Alan García Pérez

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Alan Gabriel García Pérez
Presiden Peru
Masa jabatan
28 Juli 198528 Juli1990
28 Juli200628 Juli2011
Pendahulu Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1985)
Alejandro Toledo (2006)
Pengganti Alberto Fujimori (1990)
Sedang Menjabat (2011)
Tanggal lahir 23 Mei 1949
Lima, Peru
Partai politik Peruvian Aprista Party
Suami/istri Pilar Nores de Garcia

Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (lahir 23 Mei 1949 di Lima) adalah Presiden Peru periode 1985 hingga 1990 dan Presiden Terpilih Peru atas kemenangan dalam Pemilu Presiden 2006 pada 4 Juni 2006. Ia memenangi pemilu putaran kedua dengan 55,46 persen, sekaligus mengalahkan Ollanta Humala yang memperoleh 44,54 persen suara. Pemilu presiden 2006 tersebut dilukiskan sebagai momen istimewa, dengan rakyat terpaksa "memilih di antara yang terburuk".

García adalah Presiden Peru perioda 1985-1990 yang punya reputasi pernah memperburuk keadaan ekonomi Peru dengan kebijakan-kebijakan nasionalis pada era kepemimpinannya. Pertarungan antara Humala mengakibatkan aneka konflik di antara para pendukungnya. Keduanya saling mencela dengan keras. Model persaingan politik keduanya membuat sebagian rakyat Peru memilih "golput" (golongan putih) alias absen memilih. Ia memulai jabatan perioda keduanya pada 28 Juli 2006.

Ia menganjurkan warga Peru memakai daun koka untuk menyedap rasa guna memerangi produksi dan peredaran kokain secara ilegal. Selain mempercayai pemakaian koka guna keperluan legal juga akan mengakhiri perdagangan liar kokain. Ia juga akan mengawasi penjualan bahan kimia dan kerosin yang sering dipakai untuk menyuling kokain. "Anda juga bisa memakainya untuk memanggang daging atau apapun guna menambah kelezatan penganan," kata sang presiden[1]

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His first presidency was marked by a severe economic crisis and an increase in subversive activities. He ran for the presidency twice more, unsuccessfully in 2001, but winning the runoff against Ollanta Humala on June 4 2006. Partial official results showed him ahead, with 55.5% of the vote compared to 44.5% for Humala with 77.3% of ballots counted [2] Considering it an insurmountable lead, Humala conceded defeat and congratulated García on his election victory. [3]

Daftar isi

[sunting] Early years

Berkas:Garcia Haya.JPG
Alan García dan Haya de la Torre

García was born into a middle-class Peruvian family with close ties to the already established APRA party. García's father, Carlos García Ronceros, was the secretary of APRA during the government of Manuel A. Odría, which had declared the illegality of the party. His father was later arrested and imprisoned given his political militancy, leaving him alienated from his family and not meeting his son Alan until five years later.

García obtained his early education at the Colegio Nacional José María Eguren in Lima's Barranco district. He went on to postsecondary studies at the Pontificia Universidad Católica and later earned his law degree at the National University of San Marcos in 1971. Interested in expanding his academic curriculum, he moved to Europe, attending the Universidad Complutense in Madrid where he studied and completed his thesis on constitutional law, which earned him his political science doctorate. In 1973, he went on to the University of Paris, where he later obtained a degree in sociology.

After living several years in Paris, García was urged by the elder Haya de la Torre (who would die one year later) to return to political life in Peru in 1978, after the Bermúdez administration presided over the return to civilian government and allowed the reorganization of other political parties.

[sunting] The First Garcia Presidency

The youthful and charismatic García was elected president on April 14, 1985 with 45% of the vote in the first round. Since he did not receive the 50% of the vote required to win the presidency, García was required to enter the second round against Alfonso Barrantes Lingán (former leftist mayor of Lima) of the United Left party. Barrantes, however, retired and decided not to enter the runoff, saying he did not want to prolong the political uncertainty of the country. García was thus declared president on June 1 and officially took power on July 28, 1985. For the first time in its sixty-year history, the APRA party had come to power in Peru. Aged only 36, García was dubbed "Latin America's Kennedy," becoming the region's youngest president at the time.

Despite his initial popularity among Peruvian voters, García's term in office was marked by bouts of hyperinflation, which reached 7,649% in 1990 and had a cumulative total of 2,200,200% over the five years, thereby profoundly destabilizing the Peruvian economy.

Owing to such chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the sol, was replaced by the Inti in mid-1985, which itself was replaced the nuevo sol ("new sol") in July 1991, at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion (1,000,000,000) old soles. During García's administration, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%. By the end of his term, national reserves were a negative $900 million.

According to studies of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the United Nations Development Programme [4], around the start of his presidency, 41.6% of Peruvians lived in poverty. During his presidency, this percentage increased by 23% (to 55%) in 1991.

García also made an attempt to nationalize the banking and insurance industries. He incurred the wrath of the International Monetary Fund and the financial community by unilaterally declaring a ceiling on debt repayment equal to 10% of the Gross National Product, thereby isolating Peru from the international financial world.

The economic turbulence of the time exacerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of the violent rebel movement Shining Path, which had begun attacking electric towers, causing a number of blackouts in Lima. The García administration unsuccessfully sought a military solution to the growing terrorism, allegedly committing human rights violations which are still under investigation. These include the Accomarca massacre, where 47 campesinos were gunned to death by the Peruvian armed forces in August 1985, the Cayara massacre (May 1988) in which some thirty were killed and dozens disappeared, and the summary execution of more than 200 inmates during prison riots in Lurigancho, San Juan Bautista (El Frontón) and Santa Bárbara in 1986. According to an official inquiry, an estimated 1,600 forced disappearances took place during García's presidency. His own personal involvement in these events is not clear.

García's presidency left the country with hyperinflation, isolated from the international financial community, with reserves of minus US$900 million, continuous subversive activities by the Shining Path, great increase in poverty levels and an electric train multi-million investment in Lima that was never finished.

His critics claim the many poor decisions he took while in office created an environment conducive the rise of an authoritarian leader like Alberto Fujimori. Some suspect García and APRA cut a deal with Fujimori during the 1990 election, backing him in return for immunity, so as to prevent Mario Vargas Llosa and his FREDEMO party, then leading in the polls, from coming to power. During the campaign, FREDEMO had promised to investigate corruption in the García administration.

[sunting] Post-presidency

In 1992, García went into exile in France after Fujimori's auto-coup during which the military raided his house. The new government re-opened charges against him for allegedly taking millions of dollars in bribes. He denied the charges and in 2001 Peru's Supreme Court ruled that the statute of limitations had run out. After living eight years and 10 months in neighboring Colombia and in France, he returned to Peru in 2001 to run for president, managing to obtain 48% of the vote in the runoff, but losing by a close margin to Alejandro Toledo. Since the 2001 election, García, as leader of the APRA party, led the opposition.

García officially started his campaign for the April 2006 presidential election in Lima on February 18, 2005. No candidate won a majority so a runoff was held on June 4, 2006 between the two candidates with the leading votes in the first round. Ollanta Humala won the most votes in the first round, with 30.62% of valid votes, and faced García, who got 24.32% (against Lourdes Flores' 23.81%). Partial official results give García an advantage over his runoff opponent, who conceded defeat.

Berkas:Garcia-Humala Screenshot.jpg
Alan Garcia and Ollanta Humala embracing each other in the Presidential Debate.

On April 28, 2006 Garcia became involved in a dispute with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez as Chávez for the second time in the Peruvian Presidential election declared his support for García's opponent Ollanta Humala and referred to García as a "robber" and a "bandit". García, in response, stated that Chávez was "not acting as a statesman" and challenged Chávez to a debate to be hypothetically hosted by CNN. García also called on the Organization of American States to intervene in the matter [5] [6].

On May 31, 2006 days before the second round election García's economic adviser Enrique Cornejo told the media that if García won in the second round his government would renew a $422 million aid package with the International Monetary Fund. [7]

[sunting] The Second García Administration

According to partial official results, he is likely to be the new president of Peru winning approximately 53% of the nationwide vote despite losing key economic & tourist areas such as Cuzco, Arequipa and mining areas such as Huancavelica, Junin and jungle areas including Loreto, Amazonas and Madre de Dios. With 36 seats, APRA will have the second largest bloc in the 120 seat unicameral Congress which will be sworn in July 2006 a couple of days before the new President. With 45 seats, Humala's Union for Peru Party will have the largest bloc. [8]

[sunting] Published works

Alan García is the author of several books on the Peruvian reality and Latin America. Most of them may be found in the National Library of Peru. His published works include the following:

  • A la inmensa mayoría: discursos (1988)
  • El futuro diferente (1989)
  • El desarme financiero: pueblo y deuda en América Latina (1989)
  • La revolución regional (1990)
  • La defensa de Alan García (1991)
  • El nuevo totalitarismo (1992)
  • El mundo de Machiavello (1994)
  • La falsa modernidad (1997)
  • Siete tesis erróneas del neoliberalismo en América Latina (1997)
  • Mi Gobierno hizo la regionalización (1999)
  • La década infame: deuda externa 1990–1999 (2000)
  • Modernidad y política en el siglo XXI: globalización con justicia social (2003)
  • Sierra Exportadora - Empleo, Modernidad y Justicia en Los Andes (2005) -->

[sunting] Referensi

  1. ^ Koran Tempo, 22 Desember 2006.
  2. ^ Garcia Near Win in Peru Presidential Vote, ABC News, June 4, 2006
  3. ^ Garcia wins to become Peru president, al-Jazeera, June 5, 2006
  4. ^ Perú, Atlas Internet (Spanish)
  5. ^ Alan García reta a Chávez a polemizar por CNN, El Universal, 28 April, 2006 (Spanish)
  6. ^ Alan García in Dispute with Hugo Chávez, University of British Columbia — Peru Elections 2006, April 28, 2006
  7. ^ "Peru's García Pledges to Renew IMF Loan Agreement (Update2)", Bloomberg, May 31, 2006
  8. ^ Exit Poll Results: Alan Garcia in First Place University of British Columbia — Peru Elections 2006, June 4, 2006

[sunting] Pranala luar


Pendahulu:
Alejandro Toledo
Presiden Peru
2006–Sekarang
Pengganti:
Sedang Menjabat
Pendahulu:
Armando Villanueva
Kandidat Presiden Partido Aprista
1985 – (menang)
Pengganti:
Luis Alva Castro
Pendahulu:
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
Presiden Peru
Juli 1985–Juli 1990
Pengganti:
Alberto Fujimori
Pendahulu:
Senator Republik
Juli 1990April 1992
Pengganti:
Tidak Ada: Senat dissolved
Pendahulu:
Jorge del Castillo
Sekretaris Jenderal APRA
2001sekarang
Pengganti:
Sedang Menjabat