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Bulgaria(保加利亞)
== Takaray a sowal(概要) ==
Pawciyaliya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Република България''; Latin a tilid:''Republika Bŭlgariya''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞共和國,通稱保加利亞). O itiraay i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihan-Kanatal a kitakit. Malafiyaway ato Romaniya, Sayrwiya, Ka’amisay-Maciton , Kitisiya ato Torki, i sakawali misi’ayaway to Kahetinay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Black Sea''; Kuwaping a sowal:黑海).
O Sofia(索菲亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 3 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Roymen Ratifo( [[Rumen Radev|''Rumen Radev'']];魯門·雷得夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.
[[Faylo:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|Hata no Pawciyaliya (Flag of Bulgaria)|alt=Flag of Bulgaria.svg]]
[[Faylo:EU-Bulgaria.svg|thumb|Kaitiraan (Bulgaria)]]
== Kaitiraan (地理位置) ==
Itini i 43 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Bulgaria]](保加利亞).Polong no sekalay i 110,879 sq km “saka 105 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 108,489 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,390 sq km Polong i 7,144,653 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 46.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 36.70%, malo no roma to a sera 16.40%.
== '''Rikisi'''(歷史) ==
O saka’amis a kaitiraan no Pawciyaliya anini malecad o Sakawali no Mosiya(Latin a sowal:Moesia; Kuwaping a sowal:默西亞)ito’asan ho, roma sa i,o sakatimol no aniniay Pawciyaliya malecad o saka’amis no Soloysi(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Тракия''; Torki a sowal:''Trakya'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:色雷斯) ito’asan ho.
O liteng a finacadan no Pawciyaliya i, o Soloysi-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Thracians'' ;Latin a sowal:''Thraci''). I tiya i’ayaw latek iikor no sakacecay miheca naikoranni Yiso, ona pala itini malapecih no Roma-Hotian Kitakit, malalikel to Soloysi-Sakowan ato Mosiya-Sakowan. To ikor to o Pacantin-Hontian Kitakit komidotocay.
=== '''Sakacecay a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第一帝國) ===
Sakaenem sici sa’aloman sa ko tayniay a Slafo-Tamdaw, ato mamang a mikeridan ni Aspaluhe (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Аспарух''; Kuwaping a sowal:阿斯巴魯赫) nani ka’amisay lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar ato ka’amisay Kawciyaso maforaw tayra i Misiya , macamamol ato o Tocie ko sowal a Pawciyar-Tamdaw, onini ko lalengawan no Pawciyaliya-Tamdaw.
I aikor ni Yiso 681 miheca, Aspoluko-Kitakit malowid nira ko Honti no Paycantin ci Casitinni sakatosa( Sila a sowal:''Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;''Kuwaping a sowal:查士丁尼二世;
[[Faylo:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_Second_Reign,_Constantinople,_705_AD,_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC01501.jpg|thumb|Casitinni sakatosa(Solidus of Justinian II, Second Reign, Constantinople, 705 AD, gold - Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University - DSC01501)]]
ocimil a ngangan:makelacay ko ngoso a tamdaw:被剜鼻者), matatilid to kakaketonan, malaheci maala ko sakatimol no Tonaw-‘alo ato saka’misay etal no Parkan lotolotokan no Paycantin, patireng to Pawciyaliya-Hontian Kitakit(latek nani 681 tahira i 1018 miheca ). Sanoyanan sa to tolo so’ot ko mihecan o sakakaay a Misiikeday-Hontian kitakit ko Pawciyaliya,o ‘icel no Pawciyaliya ma’edengay mamatoktok ato Paycantin,kinapinapina to sapico’ecoaw to tata’angay niyaro’ no Paycantin ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya.
Onini to ko sakalalood no Paycantin ato Pawciyaliya. I 755 miheca, o saeawa’an no Pawciyaliya ci Cielice mi’eco to Paycatin, malowid no honti no Paycantin ci Cinstantin sakalima(Sila a sowal:Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄;Kuwaping a sowal:君士坦丁五世) ko Pawciyaliya,itiya sato 759 ato 763 miheca tokitok sa mapidah. Itira sato i 767 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan.
889 miheca, o kalali’aca ko lalengatan a miliyaw heca amalalood. 984 miheca, o sawara’an no Pawciyaliya ci Simiang sakacecay(Pawciyaliya a sowal( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Симеон I Велики'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂一世)pakalowid to sofitay no Sila. I 913 miheca ona ci Simiang sakacecay patedo sa a milekal a mala Safang(''Цар; 沙皇),'' keriden ningra ko sofitay miraod tangasa i Cinstantinpaw,cowa ho kalalood o patalaw aca, mapatangic ko Pacantin a matatilid to kakaketonan, adihay ko nipafelian no Paycantin a dafong , adihay ho koni afasan a sapakining.
Itira sato i 981 miheca, o honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa(Sila a sowal:''Βασίλειος'';Latin a sowal:''Basileios''; Kuwaping a sowal:巴西爾二世) sapicowataw to Pawciyaliya, malowid no honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur(Самуил; 薩穆爾) i ngata no Sofiya. I 986 miheca micowat ko honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur to Tisaliya, toker han no honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa.
Tahira to i 1072 miheca,o wawa to no wawa no Samur ci Kangstantin-Pocin patedo sa tomireng malahonti, ci Pitoro sakatolo, patokitok ho a mitoker to Paycantin.
=== '''Sakatosa a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第二帝國) ===
1185 miheca,ca Pitoro saka sepat aci Yfan-Asin sakacecay malikaka mikeridan to Pawciyaliya a tamdaw miliyaw
[[Faylo:N_pavlovic_assen.jpg|thumb|Yfan-Asin sakacecay (N. pavlovic assen)]]
milood, ptireng to dakatosa a Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit. Mitangic to Paycantin i 1187 miheca to pihai to pisiiked no Pawciyaliya. Tahira sato i saka13 sici, cemahad to ko tili’etanan, matongal ko kaahdihay no niyaro’. O honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, isakakaay to ko kacemahd no kitakit, sakakahaday ko pala no kitakit, katimol tahira i Soloysi, isaka’etip ato sakawali tangasa i riyar.
Yo mapatay to ko honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, malikelon to ko ’icel no kitakit. 1242 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay no Monko-Hontian kitakit ci Pato hakelong nira ko sofitay mihidefong to pala no Pawciyaliya, I 1258 miheca tekop sato ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit. Oya sa Paycantin midongdong a mi’eco to Pawciyaliya, mi’afas to Anciyarusi-Minato ato Maysaimupoliya-Minato.
Itiya sato i 1277 miheca, o cecay mikapotay a kitakit no Monko oya Cincahan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal: ''Golden Horde''; Monko a sowal:''Алтан Орд'';''Altan Ord'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:欽察汗國) midefong i saka’amis no Pawciyaliya, tona a mihecaan patokeled sa ko Paucantin a mi’eco to Tinofa, nikawrira, malowid. 1330 miheca, malamikotoday a kitakit ko Pawciyaliya no Saywirwiya, nika cakahalafin mapapecihpecih mala pinapina a mamangay kitakit.
=== '''O pikowan no micowatay a Otoman-Hontian Kitakit'''(鄂圖曼帝國統治) ===
[[Faylo:Battle_of_Kosovo,_Adam_Stefanović,_1870.jpg|thumb|1387miheca Kosofo-Lalood (Battle of Kosovo, Adam Stefanović, 1870)]]
I ikor no Kosofo-Lalood(Saywirwiya a sowal:''Косовски бој或Бој на Косову;'' Kuwaping a sowal:科索沃戰役) I 1389 miheca ato Nikopaw-Lalood [1]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Битка при Никопол、Bitka pri Nikopol''; Torki a sowal:''Niğbolu Savaşı'' )I 1396 miheca, matekop a malahedaw ko Nikisiiked no sakatosa a Pawciyaliya-Hotian Kitakit, malocecay a nikowanan no Otoman-Torki Hotian-Kitakit. Itira to i ikor no saka 19 sici, o nipikerid ni Wasir-Lifusici (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Васил Левски'') ta malaliyad heca ko pidemak to sakapisiikedan no Pawciyaliya. Toyanan nornor sato a malikelon ko ’icel no Otoman-Hontian Kitakit, itira to ko pisa’imer no Pawciyaliya a mipaco’ay, tahitkeda to pitoker no Torki safitay a ma’enec, patodeled sa ko Honti no Rosiya a milood to Otoman, mitedal to roray no Slafo-Salikaka saan, ikor tona lalood matatilid to「Polin-kakaketonan」(Toic a sowal:''Berliner Kongress'')[2] pakaala ko Pawciliya to Niyah-Pikowan, patireng to safatad sanay ho a Misiikeday Pawciyaliya- Hontian-Kitakit [3]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Царство България''; Roma a tilid:''Tsarstvo Bulgaria''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞王國). Tahira to i 1885 miheca nga’ simsim hato ko matatodongay a tamdaw a mala no niyahan a honti, itini to ka kalaheci no kitakit a malacecay.
=== '''Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit a mihecahecaan''' (保加利亞王國時期) ===
Ira ko pidama no Rosiya ato Ci’icelay-Kitkitakit tamanga’ay nornor sato ko Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit miliyas to pikowan no Otoman, tangasa i 1908 miheca malahontian kitakit, i ikor no Parkan-Lalood, o Pawciyaliya, Saywirya, Kahetingay-Lotok kitakit, ato Sila cifaloco’ to sapipecihaw to sera no Torki itira i Yoropa.
[[Faylo:Bulgarian_Macedonians.jpg|thumb|Sofitay no Pawciyaliya i Ka'amisay- Maciton (Bulgarian Macedonians)]]
Itiya i sarakarakat ho no sakacecay Lalood no Hekal, cifaloco’ ko Pawciyaliya to sapipaco’ay, I 1915 miheca mikapot to Nipatekoan-Kitakit(Toic a sowal:''Mittelmächte'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), tangsolsol sa malacafay ato Toic-Hontian kitakit ato Awsyong-Hontian Kitakit mi’eco to Sayrwiya, to ikor micowat ho to Romaniya. Yo miliyas sato ko sofitay no Toic, o sakakaay to ko sofitay no Pawciliya, sanga’ay sa ko aro’ no sofitay no Pawciyaliya tahira i 1918 miheca malepon to kona Sakacecay Hekalay-Lalood.
I sarakarakat ho no Sakatosa Hekalay-Lalood, o Nacui-Toic(Toic a sowal:''Nationalsozialistische Deutschland''; Kuwaping a sowal:納粹德國;第三帝國) ato Itali Hontian-Kitakit masasowal (Ikiris a sowal:''arbitration award; Kuwaping a sowal:''維也納仲裁裁決) a midama to Pawciyaliya mi’afas a patikor to Nantopoloka.
1941 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko pasitiraay i Toic a Congli no Pawciyaliya ci Pokotan Filofo mipangangan i『Kakaketonan no Toloay Kitakit』(Ikiris a sowal:''Tripartite Pact;'' Kuwaping a sowal:德意日三國同盟條約) to pipaheci a mikapot to「Tokodan-Kitakit」(Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power'';Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte'';Kuwaping a sowal:軸心國). Yo milood sato ko Toic to Nanslafo, mipadang ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya to Toic, iikor to no kalaloodan cililam ko Pawciyaliya to kakahaday a pala no Nanslafo-Maciton itira no Sila alalood, pakapi’eco ko Pawciyaliya to Sa’etipay-Seloysi a pala no Sila.
Itira i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mitakaw a mitefad to pakotang ko Dipon Cinco-Minato no Hawai, mitoor a milekal milood to Amirika.
[[Faylo:Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|itolofu-Mihailofu (Georgi Dimitrov)]]
=== '''Aniniay Rikisi''' (現代歷史) ===
Yo malepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatatiko a maala koya Satimolan no Topoloka, nikawrira, itiraan i sakowan no Solin a miteli. 1946 miheca palasawad to Sawara’an-Faco no kitakit, patireng to Pawciyaliya Nikapolong-Kitakit (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Народна Pепублика България,Narodna Republika Balgariya;''Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞人民共和國), ci Koawrci-Titolofu-Mihailofu (Pawciyaliya asowal:''Георги Димитров Михайлов;''Kuwaping a sowal:格奧爾基·迪米特羅夫·米哈伊洛夫) ko sarakatay a malatapang no kitakit.
== '''Sieci''' (政治) ==
O finawlan ko misinkiway to congtong no Pawciyaliya, 5 miheca ko kalacongtonan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay. O congtong i,o sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay,o mikomoday a tamdaw to Sakarihaday no Kitakit a Pitenglan a Iinkay, ano awawaay ko sapisanga’ to rikec a ’icel, nikawrira ira ko ’icel a patiko to rikec i Pikaykian no Kitakit papiliyaw a masasowal a mifalic toya rikec, o Pikaykian no Kitakit o ’alomanay a pihai no kiing a mifelih toya mipatikoan no congton a rikec ta malaheci ko kapisanga’ tora rikec.
O Pikaykian-Nikapolongan Faco ko Pawciyaliya (Ikiris a sowal:''parliamentary republic;'' Kuwaping a sowal:議會共和制). O Finawlan-Pikaykian(''Народно събрание'') a faco o Cecayay-Pikaykian-Faco, o polong no kiing ira ko 240 ko tamdaw, sepat ko mihecaan ko kalakiingan.
[[Faylo:Simeon_Borisov_Sakskoburggotski_(Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,_Simeon_II)_in_2017.jpg|thumb|Simiyang-Sakatos (Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon II) in 2017)]]
O cecay a kasafelaw no sieci (centang) pakaala to 4% a satopa no misinkiway nga’ manga’ay mikapot i pikaykian. Ona pikaykian ira ko ’icel to sapisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihai to yosang a sakatayal a payso no sifo, milaleko to pisinkiw to congtong,misinkiw ato palasawad to kamaro’an no congli tapang no sifo, milekal to lalood, miketon to sowal to pihai to sofitay tayra i roma akitakit, mihai to kasasowal pakayni to kacacofelan a demak.
2001 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad a tata’angay a sinkiw, oni keridan ni Simiyang-Sakatos(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон II; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂二世) a Polong-Kitakit-Tang pakaala to 42.7% a satopa no misinkiway. Ona ci Simiyang-Sakatos o sarikoray a hotnti, namisawad a malahonti o pakalowid to sinkiw a malasawrra’an no kitakit.
1995 miheca saka 12 folad, misinsi to sapicomodaw Yoropa-Lekatep(''European Union, EU''; 歐盟)[4]. 2004 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad, mikapot ko Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織). 2006 miheca saka 12 folad, mitoor to sowal no Citodongay to Demak no Yoropa-Lekatep, o kakeridan no Yoropa-Lekatep a kayki mihai to pikapot no Pawciyaliya i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka1 romi’ad.[5] Tahira to i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad laheci sato ko pikapot no Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織).[6]
Itiya i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka7 romi’ad malaheci ko sowal to pipacarcar ho to pidemak to i patay no ciraraway a tamdaw, noyanan to i 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi’ad palaheci hananay to a palasawad ko mipatayay a demak to ciraraway a tamdaw.
'''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃)
O kakahad no pala no Pawciyaliya i,iraay ko 110,910㎢, o tatapangan a tokai i Sofiya[1] [2](Pawciyaliya a sowal:''София'',Ronaan tilid:''Sofiya'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:索菲亞) . o polong a tata’angay sakowan(州) ira ko 28 ko sakowan:
{| class="wikitable"
|#
|’Amis/
Sakowan
|Pawciyaliya
|Kuwaping
|Kakahad/㎢
|Tamadaw/
2006
|-
|1
|Polakoyifkole
|Област Благоевград
|布拉格耶夫格勒州
|6,449
|364,076
|-
|2
|Porkos
|Област Бургас
|布爾加斯州
|7,748
|457,750
|-
|3
|Somen
|Област Шумен
|舒門州
|3,390
|205,198
|-
|4
|Topolici
|Област Добрич
|多布里奇州
|4,719
|213,325
|-
|5
|Kapolowo
|Област Габрово
|加布羅沃州
|2,023
|137,461
|-
|6
|Haskowo
|Област Хасково
|哈斯科沃州
|5,543
|307,067
|-
|7
|Korciyali
|Област Кърджали
|克爾賈利州
|3,209
|164,019
|-
|8
|Ciwstentil
|Област Кюстендил
|丘斯滕迪爾州
|3,084
|163,889
|-
|9
|Lowici
|Област Ловеч
|洛維奇州
|4,128
|167,931
|-
|10
|Montana
|Област Монтана
|蒙塔納州
|3,618
|183,353
|-
|11
|Pocarciko
|Област Пазарджик
|帕札爾吉克州
|4,459
|317,358
|-
|12
|Pirniko
|Област Перник
|佩爾尼克州
|2,390.
|156,561
|-
|13
|Poliwen
|Област Плевен
|普列文州
|4,333
|320,449
|-
|14
|Polofutifu
|Област Пловдив
|普羅夫迪夫州
|5,973
|755,570
|-
|15
|Lacikole
|Област Разград
|拉茲格勒州
|2,637
|152,417
|-
|16
|Posay
|Област Русе
|魯塞州
|2,803
|278,890
|-
|17
|Silisto
|Област Силистра
|錫利斯特拉州
|2,846
|142,000
|-
|18
|Simoliyang
|Област Смолян
|斯莫梁州
|3,193
|140,066
|-
|19
|Sofiya-Si
|София,
|索菲亞市
|1,310
|1,246,791
|-
|20
|Sofiya
|Софийска област
|索菲亞州
|7,059
|262,032
|-
|21
|Telang Cakola
|Област Стара Загора
|舊扎戈拉州
|5,151
|388,556
|-
|22
|Korkowisinto
|Област Търговище
|特爾戈維什特州
|2,716
|170,200
|-
|23
|Warna
|Област Варна
|瓦爾納州
|3,820
|496,768
|-
|24
|Tata’angay Tornowo
|Област Велико Търново
|大特爾諾沃州
|4,662
|293,172
|-
|25
|Witin
|Област Видин
|維丁州
|3,032
|128,050
|-
|26
|Folaca
|Област Враца
|弗拉察州
|3,621
|235,189
|-
|27
|Yangpor
|Област Ямбол
|揚博爾州
|3,335
|156,631
|-
|28
|Seliwen
|Област Сливен
|斯利文州
|3,544
|218,747
|}
== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
Makalitosaay no Parkan-Lotolotokan(Pawciyaliya a sowal ato Sayrwiya a sowal:''Стара планина / Stara Planina;''
[[Faylo:Balkangebirge_Balkan_topo_de.jpg|thumb|Parkan-Lotolotokan (Balkangebirge Balkan topo de)]]
''Kuwaping''巴爾幹山脈)ko Pawciyaliya, isaka’mis i,o Tonaw-’Alo Dafdaf, isakatimol i,o Soloysi-Dasdas. O katimol no saka’etip i, o Lotopi-Lotok, o kolokolol nona lotok o Musala-’apocok(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Мусала'', Kuwaping a sowal:穆薩拉峰) nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,925m ko ’akawang, o sa’akawangay no Parkan-Pecih Kanatal(''Balkans;''巴爾幹半島). Pasiwali misi’ayaway to Kohetingay-Riyar(''Black Sea''; 黑海), o kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya ato Romaniya ko Tonaw ’Alo.
Ono Lafa’efa’ay a so’emetay a Karopaw Kakarayan ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, isakwaliay a kakarayan masiwaray no Kahetingay Riyar, isaktimol masiwaray no Sifo’ay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Mediterranean Sea;'' Kuwaping a sowal:地中海)ko kakarayan, ono Sifo'ay-Riyar a kakarayan.
O fa’edet no romi’ad i sakacecay folad itiraay i sifo’ no -2℃ato2℃, i saka7 folad nani 19℃tahira 25℃(tokos10℃). O lalen no ’orad no mihecaan 450 tahira 600mm (i tokos tahiraay i 1300mm).
== '''Kicai''' (經濟) ==
I 1989 miheca yo tatiih to ko kalali’aca to dafong ato Solin(Rosiya a sowal:''Союз Советских Социалистических Республик'', decdec:''СССР''; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟,簡稱蘇聯), tata’ang ko nikasipon no Pawciyaliya., o lalen no ’orip no tamtamdaw mataefad 40%. Tahira to i 1994 mihecaan nga’ saidahi sato ko kahirahira a katayalan. Nikawrira, nikacaay ka harerek ko pisongila’ a mifalic ko pakayniay i kicai a demak ato nikacaay ho kahinaker ko faco no kinko, 1996 miheca malaliyaw heca ko katatiih no kicai to katayalan.tahira to i 2003 miheca nga’ manga’ay ko katayalan no polong no kitakit.
[[Faylo:Rosa_rugosa0.jpg|thumb|Mikuy hana(Rosa rugosa)]]
Nano to’asan o maomahay ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, orasak o mikuy a hana(''Rosa rugosa'';玫瑰), yuko(Ikiris a sowal:''Yogurt''; Kuwaping a sowal:優格) ato poto ’epah tadamanga’ay tata’ang ko ngangan i hekal manga’ay ko ‘aca.
O misanga’ay to dafong a demak i, o misonga’ay to kakaenen ato mililecay a tayal, cemahad sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a demak. O mikapotay i Paifaloco'ay Kali'aca a Katatelekan no Sifo’ay Yoropa(''Central European Free Trade Agreement'',''CEFTA'';中歐自由貿易協定).
== '''Pitooran ato Tamdaw''' (宗教和人口) ==
O misakristoay ko 65% a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya , ilaloma’ nonini i,mahaop ko 64% o Pawciyaliya So’elinay Kiwkai(''Orthodox church'' ;正教會). 13% o mitooray to Muslin, sahetoay o Pomako tamdaw ato Mamangay-Finacadan no Torki.
== '''Punka''' (文化) ==
Tadaadihay ko naikoran no rocok no payrayrag a ma’arw i punka, rikisi ato rocokan, mahaop ko Sroysi tamdaw, Katelang a Sila tamdaw ,Roma a tamdaw, Selafo a tamdaw, Walyangko tamdaw ato Pawciyar tamdaw. Oninian ko kacidafong no Pawciyaliya to kahirahira a lisinan itini i hekal, o tinooy ato mito’eto’an dafong no Soroysi tamdaw, o rocok no radiw ato katelang a nipatirenganno Pawciyar tamdaw.
[[Faylo:Lazarki_from_Gabra.jpg|thumb|Kaying no Pawciyaliya (Lazarki from Gabra)]]
O makeraay a satelangay a misanga’an a tada’emin dafong i Waerna tadem no Pawciyaliya, o rikisi nonini dafong miso’edac to 5,000 ko mihecaan.[9] I sifo’an sici o cecay no kahiceraan no Selafo Punka ko Pawciyaliya, o nikahadakan no Silirtilid(Rosiya a sowal:''Кирилли́ческий алфави́т或Кири́ллица'',falicen a mitilid:''Kirilličeskij alfavit或者Kirillica'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西里爾字母或斯拉夫字母).
Tahira to i saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici, o mirocokay to ’ilang no Pawciyaliya ato Ikiris a malatamdaway no Amirika ci Yohani-Wensin-Atanasofo (Ikiris a sowal:''John Vincent Atanasoff;'' Kuwaping a sowal:約翰·文森·阿塔納索夫) o mikapotay a mipasadak to Tinnaw(''computer;''電腦).
Itini i Pawciyaliya ano sata’ota’ong sa o mminayay, ano miingaing o mihaiyan.[10] O winaan a sowal no Pawciyaliya ko Pawciyaliya a sowal,do’edo’en ko「Eurobarometer report(2006)」a nipasadakan a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris a sowal no Pawciyaliya i,latek ira ko 120 ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 23% no polong a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya. ci Safulo komihongyakuay.
== '''Pipalafangan Lihad'''(旅遊資訊) ==
Itini i WIKI-Nipalalan to pipalafangan a tilid no Pawciyaliya ira ko:
* Bulgaria - video presentations from Bulgaria Tourism Authority(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* All cities and villages(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* The mountains of Bulgaria
* Image Gallery of Bulgaria
* Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* Cars from antiquity to their appearance in Bulgaria
== Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) ==
[1] Kenneth Meyer Setton、Harry W. Hazard. A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1975年: 第83頁. <nowiki>ISBN 0299066703</nowiki> (英語).
[2] "Besides Turkey, there were six Great Powers during the late nineteenth century: Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany." Sowards, Steven W. Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). [14 February 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-14).
[3] 6FP NoE 4M in Bulgaria - Sofia Info. [2013-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2009-03-09
[4] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-31) (中文).
[5] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-31) (中文).
[6] European Union. European Union. European Union. [2021-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-10) (英語).
[7] Editors of Britannica. Sofia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [12 February 2016].
[8] Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2013-06-01. <nowiki>ISBN 9781615309870</nowiki>.
[9] New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007
[10] “Yes”and“No”Gestures. Learn Bulgarian Easily. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-09).
== Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) ==
*[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]]
*Official governmental site(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* President of The Republic of Bulgaria(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
* Chief of State and Cabinet Member
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
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Bulgaria(保加利亞)
== Takaray a sowal(概要) ==
Pawciyaliya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Република България''; Latin a tilid:''Republika Bŭlgariya''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞共和國,通稱保加利亞). O itiraay i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihan-Kanatal a kitakit. Malafiyaway ato Romaniya, Sayrwiya, Ka’amisay-Maciton , Kitisiya ato Torki, i sakawali misi’ayaway to Kahetinay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Black Sea''; Kuwaping a sowal:黑海).
O Sofia(索菲亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 3 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Roymen Ratifo( [[Rumen Radev|''Rumen Radev'']];魯門·雷得夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad.
[[Faylo:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|Hata no Pawciyaliya (Flag of Bulgaria)|alt=Flag of Bulgaria.svg]]
[[Faylo:EU-Bulgaria.svg|thumb|Kaitiraan (Bulgaria)]]
== Kaitiraan (地理位置) ==
Itini i 43 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Bulgaria]](保加利亞).Polong no sekalay i 110,879 sq km “saka 105 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 108,489 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,390 sq km Polong i 7,144,653 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 46.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 36.70%, malo no roma to a sera 16.40%.
== '''Rikisi'''(歷史) ==
O saka’amis a kaitiraan no Pawciyaliya anini malecad o Sakawali no Mosiya(Latin a sowal:Moesia; Kuwaping a sowal:默西亞)ito’asan ho, roma sa i,o sakatimol no aniniay Pawciyaliya malecad o saka’amis no Soloysi(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Тракия''; Torki a sowal:''Trakya'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:色雷斯) ito’asan ho.
O liteng a finacadan no Pawciyaliya i, o Soloysi-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Thracians'' ;Latin a sowal:''Thraci''). I tiya i’ayaw latek iikor no sakacecay miheca naikoranni Yiso, ona pala itini malapecih no Roma-Hotian Kitakit, malalikel to Soloysi-Sakowan ato Mosiya-Sakowan. To ikor to o Pacantin-Hontian Kitakit komidotocay.
=== '''Sakacecay a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第一帝國) ===
Sakaenem sici sa’aloman sa ko tayniay a Slafo-Tamdaw, ato mamang a mikeridan ni Aspaluhe (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Аспарух''; Kuwaping a sowal:阿斯巴魯赫) nani ka’amisay lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar ato ka’amisay Kawciyaso maforaw tayra i Misiya , macamamol ato o Tocie ko sowal a Pawciyar-Tamdaw, onini ko lalengawan no Pawciyaliya-Tamdaw.
I aikor ni Yiso 681 [[miheca]], Aspoluko-Kitakit malowid nira ko Honti no Paycantin ci Casitinni sakatosa( Sila a sowal:''Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;''Kuwaping a sowal:查士丁尼二世;
[[Faylo:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_Second_Reign,_Constantinople,_705_AD,_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC01501.jpg|thumb|Casitinni sakatosa(Solidus of Justinian II, Second Reign, Constantinople, 705 AD, gold - Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University - DSC01501)]]
ocimil a ngangan:makelacay ko ngoso a tamdaw:被剜鼻者), matatilid to kakaketonan, malaheci maala ko sakatimol no Tonaw-‘alo ato saka’misay etal no Parkan lotolotokan no Paycantin, patireng to Pawciyaliya-Hontian Kitakit(latek nani 681 tahira i 1018 miheca ). Sanoyanan sa to tolo so’ot ko mihecan o sakakaay a Misiikeday-Hontian kitakit ko Pawciyaliya,o ‘icel no Pawciyaliya ma’edengay mamatoktok ato Paycantin,kinapinapina to sapico’ecoaw to tata’angay niyaro’ no Paycantin ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya.
Onini to ko sakalalood no Paycantin ato Pawciyaliya. I 755 miheca, o saeawa’an no Pawciyaliya ci Cielice mi’eco to Paycatin, malowid no honti no Paycantin ci Cinstantin sakalima(Sila a sowal:Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄;Kuwaping a sowal:君士坦丁五世) ko Pawciyaliya,itiya sato 759 ato 763 miheca tokitok sa mapidah. Itira sato i 767 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan.
889 miheca, o kalali’aca ko lalengatan a miliyaw heca amalalood. 984 miheca, o sawara’an no Pawciyaliya ci Simiang sakacecay(Pawciyaliya a sowal( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Симеон I Велики'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂一世)pakalowid to sofitay no Sila. I 913 miheca ona ci Simiang sakacecay patedo sa a milekal a mala Safang(''Цар; 沙皇),'' keriden ningra ko sofitay miraod tangasa i Cinstantinpaw,cowa ho kalalood o patalaw aca, mapatangic ko Pacantin a matatilid to kakaketonan, adihay ko nipafelian no Paycantin a dafong , adihay ho koni afasan a sapakining.
Itira sato i 981 miheca, o honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa(Sila a sowal:''Βασίλειος'';Latin a sowal:''Basileios''; Kuwaping a sowal:巴西爾二世) sapicowataw to Pawciyaliya, malowid no honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur(Самуил; 薩穆爾) i ngata no Sofiya. I 986 miheca micowat ko honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur to Tisaliya, toker han no honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa.
Tahira to i 1072 miheca,o wawa to no wawa no Samur ci Kangstantin-Pocin patedo sa tomireng malahonti, ci Pitoro sakatolo, patokitok ho a mitoker to Paycantin.
=== '''Sakatosa a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第二帝國) ===
1185 miheca,ca Pitoro saka sepat aci Yfan-Asin sakacecay malikaka mikeridan to Pawciyaliya a tamdaw miliyaw
[[Faylo:N_pavlovic_assen.jpg|thumb|Yfan-Asin sakacecay (N. pavlovic assen)]]
milood, ptireng to dakatosa a Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit. Mitangic to Paycantin i 1187 miheca to pihai to pisiiked no Pawciyaliya. Tahira sato i saka13 sici, cemahad to ko tili’etanan, matongal ko kaahdihay no niyaro’. O honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, isakakaay to ko kacemahd no kitakit, sakakahaday ko pala no kitakit, katimol tahira i Soloysi, isaka’etip ato sakawali tangasa i riyar.
Yo mapatay to ko honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, malikelon to ko ’icel no kitakit. 1242 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay no Monko-Hontian kitakit ci Pato hakelong nira ko sofitay mihidefong to pala no Pawciyaliya, I 1258 miheca tekop sato ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit. Oya sa Paycantin midongdong a mi’eco to Pawciyaliya, mi’afas to Anciyarusi-Minato ato Maysaimupoliya-Minato.
Itiya sato i 1277 miheca, o cecay mikapotay a kitakit no Monko oya Cincahan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal: ''Golden Horde''; Monko a sowal:''Алтан Орд'';''Altan Ord'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:欽察汗國) midefong i saka’amis no Pawciyaliya, tona a mihecaan patokeled sa ko Paucantin a mi’eco to Tinofa, nikawrira, malowid. 1330 miheca, malamikotoday a kitakit ko Pawciyaliya no Saywirwiya, nika cakahalafin mapapecihpecih mala pinapina a mamangay kitakit.
=== '''O pikowan no micowatay a Otoman-Hontian Kitakit'''(鄂圖曼帝國統治) ===
[[Faylo:Battle_of_Kosovo,_Adam_Stefanović,_1870.jpg|thumb|1387miheca Kosofo-Lalood (Battle of Kosovo, Adam Stefanović, 1870)]]
I ikor no Kosofo-Lalood(Saywirwiya a sowal:''Косовски бој或Бој на Косову;'' Kuwaping a sowal:科索沃戰役) I 1389 miheca ato Nikopaw-Lalood [1]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Битка при Никопол、Bitka pri Nikopol''; Torki a sowal:''Niğbolu Savaşı'' )I 1396 miheca, matekop a malahedaw ko Nikisiiked no sakatosa a Pawciyaliya-Hotian Kitakit, malocecay a nikowanan no Otoman-Torki Hotian-Kitakit. Itira to i ikor no saka 19 sici, o nipikerid ni Wasir-Lifusici (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Васил Левски'') ta malaliyad heca ko pidemak to sakapisiikedan no Pawciyaliya. Toyanan nornor sato a malikelon ko ’icel no Otoman-Hontian Kitakit, itira to ko pisa’imer no Pawciyaliya a mipaco’ay, tahitkeda to pitoker no Torki safitay a ma’enec, patodeled sa ko Honti no Rosiya a milood to Otoman, mitedal to roray no Slafo-Salikaka saan, ikor tona lalood matatilid to「Polin-kakaketonan」(Toic a sowal:''Berliner Kongress'')[2] pakaala ko Pawciliya to Niyah-Pikowan, patireng to safatad sanay ho a Misiikeday Pawciyaliya- Hontian-Kitakit [3]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Царство България''; Roma a tilid:''Tsarstvo Bulgaria''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞王國). Tahira to i 1885 miheca nga’ simsim hato ko matatodongay a tamdaw a mala no niyahan a honti, itini to ka kalaheci no kitakit a malacecay.
=== '''Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit a mihecahecaan''' (保加利亞王國時期) ===
Ira ko pidama no Rosiya ato Ci’icelay-Kitkitakit tamanga’ay nornor sato ko Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit miliyas to pikowan no Otoman, tangasa i 1908 miheca malahontian kitakit, i ikor no Parkan-Lalood, o Pawciyaliya, Saywirya, Kahetingay-Lotok kitakit, ato Sila cifaloco’ to sapipecihaw to sera no Torki itira i Yoropa.
[[Faylo:Bulgarian_Macedonians.jpg|thumb|Sofitay no Pawciyaliya i Ka'amisay- Maciton (Bulgarian Macedonians)]]
Itiya i sarakarakat ho no sakacecay Lalood no Hekal, cifaloco’ ko Pawciyaliya to sapipaco’ay, I 1915 miheca mikapot to Nipatekoan-Kitakit(Toic a sowal:''Mittelmächte'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), tangsolsol sa malacafay ato Toic-Hontian kitakit ato Awsyong-Hontian Kitakit mi’eco to Sayrwiya, to ikor micowat ho to Romaniya. Yo miliyas sato ko sofitay no Toic, o sakakaay to ko sofitay no Pawciliya, sanga’ay sa ko aro’ no sofitay no Pawciyaliya tahira i 1918 miheca malepon to kona Sakacecay Hekalay-Lalood.
I sarakarakat ho no Sakatosa Hekalay-Lalood, o Nacui-Toic(Toic a sowal:''Nationalsozialistische Deutschland''; Kuwaping a sowal:納粹德國;第三帝國) ato Itali Hontian-Kitakit masasowal (Ikiris a sowal:''arbitration award; Kuwaping a sowal:''維也納仲裁裁決) a midama to Pawciyaliya mi’afas a patikor to Nantopoloka.
1941 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko pasitiraay i Toic a Congli no Pawciyaliya ci Pokotan Filofo mipangangan i『Kakaketonan no Toloay Kitakit』(Ikiris a sowal:''Tripartite Pact;'' Kuwaping a sowal:德意日三國同盟條約) to pipaheci a mikapot to「Tokodan-Kitakit」(Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power'';Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte'';Kuwaping a sowal:軸心國). Yo milood sato ko Toic to Nanslafo, mipadang ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya to Toic, iikor to no kalaloodan cililam ko Pawciyaliya to kakahaday a pala no Nanslafo-Maciton itira no Sila alalood, pakapi’eco ko Pawciyaliya to Sa’etipay-Seloysi a pala no Sila.
Itira i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mitakaw a mitefad to pakotang ko Dipon Cinco-Minato no Hawai, mitoor a milekal milood to Amirika.
[[Faylo:Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg|thumb|itolofu-Mihailofu (Georgi Dimitrov)]]
=== '''Aniniay Rikisi''' (現代歷史) ===
Yo malepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatatiko a maala koya Satimolan no Topoloka, nikawrira, itiraan i sakowan no Solin a miteli. 1946 miheca palasawad to Sawara’an-Faco no kitakit, patireng to Pawciyaliya Nikapolong-Kitakit (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Народна Pепублика България,Narodna Republika Balgariya;''Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞人民共和國), ci Koawrci-Titolofu-Mihailofu (Pawciyaliya asowal:''Георги Димитров Михайлов;''Kuwaping a sowal:格奧爾基·迪米特羅夫·米哈伊洛夫) ko sarakatay a malatapang no kitakit.
== '''Sieci''' (政治) ==
O finawlan ko misinkiway to congtong no Pawciyaliya, 5 miheca ko kalacongtonan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay. O congtong i,o sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay,o mikomoday a tamdaw to Sakarihaday no Kitakit a Pitenglan a Iinkay, ano awawaay ko sapisanga’ to rikec a ’icel, nikawrira ira ko ’icel a patiko to rikec i Pikaykian no Kitakit papiliyaw a masasowal a mifalic toya rikec, o Pikaykian no Kitakit o ’alomanay a pihai no kiing a mifelih toya mipatikoan no congton a rikec ta malaheci ko kapisanga’ tora rikec.
O Pikaykian-Nikapolongan Faco ko Pawciyaliya (Ikiris a sowal:''parliamentary republic;'' Kuwaping a sowal:議會共和制). O Finawlan-Pikaykian(''Народно събрание'') a faco o Cecayay-Pikaykian-Faco, o polong no kiing ira ko 240 ko tamdaw, sepat ko mihecaan ko kalakiingan.
[[Faylo:Simeon_Borisov_Sakskoburggotski_(Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,_Simeon_II)_in_2017.jpg|thumb|Simiyang-Sakatos (Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon II) in 2017)]]
O cecay a kasafelaw no sieci (centang) pakaala to 4% a satopa no misinkiway nga’ manga’ay mikapot i pikaykian. Ona pikaykian ira ko ’icel to sapisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihai to yosang a sakatayal a payso no sifo, milaleko to pisinkiw to congtong,misinkiw ato palasawad to kamaro’an no congli tapang no sifo, milekal to lalood, miketon to sowal to pihai to sofitay tayra i roma akitakit, mihai to kasasowal pakayni to kacacofelan a demak.
2001 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad a tata’angay a sinkiw, oni keridan ni Simiyang-Sakatos(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон II; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂二世) a Polong-Kitakit-Tang pakaala to 42.7% a satopa no misinkiway. Ona ci Simiyang-Sakatos o sarikoray a hotnti, namisawad a malahonti o pakalowid to sinkiw a malasawrra’an no kitakit.
1995 miheca saka 12 folad, misinsi to sapicomodaw Yoropa-Lekatep(''European Union, EU''; 歐盟)[4]. 2004 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad, mikapot ko Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織). 2006 miheca saka 12 folad, mitoor to sowal no Citodongay to Demak no Yoropa-Lekatep, o kakeridan no Yoropa-Lekatep a kayki mihai to pikapot no Pawciyaliya i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka1 romi’ad.[5] Tahira to i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad laheci sato ko pikapot no Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織).[6]
Itiya i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka7 romi’ad malaheci ko sowal to pipacarcar ho to pidemak to i patay no ciraraway a tamdaw, noyanan to i 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi’ad palaheci hananay to a palasawad ko mipatayay a demak to ciraraway a tamdaw.
'''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃)
O kakahad no pala no Pawciyaliya i,iraay ko 110,910㎢, o tatapangan a tokai i Sofiya[1] [2](Pawciyaliya a sowal:''София'',Ronaan tilid:''Sofiya'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:索菲亞) . o polong a tata’angay sakowan(州) ira ko 28 ko sakowan:
{| class="wikitable"
|#
|’Amis/
Sakowan
|Pawciyaliya
|Kuwaping
|Kakahad/㎢
|Tamadaw/
2006
|-
|1
|Polakoyifkole
|Област Благоевград
|布拉格耶夫格勒州
|6,449
|364,076
|-
|2
|Porkos
|Област Бургас
|布爾加斯州
|7,748
|457,750
|-
|3
|Somen
|Област Шумен
|舒門州
|3,390
|205,198
|-
|4
|Topolici
|Област Добрич
|多布里奇州
|4,719
|213,325
|-
|5
|Kapolowo
|Област Габрово
|加布羅沃州
|2,023
|137,461
|-
|6
|Haskowo
|Област Хасково
|哈斯科沃州
|5,543
|307,067
|-
|7
|Korciyali
|Област Кърджали
|克爾賈利州
|3,209
|164,019
|-
|8
|Ciwstentil
|Област Кюстендил
|丘斯滕迪爾州
|3,084
|163,889
|-
|9
|Lowici
|Област Ловеч
|洛維奇州
|4,128
|167,931
|-
|10
|Montana
|Област Монтана
|蒙塔納州
|3,618
|183,353
|-
|11
|Pocarciko
|Област Пазарджик
|帕札爾吉克州
|4,459
|317,358
|-
|12
|Pirniko
|Област Перник
|佩爾尼克州
|2,390.
|156,561
|-
|13
|Poliwen
|Област Плевен
|普列文州
|4,333
|320,449
|-
|14
|Polofutifu
|Област Пловдив
|普羅夫迪夫州
|5,973
|755,570
|-
|15
|Lacikole
|Област Разград
|拉茲格勒州
|2,637
|152,417
|-
|16
|Posay
|Област Русе
|魯塞州
|2,803
|278,890
|-
|17
|Silisto
|Област Силистра
|錫利斯特拉州
|2,846
|142,000
|-
|18
|Simoliyang
|Област Смолян
|斯莫梁州
|3,193
|140,066
|-
|19
|Sofiya-Si
|София,
|索菲亞市
|1,310
|1,246,791
|-
|20
|Sofiya
|Софийска област
|索菲亞州
|7,059
|262,032
|-
|21
|Telang Cakola
|Област Стара Загора
|舊扎戈拉州
|5,151
|388,556
|-
|22
|Korkowisinto
|Област Търговище
|特爾戈維什特州
|2,716
|170,200
|-
|23
|Warna
|Област Варна
|瓦爾納州
|3,820
|496,768
|-
|24
|Tata’angay Tornowo
|Област Велико Търново
|大特爾諾沃州
|4,662
|293,172
|-
|25
|Witin
|Област Видин
|維丁州
|3,032
|128,050
|-
|26
|Folaca
|Област Враца
|弗拉察州
|3,621
|235,189
|-
|27
|Yangpor
|Област Ямбол
|揚博爾州
|3,335
|156,631
|-
|28
|Seliwen
|Област Сливен
|斯利文州
|3,544
|218,747
|}
== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
Makalitosaay no Parkan-Lotolotokan(Pawciyaliya a sowal ato Sayrwiya a sowal:''Стара планина / Stara Planina;''
[[Faylo:Balkangebirge_Balkan_topo_de.jpg|thumb|Parkan-Lotolotokan (Balkangebirge Balkan topo de)]]
''Kuwaping''巴爾幹山脈)ko Pawciyaliya, isaka’mis i,o Tonaw-’Alo Dafdaf, isakatimol i,o Soloysi-Dasdas. O katimol no saka’etip i, o Lotopi-Lotok, o kolokolol nona lotok o Musala-’apocok(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Мусала'', Kuwaping a sowal:穆薩拉峰) nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,925m ko ’akawang, o sa’akawangay no Parkan-Pecih Kanatal(''Balkans;''巴爾幹半島). Pasiwali misi’ayaway to Kohetingay-Riyar(''Black Sea''; 黑海), o kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya ato Romaniya ko Tonaw ’Alo.
Ono Lafa’efa’ay a so’emetay a Karopaw Kakarayan ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, isakwaliay a kakarayan masiwaray no Kahetingay Riyar, isaktimol masiwaray no Sifo’ay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Mediterranean Sea;'' Kuwaping a sowal:地中海)ko kakarayan, ono Sifo'ay-Riyar a kakarayan.
O fa’edet no romi’ad i sakacecay folad itiraay i sifo’ no -2℃ato2℃, i saka7 folad nani 19℃tahira 25℃(tokos10℃). O lalen no ’orad no mihecaan 450 tahira 600mm (i tokos tahiraay i 1300mm).
== '''Kicai''' (經濟) ==
I 1989 miheca yo tatiih to ko kalali’aca to dafong ato Solin(Rosiya a sowal:''Союз Советских Социалистических Республик'', decdec:''СССР''; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟,簡稱蘇聯), tata’ang ko nikasipon no Pawciyaliya., o lalen no ’orip no tamtamdaw mataefad 40%. Tahira to i 1994 mihecaan nga’ saidahi sato ko kahirahira a katayalan. Nikawrira, nikacaay ka harerek ko pisongila’ a mifalic ko pakayniay i kicai a demak ato nikacaay ho kahinaker ko faco no kinko, 1996 miheca malaliyaw heca ko katatiih no kicai to katayalan.tahira to i 2003 miheca nga’ manga’ay ko katayalan no polong no kitakit.
[[Faylo:Rosa_rugosa0.jpg|thumb|Mikuy hana(Rosa rugosa)]]
Nano to’asan o maomahay ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, orasak o mikuy a hana(''Rosa rugosa'';玫瑰), yuko(Ikiris a sowal:''Yogurt''; Kuwaping a sowal:優格) ato poto ’epah tadamanga’ay tata’ang ko ngangan i hekal manga’ay ko ‘aca.
O misanga’ay to dafong a demak i, o misonga’ay to kakaenen ato mililecay a tayal, cemahad sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a demak. O mikapotay i Paifaloco'ay Kali'aca a Katatelekan no Sifo’ay Yoropa(''Central European Free Trade Agreement'',''CEFTA'';中歐自由貿易協定).
== '''Pitooran ato Tamdaw''' (宗教和人口) ==
O misakristoay ko 65% a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya , ilaloma’ nonini i,mahaop ko 64% o Pawciyaliya So’elinay Kiwkai(''Orthodox church'' ;正教會). 13% o mitooray to Muslin, sahetoay o Pomako tamdaw ato Mamangay-Finacadan no Torki.
== '''Punka''' (文化) ==
Tadaadihay ko naikoran no rocok no payrayrag a ma’arw i punka, rikisi ato rocokan, mahaop ko Sroysi tamdaw, Katelang a Sila tamdaw ,Roma a tamdaw, Selafo a tamdaw, Walyangko tamdaw ato Pawciyar tamdaw. Oninian ko kacidafong no Pawciyaliya to kahirahira a lisinan itini i hekal, o tinooy ato mito’eto’an dafong no Soroysi tamdaw, o rocok no radiw ato katelang a nipatirenganno Pawciyar tamdaw.
[[Faylo:Lazarki_from_Gabra.jpg|thumb|Kaying no Pawciyaliya (Lazarki from Gabra)]]
O makeraay a satelangay a misanga’an a tada’emin dafong i Waerna tadem no Pawciyaliya, o rikisi nonini dafong miso’edac to 5,000 ko mihecaan.[9] I sifo’an sici o cecay no kahiceraan no Selafo Punka ko Pawciyaliya, o nikahadakan no Silirtilid(Rosiya a sowal:''Кирилли́ческий алфави́т或Кири́ллица'',falicen a mitilid:''Kirilličeskij alfavit或者Kirillica'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西里爾字母或斯拉夫字母).
Tahira to i saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici, o mirocokay to ’ilang no Pawciyaliya ato Ikiris a malatamdaway no Amirika ci Yohani-Wensin-Atanasofo (Ikiris a sowal:''John Vincent Atanasoff;'' Kuwaping a sowal:約翰·文森·阿塔納索夫) o mikapotay a mipasadak to Tinnaw(''computer;''電腦).
Itini i Pawciyaliya ano sata’ota’ong sa o mminayay, ano miingaing o mihaiyan.[10] O winaan a sowal no Pawciyaliya ko Pawciyaliya a sowal,do’edo’en ko「Eurobarometer report(2006)」a nipasadakan a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris a sowal no Pawciyaliya i,latek ira ko 120 ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 23% no polong a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya. ci Safulo komihongyakuay.
== '''Pipalafangan Lihad'''(旅遊資訊) ==
Itini i WIKI-Nipalalan to pipalafangan a tilid no Pawciyaliya ira ko:
* Bulgaria - video presentations from Bulgaria Tourism Authority(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* All cities and villages(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* The mountains of Bulgaria
* Image Gallery of Bulgaria
* Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* Cars from antiquity to their appearance in Bulgaria
== Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) ==
[1] Kenneth Meyer Setton、Harry W. Hazard. A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1975年: 第83頁. <nowiki>ISBN 0299066703</nowiki> (英語).
[2] "Besides Turkey, there were six Great Powers during the late nineteenth century: Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany." Sowards, Steven W. Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). [14 February 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-14).
[3] 6FP NoE 4M in Bulgaria - Sofia Info. [2013-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2009-03-09
[4] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-31) (中文).
[5] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-31) (中文).
[6] European Union. European Union. European Union. [2021-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-10) (英語).
[7] Editors of Britannica. Sofia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [12 February 2016].
[8] Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2013-06-01. <nowiki>ISBN 9781615309870</nowiki>.
[9] New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007
[10] “Yes”and“No”Gestures. Learn Bulgarian Easily. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-09).
== Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) ==
*[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]]
*Official governmental site(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* President of The Republic of Bulgaria(頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
* National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
* Chief of State and Cabinet Member
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
ow5epsgy8x8ki4q8mfrdikfg2v4nisy
Tunisia
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== Tunisiya Kapolongan kitakit(突尼西亞共和國;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية التونسية). ==
== '''Takaray a sowal'''(概略): ==
Tunisiya hananay ko pitahidang to kaloromi’ad. Itiraay i saka’amis no Afrika, ika’amis no saka’etip miingid to Sifo’an-Riyar. Tosa ko fiyaw no Tunisiya, isaka’etip o Arciliya(o kasalala’ed ira ko 965km², ikatimol no sakawali o Lipiya kasalala’ed ira ko 460km², isaka’amisan mangata ko Itali.
Tunisia(突尼西亞)
[[Faylo:Flag of Tunisia.svg|thumb|Flag of Tunisia|alt=Flag of Tunisia]]
[[Faylo:Location Tunisia AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of Tunisia (dark blue)in Africa (light blue)]]
Itini i 34 00 N, 9 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Tunisia]].
Polong no sekalay i 163,610 sq km “saka 93 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 155,360 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,250 sq km ”
Polong i 11,134,588 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 64.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 6.60%, malo no roma to a sera 28.60%.
siyoto(首都)
O [[[Tunis]] ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 20 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
ndmi5r9xcahfg13br40gp65nnnea66g
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== Tunisiya Kapolongan kitakit(突尼西亞共和國;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية التونسية). ==
== '''Takaray a sowal'''(概略): ==
[[Faylo:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|替代文字|縮圖|Flag of Tunisia]]
Tunisiya hananay ko pitahidang to kaloromi’ad. Itiraay i saka’amis no Afrika, ika’amis no saka’etip miingid to Sifo’an-Riyar. Tosa ko fiyaw no Tunisiya, isaka’etip o Arciliya(o kasalala’ed ira ko 965km², ikatimol no sakawali o Lipiya kasalala’ed ira ko 460km², isaka’amisan mangata ko Itali.
Tunisia(突尼西亞)
[[Faylo:Flag of Tunisia.svg|thumb|Flag of Tunisia|alt=Flag of Tunisia]]
[[Faylo:Location Tunisia AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of Tunisia (dark blue)in Africa (light blue)]]
Itini i 34 00 N, 9 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Tunisia]].
Polong no sekalay i 163,610 sq km “saka 93 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 155,360 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,250 sq km ”
Polong i 11,134,588 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 64.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 6.60%, malo no roma to a sera 28.60%.
siyoto(首都)
O [[[Tunis]] ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 20 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
g50uxwhy15q6siqiojx641eaf3a4886
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Safulo
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Tunisiya Kapolongan kitakit(突尼西亞共和國;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية التونسية). ==
== '''Takaray a sowal'''(概略): ==
[[Faylo:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|替代文字|縮圖|Flag of Tunisia]]
Tunisiya hananay ko pitahidang to kaloromi’ad. Itiraay i saka’amis no Afrika, ika’amis no saka’etip miingid to Sifo’an-Riyar. Tosa ko fiyaw no Tunisiya, isaka’etip o Arciliya(o kasalala’ed ira ko 965km², ikatimol no sakawali o Lipiya kasalala’ed ira ko 460km², isaka’amisan mangata ko Itali.
[[Faylo:Location_Tunisia_AU_Africa.svg|縮圖|Location of Tunisia (dark blue)in Africa (light blue)]]
Itini i 34 00 N, 9 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Tunisia]].
Polong no sekalay i 163,610 sq km “saka 93 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 155,360 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,250 sq km ”
Polong i 11,134,588 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 64.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 6.60%, malo no roma to a sera 28.60%.
siyoto(首都)
O [[[Tunis]] ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 20 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
lnt6hr48z647ru2q5j158856g1q0qqe
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32178
2022-08-17T16:16:15Z
Safulo
35
wikitext
text/x-wiki
== Tunisiya Kapolongan kitakit(突尼西亞共和國;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية التونسية). ==
== '''Takaray a sowal'''(概略): ==
[[Faylo:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|替代文字|縮圖|Flag of Tunisia]]
Tunisiya hananay ko pitahidang to kaloromi’ad. Itiraay i saka’amis no Afrika, ika’amis no saka’etip miingid to Sifo’an-Riyar. Tosa ko fiyaw no Tunisiya, isaka’etip o Arciliya(o kasalala’ed ira ko 965km², ikatimol no sakawali o Lipiya kasalala’ed ira ko 460km², isaka’amisan mangata ko Itali.
[[Faylo:Location_Tunisia_AU_Africa.svg|縮圖|Location of Tunisia (dark blue)in Africa (light blue)]]
== '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(名稱) ==
Mi’alaay to ngangan no tatapangan tokay Tunis ko ngangan nona kitakit, ora Tunis hananay i,o to’asan ho a Ciyatayci ('''迦太基;''' Finici a sowal; 𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕;''QRT ḤDŠT'';To’asan kirisiya a sowal:''Καρχηδών''; Latin a sowal:''Carthago'') a fafahiyan kawas ci Tanito a mingangan.[[Tunisia#%20ftn1|[1]]] Ira ko roma a sowal, onani Popor a sowal: ''ⵜⵏⵙ tns'', o miaro’ to pala sanay ko imi nona tilid.[[Tunisia#%20ftn2|[2]]]
Ono to’asan ho a ngangan i, o “Afirika”(''Africa''或''Ifriqiya''), o tatapangan no aniniay a Afrika ngangan.o ''afri'' sanay i, itiraay i ngata no Ciatayci (迦太基) a Sanmito a ngangan konini,o minganganay to ''afar'', o “sera” sanay ko imi nonini,orasaka, o katelang a Roma nani afar ko pipanganan to “ Afrika”, ona ngangan tahanini.
== '''Rikisi'''(歷史) ==
O sasifo’an a kitakit ato lalengawan no Ciyatayci ko Tunisiya. Ona itiraay i ka’amisan no Afrika ko Tunisiya o mikowanay to Sipanya, Ka’amisay-Afrika, salawacan no Sifo’ay-Riyar a kitakit ato etal a pala, o sakakaay a kitakit itiya ho ko Tunisiya, ora ko sakalaadaen no Roma-kitakit. O kakeridan no sofitay no Ciyatayci ci Hanipa-Paka(漢尼拔·巴卡; Latin a sowal:''Hannibal Barca)'' mangata to a milood to Roma-kitakit. Toikor to i,malingato ko Sakaktolo-Pono Lalood no Roma ato Ciyatayci i Saka’amisay-Afrika,tona kalaloodan malowaid ko Ciyatayco mala Afilika-Kowan no Roma kapolongan kitakit. Noyanan to i,madado’edo ko Wantar-Hontian kitakit(汪達爾-阿蘭王國; Latin a sowal:''Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum''), Saka’etipay-Roma kitakit(東羅馬帝國,現代學界又稱其為拜占庭帝國; Latin a sowal:''Imperium Romanum)''atoArapiya-Hontian kitakit a mikowan. Orasaka, halafin makowan no Otoman-Hontian kitakit. I 1881 miheca, misamatang ko Fransu itini, orasaka, malamikowanan no Fransu, toikor malami’adingan no Fransu, onini i, o Malamikotoday-kitakit no Fransu. I Sakatosa-Lalood i 1940 miheca malowid ko Fransu, i 1942 miheca malami’adingan-kitakit no Toic.
I 1956 miheca saka3 tolo folad saka 20 romi’ad, ira ko sapipalasadaw to Mi’ecoan-Sakowan a sapisiikedaw,malaheci to ko pisiiked no Tunisiya, mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit to Tunisiya-Hontian Kitakit. I 1957 miheca saka7 folad saka25 romi’ad milekal to nipatireng to kapolongan no finawlan a kitakit, o Nikifinacadan-Ca'enot a tamdaw ci Hapito-Pocipa(哈比卜·布爾吉巴; Arapiya a sowal:الحبيب بورقيبة;Fransu a sowal:''Habib Bourguiba) ''
== Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳) ==
[[Tunisia#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Taylor, Isaac. Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 281. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-559-29668-0</nowiki>.
[[Tunisia#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward. Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press, University of Michigan. 1980: 132.
Itini i 34 00 N, 9 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Tunisia]].
Polong no sekalay i 163,610 sq km “saka 93 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 155,360 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,250 sq km ”
Polong i 11,134,588 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 64.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 6.60%, malo no roma to a sera 28.60%.
siyoto(首都)
O [[[Tunis]] ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 20 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Beji Caid Essebsi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
lt1ny1gg3hyi9iz2r63qk568n116z5j
Aparaham Linken
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Aparaham. Linken 亞伯拉罕·林肯
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan 事蹟 ==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
== Sakisici 政治 ==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
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Aparaham. Linken 亞伯拉罕·林肯
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan(事蹟)==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
== Sakisici 政治 ==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
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Aparaham. Linken 亞伯拉罕·林肯
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan(事蹟)==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
== Sakisici(政治)==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
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[[Faylo:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|縮圖|Abraham Lincoln]]
Aparaham. Linken 亞伯拉罕·林肯
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan(事蹟)==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
== Sakisici(政治)==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
n18nwjdx47woq5vks6t89ckrgd3bui1
32186
32185
2022-08-18T08:30:50Z
Akamycoco
27
#ALCD
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Faylo:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|縮圖|Abraham Lincoln]]
==Aparaham. Linken (亞伯拉罕·林肯)==
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan(事蹟)==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
== Sakisici(政治)==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
i5tdqoy4nusv2v3h3odvmbjphz7q8m1
32187
32186
2022-08-18T08:32:51Z
Akamycoco
27
#ALCD
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Faylo:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|縮圖|Abraham Lincoln]]
==Aparaham. Linken (亞伯拉罕·林肯)==
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan(事蹟)==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay tamdaw.
== Sakisici(政治)==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
* [[Amilika]]
nz4sfjlleub0ox6wwzvx6m7d6dppz3c
32188
32187
2022-08-18T08:33:29Z
Akamycoco
27
#ALCD
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Faylo:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|縮圖|Abraham Lincoln]]
==Aparaham. Linken (亞伯拉罕·林肯)==
Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan.
== Fenek(智慧)==
O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit.
I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika.
== Nalipaan(事蹟)==
Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw.
1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw.
Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec.
Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci.
Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay [[tamdaw]].
== Sakisici(政治)==
Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay.
* [[Amilika]]
4moy6hwo8v1missikz6m54tfm4z0l3o