Edward Sapir
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Edward Sapir, (1884-1939) kien antropologu u lingwista Amerikan, wieħed mill-mexxejja importanti fil-lingwistika strutturali, u li flimkien ma' Benjamin Whorf issuġġerixxa dak li illum jissejaħ bħala is-'Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis'.
Sapir twieled Lauenburg, il-Ġermanja, illum Lębork fil-Polonja, fis-26 ta Jannar 1884. Fl-1904 iggradwa minn Columbia University, New York, bi grad fil-lingwi Germaniċi, iżda l'interessi lingwistiċi tiegħu kienu iħaddnu skopijiet ħafna akbar. Fis-sentejn li segwew għamel studji XX?? (field-studies) fuq il-lingwi-Wishram u Takelma. Waqt lie kien Columbia University, iltaqa ma' l'antropologu Franz Boas, li probabbilment kienet il-persuna li l'aktar tagħtu spinta biex jistudja il-lingwi Amerikani.
Għallem l-università ta' Chicago u aktar tard l-Yale University, fejn sar kap tad-dipartiment ta' l'antropoloġija. Kien wieħed mill-ewwel li esplora ir-relazzjonijiet bejn l-istudji lingwistiċi u l-antropoloġija. Fost l-istudenti tiegħu insibu lil-Fang-kuei Li u Benjamin Whorf.
Sapir ippropona ħarsa ġdida lejn il-lingwa 1921, billi sostna li il-lingwa tinfluenza il-mod kief jaħsbu in-nies. L-idea ta' Sapir ġiet adottata (adopted?) fl-erbgħinijiet minn Whorf u eventwalment saret tissejjaħ is-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
Sapir miet fl' 4 ta' Frar 1939 b'problemi tal-qalb.
Fost il-lingwi Amerikani l'ispeċjalitajet tiegħu kienu il-lingwi Athabaskan. Fost il-lingwi u kulturi oħra li studja Sapir ngħoddu il-Wishram Chinook, Navajo, Nootka, Paiute, Takelma, u Yana. Għalkemm magħruf fuq xogħolu fuq il-lingwistika Amerikana, kien produttiv ħafna f'materji tal-lingwistika ġenerali, kif naraw fil-ktieb tiegħu Language, li jipprovdi kollox, minn klassifikazzzjoni tipologika grammatikali ta' lingwi li-jkopru mic-Ċiniż san-Nootka, sa spekulazzjonijiet fuq il-Fenomenu tat-tibdil fil-lingwa, (Drift) u l'arbitrarità tal assoċjazzjonijiet bejn il-lingwa, razza u kultura.
Werrej |
[editja] Kotba
- Wishram Texts (1909)
- Language: An introduction to the study of speech (1921) (link)
- Nootka Texts (1939)
[editja] Esejs u artikli
- The Function of an International Auxiliary Language ) (link) ara wkoll Lingwa Awżiljari Internazzjonali
- The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. Am. Anthropol. 13:250-82. (1911)
- Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture: A Study in Method. Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey, Memoir 90. Anthropological Series, No. 13. (1916)
[editja] Bibljografija
- Edward Sapir: Appraisals of His Life and Work. Ed. Konrad Koerner. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1984. A collection of obituaries, bibliographic sketches, and critiques (mostly positive) of Sapir's work by his colleagues, students, and others affected by his work.
- The Collected Works of Edward Sapir. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. Volume IV presents more of his anthropological work, and makes reference to his work with Fang-Kuei Li. Volumes V and VI contain his work on American Indian languages, including the letter in which he speculates about a tie between Athabaskan and Sino-Tibetan.