Charles Darwin

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Charles Darwin (Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Anglaterra, 12 de februario 1809 - Downe, Kent, Anglaterra, 19 de april 1882) esseva un naturalista britannic.

Charles Darwin - 1868
Charles Darwin - 1868

Tabula de contento

[modificar] Biographia

C. Darwin habeva studiate medicina al universitate de Edinburgh, post habeva studiate theologia al universitate de Cambridge. Desde le anno 1831 usque al 1836 habeva fecite un longe viage in America del sud sur le veliero Beagle commandate per Robert Fitzroy, le resocontes del sue diario de viage le reser famose como geologo.

Edition del 1859 del Origin of Species
Edition del 1859 del Origin of Species

In le anno 1859 pubblicava le libro On the Origin of Species (Sur le Origine del species), in iste obra habeva formulate le Theoria del evolution, multe parte del observationes continite in le libro las habeva ricavate ex le sue viage al insulas Galapagos.

Le theoria del evolution de Darwin esseva simultanee e multe simile a le theoria del naturalista Alfred Russel Wallace sue amico e correspondente. Le theorie del evolutione habeva provocate multe scandalo inter le contemporanees e esseva propugnate per le scientista Thomas Henry Huxley.

Per le studios que tanto occupava Darwin ipse post le publication del Origine del Species, isto es, le explication del mechanismos de animales (e de vegetabiles), coloration, habitos, etc., como avantagiose al specie o a su ancestres, Charles Darwin pote esser considerate de haber fundate le scientia del bionomia, e simultaaneemente de haber date nove stimulo e nove direction al morpheographia, physiologia e plasmologia, per unir los como contributorios a un doctrina biologic cummun: le doctrina del evolution organic ipse ma como parte del doctrina plus large de evolution universal basate super le leges del physica e del chimia. Le resultato immediate esseva un reconstruction del classification de animales super un base genealogic, e un investigation del disveloppamento individual de animales in relation al passos de lor gradual crescimento per le division de cellulas, con un vista a obtener evidentia de lor relationes genetic.

[modificar] Le discoperta del evolution

Le interesse de Darwin per le evolution nasceva quando como studiante in le universitate de Edinburgh esseva discipulo del biologo R. E. Grant que le facite cognoscer le theoria de Lamarck sur le variation del species, iste theoria esseva multe debattite in illes annos e etiam esseva tractate in le obra Zoonomia del medico Erasmus Darwin (le granpatre de Charles Darwin). Le Theoria de Lamarck in synthese affirma que le species vivente pote variar in le tempore por adaptar se al ambiente gratias a le transmission del characteres aquirite, ergo illa theoria es de facto le precursor del darwinismo anque se la mancava de bases solide empiric, e nonobstante post on ha essite emphatisate in illa alicun aspectos negativo como le affirmation dubitabile del transmission del caracteres aquirite ab le phenotypo al genotypo cosa jammais exprimite con claritate per le studiose francese Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. Sin dubita durante le sue viage de exploration naturalista, Darwin interpretava le variationes del species animal per ille observate al luce del theoria de Lamarck revisionante la al besonio, de facto Darwin per le natura del sue studios al universitate de Cambridge esseva ducite a verificar un theoria scientific vetere plus tosto que crear de illa un nova. Sol quando Darwin habeva observate le fauna del insulas Galapagos se habeva demandate pro le rationes e le causas de un tal magne variantion de forme in le species animal que se evolve, e lo esseva alora que ille videva le limite del theoria de Lamarck e initiava a elaborar un proprie theoria del evolution. Le theorie del evolution de Darwin affirma que le comparsa de nove species es determinate per micre variationes inter individuos del mesme specie e per le selection natural del individuos les plus adequate in le lucta pro superviver, sed sur le puncto del comparsa del variationes Darwin restava obscur affirmante antea que illas es debite al caso e postea que le variationes es causate per le influxo del ambiente similarmente al doctrina de Lamarck. In illes ipse annos le abbate Gregor Mendel studeva le leges del hereditate del characteres attribuente les al recombinationes del genes contenite in le cellulas sexual, ma iste labor scientific esseva incognite per Darwin.

Darwin retornate ab le viage sur le Beagle remaneva affectate per un maladia tropical mysteriose contrahite per le punctura de un insecto in le Ande, iste maladia le dava discargas incessante de diarrhea constringente le a un vita confinate in le sue domo, per iste facto ille habeva renunciate a un occupation stabile pro dedicar se a le scriptura del sue textos scientific, lo es anque per iste motivo que post renunciava a defender de persona le sue opiniones in le conferentias sur le evolution. In le 1838 C. Darwin habeva modo de studer le modello mathematic sur la dinamica del population del statistico anglese Thomas Malthus in Essay on the principle of population (Essayo sur le principio del population) que ille applicava al populations del animales pro dar le base de un theoria jam famose a le sue intuition del selection natural. Darwin durante le sue correspondentia con le sue amico le botanico A. R. Wallace, le communicava certemente multe del sue ideas que ille stava a maturar, inde quando Wallace publicava in 1858 un articulo que designava jam de facto le nove theoria evolutive tum Darwin se habeva precipitate a publicar in 1859 le obra del sue vita On the Origin of Species (Sur le origine del species), in ultra Wallace non revindicava le sue prioritate del discoperta anque si ancora hodie illa theoria es denominate formalmente con le nomines del duo evolutionistes.

Le altere obra importante de Darwin es The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (Le descendita del homine e le selection in relation al sexo) publicate in 1871 ubi se face le affirmationes scandalosa que anque le homine es subjecto al mesme leges del evolution a cui es submisse le animales, e que la specie human derivarea ab un antique specie de simia, e que per junta le specie human se debe classificar insimul al simias intra le ordine del primates. Lo es per iste obra que hodie Charles Darwin es recordate popularmente como ille que ha dicite que le homine descende ab le simia. Le reaction del opinion public moralista e bigot non tardava a comparir facente nascer le currente del Creationismo fundate sur la lectura del Biblia a cuje se oponevan scientistas como T. H. Huxley per defender le pensier evolutive. Le disveloppamento del evolutionism applicate al populationes human conduceva al sinominate Darwinismo social ideate per le filosofo positivista anglese Herbert Spencer (e amico de C. Darwin) e per le medico e physiognomista Francis Galton (e cosino de C. Darwin), le exitos de tal doctrina deveniva un forma de racialismo e eugenetica que in illes annos se conciliava bene con le pensier eurocentric del periodo del grande coquestas colonial. Anque Karl Marx appreciava il darwinismo.

[modificar] Scripturas principal de Charles Darwin

[modificar] Obras publicate

  • 1835: Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow (privately printed, not for public sale)
  • 1836: A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'
  • 1838-43: Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: published between 1839 and 1843 in five Parts (and nineteen numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts:
    • 1838: Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Preface and Geological introduction by Darwin)
    • 1838: Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse (Geographical introduction and A notice of their habits and ranges by Darwin)
  • 1839: Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle)
  • 1842: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
  • 1844: Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands
  • 1846: Geological Observations on South America
  • 1849: Geology from A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general., John F.W. Herschel ed.
  • 1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.
  • 1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain
  • 1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.
  • 1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain
  • 1858: On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection (Extract from an unpublished Work on Species)
  • 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
  • 1862: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects
  • 1868: Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication
  • 1871: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
  • 1872: The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
  • 1875: Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants
  • 1875: Insectivorous Plants
  • 1876: The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
  • 1877: The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
  • 1879: "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" in Ernst Krause's Erasmus Darwin
  • 1880: The Power of Movement in Plants
  • 1881: The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms

[modificar] Autobiographia

  • 1887: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Edited by his son Francis Darwin)
  • 1958: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Barlow, unexpurgated)

[modificar] Epistolas

  • Correspondence of Charles Darwin
  • 1887: Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, (ed. Francis Darwin)
  • 1903: More Letters of Charles Darwin, (ed. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward)
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