Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989

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Bantahan Dataran Tiananmen 1989 merupakan siri tunjuk rasa dipimpin oleh pelajar-pelajar, intellektual, dan aktivis buruh di Republik Rakyat China (PRC) dari 15 April 1989 hingga 4 Jun 1989. Sedangkan bantahan ini kekurangan kepimpinan yang bersatu, peserta-peserta keseluruhannya mengutuk pemerintahan Parti Komunis China dan menyuarakan aduan daripada kutukan kecil hingga ke permintaan demokrasi penuh dan permulaan kebebasan yang luas. Bantahan ini berpusat di Dataran Tiananmen di Beijing, tetapi bantahan secara besar-besaran juga berlaku di bandaraya di seluruh China, termasuk Shanghai, yang berkekal aman damai melalui seluruh bantahan.


Jadual isi kandungan

[Sunting] Naming of incident

Templat:History of the People's Republic of China Dalam Bahasa Cina, peristiwa ini sering dikenali sebagai Pergerakan Empat Jun (Templat:Zh-st), Peristiwa Empat Jun (bahasa Cina: 六四事件), atau hanya Enam-empat (bahasa Cina: 六四).

[Sunting] Latar belakang

Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.
Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.

[Sunting] Permulaan bantahan

Imej:Tiananmen Hand Poster1.jpg
An anonymous drawing posted in a pedestrian walkway underneath Chang An Avenue caricatures Deng Xiaoping (邓小平)(seated behind the lectern) as an old Chinese emperor. Original photo by Joseph Ureneck

[Sunting] Protests escalate

"The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts and erected in the Square during the protest.
"The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts and erected in the Square during the protest.

[Sunting] Nationwide protests

[Sunting] Shanghai

"Democratic songs dedicated to China" gathering in Hong Kong on May 27th of 1989
"Democratic songs dedicated to China" gathering in Hong Kong on May 27th of 1989

[Sunting] Hong Kong

[Sunting] Taiwan

[Sunting] Worldwide events

[Sunting] Government crackdown on the protests

Imej:Tianasquare.jpg
The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on 5 June 1989 by photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a lone protester who tried to stop four advancing tanks until he was pulled into the crowd by several onlookers.

[Sunting] Bilangan kematian

[Sunting] Aftermath

[Sunting] Arrests and purges

[Sunting] Media coverage

[Sunting] Impact on domestic political trends

A memorial depicting a destroyed bicycle and a tank-track - symbol of the Tiananmen Square protests - in the Polish city of Wrocław
A memorial depicting a destroyed bicycle and a tank-track - symbol of the Tiananmen Square protests - in the Polish city of Wrocław

[Sunting] Economic impact

[Sunting] Generation gap

[Sunting] Issues concerning the Tiananmen Protests today

[Sunting] Taboo topic in mainland China

[Sunting] US-EU arms embargo

[Sunting] Compensation

[Sunting] References in popular culture

[Sunting] Lihat juga

  • List of documentary films about the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
  • History of the People's Republic of China
  • May Fourth Movement
  • April Fifth Movement
  • The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China
  • Pillar of Shame
  • Executive Order 12711
  • Canidrome

[Sunting] Catatan

[Sunting] Bacaan lanjutan

  1. The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng, Harrison E. Salisbury, New York, 1992, Avon Books, ISBN 0-380-72025-6.
  2. The Tiananmen Papers, The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force Against their Own People—In their Own Words, Compiled by Zhang Liang, Edited by Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, with an afterword by Orville Schell, PublicAffairs, New York, 2001, hardback, 514 pages, ISBN 1-58648-012-X An extensive review and synopis of The Tiananmen papers in the journal Foreign Affairs may be found at Review and synopsis in the journal Foreign Affairs.
  3. June Fourth: The True Story, Tian'anmen Papers/Zhongguo Liusi Zhenxiang Volumes 1–2 (Chinese edition), Zhang Liang, ISBN 962-8744-36-4
  4. Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now, Jan Wong, Doubleday, 1997, trade paperback, 416 pages, ISBN 0-385-48232-9 (Contains, besides extensive autobiographical material, an eyewitness account of the Tiananmen crackdown and the basis for an estimate of the number of casualties.)
  5. Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. New York: Norton, 1999.
  6. Craig C. Calhoun. "Science, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity." In Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, 140-7. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1994.
  7. Liu Xiaobo. "That Holy Word, "Revolution." In Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, 140-7. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1994.
  8. Spence, Jonathan D. "Testing the Limits." In "The Search for Modern China". 701. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999

[Sunting] Pautan Luar