Turing test
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The Turing test is a test to see if a computer is smart. Alan Turing thought that if a human couldn't tell the difference between another human and the computer, then that computer would be very smart.
[edit] Test setup
A person has a telegraph, and is connected to two communication partners. One of the two correspondents is a machine. The person can ask anything, with the telegraph. If the person cannot tell which of the two is the machine, the machine is said to be intelligent (or smart).
Later on, people narrowed down the test. A human is unlikely to know everything. Therefore, both the human and the machine would be specialists in some field of knowledge. So would the person asking. As of 2006, no computer has passed the Turing test as such.