Hồ Nam
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Tên tắt: 湘 (bính âm: Tương) | |
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Xuất xứ tên gọi | 湖 - hồ 南 - nam "nam hồ Động Đình" |
Kiểu hành chính | Tỉnh |
Thủ phủ và thành phố lớn nhất |
Trường Sa |
Bí thư tỉnh ủy Hồ Nam | Trương Xuân Hiền 张春贤 |
Tỉnh trưởng | Chu Cường 周强 (quyền) |
Diện tích | 211.800 km² (thứ 10) |
Dân số (2004) - Mật độ |
66.980.000 (thứ 7) 316/km² (thứ 13) |
GDP (2004) - trên đầu người |
561,2 tỉ NDT (thứ 12) 8380 NDT (thứ 21) |
HDI (2005) | 0,751 (thứ 17) — trung bình |
Các dân tộc chính (2000) | Hán - 90% Thổ Gia - 4% Miêu - 3% Đồng - 1% Dao - 1% |
Cấp địa khu | 14 |
Cấp huyện | 122 |
Cấp hương (31 tháng 12, 2004) |
2576 |
ISO 3166-2 | CN-43 |
Website chính thức: http://www.hunan.gov.cn (chữ Hán giản thể) |
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Nguồn lấy dữ liệu dân số và GDP: 《中国统计年鉴—2005》/ Niên giám thống kê Trung Quốc 2005 ISBN 7503747382 Nguồn lấy dữ liệu dân tộc: 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》/ Tư liệu nhân khẩu dân tộc dựa trên điều tra dân số năm 2000 của Trung Quốc ISBN 7105054255 |
chữ Hán: 湖南; bính âm: Húnán) là một tỉnh của Trung Quốc. Tỉnh Hồ Nam tọa lạc khúc sông Dương Tử giữa đoạn con sông này chảy vào Hồ Động Đình và phía nam Hồ Động Đình. Hồ Nam còn được gọi tắt là tỉnh Tương(湘) (bính âm: Xiāng) theo tên sông Tương chảy qua tỉnh. Hồ Nam giáp Hồ Bắc phía bắc, Giang Tây ở phía đông, Trùng Khánh ở phía tây bắc. Tỉnh lỵ là Trường Sa.
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Mục lục |
[sửa] History
Hunan entered the written history of China around 350 BC, when under the kings of the Zhou dynasty it became part of the State of Chu. Until then Hunan was a land of primeval forests, occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and Yao peoples, but starting at this time and for hundreds of years thereafter it was a magnet for migration of Han Chinese from the north, who cleared most of the forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains. To this day, many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families which originally settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties Periods, when nomadic invaders overran the north.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu.
Hunan, was, together with Hubei, a part of the province of Huguang (湖廣) till the Qing dynasty.
Hunan became an important communications center from its position on the Yangzi River (Changjiang) and on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China. Its land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the 19th century, Hunan was overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings.
The Taiping Rebellion which began to the south in Guangxi Province in 1850 spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley, but ultimately it was a Hunanese army under Zeng Guofan which marched to Nanjing and put down the uprising in 1864.
Hunan was relatively quiet until 1910 when there were uprisings against the crumbling Qing dynasty, which were followed by the Communist's Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927 led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong, which established a short-lived Hunan soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerilla army in the mountains along the Hunan-Jiangxi border until 1934, when under pressure from the Nationalist (Kuomintang, KMT) forces they began the famous Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province. After the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war, defending the capital Changsha until it fell in 1944, when Japan launched Operation Ichigo to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou (Yuehan Railway). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, and in 1949 the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward.
Being Mao Zedong's home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976, and was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in the years that followed Mao's death in 1976.
Former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji is also Hunanese.
[sửa] Geography
Hunan Province is located on the south bank at mid-stream of the Yangtze River (Changjiang, 长江), it is 1000 km away from Shanghai, 1200 km away from Beijing, and 500 km away from Guangzhou.
Hunan is situated between 109°-114° east longitude and 20°-30° north latitude. The east, south and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the Wuling Mountains to the northwest, the Xuefeng Mountains to the west, the Nanling Mountains to the south, and the Luoxiao Mountains to the east. The mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the area and the plain comprises less than 20% of the whole province.
The Xiangjiang, the Zijiang, the Yuanjiang and the Lishui Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at Lake Dongting (Dongting Hu, 洞庭湖) in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan Province lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River.
Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China. Due to the reclamation of land for agriculture, Lake Dongting has been subdivided into many smaller lakes, though there is now a trend to reverse some of the reclamation, which had damaged wetland habitats surrounding the lake. It is located in the Jiuyi Mountains on the border with Guangdong.
Hunan's climate is subtropical, with mild winters and plenty of precipitation. January temperatures average at 3-8 °C while July temperatures average at 27-30 °C. Average annual precipitation is 1200 - 1700 mm.
[sửa] Các đơn vị hành chính
Hồ Nam được chia thành 14 đơn vị hành chính cấp địa khu, trong đó có 13 thành phố (địa cấp thị) và 1 châu tự trị.
Các thành phố cấp địa khu:
- Trường Sa (长沙市; bính âm: Chángshā Shì)
- Trương Gia Giới (张家界市 Zhāngjiājiè Shì)
- Thường Đức (常德市 Chángdé Shì)
- Ích Dương (益阳市 Yìyáng Shì)
- Nhạc Dương (岳阳市 Yuèyáng Shì)
- Chu Châu (株洲市 Zhūzhōu Shì)
- Tương Đàm (湘潭市 Xiāngtán Shì)
- Hành Dương hoặc Hoành Dương (衡阳市 Héngyáng Shì)
- Sâm Châu (郴州市 Chénzhōu Shì)
- Vĩnh Châu (永州市 Yǒngzhōu Shì)
- Thiệu Dương (邵阳市 Shàoyáng Shì)
- Hoài Hóa (怀化市 Huáihuà Shì)
- Lâu Để (娄底市 Lóudǐ Shì)
Châu tự trị:
- Châu tự trị dân tộc Thổ Gia và dân tộc Miêu Tương Tây (湘西土家族苗族自治州 Xiāngxī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
14 đơn vị hành chính cấp địa khu trên đây được chia thành 122 đơn vị hành chính cấp huyện, gồm 34 quận, 16 thị xã (huyện cấp thị), 65 huyện, 7 huyện tự trị. Các đơn vị hành chính cấp huyện này lại được nhỏ thành 2587 đơn vị hành chính cấp hương, gồm 1098 thị trấn (trấn), 1158 hương, 98 hương dân tộc, 225 phường (nhai đạo), và 8 khu công sở.
[sửa] Economy
Hunan's traditional crop is rice. The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation.
The Lengshuijiang area is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China.
Its nominal GDP for 2004 was 561.2 billion yuan (US$69.62 billion). In 2004, its per capita GDP was 8,423 yuan (US$1,040). [1]
[sửa] Demographics
As of the 2000 census, the population of Hunan is 64,400,700 consisting of 41 ethnic groups. Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,825,400) identified themselves as Han people, 10.21% (6,575,300) as minority groups. The minority groups are Tujia, Miao, Dong, Yao, Hui, Bai, Zhuang, Uyghurs and so on.
- List of Chinese ethnic groups
[sửa] Culture
Xiang, a subdivision of spoken Chinese, is spoken over most of Hunan, except the north.
Hunan cuisine is noted for its use of chili peppers.
Nü shu is a writing system that was used exclusively among women in Jiangyong County.
[sửa] Tourism
- Shaoshan chong, the village where Mao Zedong was born.
- Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area (World Heritage Site)
- Yueyang Pagoda in Yueyang.
- Hengshan in Hengyang.
- Zhangjiajie.
[sửa] Miscellaneous topics
Professional sports teams in Hunan include:
- Chinese Basketball Association
- None
- Chinese Football Association Jia League
- Hunan Xiangjun
[sửa] Đại học cao đẳng
- Hunan Normal University Official web siteEnglish entry
- Central South University
- Changsha University
- Hunan University
- Xiangtan University
- Jishou University Jishou University English Web Site
- Yuelu Academy of Classical Learning
- Xiangnan University Xiangnan University Official Web Site
[sửa] Liên kết ngoài
Các tỉnh do Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa quản lý | ![]() |
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Tỉnh: | An Huy | Cam Túc | Cát Lâm | Chiết Giang | Hà Bắc | Hà Nam | Hải Nam | Hắc Long Giang | Hồ Bắc | Hồ Nam | Giang Tây | Giang Tô | Liêu Ninh | Phúc Kiến | Quảng Đông | Quý Châu | Sơn Đông | Sơn Tây | Thanh Hải | Thiểm Tây | Tứ Xuyên | Vân Nam | Đài Loan (đòi chủ quyền) | |
Khu tự trị: | Ninh Hạ | Nội Mông Cổ | Quảng Tây | Tân Cương | Tây Tạng | |
Trực hạt thị: | Bắc Kinh | Thiên Tân | Thượng Hải | Trùng Khánh | |
Đặc khu hành chính: | Hồng Kông | Ma Cao | |
Xem thêm: Vị thế chính trị Đài Loan và Tỉnh Đài Loan (Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa) |