Beinan

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    <title>Beinan</title>
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Beinan（卑南鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Beinan]] Cen/ Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko  425.47 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 286.16 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 14.77 km²), 6,234 ko tamdaw i Beinan Cen/ Siyang, 1,820 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,072 a tamdaw, pakaala to 65%(Puyuma, Amis, Rukai) no polong no tamdaw. o Puyuma(卑南族), Amis(阿美族), Rukai(魯凱族) ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taitung.

==O kasaniyarona==
13 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Beinan Siyang.
[[Ulivelivek]]（初鹿部落）, [[A’lripay]]（阿里擺部落）, [[Likavung]]（利嘉部落）, [[Pinaski]]（下賓朗部落）, [[Kalito'od]]（山里部落）, [[Fudafudak]]（莿桐部落）, [[Dikidiki]]（利吉部落）, [[Taromak]]（達魯瑪克部落）, [[Tamalakaw]]（大巴六九部落）, [[Danadanaw]]（龍過脈部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Changbin</title>
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Changbin（長濱鄉）

Itini i pasawaliay no [[Taywan]] a lotok i, masadafdafay misi’ayaw to Taypinyan nai Fakong talatimol tahira i Madawdaw, mikilawac to riyar a paloma’ ko Pangcah, nikaorira nai timol tangasa i ka’amis ira ko matelengay a lotok, matena’ ko rakat no fali saka no riyaran ko romi’ad fa’edet kala’orad, ano caeca ko fangcalay ka’oripan, nika fangcal ko liomah, matatodong paloma to panay, cecay miheca kinatosa mi’anip.

Itini i [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Changbin]] Siyang(長濱鄉). sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko  148.86 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 63 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 26.59 km²), 4,089 ko tamdaw i Changbin Siyang, 1,583 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,601 a tamdaw, pakaala to 88%(Amis, Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis(阿美族), Bunun(布農族) ko sa’alomanay i Taitung.

==O kasaniyarona==

* O kakacawan (加走灣) han noiniyaroay a pangangay to Changbin i a:yaw, onodipong angangan koni Changbin (nakahama) sananay 。 O no Pangcah a sowal tora Kakacawan hananay i omikacaway amicekor to ‘ada’ ta madipot ko niyaro caay kakariang no ‘ada’ koniyaro’ sanay.

Misiayaway to taypingyang a riyar Omakapahay fangcaly ko itiniay a niyaro’ , awaay ko no tokay a kaysiya itini, awaay ko mifalahay to miwarakay a kaacekannanay a nanom sa Fangcal ko riyar ato masamaamaa:ny '''a nairaay''' i riyar. adihay kokakaenen no tamdaw i riyar osakangay no orip' no itiniay a niyaro'.

O minato no kakacawan: I laeno no Changbin kucun a lawac no riyar, katengilan to sowal no itiya:ayho a tamdaw adihay ko masamaamaa:nay a kalimelaan matekesay a fokeloh itini saan, O nai lalinikay no riyar a afokeloh koni, mahawikiday no tapelik ato faliyos talasalawacan no riyar, aloman ko taynitay mipodpod a pakatamaay a tamdaw malopisalamaan to nolafa tahanini.  Misi’ayaw to riyar ko pasawali a Pangcah, saka maraod to ko sakatolo tangasa sakaenem a folad to mihecahecaan, awaay to ko tatayalen, fangcal to ko romi’ad, caayay to kasi’enaw, o fa’inayan i tayra to i riyar mifoting mi’orang micekiw sapitongal to saka’orip no loma’, o fafahiyan i, milosimet mihalaka misanga’ to sakiilisin a losid sapikapot a malikoda.  

Omaan kora Changbin pongka (selangawan) hananay ? aloman to komilicayay mikinkiway to sakafana’aw tonian a demak’ ! Osaayaway a pakaaraw i i1968 amihecaan itini itaytong changbin pakatama’ toya Faloay a ongcoy hananay a mikorkor to sera masadak ko naiseraay akatelangay a lalosidan, Mahapinang to na iraay ko tandaw maorip’ tona sera’ ia:yaw no 15000 mihecahecaan.  Solinga’ han a mikilim konamikorkoran alaosidan i, awaay matama’ konotamdaw a okak’ orasaka caay kafilo amahapinan ko itiya:ayho atamdaw masamaan anengnengen cangra,

6 ko cun, 15 ko niyaro’ i Changbin Siyang.
[[Mornos]]（永福部落）, [[Tapowaray]]或[[Saranawan]]（大俱來部落）, [[Ciwkangan]]（長光(石坑)部落）, [[Makrahay]]（真柄部落）, [[Cidatayay]]（烏石鼻部落）, [[Ta´man]]（膽曼部落）, [[Polo't]]（大峰峰部落）, [[Pakara'ac]]（巴卡拉阿茲部落）, [[Pasongan]]（八桑安部落）, [[Kolado't]]（樟原部落）, [[Carapongay]]（堺橋部落）, [[Sadipongan]]（三間屋部落）, [[Nadan]]（南溪布農部落）, [[Cikadaan]]（南溪阿美部落）, [[Kinanoka]]（僅那鹿角部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chenggong</title>
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[[Faylo:成功鎮 - panoramio.jpg|縮圖]]
Chenggong（成功鎮）

Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Chenggong]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 143.53 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 65.53 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.94 km²), 11,992 ko tamdaw i Chenggong, 4,552 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 7,208 a tamdaw, pakaala to 60%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis(阿美族) ko sa’alomanay i Taitung.

==O kasaniyarona==
O Singko, o niyyaro’ no kacikiay a foting, ira I Singko ko minato, orasaka aloman ko ci taminaay a Amis a tamdaw amifoting.

8 ko cun, 14 ko niyaro’ i Chenggong Cen/ Siyang.
[[Ciliksay]]（麒麟部落）, [[Torik]]（都歷部落）, [[Sa'aniwan]]（宜灣部落）, [[Kalahaay]]（民豐部落）, [[Kahciday]]（和平部落）, [[Madawdaw]]（麻荖漏部落）, [[Dadowacen]]（玉水橋部落）, [[Folalacay]]（小港部落）, [[Cirarokohay]]（芝田部落）, [[Tomiyac]]（重安部落）, [[Piyoxo]]（小馬部落）, [[Mararo’ong]]（美山部落）, [[Pisirian]]（比西里岸部落）, [[Paongaongan]]（八嗡嗡部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chishang</title>
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Chishang（池上鄉）

Itini i [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Chishang]](池上) Siyang(鄉). sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 79.23 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 12.44 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko  1.05 km²), 7,640 ko tamdaw i Chishang Siyang, 2,901 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 2,162 a tamdaw, pakaala to 28%(Amis阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. 

==O kasaniyarona==
8 ko cun, 9 ko niyaro’ i Chishang Siyang.
[[Kalokapuk]]（大埔部落）, [[Muliyaw]]（振興部落）, [[Cikowa’ay]]（富興部落）, [[Dihekoay]]（陸安部落）, [[Ciataw]]（福原部落）, [[Cipuwa]]（慶豐部落）, [[Fangafangasan]]（新興部落）, [[Kawaliwali]]（大坡部落）, [[Cicala'ay]]（福文部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Daren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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Daren（達仁鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Daren]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko  320.55 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 192.37 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 87.57 km²), 2,544 ko tamdaw i Daren Siyang, 1,020 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 2,374 a tamdaw, pakaala to 93%(Paiwan排灣族) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Taitung.

==O kasaniyarona==
6 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Daren Siyang.
[[Larepaq]]（拉里巴部落）, [[Tjuaqau]]（台坂部落）, [[Seljupetje]]（南田部落）, [[Aljungic]]（安朔部落）, [[Sinka]]（新化部落）, [[Mulinaga]]（森永部落）, [[Tjuabal]]（土坂部落）, [[Dralendren]]（新興部落）, [[Tjuavanaq]]（嘉發那部落）, [[Tjuamanges]]（加滿額斯部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dawu</title>
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Dawu（大武鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Dawu]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 62.59 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 5.7 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 43.47 km²), 4,435 ko tamdaw i Dawu Siyang, 1,781 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,151 a tamdaw, pakaala to 71%(Paiwan排灣族) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Taitung Siyang.

==O kasaniyarona==
5 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Dawu Siyang.
[[Pangwi]]（大武部落）, [[Qaljapang]]（加羅板部落）, [[Ru ja qas]]（魯加卡斯部落）, [[Pacavalj]]（大鳥部落）, [[Ku shu shu]]（和平部落）, [[Qu chn.la love vn]]（古庄部落/含太湖部落）, [[Tjacupu]]（大竹，工作地部落）, [[Tjukuvulj]]（愛國蒲部落）, [[Seqeciin]]（加津林部落）, [[Seqalapit]]（斯卡拉比部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
      <sha1>ibuqxte31y24z7t2ob50pgup4z0l4gb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Donghe</title>
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Makapahay a niyaro' ko Fafokod, ano pasi'amis ko rakat no tosiya i, mika'reto ko tamdamdaw a mi'aca to manto

Donghe（東河鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko '''[[Donghe]] Siyang.''' sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 215.12 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 111.01 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0 km²), 8,802 ko tamdaw i Donghe Siyang, 3,787 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a [[Ciyaw Anang Taywan Yancumincu|Yincomin]] (原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,584 a tamdaw, pakaala to 52% ([[Amis]]阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. 

==O kasaniyarona==
7 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Donghe Siyang.
[[Sena']]（順那部落）, [[Asiroay]]（阿奚露艾部落）, [[Howak]]（乎哇固部落）, [[wp/aim/Pa'anifong|Pa'anifong]]（巴阿尼豐部落）, [[Kalifangar]]（佳尼發納部落）, [[‘Etolan|‘Etolan]]（阿度蘭部落）, [[Alapawan]]（阿拉巴灣部落）, [[Cilafinan]]（基拉菲婻部落）, [[Fafokod]]（發富谷部落）, [[Ma’olaway]]（瑪屋撈外部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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    <title>India</title>
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      <text bytes="41764" sha1="1xua7hdevas1qifvlmn61joe736igyk" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ‘icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|cica'edongay tono to'as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Indo]]</text>
      <sha1>1xua7hdevas1qifvlmn61joe736igyk</sha1>
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        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>348</id>
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      <text bytes="41772" sha1="dgpk8wq5m4vs43diitfbxcx8yhh64mm" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ’icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|upright|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|cica'edongay tono to'as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
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      <text bytes="41780" sha1="gzahkq27rpac8wn57tnyfog1vqbka8g" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ’icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|upright|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|upright|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|cica'edongay tono to'as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Indo]]</text>
      <sha1>gzahkq27rpac8wn57tnyfog1vqbka8g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>48954</id>
      <parentid>48953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T14:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tamdaw(人口) */</comment>
      <origin>48954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41792" sha1="ly2k7a4zpn4lhykeutykv20n0xtvrbb" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ’icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|upright|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|upright|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|upright|Cica’edongay tono to’as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Indo]]</text>
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        <id>348</id>
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      <text bytes="41809" sha1="dpdzuppfa184hhr9yev73wzd3xcmp6e" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ’icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|upright|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|upright|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|upright|Cica’edongay tono to’as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|upright|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i, kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
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    <revision>
      <id>48956</id>
      <parentid>48955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T14:37:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度) */</comment>
      <origin>48956</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41809" sha1="ib745tv7xtikazmbt05sxp062mqz0ld" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ’icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|upright|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|upright|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|upright|Cica’edongay tono to’as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|upright|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i, kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ’a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Indo]]</text>
      <sha1>ib745tv7xtikazmbt05sxp062mqz0ld</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>48957</id>
      <parentid>48956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T14:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>348</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pitooran(宗教) */</comment>
      <origin>48957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41809" sha1="b6f3sk5tb4l4ij0aggkj080jxexznvi" xml:space="preserve">== Inуdia（印度） ==
Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый

== Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) ==
O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''&lt;ref&gt;龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。&lt;/ref&gt;

O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit.

Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong.

== Rikisi(歷史) ==
[[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]]

=== Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) ===
Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.&lt;ref&gt;10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt; ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.&lt;ref&gt;Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' ===
I'ayaw  ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo.

=== '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' ===
[[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|upright|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]]
I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka.

=== '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' ===
Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. 

=== '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) ===
Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris.

O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris.

=== '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) ===
[[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]]
Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran.

=== '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) ===
Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit.

=== '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) ===
Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep.

Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo.

I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan.

O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit.

Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. 
[[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]]

== '''Sieci'''(政治) ==
O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)&lt;ref&gt;印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日&lt;/ref&gt;

O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ’icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.&lt;ref&gt;印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|upright|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]]
Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.&lt;ref&gt;印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.&lt;/ref&gt; o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong.

O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo.

O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan.

O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing.

O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing.

Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw.

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
[[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]]
Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo].

Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] 

O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo.

=== '''O faco no sera'''(地形) ===
Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar.

O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.]

=== '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) ===
O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo.

=== '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) ===
O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan.

== '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) ==
[[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|upright|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]]
O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],&lt;ref&gt;Nayak, Goldar &amp; Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.&lt;/ref&gt; masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;&gt;World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund.&lt;/ref&gt; cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal&lt;ref&gt;簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.&lt;ref&gt;International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).&lt;ref&gt;India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt;

O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.&lt;ref&gt;Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.&lt;/ref&gt;

O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）&lt;/ref&gt; o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_2-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.&lt;ref&gt;India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Tamdaw'''(人口) ==
[[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|upright|Cica’edongay tono to’as a fafahiyan no Indo]]
I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;&gt;Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt; motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.&lt;ref&gt;Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.&lt;ref&gt;Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.&lt;/ref&gt; do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）&lt;/ref&gt; 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.&lt;ref&gt;Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8171886852&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）&lt;/ref&gt; 

O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)&lt;ref name=&quot;Unnamed_3-20230318190903&quot;/&gt; o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,&lt;ref&gt;Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0763734213&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）&lt;/ref&gt; Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-8180690655&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）&lt;/ref&gt; o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada].

== Finacadan(民族) ==
tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw.

== Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度) ==
Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|upright|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa’er no ’orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i, kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 

1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo.

2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay.

3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ’a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.&lt;ref&gt;Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.&lt;/ref&gt;

4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')&lt;ref&gt;存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.&lt;/ref&gt; hananay.

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.&lt;ref&gt;歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Sowal'''(語言) ==
O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''）  ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.&lt;ref&gt;Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1587299056&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）&lt;/ref&gt; imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; &lt;ref&gt;Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0495508847&lt;/nowiki&gt;, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）&lt;/ref&gt;o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.&lt;ref&gt;Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）&lt;/ref&gt; o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an.

Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal.

O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal  a nitokian:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!rayray
!sowal
!somowalay 
!lalen
|-
|1
|Indisowal
|422,048,642
|41.03
|-
|2
|Monciyala
|83,369,769
|8.11
|-
|3
|Tayroko-sowal
|74,002,856
|7.19
|-
|4
|Malati
|71,936,894
|6.99
|-
|5
|Tanmier-sowal
|60,793,814
|5.91
|-
|6
|Werto-sowal
|51,536,111
|5.01
|-
|7
|Kokalato-sowal
|46,091,617
|4.48
|-
|8
|Kanata
|37,924,011
|3.69
|-
|9
|Malayalamo-sowal
|33,066,392
|3.21
|-
|10
|Awliya-sowal
|33,017,446
|3.21
|-
|11
|Pancepo-sowal
|29,102,477
|2.83
|-
|12
|Asamo-sowal
|13,168,484
|1.28
|-
|13
|Maytili
|12,179,122
|1.18
|}
[[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]]

== Pitooran(宗教) ==
O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay.

O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ’icel anini, ’edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit.
[[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]]

== '''Ponka'''(文化) ==
O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.&lt;ref&gt;John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 81-89833-18-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo].

== '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) ==
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Indo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jinfeng</title>
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Jinfeng（金峰鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東) ko [[Jinfeng]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko  387.53 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 271.51 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko   87.22 km²), 5,168 ko tamdaw i Jinfeng Siyang, 1,617 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 5,002 a tamdaw, pakaala to 97%(Paiwan, Rukai) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan(排灣族), Rukai(魯凱族) ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taitung.

==O kasaniyarona==
5 ko cun, 27 ko niyaro’ i Jinfeng.
[[Vukide]]（富給特部落）, [[Tjaviljaul]]（叉飛勞巫勒部落）, [[Sapuljuv]]（撒布優部落）, [[Gadu]]（卡多部落）, [[Pudun]]（布頓部落）, [[Tjudjaas]]（都達卡斯部落）, [[Kinilukuljan]]（給你路古洋部落）, [[Djelunavunavuk]]（德路那弗那弗克部落）, [[Djumulj]]（賓茂部落）, [[Tjukuvulj]]（讀古物部落）, [[Tjukuvulj-viri]]（肚久武部落）, [[Tudrivuan]]（篤立富安部落）, [[Laliavan]]（拉里亞灣部落）, [[Mananigay]]（馬拿尼開部落）, [[Tjulitjulik]]（斗里斗里部落）, [[Paumeli]]（包霧目力部落）, [[Viljauljaul]]（比魯部落）, [[Kalatadrang]]（卡拉達蘭部落）, [[Kaaluan]]（卡阿魯彎部落）, [[Maljivel]]（馬里弗勒部落）, [[Valjulu]]（娃優魯部落）, [[Madaljalu]]（馬達壓路部落）, [[Tjuletevetevek]]（督魯得福得福閣部落）, [[Maledep]]（麻勒得泊部落）, [[Tjuluuai]]（都魯烏外部落）, [[Ngudra-drekai]]（新富社區Rukai部落）, [[Rulakes]]（魯拉克斯部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lanyu</title>
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Lanyu（蘭嶼鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東) ko [[Lanyu]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 47.04 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 43.17 km²), 5,035 ko tamdaw i Lanyu Siyang, 1,798 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,243 a tamdaw, pakaala to 84%(Yami(Tao)(達悟族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. o Yami(Tao) ko sa’alomanay i Taitung.

==O kasaniyarona==
4 ko cun, 6 ko niyaro’ i Lanyu Siyang.
[[Ivalino]]（野銀部落）, [[Iranmeylek]]（東清部落）, [[Yayo]]（椰油部落）, [[Iratay]](漁人部落）, [[Imaorod]]（紅頭部落）, [[Iraraley]]（朗島部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luye</title>
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Luye（鹿野鄉）

Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Luye]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 79.75 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 17.39 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0.74 km²), 3,727 ko tamdaw i Luye Siyang, 1,397 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,998 a tamdaw, pakaala(佔) to 54%(Amis阿美族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang(閩南人) ko sa’alomanay(最多的). 

==O kasaniyarona==
7 ko cun, 7 ko niyaro’ i Luye Cen/ Siyang.
[[Parayapay]]（和平部落）, [[Rekat]]（永昌部落）, [[Efong]]（瑞源部落）, [[Pakala’ac]]（瑞興部落）, [[Pailasan|（Pailasan|]]八伊拉善部落）, [[Salinliw]]（山領榴部落）, [[Kanao’pu]]（卡拿吾部部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taimali</title>
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Taimali（太麻里鄉）

Itini i [[Taitung]] ko Taimali Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 102.29 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 4.53 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 57.38 km²), 7,128 ko tamdaw i Taimali Siyang, 2,979 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 4,782 a tamdaw, pakaala to 67%([[Paiwan]], [[Amis]]) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan, Amis ko sa’alomanay i TaitungSiyang.

==O kasaniyarona==
9 ko cun, 13 ko niyaro’ i Taimali Siyang.
[[Lupakatj]]（魯巴卡茲部落）, [[Tjavualji]]（大麻里部落）, [[Kiring]]（給陵部落）, [[Tjatjigel]]（喳其格勒部落）, [[Anasolay]]（荒野部落）, [[Davugele]]（大武窟部落）, [[Takidis]]（德其里部落）, [[Padrangigrang]]（溫泉部落）, [[Calavi]]（查拉密部落）, [[Kanadun]]（金崙部落）, [[Sasaljak]]（沙薩拉克部落）, [[Lalauran]]（拉勞蘭部落）, [[Cilalongay]]（吉拉龍噯部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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    <title>Taitung</title>
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==Taitung（臺東市）==
[[Faylo:台東縣台東市 台9線 - panoramio.jpg|縮圖|[[Faylo:Taitong.ogg|縮圖]]]]
Itini i Taitung ko Taitung. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 111.48 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0.47 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.09 km²), 10,692 ko tamdaw i Taitung, 3,655 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 6,817 a tamdaw, pakaala to 64%(Amis, Puyuma, Paiwan) no polong no tamdaw. o [[Amis]], Puyuma, Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Taitung Cen/ Siyang.

==O kasaniyarona==
46 ko cun, 20 ko niyaro’ i Taitung.
[[Apapuro]]（高坡部落）, [[Pasawali]]（巴沙哇力部落）, [[Ining]]（伊濘部落）, [[Falangaw]]（馬蘭部落）, [[Asiroay]]（阿西路愛部落）, [[Pusong]]（布頌部落）, [[Alapanay]]（阿拉巴奈部落）, [[Karoroan]]（加路蘭部落）, [[Matang]]（馬當部落）, [[Katatipul]]（卡地布部落）, [[Kasavakan]]（射馬干部落）, [[Puyuma]]（普悠瑪部落）, [[Papulu]]（巴布麓部落）, [[Kalaluran]]（卡拉魯然部落）, [[Fukid]]（新馬蘭部落）, [[Pongodan]]（大橋部落）, [[Sihodingan]]（常德部落）, [[Kakawasan]]（石山部落）, [[Siafulungay]]（建農部落）, [[Pakurung]]（巴古崙部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yanping</title>
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Yanping（延平鄉）

Itini i Taitung ko Yanping Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 480.64 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 419.42 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko   48.33 km²), 3,828 ko tamdaw i Yanping Siyang, 1,131 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 3,523 a tamdaw, pakaala to 92%(Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Taitung Siyang.

==O kasaniyarona==
5 ko cun, 11 ko niyaro’ i Yanping Siyang.
Kainisungan（卡努舒岸部落）, Kamisatu（卡米莎度部落）, Kaminu（卡米努部落）, Nakanu（拿卡努部落）, Su nun sung（蘇儂頌部落）, Buklavu（布谷拉夫部落）, Kalisahan（卡里沙汗部落）, Minami（米娜咪部落）, Vakangan（瓦岡岸部落）, Pasikau（巴喜告部落）, Talunas（達魯那斯部落）.

== o kasadakan no lihaf ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kuwaping a sowal</title>
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O '''Sowal no Kuwaping''' (''漢族的語言'', ''漢語'') hananay i, o [[Kuwaping a sowal]].

Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Kuwaping]] i [[China|Congko]].

Tangasa to i 2015 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 13.4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Kuwaping a sowal i hkal ma^min.

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    <title>Rosiya a Sowal</title>
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O '''Sowal no Rosiya''' ato '''Rosiya a Sowal'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：俄羅斯語；[[Rosiya a Sowal]]：русский язык） O ’edengan a no sifoan sowal ko [[Russia|Rosiya]] a sowal. 

O sowal no Rosiya o saadihayay a kalasowalen no [[Selafu Finacadan]], o capa’ no Selafu Finacadan a Sakawaliay Selafu  a sowal ko nini, sahetoay i Rosiya, oya i’ayaway kapot no Solin a kalasowalen, itini tona mikapotay i Solin a kitakit o mitoro’an a sakacecay hatatanamen a sowal, itiya ho i Solin mihecahecaan o kalita’angan a mihatatanam to sowal no Rosiya. Anini sato i,misiiked to kona mikapotay kitakit, nikawrira, matenakay ho ko sowal no Rosiya, mangalefay ano masasowal ato roma a kitakit.
{{stub}}
[[Category:Sowal]]
[[Category:Rosiya]]</text>
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    <title>Kasasa'er no 'orip</title>
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      <text bytes="1696" sha1="strrql1r6nmnw95rzt9393ug3zj41ig" xml:space="preserve">[[India|Indo]] pitooran ato [[Fociyaw]] tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to  '''Kasasa’er no ’orip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：種姓制度；[[Ikiris a sowal]]: Caste; 卡斯特） no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i, layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa’er no ’orip: itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no ’orip a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [[Fito-Cin]] ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠陀) i, kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw:

1.[[Polomen]] o Cikawasay ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門)

2.[[Satili]] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利)

3.[[Fise]] o kalotamdaw ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍)

4.[[Sotolo]] o koli ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅)

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ’orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip. Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Indo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>48959</id>
      <parentid>48958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T14:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>348</id>
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      <text bytes="1693" sha1="291kywrjtlrwwl06q8czcbz0j3iwm5p" xml:space="preserve">[[India|Indo]] pitooran ato [[Fociyaw]] tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to  '''Kasasa’er no ’orip''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：種姓制度；[[Ikiris a sowal]]: Caste; 卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i, layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay.
[[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]]
Kasasa’er no ’orip: itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no ’orip a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [[Fito-Cin]] ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠陀) i, kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw:

1.[[Polomen]] o Cikawasay ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門)

2.[[Satili]] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利)

3.[[Fise]] o kalotamdaw ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍)

4.[[Sotolo]] o koli ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅)

Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ’orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip. Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Indo]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikiris a sowal</title>
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      <text bytes="4552" sha1="4ko6ozv4gouim0swixhdel8u6762q3c" xml:space="preserve">[[Faylo:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|frameless|right|upright=2]]
O '''Ikiris a sowal''' （[[kuwaping a sowal]]：'''英語'''）hananay i, o '''Sowal no Ikiris'''.

Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Ikiris]] i [[United Kingdom]].

Tangasa to i 2006 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Ikiris a sowal i hkal ma^min.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=''English as a Global Language'' |author-link=David Crystal |edition=(2nd ed.) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |access-date=42015-02-04 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |lay-url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |lay-source=Library of Congress (sample) |lay-date=2015-02-04 |ref={{harvid|Crystal|2003a}} |archive-date=2021-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511155056/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |dead-url=no }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tilid no Ikiris (英語字母)==
{| style=&quot;margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};&quot;
! colspan=&quot;30&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Tilid no Ikiris
|- lang=&quot;en&quot;
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[A]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[a]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[B]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[b]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[C]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[c]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[D]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[d]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[E]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[e]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[F]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[f]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[G]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[g]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[H]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[h]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[I]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[i]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[J]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[j]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[K]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[k]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[L]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[l]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[M]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[m]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[N]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[n]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[O]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[o]]
|- lang=&quot;en&quot;
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[P]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[p]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Q]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[q]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[R]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[r]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[S]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[s]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[T]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[t]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[U]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[u]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[V]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[v]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[W]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[w]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[X]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[x]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Y]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[y]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Z]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[z]]
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|}
==Pilifet to fana' to sowal no Ikiris (英語能力認證)==
[[Faylo:Origins_of_English_PieChart_2D.svg|thumb|英語詞彙組成]]
*[[IELTS]]
*TOEFL
*TOEIC

==Tatiri'an a tilid==
{{reflist}}
==No papotalay a kakafit==
*[http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ 世界各地的英語口音（愛丁堡大學）] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm 世界上使用最多的語言]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ENG 英語的民族語報告] 
{{stub}}
[[Kasasiwasiw:Ikiris a sowal]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>48960</id>
      <parentid>48948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T14:42:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>348</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>48960</origin>
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      <text bytes="4549" sha1="s142zwy8qyjiv0sfjil6ov0g9j64t0n" xml:space="preserve">[[Faylo:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|frameless|right|upright=2]]
O '''Ikiris a sowal''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：'''英語''') hananay i, o '''Sowal no Ikiris'''.

Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Ikiris]] i [[United Kingdom]].

Tangasa to i 2006 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Ikiris a sowal i hkal ma^min.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=''English as a Global Language'' |author-link=David Crystal |edition=(2nd ed.) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |access-date=42015-02-04 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |lay-url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |lay-source=Library of Congress (sample) |lay-date=2015-02-04 |ref={{harvid|Crystal|2003a}} |archive-date=2021-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511155056/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |dead-url=no }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tilid no Ikiris (英語字母)==
{| style=&quot;margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};&quot;
! colspan=&quot;30&quot; style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;|Tilid no Ikiris
|- lang=&quot;en&quot;
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[A]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[a]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[B]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[b]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[C]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[c]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[D]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[d]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[E]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[e]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[F]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[f]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[G]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[g]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[H]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[h]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[I]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[i]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[J]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[j]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[K]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[k]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[L]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[l]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[M]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[m]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[N]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[n]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[O]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[o]]
|- lang=&quot;en&quot;
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[P]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[p]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Q]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[q]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[R]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[r]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[S]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[s]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[T]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[t]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[U]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[u]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[V]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[v]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[W]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[w]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[X]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[x]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Y]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[y]]
|style=&quot;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Z]]
|style=&quot;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;&quot;|[[z]]
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|&amp;nbsp;
|}
==Pilifet to fana' to sowal no Ikiris (英語能力認證)==
[[Faylo:Origins_of_English_PieChart_2D.svg|thumb|英語詞彙組成]]
*[[IELTS]]
*TOEFL
*TOEIC

==Tatiri'an a tilid==
{{reflist}}
==No papotalay a kakafit==
*[http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ 世界各地的英語口音（愛丁堡大學）] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm 世界上使用最多的語言]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ENG 英語的民族語報告] 
{{stub}}
[[Kasasiwasiw:Ikiris a sowal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mo’e Peyongsi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T00:08:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>建立內容為「== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==」的新頁面</comment>
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      <text bytes="41" sha1="m12o8rg2w7xsjzr56do9lnx6fe2jzhc" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==</text>
      <sha1>m12o8rg2w7xsjzr56do9lnx6fe2jzhc</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T00:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Masaonikar</username>
        <id>570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) */</comment>
      <origin>48971</origin>
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      <text bytes="304" sha1="cj284h6pdz0l71ejqk174249xwv0wqw" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T00:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Masaonikar</username>
        <id>570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) */</comment>
      <origin>48972</origin>
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      <text bytes="344" sha1="i3fv82xdubcbuydc8prsyqsl80s4pew" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ni’oripan (生平) ===</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>48973</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T00:10:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Masaonikar</username>
        <id>570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayray no ni’oripan (生平) */</comment>
      <origin>48973</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="714" sha1="t2h2ccucd7atswafl6y6eg1ntpzri8t" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.</text>
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      <text bytes="1228" sha1="klvc7jp2czwbg2mtmaq92fifyp4vs8r" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.</text>
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      <text bytes="1672" sha1="64dzbl8p4znkv7lazu737jqrdclmxhm" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.

Ikor no picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan i, mapalinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Alisan imengan a malaimeng ato mikapi to tayal to misokoliway. Ikor sato, malinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Lalauya malaimeng, citodong mala singsi ato isingan ko tayal, nanoya malinah tayra i Ciayisienken imengci mala kakeridan misolapay; kaitiraan ningra a matayal i, padoedo ko kasofoc to wawa ci Wang Jungong (1945), Wang Yunmei (1948) aci Wang Huimeian.</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2082" sha1="eyyqmo1rv2e90iq22w5nwyoatin43c1" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.

Ikor no picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan i, mapalinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Alisan imengan a malaimeng ato mikapi to tayal to misokoliway. Ikor sato, malinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Lalauya malaimeng, citodong mala singsi ato isingan ko tayal, nanoya malinah tayra i Ciayisienken imengci mala kakeridan misolapay; kaitiraan ningra a matayal i, padoedo ko kasofoc to wawa ci Wang Jungong (1945), Wang Yunmei (1948) aci Wang Huimeian.

I 1952 mihecaan i, oya ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong mapakayra i “Goosanco fiedie panluanan” sanay ko pa’ilo, ikor mapakokot o nano Taywansen paoan silingpo kakeridan ci Lin Xiule o nano nisamawmawan patirengan a “Santi paoan huyi” sakapot i Ciayisi, mapolong mapatayra i Taypi Cinmi no sofitay a piliclican marofo.</text>
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      <text bytes="2317" sha1="hky00qqa5vpy26sksuj3fyfqth5ibl0" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.

Ikor no picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan i, mapalinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Alisan imengan a malaimeng ato mikapi to tayal to misokoliway. Ikor sato, malinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Lalauya malaimeng, citodong mala singsi ato isingan ko tayal, nanoya malinah tayra i Ciayisienken imengci mala kakeridan misolapay; kaitiraan ningra a matayal i, padoedo ko kasofoc to wawa ci Wang Jungong (1945), Wang Yunmei (1948) aci Wang Huimeian.

I 1952 mihecaan i, oya ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong mapakayra i “Goosanco fiedie panluanan” sanay ko pa’ilo, ikor mapakokot o nano Taywansen paoan silingpo kakeridan ci Lin Xiule o nano nisamawmawan patirengan a “Santi paoan huyi” sakapot i Ciayisi, mapolong mapatayra i Taypi Cinmi no sofitay a piliclican marofo.

I 1954 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, masetek ko pi’ilo; saka 4 folad 17 romi’ad, ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong maemin kowangan ko pipatay[2][3][1].</text>
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        <username>Masaonikar</username>
        <id>570</id>
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      <text bytes="2363" sha1="hr1p77350x89528yzvj2x5fhcznvvot" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.

Ikor no picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan i, mapalinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Alisan imengan a malaimeng ato mikapi to tayal to misokoliway. Ikor sato, malinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Lalauya malaimeng, citodong mala singsi ato isingan ko tayal, nanoya malinah tayra i Ciayisienken imengci mala kakeridan misolapay; kaitiraan ningra a matayal i, padoedo ko kasofoc to wawa ci Wang Jungong (1945), Wang Yunmei (1948) aci Wang Huimeian.

I 1952 mihecaan i, oya ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong mapakayra i “Goosanco fiedie panluanan” sanay ko pa’ilo, ikor mapakokot o nano Taywansen paoan silingpo kakeridan ci Lin Xiule o nano nisamawmawan patirengan a “Santi paoan huyi” sakapot i Ciayisi, mapolong mapatayra i Taypi Cinmi no sofitay a piliclican marofo.

I 1954 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, masetek ko pi’ilo; saka 4 folad 17 romi’ad, ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong maemin kowangan ko pipatay[2][3][1].

=== Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) ===</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>48979</id>
      <parentid>48978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T00:12:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Masaonikar</username>
        <id>570</id>
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      <comment>/* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2600" sha1="kirmvx7mhfwlwuicky62u99xdrctma2" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.

Ikor no picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan i, mapalinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Alisan imengan a malaimeng ato mikapi to tayal to misokoliway. Ikor sato, malinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Lalauya malaimeng, citodong mala singsi ato isingan ko tayal, nanoya malinah tayra i Ciayisienken imengci mala kakeridan misolapay; kaitiraan ningra a matayal i, padoedo ko kasofoc to wawa ci Wang Jungong (1945), Wang Yunmei (1948) aci Wang Huimeian.

I 1952 mihecaan i, oya ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong mapakayra i “Goosanco fiedie panluanan” sanay ko pa’ilo, ikor mapakokot o nano Taywansen paoan silingpo kakeridan ci Lin Xiule o nano nisamawmawan patirengan a “Santi paoan huyi” sakapot i Ciayisi, mapolong mapatayra i Taypi Cinmi no sofitay a piliclican marofo.

I 1954 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, masetek ko pi’ilo; saka 4 folad 17 romi’ad, ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong maemin kowangan ko pipatay[2][3][1].

=== Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) ===
1.堅強的鄒族女性汪清枝[2017-10-13]存檔

2.【受難故事40】山地清鄉　南北原住民自治悲歌[2017-10-13]存檔

3.Constitutional Court Simulation 第三屆模擬憲法法庭 - 轉型正義[2017-10-13]原始內容</text>
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      <text bytes="2640" sha1="lk6b97xyeqpp5uhgxf9nbskboy9si47" xml:space="preserve">== Mo’e Peyongsi (莫奧·別雍西) ==
Mo’e Peyongsi, o Cou finacadan (1912 miheca 4 folad 20 romi’ad – 1954 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad), ngangan to no Dipong ci Yama de no satori, o nano   no Alisan i Ciayi ko kasofocan, malaimengay no Taywan ato mafadesay i kohacalay katalawan a tamdaw [1].

=== Rayray no ’oripan (生平) ===
O mama ni Mo’e Peyongsi ci Iusugu`e Peongsi, o ina i ci Paicu`e Niahosa; ira ko 2 salikaka to fa’inayan.

Kalakapahan ni Mo’e Peyongsi ona tayraay i nano Taynanken Ciayi kenco a matayal, ta itira cingra i kakeridan a mapalahad. Ikor sato, minokay ci Mo’e Peyongsi itira i Lalauya niyaro’an imengan a mala misimaway, ikor nga’ay ko demak mapacakat a malaimeng.

I 1935 mihecaan itiya, ciramod to Tfoya Cuana ngasaw niyaro’ay a fafahiyan ci (kowaping: Wang Qingzhi, Cou a ngangan ci Yangui`e Tiaki`ana, Dipong a ngangan: Tejima Kuniko, 1916 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad). Ikor no kararamod, itira sa i Lalauya niyaro’ ko aro’ tangasa ’ayaw picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan, madadoedo ci wawa to fa’inayan ci Wang Junli (1934), Wang Junxing (1938), Wang Juncheng (1940), Wang Zhimei (1943) 3 ko fa’inayan 1 ko fafahiyan a wawa.

Ikor no picada no Komintang sifo to Taywan i, mapalinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Alisan imengan a malaimeng ato mikapi to tayal to misokoliway. Ikor sato, malinah ci Mo’e Peyongsi tayra i Lalauya malaimeng, citodong mala singsi ato isingan ko tayal, nanoya malinah tayra i Ciayisienken imengci mala kakeridan misolapay; kaitiraan ningra a matayal i, padoedo ko kasofoc to wawa ci Wang Jungong (1945), Wang Yunmei (1948) aci Wang Huimeian.

I 1952 mihecaan i, oya ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong mapakayra i “Goosanco fiedie panluanan” sanay ko pa’ilo, ikor mapakokot o nano Taywansen paoan silingpo kakeridan ci Lin Xiule o nano nisamawmawan patirengan a “Santi paoan huyi” sakapot i Ciayisi, mapolong mapatayra i Taypi Cinmi no sofitay a piliclican marofo.

I 1954 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, masetek ko pi’ilo; saka 4 folad 17 romi’ad, ca Mo’e Peyongsi, ci Uongu Yatauyogana, ci Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana, ci Wu Yide, ci Du Xiaosheng aci Fang Yizhong maemin kowangan ko pipatay[2][3][1].

=== Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) ===
1.堅強的鄒族女性汪清枝[2017-10-13]存檔

2.【受難故事40】山地清鄉　南北原住民自治悲歌[2017-10-13]存檔

3.Constitutional Court Simulation 第三屆模擬憲法法庭 - 轉型正義[2017-10-13]原始內容

=== Papotalay calay (外部鏈結) ===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan</title>
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      <comment>建立內容為「== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==」的新頁面</comment>
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      <comment>/* Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="394" sha1="rjxlm7aj8xrqvqa2u7ctcda1cwxo9vu" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.</text>
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      <text bytes="459" sha1="7mgvhsg5c3fbf9hkaspmtsht7rdump8" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===</text>
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      <comment>/* Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="785" sha1="ip99g0qnz2u4jttotby9hcjr3etoses" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra iCaosien.  </text>
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      <comment>/* Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1421" sha1="2ryy4xorjtcfncs7kw6nact7yxdfnic" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​</text>
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      <text bytes="1805" sha1="rauw8zfdouan1j1kwcl5ti0zol2lrkt" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

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      <text bytes="1946" sha1="rw5mrsbdhp72rxqfjctwznf1vdgoqzn" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
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      <comment>/* 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2465" sha1="qu6d8xaftnw9edxlt23xtib7dtp37xf" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.</text>
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      <comment>/* 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2549" sha1="nl44o0ioelj4r97elu77meziai5mwdv" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===</text>
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      <comment>/* Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3058" sha1="nyn9swwd20dog2irnryv1k72521hbfw" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.</text>
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      <comment>/* Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3383" sha1="6fpikaihazthrclc0i1t0t3hiwxyoum" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.</text>
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      <comment>/* Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4084" sha1="ju1qa0nkg1l54lbggp4iraxhcbk2wq9" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.</text>
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      <comment>/* Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4224" sha1="cympijdfxtdm7hyaz3u1hs3v98kcd5v" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===</text>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4839" sha1="h0bjx2ldeh508wydtzhslnbiydrtqdp" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.</text>
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        <id>570</id>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5116" sha1="elrwt0ilklw3ndspl32ixqiwedguyk6" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.</text>
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        <id>570</id>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5446" sha1="dl815al5rlmzusnef7bswbgqmlks35b" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.</text>
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        <id>570</id>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5780" sha1="4fz2j5va3i0dfzpafnrmqrcks2ad3kh" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.</text>
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        <id>570</id>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6212" sha1="mqi33lynww4sw7mheu7est2h8u4ncj4" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.

​​​​​Ikor no lalood, oya kiemelay sofitay no Dipong, talacowa miliyang ko yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, kasatiwtiw no sakalalood caayto kafiloan. Toya miheca 10 folad mikerid ci Liu Yongfu to sofitay mitena’ i niyaro’ no Taynan, kafana’en ni Liu Yongfu ko malatoloay picomod no sofitay a mikiraromot, caay aca sato, sawad hanto ni Liu Yongfu ko sofitay i Taynan, milaliw a tayra i Xiamen no Congko.</text>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6636" sha1="ctgbuoevbjvlajk7dtrjm58771br5ob" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.

​​​​​Ikor no lalood, oya kiemelay sofitay no Dipong, talacowa miliyang ko yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, kasatiwtiw no sakalalood caayto kafiloan. Toya miheca 10 folad mikerid ci Liu Yongfu to sofitay mitena’ i niyaro’ no Taynan, kafana’en ni Liu Yongfu ko malatoloay picomod no sofitay a mikiraromot, caay aca sato, sawad hanto ni Liu Yongfu ko sofitay i Taynan, milaliw a tayra i Xiamen no Congko.

​​​​​​Oya sato kakitakitaan no Taynan milecad to no Taypi micikeroh ocor to foksi no Inkiris ci Barclay aci Song Zhongjian maladayhiw, milongoc to sofitay no Dipong ka o rihadayay ko picomod to niyaro’ no Taynan, mipadama to karihaday no finawlan. I 10 folad 21 folad, laheci sato ko picomod no sofitay no Dipong i Taynan, oya celak sanay ho a “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” songila’ sanay to a malafok.</text>
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      <comment>/* Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6699" sha1="8tiep3q3egbb32wcmh0oj85i3y07iup" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.

​​​​​Ikor no lalood, oya kiemelay sofitay no Dipong, talacowa miliyang ko yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, kasatiwtiw no sakalalood caayto kafiloan. Toya miheca 10 folad mikerid ci Liu Yongfu to sofitay mitena’ i niyaro’ no Taynan, kafana’en ni Liu Yongfu ko malatoloay picomod no sofitay a mikiraromot, caay aca sato, sawad hanto ni Liu Yongfu ko sofitay i Taynan, milaliw a tayra i Xiamen no Congko.

​​​​​​Oya sato kakitakitaan no Taynan milecad to no Taypi micikeroh ocor to foksi no Inkiris ci Barclay aci Song Zhongjian maladayhiw, milongoc to sofitay no Dipong ka o rihadayay ko picomod to niyaro’ no Taynan, mipadama to karihaday no finawlan. I 10 folad 21 folad, laheci sato ko picomod no sofitay no Dipong i Taynan, oya celak sanay ho a “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” songila’ sanay to a malafok.

=== Pitekaan no picalap no Dipong (日殖時期的開端) ===</text>
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      <text bytes="7095" sha1="rysdrc9uqlll31g8xotaykicahvtsia" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.

​​​​​Ikor no lalood, oya kiemelay sofitay no Dipong, talacowa miliyang ko yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, kasatiwtiw no sakalalood caayto kafiloan. Toya miheca 10 folad mikerid ci Liu Yongfu to sofitay mitena’ i niyaro’ no Taynan, kafana’en ni Liu Yongfu ko malatoloay picomod no sofitay a mikiraromot, caay aca sato, sawad hanto ni Liu Yongfu ko sofitay i Taynan, milaliw a tayra i Xiamen no Congko.

​​​​​​Oya sato kakitakitaan no Taynan milecad to no Taypi micikeroh ocor to foksi no Inkiris ci Barclay aci Song Zhongjian maladayhiw, milongoc to sofitay no Dipong ka o rihadayay ko picomod to niyaro’ no Taynan, mipadama to karihaday no finawlan. I 10 folad 21 folad, laheci sato ko picomod no sofitay no Dipong i Taynan, oya celak sanay ho a “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” songila’ sanay to a malafok.

=== Pitekaan no picalap no Dipong (日殖時期的開端) ===
​Malasawad ko Taywan nikapolongan kitakit i, oya masahoracay a yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, talacowa ira ko kasasiwtoc nika awaay ko ’icel miliyang to sofitay no Dipong. O sarakatay a Taiwan sotoku ci Kabayama YuKen i 11 folad 18 folad pasi Kyoto miparatoh itiya : “Maeminay tomenak ko polong finawlan” sato. Mihapiw paherek no Yiwei lalood, paherek to 5 folad a lalood.</text>
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      <text bytes="7348" sha1="p7nnpeq7fdfx0oxoyvhtk8fqawl1u3y" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.

​​​​​Ikor no lalood, oya kiemelay sofitay no Dipong, talacowa miliyang ko yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, kasatiwtiw no sakalalood caayto kafiloan. Toya miheca 10 folad mikerid ci Liu Yongfu to sofitay mitena’ i niyaro’ no Taynan, kafana’en ni Liu Yongfu ko malatoloay picomod no sofitay a mikiraromot, caay aca sato, sawad hanto ni Liu Yongfu ko sofitay i Taynan, milaliw a tayra i Xiamen no Congko.

​​​​​​Oya sato kakitakitaan no Taynan milecad to no Taypi micikeroh ocor to foksi no Inkiris ci Barclay aci Song Zhongjian maladayhiw, milongoc to sofitay no Dipong ka o rihadayay ko picomod to niyaro’ no Taynan, mipadama to karihaday no finawlan. I 10 folad 21 folad, laheci sato ko picomod no sofitay no Dipong i Taynan, oya celak sanay ho a “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” songila’ sanay to a malafok.

=== Pitekaan no picalap no Dipong (日殖時期的開端) ===
​Malasawad ko Taywan nikapolongan kitakit i, oya masahoracay a yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, talacowa ira ko kasasiwtoc nika awaay ko ’icel miliyang to sofitay no Dipong. O sarakatay a Taiwan sotoku ci Kabayama YuKen i 11 folad 18 folad pasi Kyoto miparatoh itiya : “Maeminay tomenak ko polong finawlan” sato. Mihapiw paherek no Yiwei lalood, paherek to 5 folad a lalood.

​​I 1896 miheca 2 folad 3 romi’ad, Taywan Sotoko mincenci paratoh to kasakitakit citodongay i Taywan, mihapiw to Taywan o “saka cecay nicalapan no Dipong a kitakit ko Taywan”, na miteka tangasa 50 miheca ko “Picalap no Dipong a to’ek”.</text>
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      <text bytes="7472" sha1="5zg91yfu66n39x2w2sc6wxyavuywmzb" xml:space="preserve">== Pihapiw no Dipong a micalap to Taywan (日本宣告台灣為殖民地) ==
Kadofah ko tataparang kinaira no Taywan to sakiriyar a lalan, pinaay semo’otay miheca pakayni adihayay papotalay tayni macacefis micalap mikowan, i 1895 miheca Simonoseki kasatelek no Mancin pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato salawacay a kanatal to Dipong, nanoyaan sa macalap no Dipong ko Taywan 50 no mihecaan.

=== Lalengatan lalood i Sino to Dipong (甲午戰爭始末) ===
​Macowat ko Sino to Dipong i 1894 miheca, lalengatan to itiraay i Caosien a Tongsitang a demak, pasi Mancin to sapadama ko Caosien itiya, milongoc to Mancin sifo miocor to sofitay pipalineknek to fangafang, o Dipong sato sapidamaaw to Taisikan ko Dipong ato itiraay i Caosien a finawlan miocor to sofitay tayra i Caosien.  

​​Paherek konini a demakan misawad ko sofitay no Mancin, nika o sakanga’ayaw no kacitodong kahiceraan malalood ato kanga’ayan no kicay no Dipong caay ka kahi misawad to Caosien, milongoc to Caosien to “pifalic to laloma’an a satao’”, toloay romi’ad palasawaden ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit. Maraod ko tolo romi’ad, tangsol sa moocor to sofitay ko Dipong tayra i Caosien, mifelih to citodongay hongti no Caosien a pala salaloma’ay citodongay mikowan patireng to miingiray to Dipong, saka mapalasawad ko polong no katatelekan to Mancin kitakit, patorod to Dipong milaplap to sofitay no Mancin. 

​​​Itiyaay tana mafana’ tonini demak ko citodongay no Mancin a kakeridan ci Li Hongcang, palalefodan sato miocor to sofitay tayra i Pingyang, ato pakayra i tamina misera to sofitay talasekal no Caosien. I 1894 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad o Mancin ato Dipong itira i Fong kanatal no Caosien a malalood i riyar, lahengheng to ko pakotang saka Langat sato ko Sino a lalood.   

=== 8 folad 1 romi’ad, hongtiu no Mancin mihapiw to saka lalood to Dipong a tilid (8 月 1 日，清光緒帝發表對日宣戰詔書) ===
​​Malengat to i kalalood itiya, pakayni rafasay 30 mihecaan a Ceciang onto, o satadamaanay ko Piyang sofitay no Mancin cingangan to “sakacecay i Asia” sanay, nika misi’ayaw to 30 miheca to Meiciisin a fa’elohay no Dipong a sofitay ato tamina i, o lefek to no Piyang sofitay. Saki sekal ato riyar a lalood, caayto pakafilo ko sofitay no Mancin mico’ay to sofitay no Dipong a honihoni tararikor, ikor no kalalood a Tiencangtay i, maemin to malikot, ikor sato a Mancin patangic hananay to masasitelek to Dipong.

=== Sino katatelekan makelac ko Taywan Pengho (馬關條約割讓台灣澎湖) ===
​Itiya i miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, o Dipong ato Mancin a dayhiw itira i Cungfanlo masasitelak “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek”, mihapiw to Sino lalood malaheci ko paherek. Saka tosa liyad masowal, o Congko mida’oc pakelac to Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal pafeli to Dipong. 5 folad 8 romi’ad, Dipong Mancin masasifalic to “Dipong Mancin Sino katatelek” pihayda a tilid, Taywan, Pengho kanatal ato lawacay no Dipong a kasakanatal sa’elin mala no Dipong to a sofal.

​​Nanoya pakelac to Taywan sanay a ratoh pakayni kalali’acaay, roma kitakit a li’acaay malo kasasowalen, talacowa caay ho ka fangcal ko kasasifana’an no Taywan syakay, o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ho kafana’ to “Dipong” a kitakit. Pakatengil ko finawlan no Taywan tonini a ratoh i, pacekok a rarawraw calemcem.

​​​O kasasowasowal to no i niyaro’ay a tadamaanay tamdaw i, padinpo to kafafaw no Mancin ci Tang Jingsong, pakafana’ to ao “Misatatad patireng to kitakit” sanay a kacingangan to sakapisiiked. Saka i 1985 miheca 5 folad 23 romi’ad mihapiw to “Taywan o nikapolongan kitakit saiked a hapiw”, i 5 folad 25 romi’ad malaheci patireng to “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit”. o congtong ci Tang Jingsong, micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia, o tatapangan no sofitay ci Liu Yongfu, patireng to kandaway lokedaw a fayfay, pamihecaan a ngangan o “Yongcin” sanay, talacowa no niyah o “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” ko pitahidang, nika o no Mancin kitakit ko Taywan o saanay pinangan.

=== Misa’icel ko Taywan tamdaw miliyang to pikowan no Dipong to Yosihide a lalood (台灣人奮力抵抗日本統治的乙未戰爭) ===
​I 1895 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, o hongti no Dipong ci Sirakawa-to Yosihisa mikerid to rafasay no 7000 tamdaw sofitay no Dipong talasekal i Auti micada to Taywan, oya “Yosihide lalood” miteka itiya, nanoyaan sa pakalowid, oya Taywan nikapolongan kitakit a kohetingay sofitay, caay pakalowid a tararikor mitena’ i laloma’an no Taypi. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad, kafana’en ni Tang Jingsong o caacaay pakalowid to cikowangay sofitay no Dipong a mico’ay, nanoya mifalic to losid a mato’asay fafahiyan misalafii milaliw, ikor, oya micokeray to congtong ci Qiu Fengjia milosimet to dafong payso a milaliw.

​​Oya kakeridan ato tadamaanay kakeridan padoedo saan to milaliw to niyaro’ no Taypi, oya i niyaro’ay to a sofitay awaayto ko kakeridan, oya sa a sofitay samatiya sato o mari’angay mitodoh a micefis to dafong, nanoya sararawraw sato ko tamdaw ko niyaro’ no Taypi.

​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw masa’opo milaoc miocor to tamdaw ci “Gu Xianrong” a dayhiw, mifohat to fawahan pacomod to sofitay no Dipong i niyaro’, todong paherekan rarawraw no finawlan. Micada ko Dipong to Taypi i, toya miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad mipacakat to “Pitekaan mikowan a lisin”.

​​​​I 1895 miheca 6 folad pasitimol to ko sofitay no Dipong, malitemoh ko “Ngayngay a miliyangay, Payrang macodahay” a tamdaw miliyang itiya. toya miheca 8 folad 27 romi’ad cidemak to “Pakuasan a lalood”, ira ko 8 a tatokian ko kasasitoc, i 28 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki malowid no sofitay to no Dipong.

​​​​​Ikor no lalood, oya kiemelay sofitay no Dipong, talacowa miliyang ko yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, kasatiwtiw no sakalalood caayto kafiloan. Toya miheca 10 folad mikerid ci Liu Yongfu to sofitay mitena’ i niyaro’ no Taynan, kafana’en ni Liu Yongfu ko malatoloay picomod no sofitay a mikiraromot, caay aca sato, sawad hanto ni Liu Yongfu ko sofitay i Taynan, milaliw a tayra i Xiamen no Congko.

​​​​​​Oya sato kakitakitaan no Taynan milecad to no Taypi micikeroh ocor to foksi no Inkiris ci Barclay aci Song Zhongjian maladayhiw, milongoc to sofitay no Dipong ka o rihadayay ko picomod to niyaro’ no Taynan, mipadama to karihaday no finawlan. I 10 folad 21 folad, laheci sato ko picomod no sofitay no Dipong i Taynan, oya celak sanay ho a “Taywan nikapolongan kitakit” songila’ sanay to a malafok.

=== Pitekaan no picalap no Dipong (日殖時期的開端) ===
​Malasawad ko Taywan nikapolongan kitakit i, oya masahoracay a yiyong sofitay ato kohetingay fayfay sofitay, talacowa ira ko kasasiwtoc nika awaay ko ’icel miliyang to sofitay no Dipong. O sarakatay a Taiwan sotoku ci Kabayama YuKen i 11 folad 18 folad pasi Kyoto miparatoh itiya : “Maeminay tomenak ko polong finawlan” sato. Mihapiw paherek no Yiwei lalood, paherek to 5 folad a lalood.

​​I 1896 miheca 2 folad 3 romi’ad, Taywan Sotoko mincenci paratoh to kasakitakit citodongay i Taywan, mihapiw to Taywan o “saka cecay nicalapan no Dipong a kitakit ko Taywan”, na miteka tangasa 50 miheca ko “Picalap no Dipong a to’ek”.

​​Mikawitay ci Wu Shengxian, Sin Taywan hepin kikingkay mitliday (編纂：吳聲賢-新台灣和平基金會專員）</text>
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