Pertempuran Berlin

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Artikel ini tentang serangan Soviet pada 1945 terhadap Berlin. Untuk serangan pengeboman strategis terhadap Berlin, lihat Pertempuran Berlin (udara).
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.Pengibaran bendera Soviet di Reichstag
Pertempuran Berlin
Konflik Perang Dunia II
Tanggal 16 April 1945 - 8 Mei 1945
Tempat Berlin, Jerman
Hasil Kemenangan Soviet
Pihak yang terlibat
Jerman Uni Soviet, Polandia
Komandan
Gotthard Heinrici
Helmuth Weidling
Helmuth Reymann
Wilhelm Mohnke
Georgy Zhukov
Ivan Konev
Vassili Chuikov
Kekuatan
1 million men,
1,500 AFVs,
3,300 aircraft
2.5 million men,
6,250 AFVs,
7,500 aircraft
41,600 artillery
Korban
150,000 - 173,000 dead
134,000 captured
152,000 civilian dead
81,000 dead and missing (including 2800 Polish), 280,000 wounded and sick
1,997 armoured vehicles
2,108 artillery pieces
917 aircraft
Perang Jerman-Soviet
Barbarossa – Silberfuchs – Smolensk – Uman – Kiev ke-1 – Typhoon – Rostov ke-1 – LeningradMoskwa – Sevastopol – Rzhev-Vyazma ke-1 – Kharkov ke-2 – Voronezh ke-1 – Stalingrad – Velikiye Luki – Uranus – Rzhev-Sychevka ke-2 – Saturnus – Kharkov ke-3 – Kursk – Belgorod – Kharkov ke-4 – Korsun – NarvaKantong Hube – Brody –Bagration – Kiev ke-2 – Debrecen – Vistula-Oder – Balaton – BerlinHalbe – Praha

Pertempuran Berlin adalah salah satu pertempuran terakhir dari Teater Eropa Perang Dunia II. Angkatan darat Soviet yang besar menyerang Berlin dari timur. Pertempuran ini berlangsung dari akhir April 1945 sampai awal Mei. Sebelum pertempuran berakhir, Adolf Hitler melakukan bunuh diri, dan Jerman menyerah setelah lima hari pertempuran berakhir.

Daftar isi

[sunting] Latar Belakang

Pada Permulaan tahun 1945, [Front Timur (WWII)|Front Timur]] semakin stabil semenjak Agustus 1944 setelah peluncuran Operasi Bagration. Jerman telah kehilangan Budapest dan beberapa negara seperti Hungaria, lalu Rumania dan Bulgaria dipaksa untuk menyerah dan mengumumkan perang terhadap Jerman, serta akses ke Polandia telah terbuka bagi Tentara Merah Soviet.

Komandan Soviet, setelah aksi mereka selama Pemberontakan Warsawa, mengambil Warsawa pada Januari 1945. Selama tiga hari, di garis depan yang lebar menggunakan empat Front, Tentara Merah mulai menyerang menyeberangi Sungai Narew dan dari Warsawa. Setelah empat hari Tentara Merah pecah dan mulai bergerak tiga puluh sampai empat puluh km per hari, mengambil negara-negara Baltic, [[Danzig, Prussia Timur, Poznan, dan menggambar garis 60 km timur Berlin sepanjang sungai Oder.

Satu serangan balasan oleh Grup Tentara Vistula yang baru dibentuk, dibawah koomando Heinrich Himmler, gagal pada 24 Februari, dan Rusia lalu bergerak maju ke Pomerania dan membersihkan sisi kanan Sungai Oder.Diselatan,tiga kali usaha Jerman menggagalkan pengepungan kota Budapest telah gagal dan Budapest akhirnya jatuh pada tanggal 13 Februari ketangan Soviet. Lalu Jerman kembali melakukan serangan balasan, Hitler memaksakan suatu tugas yang tidak mungkin untuk menduduki kembali sungai Danube. Pada 16 Maret serangan itu gagal dan Tentara Merah kembali melakukan penyerangan di hari yang sama. Pada 30 Maret mereka memasuki Austria dan menduduki Wina pada 13 April.

Saat itu hanya kurang dari seperdua belas bahan bakar yang tersedia dari yang jumlah dibutuhkan Wehrmacht. Produksi pesawat tempur dan tank menurun tajam dan kualitasnya hanya separuh dibandingkan dengan tahun 1944.

Sangat jelas bahwa kekalahan Jerman akan terjadi dalam beberapa minggu, tetapi pertempuran semakin bergejolak. Nasionalisme, persyaratan menyerah tanpa syarat yang tidak diterima pihak sekutu, dan usaha mengulur waktu agar pengungsi bisa diselamatkan ke daerah barat sebelum datangnya tentara merah membuat pasukan Jerman bertempur hingga penghabisan. Adolf Hitler sendiri berkeras untuk bertahan di dalam kota.

Pihak sekutu blok barat sebenarnya berniat menurunkan pasukan penerjun payung untuk mengambil alih Berlin, tetapi kemudian membatalkannya. Eisenhower melihat bahwa tidak ada gunanya mengorbankan pastukan untuk menyerang kota yang pasti akan diambil alih pihak Soviet. Selain itu, perintah ini tidak masuk akal jika mempertimbangkan jumlah pasukan yang tersisa dan cadangan makanan yang tersedia untuk mendukung keberadaan pasukan di dalam kota.

[sunting] Penyerangan Jerman Timur

Berkas:FinalOffensiveMap.gif
Map of final Soviet offensives on the Eastern Front

Serangan pihak Soviet ke daerah yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama Jerman Timur (GDR) memiliki dua tujuan. Karena kecurigaan Stalin terhadap tujuan Sekutu Blok Barat untuk mengambil alih wilayah yang belum diinjak tentara Soviet, maka serangan ini terus maju ke depan dan berusah secepatnya menyerang ke arah barat agar bisa menghentikan gerak sekutu blok barat untuk bergerak ke timur. Keduanya memiliki pikiran hampir serupa karena penguasaan atas wilayah tersebut tidak bisa dilakukan secepatnya kecuali jika Berlin telah diambil alih leh salah satu blok. Pertimbangan lain adalah Berlin sendiri memiliki banyak aset strategis, contohnya Adolf Hitler sendiri dan program pengembangan bom atom Jerman.

Pada 9 April9 1945 Königsberg di Prussia Selatan akhirnya jatuh ke tangan pasukan merah. Hal ini membebaskan gerak pasukan Jendral Rokossovsky (2nd Belorussian Front, 2BF) dari barat ke timur lembah sungai Oder . Selama dua minggu pertama bulan April Russia berhasil melakukan gerak penempatan kembali Front mereka. Jendral Georgy Zhukov berkonsentrasi di 1st Belorussian Front (1BF) yang ditugaskan di sepanjang sungai Oder dari Frankfurt di daerah Selatan hingga ke wilayah Baltic, sampai wilayah di front Seelow Heights. Front 2BF bergerak menuju posisi yang telah dikuasai 1BF di bagian utara Seelow Heights. Saat penempatan ulang ini, beberapa kantung kosong terjadi, menyebabkan Pasukan German II, yang telah terkepung di Danzig, berhasil keluar dan menyeberangi sungai Oder.

Di selatan Jendral Konev membawa Front Pertama Ukrainia (1UF) keluar dari Bagian Luar Silesia ke arah barat laut menuju sungai Neisse.

Ketiga Front Soviet ini berjumlah 2.5 juta orang (termasuk 78,556 prajurit dari 1st Polish Army); 6,250 tank; 7,500 pesawat; 41,600 artileri dan mortar; 3,255 truk-bermuatan roket Katyusha (disebut juga dengan nama 'Orgen Stalin); dan 95,383 motor tempur, kebanyakan buatan Amerika Serikat.

Jendral Gotthard Heinrici menggantikan Himmler sebagai komandan grup Vistula pada 20 Maret. Dia adalah salah satu ahli strategi bertahan di pasukan Jerman dan memulai rencana pertahanan. Dia (dengan tepat sekali) berpendapat bahwa serangan utama Soviet pasti akan terjadi melalui sungai Oder dan di sepanjang utara hingga barat "autobahn". Dia memutuskan untuk tidak mempertahankan lembah di sekitar Sungai Oder dengan lebih dari sekedar pertahanan kamuflase. Sebaliknya ia memerintahkan insinyur untuk membentengi Seelow Heights yang memberikan akese pengawasan Sungai Oder di bagian mana "Autobahn" akan melewatinya. Ia mulai mengurangi kekuatan di garis lain untuk berkonsentrasi di Seelow Heights.

Pasukan Jerman kemudian merekayasa rencana membanjiri wilayah Oder, yang telah basah di musim semi menjadi rawa dengan melepaskan air dari bendungan utama. Di belakangnya mereka membangun tiga lingkaran pertahanan yang menjangkau daerah lembah dari daerah luar Berlin. Garis ini diperkuat dengan parit anti tank, penempatan senapan anti tank, dan jaringan besar pagar dan bunker.

[sunting] Pertempuran Oder-Neisse

Berkas:Na Berlin.jpg
Russian and Polish sign "to Berlin"

Dini hari 16 April serangan dimulai dengan bombardir hebat dari ribuan artileri dan roket Katyusha sepanjang hari. Tidak lama kemudian sebelum fajar, Front 1BF menyerang dengan menyeberangi Sungai Oder. Front 1UF menyerang melalui Neisse juga sebelum fajar. Front 1BF memiliki kekuatan lebih besar, tetapi memiliki penugasan lebih sulit dan harus menghadapi kekuatan terbesar Jerman.

Serangan awal Front 1BF menjadi bencana. Heinrici mengantisipasi serangan ini dan menarik pasukan bertahannya dari pagar garis pertahanan pertama tepat sebelum Soviet menghujani mereka dengan artileri. Sinar pencari dari 143 lampu yang sebenarnya dimaksudkan untuk membutakan pasukan bertahan tertahan oleh kabut pagi dan malah memperlihatkan siluet pasukan Soviet. Lumpur rawa yang terjadi terbukti menjadi tempat persembunyian efektif dan serangan balik Jerman membuat korban di pihak Soviet menjadi banyak.

Frustrasi oleh perkembangan yang lebih lambat dari keinginan Stalin, Zhukov meenurunkan pasukan cadangan, yang sebelumnya dimaksudkan untuk mendukung gerak merengsek maju. Pada awal sore, pasukan berhasil mendesak sejauh enam kilometer di beberapa area, tetapi garis Jerman tetap tidak tersentuh. Di selatan, Zhukov dengan Front 1UF terpaksa melaporkan bahwa Pertempuran Seelow Heights tidak berjalan sesuai rencana. Stalin, untuk menyemangati Zhukov, mengatakan padanya bahwa ia akan memberikan izin kepada Konev untuk mengerakkan pasukan tank menuju Berlin dari daerah Selatan.

Pada hari kedua, jumlah anggota Front 1BF dikurangi untuk menambah dukungan bagi pasukan yang terlibat pertempuran langsung. Taktik Soviet untuk menggunakan serangan masif terbukti memberi kerugian yang sangat banyak daripada yang diperhitungkan.

Pada awal malam 17 April front Jerman di belakang Zhukov masih tersisa, tetapi hampir hancur. Di selatan, Pusat Grup Pasukan yang dikomandani Jendral Ferdinand Schorner tidak bisa bertahan dengan bantuan persembunyian. Bagian flank Pasukan IV Panzer di utara terdesak secara jumlah oleh serangan Front 1UF. Ia memutuskan untuk tetap menyimpan cadangan dua divisi panser daripada menggunakannya untuk mendukung Pasukan IV Panzer. Di sinilah titik balik pertempuran terjadi, di mana saat malam, posisi Grup Vistula dan sektor selatan Pusat Grup Pasukan menjadi terpisah. Kecuali mereka bisa mengusahakan bergabung dengan Pasukan IV Panzer, mereka akan dihabisi. Sebagai efek keberhasilan serangan KOnev atas pertahanan pasukan Schorner yang buruk, membuat pertahanan pasukan Heinrichi yang brilian menjadi sia-sia.

Pada 18 April, kedua Front Soviet berhasil membuat perkembangan berarti, tetapi kerugian yang dialami Soviet terlalu besar dari yang seharusnya. Menjelang malam, Front 1BF berhasil mendesak ke garis pertahanan terakhir Jerman dan Front 1UF yang berhasil menguasai Forst bersiap untuk perang terbuka.

Pada 19 April Front 1BF berhasil merusak garis akhir pertahanan Seelow Heights dan hanya pasukan Jerman yang tinggal sedikit yang menghalangi mereka dari Berlin. Sisa Pasukan IX yang mempertahankan area tersebut dan sisa Pasukan IV Panzer dalam bahaya menghadapi penghancuran oleh Front 1UF.

On April 19 the fourth day the 1BF broke through the final line of the Seelow Heights and nothing but broken German formations lay between them and Berlin. The remnants of the IX Army which had been holding the heights and the remaining northern flank of the IV Panzer Army were in danger of being enveloped by elements of the 1UF, these were the 3rd Guards Army and the 3rd and 4th Guards Tank Armies, which having broken through the IV Panzer Army turned north towards Berlin and the 1BF. Other armies of the 1UF raced west towards the Americans. By the end of the 19th the German eastern front line had ceased to exist. All that remained were pockets of resistance. The cost to the Soviet forces had been very high between April 1 and April 19, with over 2,807 tanks lost. During the same period the Allies in the west lost 1,079 tanks.

[sunting] The encirclement of Berlin

Berkas:Polesberlin.jpg
Polish People's Army in Berlin.

On April 20, Hitler's birthday, Soviet artillery of the 1st Belorussian Front began to shell the centre of Berlin and did not stop until the city surrendered. After the war the Soviets pointed out that the weight of explosives delivered by their artillery during the battle, was greater than the tonnage dropped by the Western Allied bombers on the city. 1st Belorussian Front advanced towards the east and north-east of the City.

The 1st Ukrainian Front had pushed thought the last formations of the northern wing of Army Group Centre and had past north of Juterbog well over halfway to the American front lines on the river Elbe at Magdeburg. To the north between Stettin and Schwedt the 2nd Belorussian Front attacked the northern flank of Army Group Vistula, held by the |III Panzer Army.

On April 21 the 2nd Guards Army advanced nearly 50 km north of Berlin and then attacked southwest of Werneuchen. Other Soviet units reached the outer defence ring. The Soviet plan was to encircle Berlin first and then envelop the IX Army.

The command of the V Corps trapped with the IX Army north of Forst, passed from IV Panzer Army to the IX Army. The corps was still holding onto Cottbus. When the old southern flank of IV Panzer Army had some local successes counter attacking north against the 1st Ukrainian Front, Hitler gave some orders which showed that his grasp of military reality had gone. He ordered IX Army to hold Cottbus and set up a front facing west then they were to attack into the Soviet columns advancing north. This would allow them to form the northern pincer which would meet with the IV Panzer Army coming from the south and envelop the 1st Ukrainian Front before destroying it. They were to anticipate an attack south by the III Panzer Army and to be ready to be the southern arm of a pincer attack which would envelop the 1st Belorussian Front which would be destroyed by SS-General Felix Steiner's XI SS Panzer Army advancing from north of Berlin. Later in the day, when Steiner made it plain that he did not have the divisions to do this, Heinrici made it clear to Hitler's staff that unless the IX Army retreated immediately it was about to be enveloped by the Soviets. He stressed it was already too late for it to move north-west to Berlin and would have to retreat west. Heinrici went on to say that if Hitler did not allow it to move west he would ask to be relieved of his command.

On April 22 at his afternoon situation conference Hitler fell into a tearful rage when he realised that his plans of the day before were not going to be realised. He declared that the war was lost, he blamed the generals and announced that he would stay on in Berlin until the end and then kill himself. In an attempt to coax Hitler out of his rage, General Alfred Jodl speculated that the XII Army which was facing the Americans could move to Berlin because the Americans already on the Elbe river were unlikely to move further east. Hitler immediately grasped the idea and within hours General Walther Wenck was ordered to dis-engage the Americans and move the XII Army north-east to support Berlin. It was then realised that if the IX Army moved west it could link up with the XII Army. In the evening Heinrici was given permission to make the link up.

Berkas:Berlin bunker.jpg
AA bunker in Berlin Zoo, after battle

Away from the map room in the Berlin Fuhrerbunker with its fantasy attacks of phantom divisions, the Soviets were getting on with winning the war. The 2nd Belorussian Front had established a bridgehead on the east bank of the Oder over 15 km deep and was heavily engaged with the III Panzer Army. The IX Army had lost Cottbus and was being pressed from the east. A Soviet tank spearhead was on the river Havel to the east of Berlin and another had at one point penetrated the inner defensive ring of Berlin.

On April 23 the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Fronts continued to tighten the encirclement, including severing the last link that the German IX Army had with the city. Elements of the 1st Ukrainian Front continue to move to the west and they start to engage the German XII Army moving towards Berlin. Hitler appointed General Helmuth Weidling defence commandant of Berlin. By April 24 elements of the 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Fronts had completed the encirclement of the city.

The next day on April 25 the 2nd Belorussian Front broke through III Panzer Army's line around the bridgehead south of Stettin and crossed the Rando Swamp. They were now free to move west towards the British 21st Army Group and north towards the Baltic port of Stralsund. The Soviet 58th Guards Division of the 5th Guards Army made contact with the US 69th Infantry Division of the First Army near Torgau, Germany on the Elbe River.

[sunting] The battle of Berlin

Berkas:BattleBerlinMap.jpg
A map of the Soviet final offensive in Berlin

The forces available for the city's defense included several severely depleted Army and Waffen-SS divisions, supplemented by the police, boys in the compulsory Hitler Youth, and the Volkssturm which consisted of elderly men, many of whom had been in the army as young men and some were veterans of World War I.

To the west the XX Infantry Division, to the north the IX Parachute Division, to the north-east Panzer Division Müncheberg, XI SS Panzergrenadier Division Nordland were to the south-east,(east of Templehof Airport) and IIXX Infantry Division, the reserve, were in the central district.

Berlin's fate was sealed, but the resistance continued. The Soviet advance to the city centre was along these main axes: from the south-east, along the Frankfurter Allee (ending and stopped at the Alexanderplatz); from the south along Sonnen Allee ending north of the Belle Alliance Platz, from the south ending near the Potsdamer Platz and from the north ending near the Reichstag. The Reichstag, the Moltke bridge, Alexanderplatz, and the Havel bridges at Spandau were the places were the fighting was heaviest, with house-to-house and hand-to-hand combat. The foreign contingents of the SS fought particularly hard, because they were ideologically motivated and they believed that they would not live if captured.

On April 28 Heinrici rejected Hitler's command to hold Berlin at all costs, so he was relieved of his command and replaced by General Kurt Student the next day.

On April 30, as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married Eva Braun and then committed suicide by taking cyanide and shooting himself. General Weidling, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviets on May 2.

[sunting] The battle of Halbe

Main article: Battle of Halbe.

To the south of Berlin, during the battle of Berlin and for a number of days afterwards, the German IX Army fought a desperate action to break out of the pocket which they were in so that they could link up with the German XII Army and then to cross the river Elbe and surrender to the Americans.

[sunting] Conclusion

The battle ended after a week of heavy fighting because the Germans ran out of men and material. The German supply dumps were located outside the outer defence line (the Inner Ring) and were captured quite early in the battle by the Soviets. In the battle for the city the Soviets lost about 2,000 armoured vehicles, in good part due to an effective shoulder-firing rocket known as a "Panzerfaust" and mass numbers of which were supplied to German civilians, though countermeasures such as armor and wire skirts were being deployed. The Germans had only a few tanks.

In most areas of the city, vengeful Soviet troops (usually rear echelon units) looted, raped many women and murdered some civilians for several weeks. Initially this behaviour was tolerated by many Red Army officers, but as the invasion turned into occupation the army authorities and the NKVD put a stop to it. In 1945, some 4,000 Soviet officers were tried for crimes against civilians. The Soviets sustained 20-25,000 dead in the city and 81,000 for the entire operation. Another 280,000 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. The Germans sustained as many as 450,000 killed, wounded or missing, civilians included.

Following Hitler's wishes in his last will and testament, on his death Admiral Karl Dönitz became the new Reichspräsident and Joseph Goebbels the new Reichskanzler. However Goebbels' suicide on May 1, 1945 left the new head of state to orchestrate negotiations of national surrender on his own. All German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies on 8 May 1945. The war in Europe was over, and with it went the Third Reich. Hitler's "thousand-year Reich" had lasted for twelve years at a cost of 50 million deaths across Europe.

[sunting] Note

  1. ^ The last major battle was the Prague Offensive on May 6-May 11, 1945, when the Soviet Army with the help of Polish, Romanian and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of Army Group Centre which continued to resist in Czechoslovakia. The operation involved about 3,000,000 personnel from both sides.
  2. ^  Beevor see References

[sunting] References

  • Beevor, Antony. Berlin: the Downfall, 1945, ISBN 0670886955
  • Krivosheev, G. F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, Greenhill Books, 1997.
  • Read, Anthony. The Fall of Berlin, London: Pimlico, 1993. ISBN 0712606955
  • Ryan, Cornelius. The Last Battle, ISBN 0684803291
  • Ziemke, Earl F. Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich, NY:Ballantine Books, London:Macdomald & Co, 1969.
  • Anonymous A Woman in Berlin: Six Weeks in the Conquered City Translated by Anthes Bell, ISBN 0805075402

[sunting] See also

  • Menara Flak

[sunting] External links