The MLA style manual
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The Modern Language Association's (MLA) style manual is an academic style guide. It prescribes a writing style most often used in English studies, comparative literature, foreign-language, literary criticism, and some other fields in the humanities.
MLA style uses a Works Cited Page to list works at the end of the paper. Brief parenthetical citations, which include an author and page (if applicable), are used within the text. These direct readers to work of the author on the list of works cited, and the page of the work where the information is located (e.g. (Smith 107) refers the reader to page 107 of the work by author Smith).
The style manual is present in 2 versions. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Sixth Edition (ISBN 0873529863), is meant for high school and undergraduate students. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2d ed) (ISBN 0873526996) is meant for graduate students, scholars, and professional writers. Both versions are written by Joseph Gibaldi, and sanctioned by the Modern Language Association.
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[editar] Format
The MLA suggests that when creating a document on a computer you try to maintain a series of guidelines that make it easier for people to read a composition without causing the style to distract from the content.
- Choose a standard, easy-to-read font. Times New Roman is suggested (and is often required).
- Do not align text of the composition on the right or center, but on the left. Lines should not be justified.
- Turn off your word processor's automatic hyphenation feature.
- Print using high quality paper (e.g., not with dot matrix paper).
- Print on only one side of a piece of paper.
- Keep a backup file on the computer, or print an extra copy.
Many features of MLA style (notably the use of underlining instead of italic type to represent book titles) seem to be designed to make it easier to compose documents on a typewriter (numerous references to typewriters in the current edition of the style manual bear this out). It is debatable whether such methods are needed now that word processors are universal in academia.
[editar] Citation
Examples follow:
A book:
- Conway, John Horton. On Numbers and Games. 2nd ed. Natick: A. K. Peters, 2001.
An Encyclopedia or Dictionary:
- Mohanty, Jitendra M. "Indian Philosophy." The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.
A Periodical:
- Rout, Kathleen. "Dream a Little Dream of Me: Mrs. May and the Bull in Flannery O'Connor's 'Greenleaf.'" Studies in Short Fiction 16 (1979): 233-34.
A website:
- "Plagiarism." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 22 Jul. 2004, 10:55 UTC. 10 Aug. 2004 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism>.
Note that for websites, the MLA style calls for both the date of publication (or its latest update), as well as the date on which the information was retrieved.
[editar] References
- More information on how to do MLA citation for the above mentioned and other types of refences can be found at the website of Purdue University's Online Writing Lab.
- MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Sixth Edition (Paperback) by Joseph Gibaldi, ISBN 0873529863.
- Author Diana Hacker's A Writer's Reference offers extensive documentation on the MLA format. A basic guide from the book is avaliable at Diana Hacker's website.
[editar] Links
You can generate MLA Formatted Works' Cited pages here: http://www.citationmachine.net