Têt

Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia.

Nama Vietnam
Quốc Ngữ Tết Nguyên Ðán
Chữ Nôm 節元旦

Tết Nguyên Ðán (berasal dari bahasa Tionghoa 節元旦), lebih umum dikenal sebagai Tết (節), adalah hari raya paling penting di Vietnam. Ini adalah perayaan Tahun Baru Vietnam yang didasarkan pada kalender Tionghoa, sebuah kalender bulan-matahari.

Tết dirayakan pada hari yang sama dengan Tahun Baru Imlek (atau Pesta Musim Semi) dan banyak mengandung kebiasaan yang sama pula. Perayaan ini diadakan pada hari pertama dari bulan pertama dalam kalender Tionghoa (sekitar akhir Januari atau awal Februari) hingga sekurang-kurangnya hari yang ketiga. Banyak orang Vietnam mempersiapkan hari raya Tết ini dengan memasak makanan-makanan khusus dan membersihkan rumah. Pada hari raya Tết orang Vietnam mengunjungi sanak keluarga mereka dan vihara. Anak-anak mendapat perlakuan khusus pada hari raya ini. Mereka diberikan uang dalam amplop merah (ang pao), yang disebut mừng tuổi atau lì xì, dari anggota kelaurga yang lebih tua. Praktik-praktik yang lebih umum lainnya sekitar Tết adalah memasang petasan, tarian naga dan barongsai yang dimaksudkan untuk mengusir roh-roh jahat dan mengundang peruntungan yang baik pada tahun yang baru.

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Daftar isi

[sunting] Persiapan

Tampilan Têt di Kota Ho Chi Minh
Perbesar
Tampilan Têt di Kota Ho Chi Minh

Preparations for Tết start months before the actual celebrations. People would try to pay off their debts in advance so that they can be debt-free on Tết. Parents would buy new clothes for their children so that they can don them.

Traditionally, the three kitchen guardians for each house (Ông Táo), depart to heaven on the 23rd day of the last month of the Chinese calendar. They were to report to the Jade Emperor about the events in that house over the past year. Their departure is marked by a modest ceremony where the family offers sacrifices for them to use on their journey.

In the days before Tết, each family would traditionally cook special holiday food known as bánh chưng and bánh giầy. Preparations for these foods are quite extensive, and cooking them can take several days. Family members would often take turns to keep watch on the fire overnight, telling each other stories about past Tếts.

Each home is thoroughly swept and decorated with flowers and offerings for ancestors by the night before Tết. At midnight, many families would light firecrackers to welcome the New Year (this practice is recently banned in Vietnam). In the morning, actual Tết celebrations begin.

[sunting] Pakaian

The first day of Tết is reserved for the nuclear family. Children would receive mừng tuổi (or lì xì in the South) from their elders. Usually, children would don their new clothes and give their elders the traditional Tết greetings before receiving the money. Since the Vietnamese believe that the first visitor a family receives in the year would set their fortunes for the entire year, people would never enter any house on the first day without being invited first. In big cities, the streets are usually empty as most people stay at home or have left the city to visit their close relatives in the countryside.

Sweeping during Tết is taboo, since it symbolizes sweeping the luck away. In southern Vietnam, popular fruits used for offering at the family altar are the custard-apple/sugar-apple (mãng cầu), coconut (dừa), papaya (đu đủ), and mango (xoài), since they sound like "cầu vừa đủ xài" ([we] pray for enough [money] to spend) in the southern dialect of Vietnamese.

During the subsequent days, people would visit relatives and visit the local Buddhist temples to give donations and to get their fortunes told. Fortune-telling based on Truyện Kiều is also popular. With their new money, children are free to spend it on toys or on gambling, which can be found in the streets. Prosperous families can pay for dragon dancers to perform at their house. There are also public performances for everyone to watch.

[sunting] Ucapan selamat

Pada hari raya ini, orang biasanya mengucapkan "Chúc mừng năm mới" (Selamat Tahun Baru), "Cung chúc tân xuân". "Cung hỉ phát tài" (dari bahasa Konghu) kadang-kadang juga diucapkan.

[sunting] Makanan

Dalam bahasa Vietnam, merayakan Tết digambarkan sebagai ăn Tết, yang secara harafiah berarti "makan Tết". Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya makanan dalam perayaan ini. Sebagian makanan dimakan sepanjang tahun, sementara yang lainnya khusus disajikan pada hari raya Tết. Makanan ini antara lain adalah:

  • bánh chưng dan bánh giầy: pada dasarnya adalah ketan yang diisi padat dengan daging atau kacang-kacangan yang dibungkus dengan daun pisang, bánh chưng (segi empat) dan bánh giầy (melingkar) yang secara simbolik berkaitan dengan Tết dan penting dalam setiap perayaan Tết. Persiapannya memakan banyak waktu, dan memasaknya bisa berhari-hari. Cerita tentang asal-usul dan kaitannya dengan Tết seringkali disampaikan kepada anak-anak ketika makanan-makanan ini dimasak semalaman.
  • hạt dưa: kuaci yang juga dimakan pada waktu Tết
  • kiệu: acar sayuran
  • mứt: buah-buah kering dan manis jarang dimakan pada kesempatan lain selain pada hari raya Tết.

[sunting] Trivia

[sunting] Lihat pula

[sunting] Pranala luar