, ["Longchuan-SD"] = { "" }, ["Heping-LZ"] = { "" }, ["Lianping"] = { "" }, ["Lianping-ZX"] = { "" }, ["Lianping-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Wengyuan"] = { "" }, ["Nanxiong-ZJ"] = { "" }, ["Qujiang"] = { "" }, ["Xinfeng-MT"] = { "" }, ["Xinfeng-DX"] = { "" }, ["Xiaosanjiang"] = { "" }, ["Liannan"] = { "" }, ["Conghua-H"] = { "" }, ["Jiexi"] = { "" }, ["Luhe"] = { "" }, ["Xiuzhuan"] = { "" }, ["Pinghe-JF"] = { "" }, ["Changting"] = { "" }, ["Shanghang"] = { "" }, ["Yongding"] = { "" }, ["Wuping"] = { "" }, ["Wuping-Y"] = { "" }, ["Pingyu"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng-PT"] = { "" }, ["Ninghua"] = { "" }, ["Qingliu"] = { "" }, ["Yudu"] = { "肉丸子", "肉丸" }, ["Ningdu"] = { "" }, ["Ruijin"] = { "" }, ["Shicheng"] = { "" }, ["Shangyou"] = { "" }, ["Sandu"] = { "" }, ["Ganzhou-PL"] = { "" }, ["Dayu"] = { "" }, ["Taoyuan"] = { "" }, ["Miaoli"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Liudui"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Hsinchu"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Dongshi"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Raoping"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Yunlin"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Guoxing"] = { "" }, ["Hong Kong-H"] = { "" }, ["Tangkou"] = { "" }, ["Sanjia"] = { "" }, ["Sihe"] = { "" }, ["Qianpai"] = { "" }, ["Xindong"] = { "" }, ["Shalang"] = { "" }, ["Xin'an"] = { "" }, ["Shijiao"] = { "" }, ["Qingping"] = { "" }, ["Xihe"] = { "" }, ["Luchuan-LC"] = { "" }, ["Luchuan-DQ"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-SH"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LT"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LP"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Tang'an"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu-GH"] = { "" }, ["Xingye-GF"] = { "" }, ["Mashan-PL"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-WL"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian-XY"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-H-XJ"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-SDT"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-DSG"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-H"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-JB"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-GL"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-H"] = { "" }, ["Guidong"] = { "" }, ["Chengdu-H-LT"] = { "" }, ["Longquanyi-H-SL"] = { "" }, ["Qingbaijiang-H-LW"] = { "" }, ["Xindu-H-SBT"] = { "" }, ["Xindu-H-XD"] = { "" }, ["Sabah-B"] = { "" }, ["Sabah-L"] = { "" }, ["Kuala Lumpur-H"] = { "" }, ["Senai"] = { "" }, ["Senai-JX"] = { "" }, ["Kuching"] = { "" }, ["Sungai Tapang"] = { "" }, ["Singkawang"] = { "" }, ["Pontianak-MX"] = { "" }, ["Metal"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MX"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-DB"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-MX"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-FS"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-JX"] = { "" }, ["Jixi"] = { "" }, ["Shexian"] = { "" }, ["Shexian-XG"] = { "" }, ["Shexian-DGY"] = { "" }, ["Tunxi"] = { "" }, ["Xiuning"] = { "" }, ["Yixian"] = { "" }, ["Qimen"] = { "" }, ["Qimen-AL-Min"] = { "" }, ["Wuyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fuliang"] = { "" }, ["Dexing"] = { "" }, ["Jingde"] = { "" }, ["Zhanda"] = { "" }, ["Chun'an"] = { "" }, ["Sui'an"] = { "" }, ["Jiande"] = { "" }, ["Shouchang"] = { "" }, ["Guangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Hong Kong"] = { "肉丸" }, ["HK Weitou"] = { "" }, ["Kam Tin"] = { "" }, ["Ting Kok"] = { "" }, ["Tung Ping Chau"] = { "" }, ["Macau"] = { "" }, ["Panyu"] = { "" }, ["Huadu"] = { "" }, ["Conghua"] = { "" }, ["Zengcheng"] = { "" }, ["Foshan"] = { "" }, ["Nanhai"] = { "" }, ["Shunde"] = { "" }, ["Sanshui"] = { "" }, ["Gaoming"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-CKM"] = { "" }, ["Zhuhai"] = { "" }, ["Doumen-T"] = { "" }, ["Doumen-S"] = { "" }, ["Jiangmen"] = { "" }, ["Xinhui"] = { "" }, ["Taishan"] = { "" }, ["Taishan-GH"] = { "" }, ["Kaiping"] = { "" }, ["Enping"] = { "" }, ["Heshan"] = { "" }, ["Dongguan"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Shenzhen-C-LH"] = { "" }, ["Bao'an"] = { "" }, ["Dapeng"] = { "" }, ["Qingyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fogang"] = { "" }, ["Yingde"] = { "" }, ["Yangshan"] = { "" }, ["Lianshan"] = { "" }, ["Lianshan-YH"] = { "" }, ["Lianzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shaoguan"] = { "" }, ["Qujiang-C"] = { "" }, ["Renhua"] = { "" }, ["Lechang"] = { "" }, ["Gaoyao"] = { "" }, ["Sihui"] = { "" }, ["Guangning"] = { "" }, ["Deqing"] = { "" }, ["Huaiji"] = { "" }, ["Fengkai"] = { "" }, ["Yunfu"] = { "" }, ["Xinxing"] = { "" }, ["Luoding"] = { "" }, ["Yunan"] = { "" }, ["Yangjiang"] = { "" }, ["Xinyi"] = { "" }, ["Maoming"] = { "" }, ["Zhanjiang"] = { "" }, ["Lianjiang"] = { "" }, ["Wuchuan"] = { "" }, ["Nanning"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-Tanka"] = { "" }, ["Wuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yulin"] = { "" }, ["Hepu"] = { "" }, ["Hepu-ST"] = { "" }, ["Guiping"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-JT"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-JK"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-MD"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-ML"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-PN"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-DZ"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan-XX"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan-CT"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-GC"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-NJ"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-PD"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu-TL"] = { "" }, ["Baise"] = { "" }, ["Bobai"] = { "" }, ["Lingshan"] = { "" }, ["Pubei"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-XD"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-CT"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-NS"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-XNJ"] = { "" }, ["Beihai"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-NK"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-YP"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-QG"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-QG-CB"] = { "" }, ["Ningming"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian"] = { "" }, ["Pumen"] = { "" }, ["Fangchenggang-FC"] = { "" }, ["Dongxing"] = { "" }, ["Chongzuo-LT"] = { "" }, ["Fusui-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-C-YJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-C-MJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-C-SS"] = { "" }, ["Danzhou"] = { "" }, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = { "" }, ["Penang-C"] = { "" }, ["Sarikei-C"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-C"] = { "" }, ["Ho Chi Minh City"] = { "" }, ["Mong Cai"] = { "" }, ["Yangon-C"] = { "" }, ["Mandalay-C"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-C"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-GJY"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-ZGL"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-XXJD"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SL"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-XX"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SC"] = { "" }, ["Binyang"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-XQ"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian-P"] = { "" }, ["Chongzuo-P"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-CY"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-DBZ"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-ZY"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-DB"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-YJ"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-WT"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-LT"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-GQ"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-TX"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang-P"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-P"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-P"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-P-PT"] = { "" }, ["Liucheng-P"] = { "" }, ["Luocheng-P"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-GA"] = { "" }, ["Xiamen"] = { "肉圓仔" }, ["Tong'an"] = { "" }, ["Quanzhou"] = { "肉圓仔" }, ["Jinjiang"] = { "" }, ["Nan'an"] = { "" }, ["Shishi"] = { "" }, ["Hui'an"] = { "" }, ["Anxi"] = { "" }, ["Yongchun"] = { "" }, ["Dehua"] = { "" }, ["Zhangzhou"] = { "肉圓仔" }, ["Longhai"] = { "" }, ["Changtai"] = { "" }, ["Hua'an"] = { "" }, ["Nanjing-MN"] = { "" }, ["Pinghe"] = { "" }, ["Zhangpu"] = { "" }, ["Yunxiao"] = { "" }, ["Zhao'an"] = { "" }, ["Dongshan"] = { "" }, ["Taipei"] = { "" }, ["Wanhua"] = { "" }, ["Tamsui"] = { "" }, --肉丸仔, 細粒肉丸? ["Sanxia"] = { "" }, ["Pingxi"] = { "肉丸" }, --written as 肉圓 ["Kaohsiung"] = { "" }, ["Cijin"] = { "肉丸仔" }, --written as 肉圓仔 ["Hongmaogang"] = { "" }, ["Dalinpu"] = { "肉丸" }, --written as 肉圓 ["Tianliao"] = { "" }, ["Yilan"] = { "" }, --丸仔? ["Toucheng"] = { "" }, ["Lukang"] = { "" }, ["Taichung"] = { "" }, ["Wuqi"] = { "" }, ["Tainan"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Anping"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Taitung"] = { "" }, ["Hsinchu-MN"] = { "" }, ["Kinmen"] = { "" }, ["Magong"] = { "" }, ["Xiyu"] = { "" }, ["Malaysia-MN"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN"] = { "" }, ["Philippine-MN"] = { "" }, ["Medan"] = { "" }, ["Longyan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangping"] = { "" }, ["Yongfu"] = { "" }, ["Datian"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-PT"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-XW"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-DS"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-MN-BYG"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-MN"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-MN"] = { "" }, ["Lechang-TT"] = { "" }, ["Yingde-YZ"] = { "" }, ["Yunan-LT"] = { "" }, ["Hangzhou-PF"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-MN"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-KM"] = { "" }, ["Chaozhou"] = { "" }, ["Shantou"] = { "肉圓" }, --written as 肉丸 ["Chenghai"] = { "" }, ["Chaoyang"] = { "" }, ["Nan'ao-HZ"] = { "" }, ["Nan'ao-YA"] = { "" }, ["Jieyang"] = { "肉圓" }, --written as 肉丸 ["Lufeng"] = { "" }, ["Haifeng"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-MN-LH"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-MN-HJ"] = { "" }, ["Thailand-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Cambodia-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Johor Bahru"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Pontianak-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Leizhou"] = { "" }, --肉丸? ["Wenchang"] = { "" }, ["Haikou"] = { "肉丸" }, ["Qionghai"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN-H"] = { "" }, ["Putian"] = { "" }, ["Putian-DH"] = { "" }, ["Xianyou"] = { "" }, ["Fuding-AY"] = { "" }, ["Shaxi"] = { "" }, ["Sanxiang"] = { "" }, ["Fuzhou"] = { "" }, --肉丸, 肉丸囝? ["Changle"] = { "" }, ["Lianjiang-MD"] = { "" }, ["Fuqing"] = { "" }, ["Pingtan"] = { "" }, ["Yongtai"] = { "" }, ["Minqing"] = { "" }, ["Gutian"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-MD"] = { "" }, ["Luoyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fu'an"] = { "" }, ["Ningde"] = { "" }, ["Xiapu"] = { "" }, ["Zherong"] = { "" }, ["Shouning"] = { "" }, ["Zhouning"] = { "" }, ["Fuding"] = { "" }, ["Matsu"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MD-FQ"] = { "" }, ["Taishun-MD"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-MD"] = { "" }, ["Jian'ou"] = { "" }, ["Dikou"] = { "" }, ["Songxi"] = { "" }, ["Zhenghe"] = { "" }, ["Zhenqian"] = { "" }, ["Jianyang"] = { "" }, ["Huangkeng"] = { "" }, ["Wuyishan"] = { "" }, ["Shibei"] = { "" }, ["Yong'an"] = { "" }, ["Sanyuan"] = { "" }, ["Shaxian"] = { "" }, ["Yanping-WT"] = { "" }, ["Fu'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Fuding-She"] = { "" }, ["Luoyuan-She"] = { "" }, ["Sanming-She"] = { "" }, ["Shunchang-She"] = { "" }, ["Hua'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Guixi-She"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-She"] = { "" }, ["Jingning-She"] = { "" }, ["Lishui-She"] = { "" }, ["Longyou-She"] = { "" }, ["Lin'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Jiande-She"] = { "" }, ["Ningguo-She"] = { "" }, ["Chaozhou-She"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-She"] = { "" }, ["Guzhang-WX"] = { "" }, ["Yuanling-WX"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX-LJT"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX-LJT-2"] = { "" }, ["Chengbu-WX"] = { "" }, ["Jiande-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Jinhua-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Lanxi-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Tunxi-JXYM"] = { "" }, } return export b7pkjh3qgvac74zx7mqtlawsbbeur6s 10 1912647 7267458 2022-07-20T19:03:07Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{zh-dial-map}} 2k1iq8ezm3e0psqf7avnc52al6y68vt 0 1912648 7267459 2022-07-20T19:04:00Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|肉球}} q7kl2d62iw3huopj4dmdzlepqbv63zg 0 1912649 7267460 2022-07-20T19:04:03Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|肉球}} q7kl2d62iw3huopj4dmdzlepqbv63zg 0 1912650 7267461 2022-07-20T19:09:38Z TongcyDai 53191 Creating forms of [[肉球]] ([[:en:WT:ACCEL|Accelerated]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-see|肉球|poj}} p6spzax5b9ciuv484srq6swz4ht6gxq 0 1912651 7267462 2022-07-20T19:14:56Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===其他寫法=== * {{alt|pl|nie od razu Kraków zbudowano}} ===發音=== {{pl-p|nie odrazu Rzym zbudowano}} ===諺語=== {{head|pl|諺語|head=[[nie]] [[od razu]] [[Rzym]] [[zbudować|zbudowano]]}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[Rome 羅馬不是一天造成的]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} sedei8kuxvo9rmxvjb9l1u7c6h0wpyn 7267464 7267462 2022-07-20T19:15:27Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===其他寫法=== * {{alt|pl|nie od razu Kraków zbudowano}} ===發音=== {{pl-p|nie odrazu Rzym zbudowano}} ===諺語=== {{head|pl|諺語|head=[[nie]] [[od razu]] [[Rzym]] [[zbudować|zbudowano]]}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[羅馬不是一天造成的]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} hcfio2bkqphe5tmkx03a2cmtrmx6peg 14 1912652 7267463 2022-07-20T19:15:23Z TongcyBot 83009 創建分類頁 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 1912653 7267465 2022-07-20T19:15:51Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===其他寫法=== * {{alt|pl|nie od razu Rzym zbudowano}} ===發音=== {{pl-p|nie odrazu Kraków zbudowano|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-nie od razu Kraków zbudowano.wav}} ===諺語=== {{head|pl|諺語|head=[[nie]] [[od razu]] [[Kraków]] [[zbudować|zbudowano]]}} # {{lb|pl|idiomatic}} [[羅馬不是一天造成的]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} nu6x8j8ith8c1535ypf6iod5lbgy0vs 0 1912654 7267471 2022-07-20T21:06:13Z 火焱 67300 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南语== 汉字或越南文混合表记：chuối gáo（[[桎梏]]） [[Category:越南语]] exl11neeiawjf0fh2ksfsx3mxvxljec 0 1912655 7267487 2022-07-21T02:08:46Z 1.200.105.246 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=进磅}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=chīn-pōng |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{zh-adj}} # [[事情]]、[[事物]]已到達最大[[極限]] ====衍生詞==== {{zh-der|放盡磅}} ====來源==== *{{thcwd|10711}} qibqjfj2ubj1x0k87d2bhgr45u7yp1y 7267491 7267487 2022-07-21T02:16:05Z 1.200.105.246 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=尽磅}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=chīn-pōng |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{zh-adj}} # [[事情]]、[[事物]]已到達最大[[極限]] ====衍生詞==== {{zh-der|放盡磅}} ====來源==== *{{thcwd|10711}} 961z71j7apzqbvxgv80u34mvlfw4v4b 0 1912656 7267493 2022-07-21T02:28:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{bor+|pl|fr|mariner}} + {{affix|pl|-ować}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-marynować.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=zamarynować}} # {{lb|pl|及物|cooking}} [[醃製]] #: {{syn|pl|bejcować}} # {{lb|pl|及物|口语|figurative|jocular}} 長時期[[保存]]而不[[使用]] #: {{hyper|pl|przechowywać}} # {{lb|pl|自反|cooking}} 被[[醃製]] #: {{syn|pl|[[bejcować|bejcować się]]}} # {{lb|pl|自反|口语|figurative|jocular}} 長時期被[[保存]]而不被[[使用]] # {{lb|pl|自反|口语|figurative}} 將自己[[隔離]]開來 #: {{syn|pl|[[izolować|izolować się]]}} ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai-uję|maryn|pp}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|marynata}} {{col3|pl|title=形容詞|marynowany}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ccfxyb3zauwcj75vrpsepykjit21kcr 0 1912657 7267494 2022-07-21T02:29:48Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== {{wikipedia|lang=pl}} ===词源=== {{bor+|pl|fr|marinade}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-marynata.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f|dim=marynatka}} # [[醃泡]][[食品]] # [[醃泡]][[汁]] #: {{syn|pl|bejca|zalewa}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=動詞|marynować|zamarynować}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|食物|液體}} pub1rvthnpd3udv2k2k9i07te0y5xon 0 1912658 7267495 2022-07-21T02:30:58Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Zalewa}} ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-zalewa.wav}} ===词源1=== {{deverbal|pl|zalewać}}。 ====名词==== {{pl-noun|f|dim=zalewka}} # [[醃泡]][[汁]] #: {{syn|pl|bejca|marynata}} =====变格===== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} =====相关词汇===== {{col3|pl|title=動詞|zalewać|zalać}} ===词源2=== {{nonlemma}} ====动词==== {{head|pl|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|pl|zalewać||3|s|pres}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|食物|液體}} telsylgyatvogpttr59ihp9wwzzgpz6 0 1912659 7267496 2022-07-21T02:31:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|zalać|-wać}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-zalewać.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=zalać}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[淹沒]] # {{lb|pl|自反}} 把[[水]][[倒]]在自己身上 # {{lb|pl|自反|口语}} [[喝醉]] #: {{syn|pl|Thesaurus:pić}} ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai-am,asz|zalewa|pp}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|飲酒}} q4dqiu50gscrrbk0p0vfs73ob0si5tw 0 1912660 7267497 2022-07-21T02:31:46Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===名词=== {{en-noun|schnozzes}} # {{alternative form of|en|schnozz}} 25y6abvabydjvn5ogiwxknfh54wan66 10 1912661 7267498 2022-07-21T02:32:27Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pl-conj-ap|{{#if:{{{inf|}}}|{{{inf}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{{1}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|e|{{{2}}}}}ję|{{{1}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|e|{{{2}}}}}je|{{{1}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|e|{{{2}}}}}ją|{{{1}}}{{{2}}}|{{{1}}}{{{2}}}|{{{1}}}{{{2}}}|{{{1}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|e|{{{2}}}}}j|pp={{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|pp|{{{1}}}{{{2}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|n|t}}}}|pp2={{#ifeq:{{{3}}}|pp|{{{1}}}{{{2}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|n|c}}i}}|ap={{{1}}}{{{2}}}wszy|ip={{{1}}}{{{2}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|n|t}}o|vn={{{1}}}{{{2}}}{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|a|n|c}}ie}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> mii639fdxci2k1omvmcq3f78v2ckexx 0 1912662 7267499 2022-07-21T02:32:35Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Zalac|żaląc|žalac}} ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|za-|lać}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-zalać.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=p|impf=zalewać}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[淹沒]] # {{lb|pl|自反}} 把[[水]][[倒]]在自己身上 # {{lb|pl|自反|口语}} [[喝醉]] #: {{syn|pl|Thesaurus:pić}} ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ap-X|zal|a|pp}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|飲酒}} dzy1yxwey6dzobjec7ub5c12agkbetx 0 1912663 7267500 2022-07-21T02:34:31Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|en|schnoz}} * {{l|en|shnoz}} ===词源=== 可能借自{{bor|en|yi|שנויץ|}}，其源自{{der|en|de|Schnauze|t=鼻子}}。<ref>{{R:OED Online|entry=schnozz|part of speech=n|code=172470|date=1982}}</ref><ref>{{R:Etymonline|schnozz}}</ref>对比{{m|en|schnozzle}}。另一较少见理论认为其是一个受到{{m|en|schm-}}的影响或者和意第绪语单词联想而得到的{{m|en|nose}}的变体。<ref>{{cite-web|||schnoz|Dictionary.com Unabridged.|http://www.dictionary.com/browse/schnoz||accessdate=March 30, 2018|publisher=Random House, Inc.}}</ref>至少1940年起已可考。 ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-schnozz.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{lb|en|俚语}} [[鼻子]] #: {{syn|en|Thesaurus:nose}} #* '''1969''', {{w|lang=en|Philip Roth}}, ''{{w|lang=en|Portnoy's Complaint|Portnoy’s Complaint}},'' New York: Vintage, 1994, pp.{{nbsp}}149-150,^{[https://archive.org/details/portnoyscomplain00roth_0]} #*: {{...}} you have got J-E-W written right across the middle of that face—look at the '''shnoz''' on him, for God’s sakes! #* {{quote-journal |en |date=1993-03-05 |first=Adam |last=Langer |authorlink=Adam Langer |title=Sex Lives of Superheroes/Subfertile |newspaper={{w|lang=en|The Chicago Reader}} |url=https://securesite.chireader.com/cgi-bin/Archive/abridged2.bat?path=1993/930305/SUPER |passage=There's a TV commercial out now for a nasal spray in which a man in need of a decongestant wakes up to find that his entire head has turned into a giant '''schnozz'''. }} #* {{quote-journal |en |date=1998-06-26 |first=Cecil |last=Adams |authorlink=Cecil Adams |title={{w|lang=en|The Straight Dope}} |newspaper={{w|lang=en|The Chicago Reader}} |url=https://securesite.chireader.com/cgi-bin/Archive/abridged2.bat?path=1998/980626/DOPE |passage=One presumes the anesthetic is for the bull, although if I were about to pound a nail through some bull's '''schnozz''' I might want some anesthetic myself. }} #* {{quote-journal |en |date=1999-11-05 |first=Carl |last=Zimmer |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: The Stories Behind the Bones |journal=[[w:en:Science (journal)|Science]] |issn=0036-8075 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5442/1071 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5442.1071 |volume=286 |issue=5442 |pages=1071-1074 |passage=In another talk, a DinoNose collaborator, Scott Sampson of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, pointed out a number of ridges in the ceratopsian '''schnozz''' that probably supported curtains of cartilage; these in turn may have served as scaffolding for layers upon layers of mucous membranes. }} ====参考资料==== <references/> {{C|en|臉}} tw5tefasdhcj6yfngcmfllmicaw668y 0 1912664 7267501 2022-07-21T02:34:50Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===名词=== {{en-noun|shnozzes}} # {{alternative form of|en|schnozz}} qggcbyfibgo94v3qud0j6t9523i3hqf 0 1912665 7267502 2022-07-21T02:35:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|bejcą}} ==波兰语== {{wikipedia|lang=pl}} ===词源=== {{bor+|pl|de|Beize}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-bejca.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f}} # {{lb|pl|木工}} [[木材]][[染色]]劑 # {{lb|pl|agriculture}} 殺[[真菌]]劑 #: {{syn|pl|fungicyd|grzybobójka}} # {{lb|pl|cooking}} [[醃泡]][[汁]] #: {{syn|pl|marynata|zalewa}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=動詞|[[bejcować]] {{g|impf}}, [[zabejcować]] {{g|pf}}}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|真菌學}} lqxndpcgc5tryazibgtdxl35qsquwg1 0 1912666 7267503 2022-07-21T02:36:53Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-make a run for it.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|ɪt|s=5}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|make<,,made> a run for it}} # {{lb|en|idiomatic}} [[逃跑]] #* '''1824''', {{w|lang=en|George Soane}}, ''Pride Shall Have a Fall: A Comedy'', London: Hurst, Robinson & Co., Act 4, Scene 2, p. 79,^{[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010014234]} #*: An explosion! All’s over—I have nothing to do but to '''make a run for it'''. #* {{RQ:Stevenson Kidnapped|chapter=The Flight in the Heather: The Rocks|page=198|passage=[W]e got ourselves at once in marching order, and began to slip from rock to rock one after the other, now crawling flat on our bellies in the shade, now '''making a run for it''', heart in mouth.}} #* '''1946''', {{w|lang=en|Mervyn Peake}}, ''{{w|lang=en|Titus Groan}}'', London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, “Prunesquallor’s Knee-Cap,” #*: Nannie Slagg, terrified at this suggestion, raised her little bony hands to her mouth and raised her shoulders to her ears. Then she gave one frightened look down the passage and was about to '''make a run for it''' [...] # {{lb|en|idiomatic}} [[奔跑]]着[[赶上]] #* '''1857''', {{w|lang=en|Thomas Hughes}}, ''{{w|lang=en|Tom Brown's School Days|Tom Brown’s School Days}}'', Part 2, Chapter 6,^{[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1480/1480-h/1480-h.htm]} #*: [...] he began to go over in his mind the many occasions on which he had heard that toll coming faintly down the breeze, and had to pack his rod in a hurry and '''make a run for it''', to get in before the gates were shut. #* '''1964''', {{w|lang=en|John Nathan}} (translator), ''{{w|lang=en|A Personal Matter}}'' by {{w|lang=en|Kenzaburō Ōe}}, New York: Grove Press, 1969, Chapter 5, p. 83, #*: In the depths of his body, Bird felt the beginning of an irrepressible and certain crisis. [...] Could he make it in time if he charged in that direction? But how much better to ride the crisis out without having to '''make a run for it'''. ====其他形式==== * {{l|en|have a run for it}} {{qual|弃用}} ====近义词==== * {{sense|逃跑}} {{l|en|make a break for it}} r60qs0iov4awpgj3ltas3mi8auy2suv 0 1912667 7267504 2022-07-21T02:47:55Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Smug}} ==英语== ===词源=== 可能源自{{bor|en|gml|smuk|t=轻柔的，纤弱的，修长的}}，但是英语词形内的''g''难以解释。源自一{{cog|nds|-}}词，该词亦派生出{{cog|frr|smok}}、{{cog|da|smuk}}和{{cog|sv|smukk}}（现已弃用或方言）。最终应派生自{{der|en|gem-pro|*smeuganą}}。 对比{{cog|gmh|gesmuc|t=饰品}}和{{m|gmh|smücken|t=给...穿衣，打扮}}，两者最终源自{{m|gmh|smiegen|t=按入，插入；坐落于}}，因而有同源词{{cog|de|schmiegen}}、{{m|de|Schmuck}}和{{m|de|schmücken}}。但是德语形容词{{m|de|schmuck}}借自{{cog|nds|-}}。详见{{m|en|smock}}。 ===发音=== * {{enPR|smŭg}}、{{IPA|en|/smʌɡ/}} * {{audio|en|En-au-smug.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌɡ|s=1}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|smugger}} # [[得意洋洋]]的，[[沾沾自喜]]的 #: {{ux|en|Kate looked extremely '''smug''' this morning.|Kate今早看着特别'''得意'''。}} #: {{ux|en|a '''smug''' look on her face|她脸上得意的样子}} # {{lb|en|弃用|尤指衣服}} [[刻意]][[精致]]的，[[做作]]的，[[刻板]]的 #* '''1556''', Raphe Robynson, ''More’s Utopia: The English Translation thereof'' #*: They be so '''smug''' and smooth. #* {{RQ:De Quincey Rhetoric}} #*: the '''smug''' and scanty draperies of his style #* {{RQ:Beaumont Fletcher Comedies and Tragedies|The Pilgrim|1|2|passage=A young, '''smug''', handsome holiness has no fellow.}} ====近义词==== * {{l|en|gloaty}} * {{l|en|self-satisfied}} * {{l|en|complacent}} * 亦参见[[Thesaurus:arrogant]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|smugly}} * {{l|en|smugness}} ===动词=== {{en-verb}} # {{lb|en|弃用|及物}} [[整理]]，[[打理]] #* {{RQ:Drayton Poly-Olbion}} #*: Thus said, he '''smug'd''' his beard, and stroked up fair. # {{lb|en|弃用|及物|俚语}} [[没收]] # {{lb|en|弃用|及物|俚语}} [[隐瞒]] {{Webster 1913}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:Webster 1913}} * {{R:Century 1911}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=gmsu|Gums|MGUs|gums|mugs}} {{C|en|性格}} ---- ==丹麦语== ===词源=== 源自{{cog|da|smyge}} ===名词=== {{da-noun}} # [[私下]]，[[秘密]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|da|i smug}} ---- ==爱尔兰语== ===发音=== * {{a|Ulster}} {{IPA|ga|/sˠmˠʌɡ/}}<ref>{{R:ga:Quiggin|25}}</ref> ===名词=== {{ga-noun|f|smuige|~a}} # {{alt form|ga|smuga|from=Ulster|t=粘液，鼻涕}} ====变格==== {{ga-decl-f2|sm|ug|uige|dat=uig|datoc=a}} ===参考资料=== <references/> ---- ==书面挪威语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|nb|smau}} {{qualifier|亦新挪威语}} ===词源=== 源自动词{{m|nb|smyge}} ===名词=== {{nb-noun-n1}} # [[小径]]，[[小巷]] {{qualifier|usually for pedestrians}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:The Bokmål Dictionary}} {{C|nb|道路}} ---- ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-ThineCupOverfloweth-smug.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|m-in}} # [[细长]]的... ## [[草地]] ## {{lb|pl|较少用}} [[森林]]或[[田野]] # [[草丛]] {{qual|尤指沼泽内的}} # {{lb|pl|古旧}} {{alternative form of|pl|smuga|t=条纹，纹路}}。 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-in}} ===名词=== {{head|pl|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{inflection of|pl|smuga||gen|p}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|自然}} 2iwe3fb7j6r3pfyqi3jtj0bn7dvojwf 7267505 7267504 2022-07-21T02:48:06Z Hzy980512 19278 /* 名词 */ (using [[MediaWiki:Gadget-AjaxEdit.js|AjaxEdit]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Smug}} ==英语== ===词源=== 可能源自{{bor|en|gml|smuk|t=轻柔的，纤弱的，修长的}}，但是英语词形内的''g''难以解释。源自一{{cog|nds|-}}词，该词亦派生出{{cog|frr|smok}}、{{cog|da|smuk}}和{{cog|sv|smukk}}（现已弃用或方言）。最终应派生自{{der|en|gem-pro|*smeuganą}}。 对比{{cog|gmh|gesmuc|t=饰品}}和{{m|gmh|smücken|t=给...穿衣，打扮}}，两者最终源自{{m|gmh|smiegen|t=按入，插入；坐落于}}，因而有同源词{{cog|de|schmiegen}}、{{m|de|Schmuck}}和{{m|de|schmücken}}。但是德语形容词{{m|de|schmuck}}借自{{cog|nds|-}}。详见{{m|en|smock}}。 ===发音=== * {{enPR|smŭg}}、{{IPA|en|/smʌɡ/}} * {{audio|en|En-au-smug.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌɡ|s=1}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|smugger}} # [[得意洋洋]]的，[[沾沾自喜]]的 #: {{ux|en|Kate looked extremely '''smug''' this morning.|Kate今早看着特别'''得意'''。}} #: {{ux|en|a '''smug''' look on her face|她脸上得意的样子}} # {{lb|en|弃用|尤指衣服}} [[刻意]][[精致]]的，[[做作]]的，[[刻板]]的 #* '''1556''', Raphe Robynson, ''More’s Utopia: The English Translation thereof'' #*: They be so '''smug''' and smooth. #* {{RQ:De Quincey Rhetoric}} #*: the '''smug''' and scanty draperies of his style #* {{RQ:Beaumont Fletcher Comedies and Tragedies|The Pilgrim|1|2|passage=A young, '''smug''', handsome holiness has no fellow.}} ====近义词==== * {{l|en|gloaty}} * {{l|en|self-satisfied}} * {{l|en|complacent}} * 亦参见[[Thesaurus:arrogant]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|smugly}} * {{l|en|smugness}} ===动词=== {{en-verb}} # {{lb|en|弃用|及物}} [[整理]]，[[打理]] #* {{RQ:Drayton Poly-Olbion}} #*: Thus said, he '''smug'd''' his beard, and stroked up fair. # {{lb|en|弃用|及物|俚语}} [[没收]] # {{lb|en|弃用|及物|俚语}} [[隐瞒]] {{Webster 1913}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:Webster 1913}} * {{R:Century 1911}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=gmsu|Gums|MGUs|gums|mugs}} {{C|en|性格}} ---- ==丹麦语== ===词源=== 源自{{cog|da|smyge}} ===名词=== {{da-noun}} # [[私下]]，[[秘密]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|da|i smug}} ---- ==爱尔兰语== ===发音=== * {{a|Ulster}} {{IPA|ga|/sˠmˠʌɡ/}}<ref>{{R:ga:Quiggin|25}}</ref> ===名词=== {{ga-noun|f|smuige|~a}} # {{alt form|ga|smuga|from=Ulster|t=粘液，鼻涕}} ====变格==== {{ga-decl-f2|sm|ug|uige|dat=uig|datoc=a}} ===参考资料=== <references/> ---- ==书面挪威语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|nb|smau}} {{qualifier|亦新挪威语}} ===词源=== 源自动词{{m|nb|smyge}} ===名词=== {{nb-noun-n1}} # [[小径]]，[[小巷]] ===参考资料=== * {{R:The Bokmål Dictionary}} {{C|nb|道路}} ---- ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-ThineCupOverfloweth-smug.wav}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|m-in}} # [[细长]]的... ## [[草地]] ## {{lb|pl|较少用}} [[森林]]或[[田野]] # [[草丛]] {{qual|尤指沼泽内的}} # {{lb|pl|古旧}} {{alternative form of|pl|smuga|t=条纹，纹路}}。 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-in}} ===名词=== {{head|pl|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{inflection of|pl|smuga||gen|p}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|自然}} sv400o184wnts9n3rwjmgb40717qgvu 0 1912668 7267506 2022-07-21T02:58:30Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===其他形式=== * [[get one's arse handed to one]] {{qualifier|UK}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|get<,,got,gotten> one's ass handed to one}} # {{lb|en|粗俗|俚语|北美}} 被打[败]得[[落花流水]]，被打得[[满地找牙]] ====近义词==== * [[get one's head handed to one]] * [[have one's ass handed to one]] {{qualifier|粗俗}} * [[have one's head handed to one]] si8i83bnz7iwtts5fpplxz3o96d9qyz 0 1912669 7267508 2022-07-21T03:03:49Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== {{suffix|en|skank|y}} ===发音=== * {{a|US}} {{IPA|en|/ˈskæŋ.ki/}} * {{audio|en|En-au-skanky.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} * {{rhymes|en|æŋki|s=2}} ===形容词=== {{en-adj|er}} # {{lb|en|俚语}} [[淫秽]]而[[丑陋]]的 {{gloss|尤指女人}} # {{lb|en|俚语}} [[卑鄙]]的，[[恶劣]]的 #* {{quote-book|en|2010|Chuck Klosterman|Chuck Klosterman on Rock: A Collection of Previously Published Essays|chapter=The Jack Factor|passage=Heavy Metal, Music from the Motion Picture (1981, Elektra): This movie is pretty lousy if you're sober and/or an adult, and the soundtrack should be either glammier or '''skankier''', or maybe both.}} {{C|en|外貌}} kecd38x510fk5cagye9ktmtfmez2a5n 0 1912670 7267509 2022-07-21T03:07:48Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Eggon}} ==英语== ===词源=== * 源自{{der|en|enm|eggen||煽动；催促；唆使}}，源自{{der|en|non|eggja||促使}}，源自{{m|non|egg||边缘}}。详见{{l|en|edge}}。 * 古旧形式“edge on”的变体。 ===发音=== * {{audio|en|en-au-egg on.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{lb|en|及物|idiomatic}} [[唆使]]，[[哄骗]] {{gloss|尤指让某人去干蠢事或鲁莽的事}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1892|author=Lesslie Hall (translator)|title={{w|lang=en|Beowulf}}|chapter=35|passage=Then I heard that at morning one brother the other / With edges of irons '''egged on''' to murder,}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1908|author=[[w:en:Robert_Louis_Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson]]|title=In the South Seas|chapter=25|passage=He resented the idea of interference from those who had {{...}} '''egged''' him '''on''' to a new peril.}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1912|author=[[w:en:P._G._Wodehouse|P. G. Wodehouse]]|title=The Adventures of Sally|chapter=8|passage=She had deliberately '''egged''' him '''on''' to wreck his prospects.}} ====近义词==== * {{l|en|provoke}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eggno|gonge}} {{cln|en|動詞短語|含助詞(on)的動詞短語}} c2e5pqo5b4an68rlbwrpmc4hatul7dc 7267510 7267509 2022-07-21T03:08:07Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Eggon}} ==英语== ===词源=== * 源自{{der|en|enm|eggen||煽动；催促；唆使}}，源自{{der|en|non|eggja||促使}}，源自{{m|non|egg||边缘}}。详见{{l|en|edge}}。 * 古旧形式“edge on”的变体。 ===发音=== * {{audio|en|en-au-egg on.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{lb|en|及物|idiomatic}} [[唆使]]，[[怂恿]]，[[哄骗]] {{gloss|尤指让某人去干蠢事或鲁莽的事}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1892|author=Lesslie Hall (translator)|title={{w|lang=en|Beowulf}}|chapter=35|passage=Then I heard that at morning one brother the other / With edges of irons '''egged on''' to murder,}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1908|author=[[w:en:Robert_Louis_Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson]]|title=In the South Seas|chapter=25|passage=He resented the idea of interference from those who had {{...}} '''egged''' him '''on''' to a new peril.}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1912|author=[[w:en:P._G._Wodehouse|P. G. Wodehouse]]|title=The Adventures of Sally|chapter=8|passage=She had deliberately '''egged''' him '''on''' to wreck his prospects.}} ====近义词==== * {{l|en|provoke}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eggno|gonge}} {{cln|en|動詞短語|含助詞(on)的動詞短語}} o41a0yd2yekr4ko6j8ym4bssefdqljv 7267511 7267510 2022-07-21T03:09:42Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Eggon}} ==英语== ===词源=== * 源自{{der|en|enm|eggen||煽动；催促；唆使}}，源自{{der|en|non|eggja||促使}}，源自{{m|non|egg||边缘}}。详见{{l|en|edge}}。 * 古旧形式“edge on”的变体。 ===发音=== * {{audio|en|en-au-egg on.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{lb|en|及物|idiomatic}} [[唆使]]，[[怂恿]]，[[哄骗]] {{gloss|尤指让某人去干蠢事或鲁莽的事}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1892|author=Lesslie Hall (translator)|title={{w|lang=en|Beowulf}}|chapter=35|passage=Then I heard that at morning one brother the other / With edges of irons '''egged on''' to murder,}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1908|author=[[w:en:Robert_Louis_Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson]]|title=In the South Seas|chapter=25|passage=He resented the idea of interference from those who had {{...}} '''egged''' him '''on''' to a new peril.}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1912|author=[[w:en:P._G._Wodehouse|P. G. Wodehouse]]|title=The Adventures of Sally|chapter=8|passage=She had deliberately '''egged''' him '''on''' to wreck his prospects.}} ====近义词==== * {{l|en|provoke}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eggno|gonge}} {{cln|en|動詞短語|帶助詞(on)的動詞短語}} 44ipfom832npboq0niy8em18ukqzskb 0 1912671 7267516 2022-07-21T04:27:19Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|loudmouth}} ==英语== ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # {{alternative form of|en|loudmouth}} rr3o61y61kl9vbq1jbffsxrsqjvqhp7 0 1912672 7267517 2022-07-21T04:27:27Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|Portugalia|-czyk}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-Portugalczyk.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|m-pr|f=Portugalka}} # [[葡萄牙人]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-m-pr}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|葡萄牙}} jrli028t4rxjlese9ognmc73cwrp1ln 0 1912673 7267518 2022-07-21T04:28:10Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==捷克语== ===词源=== {{affix|cs|Portugalec|-ka}} ===发音=== * {{cs-IPA}} * {{hyphenation|cs|Por|tu|gal|ka}} * {{rhymes|cs|alka|s=4}} ===名词=== {{cs-noun|g=f|m=Portugalec}} # 女性[[葡萄牙人]] ====变格==== {{cs-decl-noun-auto|f|Portugal|k|a}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:KNLA}} * {{R:SSJC}} ---- ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|Portugalia|-ka}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-Portugalka.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|f|m=Portugalczyk}} # {{femeq|pl|Portugalczyk|t=[[葡萄牙人]]}} ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-f}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|葡萄牙}} ---- ==斯洛文尼亚语== ===发音=== * {{sl-IPA|Portugȃlka}} ===名词=== {{sl-noun|Portugȃlka|f|m=Portugálec}} # 女性[[葡萄牙人]] ====屈折==== {{sl-decl-noun-f|Portugálk}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|sl|Portugálska}} * {{l|sl|portugálski}} * {{l|sl|portugálščina}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:sl:Fran}} ratp9y90rh8m8tbvsbbdxi2qvqehxsv 0 1912674 7267519 2022-07-21T04:29:44Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==斯洛文尼亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{suffix|sl|portugálski|ina}}。 ===发音=== * {{sl-IPA|portugȃlščina}} ===名词=== {{sl-noun|portugȃlščina|f}} # [[葡萄牙語]] #: {{uxi|sl|'''portugalščina''' je Evropski jezik|'''葡萄牙語'''是一種歐洲語言}} ====用法说明==== 名詞形式一般只用作句子的主語；做謂語時使用狀語形式{{m|sl|portugálsko}}。 ====屈折==== {{sl-decl-noun-f|portugálščin|n=sg}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|sl|Portugálska}} * {{l|sl|Portugálec}} / {{l|sl|Portugálka}} * {{l|sl|portugálski}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:sl:Fran}} {{c|sl|語言}} 78sdihz0movwwwwjnxk8bof9za9ddxc 0 1912675 7267521 2022-07-21T04:31:06Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|za-|mieścić}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-zamieścić.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=p|impf=zamieszczać}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[發佈]]；[[刊登]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ap-ić|zamie|śc|pp}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 5hu516a1t81t3wi3lhjvygufspkfxg5 0 1912676 7267522 2022-07-21T04:31:24Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|zamieścić|-ać}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-zamieszczać.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=zamieścić}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[發佈]]；[[刊登]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai-am,asz|zamieszcza|pp}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 723tn5pvm9x5slgmjdcaaayumih2gei 0 1912677 7267523 2022-07-21T04:31:41Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-chew out.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{lb|en|US|俚语}} [[骂]]，[[教训]]，[[责备]] #: {{ux|en|His dad '''chewed''' him '''out''' after seeing his poor grades.|他爸看到他那可怜的成绩之后把他'''骂了一顿'''。}} #: {{syn|en|bawl out}} {{cln|動詞短語|帶助詞(out)的動詞短語}} {{C|en|談話}} twdsjvcgujcat9iafhpmzh8kvw5s436 7267524 7267523 2022-07-21T04:31:50Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-chew out.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{lb|en|US|俚语}} [[骂]]，[[教训]]，[[责备]] #: {{ux|en|His dad '''chewed''' him '''out''' after seeing his poor grades.|他爸看到他那可怜的成绩之后把他'''骂了一顿'''。}} #: {{syn|en|bawl out}} {{cln|en|動詞短語|帶助詞(out)的動詞短語}} {{C|en|談話}} shn18e6qr5zybdls4q0zvfjdq3v3zp3 0 1912678 7267525 2022-07-21T04:32:51Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|pojecie}} ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-pojęcie.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|n}} # {{verbal noun of|pl|pojąć}} # [[概念]] # [[理解]] ====变格==== {{pl-decl-noun-n}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} rrnqzwwfd8dfwpuunyelc7v5bo5g0q7 0 1912679 7267526 2022-07-21T04:33:16Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===短语=== {{head|en|phrase}} # {{alternative form of|en|the lady doth protest too much}} 20410coy9u4p4se4qv09ppgrwk2trkj 7267527 7267526 2022-07-21T04:33:24Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===短语=== {{head|en|短語}} # {{alternative form of|en|the lady doth protest too much}} huokl7grlj0qyos5a2ycipu4yd3r2h4 0 1912680 7267528 2022-07-21T04:33:28Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|po-|jąć}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pojąć.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=p|impf=pojmować}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[理解]]，[[了解]]，[[領悟]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ap|pojąć|pojmę|pojmie|pojmą|poją|poję|poję|pojmij|pp=pojęt|pp2=pojęci|ap=pojąwszy|ip=pojęto|vn=pojęcie}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|思想}} ixbv6iaz4xtgsrf02w7m28gn8p40wr7 0 1912681 7267529 2022-07-21T04:33:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|pojąć|-ować}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pojmować.wav}} ===动词=== {{pl-verb|a=i|pf=pojąć}} # {{lb|pl|及物}} [[理解]]，[[了解]]，[[領悟]] ====變位==== {{pl-conj-ai-uję|pojm}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|思想}} 8iqkhie7iw236ks4od8ywrrn21o7mw3 0 1912682 7267530 2022-07-21T04:36:07Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== {{wikipedia|lang=pl}} ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|przypadać|-ek}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-przypadek.ogg}} ===名词=== {{pl-noun|m-in}} # [[場合]]；[[事例]] # [[偶然]]，[[巧合]] # {{lb|pl|grammar}} [[格]] ====变格==== {{s|語法格}} {{pl-decl-noun-m-in}} {{s|其他意思}} {{pl-decl-noun-m-in|gens=przypadku}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|przypadkowy|przypadkowo|przypadkiem|odmieniać przez wszystkie przypadki}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} qdfzotm0lwxqnphan7emclhgoq0yezy 0 1912683 7267531 2022-07-21T04:36:32Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|pl|przypadkowy|-o}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-przypadkowo.wav}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|bardziej}} # [[巧合]] #: {{syn|pl|przypadkiem|przez przypadek}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 18q1zqk2sn0f70rh7kg5axhf9zxn5x3 0 1912684 7267532 2022-07-21T04:38:09Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{m|pl|przypadek}}的工具格。对比{{ncog|hu|esetleg}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-przypadkiem.wav}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # [[巧合]] #: {{syn|pl|przypadkowo|przez przypadek}} ===助詞=== {{head|pl|助詞}} # {{non-gloss|+ 動詞：}} [[碰巧]]，[[恰好]] #: {{uxi|pl|Nie masz '''przypadkiem''' klucza?|你不會'''碰巧'''有鑰匙吧？}} ===名词=== {{head|pl|名詞變格形}} # {{inflection of|pl|przypadek||ins|s}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} 7qv1mmxxh1ks5hriugzzxjla7ceo0hu 0 1912685 7267533 2022-07-21T04:40:35Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==匈牙利语== ===词源=== {{affix|hu|eset|-leg|pos=副詞}}。对比{{ncog|pl|przypadkiem}}。 ===发音=== * {{hu-IPA}} * {{audio|hu|Hu-esetleg.ogg|音频}} * {{hyphenation|hu|eset|leg}} * {{rhymes|hu|ɛɡ|s=3}} ===副词=== {{hu-adv|-}} # [[可能]]，[[或許]] #: {{syn|hu|talán}} rt0ej78bxo09qxj1l2y9yxd49ybdazg 0 1912686 7267534 2022-07-21T04:41:25Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|talan|-talan}} ==匈牙利语== ===词源=== {{m|hu|találom||我認為，我相信}}的縮略，動詞{{m|hu|talál||找到}}的第一人稱現在時。<ref>{{R:Pusztai 2003}}</ref> ===发音=== * {{hu-IPA}} * {{audio|hu|Hu-talán.ogg|音频}} * {{hyphenation|hu|ta|lán}} * {{rhymes|hu|aːn|s=2}} ===副词=== {{head|hu|副詞}} # [[可能]]，[[或許]] #: {{syn|hu|esetleg|tán}} ===参考资料=== <references/> ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:ErtSz}} q3iw4hzh6z6cqgoomby4855nsweihjb 0 1912687 7267535 2022-07-21T04:42:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-wciąż.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # [[仍然]] #: {{syn|pl|jeszcze|nadal}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ni39r6ta35ewf3cegpj9hev1so5c159 0 1912688 7267536 2022-07-21T04:43:33Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|en|the lady doth protest too much, methinks}} * {{l|en|methinks the lady doth protest too much}} * {{l|en|methinks thou dost protest too much}} ===词源=== 出自莎士比亚作品《{{w|哈姆雷特}}》<ref>{{RQ:Shakespeare Hamlet Q1-2|version=Q2|act=III|scene=ii|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=cok-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PP58#v=onepage|passage=The Lady doth proteſt too much methinks.}}</ref>，为哈姆雷特之母女王葛楚的一句台词。剧中，“{{m|en||protest}}”指“坚持自己所言为实”（剧中即指戏子女王对爱的发言），而非“坚持他人所言为虚”。 ===短语=== {{head|en|短語}} # {{lb|en|UK}} {{ngd|用于暗示某人过分强调自己说的是真的，因此反而其所说的肯定是假的。}} #* {{quote-text|en|year=1897|author=[[w:en:Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]]|title=[[s:en:The Authoress of the Odyssey/Chapter 5: Whether Penelope is Being Whitewashed|The Authoress of the Odyssey]]|passage=In all Penelope's devotion to her husband there is an ever present sense that '''the lady doth protest too much'''.}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|protest too much}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{pedialite|lang=en}} ===参见=== * {{pedia|Excusatio non petita, accusatio manifesta}} ===参考资料=== <references/> hsvxqiehhg9gszmiwous0wat80vv0kc 7267546 7267536 2022-07-21T05:04:51Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|en|the lady doth protest too much, methinks}} * {{l|en|methinks the lady doth protest too much}} * {{l|en|methinks thou dost protest too much}} ===词源=== 出自莎士比亚作品《{{w|哈姆雷特}}》<ref>{{RQ:Shakespeare Hamlet Q1-2|version=Q2|act=III|scene=ii|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=cok-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PP58#v=onepage|passage=The Lady doth proteſt too much methinks.}}</ref>，为哈姆雷特之母女王葛楚的一句台词。剧中，“{{m|en||protest}}”指“坚持自己所言为实”（剧中即指戏子女王对爱的发言），而非“坚持他人所言为虚”。 ===短语=== {{head|en|短語}} # {{lb|en|UK}} {{gloss|用于暗示某人过分强调自己说的是真的，因此反而其所说的肯定是假的。}}[[此地无银三百两]] #* {{quote-text|en|year=1897|author=[[w:en:Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]]|title=[[s:en:The Authoress of the Odyssey/Chapter 5: Whether Penelope is Being Whitewashed|The Authoress of the Odyssey]]|passage=In all Penelope's devotion to her husband there is an ever present sense that '''the lady doth protest too much'''.}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|en|protest too much}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{pedialite|lang=en}} ===参见=== * {{pedia|Excusatio non petita, accusatio manifesta}} ===参考资料=== <references/> c8gcsmwwprml8unq1iv5xk4dtu03cds 0 1912689 7267539 2022-07-21T04:47:51Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===短语=== {{head|en|phrase}} # {{alternative form of|en|the lady doth protest too much}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=acddeeehhhhiklmmnooooprssttttttuy|methinks the lady doth protest too much}} rw5aghgohhjbbjgadh9iapy5sys8mn9 7267540 7267539 2022-07-21T04:48:02Z Hzy980512 19278 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===短语=== {{head|en|短語}} # {{alternative form of|en|the lady doth protest too much}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=acddeeehhhhiklmmnooooprssttttttuy|methinks the lady doth protest too much}} 1hes0rysunjhsx1eo0wd0p6ikffvbif 0 1912690 7267541 2022-07-21T04:48:18Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===短语=== {{head|en|短語}} # {{alternative form of|en|the lady doth protest too much}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=acddeeehhhhiklmmnooooprssttttttuy|the lady doth protest too much, methinks}} ig669c61vtb8w72mqhr4mqhfoww17cm 0 1912691 7267542 2022-07-21T04:49:26Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|juz}} ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{inh+|pl|sla-pro|*(j)uže}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=pl-już.ogg}} ===副词=== {{pl-adv|-}} # [[仍然]]；[[已經]] #: {{uxi|pl|Mam '''już''' tego dosyć.|我已經受夠'''了'''。}} #: {{uxi|pl|Skończyłaś '''już'''?|你完成'''了'''沒？}} #: {{uxi|pl|Nie sprzedajemy '''już''' tego produktu.|那款產品我們已經不'''再'''銷售了。}} ===感嘆詞=== {{head|pl|感嘆詞}} # [[開始]] #: {{uxi|pl|Na mój znak wszyscy skaczą. '''Już'''!|聽我口令，大家起跳。'''開始'''！}} # [[夠了]] #: {{uxi|pl|Ile tej soli? '''Już''', wystarczy!|放那麼多鹽幹嘛？'''夠了夠了'''！}} # [[搞定]]！ ===参见=== * {{l|pl|jeszcze}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} nl0im40mkojmle3zri35clzwom5zvzr 0 1912692 7267543 2022-07-21T04:56:29Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Nadal|Nadâl|nadał|nadął|nädal}} ==加泰罗尼亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|ca|Nadal}} ===词源=== 源自{{inh|ca|roa-oca|nadal}}，源自{{inh|ca|la|natalis|nātālem}}。{{doublet|ca|natal}}，其為古典借詞。 ===发音=== * {{ca-IPA}} ===专有名词=== {{ca-proper noun|m}} # [[聖誕節]] ===名词=== {{ca-noun|m}} # [[聖誕節]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|ca|nadala}} * {{l|ca|nadalenc}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:IEC2}} * {{R:GDLC}} * {{R:DNV}} * {{R:DCVB}} {{C|ca|聖誕節}} ---- ==捷克语== ===发音=== * {{cs-IPA}} ===动词=== {{head|cs|過去分詞}} # {{inflection of|cs|nadat||m|s|past|part}} ---- ==埃克斯特雷马杜拉语== ===动词=== {{head|ext|動詞}} # [[游泳]] ---- ==加利西亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|gl|natal}} {{qual|南部}} ===词源=== 起於13世紀，源自{{inh|gl|roa-opt|nadal}}，源自{{inh|gl|la|natalis|nātālis [diēs Dominī]|主的誕生日}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|gl|/naˈðal/}} ===名词=== {{gl-proper noun|m}} # [[聖誕節]] #: {{syn|gl|Nadal}} # [[十二月]] #: {{syn|gl|decembro}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:DDGM}} * {{R:gl:CX}} * {{R:DDLG}} * {{R:TILG}} * {{R:TLPGP|nadal}} {{c|gl|時間}} ---- ==古奧克語== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|pro|la|natalis}}。 ===专有名词=== {{head|pro|專有名詞|g=m}} # [[聖誕節]] ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|ca|nadal}} * 奥克语：{{l|ca|nadal}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:FEW|70|37|title=natalis}} ---- ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{univerbation|pl|[[na]] [[dal]]}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-nadal.ogg}} ===副词=== {{head|pl|副詞}} # [[仍然]] #: {{syn|pl|wciąż|jeszcze}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ---- ==西班牙语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|es|la|natalis|nātālis [diēs Dominī]|主的誕生日}}。{{doublet|es|natal}}。 ===发音=== {{es-IPA}} * {{rhymes|es|al}} ===名词=== {{es-noun|m}} # {{lb|es|弃用}} [[聖誕節]] ====相关词汇==== * {{l|es|Navidad}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:DRAE}} {{C|es|聖誕節}} guubbxpk0kixyqg8pkorla5x7toypdd 0 1912693 7267544 2022-07-21T05:01:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== {{der|en|sh|[[Ђоковић]]/[[Đoković]]}}的英語化，其為派生自男性名字{{m|sh|[[Đoka]]/[[Ђока]]}}或{{m|sh|[[Đoko]]/[[Ђоко]]}}的父名姓氏，後兩者又是男性名字{{m|sh|[[Đorđe]]/[[Ђорђе]]}}的指小，其相當於英語的{{m|en|George}}。对比{{m|en|Georgeson}}。 ===发音=== * {{a|US|CA}} {{IPA|en|/ˈdʒoʊkəvɪtʃ/}} * {{a|UK}} {{IPA|en|/ˈdʒɒkəvɪtʃ/|/ˈdʒəʊkəvɪtʃ/|qual2=rare}} * {{a|AU}} {{IPA|en|/ˈdʒəʉkəvɪtʃ/|/ˈdʒɔkəvɪtʃ/}} * {{a|IE}} {{IPA|en|/ˈdʒɒkəvɪtʃ/|/ˈdʒoʊkəvɪtʃ/|/ˈdʒəʊkəvɪtʃ/}} * {{a|NZ}} {{IPA|en|/ˈdʒaʉkəvɪtʃ/|/ˈdʒɒkəvɪtʃ/}} * {{a|South Africa}} {{IPA|en|/ˈdʒɑkəvɪtʃ/|/ˈdʒœʊkəvɪtʃ/}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|Djokovich|Dokovic|Dokovich|Djoković|Doković|Đoković|Đokovic|Đokovich}} ===专有名词=== {{en-proper-noun|s|es}} # [[德約科維奇]]，{{surname|en|from=塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語}} 116totu09qcj00o4pbbix47uzjxwmde 14 1912694 7267545 2022-07-21T05:01:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr 0 1912695 7267547 2022-07-21T05:46:43Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|nadal|Nadâl|nadał|nadął|nädal}} ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{bor|en|roa|-}} {{gloss|{{bor|en|fr|Nadal|pos=對比{{bor|en|oc|Nadal}}}}、{{bor|en|es|Nadal|pos=對比{{bor|en|ca|Nadal}}、{{bor|en|oc|Nadal}}}}、{{bor|en|it|Nadal|pos=對比{{bor|en|vec|Nadal}}}}}}。源自{{der|en|la|natalis||誕生，生日}}。 ===专有名词=== {{en-proper-noun|s}} # [[納達爾]]，{{surname|en|from=羅曼語族}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=aadln|Aland|Landa|N.D. Ala.|Ndala|aland}} ---- ==加泰罗尼亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|ca|roa-oca|nadal}}，源自{{inh|ca|la|natalis|nātālem [diēm Dominī]|[主的]誕生[日]}}。{{doublet|ca|natal}}，其為古典借詞。 ===发音=== * {{ca-IPA}} * {{audio|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-Nadal.wav|音頻 (瓦倫西亞)}} ===专有名词=== {{ca-proper noun|m}} # [[聖誕節]] ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|ca |arbre de Nadal |bon Nadal |nadala |nadalenc |nit de Nadal |tió de Nadal }} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|ca|Natàlia}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:IEC2}} * {{R:GDLC}} * {{R:DNV}} * {{R:DCVB}} {{c|ca|聖誕節}} ---- ==加利西亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{l|gl|Natal}} {{qual|南部}} ===词源=== 起於13世紀。源自{{inh|gl|roa-opt|-}}，源自{{inh|gl|la|natalis|nātālis [diēs Dominī]|主的誕生日}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|gl|/naˈðal/}} ===专有名词=== {{gl-proper noun|m}} # [[聖誕節]] ====相关词汇==== * {{l|gl|nadal|t=十二月}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:DDGM}} * {{R:gl:CX}} * {{R:DDLG}} * {{R:TILG}} * {{R:TLPGP|nadal}} {{c|gl|時間}} ---- ==奧克語== ===其他寫法=== * {{l|oc|Nadau}} {{a|加斯科涅|普羅旺斯|利穆贊}} ===詞源=== 源自{{inh|oc|la|natalis|nātālem [diēm Dominī]|[主的]誕生[日]}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|oc|[naˈðal]}} ===專有名詞=== {{oc-proper noun|m}} # [[聖誕節]] ====派生詞==== * {{l|oc|nadalenc}} * {{l|oc|nadalet}} ---- ==罗曼什语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|rm|la|natalis|nātālis [diēs Dominī]|主的誕生日}}。 ===专有名词=== {{head|rm|專有名詞|g=m}} # [[聖誕節]] ---- ==威尼斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|vec|la|natalis|nātālis [diēs Dominī]|主的誕生日}}。对比{{cog|it|Natale}}。 ===专有名词=== {{wikipedia|lang=vec}} {{head|vec|專有名詞|g=m}} # [[聖誕節]] 220kbgdg4pzre5lk1hjgxu1oqc19kcx 0 1912696 7267549 2022-07-21T05:47:22Z Sayonzei 40728 Sayonzei移动页面[[natale]]至[[Natale]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Natale]] d6v0yabe4qrjrra110ql4xjb3pleuig 7267550 7267549 2022-07-21T05:48:15Z Sayonzei 40728 已移除至[[Natale]]的重定向 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Natale}} ==法语== ===发音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï-natale.wav|音频}} ===形容词=== {{head|fr|形容詞變格形}} # {{feminine singular of|fr|natal}} ---- ==意大利语== ===词源=== 源自{{uder|it|la|nātālis}}。 ===发音=== {{it-pr|natàle<audio:It-Natale-2.ogg>}} ===形容词=== {{it-adj}} # [[出生]]的 ===名词=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[誕生]]，[[出生]] # [[生日]] ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaelnt|alante|altane|antela|letana}} ---- ==拉丁语== ===形容词=== {{la-adj-form|nātāle}} # {{inflection of|la|nātālis||nom//acc//voc|n|s}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:du Cange}} tmi144fgcndw2vcd0hs3nm0l7c1or0r 0 1912697 7267554 2022-07-21T06:11:43Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁语== ===词源=== {{root|la|ine-pro|*ǵenh₁-}} 源自{{suf|la|nātus|ālis}}。 ===发音=== * {{la-IPA|nātālis}} ===形容词=== {{la-adj|nātālis}} # [[出生]]的 ====变格==== {{la-adecl|nātālis}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|en|natal|bor=1}} * {{desc|fr|natal|bor=1}} * {{desc|it|natale}} * {{desc|pms|natal|bor=1}} * {{desc|pt|natal|bor=1}} * {{desc|es|natal|bor=1}} ===名词=== {{la-noun|nātālis<3.abl-e-i>|g=m}} # [[生日]]，[[誕生]] # [[紀念日]] ====变格==== {{la-ndecl|nātālis<3.abl-e-i>}} ====派生語彙==== {{top2}} * {{desc|ca|Nadal|nadal}} * {{desctree|fro|Noel}} * {{desc|fur|Nadâl}} * {{desc|gl|Nadal|nadal}} * {{desc|it|Natale}} * {{desc|oc|nadal}} * {{desc|pms|Natal}} * {{desc|pt|Natal}} * {{desc|rm|Nadal}} * {{desc|sc|nadabi|nadale|nadali|nedali|natale}} * {{desc|es|nadal}} * {{desc|vec|Nadal}} {{bottom}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:L&S}} * {{R:Elementary Lewis}} * {{R:du Cange}} * {{R:Gaffiot}} ===异序词=== * {{l|la|lanista}} 106br1rhmbomn9cfo7ff9xqb0v177ia 0 1912698 7267555 2022-07-21T06:12:33Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Natali}} ==意大利语== ===发音=== {{it-pr|natàli}} ===形容词=== {{head|it|形容詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|natale}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aailnt|Latina|alanti|latina}} ---- ==拉丁语== ===形容词=== {{la-adj-form|nātālī}} # {{inflection of|la|nātālis||dat//abl|m//f//n|s}} sntvwy4suy8dt5735qq74w0consjzzm 0 1912699 7267557 2022-07-21T06:24:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|navidad}} ==英语== {{wiki|lang=en}} ===词源=== 借自{{bor|en|es|Navidad}}。最常見於菲律賓。 ===专有名词=== {{en-proper noun|~|s}} # {{place|en|城市|c/智利|t=納維達德}}。 # {{surname|en|from=西班牙語}} ====統計數據==== * 根據 2010 年的美國全國普查，使用姓氏 ''Navidad'' 的人數在美國排名第 37229，共有 599 人使用，其中拉丁裔（81.47%）和亞太裔（14.02%）佔比最高。 ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:en:DAFN}} [[Category:英語名祖]] ---- ==西班牙语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|es|osp|nadvidad}}，源自{{der|es|la|nātīvitātem}}，{{m|la|nātīvitās||出生，誕生}}的賓格，源自{{m|la|nātīvus}}，源自完成被動分詞{{m|la|nātus||出生的}}，源自動詞{{m|la|nāsci||出生}}。{{doublet|es|natividad}}。 ===发音=== {{es-IPA}} * {{audio|es|Es-Navidad.ogg|音频}} * {{rhymes|es|ad|s=3}} ===专有名词=== {{head|es|專有名詞|g=f|複數|Navidades|首字母一般大寫}} # [[耶穌]][[誕生]] # [[聖誕節]] # {{lb|es|有時用複數}} 聖誕節期間（從聖誕節到[[主顯節]]） #: {{uxi|es|el Fantasma de las '''Navidades''' Pasadas|過去的'''聖誕'''幽靈}} # {{place|es|城市|c/智利|t=納維達德}} ====其他形式==== * {{alter|es|navidad||聖誕節}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|es|árbol de Navidad}} * {{l|es|calcetín de Navidad}} * {{l|es|corona de Navidad}} * {{l|es|feliz Navidad}} * {{l|es|Isla de Navidad}} * {{l|es|tronco de Navidad}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|es|navideño}} * {{l|es|nacer}} * {{l|es|nadal}} * {{l|es|navidaíno}} {{C|es|聖誕節}} eu2tewvk3ai5tea4wldsnmpirp1pub8 0 1912700 7267558 2022-07-21T06:25:51Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==西班牙语== {{wikipedia|lang=es}} ===专有名词=== {{es-proper noun|f|head={{l|es|isla|Isla}} de {{l|es|Navidad}}}} # [[聖誕島]] ====相关词汇==== * {{l|es|navideño}} {{C|es|澳大利亞|島}} 87cge6xcg12lq5uoaj4t2r261869fbx 0 1912701 7267559 2022-07-21T06:29:31Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波兰语== ===词源=== {{bor+|pl|en|characteristic}}、{{bor|pl|fr|caractéristique}}或{{bor|pl|de|charakteristisch}}，源自{{der|pl|grc|χαρακτηριστικός}} + {{affix|pl|-ny}}。{{surf|pl|charakterystyka|-yczny}}。 ===发音=== {{pl-p|a=Pl-charakterystyczny.ogg}} ===形容词=== {{pl-adj|bardziej|adv=charakterystycznie}} # [[典型]]的；[[特色]]的 #: {{syn|pl|specyficzny|swoisty}} # [[明顯]]的 ====变格==== {{pl-decl-adj-auto}} ====衍生词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|charakterystyczność}} ====相关词汇==== {{col3|pl|title=名詞|charakterystyka}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} afn1pmn90h9l0l9ckqkkiq2h20qe7jl 0 1912702 7267561 2022-07-21T10:17:35Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|suckup|suck-up}} ==英语== ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-suck up.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{senseid|en|absorb}} {{lb|en|及物}} [[吸收]] {{gloss|液体}} #: {{ux|en|The dry soil '''sucked up''' water like a sponge.|干土像海绵一样'''吸'''水。}} # {{lb|en|俚语|主|_|带{{m|en|to}}}} 拍...的[[拍马屁|马屁]]，[[奉承]] #: {{ux|en|Jimmy '''sucked up''' to the English teacher hoping he would get an A.|Jimmy巴结英语老师，想拿个A。}} # 给...[[口交]] ====近义词==== *{{l|en|brownnose}} ===参见=== * {{l|en|butter up}} * {{l|en|kiss up}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=ckpsuu|upsuck}} {{C|en|動詞短語|帶助詞(up)的動詞短語}} 4nfi5c9hcf3uaw83xqvvm5wuuev9w71 7267583 7267561 2022-07-21T10:57:05Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 英语 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|suckup|suck-up}} ==英语== ===发音=== * {{audio|en|En-au-suck up.ogg|（澳洲）音频}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|*}} # {{senseid|en|absorb}} {{lb|en|及物}} [[吸收]] {{gloss|液体}} #: {{ux|en|The dry soil '''sucked up''' water like a sponge.|干土像海绵一样'''吸'''水。}} # {{lb|en|俚语|主|_|带{{m|en|to}}}} 拍...的[[拍马屁|马屁]]，[[奉承]] #: {{ux|en|Jimmy '''sucked up''' to the English teacher hoping he would get an A.|Jimmy巴结英语老师，想拿个A。}} # 给...[[口交]] ====近义词==== *{{l|en|brownnose}} ===参见=== * {{l|en|butter up}} * {{l|en|kiss up}} ===异序词=== * {{anagrams|en|a=ckpsuu|upsuck}} {{Cln|en|動詞短語|帶助詞(up)的動詞短語}} a5mdn6ea4st0ejfz23pm3yioh6fwsop 110 1912703 7267562 2022-07-21T10:20:24Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{ws header}} ==漢語== ===形容詞=== ===={{ws sense|使用錢財有所節制}}==== =====近義詞===== {{zh-syn-list|儉省|節省|儉樸|儉約;書面|節儉|樸素|節約|𧺤儉;閩南語|仔細;東北官話|刻苦|做人家;吳語|粒積;泉漳話|抾拾;泉漳話|儉;新竹、臺中泉漳話|簡省;泉漳話|克己}} s9ojw4g00rtrr8txjpew8fhcdm4gvcz 0 1912704 7267563 2022-07-21T10:21:07Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-forms|alt=拾拾}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=khioh-si̍p |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # [[節儉]]，[[儉省]]，不[[浪費]] #: {{zh-x|伊 人 真 抾{khioh}拾，袂 烏白 開錢。|他人很'''節儉'''，不會亂花錢。|TW}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-syn-saurus|儉省}} 53pizynzl9hj0fugca74iiq0ggdd424 7267564 7267563 2022-07-21T10:21:58Z TongcyDai 53191 /* 形容詞 */ // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-forms|alt=拾拾}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=khioh-si̍p |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # [[節儉]]，[[儉省]]，不[[浪費]] #: {{zh-x|伊 人 真 抾{khioh}拾{si̍p}，袂 烏白 開錢。|他人很'''節儉'''，不會亂花錢。|TW}} ====近義詞==== {{zh-syn-saurus|儉省}} 4tcubi7lwkmjnj2xxnos2x45osde1fs 0 1912705 7267566 2022-07-21T10:30:29Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==客家語== {{zh-forms|type=22}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |h=pfs=thiên-kông-chêu-sṳ̀n |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # [[明早]] ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial|明早}} ===參考資料=== * {{Template:R:hak:DFTH}} {{zh-cat|未來}} ovwgntk7czaeqz1rxtpph798c1gdwrb 828 1912706 7267567 2022-07-21T10:31:47Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.list = { ["meaning"] = "明天早上", ["note"] = "", ["Classical"] = { "明旦", "來朝" }, ["Formal"] = { "明早" }, ["Taxonomic"] = { "" }, ["Beijing"] = { "" }, ["Taiwan"] = { "[[明天]][[早上]]" }, ["Tianjin"] = { "" }, ["Langfang"] = { "" }, ["Chengde"] = { "" }, ["Tangshan"] = { "" }, ["Cangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Xianxian-XY"] = { "" }, ["Baoding"] = { "" }, ["Shijiazhuang"] = { "" }, ["Daming"] = { "" }, ["Ulan Hot"] = { "" }, ["Tongliao"] = { "" }, ["Chifeng"] = { "" }, ["Bayanhot"] = { "" }, ["Hailar"] = { "" }, ["Heihe"] = { "" }, ["Qiqihar"] = { "" }, ["Harbin"] = { "" }, ["Yingchengzi"] = { "" }, ["Jiamusi"] = { "" }, ["Baicheng"] = { "" }, ["Changchun"] = { "" }, ["Tonghua"] = { "" }, ["Shenyang"] = { "" }, ["Dandong"] = { "" }, ["Jinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Dalian"] = { "" }, ["Yantai"] = { "" }, ["Muping"] = { "" }, ["Qingdao"] = { "" }, ["Lijin"] = { "" }, ["Weicheng"] = { "" }, ["Fangzi"] = { "" }, ["Hanting"] = { "" }, ["Changyi"] = { "" }, ["Gaomi"] = { "" }, ["Zhucheng"] = { "" }, ["Anqiu"] = { "" }, ["Changle-WF"] = { "" }, ["Linqu"] = { "" }, ["Qingzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shouguang"] = { "" }, ["Rizhao"] = { "" }, ["Wulian"] = { "" }, ["Jinan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangqiu"] = { "" }, ["Jining-M"] = { "" }, ["Luoyang"] = { "" }, ["Wanrong"] = { "" }, ["Ronghe"] = { "" }, ["Shangqiu"] = { "" }, ["Yuanyang"] = { "" }, ["Zhengzhou"] = { "" }, ["Kaifeng"] = { "" }, ["Lingbao"] = { "" }, ["Xinyang"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin-XH"] = { "" }, ["Baihe"] = { "" }, ["Baihe-MP"] = { "" }, ["Shiquan"] = { "" }, ["Ziyang"] = { "" }, ["Hanzhong"] = { "" }, ["Xi'an"] = { "" }, ["Dingbian"] = { "" }, ["Baoji"] = { "" }, ["Yinchuan"] = { "" }, ["Najiahu"] = { "" }, ["Wuzhong"] = { "" }, ["Yanchi"] = { "" }, ["Tongxin"] = { "" }, ["Zhongwei"] = { "" }, ["Guyuan"] = { "" }, ["Longde"] = { "" }, ["Jingyuan"] = { "" }, ["Tianshui"] = { "" }, ["Lanzhou"] = { "" }, ["Dunhuang"] = { "" }, ["Tianzhu"] = { "" }, ["Xining"] = { "" }, ["Hami"] = { "" }, ["Ürümqi"] = { "" }, ["Dabancheng-XG"] = { "" }, ["Midong-CSZ"] = { "" }, ["Ürümqi-BFG"] = { "" }, ["Yanqi"] = { "" }, ["Wuhan"] = { "" }, ["Huanggang"] = { "" }, ["Yichang"] = { "" }, ["Xiangyang"] = { "" }, ["Tianmen"] = { "" }, ["Hong'an"] = { "" }, ["Chengdu"] = { "" }, ["Xindu"] = { "" }, ["Nanchong"] = { "" }, ["Nanbu"] = { "" }, ["Dazhou"] = { "" }, ["Hanyuan"] = { "" }, ["Xichang"] = { "" }, ["Zigong"] = { "" }, ["Muli"] = { "" }, ["Chongqing"] = { "" }, ["Lhasa"] = { "" }, ["Guiyang"] = { "" }, ["Zunyi"] = { "" }, ["Bijie"] = { "" }, ["Liping"] = { "" }, ["Zhaotong"] = { "" }, ["Dali"] = { "" }, ["Kunming"] = { "" }, ["Mengzi"] = { "" }, ["Lancang"] = { "" }, ["Guilin"] = { "" }, ["Lingui"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang"] = { "" }, ["Lipu"] = { "" }, ["Pingle"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo"] = { "" }, ["Liuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Liuzhou-LR"] = { "" }, ["Luzhai"] = { "" }, ["Sanjiang-DZ"] = { "" }, ["Yongning-FJ"] = { "" }, ["Wuming"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-M"] = { "" }, ["Shanglin"] = { "" }, ["Yizhou"] = { "" }, ["Luocheng"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-LP"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-PT"] = { "" }, ["Xiangzhou-NL"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-M"] = { "" }, ["Jishou"] = { "" }, ["Changde"] = { "" }, ["Yongzhou"] = { "" }, ["Xiangtan-JN"] = { "" }, ["Anqing"] = { "" }, ["Xuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Xuzhou-JW"] = { "" }, ["Pizhou"] = { "" }, ["Suining"] = { "" }, ["Peixian"] = { "" }, ["Xinyi-M"] = { "" }, ["Fengxian-M"] = { "" }, ["Suqian"] = { "" }, ["Ganyu"] = { "" }, ["Fuyang"] = { "" }, ["Wuhu"] = { "" }, ["Yangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Jiangdu"] = { "" }, ["Baoying"] = { "" }, ["Gaoyou"] = { "" }, ["Yizheng"] = { "" }, ["Lianyungang"] = { "" }, ["Donghai"] = { "" }, ["Guanyun"] = { "" }, ["Guannan"] = { "" }, ["Huai'an"] = { "" }, ["Huai'an-HA"] = { "" }, ["Lianshui"] = { "" }, ["Huaiyin"] = { "" }, ["Xuyi"] = { "" }, ["Hongze"] = { "" }, ["Jinhu"] = { "" }, ["Xinghua"] = { "" }, ["Nanjing"] = { "" }, ["Hefei"] = { "" }, ["Bengbu"] = { "" }, ["Chuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Nantong"] = { "" }, ["Rugao"] = { "" }, ["Rudong"] = { "" }, ["Hai'an"] = { "" }, ["Yancheng"] = { "" }, ["Dongtai"] = { "" }, ["Binhai"] = { "" }, ["Sheyang"] = { "" }, ["Funing"] = { "" }, ["Jianhu"] = { "" }, ["Xiangshui"] = { "" }, ["Shuyang"] = { "" }, ["Sihong"] = { "" }, ["Siyang"] = { "" }, ["Taizhou-M"] = { "" }, ["Taixing"] = { "" }, ["Jiangyan"] = { "" }, ["Jingjiang-DX"] = { "" }, ["Zhenjiang"] = { "" }, ["Jurong"] = { "" }, ["Yangzhong"] = { "" }, ["Qimen-AL-Jun"] = { "" }, ["Changle-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Yanping"] = { "" }, ["Jiangshan-M-NBD"] = { "" }, ["Kaihua-M-HB"] = { "" }, ["Yushan-M-HY"] = { "" }, ["Malaysia-M"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-M"] = { "" }, ["Gansu-DG"] = { "" }, ["Shaanxi-DG"] = { "" }, ["Kokang"] = { "" }, ["Dagudi"] = { "" }, ["Reshuitang"] = { "" }, ["Mae Salong"] = { "" }, ["Mae Sai"] = { "" }, ["Oudomxay"] = { "" }, ["Siantar"] = { "" }, ["Taz"] = { "" }, ["Taiyuan"] = { "" }, ["Pingyao"] = { "" }, ["Yangyuan"] = { "" }, ["Datong"] = { "" }, ["Yunzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yunzhou-XCT"] = { "" }, ["Xinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Lishi"] = { "" }, ["Linfen"] = { "" }, ["Changzhi"] = { "" }, ["Linhe"] = { "" }, ["Baochang"] = { "" }, ["Jining"] = { "" }, ["Liangcheng"] = { "" }, ["Hohhot"] = { "" }, ["Baotou"] = { "" }, ["Dongsheng"] = { "" }, ["Haibowan"] = { "" }, ["Erenhot"] = { "" }, ["Pingshan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangjiakou"] = { "" }, ["Handan"] = { "" }, ["Linzhou"] = { "" }, ["Suide"] = { "" }, ["Shenmu"] = { "" }, ["Shanghai"] = { "" }, ["Chongming"] = { "" }, ["Baoshan-SCD"] = { "" }, ["Baoshan-LD"] = { "" }, ["Jiading"] = { "" }, ["Zhoupu"] = { "" }, ["Songjiang"] = { "" }, ["Suzhou"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-SL"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-LL"] = { "" }, ["Wujiang-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Wuxi"] = { "" }, ["Changshu"] = { "" }, ["Kunshan"] = { "" }, ["Taicang"] = { "" }, ["Tongzhou"] = { "" }, ["Qidong"] = { "" }, ["Haimen"] = { "" }, ["Haimen-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Jiaxing"] = { "" }, ["Jiashan"] = { "" }, ["Pinghu"] = { "" }, ["Haining-YG"] = { "" }, ["Tongxiang"] = { "" }, ["Haiyan"] = { "" }, ["Changzhou"] = { "" }, ["Liyang"] = { "" }, ["Jintan"] = { "" }, ["Yixing"] = { "" }, ["Danyang"] = { "" }, ["Danyang-TJQ"] = { "" }, ["Jingjiang"] = { "" }, ["Jiangyin"] = { "" }, ["Gaochun"] = { "" }, ["Gaochun-ZB"] = { "" }, ["Huzhou"] = { "" }, ["Huzhou-SL"] = { "" }, ["Changxing"] = { "" }, ["Anji"] = { "" }, ["Deqing-W"] = { "" }, ["Hangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yuhang"] = { "" }, ["Lin'an"] = { "" }, ["Fuyang-W"] = { "" }, ["Xiaoshan"] = { "" }, ["Tonglu"] = { "" }, ["Fenshui-WS"] = { "" }, ["Shaoxing"] = { "" }, ["Zhuji"] = { "" }, ["Zhuji-WJJ"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou-CR"] = { "" }, ["Shengzhou-TP"] = { "" }, ["Xinchang"] = { "" }, ["Ningbo"] = { "" }, ["Zhenhai"] = { "" }, ["Fenghua"] = { "" }, ["Yuyao"] = { "" }, ["Cixi"] = { "" }, ["Xiangshan"] = { "" }, ["Ninghai"] = { "" }, ["Zhoushan"] = { "" }, ["Huangyan"] = { "" }, ["Tiantai"] = { "" }, ["Xianju"] = { "" }, ["Sanmen"] = { "" }, ["Linhai"] = { "" }, ["Wenling"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-DMY"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-CM"] = { "" }, ["Wenzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yueqing"] = { "" }, ["Yongjia-FL"] = { "" }, ["Rui'an"] = { "" }, ["Longgang"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-JX"] = { "" }, ["Pingyang"] = { "" }, ["Taishun"] = { "" }, ["Wencheng"] = { "" }, ["Lishui"] = { "" }, ["Qingtian"] = { "" }, ["Jinyun"] = { "" }, ["Xuanping"] = { "" }, ["Songyang-XP"] = { "" }, ["Songyang-GS"] = { "" }, ["Yunhe"] = { "" }, ["Jingning"] = { "" }, ["Qingyuan-W"] = { "" }, ["Longquan"] = { "" }, ["Quzhou"] = { "" }, ["Suichang"] = { "" }, ["Jiangshan"] = { "" }, ["Changshan"] = { "" }, ["Kaihua"] = { "" }, ["Longyou"] = { "" }, ["Jinhua"] = { "" }, ["Tangxi"] = { "" }, ["Yiwu"] = { "" }, ["Yongkang"] = { "" }, ["Pujiang"] = { "" }, ["Dongyang"] = { "" }, ["Pan'an"] = { "" }, ["Wuyi"] = { "" }, ["Lanxi"] = { "" }, ["Shangrao"] = { "" }, ["Guangfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yushan"] = { "" }, ["Changsha"] = { "" }, ["Liuyang-YA"] = { "" }, ["Xiangtan"] = { "" }, ["Xiangxiang"] = { "" }, ["Xiangxiang-MQ"] = { "" }, ["Loudi"] = { "" }, ["Shuangfeng"] = { "" }, ["Shaoyang"] = { "" }, ["Longhui"] = { "" }, ["Suining-X"] = { "" }, ["Dongkou-HQ"] = { "" }, ["Hengyang"] = { "" }, ["Hengshan"] = { "" }, ["Hengshan-BG"] = { "" }, ["Quanzhou-X"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang-X"] = { "" }, ["Qinglong-CL"] = { "" }, ["Nanchong-CL"] = { "" }, ["Nanchang"] = { "" }, ["Xinjian-WC"] = { "" }, ["Nanchang-TC"] = { "" }, ["Anyi"] = { "" }, ["Hukou"] = { "" }, ["Lushan"] = { "" }, ["Yongxiu"] = { "" }, ["Gongqingcheng-JY"] = { "" }, ["Xiushui"] = { "" }, ["Pengze"] = { "" }, ["Duchang"] = { "" }, ["Duchang-TT"] = { "" }, ["Duchang-YF"] = { "" }, ["Wuning-QK"] = { "" }, ["Poyang"] = { "" }, ["Poyang-MT"] = { "" }, ["Yugan"] = { "" }, ["Wannian"] = { "" }, ["Yiyang"] = { "" }, ["Hengfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yanshan-HK"] = { "" }, ["Yanshan-YP"] = { "" }, ["Shangrao-SX"] = { "" }, ["Shangrao-HM"] = { "" }, ["Jingdezhen"] = { "" }, ["Leping"] = { "" }, ["Yichun"] = { "" }, ["Yifeng"] = { "" }, ["Gao'an"] = { "" }, ["Fengxin"] = { "" }, ["Shanggao"] = { "" }, ["Wanzai"] = { "" }, ["Fengcheng"] = { "" }, ["Fengcheng-ST"] = { "" }, ["Xinyu"] = { "" }, ["Fuzhou-G"] = { "" }, ["Linchuan-SDD"] = { "" }, ["Dongxiang"] = { "" }, ["Nancheng"] = { "" }, ["Nanfeng"] = { "" }, ["Yihuang"] = { "" }, ["Lichuan"] = { "" }, ["Chongren"] = { "" }, ["Pingxiang"] = { "" }, ["Lianhua"] = { "" }, ["Luxi"] = { "" }, ["Ji'an"] = { "" }, ["Jishui-LT"] = { "" }, ["Yongfeng"] = { "" }, ["Taihe"] = { "" }, ["Xiajiang"] = { "" }, ["Yongxin"] = { "" }, ["Yingtan"] = { "" }, ["Yujiang"] = { "" }, ["Guixi"] = { "" }, ["Susong-HT"] = { "" }, ["Susong-GL"] = { "" }, ["Huaining-SP"] = { "" }, ["Yuexi"] = { "" }, ["Taihu"] = { "" }, ["Yangxin"] = { "" }, ["Yangxin-GH"] = { "" }, ["Xianning-MQ"] = { "" }, ["Yueyang"] = { "" }, ["Yueyang-BX"] = { "" }, ["Linxiang"] = { "" }, ["Pingjiang-XJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingjiang-NJ"] = { "" }, ["Liuyang"] = { "" }, ["Liuyang-DY"] = { "" }, ["Liuyang-FY"] = { "" }, ["Liling-BTT"] = { "" }, ["Liling-BS"] = { "" }, ["Youxian"] = { "" }, ["Chaling"] = { "" }, ["Changning"] = { "" }, ["Changning-TS"] = { "" }, ["Leiyang"] = { "" }, ["Anren"] = { "" }, ["Zixing-XN"] = { "" }, ["Longhui-LDZ"] = { "" }, ["Dongkou"] = { "" }, ["Dongkou-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Jianning"] = { "" }, ["Hanbin-NT"] = { "" }, ["Meixian"] = { "" }, ["Xingning"] = { "" }, ["Dabu-XH"] = { "" }, ["Dabu-GB"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-TK"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-LH"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-HJ"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-FL"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-PT"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou"] = { "明朝早" }, ["Huizhou-SK"] = { "" }, ["Huizhou-HL"] = { "" }, ["Huiyang"] = { "" }, ["Huidong-PS"] = { "" }, ["Huidong-DL"] = { "" }, ["Dongguan-H"] = { "明朝早" }, ["Longmen-PL"] = { "" }, ["Longmen-LX"] = { "" }, ["Boluo"] = { "" }, ["Shenzhen-H"] = { "明朝晨" }, ["Shenzhen-H-LH"] = { "" }, ["Zengcheng-ZG"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-WGS"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-NLHS"] = { "晨朝早" }, ["Wuhua-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-HC"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-CB"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-MY"] = { "" }, ["Wuhua-ML"] = { "" }, ["Heyuan"] = { "" }, ["Zijin"] = { "" }, ["Zijin-GZ"] = { "" }, ["Longchuan-TC"] = { "" }, ["Longchuan-SD"] = { "" }, ["Heping-LZ"] = { "" }, ["Lianping"] = { "" }, ["Lianping-ZX"] = { "" }, ["Lianping-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Wengyuan"] = { "" }, ["Nanxiong-ZJ"] = { "" }, ["Qujiang"] = { "" }, ["Xinfeng-MT"] = { "" }, ["Xinfeng-DX"] = { "" }, ["Xiaosanjiang"] = { "" }, ["Liannan"] = { "" }, ["Conghua-H"] = { "下晡早" }, ["Jiexi"] = { "" }, ["Luhe"] = { "" }, ["Xiuzhuan"] = { "" }, ["Pinghe-JF"] = { "" }, ["Changting"] = { "" }, ["Shanghang"] = { "" }, ["Yongding"] = { "" }, ["Yongding-XY"] = { "" }, ["Yongding-GB"] = { "" }, ["Yongding-HK"] = { "" }, ["Wuping"] = { "" }, ["Wuping-ZS"] = { "" }, ["Wuping-Y"] = { "" }, ["Wuping-WD"] = { "" }, ["Pingyu"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng-PT"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng-JX"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng-ZB"] = { "" }, ["Liancheng-LY"] = { "" }, ["Ninghua"] = { "" }, ["Qingliu"] = { "" }, ["Yudu"] = { "" }, ["Ningdu"] = { "" }, ["Ruijin"] = { "" }, ["Shicheng"] = { "" }, ["Shangyou"] = { "" }, ["Sandu"] = { "" }, ["Ganzhou-PL"] = { "" }, ["Dayu"] = { "" }, ["Taoyuan"] = { "" }, ["Miaoli"] = { "天光朝晨" }, ["Liudui"] = { "天光朝晨" }, ["Hsinchu"] = { "天光朝晨" }, ["Dongshi"] = { "天光朝晨" }, ["Raoping"] = { "天光晨早" }, ["Yunlin"] = { "韶晨早" }, ["Guoxing"] = { "" }, ["Hong Kong-H"] = { "" }, ["Tangkou"] = { "" }, ["Sanjia"] = { "" }, ["Sihe"] = { "" }, ["Qianpai"] = { "" }, ["Xindong"] = { "" }, ["Shalang"] = { "" }, ["Xin'an"] = { "" }, ["Shijiao"] = { "" }, ["Qingping"] = { "" }, ["Xihe"] = { "" }, ["Luchuan-LC"] = { "" }, ["Luchuan-DQ"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-SH"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LT"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LP"] = { "" }, ["Bobai-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Tang'an"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu-GH"] = { "" }, ["Xingye-GF"] = { "" }, ["Mashan-PL"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-WL"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian-XY"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-H-XJ"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-SDT"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-DSG"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-H"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-JB"] = { "" }, ["Tianlin-GL"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-H"] = { "" }, ["Guidong"] = { "" }, ["Chengdu-H-LT"] = { "" }, ["Longquanyi-H-SL"] = { "" }, ["Qingbaijiang-H-LW"] = { "" }, ["Xindu-H-SBT"] = { "" }, ["Xindu-H-XD"] = { "" }, ["Sabah-B"] = { "" }, ["Sabah-L"] = { "" }, ["Kuala Lumpur-H"] = { "" }, ["Senai"] = { "" }, ["Senai-JX"] = { "" }, ["Kuching"] = { "" }, ["Sungai Tapang"] = { "" }, ["Singkawang"] = { "" }, ["Pontianak-MX"] = { "" }, ["Metal"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MX"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-DB"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-MX"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-FS"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-JX"] = { "" }, ["Jixi"] = { "" }, ["Shexian"] = { "" }, ["Shexian-XG"] = { "" }, ["Shexian-DGY"] = { "" }, ["Tunxi"] = { "" }, ["Xiuning"] = { "" }, ["Yixian"] = { "" }, ["Qimen"] = { "" }, ["Qimen-AL-Min"] = { "" }, ["Wuyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fuliang"] = { "" }, ["Dexing"] = { "" }, ["Jingde"] = { "" }, ["Zhanda"] = { "" }, ["Chun'an"] = { "" }, ["Sui'an"] = { "" }, ["Jiande"] = { "" }, ["Shouchang"] = { "" }, ["Guangzhou"] = { "聽朝", "聽朝早" }, ["Hong Kong"] = { "聽朝", "聽朝早" }, ["HK Weitou"] = { "" }, ["Kam Tin"] = { "明朝早", "聽朝早" }, ["Ting Kok"] = { "" }, ["Tung Ping Chau"] = { "" }, ["Macau"] = { "聽朝早" }, ["Panyu"] = { "聽朝早" }, ["Huadu"] = { "聽朝早", "聽朝早朝" }, ["Conghua"] = { "聽朝" }, ["Zengcheng"] = { "聽朝早", "聽朝" }, ["Foshan"] = { "聽朝" }, ["Nanhai"] = { "興朝" }, ["Shunde"] = { "聽朝" }, ["Sanshui"] = { "聽朝早", "聽朝" }, ["Gaoming"] = { "[[聽日]][[朝早]]" }, ["Zhongshan"] = { "蚊早" }, ["Zhongshan-CKM"] = { "" }, ["Zhuhai"] = { "聽朝早" }, ["Doumen-T"] = { "[[聽日]][[朝頭]]" }, ["Doumen-S"] = { "[[聽日]][[朝早]]" }, ["Jiangmen"] = { "天早朝" }, ["Xinhui"] = { "聽朝" }, ["Taishan"] = { "[[天早]][[朝早]]" }, ["Taishan-GH"] = { "" }, ["Kaiping"] = { "[[天早]][[朝早]]" }, ["Enping"] = { "[[天早]][[一皓]]" }, ["Heshan"] = { "聽朝早" }, ["Dongguan"] = { "聽朝早" }, ["Shenzhen-C-LH"] = { "" }, ["Bao'an"] = { "聽朝" }, ["Dapeng"] = { "" }, ["Qingyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fogang"] = { "" }, ["Yingde"] = { "" }, ["Yangshan"] = { "" }, ["Lianshan"] = { "" }, ["Lianshan-YH"] = { "" }, ["Lianzhou"] = { "" }, ["Shaoguan"] = { "" }, ["Qujiang-C"] = { "" }, ["Renhua"] = { "" }, ["Lechang"] = { "" }, ["Gaoyao"] = { "" }, ["Sihui"] = { "" }, ["Guangning"] = { "" }, ["Deqing"] = { "" }, ["Huaiji"] = { "" }, ["Fengkai"] = { "" }, ["Yunfu"] = { "" }, ["Xinxing"] = { "" }, ["Luoding"] = { "" }, ["Yunan"] = { "" }, ["Yangjiang"] = { "" }, ["Xinyi"] = { "" }, ["Maoming"] = { "" }, ["Zhanjiang"] = { "" }, ["Lianjiang"] = { "" }, ["Wuchuan"] = { "" }, ["Nanning"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-Tanka"] = { "" }, ["Wuzhou"] = { "" }, ["Yulin"] = { "" }, ["Rongxian"] = { "" }, ["Hepu"] = { "" }, ["Hepu-ST"] = { "" }, ["Guiping"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-JT"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-JK"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-MD"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-ML"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-PN"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-DZ"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan-XX"] = { "" }, ["Mengshan-CT"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-GC"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-NJ"] = { "" }, ["Guigang-PD"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu"] = { "" }, ["Beiliu-TL"] = { "" }, ["Baise"] = { "" }, ["Bobai"] = { "" }, ["Lingshan"] = { "" }, ["Pubei"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-XD"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-CT"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-NS"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-XNJ"] = { "" }, ["Beihai"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-NK"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-YP"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-QG"] = { "" }, ["Beihai-QG-CB"] = { "" }, ["Ningming"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian"] = { "" }, ["Pumen"] = { "" }, ["Fangchenggang-FC"] = { "" }, ["Dongxing"] = { "" }, ["Chongzuo-LT"] = { "" }, ["Fusui-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-C-YJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-C-MJ"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-C-SS"] = { "" }, ["Lipu-ZC"] = { "" }, ["Danzhou"] = { "" }, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = { "" }, ["Penang-C"] = { "" }, ["Sarikei-C"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-C"] = { "" }, ["Ho Chi Minh City"] = { "" }, ["Mong Cai"] = { "" }, ["Yangon-C"] = { "" }, ["Mandalay-C"] = { "" }, ["Bangkok-C"] = { "" }, ["Betong"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P"] = { "明早", "明朝早" }, ["Nanning-P-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-GJY"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-ZGL"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-XXJD"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SL"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-XX"] = { "" }, ["Nanning-P-SC"] = { "" }, ["Binyang"] = { "" }, ["Binyang-XQ"] = { "" }, ["Hengxian-P"] = { "" }, ["Chongzuo-P"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-CY"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-DBZ"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-ZY"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-DB"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-YJ"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-P-QJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-WT"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-HS"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-LJ"] = { "" }, ["Lingui-P-LT"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-GQ"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-GD"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-TX"] = { "" }, ["Lingchuan-P-SZ"] = { "" }, ["Guanyang-P"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-P"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-P-XTM"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-P"] = { "" }, ["Yangshuo-P-PT"] = { "" }, ["Yongfu-P-CS"] = { "" }, ["Liucheng-P"] = { "" }, ["Liucheng-P-GZ"] = { "" }, ["Yizhou-P-DS"] = { "" }, ["Luocheng-P"] = { "" }, ["Zhongshan-GA"] = { "" }, ["Xiamen"] = { "" }, ["Tong'an"] = { "" }, ["Quanzhou"] = { "" }, ["Jinjiang"] = { "" }, ["Nan'an"] = { "" }, ["Shishi"] = { "" }, ["Hui'an"] = { "" }, ["Anxi"] = { "" }, ["Yongchun"] = { "" }, ["Dehua"] = { "" }, ["Zhangzhou"] = { "" }, ["Longhai"] = { "" }, ["Changtai"] = { "" }, ["Hua'an"] = { "" }, ["Nanjing-MN"] = { "" }, ["Pinghe"] = { "" }, ["Zhangpu"] = { "" }, ["Yunxiao"] = { "" }, ["Zhao'an"] = { "" }, ["Dongshan"] = { "" }, ["Taipei"] = { "" }, ["Wanhua"] = { "" }, ["Tamsui"] = { "" }, ["Sanxia"] = { "" }, ["Pingxi"] = { "" }, ["Kaohsiung"] = { "" }, ["Cijin"] = { "" }, ["Hongmaogang"] = { "" }, ["Dalinpu"] = { "" }, ["Tianliao"] = { "" }, ["Yilan"] = { "" }, ["Toucheng"] = { "" }, ["Lukang"] = { "" }, ["Taichung"] = { "" }, ["Wuqi"] = { "" }, ["Tainan"] = { "明仔早起" }, ["Anping"] = { "" }, ["Taitung"] = { "" }, ["Hsinchu-MN"] = { "" }, ["Kinmen"] = { "" }, ["Magong"] = { "" }, ["Xiyu"] = { "" }, ["Malaysia-MN"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN"] = { "" }, ["Philippine-MN"] = { "" }, ["Medan"] = { "" }, ["Longyan"] = { "" }, ["Zhangping"] = { "" }, ["Yongfu"] = { "" }, ["Datian"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-PT"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-SJ"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-XW"] = { "" }, ["Guiping-DS"] = { "" }, ["Guilin-MN-BYG"] = { "" }, ["Pingle-MN"] = { "" }, ["Qinzhou-MN"] = { "" }, ["Lechang-TT"] = { "" }, ["Yingde-YZ"] = { "" }, ["Yunan-LT"] = { "" }, ["Hangzhou-PF"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-MN"] = { "" }, ["Yuhuan-KM"] = { "" }, ["Chaozhou"] = { "" }, ["Shantou"] = { "" }, ["Chenghai"] = { "" }, ["Raoping-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Chaoyang"] = { "" }, ["Nan'ao-HZ"] = { "" }, ["Nan'ao-YA"] = { "" }, ["Jieyang"] = { "明早", "明起", "明起早" }, ["Puning"] = { "" }, ["Lufeng"] = { "" }, ["Haifeng"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-MN-LH"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-MN-HJ"] = { "" }, ["Thailand-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Chiang Mai-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Hat Yai-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Cambodia-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Johor Bahru"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Pontianak-MN-T"] = { "" }, ["Leizhou"] = { "明早早" }, ["Wenchang"] = { "" }, ["Haikou"] = { "" }, ["Qionghai"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MN-H"] = { "" }, ["Putian"] = { "" }, ["Putian-DH"] = { "" }, ["Putian-JK"] = { "" }, ["Putian-NR"] = { "" }, ["Xianyou"] = { "" }, ["Xianyou-FT"] = { "" }, ["Xianyou-YY"] = { "" }, ["Fuding-AY"] = { "" }, ["Shaxi"] = { "明光停光" }, ["Sanxiang"] = { "" }, ["Fuzhou"] = { "明旦早" }, ["Changle"] = { "" }, ["Lianjiang-MD"] = { "" }, ["Fuqing"] = { "" }, ["Pingtan"] = { "" }, ["Yongtai"] = { "" }, ["Minqing"] = { "" }, ["Gutian"] = { "" }, ["Pingnan-MD"] = { "" }, ["Luoyuan"] = { "" }, ["Fu'an"] = { "" }, ["Ningde"] = { "" }, ["Xiapu"] = { "" }, ["Zherong"] = { "" }, ["Shouning"] = { "" }, ["Zhouning"] = { "" }, ["Fuding"] = { "" }, ["Matsu"] = { "" }, ["Singapore-MD-FQ"] = { "" }, ["Taishun-MD"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-MD"] = { "" }, ["Jian'ou"] = { "" }, ["Dikou"] = { "" }, ["Songxi"] = { "" }, ["Zhenghe"] = { "" }, ["Zhenqian"] = { "" }, ["Jianyang"] = { "" }, ["Huangkeng"] = { "" }, ["Wuyishan"] = { "" }, ["Shibei"] = { "" }, ["Yong'an"] = { "" }, ["Sanyuan"] = { "" }, ["Shaxian"] = { "" }, ["Yanping-WT"] = { "" }, ["Fu'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Fuding-She"] = { "" }, ["Luoyuan-She"] = { "" }, ["Sanming-She"] = { "" }, ["Shunchang-She"] = { "" }, ["Hua'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Guixi-She"] = { "" }, ["Cangnan-She"] = { "" }, ["Jingning-She"] = { "" }, ["Lishui-She"] = { "" }, ["Longyou-She"] = { "" }, ["Lin'an-She"] = { "" }, ["Jiande-She"] = { "" }, ["Ningguo-She"] = { "" }, ["Chaozhou-She"] = { "" }, ["Fengshun-She"] = { "" }, ["Guzhang-WX"] = { "" }, ["Yuanling-WX"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX-LJT"] = { "" }, ["Luxi-WX-LJT-2"] = { "" }, ["Chengbu-WX"] = { "" }, ["Jiande-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Jinhua-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Lanxi-JXYM"] = { "" }, ["Tunxi-JXYM"] = { "" }, } return export dtw2vsv4rk4onh9pkxhaimvdo18411s 10 1912707 7267569 2022-07-21T10:45:44Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki {{zh-dial-map}} 2k1iq8ezm3e0psqf7avnc52al6y68vt 0 1912708 7267571 2022-07-21T10:46:57Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-forms|type=22}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=tw:bîn-仔-chá-khí/tw:miâ-仔-chá-khí/tw:bîn-仔-chái-khí |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|noun}} # {{lb|zh|泉漳話}} [[明早]]，[[明天]][[早上]] ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial|明早}} {{zh-cat|未來}} lnsf5uhgnrfy4ce65crotz2ys529br9 7267574 7267571 2022-07-21T10:47:31Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-forms|type=22}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=tw:bîn-仔-chá-khí/tw:miâ-仔-chá-khí/tw:bîn-仔-chái-khí |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{zh-noun}} # {{lb|zh|泉漳話}} [[明早]]，[[明天]][[早上]] ====近義詞==== {{zh-dial|明早}} {{zh-cat|未來}} 08qf53znezqpqcpq1qq0u3r2f6304wi 0 1912709 7267572 2022-07-21T10:47:16Z TongcyDai 53191 Creating forms of [[明仔早起]] ([[:en:WT:ACCEL|Accelerated]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-see|明仔早起|poj}} ejji2oxc6z3qh162x6ydfp7yuu1lp1q 0 1912710 7267573 2022-07-21T10:47:18Z TongcyDai 53191 Creating forms of [[明仔早起]] ([[:en:WT:ACCEL|Accelerated]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==閩南語== {{zh-see|明仔早起|poj}} ejji2oxc6z3qh162x6ydfp7yuu1lp1q 0 1912711 7267588 2022-07-21T11:01:39Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==汉语== {{zh-forms|s=俭朴}} ===发音=== {{zh-pron |m=jiǎn朴 |c=gim6 pok3 |mn=qz:khiǎm-phok/tw,xm,zz:khiām-phok |cat=a }} ===形容词=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # 生活[[節儉]][[樸素]] ====近义词==== {{zh-syn-saurus|儉省}} ====相关词汇==== * {{zh-l|簡樸}} l3v3t52mbkhs2q6r4pupla1os6rinb3 0 1912712 7267594 2022-07-21T11:12:09Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|en|Nanjing|-ese}}，類比{{m|en|Chinese}}、{{m|en|Shanghainese}}等。 ===名词=== {{en-plural noun}} # [[南京]]人，居住在或來自[[中國]][[江蘇]]城市南京的人 ====近义词==== * {{l|en|Nanjinger}} {{qualifier|有時也指居住在南京的外國人}} ===专有名词=== {{en-proper noun}} # [[南京話]] ## 泛指[[江淮官話]] ## 使用於南京及周邊地區的江淮官話[[方言]] ## {{label|en|historical}} 歷史上在南京周邊使用過的[[吳語]]方言 ===形容词=== {{en-adj|-}} # [[南京]]的，與[[中國]][[江蘇]]城市南京有關的 jyfx7im7aq0y9pl38y8jzcved5y67jf 0 1912713 7267597 2022-07-21T11:17:50Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|bg|знам}} ===词源=== 源自{{inh|bg|sla-pro|*znati}}。 ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA|зна́я}} ===动词=== {{bg-verb|зна́я|impf}} # [[知道]]，[[了解]] ====變位==== {{bg-conj|зна́я<1.6.impf.tr.vni>}} ---- ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|зна́я}} ===分词=== {{head|ru|分詞|head=зна́я}} # {{ru-participle of|знать||pres|adv|impfv}} 0r8wkrcaluqj0y3axxpz5w25ri7eymx 0 1912714 7267598 2022-07-21T11:18:32Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==保加利亚语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|bg|sla-pro|*znati}}。 ===其他形式=== * {{alt|bg|зна́я}} ===发音=== * {{bg-IPA}} ===动词=== {{bg-verb|знам|impf}} # {{lb|bg|口语}} [[知道]]，[[了解]] ====變位==== {{bg-conj|знам<irreg.impf.tr.vni>}} 6mhkw1e633iwf9hknca9b3g3od1ndlt 0 1912715 7267599 2022-07-21T11:22:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== {{wikipedia|lang=be}} {{elements|lang=be|Au|плаціна|Pt|ртуць|Hg}} ===词源=== 源自{{inh|be|sla-pro|*zolto}}。與{{cog|ru|зо́лото}}同源。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|зо́лата}} * {{audio|be|Be-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|зо́лата<N.sg>|adj=залаты́}} # [[金]] ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|зо́лата<N.sg>}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|be|залаты́}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:be:slounik.org}} {{topics|be|金屬}} pxdnzlrmihzo3urgirkxctung96gg63 0 1912716 7267600 2022-07-21T11:23:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{affix|be|зо́лата|-ы́}}。與{{cog|ru|золото́й}}同源。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|залаты́}} * {{audio|be|Be-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===形容词=== {{be-adj|залаты́}} # [[金]]的 ====变格==== {{be-adecl|залаты́}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:be:slounik.org}} bsvfcqr55i2v7kmakx6seri72f90v2f 0 1912717 7267601 2022-07-21T11:23:58Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄语== ===发音=== * {{ru-IPA|зо́ну}} ===名词=== {{ru-noun form|зо́ну|f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|зо́на||acc|s}} ---- ==塔吉克语== ===发音=== * {{IPA|tg|/zɔːnu/}} ===名词=== {{fa-regional|زانو|زانو|зону}} {{tg-noun|tr=zonu}} # [[膝蓋]] {{c|tg|解剖學}} isv9czr6udwax4tnx9y5sp7hwgryuxs 0 1912718 7267603 2022-07-21T11:25:21Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==蒙古语== ===发音=== {{mn-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mn-noun|ᠵᠣᠴᠢᠨ|pl1=зочид}} # [[客人]]，[[訪客]] # [[客戶]] ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|mn|зочид буудал||賓館}} ====参见==== * {{l|mn|айлчин}} * {{l|mn|гийчин}} r50e7vz14oddlujp57u37z1l5f9t1ja 0 1912719 7267604 2022-07-21T11:26:34Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== {{wikipedia|lang=be}} ===词源=== {{affix|be|зара́|-ка}}，源自{{der|be|sla-pro|*zorja}}。與{{cog|uk|зі́рка}}同源。{{m|be|звязда́}}在白俄羅斯語中未被保留下來。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|зо́рка}} * {{audio|be|Be-{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|音频}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|зо́рка<*>}} # {{lb|be|astronomy}} [[星]] #: {{syn|be|звязда́|q=古舊}} # [[明星]] ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|зо́рка<*>}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|be|зо́рны|gloss=星的}} * {{l|be|зо́рачка|gloss=小星星}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:be:slounik.org}} jlht7xjwp5gozusde67o7fvqf6xdfbn 0 1912720 7267605 2022-07-21T11:26:57Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]创建页面 wikitext text/x-wiki ==白俄罗斯语== ===词源=== 源自{{inh|be|sla-pro|*gvězda}}。 ===发音=== * {{be-IPA|звязда́}} ===名词=== {{be-noun|звязда́<,(ў).ao>}} # {{lb|be|古旧|或|dialectal|astronomy}} [[星]] #: {{syn|be|зо́рка|q1=現代用詞}} ====变格==== {{be-ndecl|звязда́<,(ў).ao>}} p56abf0cbbg729nl8qtiofihwaeceks