Wikipedia zuwiki https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhasi_Elikhulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 29901 123148 123141 2026-05-08T14:30:07Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Amagama wezishomo */ 123148 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leo Constellation.svg|thumb|446x446px|Umdwebo wesishomo sezinkanyezi iMbubedingile.]] '''isiShomo''' siyindawo embulungeni [[Umkhathinga|yomkhathinga]] lapho amaqoqo [[Izinkanyezi|ezinkanyezi]] ezibonakalayo akha uhlaka oluvamisile ukuqhathaniswa [[Izilwane|nezilwane]], izinto ezivela [[Izinganekwane|ezinganekwaneni]], noma izinto ezijwayelekile nje. Imvelaphi yamaqoqo ezishomo akudala kungathithi aqhamuke ezikhathini zasemandulo. Abantu basemandulo bazisebenzise lezi zishomo ukuxoxa izindaba mayelana nezinkolelo zabo, izimpilo zabo, indalo, nezinganekwane. ==Amagama wezishomo== [[Isiphambano saseNingizimu]] - ''crux'' [[ImPambano (isiShomo)|IMpambano]] - ''orion'' iMbukisakazi - ''canis major'' iMbukisanyana - ''canis minor'' Amagama ezishomo eziyishumi nantathu ngokwesanusi uCredo Mutwa iNtintilili - ''Capricorn'' uSihlenga - ''Aquarius'' Amahlengeto azwanayo - ''Pisces'' [[uDushuza]] - ''Aries'' [[iNkunzendala]] - ''Taurus'' uDemana noDemazana - ''Gemin'' uSonkala - ''Cancer'' iMbubedingile - ''Leo'' uNtombiyasina - ''Virgo'' Izimbenge zikaGubudela - ''Libra'' uSobatinyela - ''Scorpio'' uSozabile - ''Sagitarius'' '''Umkhomo - ''Ophiuchus''''' [[Category:Izinkanyezi]] ==Amaphatho== 7w3pmv9sz3h3drtq29fo7yucly3duan 0 32015 123149 107110 2026-05-09T04:07:42Z Fongcwele 16873 123149 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PanSALB.png|thumb|uphawu le-PanSALB]] '''IBhodi Yezilimi ZaseNingizimu Afrika''' (i-PanSALB), iyisikhungo soMthethosisekelo esasungulwa ngokoMthetho Webhodi Lolimi LwaseNingizimu Afrika (Nombolo 59 ka-1995), njengoba uchitshiyelwe uMthetho Wokuchibiyela we-PanSALB (No. 10 ka-1999) wasungulwa ukuze ukuzuza inhlonipho, ukuvikeleka okwanele kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili izilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuthuthukisa lezo zilimi ezisemthethweni esikhathini esidlule ezazingahlonishwa ngokugcwele, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthokozelwa ngokugcwele nokulingana kwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuhlonipha izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika. ezinye izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nezinjongo zezenkolo. I-PanSALB iphinde ibe “Umphumela 5: Ukubumbana Komphakathi kanye Nokwakha Kukazwelonke”. Ngaphambi kuka-1994, imiphakathi eminingi yaseNingizimu Afrika ekhuluma iziLimi yabhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi (ukucwaswa okusekelwe olimini) lapho izilimi ezisemthethweni ezimbili kuphela, isiNgisi nesiBhunu ezazihlonishwa uhulumeni wobandlululo. Izilimi zomdabu zase-Afrika zazisetshenziselwa umgomo wokuhlukanisa nokubusa lapho izizwe zase-Afrika zabelwa izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezilimi ezithile zomphakathi. Izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan azizange zithuthukiswe noma zilondolozwe kodwa zathathelwa indawo isiBhunu ngamandla kwaholela ekubulaweni kwezilimi (ukushabalala kolimi ngezizathu zezombusazwe). Umbuso wentando yeningi wagunyaza izilimi eziyi-11 ezinesiNgisi nesiBhunu ezanikezwa isikhundla esifanayo nesangaphambi kuka-1994. Ukuhlonishwa ngokusemthethweni kwanikezwa izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan, uLimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika nezinye izilimi ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezenkolo kanye nezinye, izilimi zamagugu. ULimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika selugunyazwe njengolimi lwe-12 olusemthethweni. Ngokubona umlando wokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kanye nesimo sezilimi zomdabu zabantu bakithi, umbuso kwadingeka ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo neziqondile zokuphakamisa izinga nokuqhubekisela phambili ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zilimi. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-30, kube nokuthuthuka kancane ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izilimi zethu zijabulela ukuhlonishwa ngokulingana. exzi53ewmlgwsypmkwxc4y79b65j7nk 123150 123149 2026-05-09T04:50:39Z Fongcwele 16873 123150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PanSALB.png|thumb|uphawu le-PanSALB]] '''IBhodi Yezilimi ZaseNingizimu Afrika''' (i-PanSALB), iyisikhungo soMthethosisekelo esasungulwa ngokoMthetho Webhodi Lolimi LwaseNingizimu Afrika (Nombolo 59 ka-1995), njengoba uchitshiyelwe uMthetho Wokuchibiyela we-PanSALB (No. 10 ka-1999) wasungulwa ukuze ukuzuza inhlonipho, ukuvikeleka okwanele kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili izilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuthuthukisa lezo zilimi ezisemthethweni esikhathini esidlule ezazingahlonishwa ngokugcwele, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthokozelwa ngokugcwele nokulingana kwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuhlonipha izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika. ezinye izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nezinjongo zezenkolo. I-PanSALB iphinde ibe “Umphumela 5: Ukubumbana Komphakathi kanye Nokwakha Kukazwelonke”. Ngaphambi kuka-1994, imiphakathi eminingi yaseNingizimu Afrika ekhuluma iziLimi yabhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi (ukucwaswa okusekelwe olimini) lapho izilimi ezisemthethweni ezimbili kuphela, isiNgisi nesiBhunu ezazihlonishwa uhulumeni wobandlululo. Izilimi zomdabu zase-Afrika zazisetshenziselwa umgomo wokuhlukanisa nokubusa lapho izizwe zase-Afrika zabelwa izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezilimi ezithile zomphakathi. Izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan azizange zithuthukiswe noma zilondolozwe kodwa zathathelwa indawo isiBhunu ngamandla kwaholela ekubulaweni kwezilimi (ukushabalala kolimi ngezizathu zezombusazwe). Umbuso wentando yeningi wagunyaza izilimi eziyi-11 ezinesiNgisi nesiBhunu ezanikezwa isikhundla esifanayo nesangaphambi kuka-1994. Ukuhlonishwa ngokusemthethweni kwanikezwa izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan, uLimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika nezinye izilimi ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezenkolo kanye nezinye, izilimi zamagugu. ULimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika selugunyazwe njengolimi lwe-12 olusemthethweni. Ngokubona umlando wokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kanye nesimo sezilimi zomdabu zabantu bakithi, umbuso kwadingeka ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo neziqondile zokuphakamisa izinga nokuqhubekisela phambili ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zilimi. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-30, kube nokuthuthuka kancane ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izilimi zethu zijabulela ukuhlonishwa ngokulingana. ==Ukusebenzisana kuSWiP== Ngowezi-2023, kwasungukwa umklamo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwePanSALB, iSADiLAR kanye neWikimedia ZA, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zomdabu kuWikiphidiya nokuzenza sitholakale kuxhakaxholo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWiP project to champion SA's indigenous languages online |url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/swip-project-champion-sas-indigenous-languages-online |website=[[North-West University]] |date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213152419/https://news.nwu.ac.za/swip-project-champion-sas-indigenous-languages-online |archive-date=2024-02-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lo mklamo obizwa [[Umklamo iSWiP|SWiP]]: ibizo elihlanganisa iziqalo zelithi S<s>ADiLAR</s>, Wi<s>kipedia</s>, nelithi P<s>anSALB</s>. Abahlanganyeli bali mklamo bafundiswa ngeWikiphidiya baqeqeshwe ngezindlela zokubhlala nokuhlela isiqikili, ukufaka izingcaphuno nezithombe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR |url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[SADiLaR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529010808/https://sadilar.org/en/swip/ |archive-date=2024-05-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== 7u8hx6x2pxk3r5odmlx4sh0kkju6w27 123151 123150 2026-05-09T04:53:48Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Ukusebenzisana kuSWiP */ 123151 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PanSALB.png|thumb|uphawu le-PanSALB]] '''IBhodi Yezilimi ZaseNingizimu Afrika''' (i-PanSALB), iyisikhungo soMthethosisekelo esasungulwa ngokoMthetho Webhodi Lolimi LwaseNingizimu Afrika (Nombolo 59 ka-1995), njengoba uchitshiyelwe uMthetho Wokuchibiyela we-PanSALB (No. 10 ka-1999) wasungulwa ukuze ukuzuza inhlonipho, ukuvikeleka okwanele kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili izilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuthuthukisa lezo zilimi ezisemthethweni esikhathini esidlule ezazingahlonishwa ngokugcwele, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthokozelwa ngokugcwele nokulingana kwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuhlonipha izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika. ezinye izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nezinjongo zezenkolo. I-PanSALB iphinde ibe “Umphumela 5: Ukubumbana Komphakathi kanye Nokwakha Kukazwelonke”. Ngaphambi kuka-1994, imiphakathi eminingi yaseNingizimu Afrika ekhuluma iziLimi yabhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi (ukucwaswa okusekelwe olimini) lapho izilimi ezisemthethweni ezimbili kuphela, isiNgisi nesiBhunu ezazihlonishwa uhulumeni wobandlululo. Izilimi zomdabu zase-Afrika zazisetshenziselwa umgomo wokuhlukanisa nokubusa lapho izizwe zase-Afrika zabelwa izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezilimi ezithile zomphakathi. Izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan azizange zithuthukiswe noma zilondolozwe kodwa zathathelwa indawo isiBhunu ngamandla kwaholela ekubulaweni kwezilimi (ukushabalala kolimi ngezizathu zezombusazwe). Umbuso wentando yeningi wagunyaza izilimi eziyi-11 ezinesiNgisi nesiBhunu ezanikezwa isikhundla esifanayo nesangaphambi kuka-1994. Ukuhlonishwa ngokusemthethweni kwanikezwa izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan, uLimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika nezinye izilimi ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezenkolo kanye nezinye, izilimi zamagugu. ULimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika selugunyazwe njengolimi lwe-12 olusemthethweni. Ngokubona umlando wokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kanye nesimo sezilimi zomdabu zabantu bakithi, umbuso kwadingeka ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo neziqondile zokuphakamisa izinga nokuqhubekisela phambili ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zilimi. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-30, kube nokuthuthuka kancane ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izilimi zethu zijabulela ukuhlonishwa ngokulingana. ==Ukusebenzisana kuSWiP== Ngowezi-2023, kwasungulwa umklamo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwePanSALB, [[ISADiLAR]] kanye neWikimedia ZA, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zomdabu kuWikiphidiya nokuzenza sitholakale kuxhakaxholo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWiP project to champion SA's indigenous languages online |url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/swip-project-champion-sas-indigenous-languages-online |website=[[North-West University]] |date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213152419/https://news.nwu.ac.za/swip-project-champion-sas-indigenous-languages-online |archive-date=2024-02-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lo mklamo obizwa [[Umklamo we-SWiP|SWiP]]: ibizo elihlanganisa iziqalo zelithi S<s>ADiLAR</s>, Wi<s>kipedia</s>, nelithi P<s>anSALB</s>. Abahlanganyeli bali mklamo bafundiswa ngeWikiphidiya baqeqeshwe ngezindlela zokubhlala nokuhlela isiqikili, ukufaka izingcaphuno nezithombe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR |url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[SADiLaR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529010808/https://sadilar.org/en/swip/ |archive-date=2024-05-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== 28471d1fg1ooy5ou2hxzv4lcbomg3vn 123152 123151 2026-05-09T04:54:53Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Ukusebenzisana kuSWiP */ 123152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:PanSALB.png|thumb|uphawu le-PanSALB]] '''IBhodi Yezilimi ZaseNingizimu Afrika''' (i-PanSALB), iyisikhungo soMthethosisekelo esasungulwa ngokoMthetho Webhodi Lolimi LwaseNingizimu Afrika (Nombolo 59 ka-1995), njengoba uchitshiyelwe uMthetho Wokuchibiyela we-PanSALB (No. 10 ka-1999) wasungulwa ukuze ukuzuza inhlonipho, ukuvikeleka okwanele kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili izilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuthuthukisa lezo zilimi ezisemthethweni esikhathini esidlule ezazingahlonishwa ngokugcwele, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthokozelwa ngokugcwele nokulingana kwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nokuhlonipha izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika. ezinye izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nezinjongo zezenkolo. I-PanSALB iphinde ibe “Umphumela 5: Ukubumbana Komphakathi kanye Nokwakha Kukazwelonke”. Ngaphambi kuka-1994, imiphakathi eminingi yaseNingizimu Afrika ekhuluma iziLimi yabhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi (ukucwaswa okusekelwe olimini) lapho izilimi ezisemthethweni ezimbili kuphela, isiNgisi nesiBhunu ezazihlonishwa uhulumeni wobandlululo. Izilimi zomdabu zase-Afrika zazisetshenziselwa umgomo wokuhlukanisa nokubusa lapho izizwe zase-Afrika zabelwa izindawo zokuhlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezilimi ezithile zomphakathi. Izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan azizange zithuthukiswe noma zilondolozwe kodwa zathathelwa indawo isiBhunu ngamandla kwaholela ekubulaweni kwezilimi (ukushabalala kolimi ngezizathu zezombusazwe). Umbuso wentando yeningi wagunyaza izilimi eziyi-11 ezinesiNgisi nesiBhunu ezanikezwa isikhundla esifanayo nesangaphambi kuka-1994. Ukuhlonishwa ngokusemthethweni kwanikezwa izilimi zamaKhoi namaSan, uLimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika nezinye izilimi ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezenkolo kanye nezinye, izilimi zamagugu. ULimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika selugunyazwe njengolimi lwe-12 olusemthethweni. Ngokubona umlando wokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kanye nesimo sezilimi zomdabu zabantu bakithi, umbuso kwadingeka ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo neziqondile zokuphakamisa izinga nokuqhubekisela phambili ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zilimi. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka engama-30, kube nokuthuthuka kancane ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izilimi zethu zijabulela ukuhlonishwa ngokulingana. ==Ukusebenzisana kuSWiP== Ngowezi-2023, kwasungulwa umklamo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwePanSALB, [[ISADiLaR]] kanye neWikimedia ZA, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zomdabu kuWikiphidiya nokuzenza sitholakale kuxhakaxholo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWiP project to champion SA's indigenous languages online |url=https://news.nwu.ac.za/swip-project-champion-sas-indigenous-languages-online |website=[[North-West University]] |date=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213152419/https://news.nwu.ac.za/swip-project-champion-sas-indigenous-languages-online |archive-date=2024-02-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lo mklamo obizwa [[Umklamo we-SWiP|SWiP]]: ibizo elihlanganisa iziqalo zelithi S<s>ADiLAR</s>, Wi<s>kipedia</s>, nelithi P<s>anSALB</s>. Abahlanganyeli bali mklamo bafundiswa ngeWikiphidiya baqeqeshwe ngezindlela zokubhlala nokuhlela isiqikili, ukufaka izingcaphuno nezithombe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR |url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[SADiLaR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529010808/https://sadilar.org/en/swip/ |archive-date=2024-05-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== dvoyfdli43py5ci9nkjid9vjkjjhc63 0 34176 123155 123039 2026-05-09T07:46:29Z Fongcwele 16873 Fongcwele moved page [[Ubushiqela]] to [[Ubuphathimhlaba]] 123039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg|thumb|Ukusungulwa kweqhawe (isithombe esincane esivela emithethweni ye -Order of the Knot, eyasungulwa ngo-1352 nguLouis I waseNaples )]] [[File:Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg|thumb|Inqaba yase-Orava eSlovakia. Izinqaba zaseNkathini Ephakathi ziwuphawu lwendabuko lomphakathi wobushiqela.]] '''Ubushiqela''', noma '''umbuso wobushiwela''', babuyinhlanganisela yamasiko nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezachuma eYurophu yasendulo kusukela ngekhulunyaka lesi-9 kuya kwele-15. Uma kuchazwa kabanzi, kwakuyindlela yokuhlela umphakathi ngobudlelwano obuvela ekubanjweni komhlaba ngokushintshana ngokukhonza noma ngabasebenzi. Incazelo yakudala, kaFrançois Louis Ganshof (1944)<ref name=":0">[[:en:François_Louis_Ganshof|François Louis Ganshof]] (1944). Qu'est-ce que la féodalité. Translated into English by [[:en:Philip_Grierson|Philip Grierson]] as Feudalism, with a foreword by [[:en:Frank_Stenton|F. M. Stenton]], 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.</ref>, ichaza uhleleko lwezibopho zomthetho nezempi ezihambisanayo zezikhulu zamabuthi futhi igxile emiqondweni eyinhloko yamakhosi, izikhonzi, kanye nezinduna . <ref name=":0" /> Incazelo ebanzi, njengoba ichazwe nguMarc Bloch (1939), ayihlanganisi nje kuphela izibopho zezikhulu zamaqhawe kodwa nezibopho zazo zonke izigaba ezintathu zombuso : izikhulu, abamasonto kanye nabampofu, bonke ababeboshwe uhlelo lokusebenzisa amandla ezandla ; lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "umphakathi wobushiqela". Kusukela kwashicilelwa incwadi ka -Elizabeth AR Brown ethi " The Tyranny of a Construct " (1974) kanye neka -Susan Reynolds ethi ''[[Fiefs and Vassals]]'' (1994), kube nengxoxo engaphelele phakathi kwezazi-mlando zesikhathi esiphakathi mayelana nokuthi ubushiqela buyindlela ewusizo yini yokuqonda umphakathi wesikhathi esiphakathi. Ezinye izazi zisebenzise leli gama ngaphandle kweYurophu, okuhlanganisa iJapane yasebukhosini, iTopiya yasendulo, Isikhathi saseNtwasahlobo kanye neSikhathi saseKwindla iShayina, iGibhithe lasendulo, uMbuso waseParthian, iNdiya kuze kube yilapho ubukhosi bukaMughal kanye nemithetho ye -Antebellum South kanye nekaJim Crow eNingizimu yaseMelika . <ref name="jessee1996" /> <ref name="ebo"></ref> ==Izinkomba== qjr0epi1dqcru5f29pypo3et9sjo3nj 123159 123155 2026-05-09T07:48:00Z Fongcwele 16873 123159 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BNF_Fr_4274_8v_knight_detail.jpg|thumb|Ukusungulwa kweqhawe (isithombe esincane esivela emithethweni ye -Order of the Knot, eyasungulwa ngo-1352 nguLouis I waseNaples )]] [[File:Slovakia_Oravsky_Podzamok.jpg|thumb|Inqaba yase-Orava eSlovakia. Izinqaba zaseNkathini Ephakathi ziwuphawu lwendabuko lomphakathi wobushiqela.]] '''Ubuphathimhlaba''' babuyinhlanganisela yamasiko nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezachuma eYurophu yasendulo kusukela ngekhulunyaka lesi-9 kuya kwele-15. Uma kuchazwa kabanzi, kwakuyindlela yokuhlela umphakathi ngobudlelwano obuvela ekubanjweni komhlaba ngokushintshana ngokukhonza noma ngabasebenzi. Incazelo yakudala, kaFrançois Louis Ganshof (1944)<ref name=":0">[[:en:François_Louis_Ganshof|François Louis Ganshof]] (1944). Qu'est-ce que la féodalité. Translated into English by [[:en:Philip_Grierson|Philip Grierson]] as Feudalism, with a foreword by [[:en:Frank_Stenton|F. M. Stenton]], 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.</ref>, ichaza uhleleko lwezibopho zomthetho nezempi ezihambisanayo zezikhulu zamabuthi futhi igxile emiqondweni eyinhloko yamakhosi, izikhonzi, kanye nezinduna . <ref name=":0" /> Incazelo ebanzi, njengoba ichazwe nguMarc Bloch (1939), ayihlanganisi nje kuphela izibopho zezikhulu zamaqhawe kodwa nezibopho zazo zonke izigaba ezintathu zombuso : izikhulu, abamasonto kanye nabampofu, bonke ababeboshwe uhlelo lokusebenzisa amandla ezandla ; lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "umphakathi wobuphathimhlaba". Kusukela kwashicilelwa incwadi ka -Elizabeth AR Brown ethi " The Tyranny of a Construct " (1974) kanye neka -Susan Reynolds ethi ''[[Fiefs and Vassals]]'' (1994), kube nengxoxo engaphelele phakathi kwezazi-mlando zesikhathi esiphakathi mayelana nokuthi ubuphathimhlaba buyindlela ewusizo yini yokuqonda umphakathi wesikhathi esiphakathi. Ezinye izazi zisebenzise leli gama ngaphandle kweYurophu, okuhlanganisa iJapane yasebukhosini, iTopiya yasendulo, Isikhathi saseNtwasahlobo kanye neSikhathi saseKwindla iShayina, iGibhithe lasendulo, uMbuso waseParthian, iNdiya kuze kube yilapho ubukhosi bukaMughal kanye nemithetho ye -Antebellum South kanye nekaJim Crow eNingizimu yaseMelika . <ref name="jessee1996" /> <ref name="ebo"></ref> ==Izinkomba== 1rkzc3fipxew0mvji4nsvqzzz7qn274 1 34191 123157 123097 2026-05-09T07:46:30Z Fongcwele 16873 Fongcwele moved page [[Talk:Ubushiqela]] to [[Talk:Ubuphathimhlaba]] 123097 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubushiqela noma ubuphathimhlaba == Ninjani @[[User:Mzwandile Loyi-Naziri Ntshele|Mzwandile Loyi-Naziri Ntshele]], ngicabanga ukuthi elithi ubushiqela kufanele lisebenzie ukuhumusha elithi tyranny, ese elithi ubuphathimhlaba lihumushe elithi feudalism, njengoba igxile emhlabeni ophethe ongxiwa noma amakhosi noma abanini bawo. ucabangani? [[User:Fongcwele|Fongcwele]] ([[User talk:Fongcwele|talk]]) 13:49, 6 uNhlaba 2026 (UTC) m3siuh0m63bdigcu4ed2nvjwmpuo6ez 1 34200 123153 2026-05-09T04:58:36Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Merger proposal */ new section 123153 wikitext text/x-wiki == Merger proposal == Nginesiphakamiso sokuthi lesibhakwa sihlanganisa nesibhalwa esiphathelene ngolimi lwezandla, noma uLimi lwezandla laseNingizimu Afrika. [[User:Fongcwele|Fongcwele]] ([[User talk:Fongcwele|talk]]) 04:58, 9 uNhlaba 2026 (UTC) mdbcgyjb92ulk6hmzdyi38rnp76x01q 1 34201 123154 2026-05-09T07:16:52Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Merger proposal */ new section 123154 wikitext text/x-wiki == Merger proposal == hi @[[User:Ziporia|Ziporia]], ngicabanga ukuthi this article needs to be merged (ihlanganiswa) nesibhalwa esikhuluma ngezili zaseNingizimu Afrika. [[User:Fongcwele|Fongcwele]] ([[User talk:Fongcwele|talk]]) 07:16, 9 uNhlaba 2026 (UTC) id99o4ykyr66tcs4q8xrsdndiyrkmc1 0 34202 123156 2026-05-09T07:46:30Z Fongcwele 16873 Fongcwele moved page [[Ubushiqela]] to [[Ubuphathimhlaba]] 123156 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ubuphathimhlaba]] ejfutr6adv3uwmpt0lclkkt04q6uozb 1 34203 123158 2026-05-09T07:46:30Z Fongcwele 16873 Fongcwele moved page [[Talk:Ubushiqela]] to [[Talk:Ubuphathimhlaba]] 123158 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Ubuphathimhlaba]] dq8bc558zt8z17nrh036ewzi5riojjq