شطرنج

Wikipedia طرفان

Template:Spoken Wikipedia Template:Infobox Game Template:Portal شطرنج is an abstract strategy board game for two players. It is played on a چورس board of eight rows (called ranks) and eight columns (called files), giving 64 خانا of alternating colour, light and dark, with each player having a light square at the near-right corner when facing the board. Each player begins the game with 16 مھرا which can move in defined directions (and in some instances, limited range) and can remove other pieces from the board: each player's pieces comprise eight پيادو, two گھوڙو, two وزير, two توبُون, one راڻي and one بادشاھھ. All pieces can remove opponent's pieces by landing on the space they occupy.

One player controls the white pieces; the other player controls the black pieces (the player that controls white is always the first player to move). In chess, when a player's king is directly threatened with capture by one or more of the opponent's pieces, the player is said to be in شَي. When in check, only moves that can evade check, block check, or take the offending piece are permitted. The object of the game is to شَي the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and no move can be made that would prevent it.

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[edit] تعارف

Chess is not a ڀاڳ جي راند; it is based solely on اٽڪلُون and strategy. Nevertheless, the game is so complex that not even the best players can consider all contingencies: although رڳو 64 خانا and 32 مھرا are on the board, the number of possible games that can be played far exceeds the number of اڻنs in the universe (see شينن انگ).

Chess is one of the world's most popular games; it has been described not only as a game but also as an آرٽ and a سائنس. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way of enhancing mental prowess. Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in ڪلب, tournaments, online, and by mail (correspondence chess). Many variants and relatives of chess سڄي دنيا ۾ کيڏيا وڃن ٿا. The most popular, in descending order by number of players, are xiangqi in چين, shogi in جاپان, and janggi in ڪوريا.

[edit] راند رھڻ

[edit] شطرنج جي ڪار

مک مقالو: شطرنج جي ڪار
Image:chess_zhor_26.png
Image:chess_zver_26.png
a8 b8 c8 d8 e8 f8 g8 h8
a7 b7 c7 d7 e7 f7 g7 h7
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 f6 g6 h6
a5 b5 c5 d5 e5 f5 g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 f4 g4 h4
a3 b3 c3 d3 e3 f3 g3 h3
a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 f2 g2 h2
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1
Image:chess_zver_26.png
Image:chess_zhor_26.png
The position of the pieces at the start of a game of chess.
نالو اکر تصوير
پيادو P پيادو
گھوڙو N پيادو
وزير B پيادو
توب R توب
راڻي Q پيادو
بادشاھھ K پيادو

When a game of chess begins, one player controls the sixteen white pieces while the other uses the sixteen black pieces. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance, or by a tournament director. White always moves first and therefore has a slight advantage over black. The chess pieces should be set up on a standard chessboard with a white square in the near right hand corner.

Each kind of chess piece moves a different way. The rook moves any number of spaces vertically or horizontally, while the bishop moves any number of spaces in any direction diagonally (meaning a bishop will always remain on the same color). The queen is a combination of the rook and bishop (it can move any number of spaces diagonally, horizontally, or vertically). The گھوڙو can move only one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. The گھوڙو can jump over occupied squares and moves two spaces horizontally and one space vertically (or vice versa), making an L shape; a knight in the middle of the board has eight squares it can move to.

With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. One's own pieces ("friendly pieces") cannot be passed if they are in the line of movement, and a friendly piece can never replace another friendly piece. Enemy pieces cannot be passed, but they can be "captured". When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square (en passant being the only exception). The king cannot be captured in regular chess, only put in check. If a player is unable to get their king out of check it is called checkmate and they have lost the game.

Pawns capture differently than they move; they can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them), but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant; conversely, a pawn can move forward one square, but only if that square is unoccupied. Alternatively, a pawn can move two squares forward if it has not moved yet and both squares are empty. If a pawn advances all the way to the eighth rank, it can be promoted to any other piece, except a King or another pawn.

Chess games do not have to end in checkmate. Either player may resign if the situation looks hopeless; also, games may end in a draw (tie). A draw can occur in many situations, including mutual agreement to draw, draw by insufficient material, stalemate, threefold repetition or the fifty move rule.

Until the 1970s, at least in English-speaking countries, chess games were recorded and published using descriptive chess notation. This has been supplanted by the more compact algebraic chess notation. Several notations have emerged, based upon algebraic chess notation, for recording chess games in a format suitable for computer processing. Of these, Portable Game Notation (PGN) is the most common. Apart from recording games, there is also a notation Forsyth-Edwards Notation for recording specific positions. This is useful for adjourning a game to resume later or for conveying chess problem positions without a diagram.

To better understand rules of chess, please see a sample chess game, which explains chess through a simple demonstration, move after move.

[edit] لحھ عمل ۽ اٽڪلون

مک مقالو: شطرنج لاءِ لحھ عمل ۽ اٽڪلون

Chess openings are a sequence of moves, often memorized, which will help a player build up their position and prepare for the middlegame. Openings are often designed to take hold of the center of the board (e4, e5, d4 and d5), develop pieces, protect the king, and create a strong pawn structure. Hypermodernism advocates the control of the center not by using pawns but with distant pieces. It is often important for a player to castle (a special move that moves the king from the center of the board two squares towards one of the corners) to protect the king. See the list of chess openings for more information.

Image:chess_zhor_26.png
Image:chess_zver_26.png
a8 b8 c8 d8 e8 f8 g8 h8
a7 b7 c7 d7 e7 f7 g7 h7
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 f6 g6 h6
a5 b5 c5 d5 e5 f5 g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 f4 g4 h4
a3 b3 c3 d3 e3 f3 g3 h3
a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 f2 g2 h2
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1
Image:chess_zver_26.png
Image:chess_zhor_26.png
In this position, the black knight on e6 is pinned to its king by the white bishop, and the white knight is pinned to the queen on b1.

When taking and trading pieces, the chess piece point values becomes important. Valuations differ slightly from book to book, but generally, queens are worth 9 points, rooks are worth 5, bishops and knights are worth 3, and pawns are worth 1. Since the king's loss ends the game it is invaluable. The actual value and importance of a piece will vary based upon its position and the stage of the game. If a player performs a sacrifice (e.g. exchange sacrifice), they are choosing to ignore the standard valuation of their pieces for positional or tactical gains. The beginning player should be aware that points are not an inherent part of the game; there is no scoring and chess was played long before the idea of assigning points to pieces. Instead, points are used by a player to consider whether he will come out materially better than his opponent in an exchange of pieces. For instance, to lose two pawns (2 points) in taking the opponent's knight (3 points) puts one ahead in material by one point. Such an advantageous exchange of pieces may, however, be a poor tactic if it leaves the opponent with an exploitable advantage in the way the pieces are positioned on the board.

Chess combinations and traps do not appear out of thin air. Usually they are present because the opponent has certain weaknesses in their position. These types of "weaknesses" include: pinned pieces, overloaded pieces, weaknesses around the opponents king, weak squares, unprotected pieces, weak colour complexes, pieces not able to come back to defend the king, etc. These "weaknesses" can then be expoloitable with a chess combination that is often built out of a number of tactical "methods". Such weaknesses are often created in the opponent's position in the first place by threats, provocative moves, and generally strong "positional play", etc.

Chess combinations often include a number of types of tactic "methods" which many middlegame books classify and provide examples of. Such common "methods" include Pins, Forks, Skewers, Discovered checks, Zuichenzugs, Deflections, Decoys, Sacrifices, Forcing moves, and even "Quiet moves" - which can be devastating moves that leave the oppponent in Zugzwang, or an otherwise lost position. In many combinations of Alexander Alekhine, there is often a very subtle "quiet move" which breaks the Camel's back. For clarification, it should be noted that a "pin" is a tactical "method"- the act of pinning the opponents pieces. But a "pinned piece" is a specific type of weakness in the opponents position, which when identified, could be exploited with a tactical combination.

A fork is a situation where a piece is moved such that it attacks (forks) two other pieces simultaneously. It usually is difficult for the other player to protect both of their pieces in one move. Pins are used to prevent the movement of an enemy piece by threatening any pieces behind it should it move. Skewers are a kind of reverse pin where the more valuable piece is placed in front of a less important one. A discovered attack is an attack where a piece moves and uncovers a line for another piece which does the attacking. Other tactical elements include: zwischenzug, undermining, overloading, and interference.

A few common positional elements which high level Chess players routinely must assess include Pawn structure, King safety, Space, the presence of pawn islands, isolated pawns, backward pawns, doubled pawns. In addition there are factors such as the two bishops which compensate each others weaknesses. Most middlegame books recommend that once an assessment of the elements of the position has taken place, it is then recommended to try and form a "plan" to create an advantage. Once a plan is formulated, it is then recommended to try and ensure the plan is feasible through the process of checking concrete variations.

Great chess writer Aron Nimzowitsch outlined in the classic work "My system" a number of middlegame positional principles such as "Rook on the 7th rank", "Undermining the pawn chain", "Restrain, blockade and destroy". This work has influenced generations of modern chess players in how they think in the middlegame.

During the endgame, pawns and kings become relatively more powerful pieces as both sides often try to promote their pawns. If one player has a large material advantage, checkmate may happen quickly in the endgame. If the game is relatively even, tablebases and endgame study are essential. Controlling the tempo (time used by each move) becomes especially important when fewer pieces are left on the board. In some cases, a player will have a material advantage, but will not have enough material to force a checkmate. In this case, the game is considered a draw by insufficient material.

[edit] شطرنج کيڏڻ جا متبادل طريقا

Blitz chess is a version of chess where a chess clock is used to limit the time control for each player. Generally each side has three to fifteen minutes (five is common) for all of their moves. An even faster version of chess is known as bullet chess or lightning chess. Bullet chess's time controls are less than three minutes. Speed chess requires the player to spend less time thinking because if the player's time runs out, they lose. When playing at a faster time, computers become relatively more powerful than humans.

When two players are separated by great distances they can still play chess. Correspondence chess is chess played through the mail, e-mail or special Correspondence Chess Servers. Today, chess is often played on the internet through the Internet Chess Club, FICS or another host.

Chess can also be played blindfold. In this case the play is conducted without the players having sight of the positions of the pieces, or any physical contact with them. Moves are communicated via chess notation.

[edit] شطرنج جا مختلف قسم

مک مقالو: شطرنج جا قسمt

Chess variants are forms of chess where the game is played with a different board, special fairy pieces or different rules. There are over 1500 unique variants of chess. Bobby Fischer noted the overemphasis on memorizing chess openings in normal chess and invented Fischer Random Chess. In this chess variant initial position selected randomly before each game, which makes impossible to prepare the opening play in advance.

There are many more chess variants, like Suicide chess, where the goal of the game is to lose all of ones pieces and if a piece can be taken, it must be taken by the opposing side. Very popular between chess players is also Bughouse chess, in which two teams of players play against each other and give captured pieces to their partner. In Progressive chess the number of pieces one can move increases each turn (i.e. white moves one piece, black moves two, white moves three, black moves four etc.)

[edit] تاريخ

[edit] شطرنج جو آغاز

مک مقالو: شطرنج جو آغاز
A Persian youth playing chess with two suitors. Chess was played in Persia as early as the 3rd century AD.
A Persian youth playing chess with two suitors. Chess was played in Persia as early as the 3rd century AD.

Many countries claim to have invented the chess game in some incipient form. The most commonly held view among historians is that chess originated in India, where it was called Chaturanga. The earliest mention of Chaturanga, or any version of chess, appears in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, written circa 500 BC. It is also believed that the Persians created a more modern version of the game after the Indians named Shatranj. The oldest known chess pieces have been found in excavations of Persian territories dated to the 8th century. One ancient text refers to Shah Ardashir, who ruled 224 - 241 AD, as a master of the game. Another theory exists that chess arose from the similar game of Chinese chess, or at least a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 2nd century BC. Joseph Needham and David Li are two of many scholars who have favored this theory.

Chess eventually spread westward to Europe and eastward as far as Japan, spawning variants as it went. One theory suggests that it migrated from India to Persia, where its terminology was translated into Persian, and its name changed to chatrang. The entrance of chess into Europe, notably, is marked by a massive improvement in the powers of the queen. The oldest known texts describing chess seem to indicate a bi-directional spread from the Persian empire. From Persia it entered the Islamic world, where the names of its pieces largely remained in their Persian forms in early Islamic times. Its name became shatranj, which continued in Spanish as ajedrez and in Greek as zatrikion, but in most of Europe was replaced by versions of the Persian word shāh = "king".

There is a theory that this name replacement happened because, before the game of chess came to Europe, merchants coming to Europe brought ornamental chess kings as curiosities and with them their name shāh, which Europeans mispronounced in various ways.

  • Checkmate: This is the English rendition of shāh māt, which is Persian for "the king is finished".
  • Rook: From the Persian rukh, which means "chariot", but also means "cheek" (part of the face). The piece resembles a siege tower. It is also believed that it was named after the mythical Persian bird of great power called the roc. In India, the piece is more popularly called haathi, which means "elephant".
  • Bishop. From the Persian pīl means "the elephant", but in Europe and the western part of the Islamic world people knew little or nothing about elephants, and the name of the chessman entered Western Europe as Latin alfinus and similar, a word with no other meaning (in Spanish, for example, it evolved to the name "alfil"). This word "alfil" is actually the Arabic for "elephant" hence the Spanish word would most certainly have been taken from the Islamic provinces of Spain. The English name "bishop" is a rename inspired by the conventional shape of the piece. In Russia, the piece is, however, known as слон = "elephant". In the Indian language however, the piece is more popularly known as oont = "camel".
  • Queen. Persian farzīn = "vizier" became Arabic firzān, which entered western European languages as forms such as alfferza, fers, etc but was later replaced by "queen". Incidentally, the Indian equivalent of "queen", rani is used for the piece by Indians.

The game spread throughout the Islamic world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. Chess eventually reached Russia via Mongolia, where it was played at the beginning of the 7th century. It was introduced into Spain by the Moors in the 10th century, and described in a famous 13th century manuscript covering chess, backgammon, and dice named the Libro de los juegos. Chess also found its way across Siberia into Alaska.

[edit] جديد شطرنج

A typical Staunton-design set and clock.
A typical Staunton-design set and clock.

Early on, the pieces in European chess had limited movement; bishops could only move by jumping exactly two spaces diagonally (similar to the elephant in xiangqi), the queen could move only one space diagonally, pawns could not move two spaces on their first move, and there was no castling. By the end of the 15th century, the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted from Italy: pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and the en passant capture therewith, bishops acquired their modern move, and the queen was made the most powerful piece; consequently modern chess was referred to as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess". The game in Europe since that time has been almost the same as is played today. The current rules were finalized in the early 19th century, except for the exact conditions for a draw.

The most popular piece design, the "Staunton" set, was created by Nathaniel Cook in 1849, endorsed by Howard Staunton, a leading player of the time, and officially adopted by Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) in 1924.

Chess's international governing body is FIDE, which has presided over the world championship matches for decades. Most countries of the world have a national chess organization as well. Although chess is not an Olympic sport, it has its own Olympiad, held every two years as a team event.

[edit] شطرنج جا عالمي چيمپيئن

مک مقالو: عالمي شطرنج چيمپيئنشپ
  • Unofficial champions (pre-championship era)
    • Philidor
    • Howard Staunton
    • Adolf Anderssen
    • Paul Morphy
  • Official champions (1866–1993)
    • Wilhelm Steinitz
    • Emanuel Lasker
    • José Raúl Capablanca
    • Alexander Alekhine
    • Max Euwe
    • Mikhail Botvinnik
    • Vassily Smyslov
    • Mikhail Tal
    • Tigran Petrosian
    • Boris Spassky
    • Robert Fischer
    • Anatoly Karpov
    • Garry Kasparov
  • "Classical champions" (1993–present)
    • Garry Kasparov
    • Vladimir Kramnik (current)
  • FIDE champions (1993–present)
    • Anatoly Karpov
    • Alexander Khalifman
    • Viswanathan Anand
    • Ruslan Ponomariov
    • Rustam Kasimdzhanov
    • Veselin Topalov (current)

[edit] ڳڻپيوڪر شطرنج

Main article: ڳڻپيوڪر شطرنج

Serious work on machines that play chess has been going on since 1890, and chess-playing computer programs featured prominently in the artificial intelligence boom of the 1950s - 1970s. At first considered only a curiosity, the best chess playing programs — like Shredder, Fritz etc. — have become extremely strong players. In blitz chess, they can beat the best human players; at regular time controls, however, battles between the very best chess programs and the very best human players have been tantalizingly finely balanced. However, it is important to note that the method by which computer programs play chess does not really resemble the way humans play chess — the computer basically just calculates the board position after every possible combination of legal moves and acts accordingly, whereas human masters act more from intuition and pattern recognition. Moreover, as CPU speed and memory become less expensive, computer chess programs can search ever larger numbers of moves in the same amount of time, and store ever larger databases of opening and endgame positions. Nor has the study of chess proven particularly useful in the broader AI field; the methods used to play high-level chess are very different to the ones used for machine learning, machine vision, and the like.

Garry Kasparov, then ranked number one in the world, played a six-game match against IBM's chess computer Deep Blue in February 1996. Deep Blue shocked the world by winning the first game in Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1, but Kasparov convincingly won the match by winning three games and drawing two.

The six-game rematch in May 1997 was won by the machine (informally dubbed Deeper Blue) which was subsequently retired by IBM. In October 2002, Vladimir Kramnik drew in an eight-game match with the computer program Deep Fritz. In 2003, Kasparov drew both a six-game match with the computer program Deep Junior in February, and a four-game match against X3D Fritz in November.

The chess machine Hydra is the intellectual descendant of Deep Blue; and appears to be somewhat stronger than Deep Blue was. Certainly it is very much comparable in terms of positions analysed per second. Given the relative ease with which it beats the other programs, and the humans it has met, Hydra may be expected to beat any unaided human player in match play. In June 2005, Hydra scored a decisive victory over the then 7th ranked GM Michael Adams winning five games and drawing one game in a six game match. Whilst too few games have been played to establish this, and neither Kramnik or Kasparov have played Hydra, Hydra's creators estimate its rating should be over 3000.

Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue has inspired the creation of chess variants in which human intelligence can still overpower computer calculation. In particular Arimaa, which is played upon a standard 8×8 chessboard, is a game at which humans can beat the best efforts of programmers so far, even at fast time controls.

[edit] پڻ ڏسندا

  • شطرنج جا اصطلاح
  • Chess problems and puzzles
  • ELO rating system
  • Administrative bodies:
    • FIDE
    • English Chess Federation
    • International Correspondence Chess Federation
    • New Zealand Chess Federation
    • United States Chess Federation
  • يُونيڪوڊ ۾ شطرنج نشانيون
  • شطرنج ۽ رياضيات
  • Chess-related deaths
  • List of chess players
  • List of chess topics
  • List of national chess championships

[edit] مشھور شطرنج رانديون

  • Bowdler - Conway, London, 1788, the first example of the famous double rook sacrifice;
  • The immortal game between Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky (1851);
  • The evergreen game between Adolf Anderssen and Jean Dufresne (1852);
  • The opera game between Paul Morphy and two allies, the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard (1858);
  • Lasker - Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, the first example of the famous double bishop sacrifice;
  • The Game of the Century between Bobby Fischer and Donald Byrne (1956);
  • The Match of the Century between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky (1972);
  • Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1, the first game in which a chess-playing computer defeated a reigning world champion using normal time controls (1996);
  • Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1997, Game 6, the last game of the 1997 rematch, which Deep Blue won, making it the first computer to defeat a world champion in a match over several games;
  • Kasparov versus The World, in which the reigning world champion played, via the Internet, against the entire rest of the world in consultation (1999);
  • Kasparov - Topalov, Wijk aan Zee, 1999, rook sacrifice with a 15+ moves forced sacrificial combination. One of the most commented chess games ever, with extensive press coverage.

[edit] شطرنج جي تاريخ

  • شطرنج جو سفر
  • تاريخ جو عظيم ترين شطرنج رانديگر
  • شطرنج يُورپ ۾
  • Chess During World War II
  • Chess Olympiad
  • شطرنج جا عالمي رڪارڊس

[edit] شطرنج تي ادب

  • Chess columns in newspapers
  • شطرنج لائيبريريون
  • Collections of Chess Games
  • Opening Manuals

[edit] ادب ۽ آرٽس ۾ شطرنج

Honoré Daumier, Chess players, 1863.
Honoré Daumier, Chess players, 1863.
  • Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll
  • The Knights of the South Bronx
  • Searching for Bobby Fischer
  • The Luzhin Defence
  • The Royal Game by Stefan Zweig
  • Chess and music
  • Checkmate, a ballet by the composer Arthur Bliss
  • The Lewis chessmen also inspired Noggin the Nog.
  • Knight Moves
  • Twin Peaks
  • The Seventh Seal
  • The Shawshank Redemption
  • "Wizards Chess" in the Harry Potter book and film series.
  • Chess, a musical by Tim Rice and ABBA
  • The Eight by Katherine Neville (1998)
  • The Flanders Panel by Arturo Perez-Reverte
  • The Tower Struck By Lightning by Fernando Arrabal
  • Fresh, a 1994 film
  • All the King's Horses, a short story by Kurt Vonnegut from 'Welcome to the Monkey House.'
  • Striding Folly, a short story by Dorothy L. Sayers (1939)

[edit] حوالا

  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book (see the included supplement, "How Do You Play Chess")
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book

[edit] خارجي ڳنڍڻا

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[edit] شطرنج سکڻ

[edit] شطرنج جون خبرون

[edit] شطرنج انٽرنيٽ تي

[edit] راندين جي ڪليڪشن

[edit] مفت شطرنج سافٽويئر

[edit] شطرنج متعلق ٻيا موضوع

[edit] شطرنج جا پيشھ ور استاد

  • IM.FST. Jovan Petronic - International Master Jovan Petronic. World Chess Federation Senior Trainer. Chess software reviews.

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