발트 러시아인

위키백과 ― 우리 모두의 백과사전.

발트러시아인들은 에스토니아, 라트비아, 리투아니아에 살고 있는 러시아인들을 의미한다. 에스토니아, 라트비아의 인구절반을 러시아인들이 차지한다. 1991년 소련붕괴때는 대부분이 러시아로 귀환됬다.

목차

[편집] 역사

초기 동슬라브족의 정착지는 중세 시대초기에 발트 해 지방에 형성되었다. 6세기에 동슬라브족의 일족인 크리비치인들이, 지금의 동라트비아에 정착했다. 러시아를 뜻하는 라트비아어단어인 크리에비야(Krievija)는 이때 생긴 단어였다. Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kievan Rus erected Fort Yuryev (now Tartu) in south-east Estonia in 1030, one of the oldest towns in the region. 13세기에는 튜턴 기사단의 발트 지방의 정복으로, 이 지역에 영향력을 끼쳤던 슬라브족동방 정교회는 급속도로 감소했다.

[편집] 2번째 유입

러시아인의 2번째 유입은 러시아 제국이 1700년-1721년에 스웨덴령에 속했던 발트 지방 북쪽의 정복(지금의 라트비아에스토니아에 속했던 스웨덴령 리보니아)과, 18세기에 있었던 폴란드 분할로 리투아니아가 러시아 제국의 영토로 합병된 때부터였다. Under Russian rule, power in the Baltic region remained primarily in the hands of the German and Polish nobility, but some administrative jobs were gradually taken over by Russians, who also settled in cities such as Reval (Tallinn) and Riga. 이 지역의 많은 러시아인들은 군인, 선원, 상인으로 활동했다. 공식 기록으로는 제1차 세계대전뒤에, 독립 에스토니아와 라트비아의 인구 중 10%를 러시아인이 차지했다.

[편집] 3번째 유입

현재 대부분의 발트 러시아인이 지금과 같이 유입한 때는, 소련시절부터였다.

Following the terms of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin pact, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states in 1940. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 the Baltic States quickly fell under German control. Many Russians in the Baltics, especially communist activists who had arrived with the initial annexation, retreated to Russia; those who fell into German hands were treated harshly. At the same time, the Baltics' sizeable Jewish population was almost entirely wiped out during the Nazi-led Holocaust.

As the war drew to a close, the Soviet Union resumed its occupation of the Baltic states. In all three countries, many native Balts were killed, forced to flee, or exiled to Siberia, both because of the war and due to deliberate Stalinist policies. Many countries did not recognize the Soviet occupation, and each Baltic state maintained a government in exile; in practice, however, little was done to protest the situation.

The Soviet Union also annexed northern East Prussia, previously part of Germany, which became the Kaliningrad Oblast of the RSFSR. The entire German population of the Kaliningrad Oblast was expelled (see Evacuation of East Prussia) and replaced by Russians and other Soviet ethnic groups.

Immediately after the war, Stalin ordered a major colonization and de facto Russification campaign in what were now the three Baltic Soviet republics. The Russians, along with a smaller number of other Soviet ethnic groups, who migrated to the Baltic were mostly factory workers who settled in major urban areas, as well as military personnel stationed in the region in significant numbers due to the border location of the Baltic States within the Soviet Union. Many military retirees chose to stay in the region, which featured higher living standards compared to most of Russia. (This would lead to bitter disputes with Russia regarding the issue of their military pensions after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.)

However, after Stalin's death in 1953, the government of the Lithuanian SSR, led by the "communist nationalist" Antanas Sniečkus, objected to the resettlement policies and managed to slow down the influx of Russians by letting Lithuanians fill some of the higher party positions. The flow of immigrants did not stop entirely, and there were further waves of Russian workers who came to work on major construction projects, such as power plants.

In Latvia and Estonia, less was done to stop the Russian immigration. 1980년대에 에스토니아에서 러시아인들은 3번째로 많았지만 라트비아에서는 인구의 절반을 차지했다. In contrast, at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, only 12 percent of Lithuania's population were Russians, with a few more percent comprising other Soviet nationalities.


[편집] 현황

대부분이 도시에 거주한다. 리투아니아에서는 빌뉴스의 주민중 25%가 러시아인이고, 클라이페다시에도 약간이 거주한다. 카우나스에도 약간 많은 러시아인들이 거주한다. 라트비아의 경우에는 러시아인들이 절반을 차지해 수도 리가와 다우가우필스에도 70%가 러시아인이다. 에스토니아탈린시와 나르바시, 코흐틀라예르베시(Kohtla-Jarve)의 대부분의 주민이 러시아인이다. Russians settled mostly in larger cities because initially smaller towns were less safe for them because of local resistance, and the main cities also had more jobs for industrial workers. In all three countries, the countryside is populated almost entirely by the main national ethnic group, except for some areas in eastern Estonia and Latvia with a longer history of Russian and mixed villages. The Lithuanian city of Visaginas was built for workers at the Ignalina nuclear power plant and therefore has a Russian majority; it was built despite Antanas Sniečkus being against it. Ironically, at first the city was called Sniečkus.

[편집] 발트러시아인들의 현황

After independence, Latvia and Estonia did not automatically grant citizenship to anyone whose forebears arrived after the occupation of 1940, a policy that mainly affected ethnic Russians. Among the reasons given was the need to restore native cultures after the years of Soviet immigration and Russification. Therefore, knowledge of local languages and history was set as a condition for citizenship. However, the difficulty of the initial language tests became a point of international contention, as the Russian government, the European Union, and a number of human rights organizations objected that they made it impossible for many older Russians who grew up in the Baltic region to gain citizenship. As a result, the tests were altered, but many Russians in Latvia and Estonia still have alien status, and many feel they are regarded with suspicion.

The language issue is still contentious, particularly in Latvia, where ethnic Russians have protested against plans to require 60 percent of school subjects to be taught in the national language instead of Russian.

In contrast, Lithuania granted citizenship to all the people who lived in the republic at the time of the independence and wanted it without requiring them to learn Lithuanian.

Ethnic Russian communities in Latvia and Estonia claim discrimination by the countries' authorities with these calls frequently supported by Russia. On the other hand, Latvia and Estonia vigorously deny discrimination charges and often blame Russia for using the issue for political purposes.


[편집] 문화

문화적으로 보면 대부분이 러시아어를 쓰고 러시아 정교회를 믿는다.

[편집] 참조

  • 에스토니아 러시아인 역사
  • 라트비아 러시아인 역사
  • 리투아니아 러시아인 역사

[편집] 유명한 발트 러시아인

  • 러시아 정교회의 Patriarch Alexius II, 탈린에서 태어났을 때에는 알렉세이 미하일로비치 리디게르였다.
  • 미하일 바리시니코프, 리가에서 태어난 유명한 러시아계 미국인 댄서이자 배우였다.
  • Ludmilla Chiriaeff, ballet dancer, choreographer, and director, born in Riga.
  • 알렉산드르 칼레리, 유르말라에서 태어난 러시아인 우주비행사이다.
  • 발레리 카르핀, 나르바에서 태어난 축구 미드필더였다.
  • 알렉산드르 코발렙스키, 다우가프필스에서 태어난 embryologist였다.
  • Evgenii Miller, Russian general born in Dvinsk.
  • Marie N (Marija Naumova), winner of the 2002 Eurovision Song Contest for Latvia.
  • Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian 18th century statesman from Pärnu.
  • Vladimirs Petrovs (Vladimir Petrov), chess player, born in Riga.
  • Aleksandrs Petukhovs (Aleksandr Petushkov) movie writer and director, born in Riga.
  • Roman Romanov, a Lithuanian businessman and current Chairman of Heart of Midlothian F.C.
  • Vladimir Romanov, owner of Heart of Midlothian F.C. football club, citizen of Lithuania
  • Uljana Semjonova, basketball player from Daugavpils.
  • Alexei Shirov, chess grandmaster born in Riga.
  • Konstantin Sokolsky, singer from Riga.
  • Anatoly Solovyev, pilot and cosmonaut, born in Riga.
  • Aleksandrs Starkovs (Aleksandr Starkov), Latvia national football team coach of 2001-2004.
  • Yury Tynyanov, writer, literary critic, translator, scholar and scriptwriter born in Rēzekne (Rezhitsa).
  • Viktor Uspaskich, leader of the Lithuanian Labour party, former Lithuanian minister of infrastructure.
  • Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian of Baltic German ancestry, one of the leaders of the counterrevolution in Russia, born in Lithuania.
  • Mikhail Veller, writer, lives in Tallinn.
  • Mikhail Zadornov, satirist, born in Riga.
  • Sergei Zholtok, professional ice hockey player from Riga.
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