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- 1913 Native Land Act: "the Natives Land Act limited African land purchases to only 7 percent of South Africa" (Martin 1995:131), "The government defined the reserves more clearly in the 1913 Natives Land Act, recognizing the bulk of South Africa as being for white ownership only. The Act was intended to encourage white commercial farming by excluding black sharecroppers as far as possible from white-owned land, causing them to be replaced by waged labourers. In principle, Africans were to farm autonomously only in the reserves. These amounted initially to 7 per cent, and later 13 per cent, of South Africa's land area" (Roddy 1999:75)
- 1923 Natives Urban Act: "During the 1920s the economy was diversifying through investments in secondary industry. This created a pressing demand for a larger urban African workforce and posed further challenges to the white urban sense of security. In response, the government's Stallard Commission reiterated the doctrine of urban segregation and the government passed the 1923 Natives (Urban Areas) Act. As well as reinforcing the principle that urban Africans were to be a temporary presence housed in segregated townships, the Act established that African housing in these townships was to be paid for by Africans themselves. The same principle had already been established in Durban, where separate African 'locations' were funded from a municipal monopoly on beer sales (Maylam 1990)" (Roddy 1999:75)
- 1950 Group Areas Act: "The 'essence of the apartheid policy', as Prime Minister D. F. Malan put it, was expressed in the Group Areas Act of 1950. The government insisted that separate zones eventually be demarcated for each race within every urban area ... Although African townships were designed more coherently, with secyrity considerations in mind, the brunt of 'the Act was felt by coloureds and Indians who were not already formally segregated. Despite the municipality's reluctance, the 54 per cent of Cape Town's population classified as 'coloured' had to be contained within newly designated townships on the Cape Flats ... The breaking up of Cape Town's District Six is perhaps the most notorious case of the painful sundering of people and place which the Act inflicted (Western 1996)" (Roddy 1999:78)
- 1950 Population Registration Act: "Population Registration Act of 1950. This Act classified every South African as a member of a racial group, the four main groups being White, Asiatic (Indian), Coloured, and Native (Bantu, African, or Black). With all members of the population classified into groups, their geographical separation could then proceed at a variety of scales" (Roddy 1999:78)
- 1953 Reservations of Separate Amenities Act: "The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953 legalized segregated and unequal beaches, libraries, post office counters, and swimming pools. The Immorality and Mixed Marriages Acts sought to preserve white 'racial purity' more directly by preventing sex between members of different 'racial groups'" (Roddy 1999:78)
- African Inland Commercial Company: "Macgregor Laird founded the African Inland Commercial Company in 1832" (Martin 1995:124)
- Afrikas horn: "four countries of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Djibouti; Sudan is sometimes included in this group)" (Stock 1995:22)
- Ahmad Baba: "sixteenth century, the patterns of the trans-Saharan slave trade so worried the Timbuktu scholar Ahmad Baba that he argued against the tradition that black Africans were cursed, as descendants of Ham, to serve as slaves of Semitic-speaking peoples" (Martin 1995:105), "proposed instead a religious geography of West Africa which identified Muslim areas where enslavement should be prohibited" (106)
- Aiyetoro: "Africa's most interesting utopia has been Aiyetoro ... founded in 1947 on the Nigerian coast, east of Lagos, by members of a local independent church.58 In reaction against Nigeria's emerging postwar capitalism, Aiyetoro began as an authoritarian theocracy in which all property was held in common, work was done collectively for the profit of the whole community, and marriage was for a time abolished. But it also expressed the traditional work ethic ... belief that hard work and p~osperity were demonstrations of faith and assurances of salvation ... the community was immensely successful on an economic plane, establishing several factories and building nearly twenty large passenger boats and seven fully mechanised .-bcean-going trawlers. The success was its undoing. Collectivist discipline began to collapse, it appears, when tine community as a whole hired workers from outside to help in its expanding industries. In 1968 private enterprise appeared among community members, followed by wage-payments, competition, differentiation, collapse of community spirit, economic decline, and emigration, leaving behind the remnants of a community functioning chiefly to the advantage of its former leaders, now turned wealthy private businessmen" (Iliffe 1983:62)
- Albert Atcho: "Christian healing centre at Bregbo, twenty miles east of Abidjan.' Bregbo is the creation of Albert Atcho, who was born there in 1903. After several years as a soldier, a chief, and an entrepreneur, he began his main career as a healer at Bregbo in 1948, working in the tradition of the Liberian prophet, Williarn Wade Harris, who conducted a great evangelistic campaign in southern Ivory Coast in 1913 and 1914" (Iliffe 1983:46)
- Amadu Bamba Mbacké: "The Mouride movement ... Its founder, Amadu Bamba MbackC, was a Qadiriyya shaykh who used his organization to incorporate members of Wolof society displaced during the French conquest of Senegal. In an effort to reconstruct society, Bamba stressed the value of agricultural work, and moved his followers into the interior, where they grew peanuts, an important export crop in Senegal. Although the French initially viewed the Mouride movement as a threat and exiled Amadu Bamba from Senegal, they also appreciated the economic dimensions of the Mouride work ethic and peanut harvests. French officials not only allowed Bamba to return to his followers, but cultivated close relations with his successors and even constructed railroads into Mouride areas to facilitate export of this crop" (Martin 1995:111-112)
- Anstey Memorial Lectures: "were established in 1982 to honour Roger Anstey who was the first Professor of Modern History in the University of Kent at Canterbury" (Iliffe 1983:ix)
- Aust-Afrika: "EaJt A*a consists of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, the former members of the East African Common Market, but Rwanda and Burundi are usually included because of their strong economic ties with the others" (Stock 1995:22)
- Australopithecus aethiopicus: "During this period in East Africa, a very different hominid form appears, however, also with a small brain (from 400 to 550 cubic centimeters, compared to the modern human average of about 1,350 cubic centimeters) but distinguished by massive jaws and teeth. This form, called Australopithecus aethiopicus, represents a hominid species believed to be adapted to eating very tough, low-quality foodstuffs. This small-brained, large-jawed hominid is the earliest known species of a major hominid group known as the."robust australopith- ' ecines," with later representatives found in East and.'South ~ f r i c abe tween 1 and 2 million years ago" (Martin 1995:52)
- Australopithecus afarensis: "The earliest upright-walking hominids found so far are usually assigned to the species Australopithecus afarensis (meaning "southern ape-man from the Afar"). They are found in the Rift Valley between about 3 and 4 million years ago in the Afar region of Ethiopia and at Laetoli in Tanzania. While its skull is apelike in many ways, many features of the skeleton show profound changes in the hip, legs, feet, and spine indicating an adaptation for upright walking. In addition, remarkable sets of fossilized footprints found at Laetoli reveal, among the imprints of hundreds of other animals, those made by the feet of three hominids apparently walking together. Thus far, fossils of Australopithecus afarensis have been found only in East Africa" (Martin 1995:52)
- Australopithecus africanus: "Between 3 and 2 million years ago, new species of small-brained hominids called Australopithecus africannu ("southern ape-man from Africa") appear in the fossil record in South African limestone caves" (Martin 1995:52)
- Ayitale the Fruits That Crushed the Trunk: "commissioned drama written by Western-trained professional theater artists ... play which was produced for UNESCO by the Nigerian playwright Bode Osanyin as part of the campaign to popularize family planning among the people. In this play, Ayitale, the Fruits That Crushed the Trunk, which was taken to the rural populations in Igbogbo near Lagos, Osanyin depicts the pathetic plight of a poor woman who is married to a bicycle repairer. Because the couple found family planning a crazy and strange idea, it was quickly abandoned. In the process of having her eleventh child, however, the woman died" (Martin 1995:281-282)
- Bahr Transport: "(bahr is Amharic for sea or ocean), a government company with more than 3,000 employees" Ethiopia (Aspen 2003:48)
- Bambata-opprøret: "last significant Zulu revolt was the Bambata Rebellion of 1906, which united urban workers with rural peasants in resistance to white power" (Martin 1995:132)
- Bangala: "Bangala of LCopoldville in the Belgian Congo, who had not existed as a distinct rural society in the precolonial period. The explorer-journalist Henry Morton Stanley first gave the name to people living in a string of villages between the Congo and Ubangi rivers. It was then appropriated by workers from that region in order to distinguish themselves from their neighbors in the eyes of whites, who perceived the "Bangala" as industrious and reliable. Subsequently, those migrating to find work in LCopoldville from a large area of the Upper Congo came to be known as the "Bangala," and the language which they spoke, a new lingua franca, as Lingala. When political competition intensified in Belgian Congo in the 1950s, the "Bangala" were major rivals of another broad group from the Lower Congo that had developed a politicized ethnicity, the Bakongo" (Martin 1995:139)
- Bantu: ""Bantu" does not refer to any one language or people, but to the conglomeration of more than 450 languages in a family that traces its descent to "proto-Bantu" speech, in which the word ntu meant "person." The leiding theories of Bantu origin and migration derive from linguistic reconstructions, sometimes supported by archaeological evidence. From about the second millennium B.c., early Bantu-speaking communities were pressing slowly into the great equatorial forest of West Central Africa from their cradleland in the Benue-Cross region of what is now Nigeria and Cameroon" (Martin 1995:86)
- Butyrospermum parkii: "farmers of the West African savanna clear a new farm site, they spare some of these trees ... two most valuable are the shea or karite tree (Butyrospermum parkii) and the locust bean or nere tree (Parkia biglobosa). The shea produces a pale green fruit with a sweet flesh and a nut the size and shape of a pecan. Women extract a solid oil used for cooking and other purposes. Shea is also an export commodity used in the chocolate and cosmetic industries ... both of these tree crops generate large flows of income, most of it earned by women" (Martin 1995:202-203)
- bygg: "By about 7000 B.C. in the Egyptian Western Desert, well before evidence of food production in the Nile Valley, peoples with microlithic tools and living in settlements around ponds were using domesticated barley" (Martin 1995:65), "Some strains of wild barley were cultivated in Egypt and Nubia by 10,000, and perhaps as early as 15,000, years ago" (79)
- Cape Town: "the Dutch East India Company (the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC) built a supply station at the Cape in 1652, this was intended to be a small, selfcontained European settlement servicing the company's trading ships", "Within twenty years of the settlement's establishment, Dutch and French farmers, brought to the Cape in order to produce more supplies for passing ships, were spreading into the interior" (Roddy 1999:61), "By the early eighteenth century, farmers who could not afford land around Cape Town were already located about eighty kilometres away, and during that century the white farming frontier pushed a further 800 kilometres inland (Christopher 1984). By the 1770s white farmers were already impinging on longer-established Xhosa settlements to the west of the Fish River ... The colonists' occupation of land in the interior came at the expense of the indigenous Khoikhoi and Bushmen, or San" (61-62)
- CPP: "1949 ... Nkrumah split with the more conservative elements in the UGCC over strategy and tactics. Refusing to moderate his approach to dealing with the colonial authorities, he was forced to form his own progressive politiciil party, the Convention People's Party (CPP), with the motto "Self-Government Now!"" (Martin 1995:161)
- Daima: "At Daima and other locations in northern Nigeria, excavations have shown that pastoral societies, with perhaps some grain agriculture, flourished as early as the first millennium B.C." (Martin 1995:81)
- den etiopiske kalenderen: "Ethiopian calendar ... The year has 13 months. 'he first 12 months have 30 days, while the last month, P'agwmk, has 6 days in leap years .nd 5 in others. The Ethiopian year starts 7 years and 8 months after the Gregorian, on 4dskiirim l (I l September)" (Aspen 2003:6)
- det hollandske Aust-India-kompani: "the Dutch East India Company (the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC) built a supply station at the Cape in 1652", "The VOC was the largest of the great European companies creating enormous profits through extensive trade, or mercantile capitalism, and its ships connected Europe to the East Indies, where the trade in spices and silks was concentrated" (Roddy 1999:61)
- Dhar Tichitt: "in Mauritania, there is evidence of an even earlier food-producing society where a population herding domestic animals lived in stone villages by 1200 B.C." (Martin 1995:81)
- ECOWAS: "(the Economic Community of West African States) was established in 1975 to bring together countries in West Africa for cooperative activities. During the civil war in Liberia, ECOWAS sent a peacekeeping force to help mediate the dispute" (Martin 1995:5)
- eldre steinalder i Afrika: "The Earlier Stone Age in Africa is generally divided into two major phases, the Oldowan and the Acheulean. The Oldowan stone tool industry is named after the famous site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where decades ago Mary and Louis Leakey discovered early stone tools and hominid fossils buried deeply in sediments in an ancient lake basin", "Starting about 2 million years ago in East and South Africa, many sites appear which contain simple Oldowan artifacts (meaning "manufactured by humans")" (Martin 1995:53), "Oldowan technology consists of cobbles and chunks of rock from which pieces have been removed by deliberate percussive blows" (55), "the Acheulean technological tradition, first appears in East Africa approxim'ately 1.5 million years ago. Acheulean technology is distinguished by relatively large tools such as handaxes, cleavers, and picks" (57-58), "As opposed to the opportunistic flaking and widely ranging core forms seen in Oldowan technology, Acheulean bifaces were deliberately shaped, usually through a rather skilled procedure of flaking", "Acheulean tools continue to be found for about 1.5 million years, or until 150,000 to 200,000 years ago. The Acheulean is thus the longest cultural and technological tradition ever maintained and spans significant biological evolution in hominids" (58), "Acheulean technology eventually became widespread over most of the continent except within the dense forests of equatorial Africa" (59)
- elveblindheit: "Twenty years ago in West Africa, one of the areas most affected, an estimated 1 million people suffered from the disease in the Volta basin alone" (Martin 1995:38), "In 1974 a massive effort by African governments and international donors was launched to control the blackfly", "Twenty years later, the control program has been judged a success by most observers. River blindness is no longer the major health problem it was, and resettlement of rher basins has indeed occurred. However, the anticipated economic impacts have not materialized as readily as predicted" (40)
- esel: "The donkey and the cat appear to have been domesticated in Egypt" (Martin 1995:65)
- Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: "based in Nigeria ... His "Kalakuta Republic" home was burned down in broad daylight in 1977 by "unknown" soldiers, while in 1984 he was jailed by yet another military government" (Martin 1995:289)
- FESPACO: "since 1969 the Festival Panafricain du Cinema de Ouagadougou (FESPACO), whose annual film festivals have become perhaps Africa's most spectacular cultural jamboree. For example, the 1993 FESPACO attracted more than 130 films and drew a strong international audience of actors, actresses, directors, and audiences" (Martin 1995:284)
- gasha: "shields" (gasha) - one gasha is normally estimated to be about 40 ha." (Aspen 2003:44)
- Gäta: "Gata lies in a mountainous area, facing wild and seemingly inaccessible mountains to the west, gradually sloping down towards the hot and wide lowlands to the east. The landscape of G8ta is intersected with wide, flat alleys with common grazing lands and individual agricultural plots. From the highest point in Gata, one can see tracts of the country so far away that the Gata inhabitants do not have names for them. Gata had long been a residence for important Muslim families, but the place reached its peak as a centre of teaching and saint veneration with the founder of the present shrine, Sheh Sayed Bushera (d. 1863) in the first half of the nineteenth century" (Aspen 2003:9), "lies high enough to be free from malaria, above 2100 m" (10), "mawlid festival (the celebration of Mohammed's birthday) - the major religious event in Gata" (37)
- Harrist Movement: "in CBte d'Ivoire, which was established in 1913 by William Wade Harris, a Liberian who, having been inspired by the Bible, trekked to neighboring CBte d'Ivoire in search of converts. In addition to the Bible, Harris took with him on his journey a gourd rattle and two women, with whom he sang and danced at each conversion session ... there was a new mode of dress: a long white robe and a small hat that contrasted with a black neck scarf and black bands which crisscrossed at the chest. Harris's success was phenomenal, extending beyond CBte d'Ivoire to Ghana. But it was the adaptive nature of his movement that guaranteed its success ... accommodated polygyny ... the organizational structure of his church was modeled on the traditional social structure, in which age differentiation and role playing were critical" (Martin 1995:276)
- homeland: "From the 1960s, Africans were officially considered to belong to one of the ten ethnic 'homelands', created from the earlier reserves ... and hundreds of thousands of families were forcibly moved there from urban areas and white farms across the country", "the government intended the homelands to give the illusion of black self-determination (Lester 1996). Having removed many chiefs who had demonstrated their opposition in the 1950s, elections were arranged for black governments within the homelands, although the most popular politi-cal organizations were banned" (Roddy 1999:79), "Ultimately, the South African government recognized four homeland governments - Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei (the TBVC states') - as fully independent, but few other governments gave them official recognition due to their lack of political legitimacy, low capital, poor infrastructure, and high unemployment, all of which ensured reliance on the South African economy" (80), "%omeland' - KwaZulu for the Zulu,'Transkei and Ciskei for the Xhosa, Bophuthatswana for the Tswana, and so on - in a classic example of 'divide and rule'. When not providing labour for the whitecontrolled economy, it was to such a homeland that most black South Africans were obliged to return. Four of these homelands were even given the status of 'independence', with apartheid's architects citing Europe as a supposedly equivalent grouping of culturally distinctive nation states" (148)
- Homo erectus: "By at least 1.7 million years ago, a new hominid form appears in the fossil record, with a large body and a brain even larger than Homo habilis. This new form, called Homo erectus, had a brain size ranging from 850 to 1,100 cubic centimeters" (Martin 1995:52), "First found in East Africa and South Africa, Homo erectus then spread to northern Africa and into Eurasia" (53)
- Homo habilis: "with a brain size of about 600 to 750 cubic centimeters (about half the size of modem humans), is found at least 2 million years ago in East and South Africa" (Martin 1995:52)
- Hope Masterton Waddell: "missionary Hope Masterton Waddell ... Old Calabar, a port in eastern Nigeria ... Before settling in Old Calabar in 1846, he had worked for seventeen years as a Presbyterian missionary in Jamaica" (Iliffe 1983:44)
- hottentot: "By the early nineteenth century in Europe, the Dutch word for Khoikhoi - 'Hottentot' - had come to represent the lowest form of human life (Lester 1996)" (Roddy 1999:64)
- huskatt: "The donkey and the cat appear to have been domesticated in Egypt" (Martin 1995:65)
- Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union: "Clements Kadalie, an immigrant from Nyasaland, started the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union and led African mine workers to strike" (Martin 1995:132)
- kakao: "Ghana's cocoa production has seen two peaks, one in the mid-1930s (following high prices and extensive plantings in the 1920s) and the other in the mid-1960s (following high prices in the 1950s). Since the mid-1960s, however, output has declined rapidly. In 1981 the marketed crop was only half that of the mid-1960s" (Iliffe 1983:27)
- Kanem-Bornu: "The region around Lake Chad in central Sudan was at the heart of the Kanem-Bornu empire, in some respects the grandest and the most enduring of all the West African states. Its dynasty produced notables such as Mai Idris Alooma of the late sixteenth century who were able successfully to withstand external aggressions and internal dissensions. The largest states could boast populations in excess of 10 million people and controlled territories larger than all of western Europe" (Martin 1995:82)
- Katakata Sofahead: "early in 1994, in Johannesburg, South Africa, the Performing Arts Company of the Windybrow Arts Center (PACT) presented Katakata for Sofahead. Written in pidgin by Segun Oyekunle and directed by Walter Chakela, Katakata is about the experiences of inmates in a prison, and about the social environment that sustains p~vert" (Martin 1995:281)
- kiswahili: "Kiswahili ... Its name is derived from the Arabic word for coast, sahel, and points to the small coastal islands and their continental hinterland as the place for the fusion of cultures" (Martin 1995:103)
- Kitara: "The establishment of Bantu-speaking communities in the interlacustrine area ... emerged centralized states ... largest of these states, known as Kitara, was located in what is now southern Uganda, and the oral traditions of Bantu-speakers associated it with an early dynasty of god-kings, called the Abateqbuzi. By the fourteenth century A.D., the traditions claim that the Abatembuzi were supplanted by a new dynasty, the Abachwezi, pastoralists from the north, whose original linguistic affiliation is unknown and who are today represented by the Tutsi of Rwanda and Burundi. The Abachwezi are credited with establishing a political hegemony over the Kitara region and with the construction of massive earthwork enclosures", "Nilotic-speakers from the north, the Lwoo. Pushing into Uganda around 1450, the Lwoo Babito dynasty supplanted the Abachwezi. The coming of the Lwoo caused the disintegration of the sprawling Kitara state into a number of new yet still highly centralized kingdoms, such as Bunyoro and Buganda" (Martin 1995:92)
- kjøpekraft: "purchasing power of their exports (i.e., combining world price and total production" (Sotck 1995:328)
- kolanøtt: "West Africa some of the goods reaching the Sahara Desert and North Africa originated in the remote forest region. One of these forest commodities was the kola nut, an aromatic seed the size of a chestnut which is chewed as a stimulant, as it contains caffeine and theobromine. Pharmacists in Europe invented tonic beverages using an extract of it, from which later developed some of our popular carbonated drinks" (Martin 1995:205)
- kongedømmet Aksum: "During the first millennium B.c., Semitic-speaking peoples immigrated from southern Arabia into the Ethiopian highlands, where they developed settlements that seem to have slowly incorporated the local Cushitic-speaking agriculturalists. They introduced iron technology and urban living into Tigre and Eritrea in the fifth century B.C. and by the first century A.D. had established an extensive state reaching across much of Ethiopia and Sudan. This mercantile empire, the Axumite kingdom, controlled trade through the Red Sea from its port capital at Adulis and produced monumental architecture including great stelae.and Cdmbs. The axumite kingdom appears to have conquered Meroe in the fourth century A.D. and centuries later to have gone into decline itself after Arabs took over the Red Sea trade in the seventh century" (Martin 1995:69)
- kongedømmet Benin: "In Nigeria, where the Benin kingdom started to emerge by about the twelfth century, its center had developed into a very large, wealthy, and powerful city by the time it was first visited by the Portuguese in the late fifteenth century. The Benin kingdom flourished for centuries, largely on control of trade, and also developed in its royal court a well-known tradition of lost-wax casting in brass and bronze and of fine sculpture in ivory" (Martin 1995:70), "Benin, which for much of the slave-trade era forbade the export of male slaves, who were used locally for production and warfare and for conspicuous display of wealth. One eighteenth-century noble was estimated to have owned 10,000 slaves" (120-121)
- kongedømmet Ghana: "By the mid-eighth century A.D. there is evidence of the rise of the wealthy and powerful state of Ghana. Situated in the region of southern Mauritania and southwestern Mali, Ghana apparently played a critical role in regulating trade, particularly between the gold-producing area in Guinea and the camel caravan traders that ranged across the Sahara" (Martin 1995:70), "By perhaps as early as the fifth century A.D. ... Ghana, was formed ... sources are augmented with the written accounts of visitors from North Africa from about the ninth century. The Soninke inhabitants of Ghana formed a powerful, complex kingdom, able to dominate vassal states in every direction. Located at the desert's edge, Ghana enjoyed a strategic position which allowed its rulers to control, as middlemen, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in salt, gold, ivory, copper, and slaves, and they also derived a rich profit from taxing the intricate network of short- and middle-distance trade routes which spanned much of western Africa ... the Ghanaian kings established large armies, built around a core of well-equipped cavalry, with which they maintained law and order ... In the eleventh century Ghana declined, and its capital was captured by the Soso" (82), "the eleventh century, the capital of Ghana had an estimated 30,000 inhabitants" (85)
- Kongo: "the Congo Free State, which became the Belgian Congo (now Zaire) in 1908" (Martin 1995:136)
- Kwame Nkrumah: "Kwame Nkrumah, returned home in 1947 after completing his education in the United States and immediately became politically active. At the invitation of older, less educated nationalists, he became the secrewy of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC). His responsibilities involved organizational activities aimed at securing internal self-government for Africans and eventually independence. Nkrumah was an advocate of nonviolence and civil disobedience. Between 1947 and 1957 he orchestrated what came to be known as the "Positive Action Campaign."" (Martin 1995:161)
- Livingstone: "began his African career in 1841 at aLon&n Missionary Society station on South Africa's Cape frontier, became as much an explorer as a missionary. He traveled throughout Central Africa, and his books and letters excited Europeans with the possibility of spreading "Christianity and commerce" in Africa. In 1871, when Livingstone had not been heard from for several years, the American Henry Morton Stanley led a search expedition that found him at Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika. While Livingstone hardly considered himself lost ... he was desperately short of supplies and in ill health ... died in 1873, he was so famous that his body was carried back to England and buried in Westminster Abbey" (Martin 1995:125)
- Lunda: "By the 1880s the Chokwe had left their Lunda employers and were raiding Lunda on their own. Their attacks brought the final dissolution of the Lunda empire" (Martin 1995:126)
- Maitatsine-opprøret: "the so-called Maitatsine Rebellion of December 1980 in Kano city, when 4177 people are said to have died in riots initiated by a fundamentalist Islamic sect composed mainly of young rural immigrants and opposed not only to all kinds of westernisation - imported clothes, watches, cars - but to any form of education except study of the Koran" (Iliffe 1983:60)
- Maji-Maji-opprøret: "inTanganyika, the Maji-Maji insurrection against German rule in 1905 was put down only after a bitter struggle in which tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives" (Martin 1995:150)
- Mali: "The state of Mali took over the control of much of this trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and entered a stage of expansion of its empire, extending its control over a substantial area of West Africa until it was eclipsed in the sixteenth century by the Muslim state, the Songhai empire" (Martin 1995:70), "a Mandinka kingdom further south of the desert's periphery, built its reputation on a strong economy, notably commerce and farming. Unlike Ghana, it used Islam to create social cohesion and transform its gqvernment. Thanks to its kings such as Mansa Musa, who undertook pilgrimages to'Mecca, Mali became known internationally. With a formidable military machine and astute kings, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Mali was able to expand and dominate western Sudan. At its peak, its boundaries extended to the sea in the west and the big bend in the River Niger to the east. Mali's demise came in the early fifteenth century when it was successfully attacked by Songhai" (82)
- Mani Kongo Afonso I: "Mani Kongo Afonso I (1506-1543) succeeded in building central power by claiming a monopoly on foreign trade, directing slave traders to the African interior rather than to Kongo itself, and spreading Christianity as a weapon against powerful local priests" (Martin 1995:122)
- manioka: "manioc, also called cassava. Like corn, manioc is a plant of New World origin, and its introduction into Africa within the last four hundred years has revolutionized food production in certain parts of the continent. Manioc is a woody plant propagated from cuttings that develop into-thin, straight, three- or fourfoot- long stems topped with a crown of deep green l'kaves. In the ground the plant develops several starchy roots that look somewhat like horseradish and which spread out from the stem in the pattern of a star. In North America, manioc is known as tapioca flour ... a long-maturing crop, harvested a year or eighteen months after planting. Thus it does not cause harvesting bottlenecks because it can be stored in the ground and dug out as it is needed. Some of the many different varieties, called bitter manioc, contain cyanide, which has to be removed by leaching and drying ... is often sold in local markets in this already processed form. Of all the known domesticated plants, manioc is the one that produces the greatest number of calories for a given area and for the effort. In parts of Africa, such as the Luapula Valley of Zaire, its cultivation has made possible great population densities and stable, large villages. Manioc is also the principal crop in the great forest region of the Zaire River basin ... is almost purely starch ... the leaves of the plant are a rich source of vitamins and can be eaten as a vegetable" (Martin 1995:203-204)
- Mano River Union: "less important regional-development organizations, one of which is the Mano River Union linking Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea" (Stock 1995:19)
- Mau-Mau-opprøret: "Kenya ... in late 1952, a state of emergency was declared after a series of violent acts attributed to the protest movement called "Mau Mau" by whites but which African fighters called the "Land and Freedom Army." ... the colonial authorities attempted to put down this incipient rebellion. The period of most intense conflict lasted for only two years, but high-intensity government repression and low-intensity guerrilla activities continued for three more ... did not lead to immediate political independence for Kenya, it did set the wheels in motion" (Martin 1995:162), "The Mau Mau rebellion of 1952 was, in Dr Cowen's analysis, mainly an attempt by frustrated bourgeois forces to free themselves from constraint by the colonial order", "D&pollo Nj~njo.~OW hile accepting the ernersnce of t h e a r a l 6ziepreneurs and their frustration between the wars, Njgnjo sees-Mau Mau as essentially an anti-capitalist rebellion - by dispossessed Kikqvu, 'a-violent attempt- to stop the capitalist tran-tj~n'.~I'_ ts defeat~hereforeo pened the way to the triumph of capitalism -&iEesnya" (Iliffe 1983:40)
- mellomsteinalderen i Afrika: "The next major phase of the Stone Age has been referred to over much of Africa as the Middle Stone Age, or in North Africa and the Sahara as the Middle Paleolithic. This period started in most regions between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago and lasted until 40,000 to 20,000 years ago", "A number of researchers argue that hominids with modern human morphology first emerged in Africa during this time period and subsequently spread to the rest of the world" (Martin 1995:59), "Quantities of ash and carbonized material at many Middle Stone Age sites suggest that humans had successfully mastered controlled use of fire" (60)
- Meroe: "South of Egypt in the Upper Nile, the Nubians had been under Egyptian domination until about 1000 B.c., when they were able to establish the independent kingdom of Kush. Kush successfully invaded Egypt in about 730 B.C. and governed for at least sixty years before finally withdrawing, first to Napata and later to Meroe, where a distinctive culture emerged. The Nubians were able to shed many Egyptian practices, replacing them with local cultural features, such as the Meroitic language and script, new gods and shrines, new art forms, and pyramids. Meroe was rich in timber and iron, useful in building a good agriculture and defense, and it engaged in far-flung regional trade. But in about A.D. 300 Meroe declined, and the kingdom came to an end, in part because of the disruption of its agriculture and trade caused by an Axumite invasion, in about A.D. 350" (Martin 1995:80)
- Miriam Makeba: "generally regarded as Africa's foremost female vocalist, dates back to the fifties in SouthAfrica. During the British tour of King Kong, a black opera in which she played the lead role, Makeba went into exile in the United States to pursue her career, becoming one of the strongest anti-apartheid crusaders" (Martin 1995:289)
- Mother Uganda and Her Children: "commissioned drama written by Western-trained professional theater artists ... from Uganda, where Rose Mbowa's play Mother Uganda and Her Children was first performed at Makerere University in 1987 ... has been taken to other international festivals. The play affirms Uganda's ethnic diversity and celebrates its multicultural traditions through a panoply of songs, dances, mime, and music, carefully selected from the various ethnic group" (Martin 1995:281-282)
- Mouride-rørsla: "The Mouride movement is an example of Sufi expansion under tacit colonial support in Senegal. Its founder, Amadu Bamba MbackC, was a Qadiriyya shaykh who used his organization to incorporate members of Wolof society displaced during the French conquest of Senegal. In an effort to reconstruct society, Bamba stressed the value of agricultural work, and moved his followers into the interior, where they grew peanuts, an important export crop in Senegal. Although the French initially viewed the Mouride movement as a threat and exiled Amadu Bamba from Senegal, they also appreciated the economic dimensions of the Mouride work ethic and peanut harvests. French officials not only allowed Bamba to return to his followers, but cultivated close relations with his successors and even constructed railroads into Mouride areas to facilitate export of this crop" (Martin 1995:111-112)
- native reserves: "'Native reserves' in the rural areas. These were the successors of the locations' developed by British colonial governments in nineteenth-century British Kafiaria and Natal. When not employed in white space, Africans were to live in such designated rural areas, where African chiefs had clung tenaciously to control over land, and where European supervision had been only tenuously superimposed. The government defined the reserves more clearly in the 1913 Natives Land Act" (Roddy 1999:75), "'homelands', created from the earlier reserves" (79)
- noog: "In the highlands of Ethiopia, several indigenous plants came into unique domestication in the highlands but were not significantly dispersed elsewhere. These include the cereal teff, which is still a staple of modern Ethiopia, as well as the edibleoil plant noog" (Martin 1995:67)
- OCAMM: "(Organization commune africaine, malgace et mauricienne) in an effort to promote cooperation" (Martin 1995:5)
- Parkia biglobosa: "farmers of the West African savanna clear a new farm site, they spare some of these trees ... The two most valuable are the shea or karite tree (Butyrospermum parkii) and the locust bean or nere tree (Parkia biglobosa) ... The locust tree produces ten-inch-long black pods packed with an edible sweet yellow powder and soybean-size black seeds. Women transform these seeds into a condiment that is the indispensable ingredient of West African sauces and gives to many marketplaces their characteristic strong aroma. Locust seeds are one of the most highly valued rural products of West Africa and are traded between countries from Sierra Leone to Nigeria. Thus, both of these tree crops generate large flows of income, most of it earned by women" (Martin 1995:202-203)
- Poro: "ritual societies. Among the Mende of Sierra Leone, men belong to an organization called Poro, which exercises judicial influence in settling disputes between community members and is concerned with the initiation of young boys into adulthood and Poro membership ... Both of these ritual organizations maintain ritual objects and masks and other materials, and much of the knowledge associated with these is secret" (Martin 1995:185)
- rastafarianisme: "Rastafarianism, or Ethiopianism, which was bolstered by the political and religious activism of Marcus Garvey in the 1920s, led to the deification of Ras Tafari, the late Haile Selassie I, who ascended the throne in Ethiopia in 1930. Rastafarians combine their ascetic brand of music with a public persona that commands attention: dreadlocks a ~ad he ad covering of green, yellow, black, and red colors (known as a tam) are standard insignia" (Martin 1995:287)
- SADCC: "The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) was established in 1980 by nine nations in an effort to reduce their dependence on South Africa, particularly in the fields of transport and agriculture. When it was started, the organization included conservative Malawi and more radical states such as Zimbabwe and Angola. In 1994, with the coming of majority rule in South Africa, SADCC, now known as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), evolved into a regional cooperative organization with South Africa as a key member" (Martin 1995:5)
- Samuel Adjai Crowther: "In 1821, at the age of twelve, Crowther was rescued from a slave ship and taken to Sierra Leone, where he was educated by the Church Missionary Society. Returning as a missionary to his Yoruba people in 1843, he evangelized widely beyond the territory then claimed by or receptive to Europeans. In 1864, the Anglican Church consecrated Crowther as bishop of the Niger territory, and he worked successfully until the 1880s, when he was increasingly pushed aside by white missionaries. Crowther died in 1891" (Martin 1995:125)
- Sande: "ritual societies. Among the Mende of Sierra Leone ... women belong to an organization called Sande, which initiates young girls into adulthood and maintains a body of secret knowledge regarding ritual objects and medicines which are used to treat the sick. Income earned from healing with Sande medicines becomes the property of the Sande rather than the healer.6 Both of these ritual organizations maintain ritual objects and masks and other materials, and much of the knowledge associated with these is secret" (Martin 1995:185)
- seinare steinalder i Afrika: "Over much of sub-Saharan Africa, the Later Stone Age refers to the final stage of a period during which a hunting-gathering subsistence was combined with reliance on stone technology. In northern Africa, despite ties with sub-Saharan Africa and indigenous innovations, major links with the Near East continued, and this period is often referred to as the Late or Upper Paleolithic" (Martin 1995:61), "The end of thk Later stone Age is generally marked by a shift from hunting and gathering to food production through agriculture and herding, usually involving larger, more complex settlements. Among some societies, this economic and social transition is seen relatively early, starting at least 7,000 to 8,000 years ago. Others retained a lifestyle based primarily on hunting and gathering for a longer period, sometimes until the modem era" (62)
- Senegal: "was perhaps the only colony in tropical Africa during this period in which Africans and Europeans competed and worked together in politics on an equal and integrated basis" (Martin 1995:149)
- Sheh Säyed Bushera: "Sheh Sayed Bushera (d. 1863) in the first half of the nineteenth century. al-Haj~B ushera was a Sufi mystic and scholar, who fought against all forms of innovation, strictly adhering to the Sharia law (see Hussein Ahmed's Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia, Brill 2001)" (Aspen 2003:9)
- Sir Samuel Lewis: "A~n~o ther very early West African plantation owner was the lawyer Sir Samuel Lewis of Freetown in Sierra - Leone, the first African to receive a knighthood; it is recorded that eighty of his labourers marched behind the family hammocks to church on Sunday mornings" (Iliffe 1983:28)
- Songhai: "eleventh century ... the capital of Ghana had an estimated 30,000 inhabitants, while Gao, the largest city of Songhai, had nearly twice that many by a few centuries later" (Martin 1995:85), "Songhai cities of Jenne and Timbuktu, each of which boasted fine Islamic universities by the sixteenth century" (86)
- St. Takla Haymanot: "The national saint of Ethiopia, St Takla Haymanot, is believed to have stood praying on one leg for twenty-seven years until the other leg fell off and rose to heaven by itself" (Iliffe 1983:21)
- Sundiatasoga: "Sundiata epic, which recounts the legend of the founding of the kingdom of Mali" (Martin 1995:177)
- t'emad: "is a flexible measurement unit that can accommodate other dimensions than the spatial extension, like quality of the soil, work input, and, in the context of equity, social and political considerations" (Aspen 2003:46), "4 t'emad (1 hectare)2", "2. This is the official conversion, but Local reality is much more varied" (Zewde 2002:73)
- terms of trade: "value of exports relative to the value of imports" (Stock 1995:328)
- The Lonrho Group: "The Lonrho Group consists of more than 800 companies operating in over 80 countries. Its sales have grown from $180 million in 1967 to $7.8 billion in 1988. Lonrho is involved in a wide range of businesses-commercial agriculture, mining, tourism, motor vehicle distribution, general trade, publishing, and financial services. It is the largest distributor of motor vehicles in Africa, with agencies for ten major automakers. It farms and ranches 810,000 ha of land in Africa and the USA and is Africa's largest commercial food producer. It has major mining investments in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Ghana. Lomho is unusual among transnational corporations in that its primary locus is in Africa. Although Africa south of the Sahara accounted for only 18% of Lonrho's gross sales during 1985 to 1988, it provided half of its pretax profits. Almost 70% of Lonrhh 98,000 employees are in Africa. One of the keys to Lonrho's success has been the strong connections that its executive director maintains with ruling African elites. The company continued to wield considerable political and economic influence, even when antiapartheid concern was at its height, despite its maintenance of large and profitable investments in South Africa" (Stock 1995:336)
- Tijaniyya: "the Reformed Tijaniyya, a brotherhood of Senegalese origin which was introduced to b and in northern Nigeria in 1937 and was thought thirty years later to have gained the adherence of more than half the city's men. In Kano ... It reinforced the emirate's autonomy within the Sokoto Caliphate, whose official brotherhood was the rival Qadiriyya. It encouraged a genuine spiritual earnestness and popular participation ... its combination of openness to innovation with stress on ascetic dedication and individual responsibility made it especially attractive to the city's business community ... the Hausa commercial community of Ibadan joined the T'ijaniyya en masse in the 1950s, partly in order to reinforce their communal solidarity when threatened by competition from local Yoruba merchants" (Iliffe 1983:49)
- UGCC: "Between 1947 and 1957 he orchestrated what came to be known as the "Positive Action Campaign." In the process the UGCC grew until it had more than five hundred local offices throughout the colony, all capable of mounting local protest" (Martin 1995:161)
- Valet i Gullkysten 1951: "February 1951, during a period when Nkrumah was incarcerated, general elections, which were to lead to internal self-government, were held, pitting the UGCC against the CPP. Nkrumah's party was the overwhelming victor, outpolling the UGCC by a margin of 90 ercent, thus winning thirty-four of the thirty-eight municipal and rural council seats ... The colonial regime had little choice but to ask Nkrumah to form the government" (Martin 1995:162)
- Vest-Afrika: "West Africa commonly refers to countries to the west of the Cameroon-Nigeria border, an important physical and cultural dividing line in the continent. The Sahelian countries form a significant subregion within West Africa characterized by desert-margin environment and, especially in recent years, recurring drought" (Stock 1995:21-22)
- Wahhabi-rørsla: "the Wahhabi movement which first touched West Africa in the 1930s but became established after 1945, mainly in Bamako and other towns of modern Mali, through the teaching of local students returning from the Azhar university in Cairo.18 Despite its name (given by its opponents), the movement had little to do with the Wahhabism of Arabia. It was essentially a West African version of the Salafiyya, the modernistic reforming movement within Islam which had come into being in Cairo in the late nineteenth century and had become increasingly puritan as it spread westwards into Africa.19 In Bamako, Wahhabism won its strongest support among the wealthy kola traders, who welcomed its strong work-ethic, its justification of wealth as necessary to charity, its rationalising hostility to mysticism and superstition, its championing of nationalism and democracy, and its attempt to create an educational system which would be both modern, Islamic, and useful to those entering a commercial career.20 Wahhabism was perhaps the religious movement most completely adapted to the emerging capitalism of postwar Africa" (Iliffe 1983:50)