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O edid hananay i, o polong no ngangan no nani ''Triticum'' a pinalengaw.{{stub}}
[[Faylo:Vehnäpelto 6.jpg|thumb|[[Faylo:'edid.ogg|縮圖]]Edid|left|400px]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]]
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O edid hananay i, o polong no ngangan no nani ''Triticum'' a pinalengaw. '''O cecayay a mihecaan a molengaw anca malakowit to mihecaan ko lengaw,'''{{stub}}
[[Faylo:Vehnäpelto 6.jpg|thumb|[[Faylo:'edid.ogg|縮圖]]Edid|left|400px]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]]
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O edid hananay i, o polong no ngangan no nani ''Triticum'' a pinalengaw. '''O cecayay a mihecaan a molengaw anca malakowit to mihecaan ko lengaw, o tadamanay a kakaenen no tamtamdaw i hekal.'''{{stub}}
[[Faylo:Vehnäpelto 6.jpg|thumb|[[Faylo:'edid.ogg|縮圖]]Edid|left|400px]]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]]
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Macedonia(馬其頓)
== Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit(馬其頓共和國) ==
== Takaray Sowal(概要) ==
Itiraay i katimo a sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihay- Kanatal, nano to’asan tata’ang ko kafalic, nawhani, marapotay ko 6 a kitakit no Parkan-Pecihay- Kanatal: Kirisiya(isaka’amisay a Maciton), Ka’amisay Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit,
[[Faylo:Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg|thumb|Hata no Maciton (Flag of North Macedonia)]]
(Област Благоевград Sakowan), Arpaniya, Sayrwiya ato Kosofo.[1] O dadahal no pala i,67,000㎢, ira ko 376 ofad ko tamdaw.
Nani 1992 miheca mapatireng ko Maciton kitakit, sanoyaan sa o '''Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit'''( Maciton a sowal:''Република Македонија'',Latin a tilid:''Republika Makedonija; Holam a sowal:''馬其頓共和國) ko ngangan no kitakit, maparariday o「Maciton」hananay a mitahidang;nikawrira, o Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit ato Maciton Etal cowa ka lecad koninian a mitoro’an sanay ko karawraw, o Kirisiya a pikaysyaku o「Maciton」hananay i,o todongay nano rikis no Kirisiya, orasaka mifantoy(milalang) to Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit a pangangan to「Maciton」,
[[Faylo:Europe-Republic_of_North_Macedonia.svg|thumb|Kaitiran no Maciton (Europe-Republic of North Macedonia)]]
han a pangangan to '''’Ayaway Naslafo-Maciton-Kapolongan Kitakit'''(Maciton a sowal:''Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија, ПЈРМ;''Latin a tilid:''Poranešna Jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija, PJRM ;'' Holam a sowal:前南斯拉夫馬其頓共和國) tahira to i 2019 miheca saka 2 foald falic han to a pangangan to「Ka’amisay Maciton」, ta lahedaw sato koya fangafang pakayni to ngangan no kitakit.
O「Maciton Etal」hananay a pala i,miso’edac to mihecaan ’ayaw no 9000 miheca iraay to ko maro’ay tamdaw itini. I’ayaway ni Yieso to saka 4 sici, o Maciton Hontian Kitakit mikowanay to to Parkan-Pecihay-Kanatal, ikor to i, saadihay sato ko kasasiromaroma a rikisi ato punka.
== '''Fangafangan no ngangan'''(國名爭議) ==
I’ayaw ni Filip II(Philip II(Kirisiya asowal:Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών; Holam a sowal:腓力二世)pasipapotal a micowat to pala, o to’asan a Maciton Hotian Kitakit itiraay i ka’etip no sasifoan a Maciton Sakowan no Kirisiya.[2]
[[Faylo:Macedonia_overview_zh.svg|thumb|Macedonia overview zh馬其頓地區現在分屬 :北馬其頓、 希臘及 保加利亞(而小部分屬 阿爾巴尼亞、 塞爾維亞及 科索沃)]]
I saka 2 sici, o kaitiraan no Maciton itiniay i aniniay a pala, nikawria, o saka’amisay no aniniay a Maciton KapolonganKitakit cowa ka ilaloma’ no「Maciton Etal」,[3] naw matini sa i, awaay ko pa’ecasan, to ikor to i sifo’ no saka 11 sici, satata’ang sato ko kafalic no kaitiraan no Maciton. Itiya i Roma Hotian Kitakit a Maciton mahaopay ko aniiay a saka’amis ato sasifo’an no Kirisiya, o saheto no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit ato satimolan no sakawali no Arpaniya. Rahodayen ko sowal, o nipatirengan no Roma a tamdaw a milecaday ko ngangan a Maciton ikakaay ko kakadah tona Maciton Hotian Kitakit. I saikoray to no Roma a mikowan safa’elohen a mipasilsil ko kunis no kalala’edan no sakowan mala no Sikyo Etal, mahaop ko aniniay a polong no Kirisiya, ato malala’eday to Aycin-Riyar a Korito Kanatal(Kirisiya asowal:''Κρήτη''; Romaantilid:''Kriti / Crete''),satimolan no Arpaniya,pecih no Pawciyaliya ato Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit.
Itiya sato i pikowanan no Paycantin(Sa’etipay a Roma Hotian Kitakit), ono sofiaty sakowan a etal no Maciton (Kirisiya a sowal:''Μακεδονία, θέμα Μακεδονίας'' ; Holam a sowal:馬其頓軍區) itiraay i sakawali no Stoloma ’alo(Pawciyaliya asowal:''Струма'';Kirisiya asowal:''Στρυμόνας;'' Holam a sowal'':''斯特魯馬河) a pecih no Seloys sofitay sakowan(Kirisiya asowal:''θέμα Θρᾴκης'';''θέμα Θρᾳκῷον''; Holam a sowal:色雷斯軍區).[4] Sakasaan, tona a mihecahecaan a niosawan tilid no Paycantin, o nitoro’an a「Maciton」 latek ono sofiaty sakowan a etal no Maciton. O ronma sa i,itiya ho i saka 9 sici ato saka10 sici, o Maciton-Etal o nikowanan no Sakacecay Nicowatay Hontian Kitaki no Pawciliya, ikor to i 1018 miheca mapapolong i sofitayan a sakowan no Paycatin Nicowatay Hontian Kitakit.[5]
Tahira sato i kaleponan no saka14 sici,nornor sa ko picowat no Otoman Hontian Kitakit to katimol no sakawali no Yoropa, mapalasawd ko ngangan no「Maciton」to pinapina a sici, awa a ma’araw i cico. Ona ngangan i,itiraay i pihapinang i palapala ta masadak.[6] Iaikor tono saka 19 sici, sahapinang sato ko aniniay a konis no kalala’edan.[7]
== '''Pisa’osi to tamdaw'''(人口統計) ==
Itiya ho i sasifo’an ato cilaay a sici, itiniay i Parkan-Peih Kanatal a Maciton, adihay ko masasiromaromaay a finacadan a maro’ itini, ira ko Kirisiya a tamdaw, ira ko Arpaniya atamdaw, ira ko Walaci a tamdaw, ira ko Sayrwiya a tamdaw, ira ko Pawcialiya atamdaw, Yutaya atamdaw ato Torki a tamdaw.[8] Onini ko sakasaan no Maciton o kacacofelisan no masasiromaromaay a punka, o finacadan sa i,matiya to a masasiromaroma.
1. Kirisiya a Maciton tamdaw:pakitinien i punka ato rekad o「Maciton tamdaw kami」(''"Macedonians"'',Kirisiya atilid:''Μακεδόνε,Makedónes'') sanay to niyah a tiring. Mahop ko 51% ko tamdaw i kapolongan, latek irako 250 ofad, sahetoay i Maciton(Kirisiya) a maro’.
2. Maciton Finacadan(Silir a tilid:''Македонци''; Latin a tilid:''Makedonci'' ; Holam a tilid:馬其頓民族), o Maciton Slafo tamdaw hananay ho a pangangan. Pakitinien i Finacadan a Ca’enot ato Palapalaan a Ca’enot o「Maciton tamdaw kami」(Maciton a sowal:''Македонци,Makedonci''), o saka tosa ko ka’aloman no tamdaw,o tatapangan nangra o Slafo tamdaw,「Maciton Slafo tamdaw」ato 「Salafo Maciton tamdaw」(Kirisiya atilid:''Σλαβομακεδόνες,"Slavomakedones")'' hananay amitahidang. Do’edo’en ko 2002 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw, latek ira ko 130 ofad ko ka’aloman o「Maciton tamdaw kako」sanany, o sakakaay a finacadan no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit.
3. O Maciton tamdaw no Pawciyaliya i,o「Maciton tamdaw kako」sanany to niyah a tiring a Pawciyaliya tamdaw(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Mакедонци,Makedontsi''). Sahetoay o Pawciyaliya a Maciton tamdaw, latek ira ko 37 ofad ko tamdaw, itiraay i Polakoyiefokole Sakowan a maro’.
[[Faylo:Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg|thumb|TongCen-Ciyaw(Deesis mosaic Hagia Sophia)]]
4. Arpaniya tamdaw ho ko sakakaay a finacadan itini. Itiraay i ka’amis, ka’etip a tekedan sakowan a maro’, pakaini i 2002 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw, mahaop ko 25.2% no kapolongan a tamdaw no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit.
5. O roma a mamangay a finacadan: Toci tamdaw, Posiniya tamdaw, Lomu tamdaw, Sayrwiya tamdaw, Walaci tamdaw, Aycipoto tamdaw ato Yutaya tamdaw(Sayfati Yutaya tamdaw ato Kirisiya Yutaya tamdaw) ira itini a maro’.
== '''Pitooran''' (宗教) ==
O itiniay a tamdaw sahetoay o mitooray to TongCen-Ciyaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Orthodox Catholic Church''; Holam a sowal:東正教,正教會). Ira ho ko kasasiromaroma a kyokai, o Kirisiya Toncen-Ciyaw, Pawciliya Toncen-Ciyaw, Sayrwiya Toncen-Ciyaw ato Maciton Toncen-Ciyaw. O mamangay a Muslin caay ko sasawaden a minengneng: ira ko Arpaniya tamdaw, Pawciliya tamdaw Teloc no Maciton Posiniya tamdaw ato Torki Tamdaw.
== '''Rikisi''' (歷史) ==
=== '''I ka ci Fokelohay-Mihecahecaan''' (新石器時代)[9] ===
[[Faylo:Petralona_skull_covered_by_stalagmite.jpg|thumb|i'ayaway to 80 ko ofad ko mihecaan (skull covered by stalagmite)]]
Itiya ho Fokelohay Mihecahecaan(Ikiris a sowal:''Paleolithic age'')iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini sanaay ko pipawacay, miso’edac to mihecaan tahira i ’ayaw na anini to 9000 ko miheca.[10] oya Pitolalona Dihif(Kirisiya a sowal'':Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων ; Ikiris a sowal:Mount Katsika; Holam a sowal:'' 紅石山洞) makera ko i'ayaway to 80 ko ofad ko mihecaan a malafokelohay to a fongoh no tamdaw.
O ‘orip no tamdaw i,iraay to ko loma’ sa mahinakeray to ko kamaro’, o maomahay ko tayal, mipaloma to moki, kalitang, mipakaen to siri, kolong ato diyong, pasasa sanany to ko pi’adop.
Iraay to ko lisin itiya, o sapawacay i, Pulomahenas-Topolnika(''Topolnica)'' a nalacolan, mihafalatay to ka’amis no Sayloy a Kirisiya pala-kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya.
=== '''To’asan Maciton'''(古馬其頓) ===
O to’as no Maciton itiyay ho i ’ayaway ni Yieso to 500 miheca tahira i 146 miheca, itini tona palapalaan makalitolo no Maciton, Ililiya ato Seloys, na ira ko Piawniya, Taerniya, Maciton ato Pilakongniya sepat a hontian kitakit.
[[Faylo:IllyrianKingorNoble.jpg|thumb|Ililian a tamdaw (IllyrianKingorNoble)]]
I’ayaw no kairaan no Maciton, itini isakatimol a pala iraay ko niyaro’ no Pucili a tamdaw,[11] i sak’etip (Fafa’eday aMaciton) iraay kono Maciton tamdaw ato Iliiya tamdaw niyaro’aro’, yo malalood ko Maciton tamdaw ato Iliiya tamdaw, latek malacafayay a maro’ ko Pucili a tamdaw ato Maciton a tamdaw.[12]
I to’asan ho no Kirisiya a mihecaan, o sa’ayaway a mi’ecoan no Piawniya Hontian Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Paeonia;'' Holam a sowal:培奧尼亞王國) i, o polong no lilis no Wata ’Alo(Maciton a sowal: ''Вардар''; Kirisiya a sowal:''Αξιός;'' Holam a sowal:發達河) ato taliyokay a pala, mahaop ko aniniay asaka’amis no Kirisiya-Maciton, polong no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit, ato mamang a pecih no Pawciyaliya.[13]
Itiya sato i kalaloodan no Posi ato Kirisiya-Niyaroan-Kitakit(’ayaw ni Yieso 499 miheca tayhira 449 miheca) malamicongaconga no Posi a tamdaw ko Maciton Hotian Kitakit, nikawrira, i Pulatiya Lalood(''Battle of Plataea;''普拉提亞戰役)pakalowid a misiiked ko Maciton. Itira i kalagontian ni Filip II(Philip II; Kirisiya asowal:Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών; Holam a sowal:腓力二世) , saharakat sato ko kacemahad a micowat to romaroma a pala, polong han ningra ko Maciton mala no niyah a pala. Tahira to i kalahontian ni Alisanta, mapatemak ko Punka ato Harateng no Kirisaya tayra Ngataay-Sawalian( ''the Middle East'' ), naikoran ni Alisanta maliposak to ko kitakit, pakoniyah sato ko tapang no sofitay a patireng to kitakit, ora sa Maciton ma’afas ni Katasan(Kirisiya a sowal:Κάσσανδρος; Holam a sowal:卡山德). Talacowaan matiya to ko kaci’icel no Maciton Hontian Kitakit, o ’icel no sakowan to Seloys-Ililian Etal nornor sanay to a malahedaw. Itini tona mihecahecaan, mipecoh ko Kawlu-Tamdaw i Parkan-Pecih-Kanatal, malowid ni Katasan Honti ato Antiko(''Antigonus II Gonatas),'' cowa ka samaamaan ko Maciton Kitakit.[14]
=== '''Roma a mihecahecaan''' (羅馬時期) ===
’Iayaw NI Yiesoan miheca to tosa sici(200 so’ot miheca) malowid no Roma ko pikowan no Maciton ton apala. I kalahontian ni Fili saka 5(Kirisiya a sowal:''Φίλιππος Ε''; 腓力五世. ’iayaw ni Yieso238miheca-179miheca)kinatosa a malalood ato Roma. I saka cecay a lalood(’iayaway 215-’iayaway 205 miheca) pakalowid ko Maciton to Roma,nikawrira, i saka tosa a lalood (’iayaway 200-’iayaway 197 miheca) malowid no Roma ko Maciton. Itira to i sakatolo a lalood(’iayaway 171-’iayaway 168 miheca) malowid ko Maciton, na onian ko saka tekop no Hotian Kitakit. Ikor tona katekop no kitakit kalasepaten a mipecih malamicongcongay no Roma, saikoray to i ’ayaway 146 miheca papolong han to no Roma malasakowan no Micowatay Hontian Kitakit.[15] Sanoyanan sato a matenak ko sowal no Latin i Parkan-Pecihay-Kanatal.
Yo matekop sato ko Roma-Cowatay-Hontian-Kitakit i 298 miheca, oya no Maciton a mikowanay mala Paycantic-Nicowaty-Hontian-Kitakit. Ci’icelay ko sofitay nona Hotian Kitakit, nikawrira, cilacila ira ko piparawraw no Salafo Finacadan, halafin tato konikafodfod itini ton apala, sa tata’ang konikafalic no punka ato tamdaw, mapapolng tono Slafo ko Maciton.
Mitiya sato mahineknek to ko ’aro no Slafo a Finacadan i salawacan no niyaro’ ato kalala’edan no kitakit, o「Sklaviniai」hananay no mikakinkiway a pangangan congra.
Itiya i pikowanan ni Cinstans saka 2 (Kirisiya a sowal:''Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;''Holam a sowal:君士坦斯二世)honti no Sa’etipay-Roma Hontian Kitakit, laplapen a miforaw ko Slafo a tamdaw tayra i Sifo’an no Mamangay Aciya(Ikiris a sowal:''Anatolia''; Torki a sowal:''Anadolu''; Kirisiya a sowal:''ανατολή ;''Holam a sowal:安納托利亞), maforaw a tayni ko Slafo a tamdaw pasitira sato a mingodo to sakowan ’icel no Paycantin Hongti. Ikor to no saka 7 sici, miliyaw heca ci Cinstans saka 2 Honti a mipecoh to niyaro’ no Slafo, patirengen ningra i Saysaloniki ko 「Seloy-Sakowan no Sofitay」. Itiya sato to pinokayan ningra, ma’adapaw no Slafo-Pawcial tamdaw, ’aloman ko mapatayay no sofitay, ma’afas ho ko adihayay a sapanocay, onini ko sakapisawad a malahonti.[16]
[[Faylo:Sv Kiril Metodij Zahari Zograf Trojanski mon 1848.jpg|thumb|misanga'ay to Silil Tilid(Cyril-methodius-small)]]
Tahira to i ikor no saka 8 sici, linahan to ko sakowan no sofitay pasitimol i ngata no Aycin-Riyar, lowanen ko mamang no Seloy ato Kirisya a sakowan no sofitay a papapolong a malafa’elohay a「Maciton Sakowan no Sofitay」, miliyasay to aniniay a Maciton ko kaitiran nona Sakowan.
=== '''Sifo’an Sici''' (中世紀) ===
Itiya ho i 836 miheca anoca itira i 837 mihea, awaay to i kirok(nitilidan) no Paycantin ko Salafo a Finacadan, naw hanni masolotay to no micowatay a Sakacecay-Hontian Kitakit no Pawciyaliya. I 837 miheca, mapolong no Sakacecay-Hontian Kitakit no Pawciyaliya ko pinapina apecih no Maciton Etal, malaliyaw ko ’icel no Slafo tamdaw itini tona Hontian-Kitakit no Pawciyaliya. Itiniya i 860 miheca, ira ko nani Saysaloniki a Paycantin-Kirisiya tamdaw: o Silil ato Mitote(Kirisiya a sowal:''Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος'' ; Holam a sowal:西里爾與美多德) a malikakaay,o cinganganay to kainaneng a patenak to sowal no Kawas, sanga’en nangra a malikaka ko sarakatay a tilid no Slafo(sa’aya’ayaw o sapikirok to Katelangay Kyokai no Slafo), sapangangan han cangra o Niocoran no Slafo. I 885 miheca , o「sarakatay a pasowalay tono Pawciyaliya a sowal a Tata’angay Sikyo」a Fangcalay Tamdaw ci Sie-Awhelito itini i Awhelito Etal(aniniay a Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit) a maro’, sa malakahiceraan no pitooran kona pala.
I ikor no saka 10 sici, o Honti no Paycantin ci Yohani saka1(Kirisiya asowal:Ιωάννης A' Τσιμισκής; Holam a sowal:約翰一世·齊米斯基斯) itira i kalaloodan no Las-Paycantin(970-971) cowaten ningra ko Pawciyaliya, malaliyoc to ko kahiceraan no Sakacecay-Hontian Kitakit no Pawciyaliya pasitira to i Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit.
[[Faylo:Prise de Constantinople par les croisés (12 avril 1204).jpg|thumb|Sofitay no Ciwcika mitekop to Cinstancin (Eugène Delacroix, 1840)]]
Nani 12 sici satapang a macowat no Sayrwiya Hontian Kitakit ko Maciton Etal, i 13 sici iikor to no sakasepat a pilood no Sofitay no Ciwcika(''The Crusades;''十字軍), matekop ko satata’angay o cinganganay a tokai Cinstancin (Kirisiya asowal:''Κωνσταντινούπολις Κωνσταντινούπολη''; Latin a sowal:''Constantinopolis ;'' Ikiris a sowal:''Constantinople;Holam a sowal:君士坦丁堡'' )[1] no Kristo. Noyanan to i,cifangafang ko Paycantin-Kirisiya tamdaw, Salonika-Hontian Kitakit ato Pawciyaliya Sakatosa Micowatay-Hotinan Kitakit to hano nima ko Maciton sanay a kacacoli. Nawhani, o sakatimol no Maciton o nipa’adingan no IpiplosTekedan-Pikowan Kitakit(Kirisiya asowal:''Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων''; Holam a sowal:伊庇魯斯專制國); o saka’amisay pala no Maciton o Pawciyaliya ko mikowanay. Tahira to i ikor no 1261 miheca nga’ papolong han to o Paycantin a mikowan ko Maciton.
Itiya sato i saka14 sici, malowid no Awtoman Micowatay-Hontian Kitakit ko adihay ko mitekopan a kitakit, ira ko Sayrwiya, Pawciyaliya ato Kirisiya, nornor sato ko sapi’ecoaw to Parkan-Pecihay-Kanatal. I 1371 miheca, pakalowid ko Awtoman i Matolica Lalood i, o saheto no Maciton malamicongacongay a kitakit, tahira to i 14 sici haemin han to polongen koya Maciton Kitakit. Nano inian to ikor to 500 ko miheca sahetoay mamamikowanan no Awtoman Micowatay-Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay to Maciton.
=== '''Kacemahadan''' (復興) ===
I 19 sici, o Kirisiya, Sayrwiya ato Pawciyaliya a tolo kitakit micoroh to miliyaw a palowad to kitakit sanay a demak,ira ko pipacoli to itiraay i Yoropa a pala no Awtoman Micowatay-Hontian Kitakit (nisapinangan a「Maciton」), onini ko lalengatan no malatosa ko kasarekad i ikor no 19 sici ato isatapangan no 20 sici. Itini tona tosay a kasarekad, o sakakaay o Pawciyaliya-Maciton Mipalolo Iinkai(Pawciliya a sowal:''Вътрешна македонска революционна организация'';Decdec:''ВМРО;'' Maciton a sowal:''Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација'', Decdec:''ВМРО;''Holam a sowal:馬其頓內部革命組織), i 1903 miheca keriden ni Kocai-Torciefo( Pawciyaliya/Maciton :''Bulgarian/Macedonian: Георги/Ѓорѓи Николов Делчев ;'' Holama sowal:''戈采·德爾切夫'') ona Rekad i,itira i Ilinteng Etal (''Општина Илинден'';伊林登區) o romi’ad no Pali’ayaway ci Iliya a mi’inger to sapialaaw to Niyah-Pikowan anaca o sapisiikedaw a patireng tona niyah a kitakit.
=== '''Parkan-Lalood(第一次、第二次巴爾幹戰爭)''' ===
I satapangan no 20 sici, ira ko Sakacecay a Parkan-Lalood(1912-10-8~1913-5-30), Sakatosa a Parkan-Lalood(1913-6-29~8-10), na malepon kona lalood makinatolo a mapapecih ko Maciton, o Kirisiya Hontian Kitakit, Inacilaay Sayrwiya Hontian Kitakit, ato Inacilaay Pawciyaliya Hontian Kitakit, oya kalala’edan nona toloaay a kitakit i, tado han to no Kirisiya-Maciton, Ka’amisay-Maciton ato Pawciyali-Maciton a kalala’edan.
Malaheci ko Sakatosa Lalood no tahepoan no Kakarayan tahira 1949 miheca ko Lalomaay-Lalood no Kirisiya. 1963 miheca Nanslafo Kapolongan-Kitakit mafalic kongangan to「Nanslafo-Syakaisyuki-Kapolongan-Kitakit」, oya ilalomaay a Maciton itira to i 1991 miheca a mala Misiikeday Kitakit.
Na pisiikedan ira ko 17 miheca a cifangafang to ngangan no kitakit,ano「Maciton」hannaca a pangangan caay ka tatodong, awaay ko mihaiay,mihantay ko Kirisiya. Tahira sato i 2018 miheca saka 6 folad,o「Ka’amisay Maciton」han to a milaheci mifalic,[18] malaheci to ko pisanga’ to rikec ona tosa a kitakit, i 2019 miheca saka 2 folad laheci sato ko pangangan.
To cila to a miheca saka 3 folad o「Ka’amisay Maciton」ko ngangan a mikapot to Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO''), mihai to ko Licikay no Yoropa(''Council of Europe:''歐洲理事會) a masasowal to sapikapotaw i Yoropa-Lekatep(European Union, EU;歐洲聯盟).
== Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) ==
----[1]科索沃是一個在科索沃共和國與塞爾維亞共和國之間的爭議領土。科索沃已於2008年單方面宣布獨立並成立了科索沃共和國,但塞爾維亞仍堅持認為科索沃是其主權領土的一個自治區。聯合國193個成員國中有113個已承認科索沃的獨立地位。
[2] The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives, Stephanie Lynn Budin, ABC-CLIO, 2004, <nowiki>ISBN 1576078140</nowiki>, p. 12. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
[3] Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One, Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, BRILL, 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 900425076X</nowiki>, pp. 278-279.
[4] Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, <nowiki>ISBN 0810862956</nowiki>, p. Iii (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
[5] Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 3034301960</nowiki>, p. 48. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
[6] Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 0199209197</nowiki>, p. 192. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
[7] Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, <nowiki>ISBN 0275976483</nowiki>, p. 89 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
[8] "Macedonia Redux", Eugene N. Borza, The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity.
[9] O pisetek to mihecaan i ’ayaw no 260 ofad anoca 250 ofad ko miheca nani anini.
[10] R.J. Rodden and K.A. Wardle, Nea Nikomedia: The Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece 1961–1964, Vol I, The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage, British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 25, 1996
[11] Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War,2.99.
[12] Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-00880-9</nowiki>, p. 65. "There is no record of conflict between the Bryges and the local population; they are described as synoikoi ("fellow inhabitant" or neighbors) of the Macedonians."
[13] Encyclopædia Britannica online – Paeonia. [2016-04-28]. (原始內容存檔於2008-04-18)
[14] The Celts. A history. Daithi O Hogain. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-923-0
[15] 本條目出自公有領域:Chisholm, Hugh (編). Andriscus. 大英百科全書 1 (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社. 1911.
[16] The Early Medieval Balkans. John Fine. Page 71:
[17] Nicolle, David. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04 – the Betrayal of Byzantium. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 2011: 15. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84908-319-5</nowiki>. O telang a ngangan no syoto no Torki Istanpaw.
[18] “マケドニア、国名変更でギリシャと合意 「北マケドニア」に”. AFPBB News. フランス通信社. (2018年6月13日) 2018年6月13日閲覧
Itini i 41 50 N, 22 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Macedonia]].
Polong no sekalay i 25,713 sq km “saka 150 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 25,433 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 280 sq km ”
Polong i 2,100,025 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 44.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 39.80%, malo no roma to a sera 15.90%.
siyoto(首都)
O [[[Skopje]](史高比耶) ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 8 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Stevo Pendarovski]](格奧爾基·伊萬諾夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2019 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 12 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw
* [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government]
[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]
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== Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(柬埔寨王國) ==
=== ''T'''akaray sowal(概要)''''' ===
Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國) [[Kanpociya sowal]]:高棉語:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា,Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; [[Kuwaping sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國), itiraay i
[[Faylo:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|縮圖|Flag of Cambodia]]
a Pecihan-Kanatal中南半島,Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw東南亞大陸地區 ko kaitiraan nona [[kitakit]], o syoto tatapangan a tokay o [[Cinpin]](Kanpociya sowal:ក្រុងភ្នំពេញ,Roma a tilid:krong Phnum Pɨñ; Kuwaoing sowal:金邊). O kapot no Linheko ato Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya kitakit a Katatelekan.
Isaka’etip no Kanpociya i,malalocokay ato Tayko, isaka’amis no sakawali Malala’eday ato Laoko, isakawali ato sakatimol no sawalian malafiyaw ato Yienan, ikatimol o SinloKihaw(暹羅灣).
Hato masadangahay ko pala no Kanpociya,tolo no pasitiraan o tapolo ato tokos, isifo’ o dadahalay a cihenekay dafdaf, ona sera tonini makinatolo no sepat no polong sera no kitakit. Ira ko tata’akay ‘alo Mikong-‘alo(湄公河), ira ho tata’angay a fanaw o Tonglisa-fanaw(Kanpociya sowal:បឹងទន្លេសាប,Roma a tilid:Tonlé Sap; Kuwaping sowal: 洞里薩湖).
=== '''Nangan no kitakit(國名)''' ===
O tadangangan no Kanpociya o Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(Kanpociya sowal:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា,Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; Kuwaping sowal:柬埔寨王國)。O 「ព្រះ」hananay i, fangcalay sanay「神聖的」,o 「រាជាណាចក្រ」hananay i,o honti sanay「王國」, o「កម្ពុជា」hananay i,o Kanpociya sanay「柬埔寨」.
Ona ngangan tonini i,nani「कम्बोजदेश」(Kambujadeśa)(Ikiris sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping sowal:梵語),o maan ko imi nona sowal han i, o 「sera ni Cinfusa 」[1] sanay.
Ona ngangan no Kanpociya itini i rikisi no kuwaping itiraay ho i Tonghan(東漢 25-220 mihecaan)iraay to a matilid,nikawrira adihay ko masasiromaromaay a pangangan, tahira to i Min Wanli a mihecahecaan(明朝萬曆) nga’ sacecay sanay to a pangangan to Kanpociya(柬埔寨) .
Itini I nitilidan no Sa’etipay-Kitakit i,o misahinahinamay tamdaw ci
[[Faylo:Location_Cambodia_ASEAN.svg|縮圖|Location Cambodia ASEAN]]
(Italiya sowal:Antonio Pigafetta; Kuwaping sowal:安東尼奧·皮加費塔) o 「Camogia」[2] hananay ningra a pangangan.
=== Likisi(歷史) ===
O to’asan a parayrayan a kitakit i Conan-pan-tao ko Kanpociya, matafesiw to ko tosa a patek (2000) a mihecaan ko likisi nira.
O nalacolan no Payon: I yiesoan to cecay a sici i, i laloma’ no kitakit no Kanpociya i, ira ko Fnan a kitakit, o India ko nipatirengan nangra to tatapangan a pitooran no kitakit, saka mafiyak ko serangawan no India a malenaf. O tatapangan a pikowannan a ningri no Fnan i, o Viyadatapora (Vyadhapura, sowal no Fan: tokay no mi’adopay), itini i ngataay no Polamyen a sakowan no aniniay. Ira ko Meking a tarawadaw, nani saetip kaamisay pasayra i kawali a pasadak to riyar. I sasifoan no sakapito a sici no yiesoan, mapalahedaw no nani ka’amisan a Cenla ko Fnan, ma’atingid koya wawa no hongti no Fnan tayra i Cawa, itira sato a patireng to Santi a hongtian a kitakit.
Ikor no nikapalahedaw no Cenla to Fnan i, matongal ko ’icel no kitakit. Tahira i pikowanan ni Ceyapoman sakacecay i, pakalowid haca cingra a mi’eco to sifo’ay ato ka’amisan a pala no Lawos. O kasalaled a pala i, i ka’amisan tahira i Nancaw, i katimolan i, tahira i rarem no Meking a tarawadaw, mihaop to aniniay a Kanpociya, Lawos ato katimolan no Yienan. Awaay ko teloc ni Ceyapoman sakacecay mamirayray to pikowanan. I kor no nikapatay nira i, o sona nira ci Ceyatitaywi ko mamalahongti. Fahal sa milafodes ko kitakit, pangangan han no likisi tonini a demak to "O Tarawadaw a Cenla ato Hadhad a Cenla" a kalaloodan, pakarawraw i laloma'an no kitakit.
I ka’ayaw kaikor no yiesoan no 787 a mihecaan i, oya pikowanan a tokay ci Sanpipora no Cidalay a hontian a kitakit i tarawadaw a Cenla, mapeleng a ma'eco no Saliyentra a hongtian a kitakit. Mapacok a mapatay koya hongti ci Mohipotifaman, malepel haca koya wawa no hongti (oya mamalahongti i ikor ci Ceyapoman sakatosa). Nani itiya ho sato, makowanan no i Cawaay a Saliyentra (Santi) a hongtian a kitakit koya tarawadaw a Cenla, tahira i nikalafac ni Ceyapoman sakatosa nani Cawa, ta misiiked cingra a malahongti. Palacecay ci Ceyapoman sakatosa a mikowan to tarawadaw a Cenla ato hadhad a Cenla. Itira i ka’amisan-kawali no Ankor to paka tolo polo' a kongliay i Lici a lotok, saka mipatireng to Ankor a hontian a kitakit.
O Ankor a hongtian a kitakit, o pangangan han haca to Kemer a hongtian a kitakit, tahira i saka safaw tosa a sici i, tadamatedi'ay ko kitakit, tadamakapahay ko serangawan. O kasalaled a pala nira i, mihaop to polong no aniniay a Kanpociya, ato kasa'etal a pala no Taylen, Lawos ato Yienan. I saka safaw tolo a sici i, matenak ko Sancopo a Fociw (Theravada a Fociw) nani Sililanka a tayni. Itini i saka 1430 a mihecaan (saka-lima a mihecaan no Siyande no Min), midefong ko Sinlo to Kanpociya, milikot to tokay no Ankor to pakapito a folad, o sakaheci ko pakapeleng to Ankor. O nika tadamangata no Ankor to Sinlo i, o sakasawad to Ankor, mafolaw tayra i Kinpen a mipatireng to ningri itira. Nani itiya sato, maroray ko 'icel no Kanpociya, misi'ayaw to ka'ayaw ato kaikolan no Yienan ato Sinlo a tosaay a fiyaw a kitakit a midefong, pangangan han tonini a karawrawan a mihecahecaan to "O to'eman a citay". Micalap ko Yienan to la'enoay a Kanpociya (oya sacumodan no Mikong a tarawadaw a pala), oni ko sakamalala'isan a demak.
Itini i saka 1296 a mihecaan, miocor ko Yincaw ci Cew-takowan a mihilap to Ankor a hongtian a kitakit, pakacecay a mihecaan ko nipihilap nira. Pinokay sato i, mitilid ci Cew-takowan to cecay a codad "Cen-la-fong-to-ci", o pisiwkayan no codad to lekakawa no pikowan, sici ato kicay, saki'orip, palapalaan ato fonka. Caay ko pisiwkayan aca ko pi'arawan nira i, ira ho ko sepat a polo' a tadamaanay a liyad. Tahira sato i saka safaw siwa a sici, falicen no tamdaw ko codad to sowal no France, Germany ato inko ato masamaanay a sowal. I ka'ayaw no pikowanan no Fakong to Ankor, o pakakalimelaan a tadamaanay a likisi a codad no Kanpociya.
O picowatan no France a pikuwan to Indocina, nani 1863 tahira i 1953 a mihecaan, micalap ko France a micingcing tonini a pala (O pidefong no Yoropa ato Amirika a kitakit to ni'ecoan a pala). I 1863 a mihecaan, paci'cien no France ko Kanpociya a micingcing, mala o pisimawan a kitakit. I sakatosa a kalaloodan a hekal, nani 1942 a mihecaan tahira i 1945 a mihecaan, micalap ko Ripon to Kanpociya. Ikol no kalaloodan i, itini i 1953 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay a folad saka siwa a romi'ad, misiiked ko Kanpociya a miliyas to pikowan no France. Satapang i, o pikuwan no hongti, o sakacecayay a hongtian a kitakit no Kanpociya, itini i pikowan ni Siyanoan i, o kitenokay ko sapikowan.
Miteka i tenok no 1960 a mihecaan, ona toloay a ci’icelay a kitakit, o Congko, o Amirika ato o Solin, mapolong a midefong tonini a Indocina a pala a micowat ato mikowan. Mafiyok ko nikakemet no kasakitakit ato kalaloodan no Vietnam i, malalood ko laloma'ay no Kanpociya. Itini i 1970 a mihecaan saka tolo a folad saka safaw falo a romi'ad, ci Lon Nol a Ciyancin, oya mikiAmirikaay ko faloco' nira, mifodfod to sifo, mipalasawad to sakahontian a patireng to Kapolongan a Kitakit no Khmer. Roma i, o mikiCongkoay ci Siyano a honti i, pasonolay tarira i Beijing a maro'. I kalaloodan no Vietnam i, malala'is ko hitay no timolay a Vietnam, hitay no Amirika, sifoay ni Lon Nol a hitay ato hitay no amisay a Vietnam (o Kahengangay a Khmer a hitay), ta pakatati'ih to 'orip no finawlan i laloma' no Kanpociya.
Itini i 1975 a mihecaan saka sepat a folad saka safaw pito a romi'ad, ikor no piliyas no hitay no Amirika to ningri no Kanpociya i Phnom Penh i, mi'eco ko nikeridan ni Pol Pot a congsoci no Kyosanto no Kanpociya a Kahengangay a Khmer toya ningri, patireng to Mincoay a Kanpociya a sifo. Oya hongti ci Siyano i, nani Pyongyang no Codang a patatikor a minokay i kitakit, nikawrira kalamkam sa marofo no Kahengangay a Khmer a hitay. Itini i 1976 a mihecaan saka pito a folad saka enem a romi'ad, o malacitodongay a mikowan no Kahengangay a Khmer ci Pol Pot i, mipalasawad to payso, milalap to finawlan nani tokay a patayra i papotal, paci'ci nira a papisaomah ato mipacok to cifana'ay a tamdaw. Itini i pikuwanan nira to tolo a mihecaan falo a folad i, mifatol cingra to kacacemleman a pikuwan. O nika cahif, nika roray, lifong ato makari'angay a masamaanay a pades ko sapipatayan to kalilima no finawlan i kitakit, o cecay no sakacipadesan ko ci'edesay ato makari'angay a nikademakan no tamdaw i saka 20 a sici. I pakayniay to papotal a kitakit i, o pikuwan ni Pol Pot no Kahengangay a Khmer i, o nika fangafan to sifo no Vietnam i kalingangan no Vietnam itiya ho a karawrawan, mangalef midefong to sakowan no pala no Vietnam ato milomek to finawlan no Vietnam. O nika masasiwidawidang to kapolonan a kitakit no Cukoku i, roma i, kalatatiih no Congko ato Russia, saka malaladof ko Kanpociya to Cukoku a milifet to Vietnam ato Sulin. Oya Mincoay a Kanpociya i, pakacoker ko Linhoko a misimaw, saka pakaala to kamaro'an no Linhoko.
I 1978 a mihecaan saka safaw toosa a folad, midefong ko hitay no Vietnam to Kanpociya, ta micalap to Phnom Penh itini i 1979 a mihecaan saka cecay a folad saka pito a romi'ad. Ona kapot no Sapifalicay a Lekatep no Finawlan no Kamer ato i loma' no Kyosanto a pacoliay i, malaladof a patireng to Sapifalicay a finawlan a Lekatep no Kanpociya, ikor i mapalasawad to koya kacacemleman a pipatay no Kahengangay a Khmer. Malowad koya Kahengangay a Khmer a milaliw to i ka'amis-ka'etip a kalingangan no Kanpociya ato Thailand. Nikawrira oya Kapolonan a Kitakit no Kanpociya i, o pinengeng no kasakitakit i, o nikadipdip no Vietnam, nawhani caay ka pihai no sa'alomanay a kitakit i hekal, saka mitatoy ho koya Kahengangay a Khmer toya kamaro'an no Mincoay a Kanpociya i Linhoko. Kirami i, mapahapinang no hitay no Vietnam a mapawacay ko sakacitati'ih a demak i, masawad to ko picoker no kasakitakit.
I 1989 a mihecaan saka cecay a folad saka enem a romi'ad, miliyas ko polong no finawlan a hitay no Vietnam to Kanpociya. Mafalic ko ngangan noya Kapolongan a Kitakit no Kanpociya o “Kitakit no Kanpociya”, o sakapiala to pihai no kasakitakit. I 1991 a mihecaan, maherek ko masaso'ayaway a laloodan, misawad ko Kanpociya toya cecayay a kasafelaw a pikowan ato harateng no Marekese-Lening. Mafalic ko ngangan noya Sapifalicay a Lekatep no Finawlan no Kanpociya o “Lekatep no Finawlan no Kanpociya”. I 1993 a mihecaan, mapadama no Lekatep no Kasakitakit ko Kanpociya a misingkiw to kitakit no Kanpociya, pakaala ko noya mikihontianay a Fongsinpike a kasafelaw to 45.5% a paya a malasakakaay a kasafelaw, roma i, o nikeridan ci Hon Sen a Lekatep no Finawlan ko sakatosa. Ya nipipatalaw ni Hon Senan to tosaay a kasafelaw i, mahekelong a patireng to malacecay a pikowan no sifo. I 1993 a mihecaan saka siwa a folad saka tosa polo' ira ko sepat a romi'ad, mipatopa ko kayi no Kanpociya to fa'elohay a kinpo, mapatiko haca ko hontian a pikowan ato palahontian a kitakit no Kanpociya to ngangan no kitakit, ta ci Siyanu oya kina toloay to a minokay tayni i kitakit i, patiko haca a malahongti. Ikor noya nipifelih ni Hon Sen to sifo i 1997 a mihecaan saka pito a folad saka lima a romi'ad i, ma'emin a mikuwan ko Lekatep no Finawlan to fa'elohay a sifo. Saikolan to i 1998 a mihecaan saka safaw tosa a folad i, masorar no cilodoay a hitay no Kahengangay a Khmer. Anini sato a mihecahecaan i, marihaday ko syakay no Kanpociya, mapatikol haca ko kicay, macakacakat ko pirarakatan.
I 2008 a mihecaan saka falo a folad, pakaala ko felaw no Finawlan to 90 a kamaro'an itini i saka sepat a pisingkiw no kayi no kitakit. I 2013 a mihecaan saka pito a folad, pakaala ko kasafelaw no Finawlan to 68 a kamaro'an i 123 a polong no kamaro'an, mirocok toya tosa polo' ira ko falo a mihecaan nipikowan ato pikowan to saka lima a Sosiyan. Roma i, pakaala ko pacoliay a kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit to 55 a kamaro'an, ikaka to tosa polo' ira ko enem a kamaro'an nani i 'ayaw no pisingkiw.
I 2017 a mihecaan saka mo'etep a folad, pasawkit ko sifo no Kanpociya toya kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit itira i satakaray a pisawkitan, paliwasak to kasafelaw i saka safaw cecay a folad. I 2018 a mihecaan saka tolo a folad saka tolo a romi'ad, pakaynien no cefang no pisingkiw no kitakit a piparotoh to sakaheci, pakaala ko mikowanay a kasafelaw no Finawlan to polong no 58 a kamaro'an no satakaraway a lomaoc. Nawhani, edengan o pakalifetay ko pacoliay a kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit to mikuwanay a kasafelaw no Finawlan. Nika mapaliwasak to koya kasafelaw i, patatodong sa ko rarakatan no Kanpociya pasayraw i nipikowan no cecayay a kasafelaw.
=== Kiwiko(教育) ===
Ikor noya picalap a pikowan no Faransi to Kanpociya i, '''mipatireng ko Faransi to picodadan itini i tokay no Kanpociya(法語:Ecole de Pali), o sapipalahadaw to nikapatadoay no matayalay to Faransi. I 1914 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay a folad saka tosa polo' ira ko sepat a romi'ad, mipasetek ko hongtian a loma' no Kanpociya a mipatireng to picodadan no Pali i Pinonpen. Iikor no 1922 a mihecaan i, mafalic ko ngangan to Satakaraway a Pitilidan no Pali. Caay ko edeng oya Pitilidan no Pali aca(法語:Ecole Supérieure de Pali), ira haca ko pitilidan to sowal no Pali a mato'eto sa a mapatireng itini i Kanpociya. I pisi'ikedan no Kanpociya i 1952 a mihecaan i, misatapang ko rakat no fana'an ato serangawan a lomowad. I 1958 a mihecaan, mipatireng ko Kanpociya to satakaraway a iingkay no kiwiko no Kitakit. O patireng ni Nolotofom Siyanu ko mipatadoay a malakakeridan,tona pipatadoan nira i, mipasetek ko Kanpociya to rikec no kiwiko, pakatelek to enemay a mihecaan no kosiw, pitoay a mihecaan no kocong ato o sowal no Komay ko sapalalicay. Nani 1970 a mihecaan tahira i sa'ayaway no 1990 a mihecaan no saka-20 a sici i, mapatokil ko rakat no kiwiko no Kanpociya, nawhani o nikalalood i laloma'an no kitakit. I 1993 a mihecaan, mapatikol ko Kanpociya to hongtian a pikowan i, malingatoay to a patiko a pasifana' ko sa'alomanay a pitilidan. Itini tona mihecaan, nipadang no Lekaled a sakadademak no tamdaw ato Lekaled no kiwko i, macakat ko fana' no finawlan no Kanpociya ato sa'osian no pitilidan, nikaorira masararem ko kicay no finawlan no Kanpociya to Yuenan ato Tayko,'''
=== '''Palapalaan(地理)''' ===
O dadahal no sera ira ko 181,035 km², o polong no kitakit i,misilsilan maka24 ko etal ato cecay a no Hontian a Tokay, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Tayko, Lyawko, ikatimol i,madado’edo’ ko pala ato Yienan, isakatimol no sa’etipan misi’ayaway to Sinlowan(暹羅灣). O kakaya’ no lislis no riyar ira ko 443 km,ilaloma’ nona kitakit ira ko cecay a fanaw o Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖; Roma a tilid: Tonlé Sap), o pifotingan, pialaan to nanom itini, o saka’orip tamtamdaw.Mahaop ko 20% no polong a sera o liomahan.
24 ko kasaetal sakowan, sepatay aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar a sakowan, tolo ko niyahay pikowan a sakowan, 172 ko mamangay a etal.
O tahapinangan a pala i, o isifo’ay nona kitakit a Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖), Pasa ’alo ato nani ka’amis taratimol a mihifalat tona kitakit a Mikong ’alo,isifo’ay no kitakit a dafdaf i,mahaop ko 3/4 no polong a sera no kitakit.
O Tonlisa Fanaw ato Mikong ’alo nani tongroh no riyar 100 m ko ka’akawang.sa’akawang sa nani tongroh no riyar i,masakefohkefohay ko pala,o itiraay i sakatimol no sa’etipay a Toko lotok mitifacay to 1500 m ko ka’akawang, nani ka’amisay no sa’etipan taratimol sa no sa’etipan ko do’edo’edo. O itiraay I kawali a Awlar Lotok(Phnom Aural)o sa’akawangay no Kanpociya kitakita, tahiraay to 1771 m ko ka’akawang.
=== '''Siici(政治)''' ===
Itiyaay i 1993 mihecan a kinpo tatapangan rikec no kitakit, misetek to faco no kitakit o Hontian Kitakit, masasiiked ko Misanga’ay to rikec, Matayal to Demak ato Misawkitay,toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan ’icel. O honti i,tahira i patay ko kalasawara’an,kakomodan no sofitay, o tahapinangan no kalacecay no kitakit ato kaira no kitakit a tahadahoc, ira heca ko ’icel mitedal to tata’angay raraw no malofoay tamdaw.
Ano cakapakatayal ato ano miholol i romaay kitakit ko honti, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian no Kitakit ko mamiceror to tayal no honti.Ano mapatay ko honti, o tapang no sifo, kakeridan no tosaay rekad no mipaypayay a Fociyaw, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Finawlan Pikaykian polong han 9 ko tamdaw misanga’ to iingkay, masasowal a misimsim to mamalahonti nani laloma’an no honti, patireng to fa’elohay a honti.
=== '''Kicai(經濟)''' ===
O cecay no polong a cowaho kacomahad ko ’orip a kotakit ko Kanpociya,ira ko 4 a hecek no pili’etanan nona kitakit, oriraan i,o pihololan no lafang, mitelekay to riko’, misaloma ato liomah. Oninian haw i,cowa ka citolas ko fodfod tona kitakit, orasaka, macara ko sapicomahadaw to kicai no kitakit, kalomihecaan a kacomahad no kicai tahiraay aca i 7% ko sa’osi.orasaka, tadamatatifac ko kasasiroma no cipaysoay ato manikaway ko ’orip, o manikaway a tamdaw i,awa ko sapaising, cakapapitilid to ka’emangay,tada awa ko fana’ to maamaan.
I 2006 miheca, o mipalafangay a tayni cilafas to 170 ko ofad,[3]2005 miheca makarkar i riyar ko kasolin a simal ato palapalaan a kaso, i 2009 ano ca i 2010 miheca a misatapang paliwal, tata’ang ko pisiwar to kacomahad no kicai no Kanpociya a manga’ay. [1]
=== '''Tamdaw(人口)''' ===
O polong a tamdaw no Konpociya ira ko 1550 ofad, o Kanpociya a finacadan mahaop ko 90% ko ka’aloman, ira ho roma a mamangay a finacadan o Kuwaping mahaop ko 1%, o Cing finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:京族; Roma a tilid:Gin)mahaop ko 9%, o Laos(Kuwaping a sowal:佬族)ato Tay finacadan, ira ho ko masasiromaromaay a mamangay a 20 ko finacadan,oninian i,ira ko ikemoday no lotok a maro’. O lalen no ’orip i, 71.41 ko mihecaan.
== '''Sowal(語言)''' ==
O tamdaw no Kanpociya sahetoay mira’oyay to sowal ato tilid no Kanpociya,ira kono niyah a sa’osi,itini i Kanpociya ikakaay ko katenak no Kanpociya pasasotiri’en ato no Arapiya a sa’osi.
O sowal no Kuwaping itini ono Cawco a sowal(Ikiris a sowal: Teochew ano ca Chiuchow),o cecay a sowal no Payrang itini i Taywan.ono niyah a sowal ko hasowal no kasasiromaroma a finacadan.
Itiya ho halafin malamicowatan a sokowan no Franso ko Kanpociya, orasaka, o sakatosa a matenakay a sowal ko Franso a sowal, nikawrira, anini sato cowa ka matiya toya i’ayaway ko katenak no Franso a sowal. Tahanini sato i,adihay to ko katayalan cemahad to ko kicai ’aloman ko tayniay a misanga’ to kofa ko Kuwaping a tamadaw, orasaka, matenak ko sowal no Kuwaping ato Ikiris a sowal i Kanpociya.
[[Faylo:Kraing_Tbong_VB_01_06_6.JPG|縮圖|[[Faylo:Conbodia2.ogg|縮圖]]niyaro' (Kraing Tbong )]]
=== '''Pitooran(宗教)''' ===
O mipaypayay a Fociyaw koni pasetekan malo no kitakit a pitooran, i matini mahaop ko 95% no polong a tamdaw no Kanpociya ko mitooray tonini, sakakaay ko ka’aloman ko mitooray i,o Kanpociya a tamdaw, malecad ato fiyaw a Tayko.
O itiniay a Kuwaping ato Cin finacadan o Tacen Fociya(Kuwaping a sowal:大乘佛教;Ikiris a sowal:mahāyāna buddhism), Tinsikyo ato Fa’elohay a Kristoan, o Can finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:占族;Ikiris a sowal:Urang Campa)[5] [6] o Islan Ciyaw ko pitooran, ira ho cowa ka ’aloman a tamdaw o mitooray to pawidangay.
=== '''Punka(文化)''' ===
O sakero no Kanpociya tolo ko kasasiiked:o to’asan sakero, niyaro’ay sakero, ato sapalafang sakero. O tahapinangan no Kanpociya a sakero i,ono to’asan sakero.
Adihay ko masariromaromaay a siikeday a pisalaan no lafang itini, o cinganganay i kalokitakit i, itiraay i ka’amis no kitakit a
[[Faylo:Fishsale.jpg|縮圖|[[Faylo:Conbodia.ogg|縮圖]]itaminaay paliwal to dafong(Fishsale)]]
no hekalay kitakit o Wukoku(Kuwaping a sowal:吳哥窟 [7]Roma a tilid: ʾṅ̥grvt̥t=ʾaṅgaravatta).isasifo’an no kitakit i, tadaadihay ko nipatirengan Fyo pipaypayan, isaka’etipan ira ko Tonlisa Fanaw, o lalen no ’ngongol no nanom ira ko cecay laya’, o kakahad i,ira ko 1,700 km²,manga’ay a pakatamina a minengneng to tataparan. Itini tona fanaw ’aloman ko kalaloma’ hananay ko tamina a ’orip, isakatimol dihekoay ko cidal, toloay ko mihaian no Linheko a rocok no punka no Kanpociya.
=== '''Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)''' ===
[1] 劍浮沙(梵語:Kamboja)是印度列國時代的十六雄國之一,又譯為甘菩遮國。
[2] Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo - Wikisource. it.wikisource.org. [2019-08-07]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-22)
[3] 1.7 million. [2007-07-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-02).
[4] 廣西對柬埔寨投資呈爆發式增長 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)news.xinhuanet.com
[5] Andaya, Leonard Y. Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka. University of Hawaii Press. 2008: 44 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9</nowiki>. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-08)
[6] Reid, Anthony. Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem. NUS Press. 2006: 8 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9971-69-331-2</nowiki>. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-08).
[7] 中國地名委員會. 外国地名译名手册. 商務印書館. 1993: 31. <nowiki>ISBN 7-100-00798-4</nowiki>. Ângkôr Wat 【柬】 吳哥窟;
=== '''Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結)''' ===
•(英文)柬埔寨王國 - Cambodia e-Gov
•(英文)柬埔寨電子簽證 - Cambodia e-Visa (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
•(繁體中文)柬埔寨旅遊部官方網站 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
•(英文)柬埔寨旅遊指南
•(英文)開放式目錄計劃中和柬埔寨相關的內容
•(英文) 維基媒體的柬埔寨地圖集
• 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨(繁體中文)的旅行指南
• 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨(法文)的旅行指南
• 維客旅行上的柬埔寨 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
• OpenStreetMap上有關柬埔寨的地理資訊
•谷歌地圖
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== Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(柬埔寨王國) ==
=== ''T'''akaray sowal(概要)''''' ===
Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國) [[Kanpociya sowal]]:高棉語:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា,Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; [[Kuwaping sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國), itiraay i
[[Faylo:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|縮圖|Flag of Cambodia]]
a Pecihan-Kanatal中南半島,Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw東南亞大陸地區 ko kaitiraan nona [[kitakit]], o syoto tatapangan a tokay o [[Cinpin]](Kanpociya sowal:ក្រុងភ្នំពេញ,Roma a tilid:krong Phnum Pɨñ; Kuwaoing sowal:金邊). O kapot no Linheko ato Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya kitakit a Katatelekan.
Isaka’etip no Kanpociya i,malalocokay ato Tayko, isaka’amis no sakawali Malala’eday ato Laoko, isakawali ato sakatimol no sawalian malafiyaw ato Yienan, ikatimol o SinloKihaw(暹羅灣).
Hato masadangahay ko pala no Kanpociya,tolo no pasitiraan o tapolo ato tokos, isifo’ o dadahalay a cihenekay dafdaf, ona sera tonini makinatolo no sepat no polong sera no kitakit. Ira ko tata’akay ‘alo Mikong-‘alo(湄公河), ira ho tata’angay a fanaw o Tonglisa-fanaw(Kanpociya sowal:បឹងទន្លេសាប,Roma a tilid:Tonlé Sap; Kuwaping sowal: 洞里薩湖).
=== '''Nangan no kitakit(國名)''' ===
O tadangangan no Kanpociya o Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(Kanpociya sowal:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា,Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; Kuwaping sowal:柬埔寨王國)。O 「ព្រះ」hananay i, fangcalay sanay「神聖的」,o 「រាជាណាចក្រ」hananay i,o honti sanay「王國」, o「កម្ពុជា」hananay i,o Kanpociya sanay「柬埔寨」.
Ona ngangan tonini i,nani「कम्बोजदेश」(Kambujadeśa)(Ikiris sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping sowal:梵語),o maan ko imi nona sowal han i, o 「sera ni Cinfusa 」[1] sanay.
Ona ngangan no Kanpociya itini i rikisi no kuwaping itiraay ho i Tonghan(東漢 25-220 mihecaan)iraay to a matilid,nikawrira adihay ko masasiromaromaay a pangangan, tahira to i Min Wanli a mihecahecaan(明朝萬曆) nga’ sacecay sanay to a pangangan to Kanpociya(柬埔寨) .
Itini I nitilidan no Sa’etipay-Kitakit i,o misahinahinamay tamdaw ci
[[Faylo:Location_Cambodia_ASEAN.svg|縮圖|Location Cambodia ASEAN]]
(Italiya sowal:Antonio Pigafetta; Kuwaping sowal:安東尼奧·皮加費塔) o 「Camogia」[2] hananay ningra a pangangan.
=== Likisi(歷史) ===
O to’asan a parayrayan a kitakit i Conan-pan-tao ko Kanpociya, matafesiw to ko tosa a patek (2000) a mihecaan ko likisi nira.
O nalacolan no Payon: I yiesoan to cecay a sici i, i laloma’ no kitakit no Kanpociya i, ira ko Fnan a kitakit, o India ko nipatirengan nangra to tatapangan a pitooran no kitakit, saka mafiyak ko serangawan no India a malenaf. O tatapangan a pikowannan a ningri no Fnan i, o Viyadatapora (Vyadhapura, sowal no Fan: tokay no mi’adopay), itini i ngataay no Polamyen a sakowan no aniniay. Ira ko Meking a tarawadaw, nani saetip kaamisay pasayra i kawali a pasadak to riyar. I sasifoan no sakapito a sici no yiesoan, mapalahedaw no nani ka’amisan a Cenla ko Fnan, ma’atingid koya wawa no hongti no Fnan tayra i Cawa, itira sato a patireng to Santi a hongtian a kitakit.
Ikor no nikapalahedaw no Cenla to Fnan i, matongal ko ’icel no kitakit. Tahira i pikowanan ni Ceyapoman sakacecay i, pakalowid haca cingra a mi’eco to sifo’ay ato ka’amisan a pala no Lawos. O kasalaled a pala i, i ka’amisan tahira i Nancaw, i katimolan i, tahira i rarem no Meking a tarawadaw, mihaop to aniniay a Kanpociya, Lawos ato katimolan no Yienan. Awaay ko teloc ni Ceyapoman sakacecay mamirayray to pikowanan. I kor no nikapatay nira i, o sona nira ci Ceyatitaywi ko mamalahongti. Fahal sa milafodes ko kitakit, pangangan han no likisi tonini a demak to "O Tarawadaw a Cenla ato Hadhad a Cenla" a kalaloodan, pakarawraw i laloma'an no kitakit.
I ka’ayaw kaikor no yiesoan no 787 a mihecaan i, oya pikowanan a tokay ci Sanpipora no Cidalay a hontian a kitakit i tarawadaw a Cenla, mapeleng a ma'eco no Saliyentra a hongtian a kitakit. Mapacok a mapatay koya hongti ci Mohipotifaman, malepel haca koya wawa no hongti (oya mamalahongti i ikor ci Ceyapoman sakatosa). Nani itiya ho sato, makowanan no i Cawaay a Saliyentra (Santi) a hongtian a kitakit koya tarawadaw a Cenla, tahira i nikalafac ni Ceyapoman sakatosa nani Cawa, ta misiiked cingra a malahongti. Palacecay ci Ceyapoman sakatosa a mikowan to tarawadaw a Cenla ato hadhad a Cenla. Itira i ka’amisan-kawali no Ankor to paka tolo polo' a kongliay i Lici a lotok, saka mipatireng to Ankor a hontian a kitakit.
O Ankor a hongtian a kitakit, o pangangan han haca to Kemer a hongtian a kitakit, tahira i saka safaw tosa a sici i, tadamatedi'ay ko kitakit, tadamakapahay ko serangawan. O kasalaled a pala nira i, mihaop to polong no aniniay a Kanpociya, ato kasa'etal a pala no Taylen, Lawos ato Yienan. I saka safaw tolo a sici i, matenak ko Sancopo a Fociw (Theravada a Fociw) nani Sililanka a tayni. Itini i saka 1430 a mihecaan (saka-lima a mihecaan no Siyande no Min), midefong ko Sinlo to Kanpociya, milikot to tokay no Ankor to pakapito a folad, o sakaheci ko pakapeleng to Ankor. O nika tadamangata no Ankor to Sinlo i, o sakasawad to Ankor, mafolaw tayra i Kinpen a mipatireng to ningri itira. Nani itiya sato, maroray ko 'icel no Kanpociya, misi'ayaw to ka'ayaw ato kaikolan no Yienan ato Sinlo a tosaay a fiyaw a kitakit a midefong, pangangan han tonini a karawrawan a mihecahecaan to "O to'eman a citay". Micalap ko Yienan to la'enoay a Kanpociya (oya sacumodan no Mikong a tarawadaw a pala), oni ko sakamalala'isan a demak.
Itini i saka 1296 a mihecaan, miocor ko Yincaw ci Cew-takowan a mihilap to Ankor a hongtian a kitakit, pakacecay a mihecaan ko nipihilap nira. Pinokay sato i, mitilid ci Cew-takowan to cecay a codad "Cen-la-fong-to-ci", o pisiwkayan no codad to lekakawa no pikowan, sici ato kicay, saki'orip, palapalaan ato fonka. Caay ko pisiwkayan aca ko pi'arawan nira i, ira ho ko sepat a polo' a tadamaanay a liyad. Tahira sato i saka safaw siwa a sici, falicen no tamdaw ko codad to sowal no France, Germany ato inko ato masamaanay a sowal. I ka'ayaw no pikowanan no Fakong to Ankor, o pakakalimelaan a tadamaanay a likisi a codad no Kanpociya.
O picowatan no France a pikuwan to Indocina, nani 1863 tahira i 1953 a mihecaan, micalap ko France a micingcing tonini a pala (O pidefong no Yoropa ato Amirika a kitakit to ni'ecoan a pala). I 1863 a mihecaan, paci'cien no France ko Kanpociya a micingcing, mala o pisimawan a kitakit. I sakatosa a kalaloodan a hekal, nani 1942 a mihecaan tahira i 1945 a mihecaan, micalap ko Ripon to Kanpociya. Ikol no kalaloodan i, itini i 1953 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay a folad saka siwa a romi'ad, misiiked ko Kanpociya a miliyas to pikowan no France. Satapang i, o pikuwan no hongti, o sakacecayay a hongtian a kitakit no Kanpociya, itini i pikowan ni Siyanoan i, o kitenokay ko sapikowan.
Miteka i tenok no 1960 a mihecaan, ona toloay a ci’icelay a kitakit, o Congko, o Amirika ato o Solin, mapolong a midefong tonini a Indocina a pala a micowat ato mikowan. Mafiyok ko nikakemet no kasakitakit ato kalaloodan no Vietnam i, malalood ko laloma'ay no Kanpociya. Itini i 1970 a mihecaan saka tolo a folad saka safaw falo a romi'ad, ci Lon Nol a Ciyancin, oya mikiAmirikaay ko faloco' nira, mifodfod to sifo, mipalasawad to sakahontian a patireng to Kapolongan a Kitakit no Khmer. Roma i, o mikiCongkoay ci Siyano a honti i, pasonolay tarira i Beijing a maro'. I kalaloodan no Vietnam i, malala'is ko hitay no timolay a Vietnam, hitay no Amirika, sifoay ni Lon Nol a hitay ato hitay no amisay a Vietnam (o Kahengangay a Khmer a hitay), ta pakatati'ih to 'orip no finawlan i laloma' no Kanpociya.
Itini i 1975 a mihecaan saka sepat a folad saka safaw pito a romi'ad, ikor no piliyas no hitay no Amirika to ningri no Kanpociya i Phnom Penh i, mi'eco ko nikeridan ni Pol Pot a congsoci no Kyosanto no Kanpociya a Kahengangay a Khmer toya ningri, patireng to Mincoay a Kanpociya a sifo. Oya hongti ci Siyano i, nani Pyongyang no Codang a patatikor a minokay i kitakit, nikawrira kalamkam sa marofo no Kahengangay a Khmer a hitay. Itini i 1976 a mihecaan saka pito a folad saka enem a romi'ad, o malacitodongay a mikowan no Kahengangay a Khmer ci Pol Pot i, mipalasawad to payso, milalap to finawlan nani tokay a patayra i papotal, paci'ci nira a papisaomah ato mipacok to cifana'ay a tamdaw. Itini i pikuwanan nira to tolo a mihecaan falo a folad i, mifatol cingra to kacacemleman a pikuwan. O nika cahif, nika roray, lifong ato makari'angay a masamaanay a pades ko sapipatayan to kalilima no finawlan i kitakit, o cecay no sakacipadesan ko ci'edesay ato makari'angay a nikademakan no tamdaw i saka 20 a sici. I pakayniay to papotal a kitakit i, o pikuwan ni Pol Pot no Kahengangay a Khmer i, o nika fangafan to sifo no Vietnam i kalingangan no Vietnam itiya ho a karawrawan, mangalef midefong to sakowan no pala no Vietnam ato milomek to finawlan no Vietnam. O nika masasiwidawidang to kapolonan a kitakit no Cukoku i, roma i, kalatatiih no Congko ato Russia, saka malaladof ko Kanpociya to Cukoku a milifet to Vietnam ato Sulin. Oya Mincoay a Kanpociya i, pakacoker ko Linhoko a misimaw, saka pakaala to kamaro'an no Linhoko.
I 1978 a mihecaan saka safaw toosa a folad, midefong ko hitay no Vietnam to Kanpociya, ta micalap to Phnom Penh itini i 1979 a mihecaan saka cecay a folad saka pito a romi'ad. Ona kapot no Sapifalicay a Lekatep no Finawlan no Kamer ato i loma' no Kyosanto a pacoliay i, malaladof a patireng to Sapifalicay a finawlan a Lekatep no Kanpociya, ikor i mapalasawad to koya kacacemleman a pipatay no Kahengangay a Khmer. Malowad koya Kahengangay a Khmer a milaliw to i ka'amis-ka'etip a kalingangan no Kanpociya ato Thailand. Nikawrira oya Kapolonan a Kitakit no Kanpociya i, o pinengeng no kasakitakit i, o nikadipdip no Vietnam, nawhani caay ka pihai no sa'alomanay a kitakit i hekal, saka mitatoy ho koya Kahengangay a Khmer toya kamaro'an no Mincoay a Kanpociya i Linhoko. Kirami i, mapahapinang no hitay no Vietnam a mapawacay ko sakacitati'ih a demak i, masawad to ko picoker no kasakitakit.
I 1989 a mihecaan saka cecay a folad saka enem a romi'ad, miliyas ko polong no finawlan a hitay no Vietnam to Kanpociya. Mafalic ko ngangan noya Kapolongan a Kitakit no Kanpociya o “Kitakit no Kanpociya”, o sakapiala to pihai no kasakitakit. I 1991 a mihecaan, maherek ko masaso'ayaway a laloodan, misawad ko Kanpociya toya cecayay a kasafelaw a pikowan ato harateng no Marekese-Lening. Mafalic ko ngangan noya Sapifalicay a Lekatep no Finawlan no Kanpociya o “Lekatep no Finawlan no Kanpociya”. I 1993 a mihecaan, mapadama no Lekatep no Kasakitakit ko Kanpociya a misingkiw to kitakit no Kanpociya, pakaala ko noya mikihontianay a Fongsinpike a kasafelaw to 45.5% a paya a malasakakaay a kasafelaw, roma i, o nikeridan ci Hon Sen a Lekatep no Finawlan ko sakatosa. Ya nipipatalaw ni Hon Senan to tosaay a kasafelaw i, mahekelong a patireng to malacecay a pikowan no sifo. I 1993 a mihecaan saka siwa a folad saka tosa polo' ira ko sepat a romi'ad, mipatopa ko kayi no Kanpociya to fa'elohay a kinpo, mapatiko haca ko hontian a pikowan ato palahontian a kitakit no Kanpociya to ngangan no kitakit, ta ci Siyanu oya kina toloay to a minokay tayni i kitakit i, patiko haca a malahongti. Ikor noya nipifelih ni Hon Sen to sifo i 1997 a mihecaan saka pito a folad saka lima a romi'ad i, ma'emin a mikuwan ko Lekatep no Finawlan to fa'elohay a sifo. Saikolan to i 1998 a mihecaan saka safaw tosa a folad i, masorar no cilodoay a hitay no Kahengangay a Khmer. Anini sato a mihecahecaan i, marihaday ko syakay no Kanpociya, mapatikol haca ko kicay, macakacakat ko pirarakatan.
I 2008 a mihecaan saka falo a folad, pakaala ko felaw no Finawlan to 90 a kamaro'an itini i saka sepat a pisingkiw no kayi no kitakit. I 2013 a mihecaan saka pito a folad, pakaala ko kasafelaw no Finawlan to 68 a kamaro'an i 123 a polong no kamaro'an, mirocok toya tosa polo' ira ko falo a mihecaan nipikowan ato pikowan to saka lima a Sosiyan. Roma i, pakaala ko pacoliay a kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit to 55 a kamaro'an, ikaka to tosa polo' ira ko enem a kamaro'an nani i 'ayaw no pisingkiw.
I 2017 a mihecaan saka mo'etep a folad, pasawkit ko sifo no Kanpociya toya kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit itira i satakaray a pisawkitan, paliwasak to kasafelaw i saka safaw cecay a folad. I 2018 a mihecaan saka tolo a folad saka tolo a romi'ad, pakaynien no cefang no pisingkiw no kitakit a piparotoh to sakaheci, pakaala ko mikowanay a kasafelaw no Finawlan to polong no 58 a kamaro'an no satakaraway a lomaoc. Nawhani, edengan o pakalifetay ko pacoliay a kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit to mikuwanay a kasafelaw no Finawlan. Nika mapaliwasak to koya kasafelaw i, patatodong sa ko rarakatan no Kanpociya pasayraw i nipikowan no cecayay a kasafelaw.
=== Kiwiko(教育) ===
Ikor noya picalap a pikowan no Faransi to Kanpociya i, '''mipatireng ko Faransi to picodadan itini i tokay no Kanpociya(法語:Ecole de Pali), o sapipalahadaw to nikapatadoay no matayalay to Faransi. I 1914 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay a folad saka tosa polo' ira ko sepat a romi'ad, mipasetek ko hongtian a loma' no Kanpociya a mipatireng to picodadan no Pali i Pinonpen. Iikor no 1922 a mihecaan i, mafalic ko ngangan to Satakaraway a Pitilidan no Pali. Caay ko edeng oya Pitilidan no Pali aca(法語:Ecole Supérieure de Pali), ira haca ko pitilidan to sowal no Pali a mato'eto sa a mapatireng itini i Kanpociya. I pisi'ikedan no Kanpociya i 1952 a mihecaan i, misatapang ko rakat no fana'an ato serangawan a lomowad. I 1958 a mihecaan, mipatireng ko Kanpociya to satakaraway a iingkay no kiwiko no Kitakit. O patireng ni Nolotofom Siyanu ko mipatadoay a malakakeridan,tona pipatadoan nira i, mipasetek ko Kanpociya to rikec no kiwiko, pakatelek to enemay a mihecaan no kosiw, pitoay a mihecaan no kocong ato o sowal no Komay ko sapalalicay. Nani 1970 a mihecaan tahira i sa'ayaway no 1990 a mihecaan no saka-20 a sici i, mapatokil ko rakat no kiwiko no Kanpociya, nawhani o nikalalood i laloma'an no kitakit. I 1993 a mihecaan, mapatikol ko Kanpociya to hongtian a pikowan i, malingatoay to a patiko a pasifana' ko sa'alomanay a pitilidan. Itini tona mihecaan, nipadang no Lekaled a sakadademak no tamdaw ato Lekaled no kiwko i, macakat ko fana' no finawlan no Kanpociya ato sa'osian no pitilidan, nikaorira masararem ko kicay no finawlan no Kanpociya to Yuenan ato Tayko, saka caay kafana' to tilid ko adihay.'''
=== '''Palapalaan(地理)''' ===
O dadahal no sera ira ko 181,035 km², o polong no kitakit i,misilsilan maka24 ko etal ato cecay a no Hontian a Tokay, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Tayko, Lyawko, ikatimol i,madado’edo’ ko pala ato Yienan, isakatimol no sa’etipan misi’ayaway to Sinlowan(暹羅灣). O kakaya’ no lislis no riyar ira ko 443 km,ilaloma’ nona kitakit ira ko cecay a fanaw o Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖; Roma a tilid: Tonlé Sap), o pifotingan, pialaan to nanom itini, o saka’orip tamtamdaw.Mahaop ko 20% no polong a sera o liomahan.
24 ko kasaetal sakowan, sepatay aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar a sakowan, tolo ko niyahay pikowan a sakowan, 172 ko mamangay a etal.
O tahapinangan a pala i, o isifo’ay nona kitakit a Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖), Pasa ’alo ato nani ka’amis taratimol a mihifalat tona kitakit a Mikong ’alo,isifo’ay no kitakit a dafdaf i,mahaop ko 3/4 no polong a sera no kitakit.
O Tonlisa Fanaw ato Mikong ’alo nani tongroh no riyar 100 m ko ka’akawang.sa’akawang sa nani tongroh no riyar i,masakefohkefohay ko pala,o itiraay i sakatimol no sa’etipay a Toko lotok mitifacay to 1500 m ko ka’akawang, nani ka’amisay no sa’etipan taratimol sa no sa’etipan ko do’edo’edo. O itiraay I kawali a Awlar Lotok(Phnom Aural)o sa’akawangay no Kanpociya kitakita, tahiraay to 1771 m ko ka’akawang.
=== '''Siici(政治)''' ===
Itiyaay i 1993 mihecan a kinpo tatapangan rikec no kitakit, misetek to faco no kitakit o Hontian Kitakit, masasiiked ko Misanga’ay to rikec, Matayal to Demak ato Misawkitay,toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan ’icel. O honti i,tahira i patay ko kalasawara’an,kakomodan no sofitay, o tahapinangan no kalacecay no kitakit ato kaira no kitakit a tahadahoc, ira heca ko ’icel mitedal to tata’angay raraw no malofoay tamdaw.
Ano cakapakatayal ato ano miholol i romaay kitakit ko honti, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian no Kitakit ko mamiceror to tayal no honti.Ano mapatay ko honti, o tapang no sifo, kakeridan no tosaay rekad no mipaypayay a Fociyaw, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Finawlan Pikaykian polong han 9 ko tamdaw misanga’ to iingkay, masasowal a misimsim to mamalahonti nani laloma’an no honti, patireng to fa’elohay a honti.
=== '''Kicai(經濟)''' ===
O cecay no polong a cowaho kacomahad ko ’orip a kotakit ko Kanpociya,ira ko 4 a hecek no pili’etanan nona kitakit, oriraan i,o pihololan no lafang, mitelekay to riko’, misaloma ato liomah. Oninian haw i,cowa ka citolas ko fodfod tona kitakit, orasaka, macara ko sapicomahadaw to kicai no kitakit, kalomihecaan a kacomahad no kicai tahiraay aca i 7% ko sa’osi.orasaka, tadamatatifac ko kasasiroma no cipaysoay ato manikaway ko ’orip, o manikaway a tamdaw i,awa ko sapaising, cakapapitilid to ka’emangay,tada awa ko fana’ to maamaan.
I 2006 miheca, o mipalafangay a tayni cilafas to 170 ko ofad,[3]2005 miheca makarkar i riyar ko kasolin a simal ato palapalaan a kaso, i 2009 ano ca i 2010 miheca a misatapang paliwal, tata’ang ko pisiwar to kacomahad no kicai no Kanpociya a manga’ay. [1]
=== '''Tamdaw(人口)''' ===
O polong a tamdaw no Konpociya ira ko 1550 ofad, o Kanpociya a finacadan mahaop ko 90% ko ka’aloman, ira ho roma a mamangay a finacadan o Kuwaping mahaop ko 1%, o Cing finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:京族; Roma a tilid:Gin)mahaop ko 9%, o Laos(Kuwaping a sowal:佬族)ato Tay finacadan, ira ho ko masasiromaromaay a mamangay a 20 ko finacadan,oninian i,ira ko ikemoday no lotok a maro’. O lalen no ’orip i, 71.41 ko mihecaan.
== '''Sowal(語言)''' ==
O tamdaw no Kanpociya sahetoay mira’oyay to sowal ato tilid no Kanpociya,ira kono niyah a sa’osi,itini i Kanpociya ikakaay ko katenak no Kanpociya pasasotiri’en ato no Arapiya a sa’osi.
O sowal no Kuwaping itini ono Cawco a sowal(Ikiris a sowal: Teochew ano ca Chiuchow),o cecay a sowal no Payrang itini i Taywan.ono niyah a sowal ko hasowal no kasasiromaroma a finacadan.
Itiya ho halafin malamicowatan a sokowan no Franso ko Kanpociya, orasaka, o sakatosa a matenakay a sowal ko Franso a sowal, nikawrira, anini sato cowa ka matiya toya i’ayaway ko katenak no Franso a sowal. Tahanini sato i,adihay to ko katayalan cemahad to ko kicai ’aloman ko tayniay a misanga’ to kofa ko Kuwaping a tamadaw, orasaka, matenak ko sowal no Kuwaping ato Ikiris a sowal i Kanpociya.
[[Faylo:Kraing_Tbong_VB_01_06_6.JPG|縮圖|[[Faylo:Conbodia2.ogg|縮圖]]niyaro' (Kraing Tbong )]]
=== '''Pitooran(宗教)''' ===
O mipaypayay a Fociyaw koni pasetekan malo no kitakit a pitooran, i matini mahaop ko 95% no polong a tamdaw no Kanpociya ko mitooray tonini, sakakaay ko ka’aloman ko mitooray i,o Kanpociya a tamdaw, malecad ato fiyaw a Tayko.
O itiniay a Kuwaping ato Cin finacadan o Tacen Fociya(Kuwaping a sowal:大乘佛教;Ikiris a sowal:mahāyāna buddhism), Tinsikyo ato Fa’elohay a Kristoan, o Can finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:占族;Ikiris a sowal:Urang Campa)[5] [6] o Islan Ciyaw ko pitooran, ira ho cowa ka ’aloman a tamdaw o mitooray to pawidangay.
=== '''Punka(文化)''' ===
O sakero no Kanpociya tolo ko kasasiiked:o to’asan sakero, niyaro’ay sakero, ato sapalafang sakero. O tahapinangan no Kanpociya a sakero i,ono to’asan sakero.
Adihay ko masariromaromaay a siikeday a pisalaan no lafang itini, o cinganganay i kalokitakit i, itiraay i ka’amis no kitakit a
[[Faylo:Fishsale.jpg|縮圖|[[Faylo:Conbodia.ogg|縮圖]]itaminaay paliwal to dafong(Fishsale)]]
no hekalay kitakit o Wukoku(Kuwaping a sowal:吳哥窟 [7]Roma a tilid: ʾṅ̥grvt̥t=ʾaṅgaravatta).isasifo’an no kitakit i, tadaadihay ko nipatirengan Fyo pipaypayan, isaka’etipan ira ko Tonlisa Fanaw, o lalen no ’ngongol no nanom ira ko cecay laya’, o kakahad i,ira ko 1,700 km²,manga’ay a pakatamina a minengneng to tataparan. Itini tona fanaw ’aloman ko kalaloma’ hananay ko tamina a ’orip, isakatimol dihekoay ko cidal, toloay ko mihaian no Linheko a rocok no punka no Kanpociya.
=== '''Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)''' ===
[1] 劍浮沙(梵語:Kamboja)是印度列國時代的十六雄國之一,又譯為甘菩遮國。
[2] Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo - Wikisource. it.wikisource.org. [2019-08-07]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-22)
[3] 1.7 million. [2007-07-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-02).
[4] 廣西對柬埔寨投資呈爆發式增長 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)news.xinhuanet.com
[5] Andaya, Leonard Y. Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka. University of Hawaii Press. 2008: 44 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9</nowiki>. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-08)
[6] Reid, Anthony. Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem. NUS Press. 2006: 8 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9971-69-331-2</nowiki>. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-08).
[7] 中國地名委員會. 外国地名译名手册. 商務印書館. 1993: 31. <nowiki>ISBN 7-100-00798-4</nowiki>. Ângkôr Wat 【柬】 吳哥窟;
=== '''Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結)''' ===
•(英文)柬埔寨王國 - Cambodia e-Gov
•(英文)柬埔寨電子簽證 - Cambodia e-Visa (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
•(繁體中文)柬埔寨旅遊部官方網站 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
•(英文)柬埔寨旅遊指南
•(英文)開放式目錄計劃中和柬埔寨相關的內容
•(英文) 維基媒體的柬埔寨地圖集
• 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨(繁體中文)的旅行指南
• 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨(法文)的旅行指南
• 維客旅行上的柬埔寨 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
• OpenStreetMap上有關柬埔寨的地理資訊
•谷歌地圖
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== Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(柬埔寨王國) ==
=== ''T'''akaray sowal(概要)''''' ===
Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國) [[Kanpociya sowal]]:高棉語:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា,Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; [[Kuwaping sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國), itiraay i
[[Faylo:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|縮圖|Flag of Cambodia]]
a Pecihan-Kanatal中南半島,Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw東南亞大陸地區 ko kaitiraan nona [[kitakit]], o syoto tatapangan a tokay o [[Cinpin]](Kanpociya sowal:ក្រុងភ្នំពេញ,Roma a tilid:krong Phnum Pɨñ; Kuwaoing sowal:金邊). O kapot no Linheko ato Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya kitakit a Katatelekan.
Isaka’etip no Kanpociya i,malalocokay ato Tayko, isaka’amis no sakawali Malala’eday ato Laoko, isakawali ato sakatimol no sawalian malafiyaw ato Yienan, ikatimol o SinloKihaw(暹羅灣).
Hato masadangahay ko pala no Kanpociya,tolo no pasitiraan o tapolo ato tokos, isifo’ o dadahalay a cihenekay dafdaf, ona sera tonini makinatolo no sepat no polong sera no kitakit. Ira ko tata’akay ‘alo Mikong-‘alo(湄公河), ira ho tata’angay a fanaw o Tonglisa-fanaw(Kanpociya sowal:បឹងទន្លេសាប,Roma a tilid:Tonlé Sap; Kuwaping sowal: 洞里薩湖).
=== '''Nangan no kitakit(國名)''' ===
O tadangangan no Kanpociya o Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(Kanpociya sowal:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា,Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; Kuwaping sowal:柬埔寨王國)。O 「ព្រះ」hananay i, fangcalay sanay「神聖的」,o 「រាជាណាចក្រ」hananay i,o honti sanay「王國」, o「កម្ពុជា」hananay i,o Kanpociya sanay「柬埔寨」.
Ona ngangan tonini i,nani「कम्बोजदेश」(Kambujadeśa)(Ikiris sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping sowal:梵語),o maan ko imi nona sowal han i, o 「sera ni Cinfusa 」[1] sanay.
Ona ngangan no Kanpociya itini i rikisi no kuwaping itiraay ho i Tonghan(東漢 25-220 mihecaan)iraay to a matilid,nikawrira adihay ko masasiromaromaay a pangangan, tahira to i Min Wanli a mihecahecaan(明朝萬曆) nga’ sacecay sanay to a pangangan to Kanpociya(柬埔寨) .
Itini I nitilidan no Sa’etipay-Kitakit i,o misahinahinamay tamdaw ci
[[Faylo:Location_Cambodia_ASEAN.svg|縮圖|Location Cambodia ASEAN]]
(Italiya sowal:Antonio Pigafetta; Kuwaping sowal:安東尼奧·皮加費塔) o 「Camogia」[2] hananay ningra a pangangan.
=== Likisi(歷史) ===
O to’asan a parayrayan a kitakit i Conan-pan-tao ko Kanpociya, matafesiw to ko tosa a patek (2000) a mihecaan ko likisi nira.
O nalacolan no Payon: I yiesoan to cecay a sici i, i laloma’ no kitakit no Kanpociya i, ira ko Fnan a kitakit, o India ko nipatirengan nangra to tatapangan a pitooran no kitakit, saka mafiyak ko serangawan no India a malenaf. O tatapangan a pikowannan a ningri no Fnan i, o Viyadatapora (Vyadhapura, sowal no Fan: tokay no mi’adopay), itini i ngataay no Polamyen a sakowan no aniniay. Ira ko Meking a tarawadaw, nani saetip kaamisay pasayra i kawali a pasadak to riyar. I sasifoan no sakapito a sici no yiesoan, mapalahedaw no nani ka’amisan a Cenla ko Fnan, ma’atingid koya wawa no hongti no Fnan tayra i Cawa, itira sato a patireng to Santi a hongtian a kitakit.
Ikor no nikapalahedaw no Cenla to Fnan i, matongal ko ’icel no kitakit. Tahira i pikowanan ni Ceyapoman sakacecay i, pakalowid haca cingra a mi’eco to sifo’ay ato ka’amisan a pala no Lawos. O kasalaled a pala i, i ka’amisan tahira i Nancaw, i katimolan i, tahira i rarem no Meking a tarawadaw, mihaop to aniniay a Kanpociya, Lawos ato katimolan no Yienan. Awaay ko teloc ni Ceyapoman sakacecay mamirayray to pikowanan. I kor no nikapatay nira i, o sona nira ci Ceyatitaywi ko mamalahongti. Fahal sa milafodes ko kitakit, pangangan han no likisi tonini a demak to "O Tarawadaw a Cenla ato Hadhad a Cenla" a kalaloodan, pakarawraw i laloma'an no kitakit.
I ka’ayaw kaikor no yiesoan no 787 a mihecaan i, oya pikowanan a tokay ci Sanpipora no Cidalay a hontian a kitakit i tarawadaw a Cenla, mapeleng a ma'eco no Saliyentra a hongtian a kitakit. Mapacok a mapatay koya hongti ci Mohipotifaman, malepel haca koya wawa no hongti (oya mamalahongti i ikor ci Ceyapoman sakatosa). Nani itiya ho sato, makowanan no i Cawaay a Saliyentra (Santi) a hongtian a kitakit koya tarawadaw a Cenla, tahira i nikalafac ni Ceyapoman sakatosa nani Cawa, ta misiiked cingra a malahongti. Palacecay ci Ceyapoman sakatosa a mikowan to tarawadaw a Cenla ato hadhad a Cenla. Itira i ka’amisan-kawali no Ankor to paka tolo polo' a kongliay i Lici a lotok, saka mipatireng to Ankor a hontian a kitakit.
O Ankor a hongtian a kitakit, o pangangan han haca to Kemer a hongtian a kitakit, tahira i saka safaw tosa a sici i, tadamatedi'ay ko kitakit, tadamakapahay ko serangawan. O kasalaled a pala nira i, mihaop to polong no aniniay a Kanpociya, ato kasa'etal a pala no Taylen, Lawos ato Yienan. I saka safaw tolo a sici i, matenak ko Sancopo a Fociw (Theravada a Fociw) nani Sililanka a tayni. Itini i saka 1430 a mihecaan (saka-lima a mihecaan no Siyande no Min), midefong ko Sinlo to Kanpociya, milikot to tokay no Ankor to pakapito a folad, o sakaheci ko pakapeleng to Ankor. O nika tadamangata no Ankor to Sinlo i, o sakasawad to Ankor, mafolaw tayra i Kinpen a mipatireng to ningri itira. Nani itiya sato, maroray ko 'icel no Kanpociya, misi'ayaw to ka'ayaw ato kaikolan no Yienan ato Sinlo a tosaay a fiyaw a kitakit a midefong, pangangan han tonini a karawrawan a mihecahecaan to "O to'eman a citay". Micalap ko Yienan to la'enoay a Kanpociya (oya sacumodan no Mikong a tarawadaw a pala), oni ko sakamalala'isan a demak.
Itini i saka 1296 a mihecaan, miocor ko Yincaw ci Cew-takowan a mihilap to Ankor a hongtian a kitakit, pakacecay a mihecaan ko nipihilap nira. Pinokay sato i, mitilid ci Cew-takowan to cecay a codad "Cen-la-fong-to-ci", o pisiwkayan no codad to lekakawa no pikowan, sici ato kicay, saki'orip, palapalaan ato fonka. Caay ko pisiwkayan aca ko pi'arawan nira i, ira ho ko sepat a polo' a tadamaanay a liyad. Tahira sato i saka safaw siwa a sici, falicen no tamdaw ko codad to sowal no France, Germany ato inko ato masamaanay a sowal. I ka'ayaw no pikowanan no Fakong to Ankor, o pakakalimelaan a tadamaanay a likisi a codad no Kanpociya.
O picowatan no France a pikuwan to Indocina, nani 1863 tahira i 1953 a mihecaan, micalap ko France a micingcing tonini a pala (O pidefong no Yoropa ato Amirika a kitakit to ni'ecoan a pala). I 1863 a mihecaan, paci'cien no France ko Kanpociya a micingcing, mala o pisimawan a kitakit. I sakatosa a kalaloodan a hekal, nani 1942 a mihecaan tahira i 1945 a mihecaan, micalap ko Ripon to Kanpociya. Ikol no kalaloodan i, itini i 1953 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay a folad saka siwa a romi'ad, misiiked ko Kanpociya a miliyas to pikowan no France. Satapang i, o pikuwan no hongti, o sakacecayay a hongtian a kitakit no Kanpociya, itini i pikowan ni Siyanoan i, o kitenokay ko sapikowan.
Miteka i tenok no 1960 a mihecaan, ona toloay a ci’icelay a kitakit, o Congko, o Amirika ato o Solin, mapolong a midefong tonini a Indocina a pala a micowat ato mikowan. Mafiyok ko nikakemet no kasakitakit ato kalaloodan no Vietnam i, malalood ko laloma'ay no Kanpociya. Itini i 1970 a mihecaan saka tolo a folad saka safaw falo a romi'ad, ci Lon Nol a Ciyancin, oya mikiAmirikaay ko faloco' nira, mifodfod to sifo, mipalasawad to sakahontian a patireng to Kapolongan a Kitakit no Khmer. Roma i, o mikiCongkoay ci Siyano a honti i, pasonolay tarira i Beijing a maro'. I kalaloodan no Vietnam i, malala'is ko hitay no timolay a Vietnam, hitay no Amirika, sifoay ni Lon Nol a hitay ato hitay no amisay a Vietnam (o Kahengangay a Khmer a hitay), ta pakatati'ih to 'orip no finawlan i laloma' no Kanpociya.
Itini i 1975 a mihecaan saka sepat a folad saka safaw pito a romi'ad, ikor no piliyas no hitay no Amirika to ningri no Kanpociya i Phnom Penh i, mi'eco ko nikeridan ni Pol Pot a congsoci no Kyosanto no Kanpociya a Kahengangay a Khmer toya ningri, patireng to Mincoay a Kanpociya a sifo. Oya hongti ci Siyano i, nani Pyongyang no Codang a patatikor a minokay i kitakit, nikawrira kalamkam sa marofo no Kahengangay a Khmer a hitay. Itini i 1976 a mihecaan saka pito a folad saka enem a romi'ad, o malacitodongay a mikowan no Kahengangay a Khmer ci Pol Pot i, mipalasawad to payso, milalap to finawlan nani tokay a patayra i papotal, paci'ci nira a papisaomah ato mipacok to cifana'ay a tamdaw. Itini i pikuwanan nira to tolo a mihecaan falo a folad i, mifatol cingra to kacacemleman a pikuwan. O nika cahif, nika roray, lifong ato makari'angay a masamaanay a pades ko sapipatayan to kalilima no finawlan i kitakit, o cecay no sakacipadesan ko ci'edesay ato makari'angay a nikademakan no tamdaw i saka 20 a sici. I pakayniay to papotal a kitakit i, o pikuwan ni Pol Pot no Kahengangay a Khmer i, o nika fangafan to sifo no Vietnam i kalingangan no Vietnam itiya ho a karawrawan, mangalef midefong to sakowan no pala no Vietnam ato milomek to finawlan no Vietnam. O nika masasiwidawidang to kapolonan a kitakit no Cukoku i, roma i, kalatatiih no Congko ato Russia, saka malaladof ko Kanpociya to Cukoku a milifet to Vietnam ato Sulin. Oya Mincoay a Kanpociya i, pakacoker ko Linhoko a misimaw, saka pakaala to kamaro'an no Linhoko.
I 1978 a mihecaan saka safaw toosa a folad, midefong ko hitay no Vietnam to Kanpociya, ta micalap to Phnom Penh itini i 1979 a mihecaan saka cecay a folad saka pito a romi'ad. Ona kapot no Sapifalicay a Lekatep no Finawlan no Kamer ato i loma' no Kyosanto a pacoliay i, malaladof a patireng to Sapifalicay a finawlan a Lekatep no Kanpociya, ikor i mapalasawad to koya kacacemleman a pipatay no Kahengangay a Khmer. Malowad koya Kahengangay a Khmer a milaliw to i ka'amis-ka'etip a kalingangan no Kanpociya ato Thailand. Nikawrira oya Kapolonan a Kitakit no Kanpociya i, o pinengeng no kasakitakit i, o nikadipdip no Vietnam, nawhani caay ka pihai no sa'alomanay a kitakit i hekal, saka mitatoy ho koya Kahengangay a Khmer toya kamaro'an no Mincoay a Kanpociya i Linhoko. Kirami i, mapahapinang no hitay no Vietnam a mapawacay ko sakacitati'ih a demak i, masawad to ko picoker no kasakitakit.
I 1989 a mihecaan saka cecay a folad saka enem a romi'ad, miliyas ko polong no finawlan a hitay no Vietnam to Kanpociya. Mafalic ko ngangan noya Kapolongan a Kitakit no Kanpociya o “Kitakit no Kanpociya”, o sakapiala to pihai no kasakitakit. I 1991 a mihecaan, maherek ko masaso'ayaway a laloodan, misawad ko Kanpociya toya cecayay a kasafelaw a pikowan ato harateng no Marekese-Lening. Mafalic ko ngangan noya Sapifalicay a Lekatep no Finawlan no Kanpociya o “Lekatep no Finawlan no Kanpociya”. I 1993 a mihecaan, mapadama no Lekatep no Kasakitakit ko Kanpociya a misingkiw to kitakit no Kanpociya, pakaala ko noya mikihontianay a Fongsinpike a kasafelaw to 45.5% a paya a malasakakaay a kasafelaw, roma i, o nikeridan ci Hon Sen a Lekatep no Finawlan ko sakatosa. Ya nipipatalaw ni Hon Senan to tosaay a kasafelaw i, mahekelong a patireng to malacecay a pikowan no sifo. I 1993 a mihecaan saka siwa a folad saka tosa polo' ira ko sepat a romi'ad, mipatopa ko kayi no Kanpociya to fa'elohay a kinpo, mapatiko haca ko hontian a pikowan ato palahontian a kitakit no Kanpociya to ngangan no kitakit, ta ci Siyanu oya kina toloay to a minokay tayni i kitakit i, patiko haca a malahongti. Ikor noya nipifelih ni Hon Sen to sifo i 1997 a mihecaan saka pito a folad saka lima a romi'ad i, ma'emin a mikuwan ko Lekatep no Finawlan to fa'elohay a sifo. Saikolan to i 1998 a mihecaan saka safaw tosa a folad i, masorar no cilodoay a hitay no Kahengangay a Khmer. Anini sato a mihecahecaan i, marihaday ko syakay no Kanpociya, mapatikol haca ko kicay, macakacakat ko pirarakatan.
I 2008 a mihecaan saka falo a folad, pakaala ko felaw no Finawlan to 90 a kamaro'an itini i saka sepat a pisingkiw no kayi no kitakit. I 2013 a mihecaan saka pito a folad, pakaala ko kasafelaw no Finawlan to 68 a kamaro'an i 123 a polong no kamaro'an, mirocok toya tosa polo' ira ko falo a mihecaan nipikowan ato pikowan to saka lima a Sosiyan. Roma i, pakaala ko pacoliay a kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit to 55 a kamaro'an, ikaka to tosa polo' ira ko enem a kamaro'an nani i 'ayaw no pisingkiw.
I 2017 a mihecaan saka mo'etep a folad, pasawkit ko sifo no Kanpociya toya kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit itira i satakaray a pisawkitan, paliwasak to kasafelaw i saka safaw cecay a folad. I 2018 a mihecaan saka tolo a folad saka tolo a romi'ad, pakaynien no cefang no pisingkiw no kitakit a piparotoh to sakaheci, pakaala ko mikowanay a kasafelaw no Finawlan to polong no 58 a kamaro'an no satakaraway a lomaoc. Nawhani, edengan o pakalifetay ko pacoliay a kasafelaw no pa'oripay to kitakit to mikuwanay a kasafelaw no Finawlan. Nika mapaliwasak to koya kasafelaw i, patatodong sa ko rarakatan no Kanpociya pasayraw i nipikowan no cecayay a kasafelaw.
=== Kiwiko(教育) ===
Ikor noya picalap a pikowan no Faransi to Kanpociya i, '''mipatireng ko Faransi to picodadan itini i tokay no Kanpociya(法語:Ecole de Pali), o sapipalahadaw to nikapatadoay no matayalay to Faransi. I 1914 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay a folad saka tosa polo' ira ko sepat a romi'ad, mipasetek ko hongtian a loma' no Kanpociya a mipatireng to picodadan no Pali i Pinonpen. Iikor no 1922 a mihecaan i, mafalic ko ngangan to Satakaraway a Pitilidan no Pali. Caay ko edeng oya Pitilidan no Pali aca(法語:Ecole Supérieure de Pali), ira haca ko pitilidan to sowal no Pali a mato'eto sa a mapatireng itini i Kanpociya. I pisi'ikedan no Kanpociya i 1952 a mihecaan i, misatapang ko rakat no fana'an ato serangawan a lomowad. I 1958 a mihecaan, mipatireng ko Kanpociya to satakaraway a iingkay no kiwiko no Kitakit. O patireng ni Nolotofom Siyanu ko mipatadoay a malakakeridan,tona pipatadoan nira i, mipasetek ko Kanpociya to rikec no kiwiko, pakatelek to enemay a mihecaan no kosiw, pitoay a mihecaan no kocong ato o sowal no Komay ko sapalalicay. Nani 1970 a mihecaan tahira i sa'ayaway no 1990 a mihecaan no saka-20 a sici i, mapatokil ko rakat no kiwiko no Kanpociya, nawhani o nikalalood i laloma'an no kitakit. I 1993 a mihecaan, mapatikol ko Kanpociya to hongtian a pikowan i, malingatoay to a patiko a pasifana' ko sa'alomanay a pitilidan. Itini tona mihecaan, nipadang no Lekaled a sakadademak no tamdaw ato Lekaled no kiwko i, macakat ko fana' no finawlan no Kanpociya ato sa'osian no pitilidan, nikaorira masararem ko kicay no finawlan no Kanpociya to Yuenan ato Thailand , saka caay kafana' to tilid ko adihay.'''
=== '''Palapalaan(地理)''' ===
O dadahal no sera ira ko 181,035 km², o polong no kitakit i,misilsilan maka24 ko etal ato cecay a no Hontian a Tokay, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Tayko, Lyawko, ikatimol i,madado’edo’ ko pala ato Yienan, isakatimol no sa’etipan misi’ayaway to Sinlowan(暹羅灣). O kakaya’ no lislis no riyar ira ko 443 km,ilaloma’ nona kitakit ira ko cecay a fanaw o Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖; Roma a tilid: Tonlé Sap), o pifotingan, pialaan to nanom itini, o saka’orip tamtamdaw.Mahaop ko 20% no polong a sera o liomahan.
24 ko kasaetal sakowan, sepatay aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar a sakowan, tolo ko niyahay pikowan a sakowan, 172 ko mamangay a etal.
O tahapinangan a pala i, o isifo’ay nona kitakit a Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖), Pasa ’alo ato nani ka’amis taratimol a mihifalat tona kitakit a Mikong ’alo,isifo’ay no kitakit a dafdaf i,mahaop ko 3/4 no polong a sera no kitakit.
O Tonlisa Fanaw ato Mikong ’alo nani tongroh no riyar 100 m ko ka’akawang.sa’akawang sa nani tongroh no riyar i,masakefohkefohay ko pala,o itiraay i sakatimol no sa’etipay a Toko lotok mitifacay to 1500 m ko ka’akawang, nani ka’amisay no sa’etipan taratimol sa no sa’etipan ko do’edo’edo. O itiraay I kawali a Awlar Lotok(Phnom Aural)o sa’akawangay no Kanpociya kitakita, tahiraay to 1771 m ko ka’akawang.
=== '''Siici(政治)''' ===
Itiyaay i 1993 mihecan a kinpo tatapangan rikec no kitakit, misetek to faco no kitakit o Hontian Kitakit, masasiiked ko Misanga’ay to rikec, Matayal to Demak ato Misawkitay,toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan ’icel. O honti i,tahira i patay ko kalasawara’an,kakomodan no sofitay, o tahapinangan no kalacecay no kitakit ato kaira no kitakit a tahadahoc, ira heca ko ’icel mitedal to tata’angay raraw no malofoay tamdaw.
Ano cakapakatayal ato ano miholol i romaay kitakit ko honti, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian no Kitakit ko mamiceror to tayal no honti.Ano mapatay ko honti, o tapang no sifo, kakeridan no tosaay rekad no mipaypayay a Fociyaw, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Finawlan Pikaykian polong han 9 ko tamdaw misanga’ to iingkay, masasowal a misimsim to mamalahonti nani laloma’an no honti, patireng to fa’elohay a honti.
=== '''Kicai(經濟)''' ===
O cecay no polong a cowaho kacomahad ko ’orip a kotakit ko Kanpociya,ira ko 4 a hecek no pili’etanan nona kitakit, oriraan i,o pihololan no lafang, mitelekay to riko’, misaloma ato liomah. Oninian haw i,cowa ka citolas ko fodfod tona kitakit, orasaka, macara ko sapicomahadaw to kicai no kitakit, kalomihecaan a kacomahad no kicai tahiraay aca i 7% ko sa’osi.orasaka, tadamatatifac ko kasasiroma no cipaysoay ato manikaway ko ’orip, o manikaway a tamdaw i,awa ko sapaising, cakapapitilid to ka’emangay,tada awa ko fana’ to maamaan.
I 2006 miheca, o mipalafangay a tayni cilafas to 170 ko ofad,[3]2005 miheca makarkar i riyar ko kasolin a simal ato palapalaan a kaso, i 2009 ano ca i 2010 miheca a misatapang paliwal, tata’ang ko pisiwar to kacomahad no kicai no Kanpociya a manga’ay. [1]
=== '''Tamdaw(人口)''' ===
O polong a tamdaw no Konpociya ira ko 1550 ofad, o Kanpociya a finacadan mahaop ko 90% ko ka’aloman, ira ho roma a mamangay a finacadan o Kuwaping mahaop ko 1%, o Cing finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:京族; Roma a tilid:Gin)mahaop ko 9%, o Laos(Kuwaping a sowal:佬族)ato Tay finacadan, ira ho ko masasiromaromaay a mamangay a 20 ko finacadan,oninian i,ira ko ikemoday no lotok a maro’. O lalen no ’orip i, 71.41 ko mihecaan.
== '''Sowal(語言)''' ==
O tamdaw no Kanpociya sahetoay mira’oyay to sowal ato tilid no Kanpociya,ira kono niyah a sa’osi,itini i Kanpociya ikakaay ko katenak no Kanpociya pasasotiri’en ato no Arapiya a sa’osi.
O sowal no Kuwaping itini ono Cawco a sowal(Ikiris a sowal: Teochew ano ca Chiuchow),o cecay a sowal no Payrang itini i Taywan.ono niyah a sowal ko hasowal no kasasiromaroma a finacadan.
Itiya ho halafin malamicowatan a sokowan no Franso ko Kanpociya, orasaka, o sakatosa a matenakay a sowal ko Franso a sowal, nikawrira, anini sato cowa ka matiya toya i’ayaway ko katenak no Franso a sowal. Tahanini sato i,adihay to ko katayalan cemahad to ko kicai ’aloman ko tayniay a misanga’ to kofa ko Kuwaping a tamadaw, orasaka, matenak ko sowal no Kuwaping ato Ikiris a sowal i Kanpociya.
[[Faylo:Kraing_Tbong_VB_01_06_6.JPG|縮圖|[[Faylo:Conbodia2.ogg|縮圖]]niyaro' (Kraing Tbong )]]
=== '''Pitooran(宗教)''' ===
O mipaypayay a Fociyaw koni pasetekan malo no kitakit a pitooran, i matini mahaop ko 95% no polong a tamdaw no Kanpociya ko mitooray tonini, sakakaay ko ka’aloman ko mitooray i,o Kanpociya a tamdaw, malecad ato fiyaw a Tayko.
O itiniay a Kuwaping ato Cin finacadan o Tacen Fociya(Kuwaping a sowal:大乘佛教;Ikiris a sowal:mahāyāna buddhism), Tinsikyo ato Fa’elohay a Kristoan, o Can finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:占族;Ikiris a sowal:Urang Campa)[5] [6] o Islan Ciyaw ko pitooran, ira ho cowa ka ’aloman a tamdaw o mitooray to pawidangay.
=== '''Punka(文化)''' ===
O sakero no Kanpociya tolo ko kasasiiked:o to’asan sakero, niyaro’ay sakero, ato sapalafang sakero. O tahapinangan no Kanpociya a sakero i,ono to’asan sakero.
Adihay ko masariromaromaay a siikeday a pisalaan no lafang itini, o cinganganay i kalokitakit i, itiraay i ka’amis no kitakit a
[[Faylo:Fishsale.jpg|縮圖|[[Faylo:Conbodia.ogg|縮圖]]itaminaay paliwal to dafong(Fishsale)]]
no hekalay kitakit o Wukoku(Kuwaping a sowal:吳哥窟 [7]Roma a tilid: ʾṅ̥grvt̥t=ʾaṅgaravatta).isasifo’an no kitakit i, tadaadihay ko nipatirengan Fyo pipaypayan, isaka’etipan ira ko Tonlisa Fanaw, o lalen no ’ngongol no nanom ira ko cecay laya’, o kakahad i,ira ko 1,700 km²,manga’ay a pakatamina a minengneng to tataparan. Itini tona fanaw ’aloman ko kalaloma’ hananay ko tamina a ’orip, isakatimol dihekoay ko cidal, toloay ko mihaian no Linheko a rocok no punka no Kanpociya.
=== '''Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)''' ===
[1] 劍浮沙(梵語:Kamboja)是印度列國時代的十六雄國之一,又譯為甘菩遮國。
[2] Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo - Wikisource. it.wikisource.org. [2019-08-07]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-22)
[3] 1.7 million. [2007-07-27]. (原始內容存檔於2013-12-02).
[4] 廣西對柬埔寨投資呈爆發式增長 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)news.xinhuanet.com
[5] Andaya, Leonard Y. Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka. University of Hawaii Press. 2008: 44 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9</nowiki>. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-08)
[6] Reid, Anthony. Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem. NUS Press. 2006: 8 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9971-69-331-2</nowiki>. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-08).
[7] 中國地名委員會. 外国地名译名手册. 商務印書館. 1993: 31. <nowiki>ISBN 7-100-00798-4</nowiki>. Ângkôr Wat 【柬】 吳哥窟;
=== '''Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結)''' ===
•(英文)柬埔寨王國 - Cambodia e-Gov
•(英文)柬埔寨電子簽證 - Cambodia e-Visa (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
•(繁體中文)柬埔寨旅遊部官方網站 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
•(英文)柬埔寨旅遊指南
•(英文)開放式目錄計劃中和柬埔寨相關的內容
•(英文) 維基媒體的柬埔寨地圖集
• 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨(繁體中文)的旅行指南
• 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨(法文)的旅行指南
• 維客旅行上的柬埔寨 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
• OpenStreetMap上有關柬埔寨的地理資訊
•谷歌地圖
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