Wikipedia amiwiki https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%80%99ayayaw_pising_no_tyin-naw MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Mitiya Kasi’iked Kasasowal Midemakay Kasasowal no midemakay Wikipedia Wikipedia a kasasowal Faylo Masasowal to faylo MediaWiki Masasowal to MediaWiki Masalipa Masalipaay a kasasowal Nipadama’ Mipadama’ a masasowal Kasasiwasiw Masasowal to kasasiwasiw TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Event Event talk 0 3249 50624 2026-08-31T12:20:32Z Masaonikar 570 建立內容為「== John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) ==」的新頁面 50624 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == 8jdam90k0drrd9q9bigngw9dqp4at8f 50625 50624 2026-08-31T12:21:20Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50625 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) m1dlsh6k2qnxa5j352tjyfz303r1fxt 50626 50625 2026-08-31T12:21:47Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50626 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   p60l9kumilsquhdcmlegd553afkdvry 50627 50626 2026-08-31T12:22:19Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50627 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. n855p58so8dahm7lfo0o2fjmwym9ijz 50628 50627 2026-08-31T12:22:53Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50628 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) rv4d9o0y8k1zt5tck855ur7w59i2cn7 50629 50628 2026-08-31T12:23:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50629 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. lfkv0jrgb8radgpzmhqwpuo49axnry6 50630 50629 2026-08-31T12:23:38Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50630 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. jt7op4z0v4dnazbl220c87uf7u92o4y 50631 50630 2026-08-31T12:24:00Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50631 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. 943p0zhz7t17n0okdjt3x2noqxrlj6f 50632 50631 2026-08-31T12:24:36Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50632 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. 3r5we3udty89na1rz9r5zo8665n946b 50633 50632 2026-08-31T12:25:13Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50633 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) f01qhb420vzmsd9rclj3lsgvtsf1ubf 50634 50633 2026-08-31T12:25:35Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50634 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   dtd1uvfa1vjvo2xde143gtsf9mqicr0 50635 50634 2026-08-31T12:26:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50635 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. o683d9uciitzf3ymd9d13ovj98myofv 50636 50635 2026-08-31T12:26:36Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50636 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) 0c5wunz5lwvp6p0zgs1nrvahkasq67f 50637 50636 2026-08-31T12:27:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50637 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. j2d4llo0z9avc4i2e7h16yb6deq2sc1 50638 50637 2026-08-31T12:27:27Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50638 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. 0zjjki5q9ybrark7mg1oac3b5wfze0v 50639 50638 2026-08-31T12:27:51Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50639 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. 8t09sjdawmmgp8pv7dn400xl878vy2q 50640 50639 2026-08-31T12:28:51Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50640 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) nvuwok7qvq56sbndy5s974mi1t59f69 50641 50640 2026-08-31T12:29:16Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50641 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. 83jzrv2rnhkgl1jmf23nqu9v42s5yj8 50642 50641 2026-08-31T12:29:48Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50642 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    s6amse3v7zyx2nd9wlhe1a4heoz3zbu 50643 50642 2026-08-31T12:30:19Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50643 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. id8m7g5ypcxrtpqes9nqptlzy2oa4v8 50644 50643 2026-08-31T12:30:54Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50644 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) 58l68uc05pjk93w4yrqwm81yfbem16n 50645 50644 2026-08-31T12:31:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50645 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. jo8jaiuepdzial8aly67gti27ixyd3c 50646 50645 2026-08-31T12:31:45Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50646 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. fbn1yzr3s3533ru2992wa0ukfdlpsgg 50647 50646 2026-08-31T12:32:21Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50647 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) bjdqg367sevi82x9ptaqwrh8xk744uk 50648 50647 2026-08-31T12:32:43Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50648 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. mg934aqowconf7cxad0jkezvzo3e0ct 50649 50648 2026-08-31T12:33:07Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50649 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. r0pgg0frfvwebm8f9o9vev06h4voxi4 50650 50649 2026-08-31T12:33:33Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50650 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. Saka 3, o “pipaso’elin mamicomod to kapolongan a ’orip”. Caay ho pakipipaso’elin ko pipa’ekel i laloma’an kiwkay. Kiwiko, pipalada, isingan, padafoh, rikecan, sician lekakawa ato kapolongan a patorodan, saheto o saca’of no mitooray to pitahidang no Kawas. n79bxx4gg0uap8akyyyynnc9ttus7bd 50651 50650 2026-08-31T12:34:13Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50651 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. Saka 3, o “pipaso’elin mamicomod to kapolongan a ’orip”. Caay ho pakipipaso’elin ko pipa’ekel i laloma’an kiwkay. Kiwiko, pipalada, isingan, padafoh, rikecan, sician lekakawa ato kapolongan a patorodan, saheto o saca’of no mitooray to pitahidang no Kawas. Ikoray no 500 miheca, oya to ko pasowal ni John Calvin koni. (五百多年後，加爾文仍然向我們說話) a895i0z6ve91ronjmiirc4lh0ihaxcc 50652 50651 2026-08-31T12:34:37Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50652 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. Saka 3, o “pipaso’elin mamicomod to kapolongan a ’orip”. Caay ho pakipipaso’elin ko pipa’ekel i laloma’an kiwkay. Kiwiko, pipalada, isingan, padafoh, rikecan, sician lekakawa ato kapolongan a patorodan, saheto o saca’of no mitooray to pitahidang no Kawas. Ikoray no 500 miheca, oya to ko pasowal ni John Calvin koni. (五百多年後，加爾文仍然向我們說話) I 1564 miheca 5 folad 27 romi’ad, itira i Geneva ko patay ni John Calvin. Madotoc ko paikoran a sowal ningra, i ’otoc ningra akaa pitilid to ngangan ato piharatengan a tatirengan. Tangasa anini, i sakacowaay ko pitademan cingraan awaay ko mafana’ay a tamdaw. Latek, matatodongay to i da’oc no ’orip ningra: akaa piharateng to mifalicay, haratengen koya mifalicay to kiwkay a Kawas ko ni haenan. 1m8n521iyv7ok9rs7l6syyjcj7sprex 50653 50652 2026-08-31T12:35:06Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50653 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. Saka 3, o “pipaso’elin mamicomod to kapolongan a ’orip”. Caay ho pakipipaso’elin ko pipa’ekel i laloma’an kiwkay. Kiwiko, pipalada, isingan, padafoh, rikecan, sician lekakawa ato kapolongan a patorodan, saheto o saca’of no mitooray to pitahidang no Kawas. Ikoray no 500 miheca, oya to ko pasowal ni John Calvin koni. (五百多年後，加爾文仍然向我們說話) I 1564 miheca 5 folad 27 romi’ad, itira i Geneva ko patay ni John Calvin. Madotoc ko paikoran a sowal ningra, i ’otoc ningra akaa pitilid to ngangan ato piharatengan a tatirengan. Tangasa anini, i sakacowaay ko pitademan cingraan awaay ko mafana’ay a tamdaw. Latek, matatodongay to i da’oc no ’orip ningra: akaa piharateng to mifalicay, haratengen koya mifalicay to kiwkay a Kawas ko ni haenan. Mata’elif to ko 500 mihecaan, mafalic to ko hekal, nika nipasadakan ni John Calvin a macidemay kacengangan: tona sakowan sapitanamaw mikeror to so’elin i, o kiwkay i mangalay ho mitoor to ratohaw? Tona maledef no katalawan ato ingtel ko syakay I, mangalay ho mi’orip to mo’ecallay ato kakasini’adaay a mitooray? t5loq0gjbqhp8mqb9s6qlw6gv6s93r5 50654 50653 2026-08-31T12:35:37Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50654 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. Saka 3, o “pipaso’elin mamicomod to kapolongan a ’orip”. Caay ho pakipipaso’elin ko pipa’ekel i laloma’an kiwkay. Kiwiko, pipalada, isingan, padafoh, rikecan, sician lekakawa ato kapolongan a patorodan, saheto o saca’of no mitooray to pitahidang no Kawas. Ikoray no 500 miheca, oya to ko pasowal ni John Calvin koni. (五百多年後，加爾文仍然向我們說話) I 1564 miheca 5 folad 27 romi’ad, itira i Geneva ko patay ni John Calvin. Madotoc ko paikoran a sowal ningra, i ’otoc ningra akaa pitilid to ngangan ato piharatengan a tatirengan. Tangasa anini, i sakacowaay ko pitademan cingraan awaay ko mafana’ay a tamdaw. Latek, matatodongay to i da’oc no ’orip ningra: akaa piharateng to mifalicay, haratengen koya mifalicay to kiwkay a Kawas ko ni haenan. Mata’elif to ko 500 mihecaan, mafalic to ko hekal, nika nipasadakan ni John Calvin a macidemay kacengangan: tona sakowan sapitanamaw mikeror to so’elin i, o kiwkay i mangalay ho mitoor to ratohaw? Tona maledef no katalawan ato ingtel ko syakay I, mangalay ho mi’orip to mo’ecallay ato kakasini’adaay a mitooray? Tona o tamdaw palakawasay to kitakit, finacadan, payso ano eca haratengan i, mahareteng hoo ita: dengan o Kawas ko so’elinay a Kawas. Latek, oni John Calvin a nisidayan i 21 sician a satadamaanay a sapanofo i kasofocan. qwd13gnbm7swswl2x64cdcn5ak5toy7 50655 50654 2026-08-31T12:36:04Z Masaonikar 570 /* John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) */ 50655 wikitext text/x-wiki == John Calvin (約翰．加爾文) == Piharatengan to kasofocan ni John Calvin – o fangcalay codad ko sakafalic no hekal (約翰．加爾文誕辰紀念——一位以聖經更新世界的人) I 1509 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad, lalowadan no pifalic to pitooran ci John Calvin masofoc i ’amisan no France Noyon a niyaro’. Ikor no 500 mihecaan, onini makodosay ko tireng, soemetay ko harateng, tahato’as milifet to adada a hakasi no France, oyanan to mafiyol ko kasaniyaro’ no hekal a kiwkay, nipakoniraan lekakawa, harateng no pikiwiko, sakirikec ato aniniay sakalowad pakayraan no finawlan to syakay.   Ano sowalen ci Martin Luther mitekingay to lamal no sapifalic to pitooran, oya ci John Calvin matiya o  patirengay to loma’ a sayho cingra, misafaloco’ay pacomod i syakay to ratoh, i kiwkay, sician, kicay, kiwiko ato todong no saka’orip no kapolongan samaanen ko pisafa’eloh a patireng. Itiraay i kafafalifalican macowat lomahad a sakitilidan a hakkasya (一位在文藝復興中成長的人文學者) John Calvin masofoc i tatenokan ’orip a laloma’an, o nano fikosi ko mama ci Gerard Galvin, o hosiwning no Nuoyang kiwkay, mangalay to saka tolo a wawa malao matayalay no Kawas. I 1521 miheca, 12 ho ko mihecaan ni John Calvin i citodong to mitiliday no siwkyo, misatapang to demak no laloma’an no kiwkay. 14 ko mihecaan i, seraen to no mama patayra i Paris a mitilid, micomod i tadamaanay Marche kakoyin (Collège de la Marche), nai tadamaanay singsi no Latin kiwikoka ci Mathurin Cordier. Oni ci Mathurin Cordier o nano mafiyolay no “Aniniay reiso onto” (Devotio Moderna), pa’icel to sakafana’ to pinangan ni Kristo ato pisarocod milaheci i no’oripan, saan mihamon to no wenyifusin renwencuyi patiyol i nanoyanan (ad fontes) a pakayraan, patoror to mitiliday misa’osi to noto’asan a tilid, caay ko pilitado o nipacefadan no ikoray tamdaw. Matiniay harateng, mapatelek i masakapahay ho a John Calvin. Ikor i, ano o pikingkiw to nanosowal no fangcalay codad, pitilid to pikidat to tilid, ano eca patireng to singkako pakayraan no pifalic pitoor, oya to ko lakakawa ni John Calvin: patiyol tayni i fangcalay codod, caay ko pahater sanay i to’asan no tamdaw. O nian how o salaloma’ay no todong no pakayraan no pifalic pitoor. O nano sarikec ko mitelekay to sacekel no harateng ningra. (法律訓練塑造了他的思想架構) Tona ciniala cingra to ponkakosi i, micomod ci John Calvin i Montakiyo kakoyin minanam to harana’. Nikawrira, i 1528 miheca masasiwtoc ko mama ato kaitiraan kiwkay, matelek mifalic to pakayraan ikor ’orip no wawa, patayraen i Orléans daykako mikingkiw to rikec.   Saka tosa miheca, malinah haca cingra tayra i Bourges daykako, mikotod i tadamaanay cinpon sokiho kakosa ci Andrea Alciato a minanam. Kapananam to sarikec to makedecay pakayraan harateng a ’icel ci John Calvin, mapacomahad cingra to sakilakakawa, rayray, sakatatelek ato kapolongan mikowan a kakiharan. Ikor oya “Kristokiwkoyo” a pakayraan no liyad, pikidat to fangcalay codad masongila’ ko paini, ato pipatireng to pikowan a lekakawa no Geneva kiwkay, masapinang to nai rikecan a tamdaw a tadamanay harateng. Sakipahecian, o singkakosa to ci John Calvin, o misahalakaay to lekakawa. Cinpon sokihosa mala o mifalicay to pitooran (人文主義者成為宗教改革家) I 1532 miheca, pasadak ci John Calvin to sarakatay nitilidan to “Commentary on Seneca's De Clementia” a tilidan. Onini a tilid o pakayraan i kasasowal caay ko sakisingkako, oya nano harana’sa no Loma ci Seneca the Younger a nipasadakan pakayraan no sician: Mikowanay o ira ko “sida’itay” ato “koda’itay” a pinangan? Oya masakapahay ho a John Calvin i nitilidan a tilid paini sa: Ano cango’ot ko waa’ no sician to sa’emet ato sida’itay, tahaikor to o matilo’ a mari’angay. O kapacekokan i, o nian ikor malakahinapecan o sama’edesay a singkakosa a mifalicay, oya sarakatay nitilidan oraan sician koda’it ato lekakawa a mikowan. I 1533 miheca, o tadawidang ni John Calvin, a’isidan no Paris daykao ci Nicolas Cop papelo cingra to sasowalen, mi’ang’ang to kafalic no kiwkay, ato patiyol tayni i fangcalay codad, malakaketeran no citodongay no Franca. Oya ’alomanay a kakosa paretatenga to, onini a nipapoloan latek o nani John Calvin a nakamayan. Nanoyaan, oya ci John Calvin masongila’ ko pinengneng no ’alomanay o nifalicay to pakayraan a mitoor. I 1534 miheca, miteka misatata’ang mikari’ang ko France itiya, oya ’alamanay a kapot no mifalacay tamdaw marepet, marofo, ngalef patayan. Oya sato ci John Calvin misatapang to milaliway ko ’orip a maliwadiway. Mifalicay to hekal a tilid: “Kristokiwkoya” (一本改變世界的書：《基督教要義》) I 1536 miheca, milaliw ci John Calvin tayra i Basel no Switzerland. Itiya i, tadamaanay humanisoto ci Desiderius Erasmus itira ko aro’ ningra. I 1536 miheca 3 folad, pasadak ci John Calvin to Latin a tilidan to “Kristokiwkoya” (Institutio Christianae Religionis). Onini a nitilidan caay ko nano singkako wikipitiya a tilid, o cecay a tilid to sapafeli to hongti ci Francis I of Francean a pihapiw to fingko sapifelih tilid. Mangalay ci John Calvin pasi sifo no France misaheci: caay ko mirawraway ko mifalicay to pitooran, caay ko mirawraway to rayray no syakay, o misa’icelay patiyol tayra i fangcalay codad, misafaloco’ay mifa’eloh to kiwkay a mitooray. Nikaorira, onini a tilid kona 6 a cefang tuilidan, ikor masadadahalay to, taikoran mala o satadamaanay nitilidan sakisingkako no Kristokiw a likisi. Caay ka dengan o parana’an no singkako no mifalicay pitooran, mapafiyol ko ngataay to’ek noetipan a kacakat.    Toic a syakaysa ci Max Weber paretatenga sa, o Calvinsoki patirengay to sihongsoki a harateng ato aniniay finawlan a lekakawa. Talacowa onini a nisowalan tangasa anini ira ko kalaliyangan, nika mafiyol i harateng ni John Calvin saki ngataay to’ek a hekal, so’elinay to awaay ko sakaliyangaw. Niyaro’ no maliwadiway a Geneva ato pilahecian to kitakit nmo Kawas (難民城市日內瓦與上帝國的實驗) I 1536 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, mitelek ko Geneva to kapolongan pitopa micikeroh to mifalicay pitooran. Toya mihecaan 7 folad, 27 mihecaan ni John Calvin ona pilaliw milimek to kalalood a micafer i Geneva, mipatala to sakatayra i Toic (Germany) padoedo to sakikingkiw to tilidan. Nikawrira, kaikakosa ci Guillaume Farel sa’icel sa mifo’ot kaitini cingraan, ngalef pacekok to sasowalen: “Ano miliyang kiso to tatayalen, o caecaay palemed ko Kawas to nikingkiwan iso.” Ikor liyap sato ci John Calvin to pitahidang. I 1536 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, sarakat ningra i St. Pierre Cathedral a pakimad, pisatapang to ikor rafasay 20 mihecaan a tayal. O maliwadiway niyaro’ ko Geneva itiya. I 1536 miheca salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw, i 1560 miheca matongal ko 2 ’ofad 1000 ko tamdaw, o ’alomanay oya milaliway nai France, Spain, Itili ato roma mararemay kitakit makari’angay no patooran a maliwadiway finawlan. Anini ’alomanay tamdaw to Geneva o “Nifalican pitoor a Loma” saan, nika o pinengneng ni John Calvin to Geneva, caay ko Kawasan ’icel a mikowan a nga’ayay kitakit, caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o pinanaman to samaanen ko ratoh pacomod i kalekapotan no ’alomanay a ma’orip. Caay ko kiwkay ko mikowanay to niyaro’, o matayalay to niyaro’. Caay ko sapilaliw to hekal ko pitoor, o mamisafa’eloh to hekal. Nisidayan ni John Calvin i anini hakal a toloay rari’eroren (加爾文留給現代世界的三項遺產) Saka 1, ono “sakowan no Kawas” a nipitoor. Sakisa’icel no tamdaw o palakawasay to niyah a to’ek, patarowid ci John Calvin to hekalay tamdaw: So’elinay mikowanay ono Kawas, caay koya hongti, cisakowanay ano eca oya haratengan. Onini a harateng to ikor rara sa a macowat ko citolasay sifo, masasitolasay ato nikapolongan kimpo a harateng. Saka 2, o “sakacitari’ang no tamdaw o nai Kawasay a faco”. Nawhani kahacecay no tamdaw midotocay to faco no Kawas a masanga’, orasaka awaay ko cima tamdaw ko mamalasakadademak, koli ano eca sician to. Onini a singkako a nipaso’elin ta ikor mala sakianiniay tamdaw a salongoc harateng tadamaanay parana’an. Saka 3, o “pipaso’elin mamicomod to kapolongan a ’orip”. Caay ho pakipipaso’elin ko pipa’ekel i laloma’an kiwkay. Kiwiko, pipalada, isingan, padafoh, rikecan, sician lekakawa ato kapolongan a patorodan, saheto o saca’of no mitooray to pitahidang no Kawas. Ikoray no 500 miheca, oya to ko pasowal ni John Calvin koni. (五百多年後，加爾文仍然向我們說話) I 1564 miheca 5 folad 27 romi’ad, itira i Geneva ko patay ni John Calvin. Madotoc ko paikoran a sowal ningra, i ’otoc ningra akaa pitilid to ngangan ato piharatengan a tatirengan. Tangasa anini, i sakacowaay ko pitademan cingraan awaay ko mafana’ay a tamdaw. Latek, matatodongay to i da’oc no ’orip ningra: akaa piharateng to mifalicay, haratengen koya mifalicay to kiwkay a Kawas ko ni haenan. Mata’elif to ko 500 mihecaan, mafalic to ko hekal, nika nipasadakan ni John Calvin a macidemay kacengangan: tona sakowan sapitanamaw mikeror to so’elin i, o kiwkay i mangalay ho mitoor to ratohaw? Tona maledef no katalawan ato ingtel ko syakay I, mangalay ho mi’orip to mo’ecallay ato kakasini’adaay a mitooray? Tona o tamdaw palakawasay to kitakit, finacadan, payso ano eca haratengan i, mahareteng hoo ita: dengan o Kawas ko so’elinay a Kawas. Latek, oni John Calvin a nisidayan i 21 sician a satadamaanay a sapanofo i kasofocan. Mikawitay ci Huang Chunsheng foksi (編輯：黃春生牧師) Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar. k2z7vpy1k9enmapqpmkzuf5g66cwdu1 0 3250 50656 2026-08-31T12:39:08Z ~2026-47329-11 3891 建立內容為「== Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) ==」的新頁面 50656 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == f2llniv8v9wnzi3ea16t2pj03jtjlww 50657 50656 2026-08-31T12:40:43Z ~2026-47329-11 3891 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50657 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) om7zqnwogua0epqnjcpqhm2yt12qvpw 50658 50657 2026-08-31T12:42:02Z ~2026-47329-11 3891 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50658 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. 2x1wcwbjk9dvmsqraiyoykcrme5vd76 50659 50658 2026-08-31T12:43:08Z ~2026-47329-11 3891 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50659 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) g6c7wdjfkg0tpdcgj25010qxiab8xl8 50660 50659 2026-08-31T12:43:43Z ~2026-47329-11 3891 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50660 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. qt93xe1b7dqz0s1mfrtvu0drh1v0h7x 50661 50660 2026-08-31T12:45:15Z ~2026-47329-11 3891 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50661 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. jzt2vt2xhuf8jnkhyrjdpd5p4ksyeps 50662 50661 2026-08-31T12:48:38Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50662 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) 5m03pyytdif6e7feg9q7kd0fl3c72jf 50663 50662 2026-08-31T12:49:05Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50663 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. tj435guhsy8kk0mczqi17u8gts61kid 50664 50663 2026-08-31T12:49:39Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50664 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) swmmyepiocxv9z6oobatquk59iljfy7 50665 50664 2026-08-31T12:50:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50665 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ci4nw3bqylyfoeud8lrkk0frjo16lsk 50666 50665 2026-08-31T12:50:27Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50666 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. c7spx9nzjoa1wqfvttoq7cdyx1c90qk 50667 50666 2026-08-31T12:50:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50667 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) g1xuq38kzxva54ndg545lubaopsu2n3 50668 50667 2026-08-31T12:51:19Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50668 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. 10mlbi7yhvzumyguko8waudehzyzg9l 50669 50668 2026-08-31T12:51:44Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50669 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. 13uq45q0eksmzimagrnexij6midf1e0 50670 50669 2026-08-31T12:52:21Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50670 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) btrucxsva44a34rbrqc4mabfi3v5zev 50671 50670 2026-08-31T12:52:45Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50671 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. lm3ig4p3rzbs6pjtjtojneufgpl67xz 50672 50671 2026-08-31T12:53:12Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50672 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. og7qccbccrzqegj5w06wae8vlej21o1 50673 50672 2026-08-31T12:53:45Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50673 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. ptvq8p9rv9tyi4z5n105hui78yck9lb 50674 50673 2026-08-31T12:54:32Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50674 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. Longsi wiytio Taywan (攏是為著台灣) 7ca7hceoi7jtllstcpfxzkqjgfm14q6 50675 50674 2026-08-31T12:54:56Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50675 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. Longsi wiytio Taywan (攏是為著台灣) I 1909 miheca, o pinokay no fafahi ni Thomas Barclay tayni Taywan i fatad no rakat mapatay i Sahanhai. Sacecay sato cingra minokay tayni Taywan padoedo to taytal. Ikor no 20 mihecaan, oya to padoedo ningra mineper tonini a sera. 4mw9cy1m4oxoev58u5ief9xhg43pbqq 50676 50675 2026-08-31T12:55:23Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50676 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. Longsi wiytio Taywan (攏是為著台灣) I 1909 miheca, o pinokay no fafahi ni Thomas Barclay tayni Taywan i fatad no rakat mapatay i Sahanhai. Sacecay sato cingra minokay tayni Taywan padoedo to taytal. Ikor no 20 mihecaan, oya to padoedo ningra mineper tonini a sera. I 1921 nmiheca, maala cingra to sarakatay kiciw no sokay no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, o satadamaanay kacingangan koni. Talacowa matiratire aca ko pihayda no kasakitakit, oya to ko sakaitiniaw ningra i Taywan. I 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, itini i Taynan ko paherek no ’orip ni Thomas Barclay. Nai 26 miheca tangasa 85 miheca, ira ko 60 no mihecaan ko pacakat ningra to Tauwan. t5u0neau80irh8c3yibcyvsgyn2lsim 50677 50676 2026-08-31T12:55:50Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50677 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. Longsi wiytio Taywan (攏是為著台灣) I 1909 miheca, o pinokay no fafahi ni Thomas Barclay tayni Taywan i fatad no rakat mapatay i Sahanhai. Sacecay sato cingra minokay tayni Taywan padoedo to taytal. Ikor no 20 mihecaan, oya to padoedo ningra mineper tonini a sera. I 1921 nmiheca, maala cingra to sarakatay kiciw no sokay no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, o satadamaanay kacingangan koni. Talacowa matiratire aca ko pihayda no kasakitakit, oya to ko sakaitiniaw ningra i Taywan. I 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, itini i Taynan ko paherek no ’orip ni Thomas Barclay. Nai 26 miheca tangasa 85 miheca, ira ko 60 no mihecaan ko pacakat ningra to Tauwan. Anini, tona miharateng kita ci Thomas Barclay foksian, so’elinay piharatengan, caay ko nikatadamaan no nidemakan ningra, oya saki’orip ningra ko haenen. O nano malatadamaanay kakaksa ko ’orip ningra, nika mipili’ to sakalasinkiwsi. Ona minokay tayra i niyaro’ mira’oy to sapakaolah kacingangan, o sakaitini i Taywan ko nihaenan. Ona mira’oy to malitengay a ’orip, kai 80 mihecaan padoedo mifalic to fangcalay codad. 9tpptlcbc9elfx5yxnnakii8hzw07o9 50678 50677 2026-08-31T12:56:14Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50678 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. Longsi wiytio Taywan (攏是為著台灣) I 1909 miheca, o pinokay no fafahi ni Thomas Barclay tayni Taywan i fatad no rakat mapatay i Sahanhai. Sacecay sato cingra minokay tayni Taywan padoedo to taytal. Ikor no 20 mihecaan, oya to padoedo ningra mineper tonini a sera. I 1921 nmiheca, maala cingra to sarakatay kiciw no sokay no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, o satadamaanay kacingangan koni. Talacowa matiratire aca ko pihayda no kasakitakit, oya to ko sakaitiniaw ningra i Taywan. I 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, itini i Taynan ko paherek no ’orip ni Thomas Barclay. Nai 26 miheca tangasa 85 miheca, ira ko 60 no mihecaan ko pacakat ningra to Tauwan. Anini, tona miharateng kita ci Thomas Barclay foksian, so’elinay piharatengan, caay ko nikatadamaan no nidemakan ningra, oya saki’orip ningra ko haenen. O nano malatadamaanay kakaksa ko ’orip ningra, nika mipili’ to sakalasinkiwsi. Ona minokay tayra i niyaro’ mira’oy to sapakaolah kacingangan, o sakaitini i Taywan ko nihaenan. Ona mira’oy to malitengay a ’orip, kai 80 mihecaan padoedo mifalic to fangcalay codad. Patarowid titaanan ko ’orip ningra: Sakatadamaan no ’orip, caay ko kaira to hakowaay ka adihay ahan, oya hakowaay ko kangalay a mipacakat. O niterekan ningra, caay ka dengan o kiwkay, pitilidan, sinpon ato nifalican a fangcalay codad, o nika ngalay to sakipitoor, sakifinawlan, sakisra ko pipacakat a mida’ocay harateng. Onini harateng i, tangasa anini, o yaan to mapatedi ko taengad ka’ayaw lalan no Taywan. 0barqb02nkbjdizydrw50e3v3emtwgo 50679 50678 2026-08-31T12:56:39Z Masaonikar 570 /* Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) */ 50679 wikitext text/x-wiki == Thomas Barclay (湯瑪斯．巴克禮) == Patororay to da’oc no ’orip to Taywan ci Thomas Barclay foksi. (將一生奉獻給台灣的巴克禮牧師) I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, oya 26 miheca a kapah no Scotland a foksi ci Thomas Barclay (1849-1935) nai Takao talasekal, miripa’ to sera no Taywan. Latek caay ho kaharateng ningra itiya, onini a katakahan a kanatal o sakito’as a paniyaro’an; o Taywan, pakayni i pipacakat ningra, mafalic ko likisi no niyah. Tiyolen ko ni’oripan ni Thomas Barclay foksi i, caay ka dengan o piharateng ita to kalasinkiwsi ningra, haratengen ho ita o cecay no pitoor, kiwiko, ponka, mirina pasadak to tilid ati tilidan a sowal palekapot i malosa’ayaway itini a to’ek. Nai kakak a tamdaw tangasa malasinkiwsi (從科學人才到宣教師) O kasofocan ni Thomas Barclay i Glasgow no Scotland. 15 mihecaan mitilid i Glasgow i daykako, o pi’osi ato dinkikako ko ninanaman, tada o cifenekay i kakako. Itiya o kalowadan no cikatayalan to ikor, o dinkikakak o satadamaanay a fenek itiya, o sakatadamaan ni Thomas Barclay koni, o tala’ayaway sakacowat a kakosa a kapah nasa. I 1869 miheca, micomod cingra i sinkakoyin no pakoniraay kiwkay i Scotland minanam to sinkako kiwiko; i 1873 miheca misawad i tayra i Germany Leipzig daykako mitongal to tilidan. Malaheci ko pinanam i, milayap to saocor no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, tayra sawaloian a patenak (senkiw). I 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool ko lowad ningra, ira ko tolo folad to rakat tangasa i Xiamen minanam to Payrang a sowal. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tayni Taywan, macowat to 60 miheca ko halafin a patenakay tayal. Pakayni i sowal no finawlan ko sapipatenak to ratoh (用人民的語言傳講福音) Tangasa i Taywan ci Thomas Barclay i, itira ho i Cihou ko aro’ to cecay miheca enem folad. Masafaloco’ ningra ano micomod ko ratoh i falopco’ no tamdamdaw i, o picomod I sowal no finawlan ko ’ayaw. Orasaka misa’icel cingra minanam to sowal no Payrang, milicay ci Hugh Ritchie (Li siw) foksian. Caay ka halafin ko kaitini Taywan misatapang to pakimad to no Payrang a sowal, patenak to ratoh a tayal. Toya miheca cangra aci Lisiw ira ko 8 tamdaw milayap paino a mitooray, nanoya mapalamit ko pawacay to ratoh i satimolan a Taywan. I 19 sician macowat ko micalapay ato tikuko itiya i, ’alomanay papotalay tayni mananam mipatangic to finawlan no niyaro’ minanam to niyah a sowal; kaorira ci Thomas Barclay mipili’ to mafelihay a lalan, minanam cingra to no finawlan a sowal, mingodo to ponka no itiniay, patirengen no niyah i minanamay kaitiraan. Onini o sasowalen no pitoor ci Kristoan o “Malatamdaway ko sowal” ya sanay a sapilaheci to niharatengan. Patireng to sinkako kiwiko, palahad to niyaro’ ay a tamdaw (建立神學教育，培育本地人才) Mafana’ ci Thomas Barclay, ano o sakahalafin a comahad no kiwkay, o mamipalahad to niyaro’ay a dingtosa. I 1878 miheca, o Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i sawali sa’amisan no Sinlou isingan patireng t osinkakoyin, nanoya ’ayaw o Taynan sinkakoyin. I 1880 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad misitapang a mitilid, ira ko 15 tamdaw ko mitiliday itiya. Onini a sinkakoyin mala o sarakatay no Taywan mipalahaday to niyaro’ay matayalay a tadamaanay citodongan. ’Aloman ko fafiyolay t oikoray kiwkay no Taywan ato sakatadamaan tamdaw no syakay, saheto o milayapay minanam to no sinkako kiwiko. Caay padeteng ci Thomas Barclay patireng to romaay kitakit a sinkiwsi a kiwkay, dengan pisa’icel palahad to maedengay o niyah ko micowatay to niyaro’ay kakeridan no kiwkay. Matiniay harateng to sapalahad to tamdaw, tangasa anini oyaan to ko kafiyol macowat i Taywan ko Kristokiw. Patireng to sarakatay mapatalahekal mirina’ ko sinpon i Taywan (創辦臺灣第一份公開發行的報紙) I 1881 miheca, pahanhan ci Thomas Barclay minokay tayra i Inkiris. Ka pacekokan, awaay ko nga’ayay hanhan ningra, pasayra i mirina’ay kosi minanam to pipodpod to tilid, misilsil ato mirina’ a kicik. Ikor nonini a demak mafalic ko likisi no pirina’ no Taywan. Patiko tayni Taywan i 1884 miheca i, itira cingra i Sinlou patireng to pirina’an “Cicentang”, mala sa’ayaway no aniniay a Taywan kiwkay kongpo. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, misatapan pasadak to “Taywan focen kiwkay sinpon”. Onini o sarakatay padoedoay mirina’ pasadak to sinpon i likisi no Taywan. Itiya a Taywan caay ho kaira ko aniniay sinpon mitiya, manengneng ni Thomas Barclay ko tilid mirina’ to tadamaabnay sapipalowad to syakay. O kiwkay sinpon caay kao pipatenak to pitooran, matilid haca ko kiwiko, isingan, maomahay, isian, syakay ato kasakitakit a paratoh no sinpon, mala o ingataay no Taywan kapolongan sakafana’ sakaira no katadamaan. Anini mitiyol to likisi no pirina’ to sinpon i Taywan i, o nipainian ni Thomas Barclay o satadamaanay a kaitiraan i piherod. Polong no ’orip pacakat sakisowal no Payrang a fangcalay codad (將一生奉獻給台語聖經) Ano haenen ko sowal t okiwiko ato pirina’ mapatirengay ko katadamaan ni Thomas Barclay i likisi no Taywan, orasaka o pifalic to fangcalay a codad a tayal pahapinang cingra to tatodong no pitooran. I 1914 miheca, malaheci ningra ko pisalof to fa’elohay fangcalay codad a tayal. I 1919 miheca, o Glasgow daykako tona katadamaan mifalic to fangcalay codad, mapatodong to sinkako hakosiko. I 1927 miheca, maraod to ko 80 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay misitapang mifalic to katelangay fangcalay codad. O ’alomanay tamdaw misawaday to a mihecaan o mamira’oy to ikoray ’orip i, nika o ningra sa masaimer ho to romi’ad i Hiporay a fancalay codad ato tilid no Payrang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) a tayal. I 1930 miheca malaheci ko pifalic. Okor to malangat ko lalood no Congko ato Dipong, mafiyol koya pirina’ a tayal, nika ikor i 1933 miheca pasadak a mirina’. Toya mihecaan, ira to ko 84 no mihecaan ni Thomas Barclay itiya. Malitosaay ko sician no mihecaan ningra, saka manga’ay no finawlan no Taywan misa’osi to sowal no niyah to sowal no Kawas. Longsi wiytio Taywan (攏是為著台灣) I 1909 miheca, o pinokay no fafahi ni Thomas Barclay tayni Taywan i fatad no rakat mapatay i Sahanhai. Sacecay sato cingra minokay tayni Taywan padoedo to taytal. Ikor no 20 mihecaan, oya to padoedo ningra mineper tonini a sera. I 1921 nmiheca, maala cingra to sarakatay kiciw no sokay no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay, o satadamaanay kacingangan koni. Talacowa matiratire aca ko pihayda no kasakitakit, oya to ko sakaitiniaw ningra i Taywan. I 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, itini i Taynan ko paherek no ’orip ni Thomas Barclay. Nai 26 miheca tangasa 85 miheca, ira ko 60 no mihecaan ko pacakat ningra to Tauwan. Anini, tona miharateng kita ci Thomas Barclay foksian, so’elinay piharatengan, caay ko nikatadamaan no nidemakan ningra, oya saki’orip ningra ko haenen. O nano malatadamaanay kakaksa ko ’orip ningra, nika mipili’ to sakalasinkiwsi. Ona minokay tayra i niyaro’ mira’oy to sapakaolah kacingangan, o sakaitini i Taywan ko nihaenan. Ona mira’oy to malitengay a ’orip, kai 80 mihecaan padoedo mifalic to fangcalay codad. Patarowid titaanan ko ’orip ningra: Sakatadamaan no ’orip, caay ko kaira to hakowaay ka adihay ahan, oya hakowaay ko kangalay a mipacakat. O niterekan ningra, caay ka dengan o kiwkay, pitilidan, sinpon ato nifalican a fangcalay codad, o nika ngalay to sakipitoor, sakifinawlan, sakisra ko pipacakat a mida’ocay harateng. Onini harateng i, tangasa anini, o yaan to mapatedi ko taengad ka’ayaw lalan no Taywan. Mikawitay ci Huang Chunsheng foksi (編輯：黃春生牧師) Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar. 9srvyalquxvcp1vdryoeogouycgxd7g 0 3251 50680 2026-08-31T12:59:38Z Masaonikar 570 建立內容為「== George L. Mackay (馬偕) ==」的新頁面 50680 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == gewwdhulmhxvus9143hqyh8o6c8zlli 50681 50680 2026-08-31T13:00:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50681 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” blvh7qelwqg77xf0ty2f87ovz3xcu3x 50682 50681 2026-08-31T13:00:34Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50682 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) 59tfol5l0uwjpkfli4nqze4glgrhci5 50683 50682 2026-08-31T13:00:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50683 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. njie53wxsy42gd6l7y68tfth1cf3abs 50684 50683 2026-08-31T13:01:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50684 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? h12hsch9il86tn20iv65jg8o7ebc8tr 50685 50684 2026-08-31T13:01:38Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50685 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. b74k1w8b6if0i67w4qd3yrvkb45g4rv 50686 50685 2026-08-31T13:02:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50686 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. 5b2lphwgbr903qkjz8sbr1q1ss9pm2h 50687 50686 2026-08-31T13:02:46Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50687 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) 0q0kp3cfos560rpb3fi898qhrh4ukhf 50688 50687 2026-08-31T13:03:07Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50688 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. 4l797yjwfye503gpt0t7mmh3p4ecxdf 50689 50688 2026-08-31T13:03:29Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50689 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. midwd0s3re66mh00qpcrnw40n83jnlm 50690 50689 2026-08-31T13:03:52Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50690 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). 4i9ojfhkegdgjgjaey3dxyuvsv7w0pz 50691 50690 2026-08-31T13:04:15Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50691 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. kar8tu7ublefpd8bvdbuoo7eun743gz 50692 50691 2026-08-31T13:04:35Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50692 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. cqtfs55uk65m5v683chaqheal1tl89t 50693 50692 2026-08-31T13:04:58Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50693 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. oshsdv6w1uxiejg2fcdnsr4katdtmpb 50694 50693 2026-08-31T13:05:22Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50694 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. do6mm80axo84ak3qrqopp8wh9i6oa8u 50695 50694 2026-08-31T13:05:44Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50695 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   n23jj4a9wao8by63pt9wpa0x0npbj0d 50696 50695 2026-08-31T13:06:05Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50696 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. b1a46vkki85rdf3zvbiy4ziav8iobyb 50697 50696 2026-08-31T13:06:31Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50697 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). tmas108wz7gopld8nh002cgszj55mvg 50698 50697 2026-08-31T13:06:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50698 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. snwxz6ryd086hk3li691np3mdode6em 50699 50698 2026-08-31T13:07:24Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50699 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. Sasingasif to Taywan: Kato’as cifafahi to Inkiris a fafahiyan, mapatay matadem i Taynan. Vs malrcod to Taywan, cifafahi to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Zhang Congming, mala kadafo no Taywan, ikor mala finawlan no Taywan. I 1895 miheca mitelek: ci Barclay itini i Taywan, kalopatorodan ato sofitay no Dipong to sakarihaday no kasasowal, awaay ko kalatiihan no niyaro’. Ni Mackay mapakelac ko Taywan mapaocor tayra i Hongkong miliyas to katalawan, ikor ta patiyol tayni Taywan, patihi to ka’amisay mitooray no Taywan to kafafalican no sakowan. 6ujkxha3ywqnv13awqflcgfti7zhrp4 50700 50699 2026-08-31T13:07:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50700 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. Sasingasif to Taywan: Kato’as cifafahi to Inkiris a fafahiyan, mapatay matadem i Taynan. Vs malrcod to Taywan, cifafahi to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Zhang Congming, mala kadafo no Taywan, ikor mala finawlan no Taywan. I 1895 miheca mitelek: ci Barclay itini i Taywan, kalopatorodan ato sofitay no Dipong to sakarihaday no kasasowal, awaay ko kalatiihan no niyaro’. Ni Mackay mapakelac ko Taywan mapaocor tayra i Hongkong miliyas to katalawan, ikor ta patiyol tayni Taywan, patihi to ka’amisay mitooray no Taywan to kafafalican no sakowan. Kasasiroma no pinangan, mapahapinang ko kafiyol no ka’amisay katimolay to nicikerohan to aniniay dademaken no Taywan: Ci Barclay o nano hakyin a mafenekay, mafana’ to halafin ta macowat saan ko ningra, saka patireng to sakirikec to “lekakawa”. Patireng cingra to Taynan sinkakoyin (“dakako” han itiya), o nananamen sahato o sakisinkako ato sarikec to parapatan a kakko. Pacomod cingra to sapirina’ a kikay, micikeroh to sowal no Paihuace (Loma a tilid), mifalic to “Payrang a fangcalay codad”, parina’ to sinpon. O nipidemak ningra kao “tilid ato kiwiko” ko sakatayal, nai laloma’ pasipapotal to sakafana’ no syakay to tilid ko sapipalowad. edcgc1u0jlhels46d88cerehzsxja9m 50701 50700 2026-08-31T13:08:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50701 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. Sasingasif to Taywan: Kato’as cifafahi to Inkiris a fafahiyan, mapatay matadem i Taynan. Vs malrcod to Taywan, cifafahi to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Zhang Congming, mala kadafo no Taywan, ikor mala finawlan no Taywan. I 1895 miheca mitelek: ci Barclay itini i Taywan, kalopatorodan ato sofitay no Dipong to sakarihaday no kasasowal, awaay ko kalatiihan no niyaro’. Ni Mackay mapakelac ko Taywan mapaocor tayra i Hongkong miliyas to katalawan, ikor ta patiyol tayni Taywan, patihi to ka’amisay mitooray no Taywan to kafafalican no sakowan. Kasasiroma no pinangan, mapahapinang ko kafiyol no ka’amisay katimolay to nicikerohan to aniniay dademaken no Taywan: Ci Barclay o nano hakyin a mafenekay, mafana’ to halafin ta macowat saan ko ningra, saka patireng to sakirikec to “lekakawa”. Patireng cingra to Taynan sinkakoyin (“dakako” han itiya), o nananamen sahato o sakisinkako ato sarikec to parapatan a kakko. Pacomod cingra to sapirina’ a kikay, micikeroh to sowal no Paihuace (Loma a tilid), mifalic to “Payrang a fangcalay codad”, parina’ to sinpon. O nipidemak ningra kao “tilid ato kiwiko” ko sakatayal, nai laloma’ pasipapotal to sakafana’ no syakay to tilid ko sapipalowad. Ni Mackay o tariktikay ko lalowadan ningra. Patireng cingra to “Oxford pitilidan” (aniniay Cenli daykako), o pipasifana ningra caay kai rawang, mararid keriden ko mitiliday mirakarak to Taywan, itira papotal ko pasifana’ to saseraan, pinalengaw, pisenay, ngalef mikilim to pirorodan. Patireng cingra to “Tansui fafahiyan rawang”, mipalasawad to to’asan no syakay no Taywan to “Awaay ko fana’ no fafahiyan o sakacidafoh” sanay a pinangan, lifeten ko ma’erecay kasasiroma i caayay kalecad a rocok. d05u74hc1geozbii1q4eo7k98rauitd 50702 50701 2026-08-31T13:08:44Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50702 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. Sasingasif to Taywan: Kato’as cifafahi to Inkiris a fafahiyan, mapatay matadem i Taynan. Vs malrcod to Taywan, cifafahi to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Zhang Congming, mala kadafo no Taywan, ikor mala finawlan no Taywan. I 1895 miheca mitelek: ci Barclay itini i Taywan, kalopatorodan ato sofitay no Dipong to sakarihaday no kasasowal, awaay ko kalatiihan no niyaro’. Ni Mackay mapakelac ko Taywan mapaocor tayra i Hongkong miliyas to katalawan, ikor ta patiyol tayni Taywan, patihi to ka’amisay mitooray no Taywan to kafafalican no sakowan. Kasasiroma no pinangan, mapahapinang ko kafiyol no ka’amisay katimolay to nicikerohan to aniniay dademaken no Taywan: Ci Barclay o nano hakyin a mafenekay, mafana’ to halafin ta macowat saan ko ningra, saka patireng to sakirikec to “lekakawa”. Patireng cingra to Taynan sinkakoyin (“dakako” han itiya), o nananamen sahato o sakisinkako ato sarikec to parapatan a kakko. Pacomod cingra to sapirina’ a kikay, micikeroh to sowal no Paihuace (Loma a tilid), mifalic to “Payrang a fangcalay codad”, parina’ to sinpon. O nipidemak ningra kao “tilid ato kiwiko” ko sakatayal, nai laloma’ pasipapotal to sakafana’ no syakay to tilid ko sapipalowad. Ni Mackay o tariktikay ko lalowadan ningra. Patireng cingra to “Oxford pitilidan” (aniniay Cenli daykako), o pipasifana ningra caay kai rawang, mararid keriden ko mitiliday mirakarak to Taywan, itira papotal ko pasifana’ to saseraan, pinalengaw, pisenay, ngalef mikilim to pirorodan. Patireng cingra to “Tansui fafahiyan rawang”, mipalasawad to to’asan no syakay no Taywan to “Awaay ko fana’ no fafahiyan o sakacidafoh” sanay a pinangan, lifeten ko ma’erecay kasasiroma i caayay kalecad a rocok. Talacowa caay ko masongila’ay ko pinanam to isingan ni Mackay, nika nao minanamay to cingra i Amilika to isingan parana’an. Pipatenak ningra i ’amisan no Taywan i, makera ningra ko kafades no wadis to adada, nanoya micowat cingra to tekedan “mingito’ay a pipatenak”. Dotocen misa’osi, oni ngito’an ningra to wadis no Taywan a tamdaw mata’elif ko 21,000 ko wadis, nanoya patireng cingra to “Hopoykay isingan” (’ayaway Mackay isingan), o kangalayan no tamdamdaw a ising makarahekedan no ka’amisay Taywan a finawlan. n8prq8v3t5iybcctrde9esplenc0vf6 50703 50702 2026-08-31T13:09:08Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50703 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. Sasingasif to Taywan: Kato’as cifafahi to Inkiris a fafahiyan, mapatay matadem i Taynan. Vs malrcod to Taywan, cifafahi to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Zhang Congming, mala kadafo no Taywan, ikor mala finawlan no Taywan. I 1895 miheca mitelek: ci Barclay itini i Taywan, kalopatorodan ato sofitay no Dipong to sakarihaday no kasasowal, awaay ko kalatiihan no niyaro’. Ni Mackay mapakelac ko Taywan mapaocor tayra i Hongkong miliyas to katalawan, ikor ta patiyol tayni Taywan, patihi to ka’amisay mitooray no Taywan to kafafalican no sakowan. Kasasiroma no pinangan, mapahapinang ko kafiyol no ka’amisay katimolay to nicikerohan to aniniay dademaken no Taywan: Ci Barclay o nano hakyin a mafenekay, mafana’ to halafin ta macowat saan ko ningra, saka patireng to sakirikec to “lekakawa”. Patireng cingra to Taynan sinkakoyin (“dakako” han itiya), o nananamen sahato o sakisinkako ato sarikec to parapatan a kakko. Pacomod cingra to sapirina’ a kikay, micikeroh to sowal no Paihuace (Loma a tilid), mifalic to “Payrang a fangcalay codad”, parina’ to sinpon. O nipidemak ningra kao “tilid ato kiwiko” ko sakatayal, nai laloma’ pasipapotal to sakafana’ no syakay to tilid ko sapipalowad. Ni Mackay o tariktikay ko lalowadan ningra. Patireng cingra to “Oxford pitilidan” (aniniay Cenli daykako), o pipasifana ningra caay kai rawang, mararid keriden ko mitiliday mirakarak to Taywan, itira papotal ko pasifana’ to saseraan, pinalengaw, pisenay, ngalef mikilim to pirorodan. Patireng cingra to “Tansui fafahiyan rawang”, mipalasawad to to’asan no syakay no Taywan to “Awaay ko fana’ no fafahiyan o sakacidafoh” sanay a pinangan, lifeten ko ma’erecay kasasiroma i caayay kalecad a rocok. Talacowa caay ko masongila’ay ko pinanam to isingan ni Mackay, nika nao minanamay to cingra i Amilika to isingan parana’an. Pipatenak ningra i ’amisan no Taywan i, makera ningra ko kafades no wadis to adada, nanoya micowat cingra to tekedan “mingito’ay a pipatenak”. Dotocen misa’osi, oni ngito’an ningra to wadis no Taywan a tamdaw mata’elif ko 21,000 ko wadis, nanoya patireng cingra to “Hopoykay isingan” (’ayaway Mackay isingan), o kangalayan no tamdamdaw a ising makarahekedan no ka’amisay Taywan a finawlan. I 1884 miheca kalaloodan no Mancin France itiya, o pakotang sofitay no France i Tansui, mayakyak no finawlan no Taywan ko mitooray no Taywan “mikapotay to laloma’an” to France tamdaw, saka rarawraw ko ka’amisay no Taywan to miliyangay to kristokiw, nai Mangka, Sintien a kiwkay makari’ang. Cikatalawan to saki’orip ci Mackay, nika awaay ko talatalaw ningra, ikor no no lalood to sapatefoc no Mancin, o sapipatireng to tanektekay a kiwkay, o sapitena’ to “macidemay kiwkay” ko patireng, pahapinang to ciekengay lalowadan no harateng. 0282w7z340vuh3y9up5swep35xknv7e 50704 50703 2026-08-31T13:09:34Z Masaonikar 570 /* George L. Mackay (馬偕) */ 50704 wikitext text/x-wiki == George L. Mackay (馬偕) == “Paifaloco’an ako a Taywanaw! pacakaten ako to da’oc no ’orip i tisowan…, mangalay itini malikat, a caay ka lanto.” (「我全心所愛的台灣啊！我把一生奉獻給你……我願在此燒盡，不願銹壞。」) George L. Mackay, o nano Canada Scotland a teloc: I 1872 miheca tayni Taywan. o nano dengan dayhiw no Ciwlo kiwkay no Canada, mipili’ to i satimolay Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris itira i ’amisay no Taywan. dengan o “cecay ’alapit to wadis, cecay fangcalay codad” ko nitatoyan midemok i niyaro’ no Tayal ato i dafdaf, patireng to Oxford pitilidan ato sa’ayaway pitilidan no fafahiyan i Taywan “Tansui hosi kakko”, pakayni to aniniay kakak, saseraan, fafahiyan a kiwiko pacomod i sa’amisan no Taywan. O lakapot ningra tayni Taywan a malasinkiwsi ira ca James Laidlaw Maxwell, William Campbell, Thomas Barclay, David Landsborough itini tonini a sera no Taywan, pakayni i isingan, kiwiko ato ponka ko picowat, matilid ko kafahekaan a nidemakan naira. Onini a ’ayaway midemakay o nai Scotland ato Canada, nawiro kinafalah ano sa to ’orip i katalawan itiya, tayni tonini ninengnengan no kaetipay tamdaw o “Semot ka’acekan a niyaro’” sanay to Taywan? I 1858 miheca ato 1860 miheca, masasitelek ko Mancin ato Inkiris France to “Amatsu hoyaku” ato “Beijin hoyako”, itini i Anping, Takao, Tamsui ato Keelung ko pisaminato. Caay ka dengan ono Inkiris Amilika ko micomoday kalali’acaay, mapadama no sarikec ko katayni no etipay sinkiwsi tyayni Taywan halafin ko aro’, patenak a salingoc. I 19 sician a Scotland ciwlo kiwkay (UK ciwlokay) ato Canada ciwlo kiwkay, mapacowat ko pitooran. Itiyaay a cifenekay kapah (’aloman ko nai Edinburgh daykako ato o Glasgow daykako a isingan, sinkakosa) ciharatengay to kanga’ayan: “Kao aniniay kafana’an, isingan ato ratoh no Kawas, patayraen i mangalayay a niyaro’ no hekal” a Tayuwan, orasaka mapacicuay o fa’elohay katayraan sera saan itiya. Onini a kangodoan o “Sakalemed to finawlan no Taywan” a sinkiwsi, masasitaped to faku ato kasasilsil: (這群被尊稱為「台灣恩人」的宣教士，其背景與分工非常完美地互補：) Ci James L. Maxwell, Scotland tamdaw, I 1865 miheca tayni Taywan. O nano niocoran no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay tayni Taywan a sarakatay isingan a sinkiwsi. Itira cingra i Kanxicie (Taynan) patireng tyo sarakatay isingan i Taywan, o lalowadan no aniniay isingan i Taywan. Ci David Landsborough, Scotland tamdaw, i 1895 mihecaan tayni Taywan. Itira satenokan no Taywan, patireng to Canghua Kristokiw isngan. Cingra ato fafahi ningra ira ko tadamaanay kimad to “Mifatisay to fanges a olah”, keritan ko fanges no fafahi pafatis to pakoyocay wawa no Taywan. Ci William Campbell, Scotland tamdaw, i 1871 miheca tayni Taywan. Caay ka dengan kai satimolan no Taywan mipatenak, mitilid haca cingra to “Fa’elohay pikafohan sowal no Xiamen” (Campbell pikafohan), roma tadamaan ko pikihar to masamo’ay, patireng to sarakatay i Taywan a pitilidan no mapohaway (Qicong pitilidan i Taynan). Sa’ayaway syakay no Taywan mapili’ ho to etipay isingan, ira ko kasasowalan o etipay isingan o “mi’owalay to mata, mikelacay to tinai’ palaiyo” sanay a sowal. Ci James Laidlaw Maxwell malaplap patayra i Qiau, oya ci Mackay sato kinapinapina macefos to ta’I, todohen ko kiwkay, roma o po’ot ko sapatalaw. I 1895 miheca micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, milaliw to ko tapang no Mancin, mapeleng to ko nipakoniraan no Taywan. Kararawrawan to kaawa no sifo itiya, onini a sinkiwsi ko midamaay, i tenokan no Taywan ira ci David Landsborough ko mikeriday to sofitay no Dipong rihaday ko picomod i niyaro’, i notimolan ira ci Barclay aci Campbell ko dayhiw no finawlan to sakasasowal, pakayni to etipan nangra kacingangan ko sapidama, mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan to sakaecaaw i kalaloodan a cimapatayay. Cangra o nai raayay tayni a Inkiris ato Canada a kapah, ikor malaheci to “Kalahafel a caay kapohed” sanay a pitelek, o ’afo to ano eca o ’orip mapacakat i Taywan (tinako matadem i Tansui ci Mackay, matedem i Taynan ci Barclay). Caay ka dengan o pipatenak, i kacangootan no Taywa to aniniay sakadademak i, o etipay isingan, aniniay kakkak, ma’oripay tilid pirina’, kanga’ayan no fafahiyan mitilid, tadamaan no pitilid no mapohaway a rocok mapalamit itini i Taywan. Tangasa anini, ano o Mackay isingan, Canghua Kristokiw isingan, Canglong ciokako, Cenli daykako, ngalef o nitatoyan no mita anini a pikafohan to tilid, talacowato, ira manengneng koya nano Scotland ato Canada nisidayan i syakay no Taywan, kadihekoan a caayay kafadi’ narocekan i Taywan. Ano masowal ci James Laidlaw Maxwell mipacowatay to isingan i timolan han i, oya sa ci Thomas Barclay, aci George L. Mackay malalecaden i, o nga’ayay i 19 sician o kasapoinangan, ngataay likisi no Taywan o satadamaanay a “timolan a Barclay, ’amisan a Mackay” tadamaanay tamdaw.   Onini tatosaay a sinkiwsi, o cecay nai Scotland no Inkiris, o cecay nai Canada; itira to cecay niyaro’ no Taynan a midama, o cecay micowat i Tansui no ka’amis no Taywan. Caay ka lecad ko pinangan nangra, katimol, ka’amis ko kaitiraan sa’etal mipatenak, itiya toya a mihecaan, kasasiiked no pipalamit to aniniay ponka, kiwiko, isingan ato sowal papisingan no Taywan. Niyah a kitakit ato niocoray: Scotland no Inkiris ciwlo kiiwkay vs Canada ciwlo kiwkay (ona cecayay a dayhiw). Kaitiraan romi’ad: 1875 miheca tangasa 1935 miheca (60 ko mihecaan kaitini I Taywan) vs 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca (29 miheca kai Taywan, kaciekang no takolaw a mapatay). Pidotocan kaitiraan no pipatenak: satimolan no Taywan (I niyaro’ no Taynan ko patenokan) vs sa’amisan no Taywan (Tansui, Tataocen ko patenokan). Katadamaan no faco: Damsayay hakasi, harana’si ato kacacofelsi, ci Barclay: o koda’itay tamdaw, talolong ko nisaheratengan ato satelek misahalakaay a ’icel. Mackay: micowatay i kasaniyaro’, misolapay ato dademakay, kiemel ko sakiniyaro’, kaimahan no tamdaw ato ci’icelay to salifat. Sasingasif to Taywan: Kato’as cifafahi to Inkiris a fafahiyan, mapatay matadem i Taynan. Vs malrcod to Taywan, cifafahi to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Zhang Congming, mala kadafo no Taywan, ikor mala finawlan no Taywan. I 1895 miheca mitelek: ci Barclay itini i Taywan, kalopatorodan ato sofitay no Dipong to sakarihaday no kasasowal, awaay ko kalatiihan no niyaro’. Ni Mackay mapakelac ko Taywan mapaocor tayra i Hongkong miliyas to katalawan, ikor ta patiyol tayni Taywan, patihi to ka’amisay mitooray no Taywan to kafafalican no sakowan. Kasasiroma no pinangan, mapahapinang ko kafiyol no ka’amisay katimolay to nicikerohan to aniniay dademaken no Taywan: Ci Barclay o nano hakyin a mafenekay, mafana’ to halafin ta macowat saan ko ningra, saka patireng to sakirikec to “lekakawa”. Patireng cingra to Taynan sinkakoyin (“dakako” han itiya), o nananamen sahato o sakisinkako ato sarikec to parapatan a kakko. Pacomod cingra to sapirina’ a kikay, micikeroh to sowal no Paihuace (Loma a tilid), mifalic to “Payrang a fangcalay codad”, parina’ to sinpon. O nipidemak ningra kao “tilid ato kiwiko” ko sakatayal, nai laloma’ pasipapotal to sakafana’ no syakay to tilid ko sapipalowad. Ni Mackay o tariktikay ko lalowadan ningra. Patireng cingra to “Oxford pitilidan” (aniniay Cenli daykako), o pipasifana ningra caay kai rawang, mararid keriden ko mitiliday mirakarak to Taywan, itira papotal ko pasifana’ to saseraan, pinalengaw, pisenay, ngalef mikilim to pirorodan. Patireng cingra to “Tansui fafahiyan rawang”, mipalasawad to to’asan no syakay no Taywan to “Awaay ko fana’ no fafahiyan o sakacidafoh” sanay a pinangan, lifeten ko ma’erecay kasasiroma i caayay kalecad a rocok. Talacowa caay ko masongila’ay ko pinanam to isingan ni Mackay, nika nao minanamay to cingra i Amilika to isingan parana’an. Pipatenak ningra i ’amisan no Taywan i, makera ningra ko kafades no wadis to adada, nanoya micowat cingra to tekedan “mingito’ay a pipatenak”. Dotocen misa’osi, oni ngito’an ningra to wadis no Taywan a tamdaw mata’elif ko 21,000 ko wadis, nanoya patireng cingra to “Hopoykay isingan” (’ayaway Mackay isingan), o kangalayan no tamdamdaw a ising makarahekedan no ka’amisay Taywan a finawlan. I 1884 miheca kalaloodan no Mancin France itiya, o pakotang sofitay no France i Tansui, mayakyak no finawlan no Taywan ko mitooray no Taywan “mikapotay to laloma’an” to France tamdaw, saka rarawraw ko ka’amisay no Taywan to miliyangay to kristokiw, nai Mangka, Sintien a kiwkay makari’ang. Cikatalawan to saki’orip ci Mackay, nika awaay ko talatalaw ningra, ikor no no lalood to sapatefoc no Mancin, o sapipatireng to tanektekay a kiwkay, o sapitena’ to “macidemay kiwkay” ko patireng, pahapinang to ciekengay lalowadan no harateng. Mitiliday ci Lin Hengli (編輯者：林恆立) Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar tmizeq89tt17psc8fh0uhjg9z6w23iy 0 3252 50705 2026-09-01T11:16:10Z Rengosfosay 2226 建立內容為「== Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) ==」的新頁面 50705 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == i7vwiao7y9lno8psc88as7fg09xdgjz 50706 50705 2026-09-01T11:16:42Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) */ 50706 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) hst1kvsmrjmefjc5777fzkieztwnqls 50707 50706 2026-09-01T11:17:01Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) */ 50707 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. brtgt55mszhzk93mtpln0ow5alrcg83 50708 50707 2026-09-01T11:17:35Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) */ 50708 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === sh1evadpywdo5hdvuolkyobld2u5brp 50709 50708 2026-09-01T11:18:01Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50709 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica‘. 1jz0zubtnq768xzm3hcwliq02o1fiwt 50710 50709 2026-09-01T11:18:32Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50710 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. k3vm45xaolv8i4879ocobzvkg68bjtv 50711 50710 2026-09-01T11:18:51Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50711 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. 6rpm9sgp9jhhe9b6h11i7uuzh2nhyys 50712 50711 2026-09-01T11:19:15Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50712 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. 5kjxgtcb0w6ahct1vzed3lxgak0aqj6 50713 50712 2026-09-01T11:19:36Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50713 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. qcyth5k2mytfql9y6kh5plf5sgm0aez 50714 50713 2026-09-01T11:19:58Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50714 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. I kato’asan to ni Landsteiner o padotengan no piras a kingkiw, lalengatan o fafahi ningra ciadada to piras no pa’ilasen. Nika pakayni tonini away ko pahecian, oya fafahi ningra i pinafoladan i mapatay to miliyas to hekal. ddx2z614281vpb6mw3v3g776z47jdvs 50715 50714 2026-09-01T11:20:20Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50715 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. I kato’asan to ni Landsteiner o padotengan no piras a kingkiw, lalengatan o fafahi ningra ciadada to piras no pa’ilasen. Nika pakayni tonini away ko pahecian, oya fafahi ningra i pinafoladan i mapatay to miliyas to hekal. O tadamaanay ci Landsteiner a ongkakosi, itloma’ ningra ira mapateli ko cecay piano. Roma, maolh minengneng to tilid. Ci Karl Landsteiner itira New York no Amilika i pikingkiwan mtatayal maso’ot ko faloco’ ko nikapatay ningra. cbayzpxolo27c6a5m8yhe5o59hnwj5p 50716 50715 2026-09-01T11:20:54Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Nika’oripan (生平) */ 50716 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. I kato’asan to ni Landsteiner o padotengan no piras a kingkiw, lalengatan o fafahi ningra ciadada to piras no pa’ilasen. Nika pakayni tonini away ko pahecian, oya fafahi ningra i pinafoladan i mapatay to miliyas to hekal. O tadamaanay ci Landsteiner a ongkakosi, itloma’ ningra ira mapateli ko cecay piano. Roma, maolh minengneng to tilid. Ci Karl Landsteiner itira New York no Amilika i pikingkiwan mtatayal maso’ot ko faloco’ ko nikapatay ningra. === Roma (其他) === dzp32ltcguwhe78275ww9cpzdyvgf8p 50717 50716 2026-09-01T11:21:17Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Roma (其他) */ 50717 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. I kato’asan to ni Landsteiner o padotengan no piras a kingkiw, lalengatan o fafahi ningra ciadada to piras no pa’ilasen. Nika pakayni tonini away ko pahecian, oya fafahi ningra i pinafoladan i mapatay to miliyas to hekal. O tadamaanay ci Landsteiner a ongkakosi, itloma’ ningra ira mapateli ko cecay piano. Roma, maolh minengneng to tilid. Ci Karl Landsteiner itira New York no Amilika i pikingkiwan mtatayal maso’ot ko faloco’ ko nikapatay ningra. === Roma (其他) === 1. ’Ayaw no kafalic Austria no payso pala Eupean i, o 1000 payso no Austria marina ko sassing ni Karl Landsteiner. 2.Nai Austria miteka a kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner (6 folad 14 romi’ad) masetek o pipalada’an to remes a romi’ad. 3.2005 miheca Austria patureng to Karl Landsteiner yofayof, tatodong sapicikeroh to isingan ato kasacitodong no kakak a pikingkiw. 4.2016 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad, i Google a felih mahapiw maroparop ko paharatengan toya tamdaw[1]. p4f8vgqzp1fon3zfysgung1rozgkmnt 50718 50717 2026-09-01T11:21:53Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Roma (其他) */ 50718 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. I kato’asan to ni Landsteiner o padotengan no piras a kingkiw, lalengatan o fafahi ningra ciadada to piras no pa’ilasen. Nika pakayni tonini away ko pahecian, oya fafahi ningra i pinafoladan i mapatay to miliyas to hekal. O tadamaanay ci Landsteiner a ongkakosi, itloma’ ningra ira mapateli ko cecay piano. Roma, maolh minengneng to tilid. Ci Karl Landsteiner itira New York no Amilika i pikingkiwan mtatayal maso’ot ko faloco’ ko nikapatay ningra. === Roma (其他) === 1. ’Ayaw no kafalic Austria no payso pala Eupean i, o 1000 payso no Austria marina ko sassing ni Karl Landsteiner. 2.Nai Austria miteka a kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner (6 folad 14 romi’ad) masetek o pipalada’an to remes a romi’ad. 3.2005 miheca Austria patureng to Karl Landsteiner yofayof, tatodong sapicikeroh to isingan ato kasacitodong no kakak a pikingkiw. 4.2016 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad, i Google a felih mahapiw maroparop ko paharatengan toya tamdaw[1]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === 9wxdq6fy6zf3uwu283a1dfh24s7p5jb 50719 50718 2026-09-01T11:22:15Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) */ 50719 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karl Landsteiner (卡爾•蘭德施泰納) == Pakaletepay o ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw. (人類ABO血型系統的發現者。) Karl Landsteiner (1868 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad – 1943 miheca 6 folad 26 romi‘ad), Amilika a Austria fayking kakosa. I 1900 miheca pakaletep cingra to ABO sarocok remes no tamdaw, nanoyaan i 1930 miheca pakalayap to Nobel sirikako ato isikako a kompay. I 1937 miheca pakaletep ho cingra aci Alexander Solomon Wiener to RH rocok a remes. === Nika’oripan (生平) === I Vienna ko kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner, o mama ci Leopold o nano tadamanay a sinfonkisya, 6 ho ko ‘orip ni Karl Landsteiner i mapatay to. Itira i Vienna daykaklo minanam to isingan ci Karl Landsteiner, i 1891 miheca ciniala cingra to ikakohakosiko. Itira i pinanaman ningra mihapiw to cecay pakayniay i kakaenen sakiremes to kafiyolan a tilid. O nipainian ningra itiya o cecay no tadamaanay cica'. Misawad ci Karl Landsteiner i itira sa i roma kitakit t o5 miheca, kaitiraan ningra i Zurich, Würzburg ato Munich a sikingsic ko tayal. I 1896 miheca minokay to cingra tayni i Vienna, malamicokeray no isi kingkiwsi. itira cingra mikingkiw to lasawad (miniki) a ’owid ato sapico’ay no tireng a todong. Nai 1896 miheca tangasa i 1908 miheca ci Landsteiner itira i Vienna daykako mikingkiw to adaday amitokad, nai 1908 miheca tangasa 1919 miheca itira i Vienna a Wilhelmina isingan malayinciw itiya. Toya kaitiraan ningra mihapiw to adihayay isingan a tilidan, halo ma’epiay wawa adada a tilidan. I 1901 miheca masapinang ni Landsteiner ko remesan ekang adada. Masapinang ningra ko nai cecay a tamdaw patayraen ko remes i cecay a tamdaw oya remes mala’itad i olat no remes. I 1909 miheca itiya to pisasiiked ningra to rames o A, B, AB ato O sepatay ko kasasiroma no remes. Masapineng t oningra ko malecaday a remes a kasasipaiini caay latiih no remes, nika masasiromaay a remes malasakalatiihan a mali’itad. Anini mafana’ to kita, o AB a tamdaw manga’ay milayap to polong roma a remes, o O remes a tamdaw manga’ay pafeli to roma remesan a tamdaw. Onini a fenek to saki pifeli ato mitokaday o kafana’en to. I 1930 miheca mararamod ci Landsteiner aci Leopoldina Helene tatosa, ikor no raramod ranikay ciwawa to cecay fa’inayan a wawa. Naikoran no sakacecay lalood no hekal mafolaw ci Landsteiner tayra i Nethland, ikor tayra i Amilika Rockefeller isingan kingkiwsa. Itira cingra padoedo to remesan mikingkiw. Cingra ato ci Alexander Solomon Wiener malekapot makera ko Akakezaro isi. Onini a isi sarakatay itiraay i Akakezaro a remes a makera. Roma padoedo haca ci Landsteiner to sakiremes a satena’ no tireng ato tatapangan no satena’ a kingkiw. I kato’asan to ni Landsteiner o padotengan no piras a kingkiw, lalengatan o fafahi ningra ciadada to piras no pa’ilasen. Nika pakayni tonini away ko pahecian, oya fafahi ningra i pinafoladan i mapatay to miliyas to hekal. O tadamaanay ci Landsteiner a ongkakosi, itloma’ ningra ira mapateli ko cecay piano. Roma, maolh minengneng to tilid. Ci Karl Landsteiner itira New York no Amilika i pikingkiwan mtatayal maso’ot ko faloco’ ko nikapatay ningra. === Roma (其他) === 1. ’Ayaw no kafalic Austria no payso pala Eupean i, o 1000 payso no Austria marina ko sassing ni Karl Landsteiner. 2.Nai Austria miteka a kasofocan ni Karl Landsteiner (6 folad 14 romi’ad) masetek o pipalada’an to remes a romi’ad. 3.2005 miheca Austria patureng to Karl Landsteiner yofayof, tatodong sapicikeroh to isingan ato kasacitodong no kakak a pikingkiw. 4.2016 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad, i Google a felih mahapiw maroparop ko paharatengan toya tamdaw[1]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === 1.发现ABC血型第一人「卡尔．兰德施泰纳」　豋谷歌主页[2016-06-18]存檔 d1se022oqvd86ofw5l5xtz518xibb44 0 3253 50720 2026-09-01T11:31:43Z Rengosfosay 2226 建立內容為「== Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) ==」的新頁面 50720 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == jg6n4g3hn83y10kje2wq0pbjzlf6jh0 50721 50720 2026-09-01T11:32:07Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) */ 50721 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. 3dscumh7r9antgevbmcwsmfzkn8vivz 50722 50721 2026-09-01T11:32:39Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) */ 50722 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === c3v9wq3hnnl4zd12vtat7xv8lahrrih 50723 50722 2026-09-01T11:32:58Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) */ 50723 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1] 445cyqjrqhq9f1q4tbnn7p0735q8tc2 50724 50723 2026-09-01T11:33:37Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) */ 50724 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ht3868949nt2fplqt0eqvgu5xbjdg7z 50725 50724 2026-09-01T11:34:11Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Likisi (歷史) */ 50725 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== llr2unv2yieq4dlnf1mwrnlbq14k6uk 50726 50725 2026-09-01T11:34:28Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) */ 50726 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. 5axtn0ibiri2obx2p04zvcg2o35qm9a 50727 50726 2026-09-01T11:34:47Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) */ 50727 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. 4ylwmu6zxk5uf4ept5shbyeq6wyplrn 50728 50727 2026-09-01T11:35:24Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) */ 50728 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== hru2psnyw3mn4cc6nu5q20g0l9fluc9 50729 50728 2026-09-01T11:35:45Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) */ 50729 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. oitbqtt6vaz4841ui9krnfjt85rsbpr 50730 50729 2026-09-01T11:36:02Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) */ 50730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. 2c891g8315msqjgtv1lo8zr1tlahtn9 50731 50730 2026-09-01T11:36:20Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) */ 50731 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. 6z9fkgplqa4nrqw9krb1yf6cq7sihj6 50732 50731 2026-09-01T11:36:51Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) */ 50732 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== ivund3ib0jgldpzopubxdt4c9rbiez8 50733 50732 2026-09-01T11:37:12Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) */ 50733 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. 01repo588b2wrinpsdj7ie7hlgl7t6l 50734 50733 2026-09-01T11:37:31Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) */ 50734 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. o0w006jgrvwvaiji2nevjyvqxmego2l 50735 50734 2026-09-01T11:38:05Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) */ 50735 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== mqxlt2j47bpqtnemd2sm1h0f6z4ttaf 50736 50735 2026-09-01T11:38:23Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) */ 50736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. j5b6148f9uh7gaiwbnp3e3tx7kkga1h 50737 50736 2026-09-01T11:38:44Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) */ 50737 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. q0yep4l2neiompe8fl35xxube87wrk6 50738 50737 2026-09-01T11:39:05Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) */ 50738 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. brfzgplvdcmfhkiarlj41tr7wfc3ksh 50739 50738 2026-09-01T11:39:25Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) */ 50739 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. 1vii3508vhbkqm84eswz0qwdqv484ef 50740 50739 2026-09-01T11:39:46Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) */ 50740 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. 3eolowvge9nrnybuj4sdw57oseyjqy2 50741 50740 2026-09-01T11:40:26Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) */ 50741 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== r9agn37uem50145gcrxn62pksbigys0 50742 50741 2026-09-01T11:40:47Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) */ 50742 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. 94unlnm0551qip327kuigltkerlzxcl 50743 50742 2026-09-01T11:41:22Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) */ 50743 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== sw2ttviz73ub001bj2qsy4wwkb6gkc7 50744 50743 2026-09-01T11:41:41Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) */ 50744 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. o36gw5smslmwknca7r334c3cnmc2msk 50745 50744 2026-09-01T11:41:59Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) */ 50745 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. qns7asnz638ph79w91xxpcyo37we9nt 50746 50745 2026-09-01T11:42:18Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) */ 50746 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. Milood ko sofitay no Amilika to sopo sofitay no Panama i, makacorah, ngataay no maci no Panamasi a sa’etal ato i ’alomanay finawlan ko pakinaliay a mailoh. Midotoc ko pakanengnengay sacisowal sa, onini a nikailoh o nipatadoan no sofitay no Amilika a kailoh, o sapiliyasaw sofitay no Panama miliyas tayra i pilimekan[18]. li9qg5z4j14dvaxv3k38bxrl6p35za5 50747 50746 2026-09-01T11:42:39Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) */ 50747 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. Milood ko sofitay no Amilika to sopo sofitay no Panama i, makacorah, ngataay no maci no Panamasi a sa’etal ato i ’alomanay finawlan ko pakinaliay a mailoh. Midotoc ko pakanengnengay sacisowal sa, onini a nikailoh o nipatadoan no sofitay no Amilika a kailoh, o sapiliyasaw sofitay no Panama miliyas tayra i pilimekan[18]. Ikor no piteka to lalood to pina tatokian, oya miliyangay to sician no Panama ci Ndala itira i Rodman kaitiraan sofitay no Amilika mihapiw citodong fa’elohay congtong no Panama. Oya kacitodong ni Noriega nanoya a malasawad to, milaliw to tayra i katiraan no Vatican milimek. Ikor no pinapina romi’ad, pasiAmilika a mitapi’ cingra. Mitapi’ ci Noriega ikor i tangsol sa mapatayra i Florida, itira to makokso ato marofo. Ikor, mapadama no Amilika ko Panama miliyaw misafa’eloh to nipakoniraan a singkiw, masafa’eloh ko nipakoniraan mitiya ato nipakoniraan a sinpon, o pikowan no kitakit sasongila’ sato pasayra i rihadayay i mo’ecelay a sifo ko sakowan[19] 0ga9ace1sbprsb1n7etla16q0hgb3t2 50748 50747 2026-09-01T11:43:10Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) */ 50748 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. Milood ko sofitay no Amilika to sopo sofitay no Panama i, makacorah, ngataay no maci no Panamasi a sa’etal ato i ’alomanay finawlan ko pakinaliay a mailoh. Midotoc ko pakanengnengay sacisowal sa, onini a nikailoh o nipatadoan no sofitay no Amilika a kailoh, o sapiliyasaw sofitay no Panama miliyas tayra i pilimekan[18]. Ikor no piteka to lalood to pina tatokian, oya miliyangay to sician no Panama ci Ndala itira i Rodman kaitiraan sofitay no Amilika mihapiw citodong fa’elohay congtong no Panama. Oya kacitodong ni Noriega nanoya a malasawad to, milaliw to tayra i katiraan no Vatican milimek. Ikor no pinapina romi’ad, pasiAmilika a mitapi’ cingra. Mitapi’ ci Noriega ikor i tangsol sa mapatayra i Florida, itira to makokso ato marofo. Ikor, mapadama no Amilika ko Panama miliyaw misafa’eloh to nipakoniraan a singkiw, masafa’eloh ko nipakoniraan mitiya ato nipakoniraan a sinpon, o pikowan no kitakit sasongila’ sato pasayra i rihadayay i mo’ecelay a sifo ko sakowan[19] ==== Aniniay (現代) ==== dhmnii48j20q56nmqcjs6qgyh69ierz 50749 50748 2026-09-01T11:43:29Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Aniniay (現代) */ 50749 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. Milood ko sofitay no Amilika to sopo sofitay no Panama i, makacorah, ngataay no maci no Panamasi a sa’etal ato i ’alomanay finawlan ko pakinaliay a mailoh. Midotoc ko pakanengnengay sacisowal sa, onini a nikailoh o nipatadoan no sofitay no Amilika a kailoh, o sapiliyasaw sofitay no Panama miliyas tayra i pilimekan[18]. Ikor no piteka to lalood to pina tatokian, oya miliyangay to sician no Panama ci Ndala itira i Rodman kaitiraan sofitay no Amilika mihapiw citodong fa’elohay congtong no Panama. Oya kacitodong ni Noriega nanoya a malasawad to, milaliw to tayra i katiraan no Vatican milimek. Ikor no pinapina romi’ad, pasiAmilika a mitapi’ cingra. Mitapi’ ci Noriega ikor i tangsol sa mapatayra i Florida, itira to makokso ato marofo. Ikor, mapadama no Amilika ko Panama miliyaw misafa’eloh to nipakoniraan a singkiw, masafa’eloh ko nipakoniraan mitiya ato nipakoniraan a sinpon, o pikowan no kitakit sasongila’ sato pasayra i rihadayay i mo’ecelay a sifo ko sakowan[19] ==== Aniniay (現代) ==== I 1999 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, o Amilika patorod hanto no Amilika ko polong no sera, nipatirengan, pinasanga’ ato polong no sakowan to Panama, o Panama ato Amilika a kasasiwtoc i rihadayay a paherek. Nengnengen ko ’alo no Panama o Panama kitakit ko mikowanay, saka i Taypinyang ato Tasiyang a kalali’acaan ira ko kasasifiyolan[20]. n1iusquxytl5vewfhxin2jfudtw1jrv 50750 50749 2026-09-01T11:44:07Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Aniniay (現代) */ 50750 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. Milood ko sofitay no Amilika to sopo sofitay no Panama i, makacorah, ngataay no maci no Panamasi a sa’etal ato i ’alomanay finawlan ko pakinaliay a mailoh. Midotoc ko pakanengnengay sacisowal sa, onini a nikailoh o nipatadoan no sofitay no Amilika a kailoh, o sapiliyasaw sofitay no Panama miliyas tayra i pilimekan[18]. Ikor no piteka to lalood to pina tatokian, oya miliyangay to sician no Panama ci Ndala itira i Rodman kaitiraan sofitay no Amilika mihapiw citodong fa’elohay congtong no Panama. Oya kacitodong ni Noriega nanoya a malasawad to, milaliw to tayra i katiraan no Vatican milimek. Ikor no pinapina romi’ad, pasiAmilika a mitapi’ cingra. Mitapi’ ci Noriega ikor i tangsol sa mapatayra i Florida, itira to makokso ato marofo. Ikor, mapadama no Amilika ko Panama miliyaw misafa’eloh to nipakoniraan a singkiw, masafa’eloh ko nipakoniraan mitiya ato nipakoniraan a sinpon, o pikowan no kitakit sasongila’ sato pasayra i rihadayay i mo’ecelay a sifo ko sakowan[19] ==== Aniniay (現代) ==== I 1999 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, o Amilika patorod hanto no Amilika ko polong no sera, nipatirengan, pinasanga’ ato polong no sakowan to Panama, o Panama ato Amilika a kasasiwtoc i rihadayay a paherek. Nengnengen ko ’alo no Panama o Panama kitakit ko mikowanay, saka i Taypinyang ato Tasiyang a kalali’acaan ira ko kasasifiyolan[20]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === tnnhg0n00adim7seidbvell8o8dr2l4 50751 50750 2026-09-01T11:44:37Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) */ 50751 wikitext text/x-wiki == Likisi no Panama (巴拿馬歷史) == Panama o nano sasifo’ay no Amilika a kasasiikedan to ka’amis katimol a kitakit. O likisi sa’edocen nai ’ayaway no sician to Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. === Pakayraan no kitakit (國名由來) === I 1513 miheca, o micokeray ni Columbus tangasa i mililisay to riyar a niyaro’ (aniniay Panama a niyaro’), saka o nianan ko pikangangan to o Panama ahan. Itini to no Spain a sowal, o niyaro’ no mifotingay, kasafelaw no foting sanay ko Panama. I 1519 miheca onini a niyaro’ pala o Panama hananay to, ikor polong no sa’etal pala o Panama sanay to[1]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== ’Ayaw no picalap a to’ec (前殖民時代) ==== Maledef paso’elin ko nai Asiyaay to’asan no yincumin milakec to citepaday a Panama ko sakatayra i katimolay Amilika. Itiyaay ho a Panama nao caayay ho ko macowatay, dengan ho o maomahay ko ’orip. Nika onini a sa’etal salongan o mafiyolay no Aztec pumay, Mayan pumay. Tona ’ayaw no katayni i Panama no Europ tamdaw i, o maro’ay itini o yincumin finacadan no Amilika, Qibican tamdaw[2] ato Draconian tamdaw[3] ato Cueva tamdaw. O Cueva tamdaw ko sa’alomanay[4]. Onini a yincumin caay ho ko macowatay. Dotocen misa’osi, itiyaay ho a yincumin ira ko 20 ’ofad tamdaw no Panama. Makeraay no kokokakosa tonini a yincumin saheto o mi’adopay, mialaay to pinalengaw ato losay, nipalomaan a ’ariray, koko ato tala a pinaloma. Salongan a yincumin malali’acaay to tayal to sakaira. ==== Itiniay i nicalapan a to’ec (走入被殖民時代) ==== I 1513 miheca, tangasa ko micokeray ni Columbus itini i Panama paniyaro’ itiya. Ikor, o micalapay to a Spain ko itiniay i Panama, mifatol to mifadesay a pikowan[5][6]. Itini i 1698 miheca, o Scotland kitakit sapisamawmawan micalap to Panama, o sofitay no Scotland sakinatosa ta talahekal i Panama, nawhani caay ka’aloman ko tamdaw, ranikay maliyok no Spain tamdaw a malaplap. Tangasa to i 1821 miheca i, o Spain kitakit ko micalapay itiya, nika caay to ko tadamaanay koni[7]. ==== Piliyas to picalap no Spain (脫離西班牙殖民統治) ==== I 1821 mihecaan itiya, masongila’ to ko piliyas no Panama to picalapo no Spain, mikapot to ni Simón Bolívar to kaka a Colombia nikapolong kitakit, mala o lekapotan[8]. I 1830 miheca, malafodes koni a lekapot, o cecay to no Colombia a sa’etal ko Panama. Ira ko somowalay, o Panama o nikaitiraan a oya to “malakoliay”, o kamiming a mangilos ko kaitiraan. Matiniay a paheci matatodongay i ’ayaway a likisi, matamaay to i ngataay a likisi[9]. ==== Pipatareng to lakecay to riyar a ’alo ato misatataday (興建跨洋運河與獨立) ==== I 19, 20 sician a kararitinan itiya, o France a tamdaw ci Ferdinand de Lesseps misitapang patireng to cecay katatongodan a ’alo to Tasiyang ato Taypinyang. Ikor i, masapinang no congtong no Amilika ci Theodore Roosevelt to katadamaan no ’alo, saka pakaynien ningra i kacacofelan a demak a pakayraan sapicada mikowan tonini a ’alo[10]. Roma i, itiyaay nano sa’etal no Colombia ko Panama a miliyas a a misatatadan, orasaka o papinapina no sician, sofitayan ato sakinaira a lekapot mirepet tonini a tato’ekan, cefisan to sapi’enec to sakowan. I 1903 miheca 11 folad, itini i pilecad no sofitay no Amilika, macelal i caayay kacidoka’ a lalood no Panama, o sapilaheciaw to pisatatadaw. I 11 folad 3 romi’ad, o miliyangay itira i niyaro’ no Panama mihapiw to piliyas no Panama to pokowan no Colombia, patireng to nikapolongan kitakit nai Colombia[11]. Saka ikor no tosa a lipay, patangsol sato ko Panama ato Amilika masasitelek to “Tatelek no Hai-Eland”, patorod to Amilika patireng ato pikowan to ’alo no Panama padetengan a salongoc mikowan[12]. Naitiya, o ’alo no Panama malo o I’alofoay to no Amilika, o sakamatira a katadamaan no pakayraan micolo’ o moong hananay to ko pakayraan nai Taypinyang ato Tasiyang to riyaray a picolo’, tangasa i 1977 miheca mihayda ko Amilika nai 1999 miheca patorod to Panama citodong mikowan to ’alo no Panama. Onini a tatelek o nano tosaay kitakit i Panama ato Amilika a kacacengangan a pakayraan[13]. So’elinay to, itini i 20 sician a Panama kitakit to sician ato kasakitakit a kacacofel ira i kasakiharan i ’alo no Panama. Halafin ko eca ka tanektek no Panama sifo, adihay ko masasikelotay, honi honi mafelih ko congtong to sakowan to sifo[14]. So’elinay pikowan no Panama, nai 1968 mihecaan ici Omar Torrijos a kakeridan. Tangasa i katolo’ ningra matefad i hikoki a mapatay, cingraay ko citodongay mikowan to sician no Panama. Mapatay to ci Omar Torrijos, oya to ci Manuel Noriega ko micadaay to sakowan. I 1980 miheca, latiih sato ko kacacofel no Panama ato Amilika itiya[15]. ==== Picalap no Amilika to Panama (美國入侵巴拿馬) ==== I 1989 miheca 12 folad, micalap ko Amilika to Panama, sakacingangan o “O cimo’ecelay a pidemak” (Operation Just Cause). Tana ’ayaw no 10 miheca pipafelian a sakowan to ’alo no Panama i, ci George Herbert Walker Bush itiya ko citodongay. Kadademakan, palipalaw sa ko sofitay no Amilika to riyaray to sekalay miharifaan to Panama, ranikay a malowid, marepet ko kakeridan no Panama, misatekeday ati citodongay ci Manuel Noriega, nanoya mapalopisak ko itiyaay sofitay no Panama[16]. ==== Kadademakan itiya (行動情況) ==== Itiya i, mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Amilika. Mitadoay ko Amilika to sapidama a cirihadayay ko finawlan nasa no Amilika, sa miocor to sofitay micalap to Panama. Mataka o sofitay ko picalap no Amilika to Panama itiya, romi’ad i 12 folad 20 romi’ad 1 ko toki itiya. Onini a lalowadan ira ko 57684 tamdaw no sofitay ato 300 ko hikoki mikihatiyaay[17]. Nika misi’ayawan nangra o 46000 ko tamdaw sofitay no Panama. Sarakatay picalap sofitay no Amilika o kadademakan kaitiraan no sofitay no Panama. Milood ko sofitay no Amilika to sopo sofitay no Panama i, makacorah, ngataay no maci no Panamasi a sa’etal ato i ’alomanay finawlan ko pakinaliay a mailoh. Midotoc ko pakanengnengay sacisowal sa, onini a nikailoh o nipatadoan no sofitay no Amilika a kailoh, o sapiliyasaw sofitay no Panama miliyas tayra i pilimekan[18]. Ikor no piteka to lalood to pina tatokian, oya miliyangay to sician no Panama ci Ndala itira i Rodman kaitiraan sofitay no Amilika mihapiw citodong fa’elohay congtong no Panama. Oya kacitodong ni Noriega nanoya a malasawad to, milaliw to tayra i katiraan no Vatican milimek. Ikor no pinapina romi’ad, pasiAmilika a mitapi’ cingra. Mitapi’ ci Noriega ikor i tangsol sa mapatayra i Florida, itira to makokso ato marofo. Ikor, mapadama no Amilika ko Panama miliyaw misafa’eloh to nipakoniraan a singkiw, masafa’eloh ko nipakoniraan mitiya ato nipakoniraan a sinpon, o pikowan no kitakit sasongila’ sato pasayra i rihadayay i mo’ecelay a sifo ko sakowan[19] ==== Aniniay (現代) ==== I 1999 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, o Amilika patorod hanto no Amilika ko polong no sera, nipatirengan, pinasanga’ ato polong no sakowan to Panama, o Panama ato Amilika a kasasiwtoc i rihadayay a paherek. Nengnengen ko ’alo no Panama o Panama kitakit ko mikowanay, saka i Taypinyang ato Tasiyang a kalali’acaan ira ko kasasifiyolan[20]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === 1.Alfredo Castillero Calvo, Conquista, Evangelización y Resistencia. INAC, Editorial Mariano Arosemena, 1995 2.Macro-Chibchan 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2008-02-06. 3.Familia Chocó. [2013-01-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-30）. 4.Whitehead, Neil L. (1999). The crises and transformations of invaded societies: The Caribbean (1492–1580). In F. Salomon & S. B. Schwartz (Eds.), The Cambridge history of the native peoples of South America: South America (Vol. 3, Pt. 1, pp. 864–903). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5.Celestino Andrés Araúz y Patricia Pizzurno, El Panamá Hispano (1501–1821) Comisión Nacional del V Centenario –Encuentro de Dos Mundos- de España Diario La Prensa de Panamá, Panamá 1991. 6.María del Carmen Mena García, La Sociedad de Panamá en el siglo XVI. Artes Gráficas Padura, S.A. Sevilla 1984. 7.Simón Bolívar, Carta de Jamaica (Contestación de un Americano meridional a un Caballero de esta Isla), Kingston, septiembre 6, 1815. bolivar.org （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 8.Justo Arosemena, El Estado Federal de Panamá, (febrero 1855). Obras Digitalizadas de la Biblioteca Nacional Ernesto Castillero R. 1999. 9.Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. <nowiki>ISBN 1-56328-155-4</nowiki>. OCLC 42970390. 10.Alarcón Núñez, Óscar, Panamá Siempre fue de Panamá, Planeta, 2003. 11.Special to The New York Times. November 5, 1903, Thursday Page 1, 2557 words. [2013-01-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-10）. 12.Theodore Roosevelt, Third Annual Message, December 7, 1903. presidency.ucsb.edu （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 13.Lina Vega Abad, Un brindis por Panamá la Vieja, 17 de agosto de 2003; La Prernsa Web 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-09-21. 14.Alberto Mckay L., La estructura del Estado panameño y sus raíces históricas. Editorial Mariano Arosemena, INAC, 1998. 15.Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty, editors. Panama: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987. See: Independence from Spain [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） and The 1903 Treaty and qualified independence [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 16.Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971). The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. 17.Sweetman, Jack; "American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the US Navy And Marine Corps, 1775 – present". Third Edition, Naval Institute Press, 2002. 18.Harding, Robert C. The History of Panama, Greenwood Publishers, 2006. 19.What Uncle Sam Really Wants, The invasion of Panama, 1993, Noam Chomsky. [2013-01-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-27）. 20.Patricia Pizzurno, Panamá en la encrucijada del mundo; No. 116, enero – abril 2004. 93–116. 21.TAREAS web 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-10-08. gtnj3u4osj4y60rcc2rw8igyd93jt0q