X-SAMPA

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Розширений фонетичний алфавіт SAM (Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet) - варіант SAMPA, розроблений у 1995 році, професором фонетики. Він був сформований для уніфікації SAMPA алфавітів окремих мов й роширити SAMPA таким чином, що включити в нього увесь набір символів міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту.

В резутаті утворилася система відображення міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту за допомогою семибітових кодів ASCII.

Зміст

[ред.] Коротко

[ред.] Примітки

  • Ті символи МФА, які зображаються звичайними малими буквами латинського алфавіту зберегли свої значення в X-SAMPA.
  • X-SAMPA використовує обернений слеш (\) для створення нових символів. Наприклад, звук O відрізняється від O\

настільки, що не має з ним нічого спільного.

  • X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
  • The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
  • The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.

[ред.] Lowercase symbols

XS IPA IPA Description Examples
a a Image:Xsampa-a.png open front unrounded vowel French dame [dam], Spanish padre ["paD4e]
b b Image:Xsampa-b.png voiced bilabial plosive English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~]
b_< ɓ Image:Xsampa-b lessthan.png voiced bilabial implosive Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU]
c c Image:Xsampa-c.png voiceless palatal plosive Hungarian latyak ["lAcAk]
d d Image:Xsampa-d.png voiced alveolar plosive English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa]
d` ɖ Image:Xsampa-d'.png voiced retroflex plosive Swedish hord [hu:d`]
d_< ɗ Image:Xsampa-d lessthan.png voiced alveolar implosive Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU]
e e Image:Xsampa-e.png close-mid front unrounded vowel French ses [se]
f f Image:Xsampa-f2.png voiceless labiodental fricative English five [faIv], French femme [fam]
g ɡ Image:Xsampa-g.png voiced velar plosive English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g]
g_< ɠ Image:Xsampa-g lessthan.png voiced velar implosive Sindhi ɠəro [g_<@ro]
h h Image:Xsampa-h.png voiceless glottal fricative English house [haUs]
h\ ɦ Image:Xsampa-hslash.png voiced glottal fricative Czech hrad [h\rat]
i i Image:Xsampa-i.png close front unrounded vowel English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si]
j j Image:Xsampa-j2.png palatal approximant English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2]
j\ ʝ Image:Xsampa-jslash2.png voiced palatal fricative Greek γειά [j\a]
k k Image:Xsampa-k.png voiceless velar plosive English scat [sk{t], Spanish carro ["kar:o]
l l Image:Xsampa-l.png alveolar lateral approximant English lay [leI], French mal [mal]
l` ɭ Image:Xsampa-l'.png retroflex lateral approximant Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
l\ ɺ Image:Xsampa-lslash.png alveolar lateral flap Japanese phoneme /r/
m m Image:Xsampa-m.png bilabial nasal English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om]
n n Image:Xsampa-n.png alveolar nasal English nap [n{p], French non [nO~]
n` ɳ Image:Xsampa-n'.png retroflex nasal Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
o o Image:Xsampa-o.png close-mid back rounded vowel French gros [gRo]
p p Image:Xsampa-p.png voiceless bilabial plosive English speak [spik], French pose [poz], Spanish perro ["per:o]
p\ ɸ Image:Xsampa-pslash.png voiceless bilabial fricative Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM]
q q Image:Xsampa-q.png voiceless uvular plosive Arabic qasbah ["qQs_Gba]
r r Image:Xsampa-r.png alveolar trill Spanish perro ["per:o]
r` ɽ Image:Xsampa-r'.png retroflex flap  
r\ ɹ Image:Xsampa-rslash2.png alveolar approximant English red [r\Ed]
r\` ɻ Image:Xsampa-rslash'.png retroflex approximant Malayalam വഴി ["v6r\`i]
s s Image:Xsampa-s.png voiceless alveolar fricative English seem [si:m], French session [se"sjO~]
s` ʂ Image:Xsampa-s'.png voiceless retroflex fricative Swedish mars [mas`]
s\ ɕ Image:Xsampa-sslash.png voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative Polish świerszcz [s\v'erStS]
t t Image:Xsampa-t.png voiceless alveolar plosive English stew [stju:], French raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo ["tujo]
t` ʈ Image:Xsampa-t'.png voiceless retroflex plosive Swedish mört [m2t`]
u u Image:Xsampa-u.png close back rounded vowel English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
v v Image:Xsampa-v.png voiced labiodental fricative English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa]
v\ (or P) ʋ Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png labiodental approximant Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst]
w w Image:Xsampa-w2.png labial-velar approximant English west [wEst], French oui [wi]
x x Image:Xsampa-x.png voiceless velar fricative Scots loch [lQx]
x\ ɧ Image:Xsampa-xslash2.png voiceless palatal-velar fricative Swedish sjal [x\A:l]
y y Image:Xsampa-y.png close front rounded vowel French tu [ty] German über ["y:b6]
z z Image:Xsampa-z.png voiced alveolar fricative English zoo [zu:], French azote [a"zOt]
z` ʐ Image:Xsampa-z'.png voiced retroflex fricative Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN]
z\ ʑ Image:Xsampa-zslash.png voiced alveolo-palatal fricative Polish źrebak ["z\rEbak]

[ред.] Uppercase symbols

XS IPA IPA Description Example
A ɑ Image:Xsampa-A2.png open back unrounded vowel English father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B β Image:Xsampa-B2.png voiced bilabial fricative Spanish lavar [la"Ba4]
B\ ʙ Image:Xsampa-Bslash.png bilabial trill Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
C ç Image:Xsampa-C2.png voiceless palatal fricative German ich [IC], English human ["Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D ð Image:Xsampa-D2.png voiced dental fricative English then [DEn]
E ɛ Image:Xsampa-E2.png open-mid front unrounded vowel French même [mEm], English met [mEt]
F ɱ Image:Xsampa-F.png labiodental nasal English emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G ɣ Image:Xsampa-G2.png voiced velar fricative Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@]
G\ ɢ Image:Xsampa-Gslash.png voiced uvular plosive Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik]
G\_< ʛ Image:Xsampa-Gslash lessthan.png voiced uvular implosive Mam ʛa [G\_<a]
H ɥ Image:Xsampa-H.png labial-palatal approximant French huit [Hi]
H\ ʜ Image:Xsampa-Hslash.png voiceless epiglottal fricative  
I ɪ Image:Xsampa-I2.png near-close near-front unrounded vowel English kit [kIt]
I\ Ɨ Image:Xsampa-Islash.png central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA Polish ryba [rI\bA] 
J ɲ Image:Xsampa-J.png palatal nasal Spanish año ["aJo], English canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\ ɟ Image:Xsampa-Jslash.png voiced palatal plosive Hungarian egy [EJ\]
J\_< ʄ Image:Xsampa-Jslash lessthan.png voiced palatal implosive Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro]
K ɬ Image:Xsampa-K2.png voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Welsh llaw [KaU]
K\ ɮ Image:Xsampa-Kslash.png voiced alveolar lateral fricative  
L ʎ Image:Xsampa-L2.png palatal lateral approximant Italian famiglia [fa"miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], English million ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\ ʟ Image:Xsampa-Lslash.png velar lateral approximant
M ɯ Image:Xsampa-M.png close back unrounded vowel Korean (eu)
M\ ɰ Image:Xsampa-Mslash.png velar approximant Spanish fuego ["fweM\o]
N ŋ Image:Xsampa-N2.png velar nasal English thing [TIN]
N\ ɴ Image:Xsampa-Nslash.png uvular nasal Japanese san [saN\]
O ɔ Image:Xsampa-O2.png open-mid back rounded vowel British English thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f]
O\ ʘ Image:Xsampa-Oslash.png bilabial click  
P (or v\) ʋ Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png labiodental approximant Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q ɒ Image:Xsampa-Q.png open back rounded vowel British English lot [lQt]
R ʁ Image:Xsampa-R2.png voiced uvular fricative French roi [Rwa]
R\ ʀ Image:Xsampa-Rslash.png uvular trill German phoneme /r/
S ʃ Image:Xsampa-S2.png voiceless postalveolar fricative English ship [SIp]
T θ Image:Xsampa-T2.png voiceless dental fricative English thin [TIn]
U ʊ Image:Xsampa-U2.png near-close near-back rounded vowel English foot [fUt]
U\ ʊ̵ Image:Xsampa-Uslash.png central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA  
V ʌ Image:Xsampa-V.png open-mid back unrounded vowel RP English strut [str\Vt]
W ʍ Image:Xsampa-X.png voiceless labial-velar fricative Scots when [WEn]
X χ Image:Xsampa-x2.png voiceless uvular fricative Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?]
X\ ħ Image:Xsampa-Xslash.png voiceless pharyngeal fricative Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:]
Y ʏ Image:Xsampa-Y2.png near-close near-front rounded vowel German hübsch [hYpS]
Z ʒ Image:Xsampa-Z2.png voiced postalveolar fricative English vision ["vIZ@n]

[ред.] Other symbols

XS IPA IPA Description Example
. . Image:Xsampa-fullstop.png syllable break  
" ˈ Image:Xsampa-doublequotes.png primary stress  
% ˌ Image:Xsampa-percentage.png secondary stress  
' (or _j) ʲ Image:Xsampa-'or j.png palatalized  
: ː Image:Xsampa-colon.png long  
:\ ˑ Image:Xsampa-colonslash.png half long Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-     separator  
@ ə Image:Xsampa-at.png schwa English arena [@"r\i:n@]
@\ ɘ Image:Xsampa-atslash.png close-mid central unrounded vowel Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M]
{ æ Image:Xsampa-leftcurly.png near-open front unrounded vowel English trap [tr\{p]
} ʉ Image:Xsampa-rightcurly.png close central rounded vowel Swedish sju [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t]
1 ɨ Image:Xsampa-1.png close central unrounded vowel Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's ["r\oUz1z]
2 ø Image:Xsampa-2.png close-mid front rounded vowel Danish købe ["k2:b@], French deux [d2]
3 ɜ Image:Xsampa-3.png open-mid central unrounded vowel English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\ ɞ Image:Xsampa-3slash.png open-mid central rounded vowel Irish tomhail[t3\:l']
4 ɾ Image:Xsampa-4.png alveolar flap Spanish pero ["pe4o], American English better ["bE4@`]
5 ɫ Image:Xsampa-l_eor5.png velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e English milk [mI5k]
6 ɐ Image:Xsampa-6.png near-open central vowel German besser ["bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7 ɤ Image:Xsampa-7.png close-mid back unrounded vowel Estonian kõik [k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese
8 ɵ Image:Xsampa-8.png close-mid central rounded vowel Swedish buss [b8s]
9 œ Image:Xsampa-9.png open-mid front rounded vowel French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
& ɶ Image:Xsampa-amper.png open front rounded vowel
? ʔ Image:Xsampa-questionmark.png glottal stop Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle ["bQ?l]
?\ ʕ Image:Xsampa-qmarkslash.png voiced pharyngeal fricative Arabic ع‎ (`ayn) [?\Ajn]
*     undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"  
/     indeterminacy in French vowels  
<     begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)  
<\ ʢ Image:Xsampa-lessthanslash.png voiced epiglottal fricative  
>     end nonsegmental notation  
>\ ʡ Image:Xsampa-greaterthanslash.png epiglottal plosive  
^ Image:Xsampa-hat.png upstep  
! Image:Xsampa-exclamation.png downstep  
!\ ǃ Image:Xsampa-exclamationslash.png postalveolar click  
|   Image:Xsampa-bar.png minor (foot) group  
|\ ǀ Image:Xsampa-barslash.png dental click  
||   Image:Xsampa-doublebar.png major (intonation) group  
|\|\ ǁ Image:Xsampa-doublebarslash.png lateral alveolar click  
=\ ǂ Image:Xsampa-equalsslash.png palatal click  
-\ ̮ Image:Xsampa-dashslash.png linking mark  

[ред.] Діакритичні знаки

XS IPA IPA Description
_"   ̈ Image:Xsampa-_doublequotes.png centralized
_+   ̟ Image:Xsampa-_plus.png advanced
_-   ̠ Image:Xsampa-_minus.png retracted
_/ ˇ   rising tone
_0   ̥ Image:Xsampa-_0.png voiceless
_<     implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)   ̩ Image:Xsampa-equalsor_equals.png syllabic
_> ʼ Image:Xsampa-_greaterthan.png ejective
_?\ ˤ Image:Xsampa-_questionslash.png pharyngealized
_\ ˆ   falling tone
_^   ̯ Image:Xsampa-_hat.png non-syllabic
_}   ̚ Image:Xsampa-_rightcurly.png no audible release
` ˞ Image:Xsampa-'rhino.png rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~)   ̃ Image:Xsampa-tildor tild.png nasalization
_A   ̘ Image:Xsampa-_A.png advanced tongue root
_a   ̺ Image:Xsampa-_a2.png apical
_B   ̏ Image:Xsampa-_B.png extra low tone
_B_L   Image:Xsampa-_B_L.png low rising tone
_c   ̜ Image:Xsampa-_c.png less rounded
_d   ̪ Image:Xsampa-_d.png dental
_e   ̴ Image:Xsampa-_e.png velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>   Image:Xsampa-ltFgt.png global fall
_F   ̂ Image:Xsampa-_F.png falling tone
_G ˠ Image:Xsampa-_G.png velarized
_H   ́ Image:Xsampa-_H.png high tone
_H_T   Image:Xsampa-_H_T.png high rising tone
_h ʰ Image:Xsampa-_h.png aspirated
_j (or ') ʲ Image:Xsampa-'or_j.png palatalized
_k   ̰ Image:Xsampa-_k.png creaky voice
_L   ̀ Image:Xsampa-_L.png low tone
_l ˡ Image:Xsampa-_l.png lateral release
_M   ̄ Image:Xsampa-_M.png mid tone
_m   ̻ Image:Xsampa-_m.png laminal
_N   ̼ Image:Xsampa-_N.png linguolabial
_n Image:Xsampa-_n2.png nasal release
_O   ̹ Image:Xsampa_O.png more rounded
_o   ̞ Image:Xsampa-_o.png lowered
_q   ̙ Image:Xsampa-_q.png retracted tongue root
<R>   Image:Xsampa-ltRgt.png global rise
_R   ̌ Image:Xsampa-_R.png rising tone
_R_F   Image:Xsampa-_R_F.png rising falling tone
_r   ̝ Image:Xsampa-_r.png raised
_T   ̋ Image:Xsampa-_T.png extra high tone
_t   ̤ Image:Xsampa-_t.png breathy voice
_v   ̬ Image:Xsampa-_v.png voiced
_w ʷ Image:Xsampa-_w.png labialized
_X   ̆ Image:Xsampa-_X.png extra-short
_x   ̽ Image:Xsampa-_x.png mid-centralized

[ред.] Також дивись