英國護照

出自維基百科,自由嘅百科全書

Image:Ukpassport-cover.jpg
由2006年開始簽發嘅生物特徵英國護照(Crown copyright)。

英國護照,係畀任何種類英國國籍人士嘅護照。

目錄

[編輯] 簽發

英國身分及護照服務處負責做英國((大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國))本土境內嘅護照簽發。 海峽群島同萌島嘅代理總督負責島上英國護照嘅簽發。

各英國海外領土嘅總督負責做所屬領土內嘅英國護照簽發。 英國駐外國大使、領事館或者高級專員公署嘅護照部都可以幫海外嘅申請人做申請同補領嘅野。

英國護照一般嘅有效期係10年,1998年之前簽發嘅未夠16歲護照有效期就係5年。

英國政府由2006年3月開始簽發生物特徵嘅英國護照。

以下類別人士可以申請英國護照:

  • 英國公民 (GBR)
  • 英國海外領土公民 (前身為“英國屬土公民”) (GBD)
  • 英國海外公民 (GBO)
  • 英籍人士 (GBS)
  • 受英國保護人士 (GBP)
  • 英國國民(海外) (GBN)

各組三個字母電碼係en:ISO/IEC 7501-1機讀護照alpha-3所分配嘅標準。

除咗英國國民(海外)跟據1986年香港英國國籍令第四條(2)享有合法權利擁有之外,其餘英國國民需要英國政府以皇室特權下行使斟酌權去申請護照。

只有英國公民、某啲英籍人士、同埋某啲英聯邦公民享有居英權。 只有英國公民同某啲英籍人士先至享有歐洲聯盟境內自由出入權利。

[編輯] 護照內嘅字眼

每本英國護照封頁內頁有以下嘅英語內容:

舊版啲嘅英國護照明確地指明以某女皇階下主要外交事務大臣(Her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs)同埋名字而簽發嘅字眼。

英國海外領土簽發嘅英國護照係以所屬總督嘅名義而簽發嘅字眼。

全部由2006年3月開始簽發嘅生物特徵英國護照尾二頁上,印有個人資料頁各欄目嘅各歐洲聯盟官方語言(除咗羅馬尼亞語同保加利亞語之外)翻譯。

[編輯] 並無加多頁數功能

英國護照唔似美國護照咁,被簽發機關可加多頁數嘅功能。 英國護照持有人一定要等到本護照滿頁時補領嘞。

[編輯] 似無似樣嘅英國護照

無居英權嘅英國護照封面。
無居英權嘅英國護照封面。

跟據歐洲共同體啲條約內嘅目的,擁有歐洲公民資格嘅英國國籍人士包括英國公民、直布羅陀嘅英國海外領土公民、同埋享有居英權嘅英籍人士。

其餘英國國籍人士,即係無居英權嘅英國國民(British nationals without right of abode)會被簽發“似無似樣”(lookalike)嘅英國護照;即係本護照封面上無“歐洲聯盟”(European Union)嘅字眼.

[編輯] 備註

有啲英國護照會係備註頁上被加印上以下任何備註;成為護照原裝一部份:

  • Holder is not entitled to benefit from European Community provisions relating to employment or establishment
印上嚟至海峽群島同萌島,無英國祖先關係嘅英國公民護照上。 海峽群島同萌島唔係歐洲聯盟領土,因此嚟類備註持有人唔可以享有歐盟自由出入權利。
BN(O)護照嘅備註頁同生物特徵資料晶片
BN(O)護照嘅備註頁同生物特徵資料晶片
  • Holder of this passport has Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card No: A123456(7) which states that holder has right of abode in Hong Kong *
英國國民(海外)護照嘅備註保証持有人擁有居港權。
  • Holder is entitled to right of abode in the United Kingdom
有居英權嘅英籍人士,大多數係愛爾蘭共和國出世嘅,會響護照上有嚟類備註。 有居英權嘅英聯邦公民可以係護照內簽証頁上,被英國內政部蓋印“居留(英國)權證明書”蓋章。
  • Holder is entitled to readmission in the United Kingdom
合資格同埋享有“無條件出入境(英國)許可”嘅英國海外公民、英籍人士同埋受英國保護人士會響備註頁上被加印上嚟類備註。
  • Holder is subject to control under the Immigration Act 1971
某啲無居英權嘅英國國民,響申請“無條件出入境(英國)許可”之前會被加印嘅備註。
  • In accordance with UK immigration rules the holder of this passport does not require an entry certificate or visa to visit the UK
意思係保証英國國民(海外)護照持有人享有英國六個月免簽証代豁。
  • Holder is also known as ...
護照持有人另外有嘅合法名稱。

[編輯] 舊版啲嘅英國護照

首批英國護照係由中世紀英國當地君主頒發畀任何國籍旅行者嘅安全證書(Sofe Conducts)。 在英國境內,「護照」嚟個名字首先至1414年嘅國會立法上被印出。 1540至1685年期間,英格蘭護照變咗由樞密院發行但仍由英格蘭君主簽署。 一名內閣國務大臣響查理斯二世在位個唓時開始可以代君主簽署護照;並到1794年起由一名內閣國務大臣而簽發護照嘅字眼開始出現嘞[1]

英國境內簽發嘅護照初期係用拉丁文英文寫成嘅;1772至1858年之間更只用法文嘅㖭。 至從1858年起, 英國護照再開始用英文寫成,兼有各欄目嘅法文翻譯。

響1858年起, 英國護照只淮向英國國籍人士簽發同埋補領。直到1915年本版護照印刷個陣,以往英國護照至係得一頁包括持有人張相片嘅紙𡁵啫!

The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 was passed on the outbreak of the First World War. At this time a new format was introduced, a single sheet folded into eight and containing a cardboard cover. It included a description of the holder as well as a photograph, and had to be renewed after two years.

[編輯] 舊藍色版護照

Image:British passport (old style blue).jpg
一本舊藍色版護照。 封面頂部顯示持有人嘅名,同埋低部顯示123456 X編排嘅護照號碼。 右上角嘅剪刪表示一本已無效嘅護照。 (Crown copyright) Template:Unverifiedimage

三十二頁護照,衣加被為“舊藍色版護照”(the Old Blue),係響1920年成立英國護照服務處之後,同埋跟隨國際慣例而發行嘅;用到1988年酒紅色版護照發行時為止。兩個版本,一個係俾個人(可以加埋配偶)嘅;另外一個係俾成家人嘅。舊藍色版護照曾經過各種各樣嘅設計修改[2]

  • 響1954年,國務大臣嘅名被刪除[3]
  • 響1968年,護照有限期由兩年被延長至十年。
  • 響1972年尾嘅設計修改曾加咗特別藍色水印紙嚟防止偽造;一本護照頁數由卅二減至為三頁。 仲有,資料頁欄目描述持有人眼睛顏色同埋已婚女士嘅婚前姓名等資料被刪除。
  • 響1973年五月,非必須嘅94頁本護照發行。
  • 響1975年,引進相片加薄片科技嚟防止非法改造。 薄片套印技術響1981年加上嚟察覺改造漬。
  • 護照持有人嘅職業同埋居住地點嘅資料頁欄目描述響1975年被刪除。
  • 響1988年為咗推出酒紅色版護照做好準備,成家人版本護照唔再被發行;持有人高度同埋特徵等資料頁欄目描述被刪除。

[編輯] 英國訪客護照

響1961至1995年期間,英國國民可向就近英國郵政局申請英國訪客護照。 呢一頁硬板紙證件只有一年有效期,及被多數西歐國家承認𠺢! 後來因為碎弱嘅防竊同保安要點因素而停用。

[編輯] 現代酒紅色版護照

響1988年8月15日,英國護照服務處響格拉斯哥嘅辦事處,成為首次推出酒紅色版護照嘅地點;其後擴寬到全球各英國護照簽發機構[4]。 酒紅色版護照即係一本有酒紅色封面,同埋有機器閱讀功能(machine-readable passport)嘅護照;國際民航組織(International Civil Aviation Organisation)指定嘅標準,可以令出入境官員用機讀方式(個人資料頁底有兩行資料打印)嚟快啲核實持證人身份。

雖然有32頁本同埋48頁本酒紅色版護照,但英國政府推出咗兩種護照嚟分別不同種類嘅英國國民。 享有歐洲公民權利嘅英國國民會被簽發有歐洲共同體,或者1997年後有歐洲聯盟字眼響封面頂嘅英國護照。 其餘英國國民就會被簽發無歐盟嘅英國護照。

1988至到2006初嘅酒紅色版護照入面每頁上有都鐸王朝嘅玫瑰、三葉草、黃水仙、同埋薊嘅水印。 1999年至2006年版設計內,將持證人相片同埋簽名電子化響個人資料頁上;The whole page is protected from modification by a laminate, which incorporates a colour holographic image comprising a Tudor Rose, Daffodil, Shamrock and Thistle underneath a representation of the British Crown. The hologram is affixed directly over the holder's photograph (tilting the passport page in direct light reveals the image clearly).

[編輯] 生物特徵嘅護照

英國政府由2006年3月開始簽發生物特徵嘅英國護照。

are biometric and have an RFID chip and antenna on the other side of the laminated details page. The chip holds the same information as is printed on the other side of the page and a digital copy of the photograph with biometric information for use with facial recognition systems. In addition, both the Welsh and Scottish Gaelic languages have been included for the first time. These now appear alongside official translations of the passport title and notes - a facility provided in addition to the mandatory translations into the official EU languages. The data page however retains exclusive use of the English and French languages for listing of the holder's personal information.[5]

[編輯] 國家身份登記計畫

Under the Identity Cards Act 2006, probably from 2008, anyone applying for a passport will be required to have their details entered into a centralised computer database, the National Identity Register. Once registered, they will be obliged to update any change to their address and other personal details.

It is expected that the cost of a passport and ID card package will rise to at least £93 to help fund the new scheme.

In May 2006 a "Renew for Freedom" campaign [6] was launched by the NO2ID opposition group, urging passport holders to renew their passports in the summer of 2006 in order to delay being entered on the National Identity Register. This followed the comment made by Charles Clarke in the House of Commons that "anyone who feels strongly enough about the linkage [between passports and the ID scheme] not to want to be issued with an ID card in the initial phase will be free to surrender their existing passport and apply for a new passport before the designation order takes effect" [7].

In response, the Home Office said that it was "hard to see what would be achieved, other than incurring unnecessary expense" by renewing passports early [8].

main article: British national identity card

[編輯] 費用

The cost of obtaining a standard passport over the years has been as follows. It is expected that fees will rise to at least £93 to help fund the National Identity Register and ID cards, as discussed above.

  • £66 - 5 October 2006 - for the introduction of the latest generation passport, anti-fraud measures and interviews for first-time applicants [9]
  • £51 - 1 December 2005 - to reflect the cost of implementing key anti-fraud measures [10]
  • £42 - 2 October 2003 - to pay for new anti-fraud measures [11]
  • £33 - 21 November 2002 [12]
  • £30 - 14 January 2002 [13]
  • £28 - 16 December 1999 - to fund a major overhaul of the Passport Agency following the summer crisis [14]
  • £21 - 26 March 1998 [15]
  • £18 - November 1992

[編輯] 弱點

According to The Guardian, the information contained on a biometric passport can be viewed using readily available hardware and software. Information is stored in encrypted form on an RFID tag, with the password as a combination of information written on the passport, so that anyone with access to the passport will be able to read the chip. The passport is also vulnerable to brute-force attacks. And because it is possible to read the RFID tags remotely at a distance of several centimetres, it is not necessary to be in possession of the passport to extract the data. [1]

As a result, the cloning of the passport is a possibility. Because the biometric passport is supposedly highly secure and therefore trusted, it is thought that the holder of a cloned passport might be more likely to escape detection than the holder of a traditional passport.

[編輯] 參閱

  • Biometric passport
  • Identity document
  • Identity and Passport Service
  • British national identity card
  • British nationality law
  • UK topics

[編輯] News stories

[編輯] 連出去

Online references
  1. The Guardian (2006-11-17). Cracked it!.
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