Literatură pentru copii

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Literatura pentru copii este un gen literar care se adresează acestui sector de vârste, celor aflaţi la vârsta copilăriei sau adolescenţei (de la 1 an până la 18 ani). Este un gen literar care s-a născut în secolul al XIX-lea şi a cunoscut o explozie abia în secolul al XX-lea.

Prima specie a acestui gen îl constituie basmele (vezi basm). Ele au fost iniţial culese, apoi au fost scrise după modelul celor populare basmele culte. Primele scrieri pentru tineret cum erau cele ale lui Charles Perrault, se adresau şi adulţilor. Jeanne Marie Leprince de Beaumont a scris opere special pentru acest public receptor.

În aceeaşi epocă publicul tânăr şi-a insuşit cărţi care nu fuseseră iniţial scrise pentru el cum sunt Călătoriile lui Gulliver, Don Quijote şi desigur Robinson Crusoe, recomandat copiilor de către Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Because of the difficulty in defining children's literature, it is also difficult to trace the history of children's literature to a precise starting point. In 1658 Jan Ámos Komenský published the illustrated informational book Orbis Pictus; it's considered to be the first picture book published specifically for children. John Newbery's 1744 publication of A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, sold with a ball for boys or a pincushion for girls, is considered a landmark for the beginning of pleasure reading marketed specifically to children. Previous to Newbery, literature marketed for children was intended to instruct the young, though there was a rich oral tradition of storytelling for children and adults; and many tales later considered to be inappropriate for children, such as the fairy tales of Charles Perrault, may have been considered family fare. Additionally, some literature not written with children in mind was given to children by adults. Among the earliest examples found in English of this co-opted adult fiction are Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur and the Robin Hood tales.

Cuprins

[modifică] Caracteristici fundamentale

There is some debate as to what constitutes children's literature. Some would have it that children's literature is literature written specially for children, though many books that were originally intended for adults are now commonly thought of as works for children, for example Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper, or Huckleberry Finn. The opposite has also been known to occur, where works of fiction originally written or marketed for children are given recognition as adult books. Witness that in recent years, the prestigious Whitbread Awards were twice given to books marketed as children's books: Philip Pullman's The Amber Spyglass, and Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. The Nobel prize for literature has also been given to authors who made great contributions to children's literature, such as Selma Lagerlöf and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Often it is hard to reach consensus on the question of whether a certain book is a children's book or not, for example, The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien.

Additionally, there is some debate as to whether or not non-fiction is literature (and a separate debate over whether non-fiction should be called non-fiction or informational). While the ALSC has an award specifically for non-fiction, the Sibert Medal, non-fiction books have also very occasionally won the Newbery Medal, the premier children's book award in the United States (notably, Russell Freedman's 1988 Lincoln: A Photobiography).

Many authors specialize in books for children. Other authors are more known for their writing for adults, but have also written books for children, such as Alexey Tolstoy 's The Adventures of Burratino, and Carl Sandburg's "Rootabaga Stories". In some cases, books intended for adults, such as Swift's Gulliver's Travels have been edited (or bowdlerized) somewhat, to make them more appropriate for children.

An attempt to identify the characteristics shared by works called 'children's literature' leads to some good general guidelines. No one rule is perfect, however, and for every identifying feature there are many exceptions, as well as many adult books that share the characteristic.

Caracteristici Exemple de literatură pentru copii Cărţi pentru adulţi care corespund profilului literaturii pentru copii
Vândute sau scrise pentru copii To Kill a Mockingbird de Harper Lee a fost, la origine, scrisă sau comercializată pentru copii, iar acum este înainte de toate o carte pentru copii. The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales de Jon Scieszka este o carte extrem de populară în rândul adulţilor, probabil mai mult astfel decât în rândul adulţilor.
Copiii sunt protagonişti My Friend Mr. Leaky de J.B.S. Haldane este o carte pentru copii având ca protagonist un adult. All the Pretty Horses de Cormac McCarthy este o carte pentru adulţi având ca protagonist un copil. Este de notat faptul că multe cărţi pentru adulţi, cu protagonişti copii devin de facto cărţi pentru tineri atunci când se stabileşte ca acestea să fie folosite în şcoli.
Nu conţin teme pentru adulţi şi sunt 'potrivite pentru copii' -- un criteriu problematic, deoarece mulţi specialişti sunt de păreri diferite asupra unor teme cum ar fi (de exemplu tulburări alimentare, violuri, abuz sexual, închisoare, război) şi care sunt considerate potrivite atunci când lipsesc. Junk de Melvin Burgess este despre consumul de heroină, No Laughter Here de Rita Williams-Garcia este despre FGM. A Pale View of Hills de Kazuo Ishiguro nu conţine teme nepotrivite, nici nu conţine mult gen ficţional pentru adulţi.
Relativ scurte Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix de J.K. Rowling, Summerland de Michael Chabon Jonathan Livingston Seagull de Richard Bach
Conţin ilustraţii, în anumite cărţi scrise pentru copii The Tulip Touch de Anne Fine este o carte pentru copii ilustrată. Maus de Art Spiegelman este un roman grafic pentru adulţi.
Sunt scrise într-un limbaj simplu Skellig de David Almond The Woman Warrior de Maxine Hong Kingston
Sunt orientate înspre un anumit subiect cu mai mult dialog şi evenimente şi cu descrieri şi reflecţii puţine The Red Pony de John Steinbeck Jurassic Park de Michael Crichton
Tratează temele dezvoltării, creşterii, ajungând la o anumită vârstă şi la maturizare Fantastic Mr Fox de Roald Dahl A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man de James Joyce, deşi se poate lua în considerare nota de mai sus despre cărţile pentru adulţi cu copii protagonişti.
Încercări didactice, educaţionale sau de educare a copiilor pentru a putea face faţă problemelor din societate şi problemelor de comportament; pe de altă parte, conţin povestiri fantastice şi aventuri Encyclopedia Brown de Donald J. Sobol The Fountainhead de Ayn Rand, The Picture of Dorian Gray de Oscar Wilde
Sfârşit fericit, în care binele triumfă asupra răului Bridge to Terabithia de Katherine Paterson, Rhymes with Witchesde Lauren Myracle The Nightingale Legacy de Catherine R. Coulter

Publishers have attempted to further break down children's literature into subdivisions appropriate for different ages. In the United States, current practice within the field of children's books publishing is to break children's literature into pre-readers, early readers, chapter books, and young adults. This is roughly equivalent to the age groups 0-5, 5-7, 7-11 (sometimes broken down further into 7-9 and pre-teens), and books for teenagers. However, the criteria for these divisions are just as vague and problematic as the criteria for defining children's books as a whole. One obvious distinction is that books for younger children tend to contain illustrations, but Picture books which feature art as an integral part of the overall work also cross all genres and age levels. As a general rule the implied reader of a children's or young adult book is 1-3 years younger than the protagonist. (counter example: Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game, not necessarily written for children, but co-opted by a child and young adult audience)

[modifică] Serii celebre

The success of a book for children often prompts the author to continue the story in a sequel, or even to launch into an entire series of books. Some works are originally conceived as series: J. K. Rowling has always stated in interviews that her original plan was to write no fewer than seven books about Harry Potter, and some authors, such as the prolific Enid Blyton and R. L. Stine, seem incapable of writing a stand-alone book. In several cases, series have outlived their authors, whether publishers openly hired new authors to continue after the death of the original creator of the series (such was the case when Reilly and Lee hired Ruth Plumly Thompson to continue The Oz series after L. Frank Baum's death), or whether the pen name of the original author was retained as a brand-nom-de-plume for the series (as with Franklin W. Dixon and the Hardy Boys series, Carolyn Keene and the Nancy Drew series, and V. C. Andrews and the Flowers in the Attic series).

[modifică] Opere fundamentale ale literaturii pentru copii

Fairy tale collections are one of the earliest forms of published fiction that have never lost their charm for children, though several of the classic tales are gruesome and were not originally collected for children. Famous collectors and retellers of Fairy Tales include Charles Perrault, the brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen and Andrew Lang.

  • Orbis Pictus (1658) by Jan Ámos Komenský:Earliest picturebook
  • The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come by John Bunyan (1678); many later children's fantasies were modeled on this Christian allegory
  • A Little Pretty Pocket-Book (1744) by John Newbery:Earliest marketing tie-in and storybook marketed as pleasure reading
  • Struwwelpeter (1845) by Heinrich Hoffman (published in English as Slovenly Peter): One of the earliest examples of grotesque humor as well as of modern picturebook design
  • Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1864) by Lewis Carroll:Early surrealism and children's novel as pleasurable and non-didactic.
  • Little Women (1868) by Louisa May Alcott.
  • Max and Moritz (1865) by Wilhelm Busch.
  • Pinocchio (1880) by Carlo Collodi.
  • The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) by L. Frank Baum, later expanded into a series of books which were tremendously popular in America during the first half of the twentieth century. One of the earliest children go to another world fantasies.
  • Peter and Wendy (1911) by J. M. Barrie (better known as Peter Pan)
  • Winnie-the-Pooh (1928) by A. A. Milne.
  • The Hobbit or There and Back Again (1937) by J. R. R. Tolkien: and early example of the modern lighthearted quest fantasy
  • Le Petit Prince (1943, English The Little Prince) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
  • Pippi Longstocking (1944) by Astrid Lindgren.
  • The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis
  • The Cat in the Hat (1957) by Dr. Seuss: First high quality limited-vocabulary book, written for early readers
  • To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) by Harper Lee: Pulitzer for book market to children; also seminal work on race
  • Where the Wild Things Are (1964) by Maurice Sendak
  • Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) by Roald Dahl
  • A Wizard of Earthsea (1968) by Ursula K. Le Guin, and sequels.
  • Annie on my Mind (1982) by Nancy Garden: First children's book about homosexual characters with a non-tragic conclusion.
  • Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997) by J. K. Rowling, and sequels; worldwide publishing phenomenon, one of the bestselling books of all times and one of the most widely translated works of literature. Worldwide popularity caused resurgence of interest in children's literature.
  • A Series of Unfortunate Events (1999) dark clever semi-unrealistic underground classic written in 13 books by Daniel Handler under the name Lemony Snicket.

[modifică] Altele

  • Aventurile baronului Munchausen, Rudolph Erich Raspe
  • Beţişorul năzdrăvan, V. Suteev
  • Micul prinţ, Antoine de Saint Exuppery
  • Minunatele aventuri ale lui Nils Holgerson, Selma Lagerlof
  • Poveste fără sfârşit, Momo, Michael Ende
  • Ultima licornă, Peter Beagle

[modifică] Lista autorilor români care au scris poezie pentru copii

[modifică] Căsuţa cu personaje (Recunoaşteţi autorul?)

  • Gelsomino
  • Willhelm Hauff, Povestea lui Muck cel Mic
  • Croitoraşul cel viteaz
  • Luna Betiluna şi Dora Minodora
  • Doctorul Au Mă doare
  • In ţara lui Habar n-am
  • uriaşul Periferigerilerimini

[modifică] Lista autorilor români de romane pentru copii

[modifică] Lista autorilor români care au scris literatura pentru adolescenţi

[modifică] Lista editurilor din România specializate

  • Editura Ion Creangă
  • Editura Tineretului

[modifică] Vezi şi

[modifică] Premii pentru literatura pentru copii

Some noted awards for children's literature are:

  • United States: the major awards are given by the American Library Association Association for Library Service to Children. They include the Newbery Medal for writing, Caldecott Medal for illustration, Sibert Medal for informational, Wilder Medal for impact over time, Batchelder Award for works in translation, Coretta Scott King Award for work by an African-American writer, and the Belpre Medal for work by a Latino writer.
  • United Kingdoms and Commonwealth: the Carnegie Medal for writing and the Kate Greenaway Medal for illustration; the Nestle Smarties Book Prize; and the Guardian Award.
  • Internationally: the Hans Christian Andersen Award
  • Franţa
  • Premiul Baobab
  • Premiul Tam-Tams
  • Premiul presei tinere
  • Premiul Vrajitorilor
  • Premiul Incoruptibililor

[modifică] Legături externe