Wikipedia acewiki https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n_Keue MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Alat Kusuih Marit Ureuëng Ngui Marit Ureuëng Ngui Wikipedia Marit Wikipedia Beureukaih Marit Beureukaih MediaWiki Marit MediaWiki Seunaleuëk Marit Seunaleuëk Beunantu Marit Beunantu Kawan Marit Kawan TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 70 158498 150001 2026-08-01T17:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haji''' nakeuh salah saboh nibak ibadah nyang geupeu wajéb lé [[Allah]] ta'ala ateuëh ureuëng nyang ka mampu. Haji rôh lam salah saboh rukôn Islam. Meunan meunurôt lam padum-padum boh hadih nabi SAW. Haji husôh geupeubeuët lam beuleuën-beuleuën nyang ka meuteuntè, mulai beuleuën Syawal, Zulqa'idah tamah 10 uroë beuleuën Zulhijjah. Ibadah haji nyoe geupeubeuët bak teumpat-teumpat nyang ka meuteuntè, hanjeuët barang kapat. Lam riwayat, nyang phôn-phôn that peubeuët ibadah haji nakeuh nabi [[Adam|Adam As.]] Nyang geu haji geujak ngon tapak nibak nanggroë Hindi. Na 40 gö haji nyang ka geu peu beuët lé Nabi Adam As. == Nè seunurat == * {{cite book|last=Bianchi|first=Robert R.|year=2004|title=Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/guestsofgodpilgr0000bian|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517107-5}} * {{cite book|last=Hammoudi|first=Abdellah|year=2006|title=A Season in Mecca: Narrative of a Pilgrimage|publisher=Hill and Wang|isbn=978-0-8090-7609-3|author-link=Abdellah Hammoudi|url=https://archive.org/details/seasoninmeccanar00hamm}} * Khan, Qaisra, "Hajj & 'Umra", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp.&nbsp;239–245. * {{cite book|last=Patler|first=Nicholas|title=From Mecca to Selma: Malcolm X, Islam, and the Journey tnto the American Civil Rights Movement|year=2017|publisher=The Islamic Monthly|url=http://theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082856/https://www.theislamicmonthly.com/mecca-to-selma/|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|last=Trojanow|first=Ilija|year=2007|title=Mumbai to Mecca: A Pilgrimage to the Holy Sites of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/frommumbaitomecc0000troj|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-29-5|author-link=Ilija Trojanow}} {{Commons|Hajj}} [[Kawan:Rukôn Islam]] ppr8wc00r8mfs8q3faktme5jwvzmqgx 0 116 158497 158252 2026-08-01T17:29:56Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{madinah city infobox}} '''Madinah''' atawa '''Madinah Al Munawwarah''': '''مدينة رسول الله ''' atawa '''المدينه''', (geupeunan cit Madinatur Rasulullah, Madīnah an-Nabī) nakeuh banda utama di [[Arab Saudi]]. Nyoëkeuh banda nyang that rameè geukunjông lé ureuëng [[Islam]]. Disinan keuh [[Nabi Muhammad SAW|Rasulullah SAW]] neuwafeuët ngon disinan keuh kubu neuh. Nyan nakeuh banda suci keu-2 bagi ummat Islam. Bak masa [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]], banda nyoë jeuët keu pusat da'wah, meurunoë, ngon peumeurèntah Islam. Dari banda nyoë Islam meukeumang keu sigom tanoh [[Tanoh Arab|Arab]] 'oh lheuëh nyan ban sigom dônya. Bak thôn 1 H (622 M) [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] ngon ureuëng Islam dari Makkah ka neu [[Hijrah]] u Madinah. Ngon trôh laju keunan mandum ureuëng Islam nyang phôn-phôn that meuagama Islam keunan keu geujak meurunoë agama langsông nibak Nabi. Madinah nakeuh teumpat bak teudong lhèe boh peuneudong meuseujid nyang that utaa lam tarèh Islam. Nakeuh disinan [[Meuseujid Nabawi]] (meuseujid Nabi), [[Meuseujid Quba]] (meuseujid phôn lam Islam),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm |title=Masjid Quba' - Hajj |location=Saudi Arabia |publisher=Hajinformation.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26 |archive-date=2017-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095754/http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h2022.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Meuseujid Qiblatain]] (meuseujid dua qiblat) di meuseujid nyan teumpat qiblat neupinah dari [[Yerusalem]] u [[Makkah]]. Lagèe banda suci Makkah al Mukarramah u Madinah al Munawwarah meuhat nyang jeuët tamong keunan nakeuh ureuëng meuagama Islam mantong.<ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |authorlink=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25&dq=non-muslims+in+mecca&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fgNZT5LBC-mqiQK3iLiaCw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=non-muslims%20in%20mecca&f=false}}</ref><ref name="mackeymecca">[[Sandra Mackey]]'s account of her attempt to enter Mecca in {{cite book|last=Mackey|first=Sandra|title=The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom|year=1987|pages=63–64|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-32417-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An A To Z Of Places And Things Saudi|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofplacesthin0000cudd|last=Cuddihy|first=Kathy|page=[https://archive.org/details/atozofplacesthin0000cudd/page/148 148]|year=2001|publisher=Stacey International|isbn=1-900988-40-2}}</ref> Lam agama Islam geuyakin nyang nakeuh ayat [[Kuru'an|Al Qur'an]] nyang geupeutrôn di Madinah pih geupeubida ngon nyang geupeutrôn di Makkah.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26&dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca&hl=en&ei=n9wFTvG7F8q68gPK2IHfDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Historical value of the Qur'ân and the Ḥadith] A.M. Khan</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61&dq=quran+revealed+medina+mecca+surah&hl=en&ei=oOAFTry8H4as8gOv5-XpDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an] Ahmed Al-Laithy</ref> Di Madinah keuh teudong phôn pusat meukeumang agama Islam bak masa Nabi, meusambông teuma ngon peuët droë sahabat [[Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq]], [[Umar bin Khattab]], [[Utsman bin Affan]] ngon [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] "Madinah" nakeuh narit nibak [[bahsa Arab]] nyang meuareuti "banda", jameun nan banda nyan "Yatsrib" nyang dudoë geugantoë lé Nabi. Lawét nyoë, ureuëng duëk di banda nyan nakeuh 600.000 droë. Ngon banda [[Makkah]] na jeu'ôh leubèh kureuëng 340 km blah rot sibarôh. Yôh masa dilèe keu geujak dari Makkah u Madinah peureulèe watèe nyang that trép, meunyoë geujak ngon unta abéh watèe si buleuën lam meujak nyan. Jinoë meuhat cit 6 jeuëm jak rot ra'uëh tol nyang geupeugot l épeumeurntah Arab Saudi. Bak masa keurajeuën Utsmani, na ra'uëh geuritan apuy nyang meuhubông Madinah ngon [[Amman]] ([[Yordania]]) seureuta [[Damaskus]] ([[Suriyah|Syria]]) nyang jeuët ra'uëh nyan nibak beunagi ra'ueh geuritan apuy [[Istambul]] ([[Turki]])-[[Haifa]] ([[Israel]]) nyang geuturi cit ngon nan [[Hejaz Railway]]. Jinoë ra'uëh nyoë hana lé ngon seutasiôn geuritan apuy Madinah ka geupeugot keu museum. Dilèe ra'uëh nyan geunguy keu mangat ureuëng bak geujak u Madinah ngon keu geujak peunuët ibadah [[Haji]]. Jinoë lam ka keumaih ra'uëh darat, banda Madinah jeuët ta teuka rot ra'uëh darat. Meunyoë ngon peusawat ateuëh tujuan Madinah payah ta piyôh dilèe di [[Bandara King Abdul Aziz]] [[Jeddah]], atawa jeuēt cit langsông tren peusawat di [[Bandara Internasional Pangiran Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz|Bandara Pangiran Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz]], Madinah. == Éhtisa == [[Beureukaih:Masjid al-Qiblatain.jpg|jmpl|kiri|220px|[[Meuseujid Qiblatain]]]] Yôh masa seugolom Islam bak thôn 622 M, banda nyoë nakeuh Yatsrib, saboh banda oasis.<ref name="livius.org">https://web.archive.org/web/20161208034752/http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/babylon02.html#Chronicle%20of%20Nabonidus Chronicle of Nabonidus</ref> La'én nibak [[bansa Arab]], di Yatsrib na cit ureuëng [[Yahudi]], lam jiyakin lé ureuëng Yahudi masa nyan nakeuh Yatsrib nyan seubagoë banda nyang geujanji lé Tuhan lam kitab-kitab awaknyan keu teumpat neuduëk nabi akhé jameun. Nan banda nyan neuubah lé nabi jeuët keu Madinatun Nabiy (مدينة ٱلنبي "banda nabi") atawa Al-Madīnatul Munawwarah (المدينة ٱلمنورة "banda nyang peungeuh" atawa "banda nyang meucahya"). Madinah geupeurayeuk seubab disinan na Meuseujid Nabi ngon seujarah banda nyan nyang jeut keu nanggroë nyang tém peulindông Nabi ngon sahbat neuh ngon ummat Islam lheuh jiancam lé kawôm [[Bansa Quraisy|Quraisy]] Makkah. Nabi wafeut di Madinah ngon meukubu nibak teumpat nyang geupeunan [[Raudhah]]. Jirat Nabi nibak masa nyoë nakeuh dimeuyub [[Qubah Ijô]], ngon na cit disampéng Nabi dua droë sahabat nyang mulia [[Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq]] ngon [[Umar bin Khattab]], neuduëk kubu nyan nakeuh pah bak teumpat nyang jameun nakeuh rumoh Rasulullah SAW.<ref>However, an article in [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200606/Saudi Aramco World]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by John Anthony states: "To the perhaps parochial [[Muslim]]s of [[North Africa]] in fact the sanctity of [[Kairouan]] is second only to Mecca among all cities of the world." [[Saudi Aramco]]’s bimonthly magazine's goal is to broaden knowledge of the cultures, history and geography of the Arab and Muslim worlds and their connections with the West; pages 30-36 of the January/February 1967 print edition [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624130307/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196701/the.fourth.holy.city.htm The Fourth Holy City]</ref> Neuduëk banda Madinah nyan pih get that meusaneut bak mandum bideuëng, na kira-kira 190 km dari panté [[La'ôt Mirah]] ngon tanoh nyang that leuhu meubandéng ngon wilayah la'én di Jazirah Arabia, banda nyan jilingka lé gunong ngon bukét-bukét nyang manyang. Bak tarèh banda nyan nakeuh saboh kuta banda nyang meulingka, jikeuliléng ngon bintéh nyang that kong ngon teubai 30 sampoë 40 gaki (9,1-12 m) ngon manyang, banda nyan geupeudong bak abad keu-12, ngon jiapét lé meunara. Pintô tamöng banda nyan na peuët ho, salah saboh jih na pintô Babussalam atawa pintô Mesir nyang that na ceudah. di luwa bintéh banda, barat ngon tunong nakeuh binéh banda nyang na disinan rumoh-rumoh meuyub ngon lampôh peunula. Bak binéh banda nyan na cit bintéh ngon meupintô. Rab mandum banda meuseujarah nyan ka geupeuancô bak masa Keurajeuën Saudi. Banda nyoë jipuga lom lam masa nyan ngon pusat banda nakeuh di Meuseujid Nabawi. Meusebab ngon peumeurèntah keurajeuën Saudi geutakôt keu khurafat lam masyarakat ngon ummat Islam le that ka peuneudong meuseujarah ngon jirat ureuëng Islam awai ka geupeugadoh dari banda Madinah. Le that pusaka keuneubah seujarah masa nabi ngon masa-masa lheuëh nyan ka geu peuancô lé peumeurèntah Keurajeuën Saudi. == Tarèh == [[Beureukaih:Nabonidus chronicle.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Batèe meutuléh pusaka banda madinah yôh mantong nan Yatsrib]] === Seugohlom Islam === Bak masa seugolom Islam banda nyoë nadimeuyub nan jameun "Yastrib", tarèh Yatsrib nyan meuphôn bak abad keu-6 SM. Nan nyan na leumah bak ceunatat bansa Asyur ngon nan Iastribu.<ref name="livius.org"/> Bak masa Ptolomy oasis nyan jipeunan seubagoë Lathrippa. === Peungarôh Yahudi === Kawôm [[Yahudi]] teuka u Yatsrib bak abad keu-2 Masehi. Bak masa phôn Islam di Madinah, na lhèe boh kawôm Yahudi di banda nyan: [[Bani Qaynuqa']], [[Bani Qurayzah]] ngon [[Bani Nadzir]].<ref name="jewishencyclopedia 1">[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=326&letter=M Medina]</ref> La'én nibak awak Yahudi, na cit keunan bansa Arab [[Bani 'Aus]] ngon [[Bani Khazraj]], dua kawôm nyan teuka dari [[Yaman]] ngon geumeuduëk disinan seubagoë bansa nyang tundk keu Yahudi. Menan pih dudoë peungarôh dua Bani nyan ka leubèh rayeuëk bak kuwasa nanggroë Madinah. Lam peungarôh Yahudi nyan Bani 'Aus ngon Bani Khazraj pih gabuëk ngon na jimeuprang lam peuët go tunjak prang. Lam prang keuneulheuëh Bani Aus ka talô dari Bani Khazraj, ka meusampoë ngon talô nyan Bani Khazraj ka jeuët keu peumimpin nanggroë. Meunan pih nyang gabuëk antara 'Aus ngon Khazraj nyan hana cit reuda, sidroë ureuëng nyang jeuët keu ulèe kawôm Bani Khazraj nakeuh [[Abdullah bin Ubay]] nyang lé ureuëng Yatsrib geuneuk peuduëk keu raja nanggroë. Meunan geukalon lé ureuëng Yatsrib nyan Abdullah bin Ubay hana jeuët jih bak jipeudamèe nanggroë nibak gabuëk 'Aus ngon Khazraj seureuta toë that hubôngan bin Ubay ngon awak Yahudi, jeuët keu seubabnyan padum-padum droë ureuëng peunténg Bani 'Aus ngon Khazraj ka geujak u Makkah, geujak meurumpok ngon Nabi Muhammad di [['Aqabah]] ngon geupeugot janji seutia disinan keu nabi ngon keu agama Islam. Lé ureuëng Yatsrib yôh nyan nakeuh that geuharap Nabi Muhammad SAW keuh nyang jeuët peudamèe lom antara dua kawôm nyang meusitrèe nyan. === Masa Teuka Nabi Muhammad SAW === Bak thôn 622 M / 1 H, [[Nabi Muhammad SAW]] ngon na 70 droë ureuëng Islam dari Makkah teuka keunan u Yatsrib. Lam keujadian [[Hijrah]] nabi nyan ureuëng Islam dari Makkah geupeunan [[Muhajirin]] ngon ureuëng Madinah nyang teurimong kawôm Muhajirin geupeunan [[Anshar]]. Keujadian nyan brat that ka jeuët keu meu-ubah kri agama Islam bak meukeumang jih yôh masa phôn. Meunan trôh Nabi u Yatsrib laju keuh neupeugot damèe antara 'Aus ngon Khazraj, ngon meukawan-kawan ureuëng Madinah nyan dari 'Aus, Khazraj ngon Yahudi nyang geutamong lam agama Islam atawa meu-ikat janji sipakat keu meujaga dameè di Yatsrib. Nabi Muhammad geuangkèe jeuët keu peumimpin nanggroë, ngon sigra lé Nabi neu ubah nan naggroë dari Yatsrib jeuët keu Madinah. Lam siplôh thôn lheuëh neuduëk Nabi Muhammad SAW di Madinah ka neupeudong lé droëneuhnyan saboh banda nyang that meuatô. Ngon ka neupuga banda nyan seubagoë da'irah nyang geuteuka keunan mandum bansa Arab yôh nyan keu dijak meurumpok Nabi ngon geumeuiman bak agama nyang neumée lé Nabi. Banda nyan kajeuët keu da'irah nyang meuheut keuneuk dijak prang lé kawôm kaphé nyang mantong han jiteurimong agama islam jeuët keu agama meugantoë agama endatu awaknyan. Dari banda nyan cit lé Nabi ka neuatô teuntra keujak prang Makkah bak thôn keu 8 [[Almanak Islam|Hijriyah]]. Ngon lheuëh neureubôt Makkah, Nabi ka neuriwang keunan u Madinah lom ngon neuwafeuët di teumpat nyang that mulia nyan. Teutap keuh meupadum thôn lheuëh wafeuët Nabi Muhammad SAW banda nyan jeuët keu teumpat neuduëk padum-padum droë sahbat nyang neumat kuwasa seubagoë [[khalifah]]. Di meuyub lhèe droë khalifah, Abu Bakar, Umar, ngon Utsman, Madinah nakeuh nang nanggroë Islam nyang meukeumang ngon that rijang. Bak masa khalifah Utsman teuka saboh peureuté ureuëng Arab dari Meusé nyang hana jiseunang keu Utsman dijak seurang Madinah ngon jipoh Utsman bak thôn 656 M/ 35 H. Ali, khalifah nyang keupeuët ka neupinah pusat khalifah dari Madinah u [[Kufah]] di [[Irak]]. Lheuëh nyan nakeuh Madinah nyan tinggai cit seubagoë pusat agama kon pusat peumeurintah Islam. === Masa rhet lam jaroë Bani Saud === [[Beureukaih:Medina 3.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Madinah thôn 1890 M]] [[Beureukaih:المدينة المنورة.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Madinah ngon bintéh teubai meulingka banda]] Nibak awai abad keu-20, lam [[Prang dônya keu-I]], Madinah ka jikeupông lam saboh keumeupông nyang that trép bak tarèh banda nyan. Madinah nakeuh banda [[Keurajeuën Utsmani]] nyang meuatô disinan nakeuh bak jaroë [[Bani Hasyim]] seubagoë syarif atawa amir dari Makkah. [[Fakhri Pasha]] nakeuh gubernur Utsmani dari Madinah. Ali bin Hussein, Syarif Makkah ngon peumimpin Bani Hasyim, ke meubeurontak keu khalifah di [[Konstantinopel]] (Istanbul) ngon geumeudong blah rot [[Inggréh]]. Madinah geukeupông lé teuntra Syarif, meunan pih Fakhri han geutém theun talô lam masa jikeupông nyan dari thôn 1916 sampoë uroë 10 buleuën Sa thôn 1919. Gobnyan han geutém meunyeurah lam 72 uroë pantang teumimbak nyang jipeunan geuncatan seunjata Moudros sampoë gobnyan dudoë jidrop lé teuntra droë geuh nyang meubalék keu syarif.<ref>Peters, Francis (1994). ''Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land''. PP376-377. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03267-X</ref> Keu bèk jicok ngon jipeuhancô pusaka Islam disinan, lé gubernur Fakhri ka neukirém padum-padum macam pusaka nyang that meuyum keudéh u Istambul ngon cara rahsia.<ref>Mohmed Reda Bhacker (1992). ''Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: Roots of British Domination''. Routledge Chapman & Hall. P63: Following the plunder of Medina in 1810 'when the Prophet's tomb was opened and its jewels and relics sold and distributed among the Wahhabi soldiery'. P122: the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II was at last moved to act against such outrage.</ref> Bak thôn 1920, lé Inggréh kajipeugah Madinah nyan leubèh bibeuëh nibak Makkah.<ref name=Prothero103>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Arabia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationary Office|location=London|page=103|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/103/|access-date=2013-10-17|archive-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622165406/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/103/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Lheuëh Prang Dônya keu phôn, lé kawôm Bani Hasyim ka jiangkèe Sayyid Husen bin Ali keu raja dari Hijaz nyang meurdéka. Ngon sigra laju lheuëh nyan, bak thôn 1924, gobnyan ka jipeutalô lom lé kawôm Wangsa Saud, nyang jipeusapat Madinah ngon ban sigom Hijaz lam keurajeuën modern [[Arab Saudi]]. === Madinah jinoë === Uroë nyoë, Madinah la'én nibak jeuët keu teumpat keuduwa paléng peunténg bak ziarah ummat Islam lheuëh Makkah, nakeuh banda nyan jeuët keu nang nanggroë Provinsi blah rot barat Arab Saudi, saboh provinsi nyang that peunténg keu keurajeuën nyan. 'An uroë nyoë bak pusat banda tuha Madinah nyang geupeuhareuëm teuka ureuëng kaphé, Madinah nakeuh banda nyang jimeuduëk lé macam bansa ngon macam agama (Islam ngon kon islam): lagèe nyang teuka nibak: nanggroë-nanggroë Arab nyang la'én (Meusé, [[Yordania]], [[Libanon]], ngon la'én-la'én, [[Asia Tunong]] ([[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], ngon la'én-la'én), [[Indônèsia]] ngon [[Filipina]]. == Ekonomi == Lam seujarah, Madinah that meuceuhu ngon hasé nibak [[Kurma]]. Kurma Madinah nakeuh nyang that mangat didônya, ngon le that bagoë kurma nyang jitimoh ngon meuboh disinan. Bak thôn 1920 mantong na leubèh kureuëng 139 macam kurma nyang na ban sigom Madinah.<ref name=Prothero83>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Arabia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationary Office|location=London|page=83|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/|access-date=2013-10-17|archive-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051942/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Madinah geuthèe cit keu hasé nibak macam-macam peunula gulèe.<ref name=Prothero86>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Arabia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationary Office|location=London|page=86|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/86/|access-date=2013-10-17|archive-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051853/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/86/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Beureukaih:Madina Haram at evening .jpg|pus|jmpl|800px| Meuseujid Nabi bak watèe sinja]] == Nè seunurat == {{Reflist|2}} {{Commons|Medina}} [[Kawan:Arab Saudi]] [[Kawan:Tanoh Suci]] 9uh1a2g5grow81a9lrlsvevfxtr3521 0 599 158484 155694 2026-08-01T17:09:19Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kuala Lumpur City Infobox}} '''Kuala Lumpur''' (kayém geukheun paneuk '''KL'''), atawa nan panyang jih '''Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur''', nakeuh nang nanggroë ngon banda rayeuek di [[Malaysia]]. Luwah wilayah nyan nakeuh {{convert|244|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, ngon jumeulah ureuëng duëk 1,6 juta droë (2010).<ref>Ministry Of Federal Territories And Urban Wellbeing [https://web.archive.org/web/20140607193709/http://app.kwpkb.gov.my/greaterklkv/overview "Overview of Greater Kuala Lumpur"]</ref> Lam wilayah metropolitan Kuala Lumpur atawa nyang geuturi cit ngon [[Leumbah Klang]], nakeuh jumeulah ureuëng duëk 5,7 juta droë.<ref name="app.kwpkb">{{cite web|author=Ministry Of Federal Territories And Urban Wellbeing|title=Overview of Greater Kuala Lumpur|url=http://app.kwpkb.gov.my/greaterklkv/overview|accessdate=2017-03-11|archivedate=2014-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607193709/http://app.kwpkb.gov.my/greaterklkv/overview}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur nakeuh wilayah metropolitan ngon meutimoh leupah that na bagah di Malaysia, meuhat nyan bak jumeulah ureuëng duëk atawa bhaih ekonomi.<ref name=metro>{{cite news|url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/13/business/18553100&sec=business|title=New growth corridors added|author=Ng, Angie|publisher=The Star Online|accessdate=2007-12-14|archive-date=2007-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615223303/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F13%2Fbusiness%2F18553100&sec=business|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Di Kuala Lumpur teudong keuh [[Parlemen Malaysia]]. Banda nyoe dilè kon jeuët keu neuduëk pusat peumeurèntah eksekutif ngon mahkamah, dudoë phôn nibak 1999 mandum kantô peumeurèntah ngon mahkamah geupinah u [[Putrajaya]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Kerajaan Malaysia|title=Putrajaya – Administrative Capital of Malaysia|accessdate=2007-12-11|url=http://www.gov.my/MYGOV/BI/Directory/Government/AboutMsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/|archivedate=2007-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218073613/http://www.gov.my/MYGOV/BI/Directory/Government/AboutMsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/}}</ref> Meunan pih kantô cabeuëng padum-padum boh mahkamah mantong cit na di banda Kuala Lumpur nyan, meuligoë [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] raja neugara Keurajeuën Federasi Malaysia nakeuh disinan. Banda nyan bak uroë nyoë kajeuët keu pusat budaya ngon ekonomi Malaysia meuseubab ngon neuduëk utama Kuala Lumpuur seubagoë nang nanggroë utama Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Josh, Krist|title=Kuala Lumpur: The Heart of Malaysia|url=http://www.corporatemeetings.com/displayarticle.asp?id=8172|work=Meetings AsiaPacific|publisher=Meetings Media|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) geuakô banda Kuala Lumpur seubagoë saboh [[banda global|banda global alfa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2008|work=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC)|publisher=[[Universiti Loughborough|Loughborough University]]|accessdate=2009-05-16|archive-date=2016-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Wilayah Meusekutu Kuala Lumpur nakeuh salah saboh nibak lhèe boh [[Wilayah Federasi Malaysia|Wilayah Meusekutu Malaysia]], ngon na cit saboh enklaf lam naggroë [[Selangor]], di panté barat teungoh [[Seumenanjông Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/umy.html|title=Territorial extent|work=States of Malaysia|accessdate=2007-12-11|publisher=statoids.com}}</ref> Phôn nibak thôn 1990, banda nyoë jeuët keu po rumoh padum-padum boh keurija grak tubôh, siyasat ngon teumadôn dônya, lagèe [[Commonwealth Games 1998]] ngon [[Formula Sa]].<ref name=F1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/circuit_guide/4244253.stm|title=Circuit Guide: Sepang, Malaysia|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> La'én nibak nyan, di Kuala Lumpur teudong keuh saboh peuneudong meunara keumbeuë nyang paléng manyang di dônya, nakeuh [[Meunara Keumbeuë Petronas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0909775.html|title=Petronas Towers|work=Pearson PLC|accessdate=2007-12-11|publisher=Infoplease}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur meuhubông ngon dônyan luwa ngon duwa boh bandara, nakeuh [[Bandara Internasional Kuala Lumpur]] di Sepang ngon [[Bandara Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah]] di Subang. == Tarèh == Tarèh modern Kuala Lumpur geupeuphôn bak kira-kira thôn 1850, 'an nyan Raja Abdullah<ref>{{cite web|title=Kuala Lumpur History|url=http://all.talkmalaysia.com/kuala-lumpur/kuala-lumpur-history/|accessdate=2009-09-15|archivedate=2016-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808074947/http://all.talkmalaysia.com/kuala-lumpur/kuala-lumpur-history/}}</ref> geubayeuë kuli [[Tionghoa-Malaysia|China]] keu geupeuhah saboh tambang [[timah]] nyang barô ngon leubèh rayeuk.<ref name="virtual" /> Awak nyan teuka di kuala [[Kruëng Gombak]] ngon [[Kruëng Klang]] keu jipeuhah tambang di Ampang.<ref name="virtual" /> Tambang-tambang nyoë meukeumang ngon bagah jeuët keu saboh da'irah meuniaga nyang that bagah geuteurimong keu banda bak ceuë. Le cit harô-hara nyang geutunyum lé ureuëng Kuala Lumpur, lagèe [[Prang Klang|Prang Syèdara Selangor]], waba peunyakét, tutông, ngon ië raya.<ref name="virtual" /> Bak kira-kira thôn 1870, [[Kapitan China]] Kuala Lumpur, [[Yap Ah Loy]], jeuët keu ulèe nyang meutanggông jaweuëb bak peutheun ngon peutimoh banda nyan. Lé jih ka phôn laju jipuga Kuala Lumpur dari saboh teumpat ubeut nyang hana meupat jeuet keu saboh banda tambang ngon ekonomi nyang hudép.<ref name="Sejarah">{{cite web|title=Sejarah Malaysia|url=http://www.mbsa.gov.my/mbsa/shah%20alam/sejarah.htm|accessdate=2007-12-15|archivedate=2007-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110651/http://www.mbsa.gov.my/mbsa/shah%20alam/sejarah.htm}}</ref> Nibak ujông abad keu-19, [[Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad]] sidroë sèdaga Meulayu teuka keunan dari [[Bansa Minang|Minangkabau]], ngon lé gobnyan geupuga da'irah [[Chow Kit]] ngon Kampung Bahru jeuët keu da'irah mukim masyarakat Meulayu.<ref> Persatuan Melayu Selangor (PMS), Riwayat Hidup Haji Abdullah bin Haji Mohd. Taib, 15 April 1934</ref> Bak thôn 1880, nang nanggroë Selangor geupinah dari Klang u Kuala Lumpur nyang that leubèh jroh ngon meusaneut.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Kuala Lumpur|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046321/Kuala-Lumpur|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> Bak thôn 1881, lam musibah ië raya ngon tutông ka hancô dum peuneudong kayèe ngon ubông nyang na di Kuala Lumpur. Residen Inggris di Selangor, [[Frank Swettenham]], laju geupeugot saboh peunutôh nyang jipeuwajéb bak ureuëng disinan geupeugot peuneudong dari batèe bata ngon ubin mantong-mantong.<ref name="Britannica"/> Le peuneudong barô nyan meusaban ngon curak rumoh keudèe di China Tunong, ngon kri meu "[[gaki limong]]". Peuneujak meuhubông u banda nyan pih ka jipeuna ngon jipuga saboh rot geuritan apuy keunan. Lam get that meukeumang nyankeuh bak thôn 1890, jipeudong teuma saboh Leumbaga Meugléh (''Sanitary Board''). Bak thôn 1896, Kuala Lumpur geupiléh jeuet keu nang "[[Nanggrë Meulayu Meusikutu]]" nyang barô.<ref name="Sejarah" /> [[Beureukaih:Japanese troops mopping up in Kuala Lumpur.jpg|kiri|jmpl|230px|Teuntra Jeupang jipeugléh ra'uëh di Kuala Lumpur bak masa [[Prang Dônya II]].]] Meumacam bagoë bansa ngon manusia keunan geujak dum geujak duëk di Kuala Lumpur. Kawôm China teutap awak nyan di seulingka pusat meuniaga ''Medan Pasar'' blah rot timu Kruëng Klang. Ureuëng Meulayu, [[Chettiar]], ngon India Islam teutap ureuëng nyan di sipanyang ''Java Street'' (jinoë Jalan Tun Perak). Tanoh lapang nyang jinoë geuturi ngon [[Dataran Merdeka|Tanoh lapang Merdeka]], nakeuh pusat kantô peumeurètah Inggréh.<ref name=virtual>{{cite web|publisher=Virtual Malaysia Magazine|accessdate=2007-12-18|title=Old-World Charm|url=http://magazine.virtualmalaysia.com/content.cfm/ID/17AD5478-79E7-4E6F-B76E41D642B3F579|archivedate=2007-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812085344/http://magazine.virtualmalaysia.com/content.cfm/ID/17AD5478-79E7-4E6F-B76E41D642B3F579}}</ref> Bak masa [[Prang Dônya II]], Kuala Lumpur jikuwasa lé teuntra [[Jepang]] dari uroë 11 buleuën sa thôn 1942 sampoë uroë 15 buleuën 10 thôn 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://army.gov.au/news/armynews/special_elements/on_this_day/january.htm|publisher=The Australian Army|title=On This Day|accessdate=2007-12-17|archivedate=2011-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010701/http://army.gov.au/news/armynews/special_elements/on_this_day/january.htm}}</ref> Bak thôn 1957, [[Federasi Malaya]] meuhasé jicok meurdèka dari Britania Raya, ngon Kuala Lumpur geupiléh jeuët keu nang nanggroë.<ref>{{cite news|title=1957: Malaya celebrates independence|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/31/newsid_3534000/3534340.stm|work=On This Day: 31 August|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-12-06|date=1957-08-31}}</ref> Lheuëh [[Uroë Malaysia|puga Malaysia]] bak uroë 16 buleuën sikureuëng thn 1963, banda nyoe sah jeuët keu nang nanggroë neugara. Bak uroë 13 buleuën limong thôn 1969 di Kuala Lumpur bicah keuh saboh geunabuëk antara ureuëng Meulayu ngon ureuëng China.<ref name="iht" /> Geunabuëk nyoë meuseubab ngon kureuëng seunang ureuëng Meulayu ateuëh kri hudép sosial ngon puliték Meulayu watèe nyan. Leubèh kureuëng na 196 droë nyang gadoh nyawong manusia lam geunabuëk uroe 13 buleuën limong nyan,<ref name=iht>Angka rasmi, {{cite news|publisher=International Herald Tribune|title=New book on 1969 race riots in Malaysia may be banned, officials warn|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/16/asia/AS-GEN-Malaysia-Race-Riot-Book.php|accessdate=2007-12-08|date=2007-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011030700/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/16/asia/AS-GEN-Malaysia-Race-Riot-Book.php|archivedate=2007-10-11|deadurl=no}}</ref> ngon peukara nyan jeuët keu meu-ubah kri geupeulaku ekonomi neugara. Kuala Lumpur geusahèh jeuët keu saboh banda bak thôn 1972,<ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations: Kuala Lumpur|url=http://travel.tourism.gov.my/consumer/destinations/history.asp?state=kl|publisher=Tourism Malaysia|accessdate=2007-12-16|archivedate=2008-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303091040/http://travel.tourism.gov.my/consumer/destinations/history.asp?state=kl}}</ref> ngon laju jeuët keu neuduëk wilayah ureuëng duëk phôn di Malaysia nyang meuteumèe status nyan lam masa Malaysia meucok meurdèka. Bak uroë 1 buleuën duwa thôn 1974, Kuala Lumpur jeuët keu [[Wilayah Meusikutu]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-KualaLum.html|title=Kuala Lumpur|work=Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2007|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> sampoë keuh ngon nyan nang nanggroë [[Selangor]] laju geupinah u [[Shah Alam]] bak thôn 1978.<ref name="Sejarah" /> Bak thôn 1998, di Kuala Lumpur meugrak keuh saboh keurija puliték nyang meulakèe ubah kri siyasat neugara Malaysia nyang geukheun ngon keurija "[[Reformasi (Malaysia)|Reformasi]]".<ref name="reformasi" /> Grak buët nyan nakeuh meusuebab ngon jipeupiyôh waki Peudana Meuntroë Malaysia, [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. Ureuëng dukông Anwar jitrôn ban saboh nyan dum jilakèe reformasi lam tubôh peumeurèntah.<ref name=reformasi>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/517644.stm|title=Analysis: The challenge for Malaysia's reformers|publisher=BBC News|date=1999-11-16|accessdate=2007-12-13|author=Harrison, Frances}}</ref> [[Putrajaya]] geupeunyata jeuët keu Wilayah Meusikutu ngon pusat neuduëk peumeurèntah Malaysia bak uroë 1 buleuën duwa thôn 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/7524/2/|title=PJC turns focus on maintenance issues|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|author=Geetha Krishnan|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> Ubéna neubuët eksekutif ngon yudikatif ka geupinah Kuala Lumpur u Putrajaya. La'én ngon, Parlemen Malaysia ngon meuligoë raseumi [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] cit nyan nyang mantong teutap di Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attractions|url=http://www.issti.gov.my/attractions.htm|publisher=Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi|accessdate=2007-12-11|archivedate=2008-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010153228/http://www.issti.gov.my/attractions.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia|url=http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk7/rk7.php|title=National Palace|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref> == Bumoë == Neuduëk bumoë Kuala Lumpur meucurak leumbah rayeuek nyang geuturi sebagoë [[Leumbah Klang]] nyang meuceuë ngon [[Gunong-gunong Titiwangsa]] di timu, padum-padum boh gunong ubeut di barôh ngon tunong, ngon [[Seulat Malaka]] di barat. Kuala Lumpur paih that antara kuala [[Kruëng Klang]] ngon [[kruëng Gombak|Gombak]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Asiaweek|work=Asia's Best Cities 2000|title=Kuala Lumpur: Growing Pains|url=http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/asiacities/kualalumpur.html|accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref> Na bak teungoh-teungoh nanggroë [[Selangor]], Kuala Lumpur dilè nakeuh dimeuyub kuwasa peumerèntah Keurajeuën Selangor. Meubarô thôn 1974, Kuala Lumpur peumeuklèh droë keu jipeugot saboh Wilayah Meusikutu phôn nyang geuatô langsông lé Peumeurèntah Federasi Malaysia. Luwah wilayah banda nyoë nakeuh {{convert|243.65|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, ngon rab meurata manyang {{convert|21.95|m|ft|abbr=on}}. === Ikeulim ngon cuaca === Meulindông ngon [[Gunong-gunong Titiwangsa]] di timu ngon pulo [[Sumatra]], [[Indônèsia]], di barat, Kuala Lumpur nakeuh meu-ikeulim uteuën ujeuën tropis ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Af'') nyang seu'uëm ngon peungeuh, ngon na rhôt ujeuën nyang sép ban sipanyang thôn, utama jih bak keuneunong [[muson]] timu la'ôt dari buleuën siplôh sampoë buleuën lhèe. Suhu di banda nyoë meuhat keu teutap, ngon titék maksimum seu'uëm {{convert|31|and|33|C|F}} ngon hantom jilingkeuë {{convert|37|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, meuhat keu titék meuyub nakeuh cit {{convert|22|and|23.5|C|F}} ngon han tom kureuëng dari {{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Kuala Lumpur lam tiëp thôn jiteurimong rhôt ië ujeuën {{convert|2266|mm|in|abbr=on}}; bak buleuën nam ngon buleuën tujôh nyan na meuri thô, meunan pih, jumeulah meurata rhôt ië ujeuën disinan leubeh keuh nibak {{convert|125|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} lam sibuleuën. Ië raya kayém that trôh keunan 'oh watèe ujeuën raya, khusuihjih di pusat banda ngon da'irah u meuyub nyan.<ref name='Kuala Lumpur Environment'>{{cite web|publisher=Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur|url=http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/environment/index.htm|title=Kuala Lumpur Environment|accessdate=2007-12-12|archivedate=2008-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501122136/http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/environment/index.htm}}</ref> Meujan, wilayah Kuala Lumpur ngon seulingkajih meusalôp abèe ngon asap nyang jiba lé angen dari tutông uteuën di [[Sumatra]]. Abèe ngon asap nyan jeuët keuseubab polusi utama di banda nyan, nyang meutamah brôk lom ngon akibat asap emisi nibak keundran meusén ngon keurija konstruksi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hazardous haze shrouds Kuala Lumpur|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8908221/|publisher=MSNBC|date=2005-08-11|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Kuala Lumpur |metric first = y |single line = y |Jan high C = 32.1 |Feb high C = 32.9 |Mar high C = 33.2 |Apr high C = 33.1 |May high C = 32.9 |Jun high C = 32.7 |Jul high C = 32.3 |Aug high C = 32.3 |Sep high C = 32.1 |Oct high C = 32.1 |Nov high C = 31.6 |Dec high C = 31.5 |year high C = 32.4 |Jan low C = 22.5 |Feb low C = 22.8 |Mar low C = 23.2 |Apr low C = 23.7 |May low C = 23.9 |Jun low C = 23.6 |Jul low C = 23.2 |Aug low C = 23.1 |Sep low C = 23.2 |Oct low C = 23.2 |Nov low C = 23.2 |Dec low C = 22.9 |year low C = 23.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 169.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 165.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 240.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 259.2 |May precipitation mm = 204.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 125.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 127.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 155.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 192.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 253.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 287.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 245.7 |year precipitation mm = 2427 |Jan rain days = 11 |Feb rain days = 12 |Mar rain days = 14 |Apr rain days = 16 |May rain days = 13 |Jun rain days = 9 |Jul rain days = 10 |Aug rain days = 11 |Sep rain days = 13 |Oct rain days = 16 |Nov rain days = 18 |Dec rain days = 15 |source 1 = [http://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00082.htm World Meteorological Organisation] (United Nations)<ref name="WMO">{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00082.htm | title = World Weather Information Service - Kuala Lumpur | date = August 2010 | accessdate = 2010-09-18 | archive-date = 2010-05-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100529091927/http://worldweather.wmo.int/020/c00082.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> == Demografi == [[Beureukaih:Culture of Kuala Lumpur.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Ureuëng turônan India di Kuala Lumpur.]] Bak hasé sensus ureuëng duëk thôn 2010, jumeulah ureuëng duëk di Kuala Lumpur nakeuh 1,6 juta droë, teuningkat peunadat ureuëng duëk na 6.891 droë lam tiëp kilomète peuët sagoë. Ngon jumeulah ureuëng lahé nakeuh meutrôn laju, kasampoë bak jumeulah persentase ureuëng duëk ngon umu dimeuyub 15 thôn dari 33% bak thôn 1980 kajeuët keu 27% bak thôn 2000.<ref name="KEB"/> Meutuka nibak nyan, kawan umu nyang ka keurija antara 15–59 thôn nakeuh meutamah dari 63% (1980) jeuët keu 67% (2000).<ref name="KEB"/> Persentase ureuëng duëk nyang na umu ka tuha (60 thôn u ateuëh) meu-ék cit dari 4% (1980) jeuët keu 6% (2000).<ref name="KEB"/> [[Bahsa Meulayu]] nyang jeuët keu bahsa raseumi, nakeuh bahsa utama di Kuala Lumpur. Bahsa la'én nyang geunguy di banda nyan nakeuh [[Bahsa Kanton|Kanton]], [[Bahsa Mandarin|Mandarin]], ngon [[Bahsa Tamil|Tamil]]. [[Bahsa Inggréh]] na cit geunguy lé ureuëng meuniaga ngon jeuët keu bideuëng meurunoë bahsa bak rumoh sikula.<ref name="AWD"/> Di Kuala Lumpur, meumacam bagoe reusam meujampu lawok disinan, lagèe [[Meulayu]], [[China Malaysia|China]], [[India Malaysia|India]], [[Serani]], aneuk-aneuk bansa [[Kadazan]], [[Iban]] ngon aneuk bansa aseuli la'én dari [[Malaysia Timu]] ngon [[Seumeunanjông Malaya|Barat]].<ref name=AWD>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuala-lumpur.ws/culture-traditions/|title=Kuala Lumpur Culture & Heritage|publisher=AsiaWebDirect|accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref><ref name="KEB"/> Hayeuë that ka banda Kuala Lumpur lawét nyoë, sampoë jeuët keu jiteuka keunan meumacam bansa aséng jijak mita raseuki disinan. Ureuëng luwa nanggroë nyang jak meukeurija disinan lagèe teuka dari [[Indônèsia]], [[Nepal]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], dan [[Viètnam]].<ref name=PDO>{{cite news|title=Malaysia to reduce number of foreign workers to 1.5 mln|publisher=People's Daily Online|accessdate=2007-12-15|date=2 September 2006|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/02/eng20060902_298925.html|archive-date=2007-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221151138/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200609/02/eng20060902_298925.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Growing Source of Fear for Migrants in Malaysia|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/world/asia/10malaysia.html?ref=world|date=10 Disember 2007|publisher=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> Bak sensus thôn 2010, Meulayu nakeuh jumelah ureuëng paléng ramèe meunurôt bansa nyang meuduëk di Kuala Lumpur. Masyarakat Meulayu nyang duëk disinan nakeuh teuka dari [[Pulo-pulo Meulayu]], ngon nyan meujumeulah rab na 44,2% dari mandum ureuëng duëk di banda nyan. Lé ureuëng aseuli disinan teuka dari Minangkabau, [[Bugéh]], ngon [[Bansa Jawa|Jawa]].<ref>Mark Harris, Zainuddin Zainal; Muzium Negara Kuala Lumpur: Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Malaysia; Syarikat S. Abdul Majeed, 1990</ref> Nibak akhé abad keu 18, bak masa [[Iërupa|Eropa]], meubeudoh [[Revolusi Industri]], ramèe ureuëng keurija meubansa China dari da'irah [[Fujian]] ngon [[Guangdong]] jiba u [[Malaya Britania|Tanoh Meulayu]] keu jijak keurija bak tambang timah nyang teungoh meukeumang that.<ref name=msu>{{cite web|publisher=Michigan State University, Asian Studies|title=Religion of Malaysia|work=Windows on Asia|url=http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/southeast_asia/malaysia/religion.htm|accessdate=2007-12-18|archivedate=2016-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210504/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/southeast_asia/malaysia/religion.htm}}</ref> Ureuëng Chinna di Kuala Lumpur jimeututô ngon meumacam dialek. Meunan pih nyang that ramèe dari awak nyan nakeuh ureuëng [[Kanton]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Kuala Lumpur Hotels & Travel Guide|title=Kuala Lumpur Culture & Heritage: Traditions, Races, People|url=http://www.kuala-lumpur.ws/culture-traditions/|accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> ngon [[Hakka]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=International Herald Tribune|title=Broadcasting the Muslim call to prayer to Kuala Lumpur's diverse faithful|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/03/news/web.1203cityforcustompage.php|date=2006-12-03|accessdate=2007-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221001651/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/03/news/web.1203cityforcustompage.php|archivedate=2009-02-21|deadurl=no}}</ref> Bak thôn 2010, masyarakat China meujumeulah rab na 43,2% dari madum ureuëng duëk lam banda. Salang ureuëng India na nibak 10,3% dari jumeulah madum ureuëng duëk Kuala Lumpur (2010). Le dari awak nyan meuagama [[Hindu]] ngon jimeututô lam [[bahsa Tamil]] ngon meubagoë bahsa la'én lagèe [[bahsa Hindi]], [[Bahsa Malayalam|Malayalam]], [[Bahsa Punjabi|Punjabi]], [[Bahsa Telugu|Telugu]], ngon [[Bahsa Pashtun|Pashtun]]. Rameè ureuëng India jiba u Malaysia bak masa peunjajah Inggréh.<ref name="msu" /> Ureuëng meuagama [[Islam]] nakeuh paléng ramèe di Kuala Lumpur ngon jumeulah nyang meuagama Islam na bak 46,4% (2010). Agama nyoë jeuët keu agama nyang geuyakin lé ureuëng Meulayu ngon ladôm ureuëng India. Agama-agama la'én di Kuala Lumpur nakeuh [[agama Hindu]] (utama that lam kawôm India), [[Buddha Mahayana|Buddha]] (utama lam kawôm ureuëng China), ngon [[Kristen]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Adherents.com|title=Religion by Location: Malaysia|url=http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_193.html|accessdate=2007-12-15|archivedate=2007-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128051910/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_193.html}}</ref> == Peumeurèntahan == [[Beureukaih:DBKL.JPG|ka|jmpl|Balè anda Kuala Lumpur.]] === Peumeurèntah lokal === Tugaih peumeurètah banda nakeuh tanggông jaweuëb nibak [[Diwan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur]], saboh teunubôh peumeurèntah dimeuyub [[Meuntroë Wilayah Meusikutu Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur |url=http://www.kwp.gov.my/2ndLevel.asp?catid=9&parentid=0&contentid=40 |accessdate=2007-12-18 |archivedate=2007-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218215937/http://www.kwp.gov.my/2ndLevel.asp?catid=9&parentid=0&contentid=40 }}</ref> Diwan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur meutanggông jaweuëb keu bideuëng peugléh ngon peusihat umum, meu atô peukara brôh ngon ië peuneuboh lam banda, meurancang banda, peulindông alam, meukalon keurija peuneudong, peuneugot sosial ngon ekonomi seureuta meuhiro peuë mantong nyang peureulèe bagi ureuëng banda. Kuwasa eksekutif geumat lé [[Dapeuta wali banda Kuala Lumpur|Datuk Bandar]] nyang geuangkè ngon masa meutugaih lhèe thôn lé Meuntroë Wilayah Meusikutu. Sistem peuangkè datuk bandar nyoë mula phôn lheuëh piléhan raya disinan geutunda lé peumeurèntah bak thôn 1970.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysia's towns and cities are governed by appointed mayors|url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/malaysia_government.html|year=2006|accessdate=2006-10-09}}</ref> Dari phôn Kuala Lumpur jeuët keu [[Wilayah Meusikutu]] bak uroë 1 buleuën 2 thôn 1974, banda nyoë ka geu meu ulèe lé sikureuëng droë Datuk Bandar.<ref name="Pengenalan">{{cite news|title=DBKL: Pengenalan|url=http://www.dbkl.gov.my/_profail/pengenalan.php|date=2007-12-13|accessdate=2007-12-15|language=|archive-date=2007-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092634/http://www.dbkl.gov.my/_profail/pengenalan.php|deadurl=}}</ref> Datuk Bandar Kuala Lumpur jinoë nakeuh Dato' [[Ahmad Fuad Ismail]], nyang geuangkè bak thn 2008.<ref name="Pengenalan" /> === Siyasat neugara === Kuala Lumpur nakeuh teumpat meudong [[Parlemen Malaysia]], nyang na nibak Diwan Rakyat ngon Diwan Neugara. Banda nyoë geumeuduëk waki di Diwan Rakyat lé siblah droë anggèta parlemen,<ref name=parlimen-kl>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/eng-DewRakyat_AhliDewan_2.php|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia|title=House of Representatives|accessdate=2007-12-18|archivedate=2010-03-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329005146/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/eng-DewRakyat_AhliDewan_2.php}}</ref> nyang geupiléh keu tugaih keurija limong thôn. Lheuëh na padum na trép jikuwasa lé [[Barisan Nasional]], bak [[piléhan raya Malaysia 2008|piléhan raya 8 Maret 2008]], peureuté oposisi ka jikuwasa that le kursi bak parlemen keu Kuala Lumpur. Peureuté-peureuté nyan nakeuh [[Peureuté Tindakan Demokratik]] (5 kursi), [[Peureuté Keadilan Rakyat]] (4 kursi), ngon [[Peureuté Islam Se-Malaysia]] (1 kursi); cit na saboh kursi parlemen nyang meuhasé jicok lé BN. == Ekonomi == [[Beureukaih:Old Market Square, Kuala Lumpur.jpg|kiri|jmpl|200px|''Medan Pasar''.]] Kuala Lumpur ngon da'irah diseulingka nyan nakeuh da'irah nyang that ma'mu lam bideuëng peuneugot ekonomi di Malaysia.<ref name="metro" /> Meuhat pih kantô peumeurèntah ka jipinah keudéh u Putrajaya, banda nyoe mantong cit jeuët keu pusat ekonomi, pèng, bisnis, asuransi, properti, media, ngon seni neugara. Badan-badan peunténg lageè [[Bank Neugara Malaysia]], [[Komisi Maseukapè Malaysia]], ngon [[Komisi Sekuritas Malaysia]], seureuta le kantô peuwaki neugara sahbat ngon misi diplomatik, teutap na di Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassiesabroad.com/embassies-in/Malaysia|title=Foreign Embassies and Consulates Directory in Malaysia|accessdate=2007-12-19|publisher=GoAbroad.com|archivedate=2010-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509080619/http://www.embassiesabroad.com/embassies-in/Malaysia}}</ref> Peukara peukeumang infrastruktur di da'irah seulingkanyan, lagèe [[Bandra Internasional Kuala Lumpur]] di [[Sepang]], [[Koridor Raya Multimedia]], ngon peuluwah [[Banda la'ôt Klang]] ka get that meupeukong bideuëng ekonomi banda nyoe. [[Bursa Malaysia|Bursa Efek Malaysia]] nakeuh cit saboh keurija ekonomi utama di Kuala Lumpur. [[Produk Domestik Bruto]] (PDB) Kuala Lumpur bak thôn 2000 geukira na bak beuniluëng RM 25.968 juta, ngon meurata timoh methôn na 4,2%.<ref name=KEB>{{cite web|publisher=Kuala Lumpur City Hall|url=http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/economic_base_and_population/index.htm|title=Kuala Lumpur Economic Base|accessdate=2007-12-10|archivedate=2008-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820013851/http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/economic_base_and_population/index.htm}}</ref> PDB tiěp kapita Kuala Lumpur bak thôn 2000 nakeuh RM 30.727, ngon meurata timoh meuthôn 6,1%.<ref name="KEB" /> Jumeulah ureuëng keurija di Kuala Lumpur bak geukira na 838.400 droë.<ref name="KEB" /> Bhaih jasa lagèe pèng, asuransi, properti, bisnis, retail, restoran, hotel, transportasi, keuneubah, komunikasi, jasa pribadi, dan jasa peumeurèntah, na geunguy ureuëng keurija 83% dari mandum jumeulah ureuëng keurija .<ref name="KEB"/> 17% leubèh nibak nyan na lam bideuëng manufaktur ngon konstruksi. Rayeuek sektor jasa jeuët ta eu bak jumeulah maseukapè bank ngon asuransi nyang meu-operasi di banda nyoe. Kuala Lumpur ka leungka siëp cit jeuët keu pusat pèng dônya Islam <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/CAR0919A.htm|author=Sy, Amadou|accessdate=2007-12-12|date=2007-09-18|publisher=International Monetary Fund|work=Survey Magazine|title=Malaysia: An Islamic Capital Market Hub}}</ref> meuseubab ngon that na le ka teunubôh pèng nyang geupeutaba buët pèng Islam, seureuta meutamah lo ngon na teunubôh pèng Islam dari [[Timu Teungoh]] lagèe [[Al-Rajhi Bank]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.clickpress.com/releases/Detailed/9053005cp.shtml|title=World Largest Islamic Bank opens branch in Malaysia|publisher=ClickPress|date=2006-02-13|accessdate=2007-12-12|archive-date=2007-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218190809/http://www.clickpress.com/releases/Detailed/9053005cp.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ngon [[Kuwait Finance House]]. Disampéng nibak nyan, di banda nyoë le cit cabeuëng maseukapè luwa nyang jibuka kantô disinan.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/18/biz_07forbes2000_The-Global-2000-Malaysia_10Rank.html Largest Company in Malaysia 2007]</ref> === Pariwisata === [[Beureukaih:Petaling Street Gate.jpg|ka|jmpl|180px|[[Jalan Petaling]].]] Bhaih pariwisata that utama cit lam bideuëng ekonomi Kuala Lumpur. La'èn kajeuët keu meutamah lapangan keurija, bhaih nyan jeuët keu peuluwah peuluweuëng ôseuha usaha. Meumacam hotel jipeudong di banda nyoë. Kuala Lumpur ka meukeumang cit seubagoë bak geutuju beulanja internasional. Meumacam pusat beulanja ngon mall ka teudong disinoë. Pariwisata konferensi ka meukeumang cit bak thôn-thôn akhé lawét nyoë ngon jeuët keu wasé utama nyang that peunténg bak industri pariwisata. Teumpat neutuju wisata nyang that peunténg di Kuala Lumpur nakeuh [[Tanoh Lapang Merdeka|Lapangan Merdeka]], [[Parlemen Malaysia]], [[Istana Budaya]], [[Istana Neugara (Malaysia)|Istana Neugara]], [[Meunara Kuala Lumpur]], [[Museum Neugara Malaysia|Museum Neugara]], [[Pusat Niaga Dunia Putra]], [[Tugu Neugara]], ngon teumpat-teumpat ibadah lagèe [[Meuseujid Jamek (Kuala Lumpur)|Meuseujid Jamek]], [[Meuseujid Neugara (Kuala Lumpur)|Meuseujid Neugara]], ngon [[Meusejid Wilayah Meusikutu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kuala Lumpur Travel|url=http://all.talkmalaysia.com/kuala-lumpur/kuala-lumpur-travel/|accessdate=2009-09-15|archivedate=2016-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054118/http://all.talkmalaysia.com/kuala-lumpur/kuala-lumpur-travel/}}</ref> Teumpat la'én nyan nakeuh [[Aquaria KLCC]], ''[[Batu Caves]]'', [[Makam Pahlawan (Kuala Lumpur)|Makam Pahlawan]], [[Pusat Sains Neugara (Kuala Lumpur)|Pusat Sains Neugara]], [[Jalan Petaling]], ''[[Royal Selangor]]'', ngon [[Zoo Neugara (Kuala Lumpur)|Keubôn Meunatang Neugara]]. La'én nyan nakeuh peyasan nyang na bak pusat budaya Melayu, peyasan budaya China di [[Tokong Thean Hou]], ngon pawè [[Thaipusam]] di [[Kuil Sri Maha Mariamman]]. Di Sagoë Lhèe Meuh (pusat meuniaga Kuala Lumpur) teudong keuh [[Meunara Keumbeuë Petronas]] nyang nakeuh meunara keumbeuë nyang paléng manyang di dônya. === Beulanja === [[Beureukaih:Berjaya Times Square.JPG|kiri|jmpl|150px|[[Berjaya Times Square]].]] Di Kuala Lumpur nakeuh 66 pusat meubeulanja, nyang ngon nyan ka jipeuduëk disinan pusat beulanja ngon ''fesyen'' Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysia's vibrant retail scene|url=http://business.asiaone.com/Business/SME+Central/Dollars+%2526+Sense/Story/A1Story20071025-32117.html|publisher=The Business Times|date=2007-10-18|author=Chuang Peck Ming|accessdate=2007-12-04|archive-date=2008-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050212/http://business.asiaone.com/Business/SME+Central/Dollars+%2526+Sense/Story/A1Story20071025-32117.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Bak thôn 2006, bideuëng meubeulanja nyan ka jeuët keu ne nibak 7,7 miliar RM atawa 20,8% dari wasé neugara lam bideuëng pariwisata.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=New Straits Times, Travel News|accessdate=2007-12-18|title=Wooing Indonesian shoppers|url=http://www.nst.com.my/Weekly/Travel/article/TravelNews/20050809104309/Article/|author=Shanti Gunaratnam|archivedate=2007-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218215959/http://www.nst.com.my/Weekly/Travel/article/TravelNews/20050809104309/Article/}}</ref> [[Suria KLCC]] nakeuh salah saboh teumpat meubeulanja nyang that utama di Malaysia seubab neuduëk jih na di meuyub meunara Petronas. Na cit lagèe [[Bukit Bintang]] nyang na jipeuhah keudèe meubloë ureuëng galak beulanja paléng le di Kuala Lumpur. Bukit Bintang nyan nakeuh bak Sagoë Lhèe Meuh Kuala Lumpur, jitamong keunan 3 boh ra'uëh raya, Ra'uëh Bukit Bintang, Ra'uëh Imbi, ngon Ra'uëh Sultan Ismail. Di Bukit Bintang na keudèe ië (kafé), geureubak peunajôh, ngon teumpat meubeulanja nyang that padat leungkap lagèe Berjaya Plaza, [[Berjaya Times Square]], [[Bukit Bintang Plaza]], Imbi Plaza, Kuala Lumpur Plaza, [[Lot 10]], [[Low Yat Plaza]], [[Pavilion KL]], Starhill Plaza, ngon [[Sungei Wang Plaza]]. Di Kuala Lumpur na cit keudèe macam na paléng hayeuë di Malaysia, nakeuh [[SOGO]] Kuala Lumpur<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090328054945/http://www.klsogo.com.my/corporate KL SOGO, Corporate]. Diakses pada 2008-11-10.</ref> nyang na di [[Ra'uëh Tuanku Abdul Rahman]]. Na cit meupadum boh keudèe raya keu teumpat meubeulanja nyang jeuët neuteumèe di da'irah [[Bangsar]], lagèe Bangsar Village, [[Mid Valley Megamall]], ngon [[The Gardens]]. Da'irah [[Damansara]] di barat la'ôt Kuala Lumpur nakeuh teumpat meudong saboh-saboh jih cabeuëng [[IKEA]] di Malaysia. La'én nibak nyan nakeuh padum-padum boh peukan modern (mall) lagèe [[Cathay Organisation|Cathay]] Multi Screen Cinemas, The Curve, [[Ikano Power Centre]], Citta Stripmall at Ara Jaya, ngon [[One Utama]]. Meuhat nyang kon teumpat beulanja curak diateuëh bunoë, padum-padum boh sagoë banda Kuala Lumpur ka geupeuteutap jeuët keu da'irah meuneukat barang aseuli disinan lagèe dabeuëh ija ([[tekstil]]) ngon peuneugot jaroë. Banda neuduëk ureuëng China di Kuala Lumpur, atawa leubèh geuturi ngon [[Ra'uëh Petaling]], seureuta Peukan Seni nakeuh teumpat meubloë barang-barang aseuli Kuala Lumpur ngon Malaysia. == Pandangan banda == [[Beureukaih:MenaraKLView.jpg|jmpl|1000px|pus|Gamba panorama nyang geucok dari peulanta Meunara Kuala Lumpur.]] [[Beureukaih:Downtown KL Panorama.jpg|pus|jmpl|1000px|Pandangan panorama dari pusat banda Kuala Lumpur, gamba geucok dari hotel di da'irah Changkat Bukit Bintang.]] === Arsitektur === [[Beureukaih:Torres Petronas Mayo 2004.jpg|jmpl|150px|ka|[[Meunara Keumbeuë Petronas]] bak watèe sinja]] Arsitektur Kuala Lumpur nakeuh meujampu curak nyang meurumpok lam curak [[kolonialisme|kolonial]], Asia, Meulayu Islam, modern, ngon post-modern.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=New York Times, Travel|accessdate=2007-12-18|date=1990-09-23|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DC143AF930A1575AC0A966958260|title=Landmarks of Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Seubagoë saboh banda nyang leubèh muda meubandéng ngon nang nanggroë la'én di [[Asia Teunggara]] lagèe [[Bangkok]], [[Jakarta]], ngon [[Manila]], le that peuneudong masa kolonial di Kuala Lumpur nyang geupeudong bak akhé abad keu-19 ngon away abad keu-20. Peuneudong-peuneudong nyan jipeuleumah kri curak [[arsitektur Mughal|Moor]], [[arsitektur Tudor|Tudor]], [[Neo-Gothik]], atawa Yunani-Spanyol.<ref>{{cite book|title=British Colonial Architecture in Malaysia 1800-1930|last=Ahmad|first=A. Ghafar|publisher=Museums Association of Malaysia|location=Kuala Lumpur|year=1997}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20071219211707/http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/British/britishcolonial1.htm extract]</ref> Sugohlom [[Prang Dônya II]], di seulingka pusat banda tuha le that ta teumèe rumoh keudèe, le bak peuneudong nyan meutingkat duwa. Dum rumoh keudeè nyan meucurak ban adat reusam peuneudong awak China meujampu Iërupa.<ref name="gurstien">Gurstien, P (1985) Malaysia Architecture Heritage Survey – A Handbook, Malaysia Heritage Trust. M/s 65</ref> Bahthat pih jino ëka le peuneudong tuha nyan ka jipeurubah ngon jipeugot nyang barô, mantong le cit rumoh keudèe away nyang mantong teudong di silingka da'irah Medan Pasar, [[Ra'uëh Petaling]], [[Ra'uëh Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], Ra'uëh Doraisamy, [[Bukit Bintang]], ngon Tengkat Tong Shin. Lam masa lheuëh meurdèka Malaysia, le that peuneudong meucurak Islam nyang teudong di nang nanggroë.<ref name="Cop149">{{cite book|title=World Architecture: An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/worldarchitectur00copp|author=Copplestone, Trewin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldarchitectur00copp/page/149 149]|publisher=London, Hamlyn|year=1976|isbn=0-600-03954-4}}</ref> Padum-padum boh peuneudong meucurak Islam nakeuh [[Meunara Telekom]], [[Meunara Maybank]], ngon [[Kompleks Dayabumi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t0cqkU5RxwgC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&source=web&ots=RguW0o1Uzz&sig=bXbul-AWf0hqKIayYMOEwomYLOs|title=Malaysia, Modernity and the Multimedia Super Corridor: A Critical Geography, m/s 74|publisher=Google Books|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> Conto la'én nakeuh [[Meunara Keumbeuë Petronas]] nyang jipeugot rancangan rab saban rupa ngon curak-curak lam seni Islam.<ref>{{cite web|author=Henry, Brandi|title=Petronas Towers|url=http://illumin.usc.edu/article.php?articleID=54|publisher=USC Viterbi, School of Engineering|work=illumin|accessdate=2007-12-10|archivedate=2007-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126002622/http://illumin.usc.edu/article.php?articleID=54}}</ref> Bak akhé 1990 ngon awal 2000, peuneudong meucurak modern ngon post-modern that dawôk teudong di Kuala Lumpur. Meusaban iréng ngon meukeumang ekonomi, peuneudong-peuneudong away lagèe [[Rumah Bok]] ngon brat haté jipeureubah ngon jigantoë peuneudong barô. Peuneudong-peuneudong nibak seurahi pih meutamah jay keuh di Kuala Lumpur lagèe Meunara Keumbeuë ngon ''[[Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mega-Urbanization in Southeast Asia |url=http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/nas/pub_megaurb.htm |accessdate=2008-04-02 |archivedate=2008-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402014340/http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/nas/pub_megaurb.htm }}</ref> === Taman === [[Beureukaih:Klcc park tilt shift.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Taman KLCC]].]] Taman Tasik Perdana, taman nyang luwah jih na 92 hektar nyang neuduëk toë ngon Parlemen Malaysia, seugohlom nyan dilèe nakeuh teumpat tinggay sidroë keurani rayeuek Britania. Lam taman nyoë na meupadum boh taman khusuih lagèe Taman Bambang, Taman Rusa, Taman Anggrek, Taman Bungong Raya, ngon [[Taman Cicém Kuala Lumpur]] (taman cicém nyang paléng rayeuek di Asia Teunggara).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Age|title=Top five ways to enjoy Kuala Lumpur|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/take-five/top-five-ways-to-enjoy-kuala-lumpur/2005/02/19/1108709483546.html|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> Taman-taman la'én di Kuala Lumpur nakeuh Taman ASEAN, [[Taman KLCC]], [[Taman Tasik Titiwangsa]], Taman Tasik Metropolitan di Kepong, [[Institut Meurunoë Uteuën Malaysia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=FRIM Photos |url=http://www.theteh.com/html/malaysian_rainforest_jungle_tr.html |accessdate=2007-03-09 |archivedate=2007-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309150330/http://www.theteh.com/html/malaysian_rainforest_jungle_tr.html }}</ref> Taman Tasik Permaisuri, Taman Botani, Taman Ekuestrian, ngon Taman Leumbah Barat [[Bukit Kiara]], [[Taman Tun Dr. Ismail]], ngon Taman Internasional Bukét Jalil. Na lhèe buh uteuën di Kuala Lumpur, nakeuh Uteuën Simpan Bukét Nanas (10.52 ha), Uteuën Simpan Bukét Sungai Putih (7.41 ha),ngon Uteuën Simpan Bukit Sungai Besi (42.11 ha).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.targetwoman.com/articles/kuala-lumpur.html|title=Oldest Primary Forest within a City|accessdate=2007-12-04|publisher=TargetWoman Directory}}</ref> == Reusam == [[Beureukaih:KLNationalMuseumFrieze.JPG|250px|kiri|jmpl|Dekorasi bintéh di Museum Neugara nyang teugamba tarèh Malaysia.]] Kuala Lumpur nakeuh pusat keurija budaya di Malaysia. Salah sabaoh tempat budaya that peunténg di banda nyoë nakeuh [[Museum Neugara Malaysia|Museum Neugara]] nyang na di Lebuhraya Mahameru. Museum nyoë jeuët keu bak keuneubah koleksi peukakaih jameun (artefak) ngon gamba nyang geupeusapat ban saboh Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muziumnegara.gov.my/|title=Main Page|publisher=Muzium Negara|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref> Di Kuala Lumpur na cit teudong [[Museum Seni Islam]] nyang geukeubah leubèh nibak tujôh ribèe artefak Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAMM - Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia|url=http://www.iamm.org.my/|publisher=Muzium Kesenian Islam Malaysia|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref> Koleksi museum nyoë hana meucéh hasé keurija dari reusam Timu Teungoh mantong, na cit disinan pusaka reusam dari Asia, utama that China ngon Asia Teunggara. Bak Museum Seni Islam na cit [[kubah]] ngon ruweuëng peuleumah nyang that reyeuk. Neuduëk museum nyoë na di Ra'uëh Lembah Perdana, siblah [[Meuseujid Neugara (Kuala Lumpur)|Meuseujid Neugara]]. [[Diwan Filharmonik Petronas]] nakeuh saboh teumpat peyasan seni utama di Malaysia. Orkestra nyang geumeuduëk lam geudông nyoë nakeuh [[Orkestra Filharmonik Malaysia]] (MPO).<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet the MPO|publisher=Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra|url=http://www.malaysianphilharmonic.com/orc_members.php|accessdate=2007-12-11|archive-date=2007-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828210827/http://www.malaysianphilharmonic.com/orc_members.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Balè Seni Gamba Neugara]] nyang na di Ra'uëh Temerloh nakeuh pusat keuneubah reusam ngon pusaka seni nasional. Balè seni nyoë geupeugot ngon ini menerapkan unsur arsitektur Melayu lama yang dipadukan dengan unsur arsitektur modern. Galeri Petronas nyang na di pusat meubeulanja [[Suria KLCC]] nakeuh pusat [[seni aseuli]]. Galeri nyoë geupeuleumah hasé keurija seni nyang meu-ubah-ubah ban lagèe tema. ''Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre'' (KLPac) di Sentul West nakeuh pusat seni peyasan (utama that teater, musik, ngon film) nyang hayeuë di Malaysia. La'én nibak pusat produksi seni lokal, KLPac na cit meudukông peyasan lokal ngon regional nyang bibeuëh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Main page|publisher=Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=http://www.klpac.com/Welcome.asp}}</ref> == Banda keumbeuë == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-3}} * {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Fresno, California|Fresno]], [[Amirika Carékat]] * {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Los Angeles]], [[Amirika Carékat]] * {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[Amirika Carékat]] * {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[San Francisco]], [[Amirika Carékat]] * {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[London]], [[Inggréh]] * {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Manchester]], [[Inggréh]] {{Col-3}} * {{flagicon|Filipina}} [[Los Baños, Laguna]], [[Filipina]] * {{flagicon|India}} [[Chennai]], [[India]] (tentatif)<ref>{{cite news|author=Lam, Edwin Chong Wai|date=2010-03-13|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/36378|title=Chennai to be Kuala Lumpur's twin city|publisher=My Sinchew|accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> * {{flagicon|India}} [[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="times_sister">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/15278423.cms Delhi to London, it’s a sister act] The Times of India. Retrieved on August 30, 2008</ref> * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] * {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web|year=2005|url=http://www.council.isfahan.ir/EStatic/WFESisterhood.aspx|title=Sisterhoods|work=Isfahan Islamic Council|accessdate=2007-12-04|archivedate=2008-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220162018/http://www.council.isfahan.ir/EStatic/WFESisterhood.aspx}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]] (Oktober 2006)<ref>{{cite news|title=Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities|date=2006-10-14|url=http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/|publisher=FARS News Agency|accessdate=2007-12-04|archive-date=2011-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024200458/http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> {{Col-3}} * {{flagicon|Jepang}} [[Osaka]], [[Jeupang]]<ref name="APCS"/> * {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Banda Melaka|Melaka]], [[Malaysia]] (15 April 1989)<ref name="APCS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110425175410/http://www.urc.or.jp/summit/summit/map/more_e.php?id=0605&apcs_mbr=715654f62317576a55d2271bbc82c814 Kuala Lumpur fact file], ''Asian-Pacific City Summit''. Retrieved on November 3, 2007.</ref> * {{flagicon|Maroko}} [[Casablanca]], [[Maroko]]<ref name="APCS"/> * {{flagicon|Turki}} [[Ankara]], [[Turuki]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Lam, Edwin Chong Wai|date=2006-06-24|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3201|title=Kuala Lumpur: the Scent of a City|publisher=Chessbase News|accessdate=2007-12-04|archive-date=2008-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053652/http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3201|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{Col-end}} == Ne == {{Reflist|3}} {{Commons}} {{Asia City}} [[Kawan:Banda di Malaysia]] k3nh7hji2art510zjbvgrht0se0dzxo 3 3733 158510 158344 2026-08-02T04:45:49Z Rachmat04 7338 /* Gamba */ bideung barô 158510 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[/Arsip 2011-2012]] * [[/Arsip 2013]] * [[/Arsip 2014-2015]] * [[/Arsip 2018-2020]] == Jared Fogle == Could you please review [[Jared Fogle]], I think it's crosswiki spam. [[Pengguna:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:ZI Jony|marit]]) 26 Buleuen Lhèe 2021 13.14 (WIB) == Lint errors == Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}. Do you have your time to fix this wiki's lint errors? There are [[Special:LintErrors/missing-end-tag|missing end tags]], [[Special:LintErrors/obsolete-tag|obsolete tags]], and [[Special:LintErrors/stripped-tag|stripped tags]] in this wiki. You can learn more information how to fix lint errors in the following help pages: * https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter/missing-end-tag * https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter/obsolete-tag * https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter/stripped-tag If you don't have a time to fix lint errors, you can change the protection level as autoconfirmed and this wiki would be improved very well (except the MediaWiki namespace, which I can't edit it as a regular user). Thanks in advance. —[[User:Baris6161TURK|<span style="color:red;">Bar</span><span style="color:black;">an</span>]] [[User talk:Baris6161TURK|<sup style="color:red;">☪︎</sup>]] 25 Buleuen Peuet 2021 21.42 (WIB) == Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month|Wikipedia Asian Month]] organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[Wikipedia Asian Month 2021]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Rules|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/ Fountain tool]''' (you can find the [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month/Fountain tool|usage guidance]] easily on meta page), or else you and your participants' will not be able to receive the prize from Wikipedia Asian Month team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[m:Template:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 Communities and Organizers|meta page]] before '''October 29th, 2021'''. # Inform your community members Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 is coming soon!!! # If you want Wikipedia Asian Month team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth Twitter], or you want to share your Wikipedia Asian Month experience / achievements on [https://asianmonth.wiki/ our blog], feel free to send an email to [mailto:info@asianmonth.wiki info@asianmonth.wiki] or PM us via Facebook. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to Wikipedia Asian Month, a.k.a. [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Events|Wikipedia Asian Month sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Rules#How to Participate in Contest?|event regulations]] and [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/FAQ|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let's edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from Wikipedia Asian Month team:''' # Due to the [[m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic, this year we hope all the Edit-a-thons are online not physical ones. # The international postal systems are not stable enough at the moment, Wikipedia Asian Month team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers extra digital postcards/ certifications. (You will still get the paper ones!) # Our team has created a [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Postcards and Certification|meta page]] so that everyone tracking the progress and the delivery status. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the Wikipedia Asian Month team via emailing '''[Mailto:info@asianmonth.wiki info@asianmonth.wiki]''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it's urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''[Mailto:&#x20;Jamie@asianmonth.wiki jamie@asianmonth.wiki]'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2021 Sincerely yours, [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2021/Team#International Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]], 2021.10 </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Reke@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=20538644 --> == Srtq == Hello, I'm Srtq. I want to ask why the Selected Articles, Selected Images and Aceh's Featured Articles, are not replaced? Srtq [[Pengguna:Srtq|Srtq]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Srtq|marit]]) 24 Buleuen Duwa Blaih 2021 11.25 (WIB) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 5 Buleuen Sa 2022 01.10 (WIB) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(1)&oldid=22532492 --> ==Saran== Permisi bang, kenapa anda tidak menggunakan <nowiki>{{#expr:ceil (({{#time:z|+4 days}} +1) div 4)}}_{{#time:Y|+4 days}}</nowiki> untuk Seunurat peunileh, jadi anda tidak repot menggantinya dengan yang lain [[Pengguna:Srtq|Srtq]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Srtq|marit]]) 30 Buleuen Sa 2022 15.52 (WIB) :Salam. Saat ini belum ada banyak artikel panjang di Wikipedia Aceh, jadi masih diganti secara manual. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 30 Buleuen Sa 2022 16.17 (WIB) Bang peukon hana <nowiki>{{Seunaleuëk:Haba baro}}</nowiki> bak on keue?, Uroe nyoe lam sejarah peukon hana? <span style="border-radius: 5px; border: solid 2px #191970; background-color: #FFFFFF; color=#000">'''''[[User:Srtq|<span style="color:#0000FF;font-weight:bold;font-family:monotype">Srtq</span>]]'''''</span> [[User talk:Srtq|🗨]] 1 Buleuen Duwa 2022 21.52 (WIB) :Hana watèe lom tajak pubarô tiep uroe. Meunyo neutém lé droeneuh jeuet tapeugöt. {{smile}}. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 2 Buleuen Duwa 2022 06.29 (WIB) == You are invited to join/orginize Wikipedia Asain Month 2022 ! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[File:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Logo.svg|link=m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022|right|217x217px|Wikipedia Asian Month 2022]] Hi WAM organizers and participants! Hope you are all doing well! Now is the time to sign up for [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022|Wikipedia Asian Month 2022]], which will take place in this November. '''For organizers:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022/Rules|basic guidance and regulations]] for organizers. Please remember to: # use '''[https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/wikipedia_asian_month_2022/overview/ Wikipedia Asian Month 2022 Programs & Events Dashboard.]''' , or else you and your participants’ will not be able to receive the prize from WAM team. # Add your language projects and organizer list to the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022#Communities and Organizers|meta page]] 1 week before '''your campaign start date'''. # Inform your community members WAM 2022 is coming!!! # If you want WAM team to share your event information on [https://www.facebook.com/wikiasianmonth/ Facebook] / [https://twitter.com/wikiasianmonth twitter], or you want to share your WAM experience/ achievements on our blog, feel free to send an email to info@asianmonth.wiki. If you want to hold a thematic event that is related to WAM, a.k.a. [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022#Subcontests|WAM sub-contest]]. The process is the same as the language one. '''For participants:''' Here are the [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022#How to Participate in Contest|event regulations]] and [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022/FAQ|Q&A information]]. Just join us! Let’s edit articles and win the prizes! '''Here are some updates from WAM team:''' # Based on the [[:m:COVID-19|COVID-19]] pandemic situation in different region, this year we still suggest all the Edit-a-thons are online, but you are more then welcome to organize local offline events. # The international postal systems are not stable, WAM team have decided to send all the qualified participants/ organizers a [[:m:Wikipedia Asian Month 2022/Barnstars|digital Barnstars]]. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to reach out the WAM team via emailing '''info@asianmonth.wiki''' or discuss on the meta talk page. If it’s urgent, please contact the leader directly ('''reke@wikimedia.tw'''). Hope you all have fun in Wikipedia Asian Month 2022 Sincerely yours, [[:m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month_2022/Team|Wikipedia Asian Month International Team]] 2022.10</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Joycewikiwiki@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Asian_Month_Organisers&oldid=23975688 --> == Translation request == Hi. Could you please translate this to Acehnese? Lingua Franca Nova (“Elefen”) is a language designed to be particularly simple, consistent, and easy to learn for international communications. It has a number of positive qualities: * 1. It has a limited number of phonemes. It sounds similar to Italian or Spanish. * 2. It is phonetically spelled. No child should have to spend years learning irregularities. * 3. It has a completely regular grammar, similar to the world’s creoles. * 4. It has a limited and completely regular set of productive affixes for routine word derivation. * 5. It has well-defined rules for word order, in keeping with many major languages. * 6. Its vocabulary is strongly rooted in modern Romance languages. These languages are themselves widespread and influential, plus they have contributed the major part of English vocabulary * 7. It is designed to be naturally accepting of Latin and Greek technical neologisms, the de facto “world standard”. * 8. It is designed to seem relatively “natural” to those who are familiar with Romance languages, without being any more difficult for others to learn. * We hope you like Elefen! Thanks for your help. --[[Pengguna:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Caro de Segeda|marit]]) 31 Buleuen Limöng 2023 14.11 (WIB) == Nama == Assalamualaikum, saya sedang mengembangkan halaman [[Sistem mata uroe]], jadi saya mencari di internet tentang nama-nama planet dalam bahasa aceh, dan nama planetnya berbeda di setiap website jadi nama apa yang bagus saya pilih? Yang Saya temukan di intenet * Merga, Utarid, Meusejuk, Merduah, Merkurius * Atjeu, Zuhrah, Mardik, Athar, Venus * Marikh, Mars * Yupiter, Musytari, Jupiter * Zuhal, Saturnus * Uranus * Neptunus [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 28 Buleuen Tujôh 2023 16.18 (WIB) :Nan-nan planèt lam basa Acèh saban ngon basa Arab; utarid, zuhrah, marikh, musytari, zuhai. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 29 Buleuen Tujôh 2023 08.00 (WIB) ::Terimong geunaseh [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 29 Buleuen Tujôh 2023 12.04 (WIB) == Portal == Seuhingga jinoë, portal nyoë gohlom na bak wikipedia basa Aceh, jadi lôn pike lôn peugöt, mangat na ruang nan nyang jeut lôn peuguna. [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 29 Buleuen Tujôh 2023 12.20 (WIB) :Portal peue? [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 29 Buleuen Tujôh 2023 22.56 (WIB) ::Portal lagee nyoe https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aceh [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 1 Buleuen Lapan 2023 17.11 (WIB) :::Meunyo neutém peugöt jroh that. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 1 Buleuen Lapan 2023 18.48 (WIB) ::::@[[Ureuëng Ngui:Si Gam|Si Gam]]: meunyo gabung ngon kategori jeuet? [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 4 Buleuen Lapan 2023 20.47 (WIB) :::::gabông ngön kawan peue? [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 4 Buleuen Lapan 2023 23.18 (WIB) ::::::@[[Ureuëng Ngui:Si Gam|Si Gam]]: [[:id:Portal:Aceh|Portal]] gabung ngon [[:Kawan:Acèh|kawan]] jeuet? atawa lon peugot ju? [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 5 Buleuen Lapan 2023 08.42 (WIB) :::::::Lôn hana that muphôm pakriban meukeusud droeneuh. Ci neupeugöt laju dilèe, euntreuk lônkalön. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 5 Buleuen Lapan 2023 09.00 (WIB) == Nan == Leubeh get neu peutheun nan wikivoyage lam basa aceh antara Wikitamaca atawa Wikidiwana? [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 16 Buleuen Lapan 2023 15.29 (WIB) :Diwana leubèh kayém ureueng kheun. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 16 Buleuen Lapan 2023 17.55 (WIB) ::Pakon halaman "[https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94n_Keue?&redirect=no Ôn Keue]" jeut keu halaman alihan kon halaman utama? [[Pengguna:SevenEagleX|SevenEagleX]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:SevenEagleX|marit]]) 17 Buleuen Lapan 2023 11.40 (WIB) :::Ka lôn ubah [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 17 Buleuen Lapan 2023 15.43 (WIB) ==Tolong terjemahkan artikel== Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh melalui pesan ini saya meminta tolong kepada anda untuk menerjemahkan artikel [[Niles Akwantu a Ɛyɛ Ahintasɛm]] karena ada salah satu pengguna bukan orang Aceh tidak menerjemahkan artikelnya dengan baik dan ia juga membuat artikelnya asal-asalan di Wikipedia bahasa asing. Maaf jika saya menggunakan bahasa Indonesia karena saya sendiri bukan orang Aceh. Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh [[Pengguna:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Badak Jawa|marit]]) 4 Buleuen Tujôh 2024 22.58 (WIB) :Wa'alaykum salam wr wb. Sudah saya hapus ya. Saleuem. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 6 Buleuen Tujôh 2024 12.10 (WIB) ::Terima kasih banyak Si Gam [[Pengguna:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Badak Jawa|marit]]) 6 Buleuen Tujôh 2024 17.25 (WIB) :::Maaf saya lupa karena ada satu artikel lagi yang harus dihapus yaitu [[Keujadian Neils]]. Artikel tersebut dibuat oleh pengguna yang sama [[Pengguna:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Badak Jawa|marit]]) 6 Buleuen Tujôh 2024 17.26 (WIB) ::::Teurimöng gaséh. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 6 Buleuen Tujôh 2024 17.37 (WIB) == Anarkisme == Google Translate hana gèt, tapi anarkisme nakeuh saboh teunuléh peunténg keu Wikipèdia [[metawiki:List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have|bahsa Inggréh]] ngon [[:id:Wikipedia:Artikel_penting|Bahsa Indônèsia]] . [[Pengguna:AnarchistHistory|AnarchistHistory]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:AnarchistHistory|marit]]) 22 Buleuen Sikureueng 2024 20.48 (WIB) :I will make it in the future [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 22 Buleuen Sikureueng 2024 21.01 (WIB) ==[[Burna Boy]] == Halo bagaimana kabar anda? Saya meminta tolong kepada anda untuk menghapus artikel tersebut karena isinya pendek dan bukan merupakan bahasa Aceh. Salam [[Pengguna:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Badak Jawa|marit]]) 27 Buleuen Sa 2025 15.07 (WIB) {{done}}. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 28 Buleuen Sa 2025 10.06 (WIB) == Undangan sarasehan pengurus 2025 == Halo, Anda menerima pesan ini sebagai salah satu [[m:Administrators of Wikimedia projects/Indonesian projects|pengurus proyek-proyek Wikimedia dalam bahasa yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia]]. Kami mengharapkan kehadiran Anda dalam sarasehan tahunan pengurus Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia yang akan berlangsung pada: * Hari: Minggu, 17 Agustus 2025 * Waktu: 90 menit, dimulai pukul 15.00 WIB / 16.00 WITA / 17.00 WIT * Tempat: Ruang obrolan daring Zoom (pranala dibagikan kepada yang mendaftar di bawah via surel) Anda dapat mendaftar dengan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Peserta|membubuhkan tanda tangan di sini]] dan [[w:id:Wikipedia:Pengurus/Sarasehan/2025#Agenda|menambahkan usulan agenda untuk dibahas di sini]]. Terima kasih dan salam, [[User:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|dwadieff]] [[User talk:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|✉]] 6 Buleuen Lapan 2025 13.57 (WIB) == [[Karim Findi]] == Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh Si Gam saya ingin bertanya apakah anda dapat memahami bahasa pada isi artikel tersebut? Saya tidak yakin dengan artikel yang dibuat oleh mesin terjemahan Google Translate karena terjemahannya kurang akurat. Jika anda merasa isi artikelnya membingungkan silakan menghapus artikel tersebut atau jika anda sudah bukan pengurus Wikipedia Aceh karena masa jabatannya sudah habis maka saya bisa meminta bantuan pengurus global via Meta Wiki. Salam Wikipedia [[Pengguna:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Badak Jawa|marit]]) 25 Buleuen Duwa 2026 14.37 (WIB) :{{done}} -- [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 25 Buleuen Duwa 2026 17.26 (WIB) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 29 Buleuen Peuet 2026 01.29 (WIB) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471712 --> == Acèh == Hello. I'm looking for Acehnese translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[Pengguna:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Eurohunter|marit]]) 8 Buleuen Limöng 2026 00.37 (WIB) :Hello, How can I help? [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 8 Buleuen Limöng 2026 22.03 (WIB) :: I'm looking for translations of: ::: "studio album by Basshunter" ::: "compilation album by Basshunter" ::: "song by Käärijä and Basshunter" ::: "single by Käärijä and Basshunter" ::: "promotional single by Basshunter" ::: "music video by Basshunter" ::: "lyric video by Basshunter" ::: "Swedish singer, record producer and DJ" :::: [[Pengguna:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Eurohunter|marit]]) 16 Buleuen Limöng 2026 02.08 (WIB) :::: "album studio lé Basshunter" :::: "album gabôngan lé Basshunter" :::: "jangeun lé Käärijä ngön Basshunter" :::: "singel lé Käärijä and Basshunter" :::: "singel promosi lé Basshunter" :::: "video meusép lé Basshunter" :::: "video lirik lé Basshunter" :::: "Ureueng meujangeun Swedia, produser neurakam ngön DJ" :::[[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 16 Buleuen Limöng 2026 09.10 (WIB) == Help == Hello, can you help me please to translate [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to your language. Thank you [[Pengguna:جودت|جودت]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:جودت|marit]]) 23 Buleuen Nam 2026 21.36 (WIB) :Will do. Thanks. [[Pengguna:Si Gam|Si Gam]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:Si Gam|marit]]) 1 Buleuen Tujôh 2026 09.25 (WIB) ::@[[Ureuëng Ngui:Si Gam|Si Gam]] I created it myself; you can help me to improve it. [[Pengguna:جودت|جودت]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:جودت|marit]]) 1 Buleuen Tujôh 2026 15.58 (WIB) :::See [[Genosida Gaza]] [[Pengguna:جودت|جودت]] ([[Pembicaraan Pengguna:جودت|marit]]) 1 Buleuen Tujôh 2026 15.58 (WIB) == Gamba == Meunyo na watèe, aci neukalön [[Special:Diff/158466/158471|laman nyoe]]. Bak lôn sang gura that teujeumah lam gamba nyan. Sabah, '''· · ·''' <span title="Cherry blossom">🌸</span> [[User:Rachmat04|'''Rachmat04''']] '''·''' [[User talk:Rachmat04|<span title="Let's discuss!">🍵</span>]] 2 Buleuen Lapan 2026 11.45 (WIB) 9a4h1lya6h3f9zapfp54vgv3r1awxnj 0 3961 158486 152901 2026-08-01T17:10:29Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Anemone purple anemonefish.jpg|jmpl|250px|Eungkôt kareueng]] '''Eungkôt''', [[binatang]] nyang udép lam [[ie]], bôh ie tabeue, lagang, atawa masén. Eungkôt jimeunaph'ah ngön [[inseueng]] dan jimeuaneuk ngön cara jitôh boh. Padum-padum boh meunatang lam ie geukheun eungkôt. Eungkôt [[paôh]] ngön [[lumba-lumba]] sibeunajih hana rôh lam jeunèh eungkôt sabab jimeunaph'ah ngön [[s'ueb]] dan jimeuaneuk kon ngön cara jitôh boh. Eungkôt nakeuh jeunèh binatang vertebrata nyang paléng le spesiesjih bak bumoe nyoe, nyakni 35.025 spesies nibak 584 famili dan 77 ordo.<ref>Ekologi Ikan Perairan Tropis. Husain Latuconsina. 2021. UGM Press</ref> == Eu cit == * [[Dapeuta eungkôt di Acèh meunurôt klasifikasi ilmiah]] * [[Dapeuta eungkôt laôt di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta eungkôt ie tabeue di Acèh]] == Nè == {{reflist}} == Kitab neubeuet == * {{cite web|ref=none|last1=Eschmeyer|first1=William N.|last2=Fong|first2=Jon David|year=2013|url= http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/|title=Catalog of Fishes|publisher=California Academy of Sciences}} * {{cite book|ref=none|last1=Helfman|first1=G.|last2=Collette|first2=B.|last3=Facey|first3=D.|last4=Bowen|first4=B.|year=2009|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/helfman/|title=The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-2494-2|edition=2nd}} * Moyle, Peter B. (1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cu-J9tqy4IQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Fish%3A%20An%20Enthusiast%27s%20Guide ''Fish: An Enthusiast's Guide''] University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-91665-4}} – good lay text. * {{cite book|ref=none|last1=Moyle|first1=Peter B.|last2=Cech|first2=Joseph J.|year=2003|title=Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology|url=https://archive.org/details/fishesintroducti0000moyl_j9n1|edition=5th|publisher=Benjamin Cummings|isbn=978-0-13-100847-2}} ==Peunawôt luwa== {{Commons category multi|Fish|Actinopterygii|align=right|Marine aquarium fish|Freshwater aquarium fish}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|fish}} {{Wikispecies|Actinopterygii}} {{EB1911 poster|Fish}} * [http://db.angfa.org.au/ ANGFA] – Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea * [http://www.fishbase.org/ FishBase online] – Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species * [http://www.poppe-images.com/ Philippines Fishes] – Database with thousands of Philippine Fishes photographed in natural habitat * [http://www.nativefish.org/ The Native Fish Conservancy] – Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes * [http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=topic&fid=2888 United Nation] – Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization {{Taxonbar|from=Q152}} {{Authority control}} [[Kawan:Eungkôt| ]] [[Kawan:Binatang]] ip1xu71zq581bcwpk3ubsc6tkq3wtvt 0 5114 158502 145558 2026-08-01T18:18:11Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hana geupeukeumang|d=20|m=04|y=2014|i=30|ket=}} {{Infobox ureueng | name = Johnny Depp | image = Johnny Depp 2, 2011.jpg | caption = Johnny Depp | imagesize = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|9|df=y}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Monitor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_entertainment-weekly_2013-06-14_1263/page/40|journal=Entertainment Weekly|date=Jun 14, 2013|year=2013|issue=1263|pages=40}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Owensboro]], [[Kentucky]], [[Amirika Carékat]] | birth_name = John Christopher Depp II | spouse = {{marriage|Lori Anne Allison|1983|1985}} | partner = {{plainlist| * Sherilyn Fenn (1985–1988) * Winona Ryder (1989–1993) * Kate Moss (1994–1998) * Vanessa Paradis (1998–2012) }} | children = 2 | years_active = 1984–jinoe | occupation = Aktor, ureueng teumuléh naseukah, direktor, produser, ureueng meu'èn alat musik }} '''John Christopher Depp II''' (1963) nakeuh sidroe aktor asay [[Amirika Syarikat]]. == Asai teunuléh == <references/> {{Commons|Johnny Depp}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Depp, Johnny}} [[Kawan:Aktor]] fjpil0sb8as6kwp47zfiq8dqfev5ca4 0 6307 158481 158278 2026-08-01T17:06:55Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:NetherlandsEmpire.png|jmpl|350px|Peuta wilayah Keurajeuën Kolonial Beulanda ngon nanggroë nyang dijajah lé jih di dônya]] [[Beureukaih:Evolution of the Dutch East Indies.png|jmpl|350px|Peuta wilayah Keurajeuën Kolonial Hindia Beulanda ngon garéh watèe pajan jimat kuwasa lé Bulanda]] '''Hindia Beulanda''' (bahsa Beulanda: Nederlands(ch)-Indië) nakeuh saboh wilayah koloni Beulanda nyang geuakô bak hukôm de jure ngon de fakto. Ulèe Neugara Hindia Beulanda nekeuh Ratu/Raja Beulanda nyang geupeuwaki bak sidroe Gubernur Jeundran nyang jiduëk di [[Batavia]]. Wilayah Hindia Beulanda lam teunuléh sarakata Undang-undang [[Keurajeuën Beulanda]] thôn 1814 seubagoe saboh wilayah nyang jimat dèelat lé Keurajeuën Beulanda. Bak masa lheuëh nibak [[Prang Dônya II]] Hindia Beulanda ka jeuët keu saboh neugara meudèelat nyang geupeunan [[Indônèsia]]. Dilèe phôn-phôn that na wilayah Hindia Beulanda nyan nakeuh nibak da'irah nyang ji jajah le maseukapè niaga Hindia Timu nyang maseukapè nyan na dimeuyub peumeurèntah Keurajeuën Beulanda. Nibak abad keu-19, wilayah nyang ka rhet lam jaroë beulanda nyan ka jipeuluwah lom, sampoe jeuët keu wilayah jajahan atra Beulanda nyang paléng rayeuëk di muka bumoë. Wilayah jajahan Hindia Beulanda nakeuh saboh wilayah nyang paléng meuyum nyang ék jikuwasa lé bansa [[Iërupa|Eropa]] nyang na di meuyub kuwasa Keurajeuën Beulanda<ref>[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=LnevC1FYdnEC&pg=PA201&dq=Empires+and+Colonies,+Indonesia+and+Dutch&hl=id&sa=X&ei=-GElT4rTMcbprAe-gKGZCA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Empires%20and%20Colonies%2C%20Indonesia%20and%20Dutch&f=false Jonathan Hart, Empires and Colonies, page 200]</ref>, dari Hindia Beulanda teuka dum wasé alam u Eropa deungon yum nyang hana meuhai di banuwa nyan, dari wasé alam nyan Beulanda sampoë 'an uroë nyoe kajeuët keu saboh neugara bansa nyang ubeut nyang nacit jibôh yum lam kawan neugara-neugara ma'mu di dônya<ref>Anne Booth, et al., ''Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial Era'' (1990) ch 8</ref>. Meunan pih rayeuek jasa bansa-bansa Hindia Beulanda keu Beulanda, lé awak Beulanda nyan hana meu jipeugot keunira sapeuë pih keu bansa jajahan jih. Hukôm nyang jipeulaku lé Beulanda lam wilayah jajahan jih nakeuh saboh hukôm rasial nyang ceukang<ref>R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, ''Historical dictionary of Indonesia'' (Scarecrow Press, 2004) p 118</ref>. Hukôm rasial nyang jipeujak lé Beulanda nakeuh lagèe jipeugah keu ureuëng Beulanda ngon bansa Eropa la'én nyang na di Hindia Beulanda nakeuh ra'yat manusia numbôi 1 lam wilayah nyan, salang ureuëng [[China]], [[Arab]], [[Jeupang]] seureuta bansa-bansa la'én nakeuh manusia numbôi 2, teuma keu bansa-bansa aseuli nyang ka ta'lôk dimeuyub jajahan jih nakeuh bansa paléng hana hareuga nibak ureuëng-ureuëng kolonial jikheun manusia numbôi 3. Ngon hukôm kolonial banmandum peukara pidana, meuniaga ngon hukom-hukom la'én tundôk ban nyang jikheun lé peumeurèntah Hindia Beulanda. == Asai nan == Narit Hindia teuka nibak [[Bahsa Latin]]: '''Indus'''. Nan aseuli Hindia Beulanda lam [[bahsa Beulanda]]: '''Nederlandsch Indië''', geuteujeumah lam [[bahsa Inggréh]] seubagoë Hindia Beulanda. Narit nan meunan keu peubida antara wilayah [[Asia]] la'én nyang jijajah lé [[Inggréh]]. Nan Hindia Beulanda kana lam ceunatat dokumen Nederlandsch Indië Company thôn 1620 M. diterjemahkan oleh bahsa Inggris sebagai Hindia Belanda, untuk tetap berbeda dari Belanda Hindia Barat. Nama Hindia Belanda tercatat dalam dokumen ''Belanda East India Company'' dari 1620-an.<ref>{{cite book|volume=VOC|title={{lang|nl|Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India anno 1624–1629.}}{{lang|en|The official register at Catle Bavaria, of the census of the Dutch East Indies}}|year=1624}}</ref> Lé ahli tarèh geutuléhlam bahsa Inggréh istilah "Indië", "Hindia Beulanda" meujan-jan ngon "Kolonial Indônèsia".<ref>Frances Gouda, ''Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942'' (1996) p. viii</ref> == Tarèh == === Kuwasa maseukapè === [[Beureukaih:Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg|jmpl|200px| 'Alam VOC (masekapè dagang nyang phôn peudong koloni Hindia Beulanda]] [[Beureukaih:Overwinningh van de Stadt Cotchin op de Kust van Mallabaer - Victory over Kochi on the coast of Malabar.jpg|jmpl|200px| Kawan kapai dagang VOC thôn 1663]] Meuretôh thôn seugolom teuka bansa Eropa, pulo-pulo di [[Nusantara]] nakeuh nibak padum-padum boh keurajeuën nyang meudèlat nyang hudép ngon meuniaga di pasi seureuta meuneugoë di dalam pulo-pulo nyan.<ref>Taylor (2003)</ref> Ureuëng Eropa nyang phôn teuka keunan nakuh bansa [[Portugéh]] bak akhé abad keu-15 lheuëh nibak nyan teuka keunan bansa Beulanda nyang jijak mita reumpah-reumpah keuneuk jipuwoe u Eropa.<ref name="Ricklefs 1991, p. 27">Ricklefs (1991), p. 27</ref> Bansa Beulanda nyang phôn leupah dijak keunan bak thôn 1595, lheuë jiteumeung angkôt reumpah-reumpah ngon jipubloë di Eropa na laba phôn awak nyan 400%. Ban jikalon meunan lé bansa Beulanda la'én di nanggroë jih laju ngon sigra jipeuguna peukara nyan jeuet keu jipeugot saboh maseukapè dagang nyang jirasi nan '''VOC'''.<ref name="Ricklefs 1991, p. 27"/> VOC atawa nan panyang jih ''[[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie]]'' kayém geukheun lé bansa-bansa Nusantara ngon nan ''Kompeni'' nakeuh jimat saboh peunutôh hak nibak Keurajeuën Beulanda keu jeuet jipeugot kuta, jimeuprang ngon jiikat janji ngon neugara la'én ban sigom [[Asia]]<ref name="Ricklefs 1991, p. 27"/>. Pangkai phôn VOC nakeuh jipuga banda [[Batavia]] (jinoë [[Jakarta]]), jipuga banda nyan jeuet keu pusat meuniaga awaknyan.<ref name="Vickers 2005, p. 10">Vickers (2005), p. 10</ref> Niaga nyang jimeukeusud lé awaknyan nakeuh [[Monopoli]] dagang reumpah-reumpah lagèe [[pala]], [[Bungong Pala|bungong pala]], [[lawang]], [[Kayèe Manèh|kayèe manèh]]. Lé VOC nyan jipeuturi keunoe tanaman nyang la'én, teunaman nyang hantom na lom disinoe lagèe [[kupi]], [[Tèh|teh]], [[Kakao|coklat]], [[Bakông|bakong]], [[rambông]], [[Teubè|saka]] ngon [[candu]], mandum teunaman nyan that jipeureulèe lé bansa Eropa ngon hanjeuet jipula di sidéh. Mandum keurija nyan jijaga ngon get that lé VOC ngon cara jiprang keuh wilayah-wilayah la'én di seulingka nyan.<ref name="Vickers 2005, p. 10"/> Ngon le that karu lam wilayah seureuta brat that jicuë hareuta maseukapè lé ureuëng keurija (korupsi), maseukapè sabé lam rugoë sampoë dudoë nyan dudoe bangkrôt bak thôn 1799. Ngon seubab nyan mandum wilayah nyang ji peugah atra VOC nyan jialéh teuma keu Beulanda, mandum atra nyang jipeugah nyan nakeuh wilayah-wilayah nyang ka jikuwasa di ban sigom [[Pulo Jawa]], [[Maluku]]. Jipeugah lom atra awak nyan nakeuh banda la'ôt di [[Makassar]], [[Melaka]], [[Manado]] ngon [[Kupang]] mandum teuninggai maseukapè nyan bak thôn 1800 mandum jeuet keu atra Republik Beulanda nyang jirasi nan Hindia Beulanda.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), p. 110; Vickers (2005), p. 10</ref> === Ta'lôk keu Beulanda === Dari teuka kapai niaga Beulanda phôn bak akhé abad keu 16, sampoe watèe geupeunyata meurdèka thôn 1945, kuwasa Beulanda ateuëh pulo-pulo Nusantara nakeuh hana that teuga. Meuhat cit bansa Jawa sagai nyang asé jijajah meureutôh thôn lé Beulanda,<ref name="LP_23-25"/> salang bansa-bansa nyang la'én sampoë akhé abad keu 19 sabé lam meudèelat ngon meurdèka lagèë [[Acèh]], [[Bali]], [[Lombok]] ngon [[Kalimantan]]<ref name="LP_23-25">Witton (2003), pp. 23-25</ref>. Wilayah nyang teutap lam meudèelat nyan nakeuh leubèh luwah lam kawan pulo-pulo Nusantara, keubit hana piyôh prang antara bansa-bansa meurdèka nyan lawan Beulanda nyang jibantu lé aneuk bansa jajahan jih di Nusantara. Barô keuneuk meuhasé jipeudong Koloni Hindia Beulanda ban lagèe luwah wilayah Indônèsia modern jinoe nakeuh lheuëh jipeuancô lé awak nyan [[Keurajeuën Acèh Darussalam]] akhé that bak thôn 1914, meunan pih di neugara Acèh nyan sampoë 'an uroë jitamong aseuka [[Jeupang]] u Nusantara sabé na ureuëng nyang lawan Beulanda.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwarz |first=A. |year=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s|url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/3 3]–4 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=1-86373-635-2}}</ref><ref name="LP_23-25"/> [[Beureukaih:Heldhaftig gedrag van luitenant Bisschoff.jpg|jmpl|kiri|200px| Saboh gamba prang Padri, Minangkabau thôn 1831.]] [[Beureukaih:Het zevende bataljon tot de aanval oprukkend.jpg|jmpl|kiri|200px| Batalion keu-7 teuntra Hindia Beulanda lam Prang Bali thôn 1846.]] Bak thôn 1806 Beulanda jireubôt lé [[Peurancih]], Raja Peurancih watèe nyan [[Napolèon Bonaparté]] jitunyok keuh adoë jih [[Louis Bonaparté]] keu raja di Hindia Beulanda, ngon seubab nyan [[Herman Willem Daendels]] jiangkèe keuh Gubernur Jeundran Hindia Beulanda.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kumar | first = Ann | title = Java | url = https://archive.org/details/java0000unse_c3o4 | publisher = Periplus Editions| year = 1997 | location = Hong Kong | page = [https://archive.org/details/java0000unse_c3o4/page/44 44] | isbn = 962-593-244-5}}</ref> Thôn 1811 aseuka Inggréh meuhasé jireubôt pulo Jawa ngon padum-padum boh banda [[Laôt Hindia|la'ôt Hindia]] Beulanda, lé Inggréh laju jipeuduëk [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] jeuët keu Letnan Gubernur. Kuwasa Beulanda di wilayah nyan baro hasé jipeupuléh keulayi bak thôn 1816.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 111–114</ref> Dimeuyub meujanji Anglo-Beulanda bak thôn 1824, lé Inggréh jipulang wilayah jajahan keu Beulanda ngon jaminan neugara [[Bengkulu]] teutap jeuet keu neuduëk bansa Inggréh seureuta meutuka kuwasa di [[Semenanjung Melayu]] ngon [[India]]. Dari phôn teudong VOC bak abad keu-17, lé Beulanda ka jipeuluwah wilayah jajahan jih keu guna jeuet keu teumpat meuniaga. Graaf van den Bosch Gubernur militer (1830-1835) jipeugah mandum keu-untôngan nakeuh jeuet keu bhaih peunténg ngon raseumi jeuet keu peunutôh nyang meuhat bak jikuwasa Jawa, [[Pulo Ruja]] ngon [[Bangka]] mantong.<ref name="Rickelfs131"/> Bahpih meunan bak kira-kira thôn 1840, Beulanda jipeuluwah lom wilayah jajahan jih ngon jimeuprang bak padum-padum böh wilayah la'én. Prang-prang rayeuek nyan jeuet keu meutamah luwah wilayah jih di luwa pulo Jawa.<ref>Vickers (2005), p. 10; Ricklefs (1991), p. 131</ref> Meukeusud Belanda hat nyan nakeuh hana le'én bak jimita laba dagang, jilindông wilayah nyang ka jijajah, ngon jipeumulia droë jih bansa Beulanda seubagoë bansa ubeut nyang ék ji mat kuwasa ban sigom wilayah nyang luwah di [[Asia Teunggara]], ngon teutap Beulanda lam wilayah nyang luwah nyan jeuet keu han dijeuët teuka keunan bansa Iërupa nyang la'én. Ngon hasé bumoë dari nanggroë jajahan jih jeuet jipeu-udép Keurajeuën jih di banuwa Iërupa.<ref name="Rickelfs131">Ricklefs (1991), p. 131</ref> Beulanda jipeuta'lôk [[Minangkabau]] di Sumatera lam [[Prang Padri]] (1821-1838),<ref>Ricklefs (1991), p. 142</ref> rab meusigo ngon nyan jimeuprang lom awaknyan lam [[Prang Jawa]] (1825-1830) meunang bak prang Jawa nyan meuhasé keumeutamah kong lom awak Beulanda nyan di Hindia Beulanda.<ref name="Friend p21"/>. [[Prang Banjar]] (1859-1863) di Kalimantan teunggara meuakibat talô Sultan.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 138-139</ref>, seugolom nyan na prang Bali I thôn 1846 ngon 1848, thôn 1849 lam prang keuneulheuëh di Bali barô keuh meuhasé awak Beulanda jikuwasa Bali. Prang paléng trép lam seujarah Hindia Beulanda nakeuh [[Prang Acèh]] phôn bak thôn 1873 sampoë seuleusoë prang nyan bak thôn 1914.<ref name="Friend p21">Friend (2003), p. 21</ref> meunan pih neuduëk Hindia Beulanda di Acèh hana reuda nibak geupeukaru lé [[Ureueng Acèh|bansa Acèh]] sampoë 'an uroë teuka Jeupang u Acèh.<ref name="LP_23-25"/> Da'irah nyang paléng dudoë cit lam kuwasa Hindia Beulanda nakeuh [[Lombok]], da'irah nyan barô asé jikuwasa lé Beulanda bak thôn 1894.<ref>Vickers (2005), p. 13</ref> Na prang Batak nyang meubarô teudôh bak thôn 1895.<ref name="Friend p21"/> Sampoë akhé abad keu-19 hana pré neugara koloni Hindia Beulanda nibak karu ngon prang, meuhat kuwasa Beulanda ateueh mandum da'irah ngon keurajeuën-keurajeuën ubeut di pulo-pulo Nusantara mantong cit jipeupanyang. Mandum keurajeuën atawa da'irah la'én di luwa Jawa ngon Madura keubit barô glah jimat lé Beulanda bak thôn 1920. Nyan keuh thôn Beulanda meuhasé jipeutamong Seumeunanjung Ulèe Cicém (Papua Barat) dimeuyub peumeurèntah Hindia Beulanda di Batavia. === Prang dônya keu-II akhé Hindia Beulanda === [[Beureukaih:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De nieuwe Gouverneur-Generaal Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer verlaat samen met de zojuist afgetreden G.G. B.C. de Jonge het gebouw van de Volksraad waar de bestuursoverdracht plaatsvond TMnr 10018818.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px| Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer ngon SM de Jonge, duwa droe Gubernur Jeundran keuneulheuëh Hindia Beulanda seugolom jitamong Jeupang.]] Bak 10 uroë buleuën 1 thôn 1942, lam [[Prang dônya II]] Pasifik, aseuka Jeupang meuhasé jitamong u Hindia Beulanda. Beulanda nyang jibantu lé teuntra sikutu han ék jipeutheun wilayah jajahan jih di Hindia Beulanda, 3 buleuën lheuëh uroë jitamong teuntra Jeupang Beulanda di Jawa jimeunyeurah bak 8 uroë buleuën 3 thôn 1942.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), p. 195</ref><ref>L., Klemen, 1999–2000, ''The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42'', "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942]".</ref>. Jeupang watèe nyan jeipeugah droe jih seubagoë '''Cahaya Asia''' ngon meunan jeuet keu bansa Asia di Hindia Beulanda that neuharap Jeupang nyan keu nyang usé peunjajah Eropa dari Asia Teunggara. Mandum ureuëng watèe jitamong Jeupang nyan geusambôt aseuka Jeupang lagèe syèdara nyang teuka dijak bantu bansa Asia la'én.<ref>Shigeru Satō: War, nationalism, and peasants: Java under the Japanese occupation, 1942–1945 (1997), p. 43</ref> Meuhat dudoë barô leumah kri, nakeuh Jeupang nyan hana kureuë bratcit buët keujam jih nibak bansa-bansa Nusantara nyang barô glah nibak peunjajah Eropa. Peukara teuka Jeupang nyan keuh nyang jeuet keu seubab rayeuek bak runtôn neugara kolonial Hindia Beulanda. Lé Jeupang banmandum struktur peumeurintah kolonial Hindia Beulanda jigantoë ngon struktur barô. Neuduëk paléng peunténg lam nanggroë teutap jimat lé Jeupang, mandum ureuëng Beulanda nyang mantong na di Hindia Beulanda jidrop ngon ji peutamong lam peunjara awak nyan.<ref name="VICKERSp85">Vickers (2005), page 85</ref> Lam lhèe thôn leubèh lam jaroë Jeupang na peuët juta droë ureuëng di Hindia Beulanda nyang meuninggai <ref>Cited in: Dower, John W. ''War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War'' (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8)</ref> Bak thôn 1945 Jeupang jimeunyeurah ngon hana syarat bak teuntra sikutu. Meunan geukalon Jeupang ka talô lam prang raya nyan, lé peumimpin peujuangan politik Hindia Beulanda laju geupeunyata meurdèka Neugara Indônèsia. Meuhat dudoë jigisa lom Beulanda u euncit nanggroë jajahan jih keuneuk jijak cok pulang lom wilayah nyan. Peuët thôn leubèh kureuëng lam prang geurila, bak buleuën 12 thôn 1949 meubarô keuh Indônèsia geu akô jeuet keu saboh neugara meurdèka. Wilayah nyang jiakô lé Beulanda bak thôn nyan hana rôh Irian Barat, wilayah paléng barat Indônèsia nyan meubarô sah lam jaroë Indônèsia bak buleuën 5 thôn 1963. == Ne == {{Reflist|3}} == Peunawôt luwa == {{Commons|Dutch East Indies}} * {{en icon}} [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0077&q= ("dutch+indies") 11 Dutch Indies objects in 'The European Library Harvest'] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Z6rZhPcCY film dokumenter Hindia-Belanda] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WFPITMkIiQ The Aceh War 1873-1914] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXcBjZO4kqo J.B. van Heutsz - "The Pacifier of Aceh" 1851-1924] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FScJKiU1jk4 The Battle of Java 1942] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlKTVVjA4-0 Dutch East Indies - Colonial Reserve 1890-1951] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rXm9NjXA7g Indonesian war of Independence 1945-1949] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RdmqbvblXw Demobilisation of the Moluccan soldiers to the Netherlands 1951] * {{en icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtFO0n8pfCc The Dutch New Guinea Dispute 1949-1962] {{Commonscat|Dutch East Indies}} [[Kawan:Tarèh Indônèsia]] [[Kawan:Tarèh Malaysia]] j0yq40mv1ftpd0s0f8jqxaklf08e22x 0 6368 158482 152375 2026-08-01T17:07:49Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Berghaus Vulcan.jpg|jmpl|200px|Ambông (''backpack'') keu meujak]] '''Wisata meu-ambông''' ([[bahsa Inggréh]]: '''backpacking''') nakeuh saboh peuneujak bak teumpat la'én ngon hana geuba dabeuëh nyang geuhon lagèe ''koper'' atawa tah teujik. Meuhat nyang cit na geuba lé sidroë-droë ureuëng jak wisata meu-ambông nakeuh ambông bajèe nyang geulhôk dilikôt, bajèe ubé-bé nyang sép mantong, ngon dabeuëh la'én nyang geukira peureulèe bak geujak nyan. Ureuëng nyang geujak wisata meu-ambông nyan biasa jih aneuk muda, nyang ho mantong geujak hana geudom bak ''hotel'' meuhat keu teumpat peuniyôh 'oh malam jeuët keu beurangkapat mantong, hana meucéh that. Kayém takalon ureuëng nyan cit geu-éh 'oh malam lam moto bak geujak nibak saboh da'irah u da'irah nyang la'én. Buët wisata nyan jinoë that ramèe geugalak lé aneuk-aneuk muda nyang meuheut keuneuk jak kalon teumpat-teumpat barô nyang hantom geujak di dônya nyoë. Biasajih ureuëng nyang geujak wisata meu-ambông nyan geujak meu duwa atawa lhèe droë, jareuëng ta-eu nyang geujak leubèh lhèe, nyang kayém cit duwa sagai. Istilah meuwisata nyan jinoe ka geurasi ngon saboh nan nyang ka meuteuntèe '''Backpack''' nyang geucok nibak bahsa Inggréh nyang ma'na jih tah lhat bak ruëng (ambông). == Ma'na == Areuti nibak Wisata meu-ambông ka meu-ubah brat that nibak buët wisata kajeuët keu saboh reusam nyang geunguy saban bagi ureuëng nyang backpacker bak mandum da'irah ngon wilayah. Saboh teunuléh raseumi thôn 2007 ka geupeeleumah saboh ma'na nyang meuhat keu bhaih nyan seubagoë buët nyang geupeulaku lé manusia dari meumacam reusam nyang geuhubông seunaban ngon daléh ngon ma'na nyang meuhat jiduëk bak buët nyan. Sampoë ka geupeureulèe saboh paeunakat nyang saban nibak geupuga saboh teunubôh meusaban bideuëng buët nyan, nyang teunubôh nyan jeuët keu peukakaih keu teumpat meuputuri droë soë mantong nyang na heut saban.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Backpackers as a Community of Strangers: The Interaction Order of an Online Backpacker Notice Board|journal=Qualitative Sociology Review|date=2007-08|first=Barbara |last=Adkins|coauthors=Eryn Grant|volume=3|issue=2|pages=188–201|id= |url=http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume7/QSR_3_2_Adkins_Grant.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-10-29 }} </ref> Reusam wisata meu-ambông nyan jinoë kajeuët keu saboh bideuëng ekonomi wisata nyang that peunténg. 'An phôn murah 'eungkoh maseukapè teureubang, siwa hotel nyang murah meunan cit beunayeuë la'én nyang ka leubéh murah nibak sugolom thôn 2000.<ref name="bgrow">{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.tourism.nsw.gov.au/Backpacker_Tourism_p726.aspx|title=Backpacker Tourism|accessdate=2008-04-07|publisher=Tourism New South Wales|work=Market Segments > Backpacker Tourism|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325232709/http://corporate.tourism.nsw.gov.au/Backpacker_Tourism_p726.aspx|archivedate=2008-03-25|deadurl=no}}</ref> == Riwayat == Lam peuneugah nyang umum bhaih nyan nakeuh meu tarèh ngon riwayat nyang geupeuphôn lé manusia dari jameun kon. Salang meu-ambông lam ma'na manusia modern nakeuh lagèe konsep ureuëng ''[[Hippie]]'' thôn 1960-1970. Jameun kon na cit manusia nyang neujeunajah saboh wilayah u wilayah nyang la'én. Ngon niët geukeuneuk kalon reusam meubida nibak le-le bansa di dônya, sampoe bak masa jameun nyan na geuthèe nan ureuëng-ureuëng meujeunajah nyang hayeuë, lagèe peujeunajah [[Islam]] [[Ibnu Bathutah]]. Nibak bansa Eropa na [[Marcopolo]], meusambông tarèh bak abad keu-17 na geuthèe cit nan [[Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri]] sidroë ureuëng [[Italia|Itali]] nyang geukeuliléng dônya ngon meu-ambông.<ref>{{cite news| first= | last= | coauthors= | title= The Inventor of Traveling - The First Backpacker in the World?| date= 2007-07| publisher= | url= http://www.infohostels.com/notizia.php?chiave=200| work= | pages= | accessdate= 2008-01-03| language= | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071212000017/http://www.infohostels.com/notizia.php?chiave=200| archivedate= 2007-12-12| deadurl= no}}</ref> Ureuëng meu-ambông jameun modern leubèh geu peusadeuë bak peukateuën awak [[hippie]] nyang jijak dari saboh da'irah u da'irah nyang la'én bak thôn 1960-1970 di [[Amèrika]] ngon [[Iërupa|Eropa]].<ref name="Cohen 2003 95–110">{{cite journal|title=Backpacking: Diversity and Change|journal=Tourism and Cultural Change|year=2003|first=Erik|last=Cohen|coauthors=|volume=1|issue=2|pages=95–110|id=|url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jtc/001/0095/jtc0010095.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-10-29|doi=10.1080/14766820308668162|archive-date=2008-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228182509/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jtc/001/0095/jtc0010095.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Saboh rot nyang jeuët keu ra'uëh nyang meuseujarah bagi ureuëng meu-ambông nakeuh '''[[Ra'uëh Sutra]]''' saboh ra'uëh jameun nyang that peunténg di dônya. Ra'uëh Sutra nyan ka meuribèe thôn jeuet keu rot meujak ureuëng dari wilayah neuduëk manusia jameun.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jennifer | last=Conlin | coauthors= | title=IN TRANSIT; Traveling to the Ends of the Earth, at Ground Level | date=2007-02-11 | publisher= | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9906E1DA133FF932A25751C0A9619C8B63 | work=The New York Times | pages= | accessdate=2007-10-29 | language= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031223729/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9906E1DA133FF932A25751C0A9619C8B63 | archivedate=2007-10-31 | deadurl=no }}</ref> == Reusam == Peunténg lam meu-ambông nyan nakeuh nyum nyang geutumèe nibak geujak nyan, jeuet geurasa kri hudép nyang aseuli bak mandum teumpat nyang geu jeunajah. Meu-ambông nyan leubéh keuh ma'na jih nibak saboh buët meuramiën atawa tamasya biasa. Leubéh buët nyan keu saboh kri ureuëng bak geumeurunoë reusam ngon manusia dari macam bansa.<ref> {{cite journal|title=A "University of Travel": Backpacker Learning|journal=Tourism Management |year=2007|first=Philip|last=Pearce|coauthors=Faith Foster|volume=28|issue=5|pages=1285–1298|id= |url=|format=|accessdate=|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.009 }} </ref> Kon lagèe tamasya biasajih nyang hgeupeubuët lé ureuëng meuramèe-ramèe, lam meu-ambông nyan puë nyang neuteumèe lam meujeunajah nyan cit nyang aseuli-aseuli sagai. Ngon seubab nyan na saboh peuneugah lam bideuëng èleumèe reusam manusia, meu-ambông nyan keon keuh saboh wisata.<ref> {{cite book | last = Richards | first = Greg | authorlink = | coauthors = Julie Wilson | title = The Global Nomad: Backpacker Theory in Travel and Practice | publisher = Channel View Publications | year = 2004 | location = | pages = [https://archive.org/details/globalnomadbackp0000unse/page/80 80]–91 | url =https://archive.org/details/globalnomadbackp0000unse| doi = | id = | isbn = 1-873150-76-8 }} </ref> Di neugara-neugara maju nyan umumjih meu-ambông jipeulaku lé aneuk muda nyang mantong na lam sikula manyang, jijak keuh awak nyan bak saboh-saboh keuë meunuju bak watèe pré nibak sikula atawa watèe na ruweuëng antara uroë lulôh sikula ngon masa jiteurimong aneuk sikula bak sikula manyang. That ramèe nibak buët nyan nakeuh ureuëng nyang meu-umu antara 20-30 thôn, ngon da'irah geujak u macam neugara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why do Backpackers head to India?|url=http://www.indianbackpacker.com/index.php/backpacking/why-do-backpackers-head-to-india|publisher=The Indian Backpacker|accessdate=14 January 2013|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117195101/http://indianbackpacker.com/index.php/backpacking/why-do-backpackers-head-to-india|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Peunawôt luwa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130621112221/http://www.travellers.web.id/ TravellersID (Indonesian Travellers)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190812004052/https://wikidtravel.net/ WikidTravel – Online Backpacker Community] * [http://www.artofbackpacking.com Art Of Backpacking – Backpacking Independent International Traveler Website] * [http://www.travelindependent.info/ Travel Independent Info] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603203220/http://backpackerindonesia.com/ Forum Backpacker Indonesia] == Ne == {{Reflist|2}} {{Commonscat|Backpack}} [[Kawan:Wisata]] tuoje511y9q1u7zlpow37yvwbdhy5rz 158501 158482 2026-08-01T18:17:27Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158501 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Berghaus Vulcan.jpg|jmpl|200px|Ambông (''backpack'') keu meujak]] '''Wisata meu-ambông''' ([[bahsa Inggréh]]: '''backpacking''') nakeuh saboh peuneujak bak teumpat la'én ngon hana geuba dabeuëh nyang geuhon lagèe ''koper'' atawa tah teujik. Meuhat nyang cit na geuba lé sidroë-droë ureuëng jak wisata meu-ambông nakeuh ambông bajèe nyang geulhôk dilikôt, bajèe ubé-bé nyang sép mantong, ngon dabeuëh la'én nyang geukira peureulèe bak geujak nyan. Ureuëng nyang geujak wisata meu-ambông nyan biasa jih aneuk muda, nyang ho mantong geujak hana geudom bak ''hotel'' meuhat keu teumpat peuniyôh 'oh malam jeuët keu beurangkapat mantong, hana meucéh that. Kayém takalon ureuëng nyan cit geu-éh 'oh malam lam moto bak geujak nibak saboh da'irah u da'irah nyang la'én. Buët wisata nyan jinoë that ramèe geugalak lé aneuk-aneuk muda nyang meuheut keuneuk jak kalon teumpat-teumpat barô nyang hantom geujak di dônya nyoë. Biasajih ureuëng nyang geujak wisata meu-ambông nyan geujak meu duwa atawa lhèe droë, jareuëng ta-eu nyang geujak leubèh lhèe, nyang kayém cit duwa sagai. Istilah meuwisata nyan jinoe ka geurasi ngon saboh nan nyang ka meuteuntèe '''Backpack''' nyang geucok nibak bahsa Inggréh nyang ma'na jih tah lhat bak ruëng (ambông). == Ma'na == Areuti nibak Wisata meu-ambông ka meu-ubah brat that nibak buët wisata kajeuët keu saboh reusam nyang geunguy saban bagi ureuëng nyang backpacker bak mandum da'irah ngon wilayah. Saboh teunuléh raseumi thôn 2007 ka geupeeleumah saboh ma'na nyang meuhat keu bhaih nyan seubagoë buët nyang geupeulaku lé manusia dari meumacam reusam nyang geuhubông seunaban ngon daléh ngon ma'na nyang meuhat jiduëk bak buët nyan. Sampoë ka geupeureulèe saboh paeunakat nyang saban nibak geupuga saboh teunubôh meusaban bideuëng buët nyan, nyang teunubôh nyan jeuët keu peukakaih keu teumpat meuputuri droë soë mantong nyang na heut saban.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Backpackers as a Community of Strangers: The Interaction Order of an Online Backpacker Notice Board|journal=Qualitative Sociology Review|date=2007-08|first=Barbara |last=Adkins|coauthors=Eryn Grant|volume=3|issue=2|pages=188–201|id= |url=http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume7/QSR_3_2_Adkins_Grant.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-10-29 }} </ref> Reusam wisata meu-ambông nyan jinoë kajeuët keu saboh bideuëng ekonomi wisata nyang that peunténg. 'An phôn murah 'eungkoh maseukapè teureubang, siwa hotel nyang murah meunan cit beunayeuë la'én nyang ka leubéh murah nibak sugolom thôn 2000.<ref name="bgrow">{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.tourism.nsw.gov.au/Backpacker_Tourism_p726.aspx|title=Backpacker Tourism|accessdate=2008-04-07|publisher=Tourism New South Wales|work=Market Segments > Backpacker Tourism|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325232709/http://corporate.tourism.nsw.gov.au/Backpacker_Tourism_p726.aspx|archivedate=2008-03-25|deadurl=no}}</ref> == Riwayat == Lam peuneugah nyang umum bhaih nyan nakeuh meu tarèh ngon riwayat nyang geupeuphôn lé manusia dari jameun kon. Salang meu-ambông lam ma'na manusia modern nakeuh lagèe konsep ureuëng ''[[Hippie]]'' thôn 1960-1970. Jameun kon na cit manusia nyang neujeunajah saboh wilayah u wilayah nyang la'én. Ngon niët geukeuneuk kalon reusam meubida nibak le-le bansa di dônya, sampoe bak masa jameun nyan na geuthèe nan ureuëng-ureuëng meujeunajah nyang hayeuë, lagèe peujeunajah [[Islam]] [[Ibnu Bathutah]]. Nibak bansa Eropa na [[Marcopolo]], meusambông tarèh bak abad keu-17 na geuthèe cit nan [[Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri]] sidroë ureuëng [[Italia|Itali]] nyang geukeuliléng dônya ngon meu-ambông.<ref>{{cite news| first= | last= | coauthors= | title= The Inventor of Traveling - The First Backpacker in the World?| date= 2007-07| publisher= | url= http://www.infohostels.com/notizia.php?chiave=200| work= | pages= | accessdate= 2008-01-03| language= | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071212000017/http://www.infohostels.com/notizia.php?chiave=200| archivedate= 2007-12-12| deadurl= no}}</ref> Ureuëng meu-ambông jameun modern leubèh geu peusadeuë bak peukateuën awak [[hippie]] nyang jijak dari saboh da'irah u da'irah nyang la'én bak thôn 1960-1970 di [[Amèrika]] ngon [[Iërupa|Eropa]].<ref name="Cohen 2003 95–110">{{cite journal|title=Backpacking: Diversity and Change|journal=Tourism and Cultural Change|year=2003|first=Erik|last=Cohen|coauthors=|volume=1|issue=2|pages=95–110|id=|url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jtc/001/0095/jtc0010095.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-10-29|doi=10.1080/14766820308668162|archive-date=2008-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228182509/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jtc/001/0095/jtc0010095.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Saboh rot nyang jeuët keu ra'uëh nyang meuseujarah bagi ureuëng meu-ambông nakeuh '''[[Ra'uëh Sutra]]''' saboh ra'uëh jameun nyang that peunténg di dônya. Ra'uëh Sutra nyan ka meuribèe thôn jeuet keu rot meujak ureuëng dari wilayah neuduëk manusia jameun.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jennifer | last=Conlin | coauthors= | title=IN TRANSIT; Traveling to the Ends of the Earth, at Ground Level | date=2007-02-11 | publisher= | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9906E1DA133FF932A25751C0A9619C8B63 | work=The New York Times | pages= | accessdate=2007-10-29 | language= | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031223729/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9906E1DA133FF932A25751C0A9619C8B63 | archivedate=2007-10-31 | deadurl=no }}</ref> == Reusam == Peunténg lam meu-ambông nyan nakeuh nyum nyang geutumèe nibak geujak nyan, jeuet geurasa kri hudép nyang aseuli bak mandum teumpat nyang geu jeunajah. Meu-ambông nyan leubéh keuh ma'na jih nibak saboh buët meuramiën atawa tamasya biasa. Leubéh buët nyan keu saboh kri ureuëng bak geumeurunoë reusam ngon manusia dari macam bansa.<ref> {{cite journal|title=A "University of Travel": Backpacker Learning|journal=Tourism Management |year=2007|first=Philip|last=Pearce|coauthors=Faith Foster|volume=28|issue=5|pages=1285–1298|id= |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tourism-management_2007-10_28_5/page/1285|format=|accessdate=|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.009 }} </ref> Kon lagèe tamasya biasajih nyang hgeupeubuët lé ureuëng meuramèe-ramèe, lam meu-ambông nyan puë nyang neuteumèe lam meujeunajah nyan cit nyang aseuli-aseuli sagai. Ngon seubab nyan na saboh peuneugah lam bideuëng èleumèe reusam manusia, meu-ambông nyan keon keuh saboh wisata.<ref> {{cite book | last = Richards | first = Greg | authorlink = | coauthors = Julie Wilson | title = The Global Nomad: Backpacker Theory in Travel and Practice | publisher = Channel View Publications | year = 2004 | location = | pages = [https://archive.org/details/globalnomadbackp0000unse/page/80 80]–91 | url =https://archive.org/details/globalnomadbackp0000unse| doi = | id = | isbn = 1-873150-76-8 }} </ref> Di neugara-neugara maju nyan umumjih meu-ambông jipeulaku lé aneuk muda nyang mantong na lam sikula manyang, jijak keuh awak nyan bak saboh-saboh keuë meunuju bak watèe pré nibak sikula atawa watèe na ruweuëng antara uroë lulôh sikula ngon masa jiteurimong aneuk sikula bak sikula manyang. That ramèe nibak buët nyan nakeuh ureuëng nyang meu-umu antara 20-30 thôn, ngon da'irah geujak u macam neugara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why do Backpackers head to India?|url=http://www.indianbackpacker.com/index.php/backpacking/why-do-backpackers-head-to-india|publisher=The Indian Backpacker|accessdate=14 January 2013|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117195101/http://indianbackpacker.com/index.php/backpacking/why-do-backpackers-head-to-india|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Peunawôt luwa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130621112221/http://www.travellers.web.id/ TravellersID (Indonesian Travellers)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190812004052/https://wikidtravel.net/ WikidTravel – Online Backpacker Community] * [http://www.artofbackpacking.com Art Of Backpacking – Backpacking Independent International Traveler Website] * [http://www.travelindependent.info/ Travel Independent Info] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603203220/http://backpackerindonesia.com/ Forum Backpacker Indonesia] == Ne == {{Reflist|2}} {{Commonscat|Backpack}} [[Kawan:Wisata]] n31wr9j5cbctb6lmhnss4igsb2i8rm0 0 6587 158488 153063 2026-08-01T17:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Pulo-pulo Meulayu infobox}} '''Pulo-pulo Meulayu''' nakeuh saboh wilayah nyang luwah meupulo-pulo antara tanoh darat [[Asia Teunggara]] ngon [[Australia]]. Nan wilayah nyan geucok nibak nan [[Ras Meulayu]], saboh ras manôsia nyang that ramèe neuduëk ngon meu aseuli disinan.<ref name="Wallace1869">{{Cite book | last = Wallace | first = Alfred Russel | authorlink = Alfred Russel Wallace | title = The Malay Archipelago | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pZ4hwlbaOkwC | publisher = Macmillan and Co | year = 1869 | location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pZ4hwlbaOkwC/page/n10 1] }}</ref> Keuna wilayah nyan kayém cit geukheun ngon nan la'én, bida saboh nan ngon nan nyang la'én nakeuh meunurôt masa ngon meunurôt soë nyang leubèh kha bak meukuwasa disinan. Nan nyang la'én nyan nakeuh lageè: '''Nusantara''', '''Hindia Timu''', '''Pulo-pulo Indônèsia''' Neuduëk wilayah nyan nakeuh diantara duwa boh la'ôt, [[La'ôt Hindia]] ngon [[La'ot Pasifik]]. Lam kawan pulo nyan na leubèh nibak 25.000 boh pulo. Mandum pulo nyan nyang paléng le nakeuh lam dèelat neugara [[Indônèsia]] leubèh nyan jeuët keu wilyah dèelat neugara [[Filipina]], [[Singapura]], [[Malaysia|Malaysia Timu]], [[Papua New Guinea]] ngon [[Timor Leste]].<ref name= Britannica>"[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371061 Malay Archipelago]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> Bak ladôm kri beunagi Pulo Papua hana rôh lam keunira nyan.<ref name= Britannica/><ref name= Worldworx>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613061856/http://www.worldworx.tv/regional-information/asia/maritime-southeast-asia/index.htm Maritime Southeast Asia]." ''Worldworx Travel''. Accessed 26 May 2009.</ref> {{Commonscat|Malay Archipelago}} == Ne == <references/> [[Kawan:Bumoë]] lsnntbb8d82kgy2suifsitda56vldtb 0 6592 158495 149902 2026-08-01T17:18:22Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cahrot}}{{teujeumah|Indônèsia}} {{Bansa Meulayu group ethnic}} [[Beureukaih:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kleurenlitho getiteld Jong gehuwde Maleische vrouw TMnr 5795-34.jpg|jmpl|300px|Ureuëng inong Meulayu di [[Kutai]] nyang geuturi bak curak boh langgôi ([[litografi]] lé [[C. F. Kelley]] nibak gamba lé [[Carl Bock]], thôn 1887)]] '''Ureuëng Meulayu'''<ref name="Malayan miscellanies">{{en}}{{cite book|first=Malayan miscellanies | last=Malayan miscellanies | title=''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=fBYIAAAAQAAJ&dq=dayak%20Malayan%20miscellanies&pg=RA1-PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false Malayan miscellanies ]'' | publisher=Malayan miscellanies | year=1820}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Milner">{{en}}{{cite book|first=[[Anthony Milner|Anthony]] | last=Milner | coauthors= | title=''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=sACaolB0FpkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Malays&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The Malays]'' | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | year=2010 | isbn=9781444339031 }}ISBN 1-4443-3903-6</ref> saboh nan nyang jiwoë ateuëh saboh kawôm manusia nyang kri saban utamajih nakeuh geumeututô ngon [[bahsa Meulayu]]. Neuduëk ureuëng Meulayu nyan nyang paléng ramè nakeuh di [[Malaysia]], pasi timu [[Sumatra]], silingka pasi [[Kalimantan]], [[Thailand]] blah rot tunong, seureuta na cit bak pulo-pulo ban sipanyang [[Seulat Malaka]] ngon [[Seulat Karimata]]. Di neugara Indônèsia, jumeulah bansa Meulayu nakeuh 15% nibak mandum populasi, ureuëng nyan ramè geuduëk di propinsi [[Sumatra Barôh]], [[Riau]], [[Pulo-pulo Riau]], [[Jambi]], [[Sumatra Seulatan]], [[Bangka Belitung]] ngon [[Kalimantan Barat]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia's Population, Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape |last=Suryadinata |first=Leo |authorlink= |coauthors=Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris|year=2003 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location= |isbn=981-230-212-3 |page= |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiaspopula0000sury|accessdate=}}</ref> La'én nibak di Nusantara, bansa Meulayu na cit di [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pulo-pulo Cocos (Keeling)]] (''Cocos Malays''), ngon [[Afrika Seulatan]] (''Cape Malays''). == Nè seunurat == <references/> {{Commonscat|Malay people}} [[Kawan:Bansa]] 680qb1y6a21p92369o67pljz7t642zr 0 6784 158494 152333 2026-08-01T17:17:46Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Jawi_alphabet.png|jmpl|300px|ka|Haraih Jawoë]] '''Harah Jawoe''' nakeuh [[haraih Arab]] nyang geu-ubah keu geutuléh [[Bahsa Meulayu|Meulayu]], [[Bahsa Acèh|Acèh]], [[Bahsa Minang|Minangkabau]], [[Bahsa Banjar|Banjar]] ngon [[Bahsa Tausug|Tausug]] seureuta padum-padum boh bahsa la'én di [[Asia Teunggara]]. Kayém jih neunguy haraih nyan keu teunuléh ngon seunurat bhaih agama. Haraih Jawoë geunguy keu salah saboh haraih raseumi lam [[Brunei Darussalam|Keurajeuën Brunei Darussalam]], geunguy cit keu saboh peuniléh haraih standar lam bahsa [[Meulayu]]. Bak neunguy nyang leubèh jroh seunurat lam [[bahsa Meulayu]] nakeuh nyang geunguy lam geunantoë [[haraih Latèn]] nyang geukheun haraih Rumi. Lam teumadôn Meulayu neunguy haraih nyoë leubèh meusaneut geunguy keu agama ngon reusam. Meuhat nyang neunguy haraih nyoë keu neubuët siuroë-uroë that geupakoë cit lam da'irah ureuëng Meulayu Pattani [[Thailand Seulatan]] ngon [[Kelantan]] di [[Malaysia]] seureuta lé padum-padum boh kawan ureung [[Islam]] nyang geuduëk di [[Filipina Seulatan]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Language and National Identity in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_j9p8|author=Andrew Alexander Simpson|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_j9p8/page/356 356]–60|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-926748-0}}</ref>. == Asai nan == Narit Jawoë nakeuh narit [[bahsa Acèh]] nyang teuka nibak narit "Jawi" (جاوي), nyoë meuhat geumeukeusud ke saboh narit sifeuët ngon nan benda '''Jawah''' lam [[Basa Arab|bahsa Arab]] (جاوة). "Jawah" ngon "Jawi" ka geunguy lé ureuëng Arab keu narit nyang geupeusaban bak neukheun keu wilayah La'ôt Teunggara Asia ngon mandum ureuëng nyang meuduëk disinan, <ref name="Shahrizal">{{cite web|url=http://digitaleprints.um.edu.my/895/|title=Penguasaan tulisan jawi di kalangan pelajar Melayu : suatu kajian khusus di UiTM cawangan Kelantan (Competency in Jawi among Malay students: A specific study in UiTM, Kelantan campus)|accessdate=2012-07-08|author=Shahrizal bin Mahpol|year=2002|publisher=Digital Repository, [[Universiti Malaya]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> peukara nyang meusaban lagèe jeunèh nan nyang geupham lé ureuëng Iërupa keu geupeunan istilah [[Pulo-pulo Meulayu]] ngon [[Ras Meulayu]] ngon Jaza'ir al-Jawi ([[Pulo-pulo Sunda|Pulo-pulo Jawi]]) ngon [[Bansa Jawi]]. == Tarèh == Lahé haraih nyoë nakeuh that meukeumat langsông ngon teuka agama [[Islam]] u Pulo-pulo Meulayu, haraih nyoë geu-angkèe nibak [[haraih Arab]] keu geutuléh narit ngon tutô Meulayu. Ngon seubab nyan keuh jeuët keu le that ubah, teunamah ngon kri geunantoë padum-padum boh haraih keu jeuët teurimong su nyang hana lam bahsa Arab (lagèe tutô /o/, /p/, atau /ŋ/). Watèe peungarôh Hindu-Budha mantong kong di wilayah Asia Teunggara, [[haraih Pallawa]] that utama geunguy lam teunuléh Meulayu. Saboh batèe jirat nyang na meutarèh 290 H (910 M) bak jirat Syèh Abdul Qadir bin Husin Syah Alam nyang na di [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]], saboh batèe jirat nyang geuteumèe di [[Pekan, Pahang|Pekan]], [[Pahang]] meutarèh 419 H (1026 M), saboh batèe jirat nyang geuteumèe di [[Phan Rang]], [[Viètnam]] meutarèh 431 H (1039 M), bateè jirat meutarèh 440 H (1048 M) geuteumèe di [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] , [[Brunei Darussalam|Brunei]], ngon batèe jirat Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat [[Allah]] nyang geuteumèe di [[Gresik]], Jawa Timu]] meutarèh 475 H (1082 M)<ref name="Shahrizal"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Abdul Rashid Melebek|coauthors=Amat Juhari Moain|title=Sejarah Bahasa Melayu (History of Bahasa Melayu)|publisher=Utusan Publications|year=2006|isbn=967-61-1809-5|pages=52}}</ref>. Bak masa phôn-phôn meukeumang agama Islam, teunuléh Arab geupeurunoë keu ureuëng-ureuëng nyang ban meu-agama Islam lam buët agama ngon ibadat matong, lagè keu jeuët geubeuët [[Al-Quran]] ngon [[Shalat]]. Seubab nyan keuh hana that ssôah keuh haraih Arab jeuët keu geuteurimong lé ureuëng Meulayu meusaban ngon meu-Islam ureuëng nyan. Hana trép meunan laju ka jeuët geupeugot saboh kri la'én keu peupaih haraih Arab keu teunuléh narit Meulayu. Lé tutô meulayu nyang hanjeuët geutulh langsông ngon haraih Arab kajeuët keu geutuléh ngon haraih Jawoë, ngon jeuët geumeuphôm ngon geubeuët keu seunurat raseumi nanggroë atawa teunuléh agama.<ref>John U. Wolff, ''Indonesian Readings'' Edition: 3, SEAP Publications: 1988: ISBN 0-87727-517-3:480 pages</ref><ref>Robert Leon Cooper ''Language spread: studies in diffusion and social change'', Center for Applied Linguistics, Indiana University Press,: 1982 p. 40 ISBN 0-253-32000-3: 360 pages</ref> Meusaban cit lagèe kri geuteurimong haraih Arab di [[Turki]], [[Parsi]] ngon [[India]] nyang ka na leubèh awai lom, ngon nyan keuh dudoè lam tarèh Meulayu Raya haraih Jawoë ka jeuët keu saboh kri teunuléh Islam lam teumadôn Meulayu.<ref name="siti hawa">{{Cite book|author=Siti Hawa Haji Salleh|title=Malay Literature of the 19th Century|publisher=Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad|year=2010|isbn=978-983-068-517-5|pages=8}}</ref> Tanda paléng awai teunuléh Jawoë nyoë na di [[Malaysia]] ngon na [[Seunurat Terengganu]] nyang meutaréh 702 Hijriah atawa abad keu-14 Masehi (Taréh nyoë meubacut kureuëng paih cit meuseubab beunileuëng thôn disinan geutuléh kon ngon angka). Salang neunguy haraih Jawoë bak keurajeuën-keurajeuën [[Pulo-pulo Meulayu|Meulayu]] nakeuh bak phôn watèe [[Keurajeuën Samudra Pasè|Pasè]], sampoë [[Keurajeuën Johor]], [[Keurajeuën Acèh Darussalam|Keurajeuën Acèh]] seureuta akhé that [[Keurajeuën Pattani]] bak abad keu-17. Bak abad keu 19 haraih Romawi phôn ka geunguy disinan. Haraih Jawoë teutap cit na geunguy nibak masa ka jitamong kolonial Iërupa. Nyan keuh meuhat that peunténg haraih jawoë lam budaya ureuëng Meulayu. Haraih nyan ka geunguy seubagoë nyang meu-antara lam mandum ôseuha, reusam ngon niaga. Lagèe miseuëjih, haraih nyoë geunguy keu seunurat meusipakat nyang peuntèng-peuntèng antara raja-raja Meulayu ngon [[Portugéh]], [[Beulanda]] ngon [[Inggréh]]. La'én nibak nyan seunurat peunyata meurdèka neugara [[Malaysia]] thôn 1957 meuladôm geutuléh lam haraih jawoë. Sampoë jinoë haraih nyoë mantong geunguy lam bhaih agama ngo reusam di [[Acèh]]. Lam nanggroë Meulayu Malaysia geunguy di [[Terengganu]], [[Kelantan]], [[Kedah]], [[Perlis]], ngon [[Johor]]. Ureuëng-ureuëng Meulayu di [[Pattani]] mantong cit geunguy haraih jawoë sampo ë'an jinoë. == Haraih Jawoë == {|border="1" frame="box" rules="all" cellpadding="8" style="text-align: center; font-size: xx-large;" |- style="font-size: small; background-color: #cccccc;" !Kri!!Teudong!!Away!!Teungoh!!Akhé!!Nan |- |ا||ﺍ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ﺎ|| style="font-size: medium;"|alif |- |ب||ﺏ||ﺑ||ـﺒ||ـﺐ|| style="font-size: medium;"|ba |- |ت||ﺕ||ﺗ||ـﺘ||ـﺖ|| style="font-size: medium;"|ta |- |ة||ة||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـة‎|| style="font-size: medium;"|ta marbutah |- |ث||ﺙ||ﺛ||ـﺜ||ـﺚ|| style="font-size: medium;" |sa (tha) |- |ج||ﺝ||ﺟ||ـﺠ||ـﺞ|| style="font-size: medium;" |jim |- bgcolor="#999999" |چ||ﭺ||ﭼ||ـﭽ||ـﭻ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ca |- |ح||ﺡ||ﺣ||ـﺤ||ـﺢ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ha |- |خ||ﺥ||ﺧ||ـﺨ||ـﺦ|| style="font-size: medium;" |kha (khO) |- |د||ﺩ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـﺪ|| style="font-size: medium;" |dal |- |ذ||ﺫ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـﺬ|| style="font-size: medium;" |zal |- |ر||ﺭ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـﺮ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ra (rO) |- |ز||ﺯ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـﺰ|| style="font-size: medium;" |zai |- |س||ﺱ||ﺳ||ـﺴ||ـﺲ|| style="font-size: medium;" |sin |- |ش||ﺵ||ﺷ||ـﺸ||ـﺶ|| style="font-size: medium;" |syin |- |ص||ﺹ||ﺻ||ـﺼ||ـﺺ|| style="font-size: medium;" |sad (sOd) |- |ض||ﺽ||ﺿ||ـﻀ||ـﺾ|| style="font-size: medium;" |dad (dOd) |- |ط||ﻁ||ﻃـ||ـﻄـ||ـﻂ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ta (tO) |- |ظ||ﻅ||ﻇـ||ـﻈـ||ـﻆ|| style="font-size: medium;" |za (zO) |- |ع||ﻉ||ﻋ||ـﻌ||ـﻊ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ain |- |غ||ﻍ||ﻏ||ـﻐ||ـﻎ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ghain |- bgcolor="#999999" |ڠ||ڠ||ڠـ||ـڠـ||ـڠ|| style="font-size: medium;" |nga |- |ف||ﻑ||ﻓ||ـﻔ||ـﻒ|| style="font-size: medium;" |fa |- bgcolor="#999999" |ڤ||ﭪ||ﭬ||ـﭭ||ـﭫ|| style="font-size: medium;" |pa |- |ق||ﻕ||ﻗ||ـﻘ||ـﻖ|| style="font-size: medium;" |qaf |- |ک||ک||کـ||ـکـ||ـک|| style="font-size: medium;" |kaf |- bgcolor="#999999" |ݢ||ݢ||ݢـ||ـݢـ||ـݢ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ga |- |ل||ﻝ||ﻟ||ـﻠ||ـﻞ|| style="font-size: medium;" |lam |- |م||ﻡ||ﻣ||ـﻤ||ـﻢ|| style="font-size: medium;" |mim |- |ن||ن||ﻧ||ـﻨ||ـﻦ|| style="font-size: medium;" |nun |- |و||ﻭ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـﻮ|| style="font-size: medium;" |wau |- bgcolor="#999999" |ۏ||ۏ||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ـۏ|| style="font-size: medium;" |va |- |ه||ﻩ||ﻫ||ﻬ||ﻪ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ha |- |ء||ء||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ء|| style="font-size: medium;" |hamzah |- |ي||ﻱ||ﻳ||ـﻴ||ﻲ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ya |- |ی||ی||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||ﻰ|| style="font-size: medium;" |ye |- bgcolor="#999999" |ڽ||ڽ||ڽـ||ـڽـ||ـڽ|| style="font-size: medium;" |nya |} Haraih nyang meuwareuna keulabèe nakeuh kri geunantoë nyang cit na lam haraih Jawoë [[Meulayu]] hana lam haraih Arab aseuli. == Neubeuët lom == * H.S. Paterson (& C.O. Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Trengganu', ''Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S.'', II, 1924, pp. 258-263. * R.O. Winstedt, ''A History of Malaya'', revised ed. 1962, p. 40. * J.G. de Casparis, ''Indonesian Paleography'', 1975, p. 70-71. == Peunawôt luwa == * {{ms icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512154608/http://www.ejawi.net/ Portal Jawi] * {{ms icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040214225734/http://perdana.fsktm.um.edu.my/~jawinet/belajarJawi/index.html Asas menulis Jawi] * {{ms icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219021858/http://www.karyanet.com.my/knet/dbp_jawi/cari_jawi.php Daftar kata Melayu: Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi] * {{en icon}} [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm Tentang huruf Jawi] * {{ms icon}} [http://faithiswithinme.blogspot.com/2010/01/kibod-jawi-fonetik-percuma-free-jawi.html UNDUH Papan Kekunci Jawi Fonetik (Jawi Phonetic Keyboard)] * {{ms icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210301042837/http://rumi-to-jawi.appspot.com/ Laman menukar ejaan Rumi kepada ejaan Jawi] == Nè seunurat == {{reflist|2}} {{Commons|Jawi alphabet}} [[Kawan:Islam]] g11miwfie22iw8lwm96edi43hiqq8xa 0 6833 158496 157861 2026-08-01T17:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 28 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{Infobox royalty | name = Napoleon | image = Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg | alt = Portrait of Napoleon in his late thirties, in white and dark blue military dress uniform. His hair is cropped close but with a short fringe in front, and his right hand is tucked in his waistcoat. | caption = ''[[The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries]]'' (1812) | succession = Raja Peurancéh | reign = 18 May 1804 – {{nowrap|6 April 1814}} | reign-type = Neumat kuwasa phôn | reign-type1 = Neumat kuwasa keuduwa | reign1 = 20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815 {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = Konsul phôn Reupublik Peurancéh | term_start = 13 December 1799 | term_end = 18 May 1804 | office1 = Konsul si'at Reupublik Peurancéh | term_start1 = 10 November 1799 | term_end1 = 12 December 1799 {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Neumat buët la'én|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = Peulindông Konpederasi Rhine | term_start2 = 12 July 1806 | term_end2 = 19 October 1813 | office3 = Raja Itali | term_start3 = 17 March 1805 | term_end3 = 6 April 1814 | office4 = Peuneungoh Konpederasi Swis | term_start4 = 19 February 1803 | term_end4 = 19 October 1813 | office5 = Presiden Reupublik Itali | term_start5 = 26 January 1802 | term_end5 = 17 March 1805 {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | birth_name = Napoleone di Buonaparte | birth_date = {{birth date|1769|8|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Ajaccio]], Corsica, Peuranceh | death_date = {{death date and age|1821|5|5|1769|8|15|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Longwood, Saint Helena]] | burial_date = 15 December 1840 | burial_place = {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=no}}, Paris, France | spouses = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]|9 March 1796|10 January 1810|end={{abbr|ann.|annulled}}}} * {{marriage|[[Marie Louise of Austria]]|11 March 1810|1814|end={{abbr|sep.|separated}}}}}} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Napoleon II]] * [[Charles Léon]] ({{Abbr|ill.|illegitimate}}) * [[Alexandre Colonna-Walewski]] ({{Abbr|ill.|illegitimate}}) }} | issue-link = #Children | issue-pipe = La'én lom... | full name = Napoléon Bonaparte | house = [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] | signature = File:Firma Napoleón Bonaparte.svg }} == Asay ngon neubeuët == [[Beureukaih:Carlo_Buonaparte.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Ayah Napolèon, [[Carlo Bounaparté]] nakeuh waki Korsika di Keurajaan [[Louis XVI]].]] Napolèon Bonaparté aneuk numbôy dua nibak tujôh meusyèdara. Jih lahé di [[Casa Bounaparte]], di banda [[Ajaccio]], Korsika, bak uroë 15 buleuën Lapan thôn 1769, saboh thôn lheuëh jipulang [[Rèpublik Genova]] keu [[Peurancih]].<ref>McLynn 1998, p.6</ref> Jih lahè ngön nan ''Napoleone di Bounaparté'', nyang dudoë jiubah jeuët keu ''Napolèon Bonaparté'' nyang leubèh meubèë Peurancih.{{#tag:ref|Napoleon geukheun ''Nabolione'' lam [[Bahsa Korsika]].<ref>Asprey 2000, p.4</ref>|group=note}} Keuluarga Bounaparté saboh keuluarga ulèë balang nyang teuka dari [[Italia]], nyang geuwèh u Korsika bak abad keu-16/<ref>McLynn 1998, h.2</ref> Ayahjih, ''Nobile'' [[Carlo Bounaparté]], sidroë peungacara, tom jeuët keu waki Korsika watèë [[Louis XVI]] meukuasa bak thôn 1777. Majih nan Maria [[Letizia Ramolino]]. Jih na sidroë aduën, [[Joseph Bonaparté|Joseph]]; ngon 5 adoë, nakeuh [[Lucien Bonaparté|Lucien]], [[Elisa Bonaparté|Elisa]], [[Louis Bonaparté|Louis]], [[Pauline Bonaparté|Pauline]], [[Caroline Bonaparté|Caroline]], ngön [[Jérôme Bonaparté|Jérôme]]. Napolèon ji baptis seubagai [[Geurija Katolik Roma|katolik]] padum-padum uroë seugolom meuulang thôn nyang keudua, pah that bak uroë 21 buleuën Tujôh thôn 1771 di [[Katèdral Ajaccio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/museums/files/Cathedral-Ajaccio.asp|title=Cathedral—Ajaccio|publisher=La Fondation Napoléon|accessdate=2008-05-31}}</ref> Meu ulèë balang, kaya, seureuta hubôngan keuluargajih nyang luah jeuët keu na Napolèon ubeuet kri peuluweuëng nyang luah bak jak beuët sampoë tingkat nyang manyang.<ref>Cronin 1994, p.27</ref> Bak buleuën Sa thôn 1779, Napolèon jidapeuta bak saboh sikula agama di [[Autun]], Peurancih, meukeusud keujijak meurunoë [[bahsa Peurancih]], ngön bak buleuën Limöng jih jidapeuta lom bak saboh sikula mayang militè di [[Brienne-le-Château]]. Bak sikula, jih jimeututô ngon lugat narit Korsika nyang that meuklok sampoë jih kayém jikheun keuh lé ngön-ngön jih; seubab nyan keuh jih ka that sunggôh bak jimeurunoë.<ref>McLynn 1998, p.18</ref> Napolèon carong bak éleumèë matematika, ngön that meuphôm lam éleumèë seujarah ngon éleumèë bumoë.<ref>Asprey 2000, p.13</ref> Lheuëh seuleusoë bak neubeuët nyan laju jisambông neubeuët u Brienne bak thôn 1784, Napolèon jidapeuta bak sikula hayeuë [[École Militaire]] di Paris. Disinan jih jilatih jeuët keu sidroë pang [[artileri]]. Watèë meusikula disinan, ayahjih meuninggai. Jih pih ék seuleusoë bak sikula nyan lam sithôn, bak kri nyang biasa sikula nyan barô keuh seuleusoë dua thôn. Jih jiujoë lé sidroë ahli that hayeuë masa nyan [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], nyang bak masa lheuëh nyan jitunyok lé Napolèon jeuët keu anggèta [[senat]].<ref>McLynn 1998, p.26</ref> == Karier militè == [[Beureukaih:Jacques-Louis_David_007.jpg|ka|200px|jmpl|Gamba nyang that jithèë ''[[Napoleon Meulingkeuë Alpèn]]'', peuneugot [[Jacques-Louis David]].]] Jih jeuët keu murib bak sikula manyang militè [[Brienne]] thôn [[1779]] bak umu 10 thôn, ngön that carong sampoë Napolèon jeuët lulôh bak sikula manyang nyan bak umu 15 thôn. Karier militèjih jiék ngon bagah lheuëh jih asé jipeuseungap gabuëk nyang jipeugot lé kawôm meudukông royalis ngon kri nyang jeuët that gura: jitimbak meuriam di banda [[Paris]] dari ateuëh meunara. Keujadian nyan thôn [[1795]] bak watèë Napolèon umu 26 thôn. Meumacam prang asé jipeumeunang droëjih, nibak laén prang meulawan [[Austria]] ngön [[Prusia]]. == Masa meujaya == Lam masa jayajih, Napolèon Bonaparté jikuasa rab mandum tanöh [[Iërupa|Eropa]] got ngön diplomasi atawa ngon muprang. Nibak laén nakeuh [[Beulanda]] ngön jibeuôt adoëjih [[Louis Napolèon]],[[Spanyol]] ngön jibeuôt Joseph Napolèon, [[Swedia]] ngön jibeuôt [[Jenderal Bernadotte]] seubagoë raja nyang lheuëh nyan teuma meukhianat, lam bagi rayek wilayah [[Italia]] nyang jireubôt dari Austria ngön [[Polandia]] ngön jibeuôt [[Joseph Poniatowski]] seubagoë wali neugara Polandia. == Meunikah == Napolèon jimeunikah ngön sidroë inöng balèë [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], lam meurumöh tangga Napolèon peunöh ngön hana peucaya ngön buët meukhianat binoë, lagèë nyang hubôngan Napolèon ngön dara [[Polandia]] [[Maria Walewska]] sampoë akhéjih Joséphine jeuët keu peurumöh seutia. Meudalèh ngön umu nyang leubèh tuha, Joséphine hana meukeuturônan bak Napolèon nyang dudoë jitaleuëk. Lheuëh nyan meunikah lom Napolèon ngon Putroë Kaisar Austria [[Marie Louise]] putroë dari Kaisar [[Francois I]] nyang geuikat hubôngan sikutu Austria ngön Peurancih, paunikah putroë nyan ngön Napolèon nakeuh akai peudana meuntroë [[Matternich]] bah seulamat nanggroë Austria. Hubôngan meunikah nyan meuakhé ngön talô Napolèon nyang keuphôn. Lam talô nyan ka rhet banda [[Paris]] seubab jiprang lé [[Rusia]], [[Austria]] ngön [[Prusia]] Napolèon jidrop ngon ji peuwèh keudéh u pulo [[Elba]]. Marie Louise laju jipuwoë lé ayahjih u [[Wina]]. == Pusaka == [[Beureukaih:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Bonaparte Before the Sphinx.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|''Bonaparte Before the Sphinx,'' (1868) jigamba lé Jean-Léon Gérôme, Hearst Castle]] === Prang === Lam organisasi militè, Napolèon jipeuturi istilah korps, nyang na nibak meusapat divisi. Jipeugot korps nyoë jidukông cit lé rayek that ureuëng watèë nyan nyang jak dapeuta jeuët keu teuntra, sampoë ka ramèë that-that teuntra jeuët keu jipeugot unit teuntra nyang leubèh rayek nibak divisi. Napolèon jituri cit ngon meupeuguna artileri meurayek-rayek bak peuhancô musôh, hana harok jih jipeuguna teuntra infantri langsông. Lam jipilh artileri pih jih galak keu artileri nyang glah bak meugrak bah jeuët keu saboh kri meupeusiblah droë lam prang. Saboh artileri nyang that jigalak nakeuh [[meuriam]] [[Sistem Thôn XI]] nyang seubeutôijih leubèh nibak kri inovasi dari meuriam [[Sistem Gribeauval]]. === Kritik === Hana mandum cit prang asé meunang jih. Talô jih bak keuneuk kuasa tanöh [[Mesir]] nyang akibatjih suah meukeuë-keuë teuntra Peurancih meulawan [[Inggréh]], [[Keusultanan Mamluk|Mamluk]] ngön [[Keusultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmani]]. Adak pih lam gurôn, Napolèon asé jipeutalô teuntra gabôngan Keusultanan Utsmani ngön Keusultanan Mamluk lam [[Prang Piramida]], tapi padum-padum uroë lheuëh nyan Peurancih talô bak meulawan Inggréh lam prang di Teluk Abukir. Armada Horatio Nelson (Lakseumana Inggréh) nyang keudua go jih meupeutalô armada Peurancih. Go nyoë lam prang di laôt Trafalgar antara armada Peurancis-Spanyol nyang jipimpin lé Lakseumana Villeneuve ngön armada [[Britania Raya]] nyang jipimpin lé Lakseumana Nelson, adak pih Nelson maté lam prang nyan keunong timbak bak teuntra seunapan Peurancih. Talô lom Napolèon bak jak prang [[Rusia]] seubab hayeuë that ngon carong that kri strategi Jenderal Mikhail Kutuzov ngön Tsar Aleksandr I dari Rusia lam jilawan teuntra Peurancih ngön jimanfa'at keuneunöng leupië Rusia nyang jeuët peumaté ureuëng nyan ban leupië jih. Watèe nyan Napolèon talô seubab jikhianat lé Raja Swedia, Jendral Bernadotte. Strategi Rusia lam hai nyoë nakeuh jitet banda [[Moskow]] lheuëh Napolèon asé peutaklôk banda nyan lam prang nyang that brat di Borodino. Ngön talô di Rusia habéh keuh karier jih seubagoë Kaisar Peurancih lheuëh nyan na jiwèh u pulo Elba ngön jigisa u Peurancih 100 uroë, lheuëh nyan talô lom lam prang Waterloo watèë meurumpok ngon pasukan Inggréh nyang jipimpin lé Jenderal Blucher. Talô disinan Napolèon nyang ka meunyeurah jiboh keudéh u pulo [[Saint Helena]] sampoë maté jih. == Referensi == === Catatan meuyub === {{reflist|2}} === Dapeuta kitab === * {{Cite book|title=Life of Napoleon Bonaparte|last=Abbott|first=John|isbn=1-4179-7063-4|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005}} * {{Cite book|first=Ken|last=Alder|title=The Measure of All Things—The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World|url=https://archive.org/details/measureofallthin0000alde_o4d0|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|year=2002|isbn=0-7432-1675-X}} * {{Cite book|last=Alter|first=Peter|title=Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800|url=https://archive.org/details/unitydiversityin0000unse_f1p7|editor=[[T. C. W. Blanning]] and [[Hagen Schulze]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-19-726382-8}} * {{Cite book|title=Napoleon and Persia|first=Iradj|last=Amini|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12|year=2000|isbn=0-934211-58-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} * {{Cite book|title=World History of Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch|first=Christon I.|last=Archer|coauthors=John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8032-4423-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/betweensaltwater00tomm|last=Astarita|first=Tommaso|year=2005|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-05864-6}} * {{Cite book|year=1845|title=Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsem00abelgoog|first=Lucia Elizabeth|last=Balcombe Abell|publisher=J. Murray|oclc=9123757}} * {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Pw5jup_LyHAC&lpg=PA212&dq=%22total%20war%22%20napoleon&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The First Total War|last=Bell|first=David|isbn=0-618-34965-0|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2007}} * {{cite web|url=http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=10375|title=Execution of the Defenders of Madrid, 3&nbsp;May 1808|publisher=New York University|accessdate=18 November 2008|year=2002|last=Bertman|first=Sandra|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323212419/http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|first=Rafe|last=Blaufarb|title=Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsymbolfo0000blau|year=2007|publisher=Bedford|isbn=0-312-43110-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Bordes|first=Philippe|title=Jacques-Louis David|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-12346-9|year=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Boycott-Brown|first=Martin|title=The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtorivolinapo0000boyc|publisher=Cassell & Co|year=2001|isbn=0-304-35305-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|authorlink=David G. Chandler|title=The Campaigns of Napoleon, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan|publisher=9780025236608|year=1973|isbn=0-02-523660-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=The Campaigns of Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1995|isbn=0-02-523660-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=Napoleon|publisher=Leo Cooper|year=2002|isbn=0-85052-750-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Chesney|first=Charles|title=Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/waterloolectures0000char|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2006|isbn=1-4286-4988-3}} * {{Cite book|year=2006|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/blunderingtoglor0000conn|first=Owen|last=Connelly|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-7425-5318-3}} * {{Cite book|title=The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/billyruffianbell0000cord_z6w0|first=David|last=Cordingly|year=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=1-58234-468-X}} * {{Cite book|first=Vincent|last=Cronin|authorlink=Vincent Cronin|title=Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000cron_y3x1|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1994|isbn=0-00-637521-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?|url=https://archive.org/details/isarsenicaphrodi0000cull|last=Cullen|first=William|year=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=0-85404-363-2}} * {{Cite book|title=As Befits a Legend|url=https://archive.org/details/asbefitslegendbu0000dris|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=0-87338-484-9|last=Driskel|first=Paul|year=1993}} * {{cite web|last=Dunan|first=Marcel|url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp|title=Napoleon's height|language=French|accessdate=11 January 2009|publisher=La Fondation Napoléon|year=1963}} * {{Cite book|title=Napoleon:The Path to Power 1769–1799|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000phil|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2008|last=Dwyer|first=Philip|isbn=978-0-7475-6677-9}} * {{Cite book|title=Roman Presences|url=https://archive.org/details/romanpresencesre00unse|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-59197-X|year=1999|last=Edwards|first=Catharine}} * {{Cite book|isbn=0-313-31912-X|title=Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first=George Q.|last=Flynn}} * {{Cite book|last=Fremont-Barnes|first=Gregory|coauthors=Todd Fisher|title=The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwarsri0000frem|publisher=Osprey|year=2004|isbn=1-84176-831-6}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|title=Death Mask of Napoleon|accessdate=4 August 2008|publisher=University of North Carolina|last=Fulghum|first=Neil|year=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishulcerhist0000gate_o1o7|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2001|isbn=0-306-81083-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-0719-6|year=2003}} * {{Cite book|first=Pieter|last=Geyl|authorlink=Pieter Geyl|title=Napoleon For and Against|origyear=1947|year=1982|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-452-00057-2}} * {{Cite book|title=1805: Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition|url=https://archive.org/details/1805austerlitzna0000goet|publisher=Greenhill Books|first=Robert|last=Goetz|year=2005|isbn=1-85367-644-6}} * {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FUaIGHxCIEwC&pg=PA181&dq=napoleon+height#PPA181,M1|title=Size Matters|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|last=Hall|first=Stephen|isbn=0-618-47040-9}} * {{cite web|title=The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of ''Napoleon: A Penguin Life''|url=http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1038/article_detail.asp|accessdate=30 May 2008|publisher=The Claremont Institute|author=Hanson, Victor Davis|year=2003|archivedate=3 May 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503172242/http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1038/article_detail.asp}} * {{Cite book|first=Robert|last=Harvey|year=2006|title=The War of Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/warofwarsepicstr0000harv|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84529-635-3}} * {{Cite journal|journal=Clinical Chemistry|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092 |title=The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?|last=Hindmarsh|first=J. Thomas|coauthors=John Savory|volume=54|page=2092 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358 |publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry |year=2008 |accessdate=10 October 2010|issue=12}} * {{Cite book|title=Race, Racism, and Science|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791851094485|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-85109-448-2|last=Jackson|first=John|year=2004}} * {{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=P.|title=Napoleon: A life|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002 |isbn=0-670-03078-3|url=http://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Penguin-Lives-Paul-Johnson/dp/0670030783/}} * {{Cite book|first=Inari|last=Karsh|title=Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-674-00541-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UBilaKRKkC&pg=PA11}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Cite book|first=Don|coauthors=Petie Kladstrup|last=Kladstrup|title=Champagne: How the World's Most Glamorous Wine Triumphed Over War and Hard Times|url=https://archive.org/details/champagnehowworl0000klad|publisher=William Morrow|isbn=0-06-073792-1|year=2005}} * {{Cite book|first=Marie Adelaide Belloc|last=Lowndes|authorlink=Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes|title=Where Love And Friendship Dwelt|publisher=Macmillan|year=1943|oclc=67554055}} * {{Cite book|title=Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834|url=https://archive.org/details/dompedrostruggle0000maca|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1986|isbn=0-8223-0681-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Markham|first=Felix|title=Napoleon|publisher=Mass Market Paperback|year=1988|isbn=0-451-62798-9|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10369968}} * {{Cite book|first=Frank|last=McLynn|title=Napoleon|publisher=Pimlico|year=1998|isbn=0-7126-6247-2|url= http://www.amazon.co.uk/Napoleon-Frank-McLynn/dp/0712662472}} * {{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement.html|title=The history of measurement|publisher=St Andrew's University|accessdate=18 July 2008|year=2003|last=O'Connor|first=J|coauthors=E F Robertson}} * {{Cite book|year=2003|last=Outhwaite|first=William|isbn=0-631-22164-6|publisher=Blackwell|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought}} * {{Cite journal|publisher=HeinOnline|title=1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict|edition=vol 28|last=Poulos|first=Anthi|journal=International Journal of Legal Information|year=2000|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/ijli28&div=12&id=&page=}} * {{Cite book|year=2007|title=[[The Crime of Napoleon|Napoleon's Crimes: A Blueprint for Hitler]]|publisher=Oneworld Publications|first=Claude|last=Ribbe|authorlink=Claude Ribbe|isbn=1-85168-533-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=Napoleon and Wellington|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonwellingt0000robe_d5v0|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicholson|isbn=0-297-64607-9|year=2001}} * {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&pg=PR9&dq=bogeyman+napoleon+nursery+%22bonaparte+will+pass%22#PPA93,M1|title=Heavy Words Lightly Thrown|publisher=Granta|isbn=1-86207-765-7|year=2004|last=Roberts|first=Chris}} * {{Cite book|isbn=1-84520-817-X|first=Raffael|last=Scheck|publisher=Berg|title=Germany, 1871–1945: A Concise History|year=2008}} * {{Cite book|last=Schom|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Schom|title=Napoleon Bonaparte|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart0000scho|year=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-017214-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Schwarzfuchs|first=Simon|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|isbn=0-19-710023-6|title=Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonjewssanh0000schw}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030078b.htm|title=Balcombe, Alexander Beatson (1811–77)|publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography Online|last=Thomson|first=Kathleen|accessdate=27 May 2008|year=1969|archive-date=15 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515154458/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/balcombe-alexander-beatson-2922|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|title=The Way the World Works|url=https://archive.org/details/wayworldworks0000wann|last=Wanniski|first=Jude|publisher=Regnery Gateway|isbn=0-89526-344-0|year=1998}} * {{Cite book|title=Tricolor and crescent|first=William|last=Watson|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13|isbn= 0-275-97470-7|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|accessdate=12 June 2009|year=2003}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=David|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-011813-6|year=1992}} * {{Cite book|title=Napoleon's Submarine|year=1972|last=Wilkins|first=William|isbn=0-450-01028-7|publisher=New English Library|origyear=1944}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=J|date=2 August 1975|title=Dr. Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|issue=vol.3|accessdate=7 June 2008|pmc=1674241|pmid=1097047|volume=3|pages=293–5|doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5978.293}} * {{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Philip|title=The Law and Practice of International Finance Series|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|year=2007|isbn=1-84703-210-9}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31103&amid=30222626|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425054948/http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31103&amid=30222626|archivedate=25 April 2008|title=Napoleon's Last Journey|publisher=History Today|accessdate=12 July 2008|last=Woodward|first=Chris|issue=7|year=2005|month=July}} == Catatan gaki == <references group="note"/> == Peunawôt luwa == {{wikiquote}} * {{en}} [http://www.napoleon.org/en/home.asp Napoleon.org] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130520075443/http://www.napoleonexhibit.com/ NapoleonExhibit.com] {{Kotak_mulai}} {{S-off}} {{succession box | title = [[Daftar Raja Perancis|Raja Perancis]] | years = [[1804]]-[[1814]] | before = [[Louis XVII dari Perancis|Louis XVII]] <br /> <small>de facto</small> | after = [[Louis XVIII dari Perancis|Louis XVIII]]}} {{succession box | title = [[Daftar Raja Perancis|Raja Perancis]] | years = [[1815]]-[[1815]] | before = [[Louis XVIII dari Perancis|Louis XVIII]] | after = [[Louis XVIII dari Perancis|Louis XVIII]]}} {{Kotak_selesai}} {{raja Peurancih}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bonaparte, Napoleon}} {{Commonscat|Napoleon I of France}} [[Kawan:Tokoh keturunan Italia]] [[Kawan:Kaisar Perancis]] [[Kawan:100 Tokoh menurut Michael H. Hart]] [[Kawan:Raja Italia]] 4cdswosm93a7hj01cvqz277ipmzdmvd 2 7141 158505 151973 2026-08-01T23:37:21Z Pathoschild 349 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 158505 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#babel:ko|en-3|ace-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Revi C.|go here]].]] Hello! I am [[:m:User:Revi C.|revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff<!--(I am a Wikidata Admin! <small>([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])</small>)-->, or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! <small>([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])</small>). Come to [[:m:User:Revi C.|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Revi C.|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.</div> f9axsj091s21ur4yghbgieg55e1htzc 3 7142 158504 151972 2026-08-01T23:02:09Z Pathoschild 349 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 158504 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Revi logo (pink).png|thumb|center|<span style="color:red">PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE MESSAGE HERE!</span>]] ''' <span style="color:red"> BEFORE YOU BLOCK MY ACCOUNT: IF MY EDIT SUMMARY INCLUDE PREFIX </span>''(Script)''<span style="color:red">, DON'T BLOCK ME, JUST TELL ME TO SLOW DOWN AT COMMONS' TALK PAGE. IT IS AN AUTOMATED SCRIPT BEING USED ON COMMONS TO MOVE FILES.</span> Instead, please leave your message following site: <br /> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|45px|link=d:User talk:Revi C.]] [[d:User talk:Revi C.]] for Wikidata (Interwiki links) stuff <!--(I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there)--> <br /> [[File:Commons-logo.svg|45px|link=commons:User talk:Revi C.]] [[commons:User talk:Revi C.]] for renaming stuff or [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] action (I am {{int:Group-sysop}} there) <br /> [[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|45px|link=m:User talk:Revi C.]] [[meta:User talk:Revi C.]] for other stuff (User right notification, revert message, etc...) Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> esxe13mcstpjlux1bt2hqwxr2v8t8mn 0 7400 158483 147222 2026-08-01T17:08:23Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |color = lightgreen |name = Peunula |fossil_range = {{fossil range|520}}[[Kambrium]] sampoë 'an jinoë. |image = |image_width = 250px |image_caption = Macam-macam peunula |domain = [[Eukaryota]] |domain = [[Archaeplastida]] |regnum = ''Plantae'' |regnum_authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866<ref>{{cite book|author=Haeckel G|year=1866|title=Generale Morphologie der Organismen|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-5k5AAAAcAAJ|publisher=Verlag von Georg Reimer|location=Berlin|pages=vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII}}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = Divisi |subdivision = '''[[Alga ijô]]''' * [[Chlorophyta]]-alga ijô keubit * [[Charophyta]]-alga ijô meukareuëng '''[[Embryophyta|Peunula darat]] (Embryophyta)''' * '''[[Bryophyta|Peunula darat hana meuurat]] (kumbeuëk)''' ** [[Kumbeuëk até|Marchantiophyta]]—kumbeuëk até ** [[Kumbeuëk lungkèe|Anthocerotophyta]]—kumbeuëk (até) lungkèe ** [[Peunula kumbeuëk|Bryophyta/Musci]]—kumbeuëk keubit ** [[punah|†]][[Horneophytopsida]] * '''[[Peunula meuurat]] (tracheophyta)''' ** [[punah|†]][[Rhyniophyta]] ** [[punah|†]][[Zosterophyllophyta]] ** [[Lycopodiophyta]]—paku kawat ** [[punah|†]][[Trimerophytophyta]] ** [[Peunula paku|Pteridophyta]]—dum bak paku ngon paku iku guda ** [[punah|†]][[Progymnospermophyta]] ** '''[[Peunula meuaneuk|Spermatophyta]] (peunula meuaneuk)''' *** [[punah|†]][[Pteridospermatophyta]]—paku (meu)aneuk *** [[Pinophyta]]—Peunula runjông *** [[Cycad]]ophyta—paku haji ngon nyang toë ngonjih *** [[Ginkgophyta]]—ginkgo *** [[Gnetophyta]]—muliëng ngon nyang toë ngonjih *** [[Tumbuhan berbunga|Magnoliophyta]]—peunula meubungong [[punah|†]]'''[[Nematophytes]]''' }} Lam [[biologi]], '''peunula''' geukheun keu [[organisme]] nyang jitamöng lam [[Regnum]] [[Plantae]]. Di dalamjih nakeuh mandum organisme nyang that biasa geuturi lé ureuëng bak kayèe, beuluka, [[terna]], [[naleuëng]], [[kumbeuëk]] seureuta [[alga ijô]]. Meucatat na keunira 350.000 [[spesies]] organisme jitamöng u dalamnyan, nyan hana rôh alga ijô. Dari jumeulah nyan, 258.650 jeunèh nakeuh [[peunula meubungong]] ngön 18.000 jeunèh [[peunula kumbeuëk]]. Rab mandum peunula nyan meusifeuët ''[[autotrof]]'', ngön jicok energi langsông dari [[cahaya]] [[mata uroë]] röt proses [[fotosintesis]]. Meuseubab ngön wareuna ijô brat that bak anggèta keurajeuën nyan. nan la'én nyang geunguy nakeuh '''Viridiplantae''' ("peunula ijô"). Nan la'énjih nakeuh '''Metaphyta'''. == Ceuë == Klasifikasi peunula bak masa jemeun geupeutamong cit ban mandum [[alga]] ngon [[fungi]] (jitamong [[kulat leundé]]) seubagoë anggètajih. Kritik-kritik nyang teuka jeuët keu dudoë fungi geupisah dari peunula. Meunan pih bak stasioner, fungi meusifeuët ''[[saprotrof]]'', jicok energi dari euncit-euncit [[dabeuëh organik]]. La'én nibak nyan, bintéh sel fungi kon meususôn nibak dabeuëh nyang saban ngon peunula ngon that meuhi ngon meulatang. Geuweuëk lom dudoë alga nyang geupisah bak anggèta peunula meuseubab jih hana ''diferensiasi jaringan'' ngon hana meukeumang [[klorofil]] seubagoë [[pigmen]] ngon drop energi. Meuneunguy teknik-teknik [[biologi molekuler]] keu [[filogeni]] pwunula bak nyatajih dudoë that le meudukông ateuëh peuë nyang meupisah jinoë. Peunula lam areuti nyang jinoë geunguy kayém jikira seubagoë turônan nibak [[alga ijô]]. == Rupa nyang khusuih == rupa nyang bagah that jeuët keu geuturi peunula nakeuh bak wareuna ijô nyang brat meuseubab na meukandông pigmen klorofil nyang that peunténg bak kri jidrop energi rot fotosintesis. Ngon nyankeuh, peunula nibak umumjih meusifeuët autotrof. Padum-padum boh nyang hana saban, lagèe bak padum macam [[peunula parasit]] (seumalu), nyan nakeuh meuseubab ngon adaptasi keu kri udép ngon lingkungan nyang hayeuë. Saweuëb sifeuëtjih nyang autotrof, peunula sabé jiduëk bak neuduëk nyang phôn lam ranté ilé peunajôh rot organisme udép ([[ranté eumpeuën]]). Peunula meusifeuët stasioner atawa hanjeuët jiwèh ateuëh kheundak droëjih, meunan pih na pdum-padum macam alga ijò nyang meusifeuët motil (jeuët wèh) saweuëb bak jioh na [[flagelum]]. Meuseubab ngon sifeuëtjih nyang pasif nyoë peunula beujeuët meuadaptasi bak fisik ateuëh meuubah bak teumpat udép nyang jiteurimong lé jih. Variasi [[morfologi]] peunula ji'ôh leubèh rayeuëk nibak anggèta keurajeuën nyang la'én. La'én nibak nyan, peunula meuhasé le that [[metabolit sekunder]] seubagoë mekanisme ngon peutheun udép ateuëh peuë nyang meuubah bak teumpat jih atawa na jiseurang lé nyang peukarujih. Reproduksi peunula jicok peungarôh cit lé sifeuët nyoë. Bak tingkat selular, binté sel nyang meususôn nibak [[selulosa]], [[hemiselulosa]], ngon [[pektin]] jeuët keu rupajih nyang khusuih, meunanpih bak peunula tingkat meuyub meujan-jan cit meususôn nibak pektin saja. Meuhat cit bak peunula nyang sel jih na [[plastida]]; ngon [[vakuola]] nyang rayeuk ngon kayém jidominasi volume sel. == Alga == [[Beureukaih:Haeckel Siphoneae.jpg|jmpl|[[Alga ijô]] dari [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'', 1904.]] Le [[alga]] nyang hana lé jitamong lam [[Kingdom|Keurajeuën]] Plantae. Alga nakeuh lam paum-padum boh kawan nyang meubida nibak organisme nyang meuhasé energi rot fotosintesis, maséng-maséng nyang teuka abk kri independen nibak éndatujih nyang non-fotosintetik. Alga nyang brat that gura nakeuh [[naleuëng la'ôtt]], alga multiseluler nyang meuhat that meuhi ngon peunula terestrial, geuklasifikasi sajan [[alga ijô]], [[alga mirah|mirah]], ngon [[alga coklat|coklat]]. Tiëp-tiëp kawan nyan jitamong cit na meupadum boh jeunèh [[organisme]] mikroskopik ngon organisme uniseluler. == Asai seunurat == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Plantae}} [[Kawan:Bak kayèe]] rvrrmx5f0p6856otyvtapta24if1sj4 2 8941 158506 151984 2026-08-02T00:15:17Z Pathoschild 349 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) 158506 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut 3 8942 158507 151985 2026-08-02T00:55:24Z Pathoschild 349 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Hym411]]) 158507 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 0 16005 158499 152910 2026-08-01T17:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:President_Suharto,_1993.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px| Prèsidèn Soeharto]] '''Dr.(HC) Ir. Suharto''' nakeuh prèsidèn keuduwa neugara [[Indônèsia]]. Gobnyan lahé di [[Yogyakarta]] 8 uroë buleuën 6 thôn 1921<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed]</ref>, meuninggai di [[Jakarta]] 27 uroë buleuën 1 thôn 2008. == Ceunatat gaki == <references/> == Seunurat kitab == {{refbegin|25em}} * {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }} * {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193148/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X}} *{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite news| title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post| date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book| first = William| last = Blum| date = 1995| title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II| publisher = Common Courage Press| location = Monroe, Me.| isbn = 1-56751-052-3| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0}} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109110205/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997) * {{cite web| title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories| work=The National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| access-date=23 May 2005| archive-date=8 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035956/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| last=Colmey| first=John| title=The Family Firm| date=24 May 1999| publisher=TIME Asia| url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 February 2001}} * {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |url-status=live }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001. * {{cite book |last=Elson |first=Robert E. |date=2001 |title = Suharto: A Political Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartopolitical0000elso |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77326-1}} * {{cite book |last=Dake |first=Antonie C.A. |date=2006 |title = The Sukarno File, 1965-1967: Chronology of a Defeat |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15382-0}} * {{cite book |last=Dijk |first=Kees van |date=2001 |title=A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/countryindespair0000unse |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=KITLV Press |isbn=9789067181600 }} * {{cite book |last=Friend |first=Theodore |date=2003 |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-01834-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo |url-access=registration }} * {{cite web | title=H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | publisher=THOMAS (Library of Congress) | access-date=4 February 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113050730/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:HZ00647: | archive-date=13 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes |first=John |title=The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild| publisher=Archipelago Press|date=2002 | orig-year=1976| isbn=981-4068-65-9}} * {{cite news |title=Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics |date=27 November 1996 |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index |archive-date=9 November 2005 }} * {{cite web | title=Indonesia Economic | work=Commanding Heights | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | access-date=23 May 2005 | archive-date=24 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182929/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html | url-status=live }} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge|work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=15 October 1965}} * {{cite news| title=Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge| work=The New York Times| date=16 December 1965}} * {{cite news| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James| name-list-style=amp | title=MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power| work=The Independent |location=UK| date=16 April 2000}} * {{cite book| last1=Lashmar |first1=Paul |last2=Oliver |first2=James |title=Britain's Secret Propaganda War| publisher=Sutton Pub Ltd|date=1999| isbn=0-7509-1668-0}} * {{cite book|last=McDonald |first=H. |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=1980 |title=Suharto's Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/suhartoindonesia0000mcdo |location=[[Blackburn, Victoria|Blackburn]] AU|publisher=Fontana Books |isbn=0-00-635721-0}} * {{cite book|last=Melvin|first=Jess|date=2018|title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-57469-4|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608032221/https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694|url-status=live}} *{{cite news |date=1993 |title=Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor |publisher=World Bank |url=http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 March 2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X}} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212120254/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}} *{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} * {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}} *{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/shadesofgreypoli0000wana |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}} * {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Suharto|Soeharto}} [[Kawan:Indônèsia]] swkdwi9ki35ijjc6bilyorak4i1fnum 158503 158499 2026-08-01T18:19:10Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:President_Suharto,_1993.jpg|jmpl|ka|240px| Prèsidèn Soeharto]] '''Dr.(HC) Ir. Suharto''' nakeuh prèsidèn keuduwa neugara [[Indônèsia]]. Gobnyan lahé di [[Yogyakarta]] 8 uroë buleuën 6 thôn 1921<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28suharto.html Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed]</ref>, meuninggai di [[Jakarta]] 27 uroë buleuën 1 thôn 2008. == Ceunatat gaki == <references/> == Seunurat kitab == {{refbegin|25em}} * {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. McCormack |title=The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? |series=International Humanitarian Law |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |isbn=978-9004156913 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Benedict R. |last2=McVey |date=2009 |first2=Ruth T. |title=A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9786028397520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVcwPV3NvDMC }} * {{cite news |date=19 October 1965 |title=Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=registration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829193148/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/army-in-jakarta-imposes-a-ban-on-communists-extent-of-order-unclear.html |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Aspinall |first=Ed |date=October–December 1996 |title=What happened before the riots? |newspaper=[[Inside Indonesia]] |issue=48 |archive-date=5 May 2005 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505222646/http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit48/ed.htm }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Aspinall |editor1-first=Ed |editor2-last=Klinken |editor2-first=Gerry van |editor3-last=Feith |editor3-first=Herb |date=1999 |title=The Last Days of President Suharto |location=[[Clayton, Victoria|Clayton AU-VIC]] |publisher=Monash Asia Institute |isbn=073261175X}} *{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent |title= [[The Jakarta Method|The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World]] |date=2020 |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 978-1541742406}} * {{cite news| title=Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted |work=The Jakarta Post| date=27 May 2005}} * {{cite book| first = William| last = Blum| date = 1995| title = Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II| publisher = Common Courage Press| location = Monroe, Me.| isbn = 1-56751-052-3| url = https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0}} * ''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109110205/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm |date=9 November 2016 }}''. Press Release. [[International Monetary Fund]]. (31 October 1997) * {{cite web| title=CIA Stalling State Department Histories| work=The National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| access-date=23 May 2005| archive-date=8 March 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308035956/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| last=Colmey| first=John| title=The Family Firm| date=24 May 1999| publisher=TIME Asia| url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=8 February 2001}} * {{cite book |last=Conboy |first=Kenneth J. |date=2003 |title=Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789799589880 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323145048/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C |url-status=live }} * Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". 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1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}} *{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} * {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}} *{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/shadesofgreypoli0000wana |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}} * {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-asia_1979_9_2/page/197| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}} {{refend}} {{Commonscat|Suharto|Soeharto}} [[Kawan:Indônèsia]] 0dlp4605a8swvl435o84nsqwp394ioc 0 16483 158487 158414 2026-08-01T17:11:10Z Si Gam 4266 /* B */ 158487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Hutan Gunung Leuser Aceh.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Bak kayèe lam glé [[Leuser]]]] Di yup nyoe dapeuta bak kayèe nyang na di Acèh. Rôh cit lam kawan nyoe bansa bak [[naleueng]] ngön [[bak meuuboe]].<ref>{{citebook|author=Abu Bakar dkk|title=Kamus bahasa Aceh-Indonesia|year=2001|publisher=Balai Pustaka|ISBN=9789796666461}}</ref> == A == [[File:Oroxylum indicum 13.JPG|jmpl|Ôn abeueng-abeueng]] [[File:Ficu padan 160621-59588 tpl.JPG|jmpl|upright|Bak ara lutông]] * [[Bak adat|Adat]] * [[Adè]] * [[Abeueng-abeueng]] - ''Oroxylum indicum'' * [[Amun]] * [[Aneuh]] * [[Apiyun]] * [[Ara]] : ''Ficus''<ref>{{citebook|author=Mutiara|title=Ketersediaan dan Pola Distribusi Pohon Pakan Rangkong di Kawasan Ekosistem Ulu Masen, Sampoiniet|URL=https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/20038/1/Mutiara%2C%20160703049%2C%20FST%2C%20BIO%2C%20081361527394.pdf|year=2021}}</ref> ** [[Ara gusuek]] : ''Ficus vasculosa'' ** [[Ara keurimue]] ** [[Ara lutông]] : ''Ficus padana'' ** [[Ara leumang]] : ''Ficus variegate'' ** [[Ara uteuen]] : ''Ficus fistulosa'' ** [[Ara mirah]] : ''Ficus racemosa'' ** [[Ara putéh]] : ''Ficus virens'' ** [[Ara sikapông]] ** [[Ara tanoh]] ** [[Ara ie]] * [[Arakatè]] * [[Arôn]] * [[Asan]] * [[Asan teungeut]] - ''Samanea saman'' * [[Asèh-asèh]] * [[Aweueh]] * [[Awé]] * [[Awé buta]] - ''Tinospora crispa'' == B == [[File:Bael03 FSPark Asit.jpg|jmpl|Bak bi]] [[Beureukaih:Pteroc javan 090225-6377 saot.JPG|jmpl|Bak bayu]] [[File:20150606Portulaca oleracea8.jpg|jmpl|Bak bileueng]] [[File:Mitragyna speciosa085.JPG|jmpl|Bak biek]] [[File:Antidesma bunius LeavesFruits BotGardBln0906.JPG|jmpl|Bak bunie]] * [[Bada]] * [[Badom]] * [[Balék angèn]] * [[Balék kilat]] - ''Hemigraphis alternata'' * [[Barom]] * [[Baét]] * [[Balam]] * [[Bangguri]] - ''Phyllanthus pulcher'' * [[Bangka]] * [[Bangkuang]] * [[Barieh]] * [[Barueh]] - jeunèh [[mangohta]] uteuen * [[Basông]] * [[Bawang]] * [[Bayah]] - ''Oncosperma horridum'' * [[Bayam]] * [[Bayam duroe]] * [[Bayeuek]] -''Asplenium nidus'' * [[Bayi]] * [[Bayu]] * [[Beuluru]] - ''Entada phaseoloides'' * [[Beum]] * [[Beunda]] - ''Arthocarpus elasticus'' * [[Beuradén]] * [[Beuradeuen]] * [[Beuradeuek]] * [[Beuraleuen]] - ''Solanum mauritianum'' * [[Bramoe padang]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Beuraksa]] - ''Cassia fistula'' * [[Beurangkah]] * [[Beureugang]] - ''Baccaurea sp'' * [[Beureugang piet]] - ''Baccaurea bracteata'' * [[Beureunè]] * [[Beurunyong]] - ''Urena lobata'' * [[Beureuta]] * [[Beureumbang]] -''Sonneratia Alba'' * [[Bè]] * [[Bi]] - ''Aegle marmelos''; maja {{id}} * [[Biek]] * [[Biheue]] * [[Bileueng]] * [[Bileueng papeuen]] * [[Bili]] : ''Donax canniformis'' atawa ''Clinogyne dichotoma''<ref>{{citebook|author=Kreemer, J.|title=Atjèh|URL=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=U2weAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover|year=1922|page=137}}</ref> * [[Bintang hu]] * [[Birah]] * [[Biramani]] * [[Blangèn]] * [[Buga]] - ''Opuntia cochenillifera''<ref>[https://www.socfindoconservation.co.id/plant/453 Kaktus Centong]</ref> * [[Bugak]] * [[Bugéng]] - ''Phoenix paludosa'' * [[Bunie]] - ''Antidesma bunius'' * [[Bundi]] * [[Bungo]] - bungur {{id}} * [[Bungong rôm]] - ''Vachellia tortuosa'' * [[Bungong susôn]] - ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' * [[Bunot]] - ''Calophyllum inophylum'' * [[Buyông]] == C == [[File:Neobalanocarpus heimii at Kepong Botanical Garden 20230625 111850.jpg|jmpl|Bak ceungai]] * [[Calông]] * [[Campli]] * [[Campli awé]] * [[Campli jra]] * [[Campli buta]] * [[Camcuruih]] * [[Cantékan]] * [[Capa]] - ''Blumea balsamifora'' * [[Ceubrék]] * [[Ceukô]] * [[Ceukôk]] * [[Ceumeucet]] - ''Chrysopogon aciculatus'' - kalakanji (id) * [[Ceungai]] - ''Neobalanocarpus heimii'' * [[Ceuradieh]] * [[Ceureumoe]] * [[Ceurih]] - ''Lotus'' * [[Cina manèh]] - ''Euphorbia prostata'' * [[Cr'èt]] * [[Cu]] * [[Cula naga]] * [[Culuet]] * [[C'ueh]] == D == [[Beureukaih:Typh angus 081006-3400 jtg.jpg|jmpl|Bak dah]] * [[Bak dah|Dah]] * [[Dama]] - genus ''Shorea'' * [[Dama beusoe]] - ''Callicarpa longifolia'' * [[Darah keubeue]] * [[Darèh]] * [[Daroh]] * [[Drien]] * [[Drien beulanda]] * [[Duku]] == E == * [[Eumpeuek]] * [[Eumpeuek abi]] * [[Eumpeuek seungeu]] == G == [[File:2229 - Salzburg - Flowers.JPG|jmpl|Bak gancéng bajèe]] * [[Gabôh]] * [[Gaca]] - pacar (id) * [[Gadông]] - ''Dioscorea alata'' * [[Gajah tunggai]] * [[Galagarô]] * [[Gamat]] * [[Gambé]] * [[Gandarusa]] * [[Ganti]] * [[Gantang]] * [[Gapeueh]] * [[Gawè]] - ''Coccinia cordifolia'' * [[Gaki manok]] - ''Ruellia tuberosa'' * [[Gaki mirahpati]] * [[Gancéng bajèe]] * [[Ganja]] * [[Gapah lhan]] * [[Geulima]] * [[Geulinggang]] * [[Geulisék]] - ''Citrus tangerina'' * [[Geulumpang]] * [[Geuneu]] - rumput teki (id) * [[Geunuku]] * [[Geurundông]] * [[Geurundông Pageue]] - ''Lannea coromandelica'' * [[Geutue]] - ''Guilandina bondoc'' * [[Geuti]] * [[Giri]] - jeruk bali (id) * [[Glém batèe]] - jali (id) * [[Gleuem]] - ''Vitex pinnata'' * [[Grupheueng]] * [[Gukèe pa'è]] - ''Kalanchoe serrata'' * [[Gumi]] - ''Digitaria ciliaris'' * [[Gurangsang rimueng]] - ''Anoectochilus setaceus''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343581893_EKSPLORASI_SPESIES_TUMBUHAN_BERKHASIAT_OBAT_BERBASIS_PENGETAHUAN_LOKAL_DI_KABUPATEN_PIDIE Eksplorasi Spesies Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal di Kabupaten Pidie]</ref> == H == * [[Hagu]] * [[Haleuba]] * [[Halia]] * [[Hinggu]] <gallery mode="packed"> Beureukaih:Streblus asper at Panamaram (3).jpg|Bak hagu Beureukaih:Junger Bockshornklee.jpg|Bak haleuba </gallery> == I == * [[Ibôih]] * [[Bak ie kreueh|Ie kreueh]] * [[Iku manok]] * [[Ipôh]] * [[Bak irak|Irak]] == J == [[File:Salix tetrasperma - Indian Willow at Bavali (2).jpg|jmpl|Ôn sijaloh]] * [[Bak jalô|Jalô]] - ''Cantleya corniculata''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394612659_PEMANFAATAN_KAYU_PENGGANTI_DAN_SUBTITUSI_PADA_PEMBUATAN_KAPAL_KAYU_DI_LAMPULO_BANDA_ACEH Pemanfaatan Kayu Pengganti dan Substitusi pada Pembuatan Kapal Kayu di Lampulo Banda Aceh]</ref> * [[Jaloh]] - Genus ''Salix'' * [[Jambèe]] * [[Jambèe kléng]] * [[Jambèe Meulabôh]] * [[Jambèe rheue]] - ''Syzygium claviflora'' * [[Jampè]] * [[Jamprut]] * [[Janèng]] * [[Janggôt jén]] * [[Jarôm]] * [[Jatoe]] * [[Jeulatang]] - ''Urtica dioica'' * [[Jeuleupa]] : ''Abutilon indicum'' * [[Jeuleupak]] * [[Jeuleupè]] * [[Jeulutông]] - ''Dyera costulata'' * [[Jeumpa]] * [[Jeumpa keubiru]] - ''Plumeria rubra'' * [[Jeumuju]] * [[Jeura itam]] * [[Jeura keusani]] * [[Jeura manèh]] * [[Jeura putéh]] * [[Jeureuju]] -''Acanthus ilicifolius'' * [[Jeureula]] * [[Jeureumeui manok]] * [[Jeureunang]] * [[Jeureunggèe]] * [[Jeuréng]] - ''Archidendron pauciflorum'' * [[Jiem-jiem]] * [[Jôk]] * [[Jrôk]] * [[Jruen]] * [[Juat]] == K == * [[Kacang parang]] * [[Kacha kaché]] -''Erigeron sumatrensis'' * [[Kacu]] * [[Kachueng]] - ''Phisalis minima'' * [[Bak kala|Kala]] * [[Kamariah]] - kapinis (id) * [[Kambuek]] * [[Kandéh]] * [[Kaphô]] * [[Kapulaga]] * [[Karieng]] * [[Kati]] - ''Datura metel'' * [[Kawét]] - ''Bougainvillea'' * [[Kayèe adang]] * [[Kayèe kunyèt]] : ''kayu kunyit'' (''Clausena exacavata'') * [[Klayu]] - ''Erioglossum rubiginosum'' * [[Keudagi]] - ''Glochidion molle'' * [[Keudawông]] -''Parkia timoriana'' * [[Keudeuké]] - ''Terminalia chebula'' * [[Keuladôh]] - ''Syzygium conglomerata'' * [[Keulidèk]] * [[Keumeunyan]] * [[Keumeunyan putéh]] - ''Styrax tonkinensis'' * [[Keumili]] - ''Coleus tuberosus'' * [[Keumudèe]] * [[Keumukôh]] - ''Limonia acidissima'' * [[Keumunèng]] * [[Keunyèt-nyet]] - ''Eugenia longiflora'' * [[Keuneureukam]] * [[Keunue]] * [[Keupula meulila]] - sawo manila * [[Keupula canggè]] - ''Mimusops elengi'' * [[Keureubeh]] - jeunèh boh timon * [[Keureuma]] * [[Keureunom]] * [[Keureuto]] - ''Morus alba'' * [[Keusab]] * [[Keusumba]] * [[Keutapang]] * [[Keutila]] * [[Keutumbit]] - ''Desmodium scalpe'' / ''Hylodesmum repandum'' * [[Kéh]] * [[Khoh]] * [[Kiroe]] - ''Aleurites moluccana'' * [[Kit]] * [[Klat]] * [[Klue]] * [[Krang asèe]] - ''Premna molissima'' * [[Kruet]] * [[Kuini]] * [[Kujreuet]] - ''kembang pukul empat'' {{id}} * [[Kulé]] - ''kulim'' (id) * [[Kulét manèh]] * [[Kulu]] * [[Kumbang]] - ''Mangifera quadrifida'' * [[Kundô]] - ''Benincasa hispida'' * [[Kunyèt]] * [[Kuthang]] / keuteungga * [[Kuyuen]] * [[Kuwini]] * [[Kruéng]] - ''Dipterocarpus spp'' == L == * [[Labu ie]] * [[Labu jeupang]] * [[Labu tanoh]] * [[Ladong]] - ''Dioscorea bulbifera''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etnobotani Tumbuhan Gadung (Dioscorea spp) di Aceh Selatan |url=https://etd.usk.ac.id/index.php/index.php?p=abstract&abstractID=73599 |access-date=2024-12-18 |archive-date=2025-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129050058/https://etd.usk.ac.id/index.php/index.php?abstractID=73599&p=abstract |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * [[Lageuen]] / lagan - bak kayèe raya bansa kruéng * [[Lak-lak]] * [[Lakôm]] - ''Causonis trifolia'' * [[Lakum Raya]] - ''Gynura procumbens''<ref>[https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/21142/1/2004-Buku-Ramuan%20tradisional%20Aceh_organized.pdf Ramuan Tradisional Aceh]</ref> * [[Lambayông]] * [[Lambéng manok]] * [[Lambidéng]] * [[Lampeudu]] * [[Lampuyang padé]] - ''Zingiber amaricans'' * [[Langgadè]] : ''Bruguiera parviflora''<ref>{{citebook|author=Kreemer, J.|title=Atjèh|URL=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=U2weAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover|year=1922|page=137}}</ref> * [[Langkap]] * [[Langsat]] * [[Langkuweueh]] * [[Lapéng]] * [[Lawah]] * [[Lawang]] * [[Lawang blang]] * [[Lawang kléng]] * [[Layap]] - ''Barleria prionitis''<ref>[https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/21142/1/2004-Buku-Ramuan%20tradisional%20Aceh_organized.pdf Ramuan Tradisional Aceh]</ref> * [[Layèe]] * [[Leubue]] : ''Alocasia plumbea'' * [[Leuki]] * [[Leumbéng manok]] - ''Celosia cristata'' * [[Leupèe]] * [[Lidah keubeue]] * [[Limo]] * [[Lumbé]] * [[Lunih]] == M == * [[Madat]] * [[Madon]] * [[Majakani]] - ''Quercus lusitanica'' * [[Makén]] * [[Mamplam]] * [[Mamprèe]] - ''Dillenia exelsa''<ref>[https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/natural/article/viewFile/4360/3757 Diversity of Feed Plants of Sumatran Elephant Habitats (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus) in Jantho Pinus Reserve, Aceh Besar District]</ref> * [[Mancang]] * [[Manè]] - ''Vitex pinnata'' * [[Manèk manoe]] * [[Mangohta]] * [[Marairi]] : ''Uvaria grandiflora'' * [[Mata ulat]] * [[Maw'o]] * [[Meulu]] - ''Gardenia jasminoides'' * [[Mè]] * [[Mè tanoh]] - ''meniran (id)'' * [[Meucat]] * [[Meudang]] * [[Meudarah]] - ''Dillenia indica '' * [[Meuh-meuh]] * [[Meuleungkuet]] : ''Equisetum bogotense '' * [[Meuluweuek]] * [[Meuntarék]] - ''Lithocarpus sp'' * [[Meunyè]] * [[Bak meurak|Meurak]] * [[Meurak glé]] - ''Delonix regia'' * [[Meuranté]] * [[Meureubo]] - genus ''Intsia'' * [[Meuriya]] * [[Meurinya]] - ''Bouea macrophylla; Gandaria (id)'' * [[Meusuwi]] * [[Meuntui]] * [[Mibo]] * [[Milôn]] * [[Miruek]] * [[Mo]] * [[Muku]] * [[Mula]] -- ''Raphanus sativus'' * [[Mulieng]] * [[Munteu]] - ''Citrus aurantium'' * [[Murông]] == N == * [[Naleueng]] * [[Naleueng sambô]] * [[Nak-nak]] * [[Nam-nam]] * [[Naw'ah]] * [[Naw'ah piet]] * [[Nga]] * [[Ngom]] * [[Nibông]] * [[Nilam]] - ''Pogostemon cablin'' * [[Nipah]] * [[Niréh]] == O == * [[Oe]] == P == * [[Padé]] * [[Paku]] * [[Paku até]] - ''Angiopterus evecta'' * [[Paku kawat]] - ''Gleichenia linearis'' * [[Paku leuek]] - ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' * [[Pala]] * [[Palèe]] * [[Pangè]] * [[Panah]] * [[Panjoe]] * [[Para]] * [[Patah keuieng]] * [[Patikala]] * [[Pawôh]] - ''Mangifera laurina'' * [[Peudeundang]] * [[Peundang]] * [[Peugaga]] * [[Peuladang]] * [[Bak peulandôk|Peulandôk]] * [[Peunyeuha]] - ''Kleinhovia hospita''<ref>Kreemer</ref>; katimahar (id) * [[Peunaga]] * [[Peuno]] * [[Peuték]] * [[Bak peureulak|Peureulak]] * [[Peureumpieng]] - ''Themeda gigantea'' * [[Bak peureumadani|Peureumadani]] * [[Priya]] * [[Priya laôt]] - ''Colubrina asiatica'' * [[Pha cangguek]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Pi]] - ''Acrostichum aureum'' * [[Pih asèe]] * [[Pih mie]] -''Mimosa pudica'' * [[Pik cangguek]] - ''Luffa aegyptica'' * [[Pik galah]] * [[Pik meusagoe]] - ''Luffa acutangula'' * [[Pik uleue]] - ''Trichosanthes cucumerina'' * [[Pineung]] * [[Pisang]] ** [[Pisang abeè]] ** [[Pisang ayam]] ** [[Pisang bantan]] ** [[Pisang bheung]] ** [[Pisang bue]] ** [[Pisang bu ie]] ** [[Pisang klat barat]] ** [[Pisang kleueng]] ** [[Pisang wak]] * [[Bak plandôk|Plandôk]] * [[Princék manok]] * [[Pudéng]] * [[Punteut]] * [[Punti]] - ''Diploknema oligomera'' * [[Puta taloe]] - ''Helicteres isora'' * [[Puuk]] * [[Pucôk]] * [[Pungkeh]] - ''Ulmus sp'' * [[Pupu]] * [[Pupôk]] - ''Baccaurea brevipes'' == R == * [[Rabo]] * [[Rabôn]] - ''Solanum diphyllum'' * [[Rahat]] - ''Coleus atropurpureus'' * [[Raho]] * [[Raja padang]] * [[Raja peunaw'a]] * [[Rak-rak]] * [[Ramè]] * [[Rambè]] * [[Rambôt]] * [[Rambôt bue]] * [[Rambông]] - ''Ficus elastica'' * [[Rambuli]] * [[Rawatu]] * [[Bungong Raya|Raya]] * [[Rancông]] * [[Rancông bulôh]] : ''Mesua ferrea'' * [[Rangginoe]] * [[Rangkiléh]] * [[Ranup]] * [[Ranup dong]] * [[Ranup mirah]] : ''Piper crocatum'' * [[Ranup tanoh]] / keuladi tikôh - ''Peperomia pellucida'' * [[Raseutôm]] * [[Rasi]] - ''Ficus hispida'' * [[Rènda]] - ''Carissa carandas'' * [[Reudeup]] - ''Erythrina lithosperma''; dedap (id) * [[Reuléh]] / seukè bangkuang * [[Reuleuet]] - ''Fuirena umbelata'' * [[Reulieng]] - ''Echinochloa crus-galli'' * [[Reundéng]] * [[Reunèng]] - ''Mentha arvensis'' * [[Reusak]] - ''Vatica Teysmanniana''; resak (id) * [[Reusam]] - ''Gleichenie linearis''; resam (id) * [[Reuteuek]] * [[Reuteuek ngom]] - ''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'' * [[Rheum]] * [[Rihai]] - ''Origanum vulgare'' * [[Rihan]] - ''Ocimum sanctum'' * [[Riman]] * [[Rimbang]] - ''Solanum torvum'' * [[Riwat]] * [[Ru]] - ''Casuarina equisetifolia''; eru (id) * [[Rôm]] - ''Acacia tortuosa'' * [[Rubék]] * [[Rumpét]] * [[Rumpuen]] * [[Runeu]] - ''Cordia obliqua'' * [[Rungkom]] = Flacourtia indica = Rukam == S == [[Beureukaih:2016 Singapur, Ogrody botaniczne (153).jpg|jmpl|Bak silalak mirah]] * [[Saga]] - ''Abrus precatorius'' * [[Sawôh]] * [[Sawôh drien]] * [[Saya]] - ''bunglai'' (id) * [[Salak]] * [[Salasari]] * [[Santon]] * [[Santot]] * [[Sapék]] - ''Macaranga indica'' * [[Seudam]] - ''Alyxia reinwardtii '' * [[Seukè bangkuang]] * [[Seukè pasi]] * [[Seukè pulôt]] * [[Seulanga]] * [[Seuleupôk]] * [[Seulimèng]] * [[Seulingong]] * [[Seulipéh]] - ''Leucaena leucocephala'' * [[Seulot]] - ''Tristaniopsis sumatrana'' * [[Seumanggi]] * [[Seumantôk]] - ''Shorea spp; Parashorea spp'' * [[Seumawè]] * [[Seumeureuleuet]] - ''Artemisia vulgaris'' * [[Seunamaki]] * [[Seuniboe]] - ''Pistia stratiotes'' * [[Seunijuek]] - ''Klanchoe pinnata'' * [[Seuntang]] - ''Azadirachta excelsa'' * [[Seupeueng]] - ''Caesalpinia sappan''; secang (id) * [[Seupéng]] * [[Seurahét]] * [[Seurapat]] * [[Seuriba]] = Cyanthillium cinereum<ref>[https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/jempa/article/download/7609/4048/ Kajian Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat pada Masyarakat Blang Bungong Kecamatan Tangse Kabupaten Pidie-Aceh]</ref> / ''Stachytarpheta jamaicensis''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343581893_EKSPLORASI_SPESIES_TUMBUHAN_BERKHASIAT_OBAT_BERBASIS_PENGETAHUAN_LOKAL_DI_KABUPATEN_PIDIE Eksplorasi Spesies Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal di Kabupaten Pidie]</ref> * [[Seurikui]] * [[Seuriphiek]] * [[Seurunè]] * [[Seurunoe]] * [[Seusawi]] * [[Seutawôn]] * [[Seutui]] * [[Siadè-adè]] * [[Sialét]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Sialèe]] - jeunèh bak sukôn * [[Siaté-até]] - ''Desmodium adscendens'' * [[Siaweuek-aweuek]] : ''Limnocharis flava'' * [[Siba]] * [[Sibeudé]] - ''Clerodendrum paniculatum'' * [[Sibôn-bôn]] * [[Sibeuranto]] - ''Sindora sumatrana'' * [[Sigandai]] * [[Sigaréng]] * [[Sigeuntôt]] - ''Paederia foetida'' * [[Sikabu]] * [[Sikawét]] * [[Sikeucék]] - ''Impatiens balsamina''; pacar air (id) * [[Sikeumbông geutah]] * [[Sikeumeung]] * [[Sikeutèp]] * [[Sikleueng-kleueng]] * [[Sikuat]] * [[Sikumbop]] * [[Silalak ijô]] - ''Dracaena fragrans'' * [[Silalak mirah]] - ''Cordyline fruticosa'' * [[Silaklak]] - * [[Silheue-lheue]] - ''Croton argyratum'' * [[Simeureulueng]] * [[Sipuléh]] * [[Sirieh-rieh]] * [[Sirih]] * [[Sisék naga]] * [[Sirön]] * [[Sitawa]] - ''Costus speciosus'' * [[Siteubai]] * [[Siyueng-yueng]] * [[Sudeuen]] * [[Suganda]] * [[Sukleuet]] * [[Sukôn]] * [[Sumpueng]] - ''Eclipta alba'' * [[Surien]] - ''Toona sureni Merr'' == T == * [[Tali ayé]] * [[Tali babi]] * [[Tampu]] * [[Tampu glé]] - ''Macaranga tanarius'' * [[Tampui]] - ''Macaranga diepenhorstii'' * [[Tapak guda]] - ''Ipomoea pes-caprae''; katang-katang (id) * [[Tapak liman]] -''Elephantopus scaber'' * [[Tarôk]] * [[Tarôm]] * [[Teuë|Teue]] * [[Teubèe]] * [[Teumeureue]] : ''Microcos tomentosa'' * [[Teumurui]] * [[Teumiki]] * [[Teunga]] - Genus ''Ceriops candolleana'' / ''Ceriops burghiana'' * [[Teupuih]] - ''Etlingera coccinea'' * [[Teurawah]] * [[Teureutôm]] * [[Teuseubèh]] - ''Canna indica'' * [[Thu]] - ''Cotylelobium melanoxylon'' * [[Timon]] * [[Timon bruek]] * [[Tinga]] : Genus ''Salacia'' * [[Tingkeuem]] * [[Trieng]] * [[Trom putéh]] * [[Trueng]] * [[Trueng caw'ie]] * [[Trueng khi]] * [[Trueng kléng]] * [[Trueng pandi]] * [[Trueng pungo]] - ''Datura metel'' * [[Trusép]] * [[Tualang]] - ''Koompassia excelsa'' * [[Tuba]] - ''Denis elliptica'' * [[Tuba rasa]] - ''Annona squamosa L'' * [[Tuba tikôh]] * [[Tungkat ali]] - ''Eurycoma longifolia'' * [[Tunyok langèt]] * [[Tuphah]] * [[Tue]] * [[Tutôp bumoe]] - ''Elephantopus scaber'' * [[Tuwaya]] == U == * [[U]] * [[Ulim]] - ''Caesalpinia pulcherrima'' * [[Ura]] * [[Urat lhèe]] * [[Uröt]] * [[Uröt daréng]] - ''Vitis trifolia'' * [[Uröt mirah]] - ''Glycosmis citrifolia '' * [[Uröt pisang]] * [[Usé]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Usén]] == W == * [[Wèt]] == Eu cit == * [[Aweueh peuet plôh peuet]] * [[Dapeuta bak meuuboe di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta kulat di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta cicém di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta eungkôt laôt di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta eungkôt ie tabeue di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta insekta di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta mamalia di Acèh]] == Asai seunurat == {{reflist}} == Beuet leubèh le == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225315/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadn337.pdf Biodiversity Kawasan Ekosistem Seulawah] * [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/115386-ID-diversity-of-feed-plants-of-sumatran-ele.pdf Diversity of Feed Plants of Sumatran Elephant Habitats in Jantho Pinus Nature Reserve, Aceh Besar District] [[Kawan:Bak kayèe]] [[Kawan:Wikipèdia]] a4e78h2vhoxyrhoj0kkwhx24fjxhopl 158500 158487 2026-08-01T17:44:37Z Si Gam 4266 /* J */ 158500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Hutan Gunung Leuser Aceh.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Bak kayèe lam glé [[Leuser]]]] Di yup nyoe dapeuta bak kayèe nyang na di Acèh. Rôh cit lam kawan nyoe bansa bak [[naleueng]] ngön [[bak meuuboe]].<ref>{{citebook|author=Abu Bakar dkk|title=Kamus bahasa Aceh-Indonesia|year=2001|publisher=Balai Pustaka|ISBN=9789796666461}}</ref> == A == [[File:Oroxylum indicum 13.JPG|jmpl|Ôn abeueng-abeueng]] [[File:Ficu padan 160621-59588 tpl.JPG|jmpl|upright|Bak ara lutông]] * [[Bak adat|Adat]] * [[Adè]] * [[Abeueng-abeueng]] - ''Oroxylum indicum'' * [[Amun]] * [[Aneuh]] * [[Apiyun]] * [[Ara]] : ''Ficus''<ref>{{citebook|author=Mutiara|title=Ketersediaan dan Pola Distribusi Pohon Pakan Rangkong di Kawasan Ekosistem Ulu Masen, Sampoiniet|URL=https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/20038/1/Mutiara%2C%20160703049%2C%20FST%2C%20BIO%2C%20081361527394.pdf|year=2021}}</ref> ** [[Ara gusuek]] : ''Ficus vasculosa'' ** [[Ara keurimue]] ** [[Ara lutông]] : ''Ficus padana'' ** [[Ara leumang]] : ''Ficus variegate'' ** [[Ara uteuen]] : ''Ficus fistulosa'' ** [[Ara mirah]] : ''Ficus racemosa'' ** [[Ara putéh]] : ''Ficus virens'' ** [[Ara sikapông]] ** [[Ara tanoh]] ** [[Ara ie]] * [[Arakatè]] * [[Arôn]] * [[Asan]] * [[Asan teungeut]] - ''Samanea saman'' * [[Asèh-asèh]] * [[Aweueh]] * [[Awé]] * [[Awé buta]] - ''Tinospora crispa'' == B == [[File:Bael03 FSPark Asit.jpg|jmpl|Bak bi]] [[Beureukaih:Pteroc javan 090225-6377 saot.JPG|jmpl|Bak bayu]] [[File:20150606Portulaca oleracea8.jpg|jmpl|Bak bileueng]] [[File:Mitragyna speciosa085.JPG|jmpl|Bak biek]] [[File:Antidesma bunius LeavesFruits BotGardBln0906.JPG|jmpl|Bak bunie]] * [[Bada]] * [[Badom]] * [[Balék angèn]] * [[Balék kilat]] - ''Hemigraphis alternata'' * [[Barom]] * [[Baét]] * [[Balam]] * [[Bangguri]] - ''Phyllanthus pulcher'' * [[Bangka]] * [[Bangkuang]] * [[Barieh]] * [[Barueh]] - jeunèh [[mangohta]] uteuen * [[Basông]] * [[Bawang]] * [[Bayah]] - ''Oncosperma horridum'' * [[Bayam]] * [[Bayam duroe]] * [[Bayeuek]] -''Asplenium nidus'' * [[Bayi]] * [[Bayu]] * [[Beuluru]] - ''Entada phaseoloides'' * [[Beum]] * [[Beunda]] - ''Arthocarpus elasticus'' * [[Beuradén]] * [[Beuradeuen]] * [[Beuradeuek]] * [[Beuraleuen]] - ''Solanum mauritianum'' * [[Bramoe padang]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Beuraksa]] - ''Cassia fistula'' * [[Beurangkah]] * [[Beureugang]] - ''Baccaurea sp'' * [[Beureugang piet]] - ''Baccaurea bracteata'' * [[Beureunè]] * [[Beurunyong]] - ''Urena lobata'' * [[Beureuta]] * [[Beureumbang]] -''Sonneratia Alba'' * [[Bè]] * [[Bi]] - ''Aegle marmelos''; maja {{id}} * [[Biek]] * [[Biheue]] * [[Bileueng]] * [[Bileueng papeuen]] * [[Bili]] : ''Donax canniformis'' atawa ''Clinogyne dichotoma''<ref>{{citebook|author=Kreemer, J.|title=Atjèh|URL=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=U2weAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover|year=1922|page=137}}</ref> * [[Bintang hu]] * [[Birah]] * [[Biramani]] * [[Blangèn]] * [[Buga]] - ''Opuntia cochenillifera''<ref>[https://www.socfindoconservation.co.id/plant/453 Kaktus Centong]</ref> * [[Bugak]] * [[Bugéng]] - ''Phoenix paludosa'' * [[Bunie]] - ''Antidesma bunius'' * [[Bundi]] * [[Bungo]] - bungur {{id}} * [[Bungong rôm]] - ''Vachellia tortuosa'' * [[Bungong susôn]] - ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' * [[Bunot]] - ''Calophyllum inophylum'' * [[Buyông]] == C == [[File:Neobalanocarpus heimii at Kepong Botanical Garden 20230625 111850.jpg|jmpl|Bak ceungai]] * [[Calông]] * [[Campli]] * [[Campli awé]] * [[Campli jra]] * [[Campli buta]] * [[Camcuruih]] * [[Cantékan]] * [[Capa]] - ''Blumea balsamifora'' * [[Ceubrék]] * [[Ceukô]] * [[Ceukôk]] * [[Ceumeucet]] - ''Chrysopogon aciculatus'' - kalakanji (id) * [[Ceungai]] - ''Neobalanocarpus heimii'' * [[Ceuradieh]] * [[Ceureumoe]] * [[Ceurih]] - ''Lotus'' * [[Cina manèh]] - ''Euphorbia prostata'' * [[Cr'èt]] * [[Cu]] * [[Cula naga]] * [[Culuet]] * [[C'ueh]] == D == [[Beureukaih:Typh angus 081006-3400 jtg.jpg|jmpl|Bak dah]] * [[Bak dah|Dah]] * [[Dama]] - genus ''Shorea'' * [[Dama beusoe]] - ''Callicarpa longifolia'' * [[Darah keubeue]] * [[Darèh]] * [[Daroh]] * [[Drien]] * [[Drien beulanda]] * [[Duku]] == E == * [[Eumpeuek]] * [[Eumpeuek abi]] * [[Eumpeuek seungeu]] == G == [[File:2229 - Salzburg - Flowers.JPG|jmpl|Bak gancéng bajèe]] * [[Gabôh]] * [[Gaca]] - pacar (id) * [[Gadông]] - ''Dioscorea alata'' * [[Gajah tunggai]] * [[Galagarô]] * [[Gamat]] * [[Gambé]] * [[Gandarusa]] * [[Ganti]] * [[Gantang]] * [[Gapeueh]] * [[Gawè]] - ''Coccinia cordifolia'' * [[Gaki manok]] - ''Ruellia tuberosa'' * [[Gaki mirahpati]] * [[Gancéng bajèe]] * [[Ganja]] * [[Gapah lhan]] * [[Geulima]] * [[Geulinggang]] * [[Geulisék]] - ''Citrus tangerina'' * [[Geulumpang]] * [[Geuneu]] - rumput teki (id) * [[Geunuku]] * [[Geurundông]] * [[Geurundông Pageue]] - ''Lannea coromandelica'' * [[Geutue]] - ''Guilandina bondoc'' * [[Geuti]] * [[Giri]] - jeruk bali (id) * [[Glém batèe]] - jali (id) * [[Gleuem]] - ''Vitex pinnata'' * [[Grupheueng]] * [[Gukèe pa'è]] - ''Kalanchoe serrata'' * [[Gumi]] - ''Digitaria ciliaris'' * [[Gurangsang rimueng]] - ''Anoectochilus setaceus''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343581893_EKSPLORASI_SPESIES_TUMBUHAN_BERKHASIAT_OBAT_BERBASIS_PENGETAHUAN_LOKAL_DI_KABUPATEN_PIDIE Eksplorasi Spesies Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal di Kabupaten Pidie]</ref> == H == * [[Hagu]] * [[Haleuba]] * [[Halia]] * [[Hinggu]] <gallery mode="packed"> Beureukaih:Streblus asper at Panamaram (3).jpg|Bak hagu Beureukaih:Junger Bockshornklee.jpg|Bak haleuba </gallery> == I == * [[Ibôih]] * [[Bak ie kreueh|Ie kreueh]] * [[Iku manok]] * [[Ipôh]] * [[Bak irak|Irak]] == J == [[File:Salix tetrasperma - Indian Willow at Bavali (2).jpg|jmpl|Ôn sijaloh]] * [[Bak jalô|Jalô]] - ''Cantleya corniculata''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394612659_PEMANFAATAN_KAYU_PENGGANTI_DAN_SUBTITUSI_PADA_PEMBUATAN_KAPAL_KAYU_DI_LAMPULO_BANDA_ACEH Pemanfaatan Kayu Pengganti dan Substitusi pada Pembuatan Kapal Kayu di Lampulo Banda Aceh]</ref> * [[Jaloh]] - Genus ''Salix'' * [[Jambèe]] * [[Jambèe kléng]] * [[Jambèe Meulabôh]] * [[Jambèe rheue]] - ''Syzygium claviflora'' * [[Jampè]] * [[Jamprut]] * [[Janèng]] * [[Janggôt jén]] * [[Jarôm]] * [[Jatoe]] * [[Jeulatang]] - ''Urtica dioica'' * [[Jeuleupa]] : ''Abutilon indicum'' * [[Jeuleupak]] * [[Jeuleupè]] * [[Jeulutông]] - ''Dyera costulata'' * [[Jeumpa]] * [[Jeumpa keubiru]] - ''Plumeria rubra'' * [[Jeumuju]] * [[Jeura itam]] * [[Jeura keusani]] * [[Jeura manèh]] * [[Jeura putéh]] * [[Jeureuju]] -''Acanthus ilicifolius'' * [[Jeureula]] * [[Jeureumeui manok]] * [[Jeureunang]] * [[Jeureunggèe]] * [[Jeuréng]] - ''Archidendron pauciflorum'' * [[Jiem-jiem]] * [[Jôk]] * [[Jrôk]] * [[Jruen]] * [[Juat]] * [[Jungka badeuek]] == K == * [[Kacang parang]] * [[Kacha kaché]] -''Erigeron sumatrensis'' * [[Kacu]] * [[Kachueng]] - ''Phisalis minima'' * [[Bak kala|Kala]] * [[Kamariah]] - kapinis (id) * [[Kambuek]] * [[Kandéh]] * [[Kaphô]] * [[Kapulaga]] * [[Karieng]] * [[Kati]] - ''Datura metel'' * [[Kawét]] - ''Bougainvillea'' * [[Kayèe adang]] * [[Kayèe kunyèt]] : ''kayu kunyit'' (''Clausena exacavata'') * [[Klayu]] - ''Erioglossum rubiginosum'' * [[Keudagi]] - ''Glochidion molle'' * [[Keudawông]] -''Parkia timoriana'' * [[Keudeuké]] - ''Terminalia chebula'' * [[Keuladôh]] - ''Syzygium conglomerata'' * [[Keulidèk]] * [[Keumeunyan]] * [[Keumeunyan putéh]] - ''Styrax tonkinensis'' * [[Keumili]] - ''Coleus tuberosus'' * [[Keumudèe]] * [[Keumukôh]] - ''Limonia acidissima'' * [[Keumunèng]] * [[Keunyèt-nyet]] - ''Eugenia longiflora'' * [[Keuneureukam]] * [[Keunue]] * [[Keupula meulila]] - sawo manila * [[Keupula canggè]] - ''Mimusops elengi'' * [[Keureubeh]] - jeunèh boh timon * [[Keureuma]] * [[Keureunom]] * [[Keureuto]] - ''Morus alba'' * [[Keusab]] * [[Keusumba]] * [[Keutapang]] * [[Keutila]] * [[Keutumbit]] - ''Desmodium scalpe'' / ''Hylodesmum repandum'' * [[Kéh]] * [[Khoh]] * [[Kiroe]] - ''Aleurites moluccana'' * [[Kit]] * [[Klat]] * [[Klue]] * [[Krang asèe]] - ''Premna molissima'' * [[Kruet]] * [[Kuini]] * [[Kujreuet]] - ''kembang pukul empat'' {{id}} * [[Kulé]] - ''kulim'' (id) * [[Kulét manèh]] * [[Kulu]] * [[Kumbang]] - ''Mangifera quadrifida'' * [[Kundô]] - ''Benincasa hispida'' * [[Kunyèt]] * [[Kuthang]] / keuteungga * [[Kuyuen]] * [[Kuwini]] * [[Kruéng]] - ''Dipterocarpus spp'' == L == * [[Labu ie]] * [[Labu jeupang]] * [[Labu tanoh]] * [[Ladong]] - ''Dioscorea bulbifera''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etnobotani Tumbuhan Gadung (Dioscorea spp) di Aceh Selatan |url=https://etd.usk.ac.id/index.php/index.php?p=abstract&abstractID=73599 |access-date=2024-12-18 |archive-date=2025-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129050058/https://etd.usk.ac.id/index.php/index.php?abstractID=73599&p=abstract |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * [[Lageuen]] / lagan - bak kayèe raya bansa kruéng * [[Lak-lak]] * [[Lakôm]] - ''Causonis trifolia'' * [[Lakum Raya]] - ''Gynura procumbens''<ref>[https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/21142/1/2004-Buku-Ramuan%20tradisional%20Aceh_organized.pdf Ramuan Tradisional Aceh]</ref> * [[Lambayông]] * [[Lambéng manok]] * [[Lambidéng]] * [[Lampeudu]] * [[Lampuyang padé]] - ''Zingiber amaricans'' * [[Langgadè]] : ''Bruguiera parviflora''<ref>{{citebook|author=Kreemer, J.|title=Atjèh|URL=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=U2weAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover|year=1922|page=137}}</ref> * [[Langkap]] * [[Langsat]] * [[Langkuweueh]] * [[Lapéng]] * [[Lawah]] * [[Lawang]] * [[Lawang blang]] * [[Lawang kléng]] * [[Layap]] - ''Barleria prionitis''<ref>[https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/21142/1/2004-Buku-Ramuan%20tradisional%20Aceh_organized.pdf Ramuan Tradisional Aceh]</ref> * [[Layèe]] * [[Leubue]] : ''Alocasia plumbea'' * [[Leuki]] * [[Leumbéng manok]] - ''Celosia cristata'' * [[Leupèe]] * [[Lidah keubeue]] * [[Limo]] * [[Lumbé]] * [[Lunih]] == M == * [[Madat]] * [[Madon]] * [[Majakani]] - ''Quercus lusitanica'' * [[Makén]] * [[Mamplam]] * [[Mamprèe]] - ''Dillenia exelsa''<ref>[https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/natural/article/viewFile/4360/3757 Diversity of Feed Plants of Sumatran Elephant Habitats (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus) in Jantho Pinus Reserve, Aceh Besar District]</ref> * [[Mancang]] * [[Manè]] - ''Vitex pinnata'' * [[Manèk manoe]] * [[Mangohta]] * [[Marairi]] : ''Uvaria grandiflora'' * [[Mata ulat]] * [[Maw'o]] * [[Meulu]] - ''Gardenia jasminoides'' * [[Mè]] * [[Mè tanoh]] - ''meniran (id)'' * [[Meucat]] * [[Meudang]] * [[Meudarah]] - ''Dillenia indica '' * [[Meuh-meuh]] * [[Meuleungkuet]] : ''Equisetum bogotense '' * [[Meuluweuek]] * [[Meuntarék]] - ''Lithocarpus sp'' * [[Meunyè]] * [[Bak meurak|Meurak]] * [[Meurak glé]] - ''Delonix regia'' * [[Meuranté]] * [[Meureubo]] - genus ''Intsia'' * [[Meuriya]] * [[Meurinya]] - ''Bouea macrophylla; Gandaria (id)'' * [[Meusuwi]] * [[Meuntui]] * [[Mibo]] * [[Milôn]] * [[Miruek]] * [[Mo]] * [[Muku]] * [[Mula]] -- ''Raphanus sativus'' * [[Mulieng]] * [[Munteu]] - ''Citrus aurantium'' * [[Murông]] == N == * [[Naleueng]] * [[Naleueng sambô]] * [[Nak-nak]] * [[Nam-nam]] * [[Naw'ah]] * [[Naw'ah piet]] * [[Nga]] * [[Ngom]] * [[Nibông]] * [[Nilam]] - ''Pogostemon cablin'' * [[Nipah]] * [[Niréh]] == O == * [[Oe]] == P == * [[Padé]] * [[Paku]] * [[Paku até]] - ''Angiopterus evecta'' * [[Paku kawat]] - ''Gleichenia linearis'' * [[Paku leuek]] - ''Nephrolepis exaltata'' * [[Pala]] * [[Palèe]] * [[Pangè]] * [[Panah]] * [[Panjoe]] * [[Para]] * [[Patah keuieng]] * [[Patikala]] * [[Pawôh]] - ''Mangifera laurina'' * [[Peudeundang]] * [[Peundang]] * [[Peugaga]] * [[Peuladang]] * [[Bak peulandôk|Peulandôk]] * [[Peunyeuha]] - ''Kleinhovia hospita''<ref>Kreemer</ref>; katimahar (id) * [[Peunaga]] * [[Peuno]] * [[Peuték]] * [[Bak peureulak|Peureulak]] * [[Peureumpieng]] - ''Themeda gigantea'' * [[Bak peureumadani|Peureumadani]] * [[Priya]] * [[Priya laôt]] - ''Colubrina asiatica'' * [[Pha cangguek]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Pi]] - ''Acrostichum aureum'' * [[Pih asèe]] * [[Pih mie]] -''Mimosa pudica'' * [[Pik cangguek]] - ''Luffa aegyptica'' * [[Pik galah]] * [[Pik meusagoe]] - ''Luffa acutangula'' * [[Pik uleue]] - ''Trichosanthes cucumerina'' * [[Pineung]] * [[Pisang]] ** [[Pisang abeè]] ** [[Pisang ayam]] ** [[Pisang bantan]] ** [[Pisang bheung]] ** [[Pisang bue]] ** [[Pisang bu ie]] ** [[Pisang klat barat]] ** [[Pisang kleueng]] ** [[Pisang wak]] * [[Bak plandôk|Plandôk]] * [[Princék manok]] * [[Pudéng]] * [[Punteut]] * [[Punti]] - ''Diploknema oligomera'' * [[Puta taloe]] - ''Helicteres isora'' * [[Puuk]] * [[Pucôk]] * [[Pungkeh]] - ''Ulmus sp'' * [[Pupu]] * [[Pupôk]] - ''Baccaurea brevipes'' == R == * [[Rabo]] * [[Rabôn]] - ''Solanum diphyllum'' * [[Rahat]] - ''Coleus atropurpureus'' * [[Raho]] * [[Raja padang]] * [[Raja peunaw'a]] * [[Rak-rak]] * [[Ramè]] * [[Rambè]] * [[Rambôt]] * [[Rambôt bue]] * [[Rambông]] - ''Ficus elastica'' * [[Rambuli]] * [[Rawatu]] * [[Bungong Raya|Raya]] * [[Rancông]] * [[Rancông bulôh]] : ''Mesua ferrea'' * [[Rangginoe]] * [[Rangkiléh]] * [[Ranup]] * [[Ranup dong]] * [[Ranup mirah]] : ''Piper crocatum'' * [[Ranup tanoh]] / keuladi tikôh - ''Peperomia pellucida'' * [[Raseutôm]] * [[Rasi]] - ''Ficus hispida'' * [[Rènda]] - ''Carissa carandas'' * [[Reudeup]] - ''Erythrina lithosperma''; dedap (id) * [[Reuléh]] / seukè bangkuang * [[Reuleuet]] - ''Fuirena umbelata'' * [[Reulieng]] - ''Echinochloa crus-galli'' * [[Reundéng]] * [[Reunèng]] - ''Mentha arvensis'' * [[Reusak]] - ''Vatica Teysmanniana''; resak (id) * [[Reusam]] - ''Gleichenie linearis''; resam (id) * [[Reuteuek]] * [[Reuteuek ngom]] - ''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'' * [[Rheum]] * [[Rihai]] - ''Origanum vulgare'' * [[Rihan]] - ''Ocimum sanctum'' * [[Riman]] * [[Rimbang]] - ''Solanum torvum'' * [[Riwat]] * [[Ru]] - ''Casuarina equisetifolia''; eru (id) * [[Rôm]] - ''Acacia tortuosa'' * [[Rubék]] * [[Rumpét]] * [[Rumpuen]] * [[Runeu]] - ''Cordia obliqua'' * [[Rungkom]] = Flacourtia indica = Rukam == S == [[Beureukaih:2016 Singapur, Ogrody botaniczne (153).jpg|jmpl|Bak silalak mirah]] * [[Saga]] - ''Abrus precatorius'' * [[Sawôh]] * [[Sawôh drien]] * [[Saya]] - ''bunglai'' (id) * [[Salak]] * [[Salasari]] * [[Santon]] * [[Santot]] * [[Sapék]] - ''Macaranga indica'' * [[Seudam]] - ''Alyxia reinwardtii '' * [[Seukè bangkuang]] * [[Seukè pasi]] * [[Seukè pulôt]] * [[Seulanga]] * [[Seuleupôk]] * [[Seulimèng]] * [[Seulingong]] * [[Seulipéh]] - ''Leucaena leucocephala'' * [[Seulot]] - ''Tristaniopsis sumatrana'' * [[Seumanggi]] * [[Seumantôk]] - ''Shorea spp; Parashorea spp'' * [[Seumawè]] * [[Seumeureuleuet]] - ''Artemisia vulgaris'' * [[Seunamaki]] * [[Seuniboe]] - ''Pistia stratiotes'' * [[Seunijuek]] - ''Klanchoe pinnata'' * [[Seuntang]] - ''Azadirachta excelsa'' * [[Seupeueng]] - ''Caesalpinia sappan''; secang (id) * [[Seupéng]] * [[Seurahét]] * [[Seurapat]] * [[Seuriba]] = Cyanthillium cinereum<ref>[https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/jempa/article/download/7609/4048/ Kajian Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat pada Masyarakat Blang Bungong Kecamatan Tangse Kabupaten Pidie-Aceh]</ref> / ''Stachytarpheta jamaicensis''<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343581893_EKSPLORASI_SPESIES_TUMBUHAN_BERKHASIAT_OBAT_BERBASIS_PENGETAHUAN_LOKAL_DI_KABUPATEN_PIDIE Eksplorasi Spesies Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal di Kabupaten Pidie]</ref> * [[Seurikui]] * [[Seuriphiek]] * [[Seurunè]] * [[Seurunoe]] * [[Seusawi]] * [[Seutawôn]] * [[Seutui]] * [[Siadè-adè]] * [[Sialét]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Sialèe]] - jeunèh bak sukôn * [[Siaté-até]] - ''Desmodium adscendens'' * [[Siaweuek-aweuek]] : ''Limnocharis flava'' * [[Siba]] * [[Sibeudé]] - ''Clerodendrum paniculatum'' * [[Sibôn-bôn]] * [[Sibeuranto]] - ''Sindora sumatrana'' * [[Sigandai]] * [[Sigaréng]] * [[Sigeuntôt]] - ''Paederia foetida'' * [[Sikabu]] * [[Sikawét]] * [[Sikeucék]] - ''Impatiens balsamina''; pacar air (id) * [[Sikeumbông geutah]] * [[Sikeumeung]] * [[Sikeutèp]] * [[Sikleueng-kleueng]] * [[Sikuat]] * [[Sikumbop]] * [[Silalak ijô]] - ''Dracaena fragrans'' * [[Silalak mirah]] - ''Cordyline fruticosa'' * [[Silaklak]] - * [[Silheue-lheue]] - ''Croton argyratum'' * [[Simeureulueng]] * [[Sipuléh]] * [[Sirieh-rieh]] * [[Sirih]] * [[Sisék naga]] * [[Sirön]] * [[Sitawa]] - ''Costus speciosus'' * [[Siteubai]] * [[Siyueng-yueng]] * [[Sudeuen]] * [[Suganda]] * [[Sukleuet]] * [[Sukôn]] * [[Sumpueng]] - ''Eclipta alba'' * [[Surien]] - ''Toona sureni Merr'' == T == * [[Tali ayé]] * [[Tali babi]] * [[Tampu]] * [[Tampu glé]] - ''Macaranga tanarius'' * [[Tampui]] - ''Macaranga diepenhorstii'' * [[Tapak guda]] - ''Ipomoea pes-caprae''; katang-katang (id) * [[Tapak liman]] -''Elephantopus scaber'' * [[Tarôk]] * [[Tarôm]] * [[Teuë|Teue]] * [[Teubèe]] * [[Teumeureue]] : ''Microcos tomentosa'' * [[Teumurui]] * [[Teumiki]] * [[Teunga]] - Genus ''Ceriops candolleana'' / ''Ceriops burghiana'' * [[Teupuih]] - ''Etlingera coccinea'' * [[Teurawah]] * [[Teureutôm]] * [[Teuseubèh]] - ''Canna indica'' * [[Thu]] - ''Cotylelobium melanoxylon'' * [[Timon]] * [[Timon bruek]] * [[Tinga]] : Genus ''Salacia'' * [[Tingkeuem]] * [[Trieng]] * [[Trom putéh]] * [[Trueng]] * [[Trueng caw'ie]] * [[Trueng khi]] * [[Trueng kléng]] * [[Trueng pandi]] * [[Trueng pungo]] - ''Datura metel'' * [[Trusép]] * [[Tualang]] - ''Koompassia excelsa'' * [[Tuba]] - ''Denis elliptica'' * [[Tuba rasa]] - ''Annona squamosa L'' * [[Tuba tikôh]] * [[Tungkat ali]] - ''Eurycoma longifolia'' * [[Tunyok langèt]] * [[Tuphah]] * [[Tue]] * [[Tutôp bumoe]] - ''Elephantopus scaber'' * [[Tuwaya]] == U == * [[U]] * [[Ulim]] - ''Caesalpinia pulcherrima'' * [[Ura]] * [[Urat lhèe]] * [[Uröt]] * [[Uröt daréng]] - ''Vitis trifolia'' * [[Uröt mirah]] - ''Glycosmis citrifolia '' * [[Uröt pisang]] * [[Usé]] - jeunèh naleueng * [[Usén]] == W == * [[Wèt]] == Eu cit == * [[Aweueh peuet plôh peuet]] * [[Dapeuta bak meuuboe di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta kulat di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta cicém di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta eungkôt laôt di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta eungkôt ie tabeue di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta insekta di Acèh]] * [[Dapeuta mamalia di Acèh]] == Asai seunurat == {{reflist}} == Beuet leubèh le == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225315/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadn337.pdf Biodiversity Kawasan Ekosistem Seulawah] * [https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/115386-ID-diversity-of-feed-plants-of-sumatran-ele.pdf Diversity of Feed Plants of Sumatran Elephant Habitats in Jantho Pinus Nature Reserve, Aceh Besar District] [[Kawan:Bak kayèe]] [[Kawan:Wikipèdia]] jodupjyp0ql57kfjvweaykrl64zfsmz 0 31512 158492 158276 2026-08-01T17:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Banda Atjeh.jpg|thumb|right|330 px|Banda Acèh lam gamba ureueng Beulanda thôn 1724]] '''Acèh''' ([[bahsa Beulanda]]: ''Atchin'' atawa ''Achèh'', [[bahsa Inggréh]]: ''Achin'', [[bahsa Peurancih]]: ''Achen'' atawa ''Achèh'', [[bahsa Arab]]: ''Asyi'', [[bahsa Portugéh]]: ''Achen'' atawa ''Achem'', [[Bahsa Hanzi]]: ''A-tsi'' atawa ''Ache'')<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|first=Leo|last=Suryadinata|coauthors=International Zheng He Society|title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2005|isbn=9812303294|page=168|chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{id}}{{cite book|first=|last=Banda Aceh (Indonesia)|coauthors=|title=Kota Banda Aceh hampir 1000 tahun|publisher=Pemerintah Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II Banda Aceh|year=1998|isbn=|page=|chapter=}}</ref> nyang jinoe leubèh geuthè nan seubagoe nan saboh provinsi di [[Indonesia]]. Nibak keunira, nyang geukheun Acèh nyan rôh mandum uereueng duek disinan nyang jeut keu saboh bangsa nibak uram pulo [[Ruja|Sumatera]] ngon geumarit lam bahsa Aceh, saboh bahsa substrat (lapéih meuyub) lam [[peureudèe bahsa Mon-Khmer]]<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|first=|last=Summer Institute of Linguistics|coauthors=|editor=|title=Mon-Khmer studies Vol.35|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|year=2005|isbn=|pages=40|page=|chapter=}}</ref>. Lam wilayah nyang geukheun Acèh nyan jeut keu neuduek cit sub-bangsa nyang meubahsa ngon [[bahsa Aneuk Jamèe]], meuhat nibak blah rot teungoh, teunggara ngon timu geumeututô ngon [[bahsa Gayo]] keu blah rot teunggara nyang ramèe maeunarit lam [[bahsa Alaih]], leubèh jeuôh lom keudéh u timu jeuôh geumeunarit lam [[bahsa Teumiëng]], meunan cit lam sukèe bangsa [[Kluet]] nyang geuduek blah rot tunong geumeunarit lam [[bahsa Kluet]]. Asai tarèh Acèh geuangkée nibak seunurat pusaka lagèe [[Hikayat Acèh]], [[Hikayat raja-raja Pasè]] atawa dum hikayat laén nyang geusurat lam [[haraih Jawoë]]. Na peuneugah nyang nacit ureueng geupatéh peuneugah nyan, [[ureueng Acèh]] geukheun teuka nibak "[[sukèe Mante]]"<ref name="De Atjehers">{{nl}}{{cite book|first=Christiaan Snouck|last=Hurgronje|coauthors=|editor=|title=De Atjehers|url=https://archive.org/details/deatjehersuitgop01hurg|publisher=Landsdrukkerij, Batavia|year=1893|isbn=|pages=|page=|chapter=}}</ref>, saboh sukèe di pulo Ruja nyang na meukaét ngon sukèe "Mantra" di Malaka meukaét cit ngon ureueng nyang meunarit lam bahsa Mon-Khmer<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|first=Barbara A.|last=West|coauthors=|title=Facts on File library of world history, Encyclopedia of the peoples of Asia and Oceania, Vol. 2|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000west|publisher=Facts On File, University of California|year=2009|isbn=0816071098|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000west/page/1002 1002]|chapter=}}</ref>. Saboh peuneugah teuk asai ureueng Acèh nyan geupeugah teuka nibak ureueng [[Kabupatèn Acèh Rayek|Acèh Rayek]], ureueng Acèh lam peuneugah nyan geukheun nyankeuh ureueng nyang phôn that geupuga nanggroe di [[gampông]] Seumileuek atawa geukheun cit Rumoh Dua Blaih, nyang na di ateueh Seulimeum antara gampông Jantho ngon [[Tangsé, Pidië|Tangsé]]. Seumileuek nyan meumakna tanoh data nyang luah, disinan meuteumpat ureueng Mante lheuh nyan meusipreuek teuma ureueng Mante dari sinan u dairah Acèh lhèe sagoe lheuh nibak nyan meubarô keuh geu meuwèh atawa geuminah dum u dairah nyang laén<ref>{{id}}{{cite book|first=H. M.|last= Zainuddin|coauthors=|editor=|title=Tarich Atjeh dan Nusantara|publisher=Pustaka Iskandar Muda|year=1961|isbn=|page=|chapter=}} </ref>. == Reusam == [[Beureukaih:Neusu Inscription.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Prasasti Neusu]], batèe meusurat lam bahsa Tamil ngon haraiah grantha, pusaka saboh kawôm nyang teuka dari India Tunong]] Kawan reusam uereueng Acèh dilèe geuweuek lom lam peuet boh neuweuek nyang geupeusapat ngon kawôm atawa geukheun sukèe nyang rayek, kri geumita punca sukèe nyan rot bahsa jameun;<ref name="De Atjehers"/><ref>{{nl}}{{cite book|first=Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes|last=Drewes|coauthors=Petrus Voorhoeve|editor=|title=Adat Atjèh Verhandelingen, Land- en Volkendunde Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal , land- en volkenkunde, Vol.24|publisher=Leiden: KITLV Press|year=1958|isbn=|pages=|page=47|chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite book|first=Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes|last=Drewes|coauthors=|editor=Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes Drewes|translate=|title=Hikajat Potjut Muhamat: An Achehnese Epic|publisher=The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff|year=1979|isbn=|pages=2-27|page=|chapter=}}</ref> * Kawôm Lhèe Reutôh, sukèe nyang teuka nibak reusam Mante keu ureueng neuduek aseuli di Acèh<ref name="GBDIA">Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah (1977), ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?id=2M8iAAAAMAAJ&q=Suku+Mante&dq=Suku+Mante&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KniRU9LlLIWdugT-tIDwDQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg Geografi budaya Daerah Istimewa Aceh]'', Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, hlm. 57. Diakses 6 Juni 2014.</ref>. * Kawôm Imeum Peuet, sukèe nyang teuka dari India tunong nyang meuagama Hindu. * Kawôm Tôk Batèe, sukèe nyang teuka dudoe lom dari meumacam bangsa [[Eurasia]], [[Asia Timu]] ngon [[Bansa Arab|Arab]]. * Kawôm Ja Sandang, sukèe nyang dari India nyang ka geumeumat bak [[agama Islam]]. == Tarèh awai == [[Beureukaih:Bukit Kerang in Aceh Tamiang, Aceh.jpg|jmpl|ki|Tamon saruek kreueng di Teumieng]] Hana that pasti jan phôn Acèh jeuet keu teumpat neuduek manosia. Meuhat tarèh awai teuka manosia u Acèh jeuet takalon nibak tanda-tanda nyang na meurumpok meupadum boh tanda. Na meurumpok peukakaih batèe (lagèe tanda manosia Tonkin) di Bukèt Panggôi ngon di Kandang (Acèh Barôh), meunan cit tanda nyang saban na meurumpok di dairah antara Kuta Binjè ngon Alue Ie Mirah (Acèh Timu)<ref name="kupper">Dr. H. Kupper (1930) "Palaeolithische warktuigen uit Atjèh, North Sumatra. K.N.A.G, 1930</ref>. Tanda nyang laén lom na meurumpok meupadum boh tamon saruek kreueng di pasi Teumieng, watèe tamon saruek kreueng nyan geukueh na meurumpok cit peukakaih jameun nyeng geupeugot nibak batèe. Bak seunurat nyang leubèh leungkap geukheun ureueng duek di Acèh nyan subagoe saboh kawôm manosia nyang peumeukléh droe u dairah pucôk Sagi XXII nyang geupeunan ureueng mante atawa manteue<ref name="Ja'kub">Teungku Isma'il Ja'kub "Atjeh Dalam Sedjarah"</ref><ref>Usman, Abdul Rani (2003), ''[http://books.google.co.id/books?ei=KniRU9LlLIWdugT-tIDwDQ&id=szBwAAAAMAAJ&dq=Suku+Mante&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Mante Sejarah peradaban Aceh: suatu analisis interaksionis, integrasi, dan konflik]'', Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-461-428-0, hlm. 14. Diakses 6 Juni 2014.</ref>. Nan seureuta peukateuen ureueng mante di Acèh nyan saban that ngon ureueng mantra nyang hudép meuklèh cit lam glé Malaka. Van Langen sidroe ahli tarèh Beulanda jikheun Mantir atawa ureueng mantir<ref name="langen">"''De Inrichting van het Atjehsche Staatsbestuur onder het Sultanaat''", van langen, page. 381</ref> Snouck Hurgronje jikheun Mante<ref name="hurgronje">"''De Atjehers I''", Snouck Hurgronje, page 19</ref>. == Keurajeuën Lamuri == [[Beureukaih:Fort Kuta Lubok.jpg|jmpl|ki|Kuta Lubôk, saboh kuta keuneubah Keurajeuën Lamuri]] Bak peuneugah nyang teuka dari lua na meupadum boh nè geuseubôt keu bahih Acèh. Lam sarakata tarèh keurajeuen Liang ngon keurajeuen Sui<ref>Bei-shi which covers the period from A.D. 386 to 618, written by Li Yan-shou during the period A.D. 627-659</ref> di [[Cina]] na geuseubôt disinan bak keunira thôn 506 sampoe 581 Masehi na keurajeuen Poli nyang wilayah kuasa keurajeuen nyan ubé wilayah Acèh Rayek<ref>{{cite book|first=C. Guillot, Marie-France|last=Dupoizat|coauthors=|title=Histoire De Barus (Sumatra). Le Site De Lobu Tua. Vol. I: Etudes Et Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KO-154-026|publisher=Association Archipel, MSH PARIS|year=1998|isbn=9782910513276|pages=|chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{en}} {{cite book|first=John|last=Crawfurd, F.R.S.|coauthors=|title=History of the Indian Archipelago Vol 3|publisher=A. Constable and Co|year=1820|isbn=|pages='''154'''|chapter=}}</ref>. Meunan cit lam seunurat Jawa "Nāgarakṛtāgama" na nyang geukheun [[Keurajeuën Lamuri]]. Meunyoe nibak seunurat tarèh lam bahsa Arab geukheun Lamkrèk, Lam Urik, Rami, Ramni rab saban ngon seunurat laén lom nibak Cina nyang geukheun Lan Li, Lan-wuli atawa Lan Wo Li. Keurajeuen Lamuri nyan natom geupiyôh ngon geusurat lé [[Marco Polo]], sidroe ureueng bangsa Venesia nyang nibak thôn 1292 teungoh geujak dari Cina u Persia<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|first=|last=Marco Polo|coauthors=|editor=Sir Henry Yule|title=The book of Ser Marco Polo: concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East, Vol. 2|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsermarcop02polo|publisher=Murray|year=1871|isbn=|page=|chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Pelliot, ''Notes on Marco Polo: ouvrage posthume'', Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1959-1963 |url=http://www.polonews.info/documenti_originali/Tang%20-%20Yuan%20(907%20-%201368%20d.C.)/pelliot_notes_d.pdf |access-date=2023-09-20 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103045/http://www.polonews.info/documenti_originali/Tang%20-%20Yuan%20%28907%20-%201368%20d.C.%29/pelliot_notes_d.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, bak seunurat Marco Polo nyan keurajeuen Lamuri jipeugah saboh keurajeuen nyang na lam peungarôh wangsa Syailendra nyang na di [[Keurajeuen Sriwijaya]], [[Palèmbang|Palembang]]. == Samudra Pasè == [[Beureukaih:Pasai.jpg|jmpl|Neuduek Samudra Pasè]] Keurajeuen Islam [[Keurajeuën Samudra Pasè]] ngon raja nyang keu phôn [[Malikusshaleh|Sôleutan Malik Al Saleh]] ngon geusambông teuma lé cuco neuh [[Malik Az Zahir]]<ref name=":0">Prof. Dr. Hamka (2016) "Sejarah Umat Islam" Jakarta : Gema Insani</ref>. Meuligoe Pasè geupeudong di gampông Beuringen, [[Samudra, Acèh Barôh|Samudra]] nibak uroe nyoe. Masa jaya keurajeuen Pasè nibak masa Sôleutan Malik Al Saleh ngon masa [[Malikah Nahrasiyah]]. Bhaih Keurajeuën Samudra Pasè na geusurat lam Rihlah ila l-Masyriq (Meujeunajah u Timu) keunarang [[Abu Abdullah ibn Batuthah|Ibnu Batuthah]] (1304–1368), sidroe ureueng [[Marôkô]] nyang na geusinggah di nanggroe Pasè bak thôn 1345. Keuneulheueh tarèh Keurajeuën Samudra Pasè jiprang lé [[Portugéh]] bak thôn 1521<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA822&lpg=PA822&dq=Samudera+Pasai+Empire&source=bl&ots=b9bZRle3ra&sig=ACfU3U29_BNU5pr8VozUNmXRr7bpkbtC8Q&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjStsrs2vvpAhWbbysKHW9QDaEQ6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Samudera%20Pasai%20Empire&f=false|title=World Monarchies and Dynasties|last=Middleton|first=John|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45158-7|language=en}}</ref>. === Masa keurajeuen Malik Al Saleh === [[Beureukaih:Makam Sultan Malik As-Shalih (Malikussaleh).jpg|jmpl|ki|Jirat Sôleutan Malik Al Saleh]] Sultan Malik al-Saleh jeuet keu raja lheueh neupuga Keurajeuën Samudra Pasè. Keurajeuen nyoe lam tarèh Islam ngon Nusantara jeuet keurajeuën Islam nyang phôn that na di [[Asia Teunggara]]<ref name="Hill">Hill, A. H., (1960), ''[[Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai]]'', Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London. Library, MBRAS.</ref>. Geupuga nibak thôn 1267 M. Nan aseuli droeneuhnyan Meurah Silu, sidroe turônan nibak Sukee Imuem Peuet atawa saboh gla nyang meukeumat nibak turônan peuët droe Maharaja/Meurah meusyèdara nyang teuka dari nanggroë Mon Khmer (Champa). Kawôm Imeum Peuet nyan jeuet keu kawôm nyang peudong ubéna keurajeuën di Acèh seugolom Islam. Kawôm nyan lagée Maharaja Syahir Po-He-La nyang peudong [[Keurajeuën Peureulak]] di Acèh Timu, Syahir Tanwi nyang peudong [[Keurajeuën Jeumpa]] (Champa) di [[Peusangan, Bireuen|Peusangan]] (Bireuën), Syahir Poli (Pau-Ling) nyang peudong [[Keurajeuën Sama Indra]] di Pidië ngon Syahir Nuwi nyang peudong [[Keurajeuën Indra Purba]] di Banda Acèh ngon Acèh Rayek. Malik Al Saleh abéh umu nibak thôn 1297 M. Keu geulantoe nyang trang hana meusoe lom, meutapi nibak thôn 1345 neu ék keuh sidroe cuco nibak Sôleutan Malikussaleh nyang nan droenuehnyan Malik Al Zahir. Lam seunurat [[Hikayat raja-raja Pasè]], na geusurat bhaih keurajeuen Samudra Pasè nyoe jiprang lé teuntra Siam nibak masa keurajeuen Sôleutan Malik Al Nassar. Lam saboh seunurat geuseubôt teuntra Siam nyan hana meuhasé jiprang Pasè saweueb panglima prang teuntra siam nyan meuhasé geupeumaté lé Sultan Malik Al Mahmud<ref>Phillip L. Thomas (1978). Thai Involvement in Pasai. Journal of the Siam Society 1971-1980</ref>. === Puliték Samudra Pasè meulawan ngon Puliték Gajah Mada === [[Beureukaih:Cakra Donya.JPG|jmpl|Luncéng Cakra Dônya, hadiah Lakseumana Cheng Ho keu Sôleutan Pasè]] [[Gajah Mada]] nyang jiangkèe seubagoe ''patih'' atawa meuntroe di [[Keurajeuen Kahuripan]] di [[Jawa Timu]] bak thôn (1319-1321) lé raja [[Jayanagara]] dari keurajeuen [[Majapahit]]. Ngon nibak thôn 1331, meutamah pangkat Gajah Mada jeuet keu sidroe ''mahapatih'' (maha meuntroe) Majapahit nyang jiangkèe lé Putroe [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi]]. Nibak uroe jipeuraseumi Gajah Mada jeuet keu mahapatih Majapahit, na saboh sumpah nibak Gajah Mada nyang jikheun nan '''sumpah palapa'''. Meukeusud sumpah palapa nyan, di Gajah Mada nyan pantang jimakeuen sira seugohlom jih asé jipeutalô mandum keurajeuen nyang na diseulingka Pulowan Nusantara keu jipeutamong lam wilayah keurajeuen Majapahit. Nibak watèe nyan lam Hikayat raja-raja Pasè geusurat keuh bhaih jiprang Samudra Pasè lé angkatan prang Majapahit. Hasé nibak prang ngon Majapahit nyan na padum boh peuneugah, na nyang peugah Majapahit meuhasé jiprang Pasè, nibak saboh haba teuk geupeugah teuntra Pasé nyang meuhasé geupeumaté Gajah Mada di Pasi Teumieng nyang sampoe uroe nyoe geupeunan dairah mideuen prang nyan ngon nan Manyak Payét. Meubèk na salah, prang Pasè ngon Majapahit nyan na nibak thôn 1350 atawa 1361 meusigo ngon Majapahit jiprang jambi ngon Palembang<ref>John Norman Miksic, Goh Geok Yian. Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis.h 500</ref>. == Keurajeuen Acèh == [[Beureukaih:Flag of Aceh Sultanate.svg|jmpl|Alam Peudeueng nyang jeuet keu alam neugara Acèh]] Keurajeuen Acèh na siblah rot barôh pulo [[Ruja|Sumatra]], ngon nang nanggroe na di Banda Acèh Darôssalam. Sôleutan [[Ali Mughayat Syah]] jeuet keu raja phôn nyang puga keurajeuen Acèh nibak uroe Aleuhad, 1 Jumadil awal thôn 913 [[Hijriyah|H]] atawa nibak uroe 8 buleuen sikureueng thôn 1507. Lam tarèh keurajeuen dari thôn 1496 sampoe thôn 1903, Acèh ka meuhasé geupeukeumang saboh peundédikan militè nyang gigéh, ngon sabé lam geujaga nanggroe beujeuôh nibak jijajah lé bangsa Eropa. Acèh jeuet keu saboh nanggroe nyang that hayeue lam bhaih diplomasi ngon dumna neugara nyang laén. === Masa Keurajeuen Sôleutan Iskandar Muda === [[Beureukaih:Sultanate_of_Aceh.png|jmpl|ki|Peuta luah wilayah Keurajeuen Acèh nibak masa jaya]] Acèh jeuet keu saboh neugara nyang that kaya ngon that makmu nibak masa puncak meujaya Keurajeuen Acèh. Lam peuneugah sidroe ureueng tamaong dari nanggroe Peuranci, nyang teuka u Acèh nibak masa jaya nyan (masa Keurajeuen Sôleutan Iskandar Muda), jepeugah Acèh nyan keurajeuen nyang that na luah trôh u pasi barat pulo Ruja di Minangkabau, keurajeun Acèh siblah rot timu trôh keudéh u Pirak, di seumeunanjông [[Malaysia]]. Masa nyan keubit Acèh jeuet keu neugara nyang na angkatan prang that gigéh ngon meucehu, jeuet keu bangsa nyang that teuga nibak bangsa-bangsa nyang na di tanoh ngon laôt Meulayu di [[Seulat Malaka]]. Sôleutan Iskandar Muda dudoe meujudô ngon sidroe putroe Raja Pahang, nyang geuturi nan putroe nyan seubagoe [[Putroe Phang]]. Meusebab rayek that gaséh Iskandar Muda keu Putroe Phang, ka geupuga saboh Gunongan nibak teungoh mideuen Khayali keu tanda gaséh droeneuhnyan keu Putroe. Meukeuseud nibak gunongan nyan keu ubat meucén ngon rihôn putroe keu nanggroe geuh nyang jeuôh di tanoh Malaya. Sampoe nibak uroe nyoe Gunongan ngon Mideuen Kahayali nyan manton na ngon jeuet takalon di [[Banda Acèh]]. === Masa prang ngon Portugéh === Nibak masa keuneuk meuakhé Keurajeuën Samudra Pasè, di Seumeunanjông Meulayu ka geupuga [[Keurajeuën Malaka]], saboh keurajeuën Islam nyang geupeudong lé [[Parameswara]] nyang geutamong agama Islam ngon geutuka nan jeuet keu Iskandar Syah. Keurajeuën Islam di Malaka teudong ngon makmu sampoe thôn 1511 bak watèe nyan teuka Portugéh ngon ka jipeutalô angkatan prang Malaka. Meunan Malaka ka rhôt lam kuasa Portugéh, dari Acèh hana reuda meusambông lam padum droe Sôleutan sabé-sabé geujak prang Portugéh nyan nibak tanoh Malaka. Ngon ubéna beunalah prang dari blah Portugéh u Acèh jeuet geupeutalô cit lé militè Acèh. Deungon ôseuha Acèh lam prang Portugéh jeuet keu saboh kri meuhat Portugéh nyan hanjeuet beurangkaho lé keu dijak prang ubéna nanggroe merdeka nyang laén di Asia Teunggara. == Meuhubôngan ngon Eropa == === Inggréh === Nibak abad keu-16, lé Ratu Inggréh, Elizabeth I, ka jikirém utôsan nyang nanjih Sir James Lancester u keurajeuën Acèh nyang lé utôsan nyan jikirém siôn surat ukeue Sôleutan Acèh. Meusajan ngon surat nyan utôsan Inggréh jiba cit meumacam hadiah nyang that meuhai yumjih. Meukeusud ratu Inggréh lam surat ngon hadiah nyan keuneuk peukong hubôngan dagang ngon keurajeuën Acèh. Lé sultan bak masa nyan ka geupeusampoe beunalah surat nyan siôn surat nyang geusurat nibak keureutaih nyang paléng hayeue, geusurat lam bahsa nyang that ceudaih ngon daweuet nibak meuh. Geujôk beunalah hadiah cit keu Ratu Inggréh, na lam hadiah nibak Sôleutan Acèh keu ratu Inggréh sipasang gleueng jaroe nyang geupeugot nibak batèe rubi. Keu Sir James lé Sôleutan ka geubri gla seubagoe "Ureueng Kaya Putéh". Meunan keuh reusam bangsa Acèh nibak geupeumulia jamèe teuka, ngon reusam nibak geumeuget hubôngon ngon nanggroe lua. === Beulanda === [[File:Maurits ontvangt de afgezanten van de sultan van Atjeh, 1602 Maurits ontvangt de afgezanten van den sultan van Achem op Sumatra (titel op object), RP-P-OB-73.729 (cropped).jpg|jmpl|300px|Abdul Hamid, antôsan Acèh u nanggroe Holanda lam thôn 1602]] Laén nibak Inggréh, Pangiran Maurits dari [[Beulanda]] natom cit meukirém surat keu meukeusud meulakèe bantu nibak keurajeuën Acèh. Sôleutan Acèh ngon niet nyang teupat, ka neukirém keuh saboh utôsan u nanggroe Beulanda. [[Tuanku Abdul Hamid]] jeuet keu ulèe kawan utôsan dari Acèh nyang geukirém lé Sôleutan Acèh u Beulanda. Lam masa keumunjôn nyan Tuanku Abdul Hamid ka sakét sampoe abéh umu di Beulanda. Lé pangiran Beulanda ka jipeuna saboh keurija seumiyub utôsan Acéh ngon saboh acara raseumi neugara Beulanda. Ngon seubab nibak masa nyan di Beulanda hana nyang meuphôm keu reusam seumiyub ureueng Islam, meuhat Tuanku Abdul Hamid ka jiseumiyub deungon reusam Nasrani nibak saboh leuen [[geurija]]. Nibak jirat Tuanku jinoe ka jipeudong saboh batèe jirat nyang jipeuraseumi lé Pangiran Bernhard lakoe Putroe Juliana atawa ayah nibak Putroe Beatrix. === Peurancih === [[Peurancih]] jeuet keu neugara Eropa laén nyang na meukirém utôsan raseumi u Acèh. Utôsan raja Peurancih nyan na jiba saboh ceureumèn nyang meuhai meukeusud seubagoe hadiah keu sôleutan Acèh. Sayang that ceureumèn nyan ka beukaih bak jiba, meuhat cit saboh cumèh nibak ceureumèn nyan nyang trôh jiba ukeue Sôleutan. === Turki Utsmani === Nibak masa Iskandar Muda, lé Sôleutan Acèh neukirém utôsan meukeusud meujak meuhadap ngon Sultan Utsmaniyah nyang na di [[Istanbul]]. Meuseubab meusigo trôh utôsan Acèh di Istanbul, sultan Utsmani teungoh sakét, trép keuh masa utôsan Acèh ka meukeumat di banda Istanbul. Lada nyang neuba seubagoe hadiah nibak sôleutan Acèh nyang geumeukeusud peusampoe ukeue sultan Utsmani ka geupeubloe bacut-bacut sampoe nyang natinggai cit sicupak teuk. Bah that meunan lé Sultan Utsmani ka neubalah hadiah lada sicupak nyan ngon neukirém u Acèh saboh meuriam, na padum droe utôh ngon teuntra nyang hayeue lam bhaih eleumèe prang keu bantu keurajeuën Acèh bak muprang lawan Portugéh. Meuriam nyan sampoe uroe nyoe geuthèe nan seubagoe meuriam lada sicupak, keu geuingat sijarah nyang that phét nibak masa meujak peugot hubôngon ngon Turki Utsmani. Nibak thôn 1565 lé Sultan Sulaiman dari Turki ka neukirém cit 15 boh kapai teuntra nyang leungkap ngon mumacam meuriam keu beunantu keurajeuen Islam di Acèh nibak lawan Portugéh nyang keuneuk jajah ubéna keurajeuen Islam nyang na di Asia Teunggara. Angkatan prang Turki Utsmani yôh nyan geupimpin lé Lakseumana Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis. == Masa prang ngon peunjajah == [[Beureukaih:Luís Monteiro Coutinho battling an Acehnese Captain.jpg|jmpl|Geunamba sidroe bangsa Portugéh lam prang Acèh thôn 1588]] Ureueng Acèh seugohlom teudong keurajeuĕn Acèh Darôssalam, hana meubileueng go ka neumeuprang ngon peunjajah nyang teuka dari lua. Keurajeuen Pasè phôn that geumeuprang lawan Majapahit nyang teuka dari Jawa keuneuk jajah keurajeuen Pasé, keudua lawan keurajeuën Siam nyang teuka dari [[Thailand]] jinoe, lheueh nyan teuma geumeuprang lom ngon Portugéh sampoe nibak masa meuakhé keurajeuën. Keurajeuën Lamuri meunan cit, phôn that geumeuprang lawan ngon keurajeuën Cola dari India, nyang keuneulheuh geumeuprang ngon Portugéh nyang keuneuk kauasa Seulat Malaka. Meunan ka teudong keurajeuën Acèh hantom teudôh cit nibak neumeuprang lawan bangsa [[Prang Acèh - Portugéh|Portugéh]] di Acèh atawa di Seumeunanjông Meulayu. Keuneulheueh that Acèh geumeuprang meuplôh thôn bak geulawan Beulanda nyang keuneuk jipeutamong Acèh lam kuasajih di [[Hindia Beulanda]], sampoe ngon prang keuneulheueh nyan ka runtôh keurajeuen Acèh nyan ngon hana meubeudoh lé sampoe 'an uroe nyoe. == Referensi == {{reflist}} [[Kawan:Tarèh Acèh]] [[Kawan:Tarèh]] ktciippix5detb1yk9u921tmb0ekbvc 0 33426 158491 157375 2026-08-01T17:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158491 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Timur reconstruction03.jpg|jmpl|Rekonstruksi wajah Amir Timur]] '''Amir Timur''' (1320-an – 17/18 Februari 1405), nyang geuturi cit deungon nan '''Tamerlane''' atawa '''Temur Lenk''', nakeuh sidroe penakluk ketorunan Turko-Mongol, peumeurèntah phôn Dinasti Timurid, ngon ureuëng peudong Keurajeuën Timuriyah, nyang jikuasa wilayah Afghanistan, Iran, ngon Asia Teungoh jinoe. Gobnyan hana tom talô lam prang dan geuanggap seubagoe salah sidroe peumimpin militè ngon ahli siasat nyang paléng hayeue lam tareh, meunan cit salah sidroe nyang paléng keujam ngon meubahaya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Timur|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Timur|access-date=28 September 2022|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617233354/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Timur|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Timur|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Timur|access-date=28 September 2022|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617233354/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Timur|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Marozzi|2004|p={{page needed|date=October 2023}}}} Timur geuanggap cit seubagoe peulindông seni nyang rayek, saweueb gobnyan na meuhubông ngon ureueng caröng ngon penyair lagèe ibn Khaldun, Hafez, ngon Hafiz-i Abru. Masa peumeurèntahan gobnyan jeuet keu seubab teuka Renaissance Timurid.{{sfn|Marozzi|2004|pp=341–342}} Gobnyan lahé lam konfederasi Mongol nyang ka meuturkisasi dari sukèë Barlas di Transoxiana (jinoë di Uzbekistan) bak thôn 1320-an, Timur ka geukuwasa Khanat Chagatai blah barat bak thôn 1370 dan dari sinan gobnyan geupimpin meupadum boh prang militè nyang geupeutalô para Khan [[Grombolan Meuh]], Keurajeuën Mamluk di Meusé ngon Suriah, Keurajeuën Utsmaniyah nyang teungoh meukeumang, meunan cit Keurajeuën Delhi di Semenanjong India, deungon nyan gobnyan jeuet keu peumimpén nyang paléng meukuasa di dônya moseulém.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/825287/counterview-taimurs-actions-were-uniquely-horrific-in-indian-history|title=Counterview: Taimur's actions were uniquely horrific in Indian history|first=Girish|last=Shahane|date=28 December 2016|website=Scroll.in|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023347/https://scroll.in/article/825287/counterview-taimurs-actions-were-uniquely-horrific-in-indian-history|url-status=live}}</ref> Peunaklokan-peunaklokan nyan jeuet keu seubab teubentuk Keurajeuën Timurid, nyang meupicah hana trép lheueh gobnyan meuninggai. Gobnyan geumeututô padum-padum boh basa, termasôk basa Turki Karluk Chagatai (asai usoi basa Uzbek ngon Uyghur jameun jinoe), meunan cit Basa Mongolia Klasik ngon Parsi Barô, nyang geunguy keu surat-meurat diplomatik. Timur nakeuh penakluk nomadik rayek nyang paleng akhé di [[Tanôh Eurasia]], dan keurajeun jih ka jipeusiap jalan keu bangket keurajeun-keurajeun Éseulam meuseunjata apui nyang leubeh teuatô dan langgeng bak abad keu-16 ngon keu-17.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Darwin|first=John|title=After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/aftertamerlanegl0000darw|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1596917606|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aftertamerlanegl0000darw/page/29 29], 92|author-link=John Darwin (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Manz|1999|p=1}}<ref name="Marozzi2006">{{cite book|last=Marozzi|first=Justin|title=Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306814655|url-access=registration|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0306814655|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306814655/page/342 342]}}</ref> Timur nakeuh keturunan Turki ngön Mongol, dan, bahpih mungkén kon keturunan langsong nibak salah saboh pihak, gobnyan na indatu nyang saban ngon [[Jenghis Khan]] nibak blah ayah,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seekins|first1=Donald M.|last2=Nyrop|first2=Richard F.|title=Afghanistan A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXzqn7XWdJkC&pg=PA11|publisher=The Studies|date=1986|page=11|quote=Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor|isbn=978-0160239298|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=International Association for Mongol Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ2fAAAAMAAJ|title=Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Н. Багабандийн ивээлд болж буй Олон Улсын Монголч Эрдэмтний VIII их хурал (Улаанбаатар хот 2002. VIII. 5–11): Илтгэлүүдийн товчлол|date=2002|publisher=OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar|isbn=|volume=III|pages=5–11|language=Mongolian|trans-title=Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar city 2002): Summary of presentations|quote=First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan.|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="woods">{{cite book|last=Woods|first=John E.|author-link=John E. Woods (historian)|title=Timur and Chinggis Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ2fAAAAMAAJ|series=Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia|year=2002|publisher=OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar|location=Ulaanbaatar|page=377}}</ref> bahpih na padum-padum droë ureueng karang nyang peugah mak gobnyan mungkén keturunan Khan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lodge|first=Henry Cabot|title=The History of Nations|date=1916|publisher=P. F. Collier & Son|volume=14|location=|page=46|language=English|quote=Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis Khan.}}</ref><ref name="Arabshah2017">{{cite book|author1=Ahmad ibn Arabshah|author-link1=Ahmad ibn Arabshah|last2=McChesney|first2=Robert D.|author-link2=Robert D. McChesney|translator=M. M. Khorramia|title=Tamerlane: The Life of the Great Amir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAOUrgEACAAJ|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2017|page=4|isbn=978-1784531706}}</ref> Jih nyan deungön trang jimeu-useuha keu jipeuudep keulayi warisan Jenghis Khan dan jianggab droe jih seubagoe ureueng nyang peupuléh Keurajeuen Mongol. Meunurot Gérard Chaliand, Timur jianggab droe jih seubagoe ahli waréh Genghis Khan.<ref>Richard C. Martin, ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' A–L, Macmillan Reference, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0028656045}}, p. 134.</ref><ref name="Chaliand">Gérard Chaliand, ''Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube'' translated by A. M. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004.</ref> Timur geupeunan droe gobnyan seubagoe "Peudeuëng Islam". Gobnyan nakeuh sidroe ureueng nyang dukông agama ngon seni, tapi bak thôn-thôn keuneulheueh udep gobnyan geupeunan droe seubagoe ghazi ([[Basa Arab|bahsa Arab]]: غازي, romanisasi: ghāzī, makna harfiah: 'pahlawan agama').<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Chann|first=Naindeep Singh|date=2009|title=Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction: Origins of the Ṣāḥib-Qirān|journal=Iran & the Caucasus|volume=13|issue=1|pages=93–110|doi=10.1163/160984909X12476379007927|jstor=25597394|issn=1609-8498}}</ref> Bak akhé masa peurèntah jih, Timur ka meuhasé geukuwasa mandum sisa-sisa Keurajeuën Chagatai, Ilkhanate, ngon Golden Horde, dan bahkan ka geucuba peupuléh dinasti Yuan di Cina. Tentara Timur nyan meubagoë bansa dan that geutakot, dan ka jipeuhancô saboh beunagi nyang luwah di Asia, Aprika, ngon Iërupa.{{sfn|Marozzi|2004|p={{page needed|date=October 2023}}}}<ref>Matthew White: ''Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements'', Canongate Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0857861252}}, section "Timur".</ref> Ureuëng carông geupeukira bahwa prang jih nyan ka jipeumaté meujuta-juta droë ureuëng.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/01/17/the-rehabilitation-of-tamerlane/|work=Chicago Tribune|title=The Rehabilitation of Tamerlane|date=17 January 1999|archive-date=27 July 2024|access-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727020849/https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/01/17/the-rehabilitation-of-tamerlane/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[John Joseph Saunders]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC&pg=PA174 The history of the Mongol conquests] (p. 174), Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1971, {{ISBN|0812217667}}.</ref> Nibak mandum wilayah nyang jireubôt, Khawarismi nyang paléng parah, saweueb wilayah nyan sabe jibeudoh lawan jih.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barthold|first1=V. V.|title=Four studies on the History of Central Asia|date=1962|publisher=E. J. Brill|edition=Second Printing|volume=1|location=Leiden, Netherlands|page=61}}</ref> Timur ka jipeulancarkan limong go prang keu Khawarismi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marozzi|first=Justin|title=Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306814655|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2007|isbn=9780306815430|page=|language=en}}</ref> Gobnyan nakeuh yahwa Sultan Timurid, ahli falak ngon ahli matematika Ulugh Beg, nyang geupeurintah Asia Teungoh dari thôn 1411 sampoe 1449, ngon nakeuh indatu keu-lhèe [[Babur]] (1483–1530), ureueng nyang peudong [[Keurajeuën Mughal|Keurajeuen Mughal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9072544|title=Timur|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition|year=2007|url-access=subscription|access-date=26 November 2007|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325180324/https://academic.eb.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EI">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2000|title=Tīmūr Lang|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ti-mu-r-lang-COM_1223|access-date=24 April 2014|last=Manz|first=Beatrice F.|edition=2nd|volume=10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207013949/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ti-mu-r-lang-COM_1223|archive-date=7 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nè == lk8kyp5zzaoq13yps0z7j01bwi6o1s4 0 33428 158493 157381 2026-08-01T17:16:56Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beureukaih:Shinpukuji-bon Kojiki (真福寺本古事記).png|jmpl|Shinpukuji-bon Kojiki (真福寺本古事記).]] '''Kojiki''' (古事記, "Teunuleh Haba Jameun" atawa "Saboh Riwayat Hai-hai Jameun"), nyang kadang-kadang cit geubaca '''''Furukotofumi<ref>{{cite book|title=World Religions At Your Fingertips|first1=Michael|last1=McDowell|first2=Nathan Robert|last2=Brown|publisher=Penguin|year=2009|isbn=978-1101014691|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urcyCnUurGMC&q=%22furukotofumi%22&pg=PA190}}</ref>''''' atawa '''''Furukotobumi''''',<ref>{{cite book|title=スーパー大辞林|trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]]}}</ref>{{Efn|{{Transliteration|ja|-bumi}} nakeuh beuntuk su meuhawa nibak {{Transliteration|ja|fumi}} (ngieng {{Transliteration|ja|[[rendaku]]}}). Cara baca nyoe geupeusuléh lé [[Motoori Norinaga]], nyang geutuléh nyan ngön kanji fonetik ({{Transliteration|ja|kana}}, atawa leubèh spesifik, {{Transliteration|ja|magana}}) seubagoe {{CJK|j=布琉許登夫美|labels=no}} lam {{Transliteration|ja|[[Kojiki-den]]}}.}} nakeuh saboh kronik awai [[Jeupang]] jameuen nyang meuasoe mitos, legenda, kidung, silsilah, tradisi lisan, ngon kisah semi-seujarah nyang meuphôn bak thôn 641<ref>[[Jaroslav Průšek]] and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 140-141.</ref> keuhai asai-usui kapulawan Jeupang, kami, ngon silsilah keurajeuen Jeupang. Lam kata pengantarjih geupeugah bahwa kitab nyan geutuléh lé Ō no Yasumaro ateuëh lakèe peurintah Maharani Genmei bak awai abad keu-8 (711–712), ngon sabab nyan, kitab nyan biyasajih geuanggap seubagoe karya sastra paléng tuha nyang mantong na di Jeupang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Political thought in Japanese historical writing: from Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712)|last=Brownlee|first=John S.|date=1991|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920997-8|location=Waterloo, Ontario|oclc=243566096}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Man'yoshu and the imperial imagination in early Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/manyshimperialim0045duth|last=Duthie|first=Torquil|isbn=9789004251717|location=Leiden|oclc=864366334|year=2014}}</ref> Mitos-mitos nyang na lam Kojiki meunan cit deungon ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' nakeuh saboh bagi inspirasi di likôt le that praktik ngon "ortodoksi Shinto" nyang meusaboh.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bellingham|first1=David|title=Myths and Legends|url=https://archive.org/details/mythslegends0000davi|last2=Whittaker|first2=Clio|last3=Grant|first3=John|publisher=Wellfleet Press|year=1992|isbn=1-55521-812-1|location=Secaucus, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mythslegends0000davi/page/181 181]|oclc=27192394}}</ref> Lheueh nyan, mitos-mitos nyan geupeusapat lam praktik-praktik Shinto lagee ritual peusucé misogi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reader|first=Ian|title=Simple Guides: Shinto|url=https://archive.org/details/shinto0000read|publisher=Kuperard|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85733-433-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/shinto0000read/page/33 33],60}}</ref><ref name="e">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Japan|title=''Kojiki''|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-09-18|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref><ref name="d">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Dijitaru Daijisen|title=古事記|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-09-18|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|language=ja|trans-title=Kojiki|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref> == Catatan == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist|2}} == Rujukan == * Bentley, John R. ''Keaslian Sendai Kuji Hongi: Peumeuriksan Baro Teks, Deungon Terjemahan Dan Komentar'' . ( ) * Brownlee, john s. (1997) ''seujarawan Jeupang ngen mitos nasional, thon 1600-1945: Jamen Dewa ngen Kaisar Jimmu'' . Vancouver: percetakan universitas ingris . ( Tokyo: Universitas Tokyo . ( ) * Coklat, john s. (1991) ''Pemikiran Politik lam Tulesan Seujarah Jeupang: Dari'' Kojiki ''(712) sampoe Tokushi Yoron (1712)'' . Waterloo, ontario: percetakan universitas wilfrid laurier ( ) * * Ono, ''Sinto Motonori: Cara Kami'' * Bintang, Roy (2005). " ''Kojiki'' seubagoe Narasi Nasional Jeupang", lam ''Masa Depan Asia, Tradisi Asia'', nyang geusunting le Edwina Palmer. Batee rakyat, kent: timur donya, * Witcamp, robert f. (2018). "Tuboh seubagoe Mode Konseptualisasi lam Kosmogoni ''Kojiki'' " lam buku ''nyan'' .&nbsp;47–64, PDF nyang na bak tali). * Wittkamp, Robert F. (2020): "Meuperiksa Keulai Mitologi Jeupang: Pakon ''Nihon Shoki'' na dua boh buku mitos ''tapi'' ''Kojiki'' na saboh mantong" lam&nbsp;13–39, PDF nyang na lam talian). * == Tautan luwa == *   Original Text of the Kojiki. * (in English) Chamberlain's translation of ''Kojiki'': ** [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/index.htm full text at the Internet Sacred Text Archive] ** [https://archive.org/stream/sacredbooksearly13hornuoft#page/9 scan from ''The sacred books and early literature of the East'', edited by Charles Horne] * (in English) [https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/e-shinto/ ''Encyclopedia of Shinto'']　Kokugakuin University * (in English) [https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/bts/ Basic Terms of Shinto]　Kokugakuin University * [https://jhti.studentorg.berkeley.edu/Kojiki.html parallel text in the original language and in English] * (in Japanese) [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007062751/http://www.ceres.dti.ne.jp/~alex-x/wakan/menu-w.html Online original text of the ''Kojiki'' and other texts] * (in Japanese) [[Waseda University]] Library: [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ri05/ri05_04868/ 1644 manuscript, three volumes] * Kojiki public domain audiobook at LibriVox {{Jmyth navbox long}}{{Japanese folklore long}}{{Religious books}}{{Authority control}} 90p0srmhhmxr6k03vaowwhdwax83d01 0 33456 158489 157868 2026-08-01T17:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | image = Knut der Große cropped.jpg | caption = Gamba Raja Knut | succession = Raja Inggréh | reign = 1016–1035 | coronation = 1017 di London | successor = [[Harold I]]<ref name="weir" /> | predecessor = [[Edmund II]]<ref name="weir" /> | succession1 = Raja Denmak | reign1 = 1018–1035 | successor1 = [[Harthacnut]]<ref name="weir">{{cite book |title=Britain's Royal Families |url=https://archive.org/details/britainsroyalfam0000alis |last=Weir |first=Alison |isbn=9780099539735 |publisher=Vintage |date=1989 |page=[https://archive.org/details/britainsroyalfam0000alis/page/30 30]}}</ref> | predecessor1 = [[Harald II of Denmark|Harald II]] | succession2 = Raja Norwegia | reign2 = 1028–1035 | successor2 = [[Magnus the Good]] | predecessor2 = [[Saint Olaf]] | regent2 = [[Svein Knutsson]] | reg-type2 = Rakan kuwasa | house = [[Knýtlinga]] | birth_date = {{Circa|990}}<ref name="weir" />{{sfn|Somerville|McDonald|2014|p=435}} | birth_place = [[History of Denmark#Middle Ages|Kingdom of Denmark]] | death_date = 12 November 1035 (aged around 45)<ref name="weir" /> | death_place = [[Shaftesbury]], [[Dorset]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] | burial_place = {{ubl|[[Old Minster, Winchester]], England|Bones now in [[Winchester Cathedral]], [[Winchester]], England}} | spouses = {{unbulleted list |[[Ælfgifu of Northampton]] |[[Emma of Normandy]]}} | issue = {{unbulleted list |[[Svein Knutsson]] |[[Harold Harefoot]] |[[Harthacnut]] |[[Gunhilda of Denmark|Gunhilda, Queen of the Germans]] }} | father = [[Swein Forkbeard]] | mother = [[Świętosława]] or [[Gunhild of Wenden]] }} [[Beureukaih:Canute and Ælfgifu cropped (Canute).jpg|jmpl|Canute, c.995-1035. Naskah meuhias, Liber Vitae, 1031, Stowe Ms 944, folio 6, The British Library. ]] '''Knut''' '''Rayek''' (/kəˈnjuːt/ kə-NYOOT;<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cnut "Cnut"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025626/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cnut|date=8 November 2018}}.</ref> Bahsa Norse Tuha: Knútr;{{efn|Modern languages: {{langx|da|Knud den Store}} or {{lang|da|Knud II}}; {{langx|no|Knut den mektige}}, {{langx|sv|Knut den Store}}.}} kira-kira thon 990 – 12 November 1035), nyang geuturi cit deungon nan Canute ngon gelar Mahakarya,<ref>{{cite web|title=King Cnut The Great|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Cnut-The-Great/|website=Historic UK|access-date=9 October 2023}}</ref><ref>[[Laurence M. Larson]] ''Canute the Great'' [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] 1912</ref><ref>[https://www.royal.uk/canute-great-r-1016-1035 Article] Royal Family website (2023)</ref> nakeuh Raja Inggréh phon thon 1016, Raja Denmark phon thon 1018, ngon Raja Norwegia phon thon 1028 sampoe wafeuet gobnyan bak thon 1035. Lhèe boh keurajeuën nyang meusaboh di yup pimpinan Cnut nyan geukheun lé ahli seujarah seubagoë Keurajeuën La'ôt Utara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Westergaard|first=Waldemar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwARLE3UAesC&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA13|title=The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671–1754): With a Supplementary Chapter, 1755–1917|date=1917|publisher=Macmillan|language=en|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014810/https://books.google.com/books?id=cwARLE3UAesC&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Belloc|first=Hilaire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vSAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA368|title=A History of England|date=1925|publisher=Methuen|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014812/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vSAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA368|url-status=live}}</ref> == Né == <references /> 9gr1wpwro4kckqinah1mgj3e56tdgio 0 33630 158485 157876 2026-08-01T17:09:58Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Suleiman I | title = {{unbulleted list|[[Peulindong duwa kuta suci]]|Raja Bagheudad di Irak<ref name=caesar>{{cite book|title=medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies|volume=14|year=2021|chapter=These are the narratives of bygone years: Conquest of a Fortress as a Source of Legitimacy|author=Dimitri Korobeinikov|url=https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x003d0810.pdf|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|quote=That the Ottomans might have had a different view was demonstrated by Sultan Sulaymān the Magnificent, who called himself the shah of Baghdad in ‘Iraq (Shah-i Bagdād-i ‘Irāq), the Caesar of Rome (qayṣar-i Rūm), and the sultan in Egypt (Miṣra (i.e. Mısıra) Sulṭān) in the inscription in the fortress of Bender (Bendery, Tighina) in Moldova, AH 945 (29 May 1538–18 May 1539). The title qayṣar-i Rūm (Caesar of Rome) was a traditional designation of the Byzantine emperor in Persian and Ottoman sources (from the Arabic al-qayṣar al-Rūm).|page=180}}</ref>|Sôleutan Meusé<ref name=caesar />|Kaisa Roma<ref name=caesar />|[[Khagan]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Oriental Translation Fund|volume=33|year=1834|page=19}}</ref>}} | titletext = | more = | image = EmperorSuleiman.jpg | alt = | caption = Portrait attributed to circle of [[Titian]] and dated to after 1543<ref>{{Cite web |last=del Torre |first=Francesca |last2=Deiters |first2=Wencke |title=Sultan Süleyman II in profile |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;at;Mus22;10;en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218221639/https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;at;Mus22;10;en |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=Explore Islamic Art Collections |publisher=[[Museum with No Frontiers]]}}</ref> | succession = Sôleutan Keurajeuën Usumani ([[Padisyah]]) | moretext = | reign = 30 September 1520 – {{awrap|6 September 1566}} | predecessor = [[Selim I]] | successor = [[Selim II]] | succession1 = Kalipah Usumani (''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]'') | predecessor1 = Selim I | successor1 = Selim II | birth_date = 6 November 1494<ref name= AG-BM-encyc>{{Cite book |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |editor-last=Ágoston |editor-first=Gábor |editor-first2= Bruce |editor-last2= Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/agoston-and-masters-enc-of-ott-empire |chapter=Süleyman I |date=2009}}</ref>{{rp|541}} | birth_place = [[Trabzon]], [[Trebizond Eyalet|Trabzon Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1566|09|06|1494|11|06|df=y}}<ref name= AG-BM-encyc />{{rp|545}} | death_place = [[Szigetvár]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] | burial_place = {{Indented plainlist| * Organs buried at [[Turbék]], Szigetvár, Hungary * Body buried at [[Süleymaniye Mosque]], Istanbul, Turkey }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Hürrem Sultan]]|May 1534|15 April 1558|end=died}}<ref name="Peirce 2017">{{Harvnb|Peirce|2017|pages=114}}</ref><br/>[[Mahidevran Hatun]] | spouse-type = Peureumoësuri | issue = {{plainlist| * Şehzade Mahmud * Şehzade Murad * [[Şehzade Mustafa (son of Suleiman the Magnificent)|Şehzade Mustafa]] * [[Raziye Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed]] * [[Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)|Mihrimah Sultan]] * [[Selim II]] * [[Şehzade Abdullah (son of Suleiman the Magnificent)|Şehzade Abdullah]] * [[Şehzade Bayezid]] * [[Şehzade Cihangir]] }} | full name = Süleyman Şah bin Selim Şah Han<ref>{{cite book|title=Manuscript and Ferman Ornamentation Art in the Ottoman Empire|author1=Hüseyin Odabaş|author2=Coşkun Odabaş|page=123|year=2015}}</ref> | house = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]] | house-type = Dynasty | father = [[Selim I]] | mother = [[Hafsa Sultan]] | signature_type = [[Tughra]] | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | burial_date = | signature = Tughra of Suleiman I the Magnificent.svg }} '''Suleiman I''' {{Efn|({{langx|ota|سلیمان اول|Süleymân-ı Evvel}}; {{langx|tr|I. Süleyman}}, {{IPA|tr|biɾinˈdʒi sylejˈman|ipa}}; 6 November 1494}} (6 Buleuen Siblaih 1494 – 6 Buleuen Sikureueng 1566), nyang umum geuturi ngon nan '''Suleiman Rayek''' atawa '''Suleiman al-Kanuni''', nakeuh sultan Utsmaniyah nibak thôn 1520 sampoë 1566.  Peumeurintahan nyang paléng panyang di antara sultan-sultan Usumani nyang la'en, peumeurèntahan gobnyan troh bak puncak nyang that meuceuhu lam keukuatan ekonomi, militè ngon peuliték [[Turuki Utsmani|Keurajeuën Usumani]], ngon yoh masa nyan teu'ék jomeulah rakyat Keurajeuën nyan seutidak jih 25 juta droe ureung. == Nè == <references /> h1a4jlqeth0a7xcx4mae7jx0saqhxw4 0 33669 158509 158063 2026-08-02T02:50:07Z Si Gam 4266 added [[Category:Gamba Peuniléh Thôn 2026]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 158509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies}} '''Eungkôt sugôt''' (Latèn: ''Plectorhinchus lineatus'') saboh jeunèh eungkôt nyang rôh lam famili [[Haemulidae]]. [[Kawan:Haemulidae]] [[Kawan:Gamba Peuniléh Thôn 2026]] qpp2jdzzof8az9vb879b12o4bbjt2ec 0 33696 158480 158339 2026-08-01T15:21:45Z NanggroeCendekia 33721 tamah keunarang baro 158480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Mahéng |image = Mahéng at Keraton Yogyakarta.jpg |image caption = Mahéng bak Bangsal Pagelaran Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat |birth_name = Rahmat Ali |birth_place = Paya Baro, Woyla Timu, [[Acèh Barat]], Indonèsia |nationality = Indonèsia |occupation = ureueng teumuléh, esais, jurnalis, aktivis literasi |date_of_birth = {{Birth date and age|1996|5|18}} |notable works = RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi }} '''R. A. Mahéng''' atawa '''Rahmat Ali''' (lahé bak 18 uroe Buleuen Limong 1996) sidroe ureuëng teumuléh, esais, jurnalis, ngon aktivis literasi asai Acèh, Indonèsia.<ref name="goodreads">{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/maheng|title=Profil Mahéng|publisher=Goodreads|accessdate=24 Juni 2026}}</ref> Gopnyan geuturi seubagoë ureueng teumuléh nyang geurangkai isu keumanusiaan, budaya, spiritualitas, seureuta hubongan manusia ngon alam donya. == Riwayat udép == Mahéng lahé bak Gampông [[Paya Baro, Woyla Timur, Acèh Barat|Paya Baro]], Kacamatan [[Woyla Timu, Acèh Barat|Woyla Timu]], Kabupatèn Acèh Barat. Gopnyan tamat kuliah nibak Program Studi Sosiologi Agama, Fakultas Ushuluddin ngon Pemikiran Islam, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Bak thôn 2020 gopnyan meurumpok gla Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos.).<ref name="mimbar">{{cite web|url=https://mimbaruntan.com/rahmat-ali-persma-bilahan-aktivis-dan-akademisi/|title=Rahmat Ali: Persma Bilahan Aktivis dan Akademisi|publisher=Mimbar Untan|date=24 September 2018|accessdate=24 Juni 2026}}</ref>. Silawét masa kuliah, gopnyan aktif lam geurakan mahasiswa, jurnalis kampus, ngon buet tuléh-teumuléh.<ref name="mimbar" /> == Karir ngon aktivitas == Mahéng na tom geujabat sibagoë Sekretaris Jenderal Perhimpunan Pers Mahasiswa Indonesia (PPMI) periode 2018–2020.<ref name="mimbar" /><ref name="idntimes">{{cite web|url=https://jogja.idntimes.com/news/jogja/pers-mahasiswa-dibungkam-apa-yang-harus-dilakukan-00-9zppy-spmf31|title=Pers Mahasiswa Dibungkam, Apa yang Harus Dilakukan?|publisher=IDN Times Jogja|date=13 Oktober 2019|accessdate=24 Juni 2026}}</ref> Lam masa nyan, gopnyan aktif bak isu bibeueh pers mahasiswa, literasi mèdia, ngon jurnalisme ureuëng gampông.<ref name="combine">{{cite web|url=https://www.combine.or.id/2018/09/20/jurnalisme-sebagai-hak-dan-kewajiban-bagi-warga/|title=Jurnalisme Sebagai Hak dan Kewajiban Bagi Warga|publisher=Combine Resource Institution|date=20 September 2018|accessdate=24 Juni 2026}}</ref> Seulaen nyan, gopnyan teulibat bak padum organisasi sosial deungon komunitas literasi, termasuk jaringan GUSDURian bak Yogyakarta.<ref name="islamico">{{cite web|url=https://islami.co/author/maheng/|title=Profil Mahéng|publisher=Islami.co|accessdate=25 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Keunarang == Padum-padum boh keunarang nyang ka geupeuteubiet atawa hasé buet Mahéng antara laén, nakeuh:<ref name="goodreads" /> * ''Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi''<ref name="mubadalah">{{cite web|url=https://mubadalah.id/runduma-surga-kecil-di-wakatobi-makna-lain-dari-pengabdian/|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi, Makna Lain dari Pengabdian|publisher=Mubadalah.id|date=15 November 2022|accessdate=24 Juni 2026}}</ref> * ''Nayanika'' (Roman Spiritual) * ''Mencari Indonesia: Menuai Kegelisahan Gus Dur dan Romo Mangun'' (antologi teunuliëh) * ''Masalembu: Safarnama Membekas di Jantung Nusantara'' Buku-buku gopnyan umumjih geubahah masalah keumanusiaan, peungalaman gobnyan bak gampông-gampông, agama, seureuta hubungan manusia deungon alam donya.<ref name="goodreads" /> == Asai teunuléh == {{reflist}} [[Kawan:Ureueng seumurat asai Acèh]] pkh1qkwkuysrf898nj4562bdxurr4uh 0 33715 158490 158436 2026-08-01T17:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 21803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260801)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 158490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | name = A.D. Pirous | birth_name = Abdul Djalil Syaifuddin | image = | birth_date = 11 Maret 1932 | birth_place = [[Meulabôh]], [[Kabupatèn Acèh Barat|Acèh Barat]] | death_date = 16 April 2024 (umue 92 thôn) | death_place = [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], Indonèsia | nationality = Indonèsia | alma_mater = [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (1964)<br/>Rochester Institute of Technology (1969) | occupation = Pelukis, ureuëng meuseuni, gurèe | spouse = Erna Garnasih Pirous | children = 3 droe | known_for = Seni abstrak, kaligrafi Arab, peureuntis bideuëng dèsain grafis bak ITB }} '''Abdul Djalil Pirous''' (11 Maret 1932 – 16 April 2024), nyang geuturi ngon nan '''A.D. Pirous''', sidroe seniman lukis ngon gurèe Indonèsia asai [[Meulabôh|Meulaboh]], Acèh Barat.<ref name="galnas" /><ref name="antara2024" /> Gopnyan nakeuh sidroe perintis pendidikan desain grafis bak Fakultas Seni Rupa ngon Desain Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), serta geupeudoëng studio seni ngon desain Decenta (1973–1983).<ref name="galnas" /> Pirous salah sidroe seniman lukis abstrak modern nyang palèng meuceuhu di Indonèsia. Sajan ngon Ahmad Sadali ngon Umi Dachlan, gopnyan jeuet keu bagian peunténg nibak Mazhab Bandung thôn 1960-an. Gopnyan ureueng peumurè bak ngui kaligrafi Arab ngon ornamen ètnik Acèh lam seni lukis modern Indonèsia.<ref name="george2010" /> == Masa udep awai == Abdul Djalil Pirous lahé bak 11 uroe Buleuen Lhèe 1932 di Meulabôh, Acèh Barat.<ref name="galnas" /><ref name="george2010" /> Nan lahé gopnyan Abdul Djalil Syaifuddin, nan nyang geubi lé sidroe gurèe agama nyang geuduek ngon keluarga gopnyan. Ayah gopnyan Mauna 'Pirous' Noor Mohamad, nyang meudarah [[Gujarat]], ngon ma gopnyan Hamidah, asai Meulaboh.<ref name="george2010" /> Masa udép awai Pirous geulaloë bak masa penjajahan Belanda ngon pendudukan Jepang. Bak akhé [[Prang Dônya II]], gopnyan geujak u Medan keu geulanjut sikula.<ref name="george2010" /> Di Medan, seubab hana biaya keu sikula, gopnyan geulukéh kartun, poster filem, ngon potret. Bak thôn 1953, gopnyan geukalon pameran seniman modern Indonesia nyang paléng meuceuhu di Medan. Ngon nyankeuh gopnyan geucok bideuëng seuni nyoë seubagoë buët udép (karier). Bak thôn 1955, gopnyan geupinah u [[Bandung]] keu geulanjut kuliah seuni bak ITB.<ref name="george2010" /> == Pendidikan == Bak thôn 1964, gopnyan tamat sikula nibak Jurusan Seni Rupa, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), teumpat gopnyan meujadi murid Ries Mulder, pelukis ngon dosen Belanda nyang na pengaroh rayeuk.<ref name="galnas" /> Lhèeh nyan, gopnyan geupeulanjut sikula bak bideuëng cetak grafis ngon desain grafis bak Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, Amerika Serikat (1969).<ref name="galnas" /> == Kariér == === Kariér bak ITB === Antara thôn 1964 ngon 2002, Pirous geukereuja bak Fakultas Seni Rupa ngon Desain ITB Bandung.<ref name="itb" /> Gopnyan meujabat seubagoë Dekan keu-phôn Fakultas Seni ngon Desain ITB (1984–1990), ngon dilantik seubagoë profesor bak ITB bak thôn 1994.<ref name="itb" /> === Decenta === Bak thôn 1973, A.D. Pirous geupeudoëng Studio Desain Decenta — singkatan nibak Design Center Association — sajan ngon Adriaan Palar, T. Sutanto, ngon G. Sidharta.<ref name="decenta" /> Anggota biro desain nyoë geuturi seubagoë ureuëng nyang geupaké sablon seubagoë alat keu peuluah seni grafis Indonèsia. Studio Decenta nyoë tutôp bak thôn 1983.<ref name="galnas" /><ref name="decenta" /> === Kaligrafi Arab ngon seni Islam === Pirous barô meuphôm bhah karya kaligrafi Islam gopnyan lhèeh geukalon pameran peunungkah keuramik, manuskrip Islam kuno, Kaligrafi Al-Qur'an ngon lukisan miniatur bak Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Amerika Serikat bak thôn 1970. Hal nyoë geupeuleumah keu gopnyan bhah akèe asai gopnyan di Acèh. Nyoë nakeuh saboh petunjuk bahwa tradisi gopnyan jeut geupaké seubagoë dasar seni gopnyan.<ref name="george2010" /> Karya kaligrafi Islam keu-phôn Pirous nyang geupaké kaligrafi Arab nakeuh ''Surah Al-Ikhlas: Pure Faith'' (1970). Karya nyoë jeut keu titék awai geupaké istilah "kaligrafi Islam" lam seni lukis modern Indonèsia.<ref name="george2010" /> === Serambi Pirous === Bak thôn 1994, Pirous geupeudoëng galeri Serambi Pirous bak Bandung.<ref name="serambi" /> Bak thôn 2003, gopnyan ngon peurumoh geuh geubangun rumoh barô nyang leubeeh rayeuk bak Bandung, ngon Serambi Pirous nyan geupinah u teumpat nyoë bak thôn 2017.<ref name="serambi" /> Gopnyan geutuléh pengalaman lam seni lam buku ''Melukis itu Menulis'' nyang geupeuteubiet lé Penerbit ITB bak thôn 2003.<ref name="melukis" /> == Pameran == === Pameran Tunggal === * Retrospektif I keu karya 1960–1985, bak Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta (1985) * Retrospektif II keu karya 1985–2002, bak Galeri Nasional, Jakarta (2002) * ''Ja'u Timu'' bak Selasar Sunaryo Art Space, Bandung (2012) * ''Verses of the Universe'' bak Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2015) * ''A.D. Pirous: Spiritual Calligraphy'', World Trade Center, Jakarta (2016) * ''Suaka — Modernist Series #1'', Art Agenda S.E.A, Jakarta (2022) == Penghargaan == * Best Print bak Art Show Naples, New York, Amerika Serikat (1970)<ref name="simfoni" /> * Best Painting bak Biennale I Dewan Kesenian Jakarta (1974)<ref name="simfoni" /> * Best Painting bak Biennale II Dewan Kesenian Jakarta (1976)<ref name="simfoni" /> * Bronze Medal nibak Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Korea (1984)<ref name="simfoni" /> * Penghargaan Seni nibak Menteri Pendidikan ngon Kebudayaan Indonèsia (1985)<ref name="simfoni" /> * Medali Satyalancana keu prestasi kebudayaan nibak Presiden Republik Indonèsia (2002)<ref name="melukis" /> * Habibie Award keu Kajian Budaya (2015)<ref name="itb" /> == Wafeuet == A.D. Pirous wafeuet bak 16 uroe Buleun Peuet thôn 2024 bak Rumoh Saket Borromeus, Bandung, bak umu 92 thôn.<ref name="antara2024" /> Gopnyan geuseumeuyup bak TPU Cibarunai, Bandung, lheueh na upacara peuleupah bak ITB.<ref name="antara2024" /> == Referensi == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="galnas">{{cite web |title=Artist: A.D. Pirous. Biodata - National Gallery Of Indonesia |url=http://galeri-nasional.or.id/en/artist/387-ad_pirous |publisher=National Gallery of Indonesia |access-date=2026-07-11 |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031000120/http://galeri-nasional.or.id/en/artist/387-ad_pirous |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref name="antara2024">{{cite web |last=Prayoga |first=Ricky |title=Seniman AD Pirous dimakamkan di TPU Cibarunai usai pelepasan di ITB |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4061073/seniman-ad-pirous-dimakamkan-di-tpu-cibarunai-usai-pelepasan-di-itb |work=ANTARA News |date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2026-07-11 |language=id}}</ref> <ref name="george2010">{{cite book |last=George |first=Kenneth M. |title=Picturing Islam: Art and Ethics in a Muslim Lifeworld |url=https://archive.org/details/picturingislamar0000geor |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010 |isbn=9781405129589 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="itb">{{cite web |title=Biodata of Abdul Djalil Pirous |url=https://www.itb.ac.id/profil-peneliti |publisher=Institut Teknologi Bandung |access-date=2026-07-11 |language=id}}</ref> <ref name="decenta">{{cite web |title=Group 18 1971, SIDHartA Auctioneer, 2020 |url=https://auctions.sidharta-auctioneer.com/lots/view/4-1F35XO/ |publisher=SIDHartA Auctioneer |year=2020 |access-date=2026-07-11 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="serambi">{{cite web |title=Website Serambi Pirous |url=https://serambi.pirous.com/ |access-date=2026-07-11 |language=id}}</ref> <ref name="simfoni">{{cite book |title=Simfoni Nusantara, Katalog Pameran 9 Nov - 23 Nov. 1994 |place=Jakarta |year=1994}}</ref> <ref name="melukis">{{cite book |last=Pirous |first=A.D. |title=Melukis itu Menulis |place=Bandung |publisher=Penerbit ITB |year=2003 |isbn=978-9799299482 |language=id}}</ref> }} t8f1g34etvntw5kijihg1qs0hu81p98 10 33730 158508 2026-08-02T02:49:05Z Si Gam 4266 peugöt barô 158508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gamba peuniléh|Diagonal-banded sweetlips (Plectorhinchus lineatus).jpg|[[Eungkôt sugôt]] (''Plectorhinchus lineatus'')|min={{{min|{{Wikipedia:Gamba peuniléh/min}}}}}|max={{{max|{{Wikipedia:Gamba peuniléh/max}}}}}}} <div class="center">Rickard Zerpe | [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.id CC BY 2.0]</div> [[Kawan:Gamba Peuniléh]] cix3bn2idiyabpph1dgf9bccchyxass