Ihu Gbolohun

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Ihun Gbolohun

Ifihan

Ni Ipin to koja a ri Ihun gbolohun bi o se se deede pelu apola nipa ami X. A gbodo fi kun pe o maa je aImokan lati ronu pe gbogbo ami S maa ni eya kan naa, o kere tan kiI se loju. A ri awon eya gbolohun nihun ati eda ede. Tito eko nipa eda ede maa n ni se pelu IFOROWANILENUWO, ITENUMO abbl. Okookan ninu won ni o ni Itumo oto ni oju pelu Ihun titobi, ani eya to ni opin ati eyi ti ko ni opin, awon eyi to ni asiko ni eyi ti ko ni ami asiko. A si tun ri awon to n fi Iyato iba-Isele aterere han. Bi a se maa lero a fe so pe gbogbo eyi je eyi ti o se Ifihan ti a ba ro o jinle won ni Ihun kan naa. a le so Igbagbo le awon apeere oruko eyi ti o le gba ohun eso ati lati ka a kun Isele ti a kojo po, bi a se le fiwe awon oruko biI James Seun Ranti Mohammed abbl. Oruko lasan fun Idi pe oruko eniyan ko ni ohun ti o le tan an ka, ko ni ki won lee ma je apola oruko. Ninu kilo tele, a maa fi han, ni opo Igba lilo awon gbolohun alaIgbabo gege biI Idakeji gboolohun kikun (ona miIran ti a fi le pin-in) awon ona to wopo fun fi n pala orisilrisiI gbolohun opo eyi ti o ni eka bi apola (Nitooto apola ni won, niwon Igba ti gbolohun je apola) bi apola Ise, apola oruko, apola apejuwe.

Gbolohun asiko ati alailasiko

ohun Ipile ti a fi n ya gbolohun soto ni lilopin ati alailopin ti o je pe amaa n pe awon kan ni olopin ti a si maa n pe awon kan ni alaIlopin, oluwa olopin maa n fi asiko han (-s, -ed) ninu ede Geesi. Alaye agbalode yoo so pe oluwa to ni asiko. Ni Idakeji awon ti ko ni opin kiI ni asiko ni arogun ko si ni Ibamu. Wo awon apeere Isale wonyi

Ayaba fe ki (Charles o tun Diana gbe niyawo)

Nibi ti awe gbolohun matiriki ni asiko, fifi afomo Ikoja (-ed) han yato si ti inu Iwe Iroyin ati awon ti o fara jo o. A lo MC ni asiko alaIyipada lona to je pe inu awe-gbolohun afarahe nikan ni a ti le wa asiko to le yipada. Awon apeere asiko alaIyipada nikan wonyi.

2a Okunrin akoko ti o gba oye Imo Ijinle lori Imo eda ede ni ile NaIjiria ni Ayo Bamgbose.

b Opo agbegbe be Ijoba lati siju anu wo awon

d Mo fe mo Igba ti mo maa wa

e Mo ti maa n fe wa

Awon gbolohun alaIlasiko miIran wa yato si gbolohun alaIlopin. Fun apeere Awon awe inu akamo je alaIlasiko

3a Awon soja beru (kikede Idite gbajoba)

b Ijoba apapo ni (ona lati salaye gbogbo ohun ti osele lona tiwon)

d Oga ologun (maa n si ara re lona gidigidi)

Awon apeere ti a benu ba ti pe akiyesi awon onimo laIpe pelu opo ninu won ti won fun won ni oruko tuntun biI mukuru apola, e je ka lo awon koko oro IwadiI lori orisiI gbolohun.

Awe gbolohun to yato

LaIforogun, a maa pe e ni (E-clause). Awon ni apola ti o ni oluwa won yato si eyi ti ami ya soto funra re

4 Mo fe ki (Joe wa)

Nigba ti oluwa ninu apola yen ko ni keesi oluwa ti a yan fun [1 TNS-AGR] nibi ti I n se afihan Ilosodi fun TNS, AGR iru apolabee ko le ni keesi oluwa sugbon gbolohun naa bofinmu, o gbodo je pe ko si apola oruko papo mojijo Iwon, o gbodo je eyi to lami. Sugbon ti apola afibo re je oboro, bawo ni iru oluwa bee se ni keesi?, Fun Idi eyi, alagbale Iwon wa lati opo Iwon oro-Ise FE ti o je wi pe o se afihan taara o n fe apola oruko ti a ya soto ti o fi oro-Ise han taara fun Ifisile Iwon. Iwon ajosepo apola oruko ti a ri ni ala gbolohun (o see se CP), nitori pe o pin ako re si ala apola miIran mu ki a fun gbolohun naa ni oruko apola oto, oruko to so pe oluwa ni ami oto.

Kiyesi pe oluwa apola ye ko ni NOM, nigba ti oro-Ise ye ko pin abo kini a maa ri ninu apeere oke? A tun un ko nibi fun Irolorun nigba ti egbe re ni oluwa apola afibo yi si aropo oruko

Joe

Mo fe o wa

Apola aropo O maa n fe hande ju, ewu to wa fun akekoo to n se apetunpe, Idi fun aItona ni apola oruko lori aropo oruko oluwa ti o yi pada nigba ti [INEL-TENSE] ko le yan apola oruko.Ni ona miIran ewe, E ti a yan dara, fun ami Igbelehan lati owon opo oro-Ise FE, wo awon apeere Isale yiI

6a Mo lerope Seun yoo se daradara

b Mo be Seun ki o se daradara

d Won gbagbo pe Ojo je eni Ibawi

e Won royin awon to faregba nibi ado olro naa ni igbe aye to dara

Akiyesi wa ni pe awon oluwa (a) apolla ti a fibo n wuwa bi abo fun matiriki apola-Ise. kiyesi pe abo sile bee naa ni awon keesi ti a lo atoka fun apola ninu awon gbolohun yiI.

6a A n reti pe Seun yoo se daradara.

B A gbagbo pe Ojo je eni Ibawi

Debi wipe oluwa ko lopin ti o si je apakan oro-Ise ti o jeyo ni ona taara si oro-Ise, fun Iyewo finifi’ni Iwon je abo ti a ya soto fun ACC fun opo oro-Ise. EleyiI ni o n se afihan Iwuwasi ti o se afihan oruko ti ko lese nile apola oto.

Ayewo orisiI gbolohun ti a se tele yato si eyi ti a la kale, ti akoko maa n wa ni owo osi.

Ni Ipari, mo pe orisiI apola ti a ko le mo wi pe o je nnkan Ipamo COMP biI Iyen tabi fun. Fun Idi eyi, won maa mo wi pe nitooto IPS koyin si CPS. O je Idi ti a gbodo se Iyipada ipo ni ojo iwaju.

Apola kekere

OrisiI apola miIran ti ko fi ara han ninu COMP o je eyi ti ko ni ami. Ifala si, apola yiI jeri INFL lona kan pato. Ewe apola kekere (SC) ni Ihun biI [-c, -11] jade sita lati se Igbelaruge fun oluwa ti o lo pelu awe gbolohun miIran.

7 [SC NP XP….]

SC maa n fi gbogboigba je Igbelaruge opo

oro-Ise. Lilo Igbekuru opo apola, MC, e je ki a sakiyesi wiwon ati apeere

8a Mo kiyesi (Joe ologbon okunrin)

b Mo fe ki gbogbo (eniyan jade ninu yaara Ikekoo)

d Mo ri I pe (Imo eda-ede ko rorun)

Gege bi o se wa ninu awe gbolohun aseyato (E- clause) awe gbolohun alaIloluwa je abo alaIkopa to oro-Ise atopo fun apeere a le e so bayiI 9 Imo eda-ede ni a sakiyesi pe o le Ni Ibere akekoo le e se Itupale (8) bi (10) abbl, sugbon Tim Stowell (1983) ti fa awon Idi yo lati fi gbogbo awe gbolohun alaIloluwa (SC) gege bi apola aponle (AP) tabi apola atokun (PP) pelu oluwa gege biI Isori (SPEC) awon wonyi

10a Mo kiyesi (APOR JOE [ologbon okunrin] )

b John ri (AP, Bill [asiwere patapata] )

d Alexadra fhan pe (AP, [iro ni tiori naa] )

e Mo reti (APAP [okunrin yen ko sokale lori oko oju omi mi] )

e Maria ni (APIS arakunrin re [si ilekun] )

f Enikeni ko gbo (APIS, ojo [ro [lale ana]] ) Ni apapo, nigba ti o se e se lati wo oluwa (S) pelu Iha Iwulo…Ibeere, ase, Itenumo… ati pelu ijonibo.

O se e se ki a se Itupale refun TNS ati AGR kiakia. Ogbon yiI yoo bi Ilo tuntun biI awe gbolohun ti yoo ni [-TNS –AGR] Isepato ati ni afikun se alaIni “COMP” amupe gbangba ti o fi je wi pe a ro won lati je IP yato si CP.

Awe gbolohun alaIloluwa

A ti tun Itupale awon apola alaIlopin ti ko si mo gege bi I awe gbolohun fun Idi kan wi pe a fi won han lati ni oluwa (albeit, ACC) IwadiI ti wa lati fi eyi han nitooto. Awon oluwa ti a lo taara lotito je eyi ti a seda lati Ipile ju awon abo lo. (wo Stowell 1981, 1983, fun apeere) ki a gba pe a ri awon apola to dabi eni pe won kiI se boya abo awe gbolohun ti o tele ara won tabi oluwa ti o gbenule ti apola oruko (NP), se a tun le e gba wi pe awe gbolohun ni won ?

1a Mo fe wa

b Gbogbo eniyan lo fe wa oko to dara

Gege bi ede Geesi kiI ti I s ede asinpo Itupale iru awon gbolohun ni pe o je onibo pelu oro-Ise kookan gege bi ori fun oro-Ise. A o wa so nigba naa pe a ani o kere’ tan awe gbolohun meji ninu gbolohun kookan. Awon awe gbolohun ti o wa ninu ti ko fi ami oluwa kankan han, se a le e so wi pe won je Isori S pelu ? Bee ni, ni gbogbo ona ! pe>~lu Itupale wo (2) ti o wa ni Isale

2a Mo fe ki (Joe wa)

b Gbogbo eniyan lo fe ki [bab re wa oko to dara]

Nitori naa awon awe gbolohun yen je awe gblohun adayato ti ko foju han, ero ti a ko le e gbe le Imo ti o se e se le e je nibi ti asinpo ati oluwa awe gbolohun ti o wa ninu ni Ijuwe tio se e le e se le e je nibi ti asinpo ati oluwa gbodo je eyi ti o han gbangba sibe nigba ti Ijuwe je okan naa, a le e mu oluwa to wa ni Isale kuro. Iyanju to dara, sugbon eleyiI lona aiamo mu ki Iseese sofo. Apeere afikun mu iyemeji lori awon ti ajorin abuso Ijoluwa kan

3 Ijoba ko mo ohun ti wo. Le e se

Se Ijoba ni o jealaIpe ni tabi enikeni, ti o fi mo awon ara Ilu ti a nsejoba le lori ti a ko fun won ni ona abayo ? Awon mejeeji ni o le e sina, ti o ba je wi pe bayiI ni o ri, Ijoba tabi awon eka miIran le e je oluwa awe gbolohun ti o wa nibe yoo fun wa ni Ihun yiI. Oun ti a n so ni pe amupe ti o wa nibe ni oluwa ti enu ko ko nipa won sugbon oluwa naa si tun ni. Awon Isoori oluwa alaIfihan yiI ni a ro lati je oro aropooruko ti a ko le e so di oro adamo’. Awon oro aropo oruko alaIloju ni a mo mo oro aropo-oruko ( ti a pe ni “nla AR”) awonoro aropo owo ti o yato si awon eyi ti a mo biI O, awon abbl A tun le e paalalaarin awon oro aropo oruko ti ko wopo (sibe a gbodo safihan won) ti a n pe ni AR (tabi “AR kekere”).

O di dandan ki a kilo ni ibi ti a de yiI pe oro aropo oruko nla kiI se alaIniIdi ni Itokasi (2) ti a se afihan re ni IhunD (5a) yoo ni Itokasi biI (5b) ti o so oro aropo oruko mo awon oro-aropo atopo.

5a Mo fe 9AR lati wa)

Mo fe (AR1 lati wa)


Nje ki AR maa jealaInidiI ninu Itokasi, a le e tun un so bi o ti wa ni (6)

6 Mo fe (Ary lati wa)

nibi ti AR le e je Oun, Awon, Awa abbl. Nje ipo yen gan ni eyi, ipo oluwa ko lee wa lasan bi onkowe ti le e jeriI.

Ki a to lowo si afihan yiI, e je ki a ran onkawe leti pe awon Isoro biI AR, awon Isori asiri yiI ni a n pe ni Isori koofo. Iru Ifarahan yiI ni a n mu dogba pelu ofin Isori koofo. Ni Ipele ti o pari, a o siso loju Isori asan a o si wadiI ohun ti’ o gba iru Iwa yiI laye. Ni oruko ki a gba won laye wa ni asiri.

Apola oro-Ise oboro ni ede yoruba

Awon ero tuntun lori Itupale awon gbolohun ti o dabi eni pe o yapa ran wa leti wi pe awon koko miIran wa ti o nilo Ifarabale ti a ko le e so wi pe a ti wa ojuutu si nipase awon awe gbolohun kekere tabi ara ainimo to nipa ede ti oro kan.Bi  o ti wu ki o ri bi o ti rorun lati se Itupale Ihun biI

7a Ko soro lati te Joe lorun

b Joe fe Itelorun

Pelu oro aropo oruko bi oluwa fun apola ti a fi sinu ara sugbon ti o ni Itoka otooto, ninu (a) eniyan n te Joe lorun sugbon ninu (b) Joe ni o n teniyan lorun. Ijora inu Ihun yoruba ko fun wa ni Iyanju

8a O soro o se

O soro lati se


Iyanju si Ihun ti Itumo re wonu ara maa nilo ka mo kini Lati ati O, won yato tabi jo ara. Wo Awoyole (1983) fun Ifagbara dimu pelu girama iru Igbekale bee

2 Yoruba

(a) Oluwa gba Ija mi ja

Eso yen pon to o je

Ijoba apapo fa igi le Ibo aare