संस्कृत

From Wikipedia

संस्कृतम्
Spoken in: Asia
Region: जम्‍बुद्वीप, parts of South East Asia
Total speakers: 4 million
Genetic
classification:
Indo-European

 Indo-Aryan
  Sanskrit

Official status
Official language of: भारत
Language codes
ISO 639-1 sa
ISO 639-2 san
SIL SKT

संस्‍कृत


संस्कृतं पृथिव्यां प्राचीना समृद्घा वैज्ञानिकी च भाषा मन्यते । विश्ववाङ्‌मयेषु संस्कृतं श्रेष्ठरत्नम् इति न केवलं भारते अपि तु समग्रविश्वे एतद्विषये निर्णयाधिकारिभि: जनै: स्वीकृतम् । महर्षि पाणिनिना विरचिता अष्टाध्यायी इति संस्कृतव्याकरणम्‌ अधुनापि भारते विदेशेषु च भाषाविज्ञानिनां प्रेरणास्‍थानं वर्तते . संस्कृतशब्दा: एव उत्तरं दक्षिणं च भारतं संयोजयन्ति ।

संस्कृते एकस्य धातो: रूपाणि अर्थकालानुसारेण दशसु लकारेशु भवन्ति । प्रत्येक-लकारे प्रथमपुरुष:, मध्यमपुरुष:, उत्तमपुरुष: इति त्रय: पुरुषा: सन्ति ।

Contents

[edit] इतिहास:

विश्‍वस्‍य आदिम: ग्रन्‍थ: 'ऋग्‍वेद:'(३५०० BC) संस्‍कृतभाषायामेवास्‍ति. अन्‍ये च वेद: यथा यजुर्वेद:, सामवेद:, अथर्वेदश्‍च संस्‍कृतभाषायामेव सन्‍ति. The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar is पाणिनि's c. 500 BC Ạṣtādhyāyī. A form of Sanskrit called Epic Sanskrit is seen in the महाभारत and इतिहास-पुराण.

महर्षि-पाणिनिना विरचिता अष्‍टाध्‍यायी इति संस्‍कृतव्‍याकरणम्‌ अधुनापि भारते विदेशेषु च भाषाविज्ञानिनां प्रेरणास्‍थानं वर्तते.

[edit] लिपि:

संस्कृतभाषा देवनागरीलिप्या लिख्यते.

[edit] प्रभाव

[edit] आधुनिक भारतं

तमिळ, तेलुगु, कन्नड, मलयालम्‌ इति इमा: चतस्र: दाक्षिणात्‍य-भाषा: संस्‍कृतेन भृशं प्रभाविता:.

[edit] स्वरविज्ञान

पश्य: देवनागरी

[edit] स्वर:

अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अ:

[edit] स्वरसन्धि

ए = अ + इ; ऐ ओ = अ + उ; औ

Vowels can be nasalized.

[edit] व्यञ्जन

[edit] रूप एवं वाक्य-विज्ञान

१. बहुव्रीहि

बहुव्रीहि, or much-rice, denotes a rich person--one who has much rice. Bahuvrihi compounds refer to a thing which is not specified in any of the parts of which the compound is formed. A block-head, for example, is someone whose head is said to be as thick as a block.

२. कर्मधारीय

A compound in which all of the words specify that to which the compound refers. A houseboat, for example, is both a house and a boat.

३. तत्पुरुष

There are many tatpurushas (one for each of the nominal cases, and a few others besides); in a tatpurusha, one component is related to another. For example, a doghouse is a dative compound, a house for a dog. It would be called a "caturtitatpurusha" (caturti refers to the fourth case--that is, the dative). Incidentally, "tatpurusha" is a tatpurusha ("this man"--meaning someone's agent), while "caturtitatpurusha" is a karmadhariya, being both dative, and a tatpurusha.

Here is a simple example to illustrate the different contexts in which the cases are used for the pronouns:

           mayaa tatam idam sarvam jagad avyaktamuurtinaa |
     matsthaani sarvabhuutaani na caaham teshv avasthitah ||
                                   -- भगवद्गीता (9.4)

"मया" (by me) in the first line is in the instrumental case. Word for word this says "by me is pervaded this all universe" but a naturalized translation would be "I pervade all this universe...".

"mat-sthaani" in the second line is a compound of "mat" (me) and "stha" (standing, staying at) and means "they are in me".

"-aham" (I) in the second line is nominative. na caaham = "...and not I....", meaning "but I am not...".

"teshv-" (in/at/by them) at the end of the second line is in locative plural. Translated: "...in them".


[edit] पुनर्प्रवर्तन

Recently, there have been attempts to revive the speaking of this ancient tongue among people, so that vast literature available in sanskrit can be made easily available to everyone. Many organisations like the Samskrta Bharati are conducting Speak Sanskrit workshops to popularise the language. About four million people are claimed to have acquired the ability to speak sanskrit.(See link)

[edit] बाह्य ग्रन्थय: