Desain grafis
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Desain grafis adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi visual yang menggunakan teks dan/atau gambar untuk menyampaikan informasi atau pesan. Seni desain grafis mencakup kemampuan kognitif dan keterampilan termasuk tipografi, pengolahan gambar, dan page layout. Desainer grafis menata tampilan huruf dan ruang komposisi untuk menciptakan sebuah rancangan yang efektif dan komunikatif. Desain grafis melingkupi segala bidang yang membutuhkan penerjemahan bahasa verbal menjadi perancangan secara visual terhadap teks dan gambar pada berbagai media publikasi guna menyampaikan pesan-pesan kepada komunikan seefektif mungkin.
Desain grafis diterapkan dalam desain komunikasi dan fine art. Seperti jenis komunikasi lainnya, desain grafis dapat merujuk kepada proses pembuatan (mendesain) atau pun produk yang dihasilkan (desain/rancangan). Desain grafis biasanya diterapkan untuk media-media statis, seperti buku, majalah, dan brosur. Sebagai tambahan, sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman, desain grafis juga diterapkan dalam media elektronik - yang sering kali disebut sebagai "desain interaktif" (interactive design), atau "desain multimedia" (multimedia design')
[sunting] Prinsip dan unsur desain
Unsur dalam desain grafis sama seperti unsur dasar dalam disiplin desain lainnya. Unsur-unsur tersebut (termasuk shape, bentuk (form), tekstur, garis, nilai, dan warna) membentuk prinsip-prinsip dasar desain visual. Prinsip-prinsip tersebut, seperti keseimbangan (balance), ritme (rhythm), tekanan (emphasis), dam kesatuan (unity), kemudian membentuk aspek struktural komposisi yang lebih luas.
[sunting] Peralatan desain grafis
Peralatan yang digunakan oleh desainer grafis adalah akal, mata, tangan, alat-alat tradisional (seperti pensil atau tinta), dan komputer. Sebuah konsep atau ide biasanya tidak dianggap sebagai sebuah desain sebelum direalisasikan atau dinyatakan dalam bentuk visual. Bagaimanapun, alat yang paling penting dan paling diperlukan dalam desain adalah akal. Pikiran yang kritis, observasional, kuantitif, dan analitik juga dibutuhkan untuk merancang dan merealisasikan ide tersebut. Pikiran yang kritis, observasional, quantitatif dan analitik juga diperlukan untuk mengkomposisi sebuah desain.
Tools graphic designers use are the mind, eye, hand, traditional tools, and computers. A creative concept is not usually considered a design unless it is given a tangible or visual form. However, since the design consists of ideas, the most important and only tool that is required in the design process is the mind. Critical, observational, quantitative and analytic thinking are also required for page layout and rendering. If the executor is merely following a sketch, script or instructions (as may be supplied by an art director) they are not usually considered the designer. The eye and the hand are often augmented with the use of external traditional tools or digital image editing features. The selection of the appropriate one to the communication problem at hand is also a key skill in graphic design work, and a defining factor of the rendering style.
In the mid 1980s, the arrival of desktop publishing and the introduction of software applications introduced a generation of designers to computer image manipulation and 3D image creation that had previously been laborious. Computer graphic design enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic changes without using any ink in the process, and to simulate the effects of traditional media without requiring a lot of space.
Computers are generally considered to be an indispensable tool used in the graphic design industry. Computers and software applications are generally seen, by creative professionals, as more effective production tools than traditional methods. However, some designers continue to use manual and traditional tools for production, such as Milton Glaser.
There is some debate whether computers enhance the creative process of graphic design. Rapid production from the computer allows many designers to explore multiple ideas quickly with more detail than what could be achieved by traditional hand-rendering or paste-up on paper, moving the designer through the creative process more quickly. However, being faced with limitless choices does not help isolate the best design solution and can lead to designers endlessly iterating without a clear design outcome.
New ideas often come by way of experimenting with tools and methods, be it traditional or digital media. Some professional designers explore ideas using pencil on paper to avoid creating within the limits of a computer, enabling them to think outside the box. Some creative graphic design ideas are initiated and developed to near completion in the mind, before either traditional methods or the computer is used; while others may augment visualization by utilizing complex and rapid rendering capabilities that computers can provide during the design process.
A graphic designer may also use sketches to explore multiple or complex ideas quickly without the potential distractions of technical difficulties from software malfunctions or software learning. Hand rendered comps are often used to get approval of a graphic design idea before investing what would be too much time to produce finished visuals on a computer or in paste-up if rejected. The same thumbnail sketches or rough drafts on paper may be used to rapidly refine and produce the idea on the computer in a hybrid process. This hybrid process is especially useful in logo design where a software learning curve may detract from a creative thought process. The traditional-design/computer-production hybrid process may be used for freeing ones creativity in page layout or image development as well. Traditional graphic designers may employ computer-savvy production artists to produce their ideas from sketches, without needing to learn the computer skills themselves.
The use of computers in other design fields is often referred to as CAD (computer aided design), the same abbreviation of computer aided drafting and a homophone of the acronym computer aided design & drafting (CADD) used by engineers. The acronym "CAD" makes no distinction between graphic design and technical drawing. Due to this common misunderstanding, CAD is rarely used to describe computer use in graphic design. The more common term used to describe computer use in graphic design is DTP (desktop publishing). However, DTP is often oversimplified to the narrower scope of graphic design known as page layout and publishing technology.
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