افغانستان

From Wikipedia

د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت
جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان

د Afghanistan بېرغ د Afghanistan نښان
بېرغ نښان
Motto: none
ملي ترانه: ملي سرود
د Afghanistan موقيعت
پلازمېنه کابل
34°31′ N 69°08′ E
لوی ښار  کابل
 (رسمي ژبه/ ژبې) پښتو, فارسي
حکومت
ولسمشر
اسلامي جمهوريت
حامد کرزی
خپلواکي
نېټه
۱۹ د اګسټ، ۱۹۱۹
مساحت
 • ټولټال
 
 • اوبه (%)
 
647,500 km² 40th
250,001 mi² 

N/A
د وګړو شمېر
 • 2005 est.
 • 1979 census

 • ګڼه ګونه
 
29,863,000 (38th)
13,051,358

43/km² (150th)
111/mi² 
GDP (PPP)
 • ټولټال
 • Per capita
2006 estimate
$31.9 billion (91st)
$1,310 (162nd)
HDI (2003) NA (unranked) – NA
پېسه افغانی (Af) (AFN)
د ساعت توپير
 • Summer (DST)
(UTC+4:30)
(UTC+4:30)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD) .af
هېوادنی کوډ AFG
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ +93

افغانستان ; پښتو: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوريت, فارسي (دري): جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان) په غرونو کې کلابند يو هېواد دی چې د اسيا د لوې وچې په څلورلاره کې پروت دی. په ټولګړې توګه دا هېواد د منڅنۍ آسيا يوه برخه ده،‌ خو کله ناکله بيا په داسې سيمې څرګند شوی چې نه په منځني ختيځ او نه پر سوېلي اسيا پورې تړلې ده،‌ او دا پدې چې دغه سيمه د منځني ختيځ او سوېلي اسيا سره فرهڼيز، ژب توکميز او جغرافيکي اړيکې لري. دا هېواد په لوېديځ کې د ايران سره،‌ په سوېل او ختيځ کې د پاکستان سره،‌ په سهېل ختيځ کې د چين سره، په سهېل کې د تاجکستان، ازبکستان او ترکمنستان سره ګډې پولې لري.

افغانستان د لوېديځ او ختيځ په څلورلاره کې پروت د بېلابېلو قومونو او کلتورونو کور دی . دا يو ډېر لرغونی هېواد دی، د تاريخ له نظره دا يو لوی سوداګريز مرکز پاتې شوی او په همدې توګه په بېلابېلو وختونو کې دبېلابېلو قوتونو لخوا د يرغل لاندې راغلی او لوټ تالان شوی دی. د تاريخ په اوږدو کې دا سيمه د فارس، مقدونيانو، عربانو، مغولو، ترکانو، او يونانيانو لخوا نيول شوی. نوی افغانستان د لومړي ځل لپاره د درېيم افغان-انګليس جګړې وروسته په ١٩١٩ کال کې د يوه خپلواک هېواد په توګه هغه وخت راڅرګند شو کله چې بهرنيانو د افغانستان په چارو کې لاسوهنه پرېښوده. په دغه هېواد د روسيې د يرغل وروسته، په هېواد کې بد امني، خپلمنځي جګړې، د طالبانو واکمني او بيا وروسته د يوولسم د سېپتمبر د پېښې نه وروسته د امريکا يرغل د دغه هېواد تاريخ ويجاړ کړ.

ددغو ناخوالو په پايله کې اوس افغانستان د بيا ودانېدو په لورې روان دی، دا يوه داسې هڅه ده چې د اوږدمهالې جګړې او د هغه ويجاړيو چې د کلونو کلونو وسله والو نښتو په نتيجه کې منځ ته راغلې ځواب ووايي او همدا نوی حکومت هم د ملت په يووالي کې او د هېواد د بيا جوړولو په درشل کې خپل ګامونه پورته کړي، خو لا تر اوسه پورې نه دی بريالی شوی چې په هېواد کې په بشپړه توګه امن او ورورګلوي راولي. افغانستان د خورا ډېرو ستونزو سره مخامخ دی، د نړېدلي اقتصادي نظام نه رانيولې، د ميلونونو مهاجرينو د بېرته ستنېدو پورې، د مخدره توکو قاچاق، د جنګسالارانو شته والی او په شته حکومت کې د بېلابېلو سياسي ګوندونو مخالفتونه، دا ټول هغه ټول لاملونه دي چې د اوسمهال حکومت ورسره لاس او ګرېوان دی او همدا ټولې ستونزې دي چې د يويشتمې پېړۍ د افغانستان څرګندونه کوي.

نيوليک

نوم

Main article: Origins of the name Afghan

د افغانستان نوم د دوه نومونو تړنګ نوم دی، يعنی لومړنی نوم يې افغان او دوهم د ستان وروستاړی دی چې مانا يې ده د افغانانو خاوره. د افغانستان نوم هم د افغان د نوم نه راوتلی چې په معاصر تاريخ کې کارېدلی دی. د اسلامي دورې راپدېخوا پښتنو دغه نوم د ځان لپاره کارولی. د W.K. Frazier Tyler, M.C. Gillet او د نورو تاريخپوهانو له قوله د افغان ويی په تاريخ کې د لومړي ځل لپاره په ٩٨٢ زېږيز کال کې په حدود العالم من المشرق اللمغرب نومي کتاب کې راجوت شوی. د افغانستان د نوم وروستنی برخه يا په بله وينا د افغانستان د نوم وروستاړی ستان بيا د پارسي د ژبې نه پور شوی چې مانا يې ده زمکه يا خاوره. په انګليسي ژبه کې بيا ددې انډول افغان لېنډ يا Afghanland دی، چې د قاجاريانو او د برطانيې د حکومت په بېلابېلو تړونونو کې د افغانستان لپاره کارېدلی، او دا هغه تړونونه دي چې د برطانيې د حکومت او د پارس د حکومت د حدودالاربيې د ښکاره کولو په خاطر کښل شوي. په دغو تړونونو کې هغه سيمې چې پښتانه پکښې مېشته دي چې پدې کې د اوسيني افغانستان سوېلي برخې هم شاملې دي، د افغان لېنډ په نامه يادې شوي.

د افغانستان نوم د ١٨ پېړۍ نه راپدېخوا کله چې احمد شاه ابدالي خپله خاوره د پارس نه بېله کړه او يوه خپلواکه پاچايي يې جوړه کړه نو همدغه خپلواکه پاچايي پدغه نوم ياده شوې، خو د امير عبدالرحمن خان په وخت کې د افغانستان نوم په نړېواله کچه رسمي شوی. د ١٨ پېړۍ نه دمخه افغانستان د خراسان په نامه يادېده.

تاريخ

Main article: History of Afghanistan
 د باميانو بودايي پژۍ, چې تاريخي قدامت يې لومړنۍ پېړۍ پورې رسېده، او د نړۍ تر ټولو ستره پژۍ وه د طالبانو د واکمنۍ په وختونو کې په ٢٠٠٠ زېږيز کال کې له مېنځه يووړل شوې
د باميانو بودايي پژۍ, چې تاريخي قدامت يې لومړنۍ پېړۍ پورې رسېده، او د نړۍ تر ټولو ستره پژۍ وه د طالبانو د واکمنۍ په وختونو کې په ٢٠٠٠ زېږيز کال کې له مېنځه يووړل شوې

افغانستان يو بې جوړې منځنۍ-مرکزي سيمه ده چېرته چې اېروآسيايي تمدنونو د يو بل سره معاملې کړي او ډېر ځله يې د يو بل سره جنګونه کړي او د ډېر پخوا نه د تاريخ يو مهم ځای پاتې شوی. د تاريخ په بهير کې دغه سيمه چې اوس د افغانستان په نوم يادېږي، د بېلابېلو خلکو لخوا نيول شوې چې پدغو کې آريانيان، لرغوني ايرانيان، هندوآريانيان، مېډز، پارسيوانان، يونانيان، ماوريان، کوشانيان، هېپتاليان، عربان، مغولو، ترکانو، انګرېزانو، روسانو او پدې تازه وختونو کې امريکايان هم شامل دي. ډېر لږ ځل داسې پېښ شوي چې دا سيمه دې په بشپړه توګه د يوه توکم د واک لاندې راغلې وي. ډېر ځله داسې هم پېښ شوي چې د افغانستان وطني وګړو د خپل د هېواد څلورخوا پرتې سيمې د لاس لاندې کړي او خپله پاچايي يې جوړه کړې.
داسې وييل کېږي چې د عيسی (ع) نه ٢٠٠٠ او ١٢٠٠ کاله مخکې د هندوـ اروپايي ژبې د کورنۍ خلکو چې آريايان نومېدل، اوسيني افغانستان ته مخه کړه او په همدې سيمه کې مېشت شول، او د يوه ملت بنسټ يې کېښود چې د Aryānām Xšaθra يا Airyānem Vāejah په نوم يادېده، او ددې نوم مانا ""د آريايانو خاوره""، ده. Zoroastrianism is speculated to have possibly originated in Afghanistan between 1800 to 800 BC. Ancient Eastern Iranian languages such as Avestan may have been spoken in Afghanistan around a similar time-line with the rise of Zoroastrianism. In the eastern area, the early Indo-Aryan Vedic civilization may have had some prominence, although this has yet to be conclusively proven. By the middle of the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire supplanted the Medes and incorporated Aryana within its boundaries; and by 330 BC, Alexander the Great had invaded the region. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the Hellenistic successor states of the Seleucids and Bactrians controlled the area, while the Mauryas from India annexed the southeast for a time and introduced Buddhism to the region until the area returned to the Bactrian rule.

During the 1st century AD, the Tocharian Kushans occupied the region. Thereafter, Aryana fell to a number of Eurasian tribes — including Parthians, Scythians, and Huns, as well as the Sassanian Persians and local rulers such as the Hindu Shahis in Kabul — until the 7th century AD, when Muslim Arab armies invaded the region.

The Arab Empire initially annexed parts of western Afghanistan in 652 and then conquered most of the rest of Afghanistan between 706-709 AD and administered the region as Khorasan, and over time much of the local population converted to Islam. Afghanistan became the center of various important empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire (962-1151), founded by a local Turkic ruler from Ghazni named Yamin ul-Dawlah Mahmud. This empire was replaced by the Ghorid Empire (1151-1219), founded by another local ruler Muhammad Ghori, whose domains laid the foundations for the Delhi Sultanate in India.

In 1219, the region was overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who devastated the land. Their rule continued with the Ilkhanates, and was extended further following the invasion of Tamerlane (Timur Lang), a ruler from Central Asia. Babur, a descendant of both Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, established the Mughal Empire with its capital at Kabul by 1504. Later, the Safavids of Persia challenged Mughal rule with the Persians acquiring the area by the mid-17th century.

Ghilzai Pashtun tribesmen under the Ghaznavid Khan Nasher rose against Persian rule in the early 18th century. The Persian army was defeated and the Afghans briefly controlled Afghanistan and eastern parts of Iran from 1719-1729. Nadir Shah of Persia defeated the Afghans in the Battle of Damghan, 1729. He had driven out the Afghans, who were still occupying Persia, by 1730. In 1738, Nadir Shah conquered Kandahar, In the same year he occupied Ghazni, Kabul and Lahore. One of Nadir Shah's high-ranking military officers, Ahmad Shah Abdali, himself a Pashtun tribesman of the Abdali clan, called for a loya jirga following Nadir Shah's assassination (for which many implicate Abdali) in 1747. The Afghans/Pashtuns came together at Kandahar in 1747 and chose Ahmad Shah, who changed his last name to Durrani (meaning 'pearl of pearls' in Persian), to be king. The Afghanistan nation-state as it is known today came into existence in 1747 as the Durrani Empire which was centered in Afghanistan. The Durrani Empire lasted for nearly a century until internecine conflicts and wars with the Persians and Sikhs diminished their empire by the early 19th century. However, the current borders of Afghanistan would not be determined until the coming of the British.

Lord Nasher after defeating the British colonial forces
Lord Nasher after defeating the British colonial forces

During the 19th century, following the Anglo-Afghan wars (fought in 1839-1842, 1878-1880, and lastly in 1919) and the ascension of the Barakzai dynasty, Afghanistan saw much of its territory and autonomy ceded to the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom exercised a great deal of influence, and it was not until King Amanullah Shah acceded to the throne in 1919 (see "The Great Game") that Afghanistan regained complete independence. During the period of British intervention in Afghanistan, ethnic Pashtun territories were divided by the Durand Line, and this would lead to strained relations between Afghanistan and British India, and later the new state of Pakistan, over what came to be known as the Pashtunistan debate.

The longest period of stability in Afghanistan was between 1933 and 1973, when the country was under the rule of King Zahir Shah. However, in 1973, Zahir's brother-in-law, Sardar Mohammed Daoud launched a bloodless coup. Daoud and his entire family were murdered in 1978 when the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan launched a coup known as the Great Saur Revolution and took over the government.

Opposition against, and conflict within, the series of communist governments that followed, was considerable. As part of a Cold War strategy, in 1979 the United States government under President Jimmy Carter and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski began to covertly fund and train anti-government Mujahideen forces through the Pakistani secret service agency known as Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), which were derived from discontented Muslims in the country who opposed the official atheism of the Marxist regime, in 1978. Brzezinski's recruiting efforts included enlisting Usama bin Laden to fight the Soviets. Bin Laden became a stinger missile expert in this war earning the nom de guerre "The Archer." In order to bolster the local Communist forces the Soviet Union - citing the 1978 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness that had been signed between the two countries in 1978 - intervened on December 24, 1979. The Soviet occupation resulted in a mass exodus of over 5 million Afghans who moved into refugee camps in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. More than 3 million alone settled in Pakistan. Faced with mounting international pressure and the loss of approximately 15,000 Soviet soldiers as a result of Mujahideen opposition forces trained by the United States, Pakistan, and other foreign governments, the Soviets withdrew ten years later, in 1989. For more details, see Soviet war in Afghanistan.

Soviet troops withdrawing from Afghanistan in 1988.  Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev
Soviet troops withdrawing from Afghanistan in 1988.
Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev

The Soviet withdrawal was seen as an ideological victory in the U.S., which ostensibly had backed the Mujahideen through 3 bipartisan US Presidential Administrations in order to counter Soviet influence in the vicinity of the oil-rich Persian Gulf. Following the removal of the Soviet forces in 1989, the U.S. and its allies lost interest in Afghanistan and did little to help rebuild the war-ravaged country or influence events there. The USSR continued to support the regime of Dr. Najibullah (formerly the head of the secret service, Khad) until its downfall in 1992. However, the absence of the Soviet forces resulted in the downfall of the government as it steadily lost ground to the guerrilla forces.[1]

As the vast majority of the elites and intellectuals had either been systematically eliminated by the Communists, or escaped to take refuge abroad, a dangerous leadership vacuum came into existence. Fighting continued among the various Mujahideen factions, eventually giving rise to a state of warlordism. The chaos and corruption that dominated post-Soviet Afghanistan in turn spawned the rise of the Taliban in response to the growing chaos. The most serious fighting during this growing civil conflict occurred in 1994, when 10,000 people were killed during factional fighting in Kabul.

Exploiting the chaotic situation in Afghanistan, a few regional bedfellows, including fundamentalist Afghans trained in refugee camps in western Pakistan, the Pakistani ISI, the regional Mafia (well-established network that smuggled mainly Japanese electronics and tires before the Russian invasion, now involved in drug smuggling) and Arab extremist groups (that were looking for a safe operational hub) joined forces and helped to create the Taliban movement.[2] Backed by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, America and other strategic allies, the Taliban developed as a politico-religious force, and eventually seized power in 1996. The Taliban were able to capture 90% of the country, aside from the Afghan Northern Alliance strongholds primarily found in the northeast in the Panjshir Valley. The Taliban sought to impose a strict interpretation of Islamic Sharia law and gave safe haven and assistance to individuals and organizations that were implicated as terrorists, most notably Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network.

Massive bombing and invasion of the country by the United States and its allies following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks helped opposition factions and forced the Taliban's downfall. In late 2001, major leaders from the Afghan opposition groups and diaspora met in Bonn, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid Karzai as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) in December 2001. After a nationwide Loya Jirga in 2002, Karzai was elected President.

Image:Kar0-005.jpg
Hamid Karzai casting his vote at the 2004 elections.

As the country continues to rebuild and recover, as of late 2005, it was still struggling against widespread poverty, continued warlordism, a virtually non-existent infrastructure, possibly the largest concentration of land mines on earth and other unexploded ordinance, as well as a sizable illegal poppy and heroin trade. Afghanistan also remains subject to occasionally violent political jockeying, and the nation's first elections were successfully held in 2004 as women parliamentarians were selected in record numbers. Parliamentary elections in 2005 helped to further stabilize the country politically, in spite of the numerous problems it faced, including inadequate international assistance. The landmine problem persists; in 2002, the Red Cross recorded 1286 landmine deaths in Afghanistan, one of the highest mine tolls anywhere on Earth. The country continues to grapple with occasional acts of violence from a few remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban and the instability caused by warlords.

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سياست

Template:Morepolitics Politics in Afghanistan has historically consisted of power struggles, bloody coups and unstable transfers of power. With the exception of a military junta, the country has been governed by nearly every system of government over the past century, including a monarchy, republic, theocracy and communist state. The constitution ratified by the 2003 Loya jirga restructured the government as an Islamic republic consisting of three branches of power (executive, legislative, and judiciary) overseen by checks and balances.

Image:02 912HamidKarsaiUNGenAssemblyStrtApplse.jpg
President Hamid Karzai addressing the United Nations.

Afghanistan is currently led by President Hamid Karzai, who was elected in October 2004. Before the election, Karzai led the country after being chosen by delegates of the Bonn Conference in 2001 to head an interim government after the fall of the Taliban. While supporters have praised Karzai's efforts to promote national reconciliation and a growing economy, critics charge him with failing to rein in the country's warlords, inability to stem corruption and the growing drug trade, and the slow pace of reconstruction.

The current parliament was elected in 2005. Among the elected officials were former mujahadeen, Taliban fighters, communists, reformists, and Islamic fundamentalists. Surprisingly, 28% of the delegates elected were women, 3% more than the 25% minimum guaranteed under the constitution. Ironically, this made Afghanistan, long known under the Taliban for its oppression of women, one of the leading countries in terms of female representation.

The Supreme Court of Afghanistan is currently led by Chief Justice Faisal Ahmad Shinwari. Dominated by fundamentalist religious figures, the court has issued numerous questionable rulings, such as banning cable television, seeking to ban a candidate in the 2004 presidential election for questioning polygamy laws, and limiting the rights of women, as well as overstepping its constitutional authority by issuing rulings on subjects not yet brought before the court. Despite these controversial rulings, President Karzai renominated Shinwari as Chief Justice in 2006, but the parliament rejected the nomination. Soon after, Karzai nominated Abdul Salam Azimi, a former university professor currently serving as the legal advisor to the president, for the position of Chief Justice.

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اداري وېشنې

ولايتونه

د اداري وېش له مخې افغانستان په ٣٤ ولايتونو وېشل شوی او بيا وروسته همدا ولايتونه په ولسواليو وېشل شوي.

د افغانستان ولايتونه
د افغانستان ولايتونه

د افغانستان ٣٤ ولايتونه :

  1. بدخشان
  2. بادغيس
  3. بغلان
  4. بلخ
  5. باميان
  6. دايکندی
  7. فراه
  8. فارياب
  9. غزني
  10. غور
  11. هلمند
  12. هرات
  13. جوزجان
  14. کابل
  15. کندهار
  16. کاپيسا
  17. خوست
  1. کنړ
  2. کندوز
  3. لغمان
  4. لوګر
  5. ننګرهار
  6. نيمروز
  7. نورستان
  8. اروزګان
  9. پکتيا
  10. پکتيکا
  11. پنجشېر
  12. پروان
  13. سمنګان
  14. سرپل
  15. تخار
  16. وردګ
  17. زابل

جغرافيه

Main article: Geography of Afghanistan

افغانستان په غرونو کې کلابند يو غره ايز هېواد دی، ددې هېواد سهېلي او سوېل ختيځې سيمې د نور هېواد په پرتله هوارې سيمې او ډاګونه لري. په دې هېواد کې د سمندر د سطحې نه تر ټولو هسکه ساحه د نوشاک څوکه ده، چې دا د سمندر د سطحې نه ٧٤٨٥ مېتره او يا په بله وينا ٢٤٥٥٧ فوټه جګه پرته سيمه ده. ددې هېواد ډېرۍ سيمې وچې دي او د تازه اوبو زېرمې پکې لږ دي. افغانستان يو بري (وچ) اقليم لري، پدې هېواد کې د اوړي په وخت کې هوا ډېره توده او د ژمي په مهال ډېره سړه وي. په دغه هېواد کې کله ناکله رېږدلې (زلزلې) هم کېږي.

The country's natural resources include copper, zinc and iron ore in central areas; precious and semi-precious stones such as lapis, emerald and azure in the north-east and east; and potentially significant oil and gas reserves in the north. However, these significant mineral and energy resources remain largely untapped due to the effects of the Soviet invasion and the subsequent civil war.


لوی ښارونه

  • كابل (پلازمېنه)
  • کندهار
  • هرات
  • جلال آباد
  • مزارشريف

طبيعت

اقتصاد

Main article: Economy of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is an extremely impoverished country, being one of the world's poorest and least developed countries. Two-thirds of the population lives on less than US$2 a day. The economy has suffered greatly from the recent political and military unrest since the 1979-80 Soviet invasion and subsequent conflicts, while severe drought added to the nation's difficulties in 1998-2001.

The economically active population in 2002 was about 11 million (out of a total of an estimated 29 million). While there are no official unemployment rate estimates available, it is evident that it is high. The number of non-skilled young people is estimated at 3 million, which is likely to increase by some 300,000 per annum.[3]

As much as one-third of Afghanistan's GDP comes from growing poppy and illicit drugs including opium and its two derivatives, morphine and heroin, as well as hashish production.[4]

Image:President Celal Bayar, King Zahir and Lord Nasher.jpg
Afghanistan was once a world-renowned producer of cotton. Here Turkish President Celal Bayar and King Zahir inspect the produce of Khan Nasher's Spinzar Cotton Company in 1966

On a positive note, international efforts to rebuild Afghanistan led to the formation of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) as a result of the December 2001 Bonn Agreement, and later addressed at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan Reconstruction in January 2002, where $4.5 billion was committed in a trust fund to be administered by the World Bank Group. Priority areas for reconstruction include the rebuilding of education system, health, and sanitation facilities, enhancement of administrative capacity, the development of the agricultural sector, and the rebuilding of road, energy, and telecommunication links.

According to a 2004 report by the Asian Development Bank, the present reconstruction effort is two-pronged: first it focuses on rebuilding critical physical infrastructure, and second, on building modern public sector institutions from the remnants of Soviet style planning to ones that promote market-led development.[3] But macroeconomic planning and management at present is hampered by poor information, weak service delivery systems, and less than adequate law enforcement.

One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over two million refugees from neighbouring countries and the West, who brought with them fresh energy, entrepreneurship and wealth-creating skills as well as much needed capital to start up small businesses. What is also helping is the estimated $2-3 billion in international assistance, the partial recovery of the agricultural sector, and the reestablishment of market institutions.

While the country's current account deficit is largely financed with the "donor money", only a small portion - about 15% - is provided directly to the government budget. The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor-designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations. It needs to be mentioned that there are some (as yet unconfirmed) claims that most of this money is spent on the expenses of the UN and other non-governmental organizations as well as being funneled into illegitimate activities.

The government had a central budget of only $350 million in 2003 and an estimated $550 million in 2004. The country's foreign exchange reserves totals about $500 million. Revenue is mostly generated through customs, as income and corporate tax bases are negligible.

Inflation had been a major problem until 2002. However, the depreciation of the afghani in 2002 after the introduction of the new notes (which replaced 1,000 old afghani by 1 new afghani) coupled with the relative stability compared to previous periods has helped prices to stabilize and even decrease between December 2002 and February 2003, reflecting the turnaround appreciation of the new Afghani currency. Since then, the index has indicated stability, with a moderate increase toward late 2003.[3]

The Afghan government and international donors seem to remain committed to improving access to basic necessities, infrastructure development, education, housing and economic reform. The central government is also focusing on improved revenue collection and public sector expenditure discipline. The rebuilding of the financial sector seems to have been so far successful. Money can now be transferred in and out of the country via official banking channels and according to accepted international norms. A new law on private investment provides 3-7 year tax holidays to eligible companies and a 4-year exemption from exports tariffs and duties.

While these improvements will help rebuild a strong basis for the nation in the future, for now, the majority of the population continues to suffer from insufficient food, clothing, housing, medical care, and other problems exacerbated by military operations and political uncertainties. The government is not strong enough to collect customs duties from all the provinces due to the power of the warlords. Fraud is widespread and “corruption is rife within all Afghan government organs, and central authority is barely felt in the lawless south and south-west”.[5]

In short, the Afghan economy is currently going through a hefty change period. On the one hand, there are encouraging signs of positive development and increasing wealth creation and management. But on the other hand, the security situation, the lingering war against terrorism and the opium problem have created tall barriers for Afghanistan to rejoin the international community in prosperity and economic development.

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Demographics

Map of Afghanistan
Map of Afghanistan
Main article: Demographics of Afghanistan

The population of Afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups. Because a systematic census has not been held in the country in decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are not available.[6] Therefore most figures are approximations only. According to the CIA World FactBook,[4] an approximate ethnic group distribution is as follows:

  • Pashtun: 62%
  • Tajik: 19%
  • Hazara: 4%
  • Uzbek: 5%
  • Aimak: 1%
  • Turkmen: 3%
  • Baloch: 2%
  • Other: 4%

The CIA factbook on languages in Afghanistan refers to the official languages of Afghanistan as being Persian (Dari) 35%and Pashtu 50%, both Iranian languages of Indo-European origin. Other languages include Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, as well as 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%. Bilingualism is common.

Religiously, Afghans are overwhelmingly Muslim, with approximately 80% Sunni and 19% Shi'a. The reamining 1% compose of small Hindu and Sikh minorities. Afghanistan was once home to a many-centuries-old Jewish minority, numbering approximately 5,000 in 1948. Most Jewish families fled the country after the 1979 Soviet invasion, and only one individual, Zablon Simintov, remains today. [7] With the fall of the Taliban, a number of Sikhs have returned to the Ghazni, Nangarhar, Kandahar and Kabul provinces of Afghanistan.

The only city in Afghanistan with over one million residents is its capital, Kabul. The other major cities in the country are, in order of population size, Kandahar, Mazar-e Sharif, Herat, Jalalabad, and Kunduz.


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فرهڼ

Main article: Culture of Afghanistan

Afghans display pride in their country, ancestry, military prowess, and above all, their independence. Like other highlanders, Afghans are regarded with mingled apprehension and condescension, for their high regard for personal honor, for their clan loyalty and for their readiness to carry and use arms to settle disputes.[8] As clan warfare / internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial, this individualistic trait has made it difficult for foreign invaders to hold the region.

Afghanistan has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. However, many of the country's historic monuments have been damaged in recent wars. The two famous statues of Buddha in the Bamiyan Province were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as idolatrous. Other famous sites include the very cities of Herat, Ghazni and Balkh. The Minaret of Jam, in the Hari Rud valley, is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

The people of Afghanistan are prominent horsemen as the national sport is Buzkashi. Afghan hounds (a type of running dogs) also originated in Afghanistan.

Although literacy levels are very low, classic Persian poetry plays a very important role in Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in both Iran and Afghanistan, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture. Private poetry competition events known as “musha’era” are quite common even among ordinary people. Almost every home owns one or more poetry collection of some sort, even if it is not read often.

The eastern dialects of the Persian language are popularly known as "Dari" outside of Iran. The name itself derives from "Pārsī-e Darbārī", meaning Persian of the royal courts. The ancient term Darī - one of the original names of the Persian language - was revived in the Afghan constitution of 1964, and was intended "to signify that Afghans consider their country the cradle of the language. Hence, the name Fārsī, the langue of Fārs, is strictly avoided."[9]

Many of the famous Persian language poets of 10th to 15th centuries stem from what is now known as Afghanistan. They were mostly also scholars in many disciplines like languages, natural sciences, medicine, religion and astronomy. Examples are Mawlani (Rumi), who was born and educated in Balkh in the 13th century and moved to Konya in modern-day Turkey, Sanaayi Ghaznavi (12th century, native of Ghazni provice), Jami Heravi (15th century, native of Jam-e-Herat in western Afghanistan), Nizam ud-Din Ali Sher Heravi Nava'i, (15th century, Herat province). Also, some of the contemporary Persian language poets and writers, who are relatively well-known in both Iran and Afghanistan include Ustad Behtab, Khalilullah Khalili [10], Sufi Ghulam Nabi Ashqari [11], Parwin Pazwak and others.

In addition to poets, the region of Afghanistan produced numerous scientists as well, including Avicenna (Abu Alī Hussein ibn Sīnā) whose family hailed from Balkh. Ibn Sīnā, who travelled to Isfahan later in life to establish a medical school there, is known by some scholars as "the father of modern medicine". George Sarton called ibn Sīnā "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." His most famous works are The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, also known as the Qanun. Ibn Sīnā's story even found way to the contemporary English literature through Noah Gordon's The Physician, now published in many languages.

Before the Taliban gained power, the city of Kabul was home to many musicians who were masters of both traditional and modern Afghan music, especially during the Nauroz-celebration. Kabul in the middle part of the 20th century has been likened to Vienna during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The tribal system, which orders the life of most people outside metropolitan areas, is certainly as potent in political terms as the national state system of 1914 Europe. Men feel a fierce loyalty to their own tribe, such that, if called upon, they would assemble in arms under the tribal chiefs and local clan leaders (Khans) in the same way that men throughout Europe "flocked to the colours" in 1914, forming up in regional divisions and battalions under the command of the local nobility and gentry. In theory, under Islamic law, every believer has an obligation to bear arms at the ruler's call (Ulul-Amr), but this was no more needed than was enforced conscription to fill the ranks of the British Army in 1914. The Afghan shepherd or peasant went to war for much the same mixture of reasons as the more "civilised" European clerk or factory worker - a desire for adventure, a desire not to be left out or lose esteem in the eyes of his fellows, a contempt for invading foreigners, revenge against those that ruined his family life or threatened his faith, perhaps even the chance of extra cash or enhanced personal prospects.

The tribal system is not something particularly backward or warlike. It is simply the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult, and in a society that has an uncomplicated lifestyle - from a materialistic point of view.[8]

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زده کړې

Main article: Education in Afghanistan

In the spring of 2003, it was estimated that 30% of Afghanistan's 7,000 schools had been seriously damaged during more than two decades of civil war. Only half of the schools were reported to have clean water, while fewer than an estimated 40% had adequate sanitation. Education for boys was not a priority during the Taliban regime, and girls were banished from schools outright.

As regards the poverty and violence of their surroundings, a study in 2002 by the Save the Children Fund said Afghan children were resilient and courageous. The study credited the strong institutions of family and community.

Up to four million Afghan children, possibly the largest number ever, are believed to have enrolled for class for the school year beginning in March of 2003. Education is available for both girls and boys.

Literacy of the entire population is estimated at 36%, the male literacy rate is 51% and female literacy is 21%. The male literacy rate is higher because previous Taliban laws prohibited the education of women.

Another aspect of education that is rapidly changing in Afghanistan is the face of higher education. Following the fall of the Taliban, Kabul University was reopened to both male and female students. In 2006, the American University of Afghanistan [1] will open its doors, with support from USAID [2] and other donors. With the aim of providing a world-class, English-language, co-educational learning environment in Afghanistan, the university will take students from Afghanistan and the region.

د افغانستان منظرې

دا هم وګوری

Template:Sisterlinks

  • Afghan Scout Association
  • Communications in Afghanistan
  • Foreign relations of Afghanistan
  • List of sovereign states
  • Military of Afghanistan
  • Transportation in Afghanistan
  • Stamps and postal history of Afghanistan
    • List of birds on stamps of Afghanistan
    • List of fish on stamps of Afghanistan
  • Golden Needle Sewing School
  • Taliban treatment of women
  • Taliban
  • Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
  • List of leaders of Afghanistan

يادښتونه

نورې سرچينې

  • Ghobar, Mir Gholam Mohammad. Afghanistan in the Course of History, 1999, All Prints Inc.
  • Griffiths, John C. 1981. Afghanistan: A History of Conflict. André Deutsch, London. Updated edition, 2001. Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2002, ISBN 0233050531.
  • Levi, Peter. 1972. The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan. Collins, 1972, ISBN 0002110423. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, Indianapolis/New York, ISBN 0672512521.
  • Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1979, ISBN 0195771990.
  • Rashid, Ahmed (2000) "Taliban - Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia", Yale University Press
  • Caroe, Olaf. 1958. The Pathans (about the ethnic origin of Afghans).
  • Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961. Between Oxus and Jumna. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN B0006DBR44.
  • Wood, John. 1872. A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971, ISBN 0576033227.
  • Heathcote, T.A. The Afghan Wars 1839-1999, 1980,2003, Spellmount Staplehurst
  • Rall, Ted. 2002. "To Afghanistan and Back: A Graphic Travelogue" New York: NBM Publishing.

باندنۍ تړنې

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Profiles and general information

News and directories

Organizations

Teb Medical megaziene (jalalabad)

نور

Template:SAARC Template:Southern Asia Template:Asia Template:Islamic republics


آرپوهه

The name of Afghanistan derives from word Afghan. The Pushtuns appear to have begun using the term Afghan as a name for themselves from the Islamic period onwards. According to W.K. Frazier Tyler, M.C. Gillet and several other scholars, "The word Afghan first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam in 982 AD."

There are numerous views, regarding the origin of name Afghan, most of them being purely speculative as can be seen below:

Makhzan-i-Afghni by Nematullah written in 1612 CE, traces the Afghan or Pakhtun origin from the super-Patriarch Abraham down to one named King Talut or Saul. It states that Saul had a son Irmia (Jeremia), who had a son called Afghana. Upon the death of King Saul, Afghana was raised by David, and was later promoted to the chief command of the army during the reign of King Solomon. The progeny of this Afghana multiplied numerously, and came to be called Bani-Israel. In the sixth century BCE, Bakhtunnasar, or Nebuchadnezzar king of Babul, attacked Judah and exiled the progeny of Afghana to Ghor located in the center of what is now Afghanistan. In course of time, the exiled community came to be addressed as Afghan after the name of their ancestor, and the country got its name as Afghanistan. This traditional view has many historical discrepancies, and is therefore not accepted by modern scholarship---the last pleader for the Bani-Israel hypothesis being Mayor Raverty (The Pathans, 1958, Olaf Caroe).

Maghzan-e-Afghani's Bani-Israel theory has largely been debunked due to historical and linguistic inconsistencies. The oral tradition is a myth that grew out of a political and cultural struggle between Pashtuns and Mughals. http://www.afghanology.com/BaniIsraeli.html explains the historical backdrop for the creation of the myth, the inconsistencies of the myth, and the lingistical research that refutes any Semitic origins.

Another version of Pushtun legend places Afghana, the professed eponymous ancestor of the Afghans or Pushtuns, as a contemporary of Muslim Prophet Mohammad. On hearing about the new faith of Islam, Qais from Aryana travelled to Medina to see the Muslim Prophet Muhammad, and returned to Aryana as a Muslim. Qais Abdur Rashid purportedly had many sons, one of whom was Afghana. Afghana, in turn, had four sons who set out to the east to establish their separate lineages. The first son went to Swat, the second to Lahore and India, the third to Multan, and the last one to Quetta. This legend is one of many traditional tales amongst the Pashtuns regarding their disparate origins. Again, it was this legendary Afghana who is stated to have given the Pushtuns their current name. It is notable that the Afghan of this legend is separated from the Afghana of Solomon's times by at least 11 centuries. Dr H.W. Bellew, in his book An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, believes that the name Afghan derives from the Latin term Alban, used by Armenians as Alvan or Alwan, which refers to mountaineers, and in the case of transliterated Armenian characters, would be pronounced as Aghvan or Aghwan. To the Persians, this would further be altered to Aoghan, Avghan, and Afghan as a reference to the highlanders or "mountaineers" of the eastern Iranian plateau.

Some people hold that the name derives from "Abagan" (i.e without God) which term the Persians are stated to have coined for the Pushtuns to describe them as Godless or non-believers. It is claimed that word Abagan is antonym of the word Bagan (=believer in God) just as word apolitical is antonym of political in the English language.

There are also a few people who link "Afghan" to an Uzbek word "Avagan" said to mean "original". Still others believe that the name derives from Sanskrit upa-ganah, said to mean "allied tribes".

Another etymological view is that the name Afghan evidently derives from Sanskrit Ashvaka or Ashvakan (q.v), the Assakenoi of Arrian. This view was propounded by J. W. McCrindle and is supported by numerous modern scholars (including C. Lassen, S. Martin, Bishop, Crooks, W. Crooke, J. C. Vidyalnar, M. R. Singh, P. Smith, N. L. Dey, Dr J. L. Kamboj, S. Kirpal Singh and several others). In Sanskrit, word ashva (Iranian aspa, Prakrit assa) means "horse", and ashvaka (Prakrit assaka) means "horseman". Pre-Christian times knew the people of eastern Afghanistan as Ashvakas (horsemen), since they raised a fine breed of horses and had a reputation for providing expert cavalrymen. The fifth-century-BCE Indian grammarian Panini calls them Ashvayana and Ashvakayana. Classical writers use the respective equivalents Aspasios (or Aspasii, Hippasii) and Assakenois (or Assaceni/Assacani, Asscenus). The Aspasios/Assakenois (= Ashvakas = cavalrymen) is stated to be another name for the Kambojas because of their equestrian characteristics (see List of country name etymologies).

The last part of the name Afghanistan originates from the Persian word stān (country or land). The English word Afghanland that appeared in various treaties between Qajar-Persia and the United Kingdom dealing with the Eastern lands of the Persian kingdom (modern Afghanistan) was adopted by the Afghans and became Afghanistan.

Before being called 'Afghanistan', the region had gone through several name changes in its long history of around 5000 years. One of the most ancient names, according to historians and scholars, was Ariana - the Greek pronunciation of the ancient Avestan Aryanam Vaeja or the Sanskrit "Aryavarta", Land of the Aryans. Today this Old-Persian, and Avestan expression is preserved in the name Iran and it is noted in the name of the Afghan national airline, Ariana Airlines. The term 'Ariana Afghanistan' is still popular amongst Persian speakers in the country.

Many centuries later, Afghanistan was part of Greater Khorasan, and hence was recognized with the name Khorasan (along with regions centered around Merv and Neishabur), which in Pahlavi means "The Eastern Land" (خاور زمین in Persian). (Dehkhoda, p8457)

تاريخ

د افغانستان په لرغوني تاريخ کي دزابل او زابليانو ونډه

منډيګک


ميشت توکمونه

پښتانه

د پښتنو د اصل نسل په لړ کې د يوې نه زياتې نظرېې شتون لري - خو په عمومي توګه د پښتنو نسلي اساس د بني اسرائيلو سره تړل کيږي - هسې خو انسانان ټول د يو آدم اولاد ګڼل کيږي او په حقوقي ډول دوۍ ټول يو برابر دي - ولې د جوړښت ، يعني د ونې ، رنګ او جوسې په لحاظ يو انسان د بل انسان يا د انسانانو يوه ټولنه د بلې ټولنې سره يو څه توپير او بيلتون لري - يو ډول صفات لکه ونه ، رنګ او جوسه لرونکې ټولنه په عمومي ډول يو نسل بلل کيږي - د انساني تاريخ پوهانو او عالمانو ددې په بشپړه ډول بيلتون او درجه بندي کړې ده - په نړۍ کې سپين پوستي ، تور پوستي ، زيړ پوستي او دغه ډول نور ډير نسلونه وجود لري - د پښتنو شمير په سپين پوسته نسلونو کې راځي - بشري عالمانو سپين پوستي په آريايي او سامي دوه نسلي څانګو کې ويشلي دي - دا ويش د رنګ ، ونې او جوسې د بيلتون سره سره د خوېې بوېې ، صفتونو ، طبيعي حالاتو او ژبو د توپير په بنياد شوی دی -

د پښتنو د اصل په لړ کې د يو څوؤ مخايي نظريو يادول به بې ځايه نه وي - د پوهانو يوه کوچنۍ ډله پښتانه په يونانيانو پورې غوټه کوي - د پښتو ژبې نامتو ليکوال غني خان ددغه فکر پلوي و - خو دا نظريه د پښتنو او يونانيانو د شکل او صورت په څه لږ ډير يووالي ، په څو قيصو او رواياتو ولاړه ده - او د څه ډول تاريخي او ثقافتي شهادت کوټلې بدرګه نه لري -

د يو بلې ډلې خيال دی چې د تاريخ په اوږدو کې د پښتنو سيمه په بيلا بيلو وختونو کې د يو شمير يرغلګرود چپاوونو ټاټوبی پاتې شوی دی - لکه ميډی ، اشيمند (600ق م ) ، سکندر اعظم ( 326- 327 ق م ) ، موريا ( دريمه پيړۍ ق م ) ، باختري ( دويمه پيړۍ ق م ) ، سيتهين (90 ق م ) پارتين ، کيدار کوشانا ، بفتيليا ( هياطله ) ، تورکان او دغه ډول نور - ددی ټولګي باور دی چې د پښتنو تعلق ددغه بهرنو قامونو او د ځايي استوګنو د وينې د ګډون په نتيجه کې د رامينځ ته شوي نسل سره دی ، ولی لوۍ سوال دا ولاړيږي چې يرغلګر خو تل د ځايي خلکو په مقابل کې په شمير کې لږ وي ، نو دا څه رنګ ممکنه ده چې هغوۍ دې په ځايي خلکو دومره لوۍ اغيز اوکړي چې يو نسل دې بدل کړي؟ او


بياپه دغه لړ کې درې نور اساسي ټکي هم په پام کې لرل ضروري دي- د بهرنو ځواکونو يو قسم هغه دی چې د مالي ګټو په خاطر ېې په يوه سيمه چپاو کړی دی ، الغاؤ تلغاؤ ېې جوړ کړی دی ، مرګ ژوبله ېې اړولې ده ، د زولې او چور تالان نه پس خپل ټاټوبي ته ستانه شوي دي - لکه چنګيز خان ، هلاکو خان ، محمود غزنوي ، نادر شاه ، ګوډ تيمور او دغه ډول نور - دا ځواکونه په يوه سيمه د سيلۍ ګلۍ په شان راغلي دي او د خپل غرض نه پس هم دغه شان ستانه شوي دي - نو دا ممکنه نه ده چې په دومره لنډه موده کې هغوۍ په ځايي خلکو څه ثقافتي اغيز پريباسلی وي - دويم هغه نو آباد کار ځواکونه و چې په پردۍ خاوره ېې نو ابادياتي حکو متو نه جوړ کړي و ، خو تړون ېې مدام د خپل ټاټوبي سره و - ددوۍ غرض هم مادي ګټې او شوکې وې - دغې ځواکونو هم په ځايي خلکو څه ژور ثفافتي اغيز نه دی غورزولی ، د يو نسل پيدا کول او بدلول خو د امکانه لرې خبره ده - ولې چې د نو ابادکار ځواکونو او ځايي خلکو تر مينځ مدام يو لرې والی او يو بيلتون کرښه شتون لري - ډير په اسانه سره د هند يا د انډونيشيا مثال د بيلګې په توګه وړاندې کيدلی شي - انډونيشيا تر پيړيو پيړيو د ولنديزيانو او د پرتګاليانو نو ابادي پاتې شوې ده - خو انډونيشي وګړي هم هغه دي لکه چې وو - په رنګ ، ونه ، جوسه ، په دود دستور يا په ژبه کې ېې هيڅ بدلون نه ليدل کيږي - د بهرني ځواکونو دريم قسم هغه دی چې يوه سيمه ېې د تورې په زور نيولې ده - محلي حکومتونه ېې جوړ کړي دي - او د خپل پلرنې ټاټوبي سره ېې تړون شليدلی دی - زمانې دغه قسم ځواکونه او قامونه مدام په ځايي خلکو کې ګډوډ کړي او ورک کړي دي - د وخت په تيريدو سره دغه ډول قامونو د ځايي خلکو دود دستور ، ناسته ولاړه ، ژبه او روايات قبول کړي او خپل کړيدي - د عرب لښکرو مثالونه ځموږ تر مخې دي - دغه رنګ مغلان کم و بيش درې سوه کاله په هند د واک او قدرت خاوندان ول - ولي نن په هند کې څومره مغل ليدل کيږي ؟ لرې چيرته ځو ، پخپله د پښتنو مثال به واخلو - چې د فاتح په حيث هند ته ننواته – او پښتون هغه وړومبی فاتح و چې په هند کې ېې د باقاعده حکومت تيګه کيښوه - خو د وخت په تيريدو سره د هند دغه فاتح پخپله هندوستانی شو - په روهيلکنډهـ ، رام پور او خور و ور هندوستان کې د پښتنو زرګونه کلي آباد وو ، خو نن څوک هغوۍ پښتانۀ بالي؟ د وخت په تيريدو سره هغوۍ خپل دود دستور ، او ژبه له لاسه ورکړه او په هندوستاني تهذيب کې ولړلې شول - د يادولو وړ ده چې د تحريک پاکستان نامتو لارښود نواب بهادريار جنګ په خټه سدوزی پښتون و - او د اردو ژبې نوموړی شاعر جوش مليح آبادي په خټه افريدی و - د پښتنو د نسلي اساس په لړ کې د بني اسرائيليت نظريه تر ټولو زړه او لومړۍ نظريه ده - دا په لمړي ځل د مغل پاچا جهانګير (1612 ء ) د يو سپه سالار خان جهان لودهي په لار ښودنه د مغل دربار يو منشي نعمت الله هروي د هيبت خان کاکړ په مرسته په مخزن افغاني نومې کتاب کې وړاندې کړله - ددې نظرېې په ځايي پلويانو کې قاضي عطاء الله ، حافظ رحمت خان ، زرداد خان ، افضل خان خټک او روشن خان او په مستشريقينو کې سر ويليم جونز ، اليکزينډر برنس او راورټي د يادونې وړ دي - د خوشال خان خټک د يو شعر نه داسې بريښي چې هغه هم له دې نظرېې پلوي و - د بني اسرايئليت د نظرېې تنستې په دې ډول بڼل شوي دي -

    1. ساول (طالوت ) چې د حضرت يعقوب ء په دولسو ځامنو کې د بن يامين د اولاده و ، د پښتنو ور نيکۀ و - روايت کيږي چې د طالوت له اړخه د يو شرط يا ازميښت پوره کولو نه پس طالوت خپله لور ميکل حضرت داؤد ته نکاح کړه - خو داؤد ته ېې زړه ښه نه و ، او سترګې ېې ورته خړې وې - دغه رنګ حضرت داؤد خپل کور کلی پريښود او چيرته بل ځاېې ېې پناه واخسته - خو څه موده پس طالوت د بني اسرائيل سره په خپل کړي ظلم پښيمانه شو او په خپله خوښه او رضا ېې پاچاهي حضرت داؤد ته وسپارله ، خپلې دوه اوميدوارې ښځې ېې د داؤد په پناه کې پريښودی او پخپله د کفارو په ضد غزا له لاړلو او د لسو ځامنو سره اوژل شو -
    2. د طالوت د دواړو اوميدوارو ښځو يو يو هلک ؛ ارميا او برخيا ؛ اوزيږول - داؤد د دواړو ماشومانو ښه پالنه ، روزنه او خصمانه اوکړه ، برخيا ېې خپل مشر وزير او ارمياء ېې د لښکرو سپه سالار اوټاکل - د ارمياء يو يو ځوېې اصف او افغانا پيدا شول چې بيا وروستو يو د حضرت سليمان ء وزير اعظم او بل ېې د فوځ قوماندان شو - د بيت المقد س ودانې د دغه افغانا په څارنه کې جوړه شوه -
    3. د حضرت سليمان ء د مرګ نه پس بني اسرائيل بې لارې او نافرمانه شول - او د عذاب په صورت کې پرې الله پاک بخت نصر مسلط کړو - بخت نصر په بني اسرائيلو ډير ظلم او زياتی اوکړو - او دوۍ ېې بې دريغه اوژل - په نتيجه کې بني اسرائيل په کډه کولو او وطن پريښودلو مجبور او چنګ ونګ شول - له دغه بني اسرائيلو يوې قبيلې د غور غرونو ته کډه يوړله او په دغه غرونو کې ميشتۀ شول -
    4. حضرت خالد بن وليد يو لوړ رتبه صحابي او د بنی اسرائيلو د يوې قبيلې سردار و - د هجرت په اتم کال هغوۍ د غور په غورنو کې ميشت بني اسرائيلو ته د نبي اکرم ص د نبوت زيری او د ايمان راوړلو بلنه ورکړه - په جواب کې قيس عبدالرشيد د يو پړاوي په بدرګه مدينې منورې ته راغی او د نبي کريم ص سره ېې اوليدل او ايمان ېې راوړو - د قيس عبراني نوم په عبدالرشيد واوختو - دغه قيس عبدالرشيد د پښتنو نيکۀ و - قيس د خالد بن وليد د لور ساره بي بي سره نکاح اوکړو - د مکې مکرمې د واک او قبضې اخستلو په تاريخي مرکه کې ېې ګډون اوکړو او بيرته غور ته ستون شو - د اسلام د دين تبليغ ېې شورو کړو - په کال 41 هـ کې د 87 اووه اتيا کاله په عمر کې په يو جنګ کې شهيد شولو - سړبڼ ، غورغشت او بيټن د هغه درې ځامن و - او د پښتنو شجره له دغه ځايه شورو کيږي -

په دې ورچاڼ کې د بني اسرائيليت د نظرېې غوره او اساسي ټکي راخستلي شوي دي - چې له دې نظرېې کوچ ګڼل کيږي - او دا نظريه په هم دې اساسي ټکو او ستنو ولاړه ده - ښاغلي بهادر شاه کاکاخيل په خپل کتاب (پښتانۀ د تاريخ په رڼا کې ) په دې نظرېې په زړه پورې او دقيق بحث کړی دی - هغوۍ د تورات او د تاريخ په حوالو سره دا حقيقت ډاګيزه کړی چې د بني اسرائيليت نظريه څه تاريخي او او ثقافتي بيلګه او بنياد نه لري او دا چې دا نظريه محض يو تصور دی او افسانه ده -

راځۍ چې د تاريخ په تلۀ دا قيصه او دعوا اوتلوو - او د تاريخ د خلې نه برغولی پورته کړو چې څه وايي ؟

    1. تاريخ د طالوت د لور ميکل او د داؤد ء د وادۀ ، د داؤد د خپل کور کلي پريښودلو او په بل ځاېې د پناه اخستلو او د بني اسرئيلو د نافرمانۍ ، خود سرۍ او د بې لارې کيدلو تصديق کوي -
    2. تاريخ دا نه مني چې طالوت په خپله خوښه او رضا پاچاهي او قدرت داؤد ته پريښی و - خپلې دوه اوميدوارې ښځې ېې د هغه په پناه کې ورکړې وې - او په خپله د لسو ځامنو سره په جنګ کې وژلی شوی وو - تاريخ وايي چې د مايوسۍ په حال کې هغه ځان پخپله وژلی و - او د مرګ نه پس ېې ځوېی اشبوست د بني اسرائيلو پاچا شو -
    3. چې طالوت ځان پخپله اوواژه ، او په ځاېې ېې زوی پاچا شو نو بيا خو بې له څه شکه دده د دوه اوميدوارې ښځو د داؤد ء په پناه کې د پريښودلو قيصه دروغ کيږي - او په دغه صورت کې د ارمياء او برخيا وجود پخپله يوه لويه سواليه نښه جوړه شي - تاريخ د داؤد د مشر وزير او د لښکرو د سپه سالار په حيث د ارمياء او برخيا تصديق نه کوي -
    4. تاريخ د ارمياء او برخيا د ځامنو آصف او افغانا د حضرت سليمان ء د حکومت د وزير اعظم او قوماندان په حيث د تقرر تصديق هم نه کوي - البته تاريخ د بني اسرائيلو د (لاوې) قبيلې د يو وګړي اصف بن برکيا يادونه کوي خو هغه د سپه سالار په حيث نه بلکه د يو منلي شوي موسيقار په حيث ياد شوی دی -
    5. بيت المقدس يو تاريخي او مذهبي حيثيت لري - تاريخ د بيت المقدس د ودانۍ ټول لوۍ واړه تفصيلات په خپله ځولۍ کې سنبال کړي دي - خو د څارنوال په حيث د افغانا په شتون غلی دی -
    6. د بني اسرائيليت د نظرېې منونکي چې په څه ډول د حضرت سليمانء د مرګ نه پس د بني اسرائيلو د بې لارې کيدلو او د بخت نصر قيصه بيانوي ، د هغې نه داسې بريښي چې د بخت نصر يرغل او چپاوؤنه د سليمان ء د مرګ نه سمدستي پس شوي و- خو تاريخ وايي چې د سليمان ء دور

ژبې

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