Pencemaran sayur bayam di Amerika Utara 2006
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Dalam bulan September 2006, terdapat wabak keracunan makanan disebabkan oleh bakteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang telah dijumpai di dalam bayam mentah[1] in 25 U.S. states.[2]
Semenjak September 24, 2006, seorang telah mati, dan 171 orang telah jatuh sakit, termasuklah 27 yang menghidap sejenis kegagalan fungsi buah pinggang dinamakan sindrom hemolitik uremik [2] selepas memakan bayam yang telah dicemari dengan E. coli O157:H7, satu bactera berpotensi diarrhea berdarah dan dehidrasi. .[3] . Strain ini lebih berpotensi daripada keracunan makanan yang lain. Pegawai kesihatan persekutuan telah berkata separuh yang dilaporkan sakit telah dimasukkan ke dalam hospital, berbanding daripada 25 hinga 30 peratus dalam wabak sebelum ini.[4]
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The Food and Drug Administration has called for bagged fresh spinach to be removed from shelves, and warned not to eat any kind of spinach and that washing the spinach is insufficient to sanitize it, because the bacteria is systemic - meaning that it is not just on the outside of the spinach, but that it has been absorbed through the roots and is now inside the spinach.
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[Sunting] Penyebab
The outbreak was traced to bagged fresh spinach. Two companies in California have voluntarily recalled spinach and spinach-containing products: Natural Selection Foods LLC,[5] based in San Juan Bautista, and River Ranch Fresh Foods.[5][6][7] Natural Selection brands include Natural Selection Foods, Pride of San Juan, Earthbound Farm, Bellissima, Dole, Rave Spinach, Emeril, Sysco, O Organic, Fresh Point, River Ranch, Superior, Nature's Basket, Pro-Mark, Compliments, Trader Joe's, Ready Pac, Jansal Valley, Cheney Brothers, D'Arrigo Brothers, Green Harvest, Mann, Mills Family Farm, Premium Fresh, Snoboy, The Farmer's Market, Tanimura & Antle, President's Choice, Cross Valley, and Riverside Farms. Affected brands from River Ranch include Hy-Vee, Farmer's Market and Fresh and Easy. Later, a third company, RLB Food Distributors, issued a multiple East Coast states recall of spinach-containing salad products for possible E. coli contamination.[8]
[Sunting] Kesan
As of September 23, 2006, 25 states are affected, and at least 171 cases[2] of the disease are currently reported. 10 cases are reported to be serious, with one death, as well as two suspected related deaths. Spinach has also been distributed to Canada and Mexico, although there have been no cases related to the current outbreak reported in Canada [9]. There have been over 400 produce-related outbreaks in North America since 1990.[10]
The states reported to be affected are:[11]
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A death occurred in Wisconsin. Two more deaths are suspected to have been caused by the outbreak in Idaho and Maryland, one of a two year old boy and the other an elderly woman, respectively.[1]
[Sunting] Kesan daripada E. coli O157:H7
- Maklumat lanjut: Escherichia coli O157:H7
E. coli is a normal inhabitant of the intestines of all animals, including humans. It is a harmless bacterium which can help suppress the growth of other harmful bacterial species and can synthesize some vitamins. However, a few strains of E. coli, including the enterohemorrhagic strain O157:H7 are harmful. E. coli O157:H7 produces a potent shiga-like toxin, verotoxin, which can damage the lining of the intestine. Infection with E. coli O157:H7 causes hemorrhagic colitis, a disease characterized by severe abdominal pain and diarrhea which is initially watery but may turn bloody. The disease is usually self-limiting. However, its complications include the hemolytic uremic syndrome, characterized by renal failure and hemolytic anemia which may lead to permanent loss of kidney function. Hemolytic uremic syndrome also contributes to thrombocytopenic purpura which has a high mortality rate in the elderly.[12]
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On September 14, 2006, the FDA warned consumers about an "E. coli" outbreak that was tied to bags of fresh spinach. The FDA reported that they received complaints from 19 states in the United States.[6][1] The FDA advised "that consumers not eat bagged fresh spinach."[1] Three days later, their updated warning said not to eat "fresh spinach or fresh spinach-containing products."[7] On September 17, the United States expanded the warning to avoid all fresh spinach.[3] The Centers for Disease Control started to investigate the E. Coli outbreak. Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle formally requested the federal aid on September 15. His office said the CDC will help assess the causes and the magnitude of the outbreak in his state.[13]
On September 18, Illinois and Nebraska reported their first cases of E. coli infection due to spinach, bringing the total number of affected states to 21. Ohio public health officials are investigating a 2-year-old's death that may also be linked.[14]
As of September 18, the number of people sickened by the E. coli laced fresh spinach reached 111.[15]
On September 19, it was reported that there may be a link to a further death in Ohio and irrigation water is being investigated as a possible source.[16][17] This is the 9th outbreak traced to the Salinas Valley in California and the 25th leafy green E. coli outbreak (spinach or lettuce) in the United States since 1993.[18]
On September 20, the CDC announced that the genetic fingerprint, a PFGE pattern, of E. coli O157 isolated from an opened package of "Dole Baby Spinach, Best if Used by August 30" spinach packed by Natural Selection in the refrigerator of an ill New Mexico resident matched that of the outbreak strain.[19]
There are currently 172 cases of illness including 92 hospitalizations and 27 patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome.[2]
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 FDA Warning on Serious Foodborne E.coli O157:H7 Outbreak. FDA. (2006-09-14).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Update on Multi-State Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections From Fresh Spinach. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (September 23, 2006). Dicapai pada 2006-09-24.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "U.S. expands warning to cover all fresh spinach", Reuters, 2006-09-17.
- ↑ E. Coli On Spinach May Have Been Extra Potent. WFSB. (2006-09-20).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Natural Selection Foods
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "FDA: E. coli linked to Natural Selection Foods", CNN, 2006-09-15.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 FDA Statement on Foodborne E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak in Spinach. FDA. (2006-09-17).
- ↑ RLB Food Distributors Issues a Multiple East Coast States Recall of Fresh Spinach Salad Products for Possible E. coli Contamination. FDA. (2006-09-20).
- ↑ E. COLI O157:H7 OUTBREAK IN UNITED STATES ASSOCIATED WITH BAGGED FRESH SPINACH. (2006-09-15). Dicapai pada 2006-09-24.
- ↑ A selection of North American produce related outbreaks from 1990-2005. Food safety network. (2006-05-03).
- ↑ E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Case Counts by State. CDC. Dicapai pada 2006-09-24.
- ↑ Bad Bug Book-Escherichia coli O157:H7. FDA. Dicapai pada 2006-09-22.
- ↑ "CDC Starts To Investigate E. coli Outbreak In Wisconsin", WISC-TV, 2006-09-16.
- ↑ "Ohio tot's death may be linked to tainted spinach", Dayton Daily News, 2006-09-18.
- ↑ "E. coli spinach scare increases to 21 states", CNN, 2006-09-19.
- ↑ "Farm water is suspected in outbreak", Mercury News, 2006-09-19.
- ↑ "Death linked to spinach?", Newsday, 2006-09-19.
- ↑ Outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to fresh lettuce and spinach since 1993. Food Safety Network. (2006-09-18).
- ↑ Update on Multi-State Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections From Fresh Spinach,September 20,2006. CDC. (2006-09-20).