Det persiske alfabetet

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Det persiske alfabetet er ein modifisert versjon av det arabiske alfabetet, det skil seg frå det arabiske alfabetet ved å ha fire tilleggsbokstavar. Urdu blir skrive med eit alfabet som inneheld desse fire teikna, og nokre andre i tillegg. Her er dei 28 bokstavane i arabisk:

Isolert Initial Medial Final Namn Transliterasjon IPA
أ ؤ إ ئ ٵ ٶ ٸ, etc. hamza ʼ / ʾ / [ʔ]
ʼalif ā / ʼ / ʾ / various, including [aː]
bāʼ b [b]
tāʼ t [t]
ṯāʼ / th [θ]
ǧīm,
Other Accents:(jīm, gīm)
ǧ / j / g [ʤ] / [ɡ]
ḥāʼ / ħ [ħ]
ḫāʼ / kh / x [x]
dāl d [d]
ḏāl / dh / ð [ð]
rāʼ r [r]
zāī z [z]
sīn s [s]
šīn š / sh [ʃ]
ṣād [sˁ]
ﺿ ḍād [dˁ]
ṭāʼ [tˁ]
ẓāʼ / ḍh [ðˁ] / [zˁ]
ʻayn ʻ / ʿ / / c / 9 [ʕ] / [ʔˁ]
ġayn ġ / gh [ɣ] / [ʁ]
fāʼ f [f]
qāf q [q]
kāf k [k]
lām l [l], [lˁ] (in Allah only)
mīm m [m]
nūn n [n]
hāʼ h [h]
wāw w, ū [w] , [uː]
yāʼ y , ī [j] , [iː]

Letters lacking an initial or medial version are never tied to the following letter, even within a word. As to hamza, it has only a single graphic, since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a waw, ya or alif, and in that case the seat behaves like an ordinary waw, ya or alif.

Technically, hamza is not a letter, but a diacritic.

[endre] Other characters

The following are not actual letters, but rather different orthographical shapes for letters, and in the case of the lām ʼalif, a ligature.

Isolert Initial Medial Final Namn Trans. verdi
ʼalif madda ʼā [ʔaː]
tāʼ marbūṭa h or t / Ø / h / [a], [at]
ʼalif maqṣūra ā / [aː]
lām ʼalif [laː]


Although at first glance they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets.

For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.

In Persian there are four more letters, p (paper), g (goal), ch [ʧ] (chair), zh [ʒ] (measure):

Lyd Form Unicodenamn
[p] پ peh
[ʧ] (ch) چ tcheh
[ʒ] (zh) ژ jeh
[g] گ gaf


Urdu har ein del tilleggsbokstavar, m.a. retroflekse konsonantar:

Lyd Form Unicodenamn
[ʈ] ٹ ttay
[ɖ] ڈ ddaal
[ɽ] ڑ arr
[eː] ے badee yay

[endre] Kjelde

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