भर्जिल

विकिपिडिया नं

प्युब्लिस भर्जिलस मारो

नेपल्सय् भर्जिलयागु प्रतिमा
बूं दिं: अक्टोबर १५, ७० बी सी
एन्डेज, उत्तर इटाली
सी दिं: सेप्टेम्बर २१, १९ बी सी
ब्रुन्डिसियम
ज्या: चिनाखँमि
राष्ट्रियता: रोमन साम्राज्य
साहित्यिक विधा: ग्रन्थ चिनाखँ
विषय: बुंज्या
साहित्यिक ज्याखं: अगस्टन चिनाखँ
दक्ले न्हापायागु कृति(s): एक्लग्स
प्रेरणा: होमर
प्रभावित च्वम्हि: राष्ट्रवादी ज्याखँ

प्युब्लिस भर्जिलस मारो (अक्टोबर १५, ७० बी सी – सेप्टेम्बर २१, १९ बी सी), लिपा भर्जिलियस, छम्ह क्लासिकल रोमन चिनाखँमि ख। वेकलं एक्लग्स, जियोर्जिक्सएनिड, ( १२गु भागयु ग्रन्थ चिनाखँ गुकियात लिपा रोमन साम्राज्ययु देय् ग्रन्थ देकल) च्वयादिगु ख। दांते अलिघिएरीं वेकयु काल्पनिक पात्र द डिभाइन कमेडीय् छ्येलादिगु दु।

धलः

[सम्पादन] जीवन

भर्जिल सिस्‌अल्पाइन गौलय् म्यान्टुवा नापंयागु एन्डेजयागु छगु गांय् बुयादिगु ख। थ्व थाय् आयागु इटालीय् ला। वेकयागु पुर्खातेगु बारेय् येक्व जानकारी मदु। छुं शास्त्रीतेगु कथलं वेक बुगु थाय् व वेकयागु हरफय् "केल्टिक" स्ट्रेनयु आधारे वेकयात केल्टिक नश्लयागु मनु ख धका धागु दु धासा मेपिन्सं भाषिक वा जातीय आधारे वेकयात एट्रस्क्यान वा अम्ब्रियन जुइफुगु विचा तगु दु। वेकयागु नांयागु आधारे मनुतेसं वेक रोमन उपनिवेषकतेगु सन्तान ख धका विष्लेषण नं जुगु दु। तर छुं नं आधुनिक विचातेत वेकयागु च्वसु वा अब्लेयगु दस्ताबेजं पूर्ण समर्थन मया।

[सम्पादन] प्रारम्भिक ज्या

भर्जिलं थगु प्राथमिक शिक्षा ५दं दुबिले न्ह्येथनादिल। वेक लिपा रोमय् र्हेटोरिक, चिकित्सा, व खगोल सीकेत वनादिल, तर वेकलं रोमय् दर्शन ब्वनादिल। थ्व इले, सिरो इपिक्युरियनयागु पाठशालाय् दुबिले वेकलं चिनाखँ च्वे न्ह्येथनादिल। वेकयागु थ्व ईयागु छुं चिनखँ आतक्क नं दनि तर थ्व चिनाखँत नक्कली ख धैगु येक्वयागु विचा दु। 'क्याटालेप्टन, धागु छगु १४गु चीहाकगु चिनाखँयु मुनेज्याय् छुं चिनाखँत वेकयागु जुइ फु, मेगु छगु क्युलेक्स (पत्ति) धागु चिनाखँमंका भर्जिलं [[१गु शताब्दी] एडीय् च्वयादिगु धैगु विश्वास दु। थ्व शंकास्पद चिनाखँ पुचयात एपेन्डिक्स भर्जिलियाना धाइ।

४२ बी सीय् जुलियस सिजरयात स्यापिं मार्कस जुनियस ब्रुटस व गायस केसियस लंगिनसत युद्धय् बुइके धुंका लिहांवपिं सेनातेसं इमिगु जग्गाय् च्वं वल। थ्व हे झ्वले भर्जिलयु मन्तुवा नापंयु छें नं इमिसं कयाबिल। थ्व हे वातावरण व ग्रामीण जीवनयागु मेमेगु पक्षयात स्वाना वेकलं [[एकोलग्स धागु वेकयागु दक्ले न्ह्ययागु चिनाखँ च्वयादिल व मध्य ३० बीसीय् पिकानादिल।

भर्जिल मेसिनाजतेगु पुचःयागु छम्ह सदस्य जुयादिल। थ्व पुचः अक्टेभियनयागु agent d'affaires ख व इमिसं मार्क एन्थोनीयु पक्षयात कमजोर यायेत रोमन च्वमितेत अक्टेभियनयागु पंलिनेगु ज्या यानादिल। वेकलं थ्व झ्वले होरेस व भेरियस रुफुज (वेकलं एनीड क्वचायेकेत ग्वाहालि यानादिल) नापलानादिल। एकोलग्स सीधेके धुंका वेकलं ३७ बी सी–२९ बी सी ज्योर्जिक्स ("बुंज्याय्"), च्वेगुलि सिधेकादिल व थुकियात वेकलं मेसीयन्सतेत देछानादिल।

अक्टेभियनं एन्टोनीयात एक्टियनयागु ल्वापूय् ३१ बी सीय् बुकादीधुंका "अगस्टस"यागु नां कयादिल व भर्जिलयात थगु शासनयु बांलागु च्वया छगु काव्य च्वेत दबाब बियादिल।

[सम्पादन] Composition of the Aeneid and death

A mosaic of Virgil, in a Tunisian villa probably from the 1st century AD.
A mosaic of Virgil, in a Tunisian villa probably from the 1st century AD.

Virgil responded with the Aeneid, the writing of which took up the last ten years of his life. The first six books of the epic tell how the Trojan hero Aeneas escapes from the sacking of Troy and makes his way to Italy. On the voyage, a storm drives him to the coast of Carthage, where the queen, Dido, welcomes him, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. Jupiter recalls Aeneas to his duty, however, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas as revenge. On reaching Cumae, in Italy, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld and reveals his destiny to him. Aeneas is reborn as the creator of Imperial Rome.

The six books (of "first writing") are modeled on Homer's Odyssey, but the last six are the Roman answer to the Iliad. Aeneas is betrothed to Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus, but Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto. The Aeneid ends with a single combat between Aeneas and Turnus, whom Aeneas defeats and kills, spurning his plea for mercy.

Virgil traveled with Augustus to Greece. En route, Virgil caught a fever, from which he died in Brundisium harbor, leaving the Aeneid unfinished. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible. As a result, the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e., not a complete line of dactylic hexameter). Other alleged "imperfections" are subject to scholarly debate.

Incomplete or not, the Aeneid was immediately recognized as a masterpiece, it proclaimed the Imperial mission of the Roman Empire, whilst at the same time pitying Rome's victims and feeling their grief. Aeneas was considered to exemplify virtue and pietas (roughly translated as piety, though the word is far more complex and has a sense of being duty-bound and respectful of divine will, family and homeland). Nevertheless, Aeneas struggles between doing what he wants to do as a man, and doing what he must as a virtuous hero. In the view of some modern critics, Aeneas' inner turmoil and shortcomings make him a more realistic character than the heroes of Homeric poetry, such as Odysseus.

[सम्पादन] Later views of Virgil

Even as the Roman empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that the Christianized Virgil was a master poet, even when they ceased to read him. Gregory of Tours read Virgil and some other Latin poets, though he cautions us that "We ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death." Surviving medieval collections of manuscripts containing Virgil's works include the Vergilius Augusteus, the Vergilius Vaticanus and the Vergilius Romanus.

Dante made Virgil his guide to Hell and Purgatory in The Divine Comedy. Dante also mentions Virgil in De vulgari eloquentia, along with Ovid, Lucan and Statius as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7).

Virgil is still considered one of the greatest of the Latin poets, and the Aeneid is a fixture of most classical studies programs.

[सम्पादन] Mysticism and hidden meanings

A 5th century portrait of Virgil from the Vergilius Romanus.
A 5th century portrait of Virgil from the Vergilius Romanus.

In the Middle Ages, Virgil was considered a herald of Christianity for his Eclogue 4 verses (Template:Perseus) concerning the birth of a boy, which were read as a prophecy of Jesus' nativity. The poem may actually refer to the pregnancy of Octavian's wife Scribonia, who in fact gave birth to a girl.

Also during the Middle Ages, as Virgil was developed into a kind of magus, manuscripts of the Aeneid were used for divinatory bibliomancy, the Sortes Virgilianae, in which a line would be selected at random and interpreted in the context of a current situation (Compare the ancient Chinese I Ching). The Old Testament was sometimes used for similar arcane purposes. Even in the Welsh myth of Taliesin, the goddess Cerridwen is reading from the "Book of Pheryllt"—that is, Virgil.

In some legends, such as Virgilius the Sorcerer, the powers attributed to Virgil were far more extensive.

[सम्पादन] Virgil's tomb

The tomb known as "Virgil's tomb" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as "grotta vecchia") in the Parco di Virgilio in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from old Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. The site called Parco Virgiliano is some distance further north along the coast. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the following centuries his name became associated with miraculous powers, his tomb the destination of pilgrimages and pagan veneration. The poet himself was said to have created the cave with the fierce power of his intense gaze.

It is said that the Chiesa della Santa Maria di Piedigrotta was erected by Church authorities to neutralize this pagan adoration and "Christianize" the site. The tomb, however, is a tourist attraction, and still sports a tripod burner originally dedicated to Apollo, bearing witness to the Pagan beliefs held by Virgil.



[सम्पादन] स्वयादिसँ

[सम्पादन] पिनेयागु स्वापूत

विकिमिडिया कमन्स य् थ्व नाप स्वापु दुगु मिडिया दु:
विकिधापू य् थ्व विषयनाप स्वापु दुगु धापूत: दु:
Wikisource
विकिश्रोतय् वेक नाप स्वापु दुगु च्वसु दु:
  • Collected Works
    • Template:PerseusAuthor
      • Latin texts & commentaries
      • Aeneid translated by T. C. Williams, 1910
      • Aeneid translated by John Dryden, 1697
      • Aeneid, Eclogues & Georgics translated by J. C. Greenough, 1900
    • Works of Virgil at Theoi Project
      • Aeneid, Eclogues & Georgics translated by H. R. Fairclough, 1916
    • Works of Virgil at Sacred Texts
      • Aeneid translated by John Dryden, 1697
      • Eclogues & Georgics translated by J.W. MacKail, 1934
    • P. Vergilivs Maro at The Latin Library
      • Latin texts
    • Virgil यागु कृति प्रोजेक्ट गुटेनबर्गय्
      • Latin texts
      • Aeneid translated by E. Fairfax Taylor, 1907
      • Aeneid, Georgics & Eclogues translated by (unnamed)
    • Virgil's works: text, concordances and frequency list.




The article above was originally sourced from Nupedia and is open content.

Template:Persondata