ውክፔዲያ amwiki https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%88%E1%8C%BD MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter ፋይል ልዩ ውይይት አባል አባል ውይይት ውክፔዲያ ውክፔዲያ ውይይት ስዕል ስዕል ውይይት መልዕክት መልዕክት ውይይት መለጠፊያ መለጠፊያ ውይይት እርዳታ እርዳታ ውይይት መደብ መደብ ውይይት በር በር ውይይት TimedText TimedText talk ሞጁል ሞጁል ውይይት Event Event talk 5 1666 392117 392116 2026-05-16T13:53:10Z A09 45271 Restored revision 6856 by [[Special:Contributions/Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] ([[User talk:Codex Sinaiticus|talk]]): Rvv (TwinkleGlobal) 392117 wikitext text/x-wiki መግፋት በሚለው ፈንታ ይጫኑት ቢተካ : አመሰግናለሁ፤ "መግፋት" በብዙ ፔጅ ላይ በሚታይበት በቶሎ ይተካል፤ "ልዩ ገጽ" ካልሆነ ለማስተካከል እርስዎ ችሎታ አለልዎት!!! 5mful5qslfin4mhv1ar7pjnnamuh2lp 0 2315 392118 388834 2026-05-16T21:15:45Z ~2026-29521-29 58630 /* */ am1025937@gmail.com 392118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ድርጅት_መረጃ | ድርጅት_ስም = ጉግል (Google, Inc) | ድርጅት_አርማ =Google 2015 logo.svg | ድርጅት_ዓይነት = የሕዝብ | ዋና_መሥሪያ_ቤት = [[ማውንቴን ቪው]]፥ [[ካሊፎርኒያ]]፥ [[አሜሪካ]] | የምስረታ_ቦታ = ማውንቴን ቪው | ቁልፍ_ሰዎች = [[ኤሪክ ሽሚት]]፥ ዳይሬክተር <br /> [[ሰርጂ ብሪን]]፥ ቴክኖሎጂ ፕሬዝዳንት <br /> [[ላሪ ፔጅ]], የምርቶች ፕሬዝዳንት | ኢንዱስትሪ = [[ኢንተርኔት]] | ገቢ = $6.138 ቢሊዮን ([[2005 እ.ኤ.አ.]]) | የሰራተኞች_ብዛት = 4,989 (በ[[ሴፕቴምበር]] 30፥ [[2005 እ.ኤ.አ.]]) | ድህረ_ገጽ = [http://www.google.com.et www.google.com.et] | ድርጅት_ ምስል =Googleplex HQ (cropped).jpg}} '''ጉግል (Google)''' በ[[1998 እ.ኤ.አ.]] የግለሰብ ድርጅት ሆኖ ነው የጀመረው። የ[[ጉግል ፍለጋ]] ዌብሳይትን የሰራው እና የሚያስተዳድረው ይሄው ድርጅት ነው። የጉግል ዓላማ የዓለምን መረጃ ለማሰናዳት ፣ ለማቅረብና ጠቃሚ ማድረግ ነው። am1025937@gmail.com <br />1000 <br />1000 == ታሪክ == === መጀመሪያ === ጉግል እንደ ፕሮጀክት ሆኖ በጃኑዋሪ [[1996 እ.ኤ.አ.]] በ[[ላሪ ፔጅ]] እና [[ሰርጂ ብሪን]] በ[[ስታንፎርድ ዩኒቨርስቲ]] ነው የጀመረው። የፕሮጀክቱ ሀሳብ የድረ ገጾችን ግንኙነት በማጥናት የተሻለ የፍለጋ አገልግሎት መሰጠት መቻል ነበር። ወደ አንድ [[ድረ ገጽ]] ብዙ መያያዣዎች ካሉ ያ ድረ ገጽ ትክክለኛ ኢንፎርሜሽን አለው የሚለውን ሀሳብ ሞክረው ትክክለኛ መሆኑን አዩ (ይህ ዘዴ [[ፔጅራንክ]] ይባላል)፣ ለፍለጋ ድረ ገጻቸውም መሠረት ጣሉ። በእዚያ ጊዜ ፍለጋውን የሚያስተናግደው የስታንፎርድ ዌብሳይት ነበር። አድራሻውም [http://google.stanford.edu Information Technology Services:Google Search Appliance] ነበር። ያሁኑ አድራሻቸው google.com በ{{ቀን|15 September}}, [[1990]] (Sep. 15, 1997 እ.ኤ.አ.) ነው የተመዘገበው። [[ስዕል:Google in amharic language.png|thumb|የጉግል ዌብሳይት]] በማርች [[1999 እ.ኤ.አ.]] ድርጅቱ ወደ ''165 ዩኒቨርስቲ አቬኑ, [[ፓሎ አልቶ]]'' መስሪያ ቤቱን አዛወረ። ከዚያ በኋላ ሌሎች ሁለት ቦታዎች ቢቀያይሩም በ[[2003 እ.ኤ.አ.]] 1600 አምፊቲያትር ፓርክዌይ, [[ማውንቴን ቪው]] ወደ ሚገኙ ሕንጻዎች አረፉ። አብዛኛው በዚህ ጊዜ ይጠቀምበት የነበረው የ[[ኮምፒዩተር]] ዕቃዎች ከ[[ኢንቴል]] እና [[አይቢኤም]] የተለገሡ ነበሩ። በፍጥነት የሚያድገው የ[[ኢንተርኔት]] ተጠቃሚዎች ጉግልን ማድነቅ ጀመሩ። ተጠዋሚዎች ወደ ዌብሳይቱ ቀላል እና ዓይን የሚስብ ዲዛይን ተሳቡ። በ[[2000 እ.ኤ.አ.]] በፍለጋ ቃላት ላይ የተመሠረቱ ማስታወቂያዎችን ማሳየት ጀመሩ። ነጻ የዌብሳይት ዲዛይን አንዲኖርና የዌብሳይቱን የመጫን ጊዜ ፈጣን እንዲሆን ማስታወቂያዎቹ የምስል ሳይሆን የጽሁፍ ብቻ ናቸው። ሌሎች ተወዳዳሪዎቹ እየወደቁ ሲመጡ ጉግል ግን እያደገ እና እየታወቀ መጣ። በ{{ቀን|4 September}}, [[1993]] (Sep. 4, 2001 እ.ኤ.አ.) የ[[ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ]] [[ፓተንት]] ቢሮ የ[[ፔጅራንክ]] ዘዴን ፓተንት ለስታንፎርድ ዩኒቨርስቲ ሰጠ። በፌብሩዋሪ [[2003 እ.ኤ.አ.]] ጉግል [[ፓይራ ላብስ]] የሚባለውን የ[[ብሎገር]] ባለቤት ገዛ። በ[[1996|2004 እ.ኤ.አ.]] መጀመሪያ ጉግል በ[[ወርልድ ዋይድ ዌብ]] ከነበረው የፍለጋ ጥያቄዎች 84.7 በመቶውን በራሱ ዌብሳይትና በሌሎች ጓደኛ ዌብሳይቶች ያስተናግድ ነበር። በፌብሩዋሪ 2004 እ.ኤ.አ. [[ያሁ!]] ከጉግል ጋር የነበረውን ጓደኝነት አቆመ። በበዓል ቀናት፣ የአንድ ነገር መታሰቢያ ቀናት እና ልዩ ቀኖች የጉግል ዌብሳይት አስቂኝ ነገሮችን ይይዛል። ከነዚህም ታዋቂው የድርጅቱን አርማ መለወጥ ነው። ይህም 'ጉግል ዱድልስ' ይባላል። በየጊዜው አዲስ ነገር ከጉግል ይመነጫል። ጉግል ላብስ የሚባለው የዌብሳይቱ ክፍል አዲስ በሙከራ ያሉ ውጤቶችን ይይዛል። ይህም የተጠቃሚዎችን አስተያየት ስለሚያስገኘው ከተጠቃሚዎች ጋር ያለውን ግንኙነት ያዳብራል። ይህም አዲሶቹን ምርቶች አሰራር ያሻሽላል። === የአርማ ለውጥ === በዓመታት ውስጥ [http://www.google.com/intl/en/stickers.html የጉግል አርማ] ተለውጧል። <gallery> Image:The first name that Google has.jpg|<div class="center"> ከ1995 እስከ 1997 ዓ.ም</div> Image:Logotipo de Google en 1997.jpg|<div class="center"> ከ1997 እስከ 1998 ዓ.ም</div> Image:googlelogo_5.jpg|<div class="center"> ከ1998 እስከ 1998 ዓ.ም</div> Image:Google logo (1997-1999).jpg|<div class="center"> ከ1998 እስከ 1999 ዓ.ም</div> Image:Logo de Google 1999-1999.jpg|<div class="center"> ከ1999 እስከ 1999 ዓ.ም</div> Image:googlelogo_current.gif|<div class="center"> ከ1999 እስከ 2010 ዓ.ም</div> Image:Google logo 2010-2013.jpg|<div class="center"> ከ2010 እስከ 2013 ዓ.ም</div> Image:Google 2013-2015.jpg|<div class="center"> ከ 2013 እስከ 2015</div> Image:Google 2015 logo.svg|<div class="center"> ከ 2015 እስከ ዛሬ</div> </gallery> * የጉግል [http://www.google.com/holidaylogos.html አርማዎችን ስብስብ] ለማየት * የጉግል አርማዎችን [http://google.abrahamjoffe.com.au/ ያለቅጥ የሚያሳይ] {{Wayback|url=http://google.abrahamjoffe.com.au/ |date=20060110202337 }} ዌብሳይትም አለ * [http://www.logoogle.com/ ይህ ዌብሳይት ደግሞ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.logoogle.com/ |date=20060318104503 }} ሰዎች በጉግል የሰሩትን የውሸት አርማዎች ያሳያል === የቃል አመሠራረት === ጉግል (Google) የሚለው ቃል [[ጉጎል]] (Googol) ከሚለው የመጣ ነው። ጉጎል የሚባለው ቃል የተፈጠረው በ[[ሚልተን ሲሮታ]] በ[[1938 እ.ኤ.አ.]] በዘጠኝ ዓመቱ ነው። ሚልተን [[ኤድዋርድ ካስነር]] የሚባል [[ማቲማቲሻን]] ወንድም/እሀት? ልጅ ነው። የቃሉ አጠቃቀም የጉግልን በኢንተርኔት የሚገኘውን ኢንፎርሜሽን ለማሰናዳት ያለውን ዓላማ ያንፀባራቃል። የጉግል ጠቃላይ መምሪያ ጉግልፕሊክስ (Googleplex) ይባላል። ዛሬ 'ጉግል' በአንዳንድ ቋንቋዎች እንደ ቃል ይወሰዳል። ትርጉሙም 'የዌብሳይት ፍለጋ ማድረግ' ነው። === ፋይናንስ === የጉግል የመጀመሪያ ዕርዳታ ከ[[አንዲ ቤክቶልሸም]] የተጻፈ የ$100,000 ቼክ ነው። === ዛሬ === ጉግል እያደገ ሲመጣ ትልቅ ውድድር እየሳበ ይመጣል። አንድ ምሳሌ በጉግል እና [[ማይክሮሶፍት]] መሀል ነው። ማይክሮሶፍት [[ኤምኤስኤን ሰርች]] የሚባለውን የፍለጋ አገልግሎት በየጊዜው እየለወጠ ከጉግል ጋር የተወዳዳሪ ቦታ እንዲይዝ ይሞክራል። ከዚህም በላይ ሁለቱ ድርጅቶች አንድአይነት አገልግሎቶችን ማቅረብ ጀምረዋል። ጉግል በፍለጋ አገልግሎት መሪ ስለሆነ እንደ [[ያሁ!]] ያሉትን ተወዳዳሪዎች ለማሸነፍ ይጥራል። የጉግልና ያሁ ትኩረት የተለያየ ቢሆንም ጉግል ግን አዳዲስ አገልግሎቶችን እየከፈተ ነው። በ[[ጁን 21]], [[2005 እ.ኤ.አ.]] ጉግል እንደ [[ኢቤይ]] ያሉትን የንግድ ዌብሳይቶችን ለመወዳደር ያለውን ዕቅድ አሳውቋል። == ሠራተኞች == በጉግል የመጀመሪያ ዓመታት የሠራተኞች ደሞዝ ትንሽ ነበር። በአሁኑ ጊዜ ግን ዩጉግል ሼር በከፍተኛ መጠን እያደገ ስለመጣ የሠራተኞች ደሞዝ በአንጻሩ ጨምሯል። ከደሞዝ ሌላ ታዋቂነት እና ሌሎች ጥቅሞች ብዙ አመልካቾችን ስቧል። ከአንድ ላነሰ የሥራ ቦታ አንድ ሺህ አመልካቾች እንዳሉ ተገምቷል። የድርጅቱ መሥራቾችና ሌሎች ዋና ሠራተኞች አንድ የአሜሪካን ዶላር እየተከፈላቸው ይሰራሉ። እነዚህ ሰዎች የድርጅቱን ብዙ ሼር ይይዛሉ። ማርች 31 2007 የተለቀቀው መረጃ እንደሚያመለክተው ጉግል 12238 ሰራተኞች አሉት። == ቴክኖሎጂ == የጉግል አገልግሎቶች በብዙ [[ሰርቨር|ሰርቨሮች]] ውስጥ በሚገኙ ተራ ኮምፕዩተሮች ላይ ነው ያሉት። ኮምፒዩተሮቹ የ[[ሊኑክስ]] ኮምፒዩተር ፕሮግራም ይጠቀማሉ። ድርጀቱ ስለሚጠቀመው ማሽኖች ብዙ ዝርዝር ባይሰጥም በ[[1996]] ከ60,000 በላይ ኮምፒዩተሮችን እንደሚጠቀሙ ይገመታል። === ፔጅራንክ === ፔጅራንክ (PageRank) ጉግል የፍለጋ ገጾቹ ላይ የዌብሳይቶችን ቅድመተከተል ለማግኘት የሚጠቀመው ዘዴ ነው። በፔጅራንክ እያንዳንዱ ዌብሳይት ቁጥር አለው። ይህ ቁጥር ከፍ ባለ ጊዜ የዛ ዌብሳይት ደረጃ በፍለጋ ገጹ ላይ ይጨምራል። ይሄ ቁጥር የሚወሰነው ሌሎች ወደዚህ ዌብሳይት በሚያመለክቱ ዌብሳይቶች ነው። የእነዚህ ዌብሳይቶች ቁጥር ከፍተኛ ከሆነ የዚኛውም በአንጻሩ ይጨምራል። በኣንዳንድ ምክንያቶች የተነሳ ይህ ኣስተማማኝ ላይሆን ይችላል። == የድርጅቱ ባሕል == === ፍልስፍና === ጉግል የራሱ የተለያዩ ዕምነቶች አሉት። አንዱ 'መጥፎ ነገር ሳትሰራ ገንዘብ ማግኘት ትችላለህ' ይላል። ሊሎች ዋና ሀሳቦች [http://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html እዚህ ይገኛሉ]። === 'ሃያ በመቶ' ጊዜ === ሁሉም የጉግል ኢንጅነሮች 20 በመቶ የሥራ ጊዜያቸውን እነሱ በሚስባቸው ሥራ ላይ እንዲያሳልፉ ያበረታታል። ከእነዚህ ውስጥ አንዳንድ ሥራዎች የጉግል ሌላ አገልግሎት ይሆናሉ። === ጉግልፕሌክስ === የጉግል መጥላይ መምሪያ ጉግልፕሌክስ (Googleplex) ይባላል። ይህ ቦታ ለሠራተኞች የተለያዩ መዝናኛዎችን ያቀፈ ነው። ከነዚህም ውስጥ የአካል ማጎልመሻ ክፍል፣ የተለያዩ ስፖርቶች፣ የተለያዩ ምግብና መጠጦች ይጠቀሳሉ። == የስራ ትብብር == የሚከተሉት የሥራ አጋሮች ናቸው፦ * [[ናሳ]] * [[ሰን ማይክሮሲስተምስ]] * [[ሞዚላ]] == ዓለምአቀፍ == ጉግል ከደርዘን በላይ በሚሆኑ ሀገሮች [http://www.google.ie/intl/en/corporate/address.html ቢሮዎች] አሉት። የተለያዩ ሀገሮች የተለያየ ሕጎች ስላሏቸው ጉግል ሁሉንም ለማስማማት ይሞክራል። == የፍለጋ ዓይነቶች == * ምስሎች (Images) - ይህ በኢንተርኔት ላይ ያሉ ምስሎችን ብቻ ለመፈለግ ያገለግላል * የውይይት መድረኮች(Groups) - የመወያያ [[ግሩፕ|ግሩፖችን]] ለመፈለግ * [[ጉግል ዜና|ዜና]] (News) - ከተለያዩ ምንጮች ዜናን ለማንበብ * ፕሮዳክት ፍለጋ (Product Search) (የድሮ "ፍሩግል" Froogle) - ይህ ድረ-ገጽ ተጠቃሚዎች በኢንተርኔት ዕቃ እንዲገዙ ያስችላል። [[ፍሩግል]]ን ይዩ * ሎካል (Local) - በአቅራቢያዎ ያሉ ሱቆችንና ሌሎች የንግድ ቦታዎችን ለመፈለግ ያገለግላል * እርዝ (Earth) - የዓለም የሳይተላይት ፎቶዎችን የሚያሳይ ፕሮግራም ወደ ኮምፒዩተሮ መጫን ይችላል * ዴስክቶፕ (Desktop) - በኮምፒዩተሮ ላይ ያሉትን ሰነዶች (ፅሁፍ፣ ፎቶ፣ ድምፅ፣ ምስል) ለመፈለግ * ቪዲዮስ (Videos) - በኢንተርኔት ላይ ያሉ ቪዲዮችን ለመፈለግ * ብሎግስ (Blogs) - በኢንተርኔት ላይ ያሉ [[ብሎግ|ብሎጎችን]] ለመፈለግ * ስኮላር (Scholar) - ትምህርታዊ ጽሁፎችን ለመፈለግ * ፋይናንስ (Finance) - የንግድ መረጃ፣ ዜና እና ሰንጠረዦች ለመፈለግ * ካርታ (Maps) - ካርታዎችንና የመንጃ መመሪያዎችን ለማየት == የውጭ መያያዣዎች == * [http://www.google.com Google] - የጉግል ዌብሳይት * [http://www.google.com/intl/am/ Google] - የጉግል ዌብሳይት በአማርኛ * {{Cite journal|last=Brin|first=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|issn=0169-7552|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|access-date=April 7, 2019}} * {{cite journal |last=Barroso |first=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |issn=0272-1732 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8db8e53c92af2f97974707119525aa089f6ed53a }} [[መደብ:ጉግል]] jyz453injzx8yjf0ir4ctnnuh4a7zmr 0 2753 392120 390425 2026-05-17T06:45:48Z Dagio lol 55597 392120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''አማርኛ'''<ref name="አንበሴ" /> ፡ የ[[ኢትዮጵያ]] ፡ መደበኛ ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ ነው ። [[ሴማዊ ቋንቋዎች|ሴማዊ ፡ ቋንቋዎች]] ፡ ውስጥ ፡ የሚመደብ ፡ ሲሆን ፡ ካረቢኛ ፡ ቀጥሎ ፡ ሁለተኛ ፡ ብዙ ፡ ተናጋሪዎች ፡<ref>https://dictionary.abyssinica.com/amharic.aspx</ref> ያሉት ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ ነው ። በአፍሪካ ፡ ከ[[ስዋሂሊ]] ፡ ቀጥሎ ፡ 3^ኛውን ፡ ቦታ ፡ የያዘ ፡ ነው(በተናጋሪ ፡ ቁጥር) ።<ref name="አንበሴ">ዶ/ር ፡ አንበሴ ፡ ተፈራ «[http://cms.education.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9D9F5A60-082D-4DDD-9853-A669B5B9C9E5/132239/Safa.PDF የኢትዮጵያ ፡ ብሔረሰቦችና ፡ ቋንቋዎቻቸው ፡ አጭር ፡ ቅኝት] {{Wayback|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9D9F5A60-082D-4DDD-9853-A669B5B9C9E5/132239/Safa.PDF |date=20120617090119 }}»</ref> እንዲያውም ፡ 85.6 ፡ ሚሊዮን ፡ ያህል ፡ ተናጋሪዎች ፡ እያሉት ፣ አማርኛ ፡ ከአረብኛ ፡ ቀጥሎ ፡ ትልቁ ፡ ሴማዊ ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ ነው ። የሚጻፈውም ፡ በአማርኛ ፡ ፊደል ፡ ነው ። አማርኛ ፡ ከዓረብኛና ፡ ከዕብራይስጥ ፡ ያለው ፡ መሰረታዊ ፡ ልዩነት ፡ እንደ ፡ [[ላቲን]] ፡ ከግራ ፡ ወደ ፡ ቀኝ ፡ መጻፉ ፡ ነው ። የዐምሐራ * ግዛት ፡ ተብሎ ፡ የሚታወቀው ፡ ቦታ ፡ በአሁኑ ፡ መካከለኛና ፡ ደቡብ ፡ ወሎ ፡ እና ፡ ሰሜን ፡ ሸዋ ፡ ይገኝ ፡ እንደነበር ፡ በታሪክ ፡ ይጠቀሳል<ref>[[የኢትዮጵያ ካርታ 1459 በዝርዝር]] </ref> ። ከክርስቶስ ፡ ልደት ፡ በፊት ፡ ከ200 - 130 ዓ.ዓ. ፡ የነበረው ፡ [[አጋታርከስ]] ፡ ስለ ፡ [[ቀይ ባህር|ቀይ ፡ ባህር]] ፡ እና ፡ አካባቢው ፡ ሲጽፍ ፣ [[ትሮጎዶላይት]] ፡ ያላቸው ፡ ሕዝቦች – τής Kαμάρ λέξιςα (የካማራ ''Camàra'' ቋንቋ) ወይንም ፡ Kαμάρα λέξιςα (ካማራ ''Camàra'' ቋንቋ) ይናገሩ ፡ እንደነበር ፡ ዘግቧል<ref>James Cowles Prichard, ''Researches into the physical history of mankind: Researches into the physical ethnography of the African races, Volume 2'', Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, London, 1837 (page 145) {{en}}</ref> ። ከዚህ ተነስተው ፡ የተለያዩ ፡ ታሪክ ፡ አጥኝዎች ፡ የአጋታርከስ ፡ ካማራ ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ የአሁኑ ፡ አማርኛ በወር የቋንቋ አባሪና ፡ ወላጅ ፡ እንደሆነ ፡ ያስረዳሉ<ref>Amharic Language, ''The national encyclopædia: a dictionary of universal knowledge'', London, 1879 {{en}}</ref><ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature, Volume 13 '', (1855), Page 219 {{en}}</ref><ref>Louis J. Morié, '' Les civilisations africaines: L'Abyssinie (Éthiopie moderne) avec un appendice diplomatique'', (1904) Page 25 {{fr}}</ref> ። ትክክለኛው ፡ አማርኛ ፡ አንዳንዴ ፡ «የንጉሥ ፡ ቋንቋ» ፡ ወይም ፡ ደግሞ ፡ «ልሳነ-ንጉሥ» በመሰየም ፡ ታወቋል ። አማርኛ ፡ ልሳነ-ንጉሥ ፡ የሆነው ፡ በ1272 ዓ.ም. ከ[[ዛጔ ሥርወ መንግሥት]] ፡ በኋላ ፡ አጼ ፡ ይኩኖ ፡ አምላክ ፡ [[ሰለሞናዊው ሥርወ መንግሥት|ሰሎሞናዊውን ፡ ሥርወ-መንግሥት]] ፡ መልሶ ፡ ሲያቋቁም ፡ ነበር ።<ref name="አንበሴ" /> አማርኛ ፡ ልሳነ-ጽሑፍ ፡ መሆን ፡ የጀመረው ፡ በ14^ኛው ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ዘመን ፡ ላይ ፡ ሲሆን ፡ ይህንንም ፡ ያደረገው ፡ ሁሉንም ፡ የግዕዝ ፡ ፈደላትን ፡ በመውሰድና ፡ 6 ፡ አዳዲስ ፡ የላንቃ ፡ ፊደላትን ፡ (ማለትም ''ሸ ፣ ቸ ፣ ኘ ፣ ዠ ፣ ጀ ፣ ጨ'') እና ፡ ''ኸ''ን ፡ በመጨመር ፡ ነበር ።<ref name="አንበሴ" /> ነገር ፡ ግን ፡ በጽሑፍ ፡ ይበልጥ ፡ መስፋፋት ፡ የጀመረው ፡ ከ[[አጼ ቴዎድሮስ|አጼ ፡ ቴዎድሮስ]] ፡ ጀምሮ ፡ ሲሆን ፡ ለእዚህም ፡ በተለይ ፡ አስተዋጽኦ ፡ ያደረገው ፡ ጸሐፊያቸው ፡ ደብተራ ፡ ዘነብ ፡ ነበር ።<ref name="አንበሴ" /> አማርኛ ፡ በተለይ ፡ የተስፋፋው ፡ የ[[ዳግማዊ አጼ ምኒሊክ|ዳግማዊ ፡ አጼ ፡ ምኒሊክ]]ን ፡ የግዛት ፡ ማስፋፋት ፡ ዘመቻ ፡ ተከትሎና ፡ እንዲሁም ፡ ዘመናዊ ፡ ትምህርት ፡ ኢትዮጵያ ፡ ውስጥ ፡ ከተጀመረ ፡ በኋላ ፡ ነበር ።<ref name="አንበሴ" /> አማርኛ ፡ ለብዙ ፡ ዘመናት ፡ በእጅ ፡ ሲጻፍ ፡ ቆይቶ በ፲፱፻ ዓ.ም. ገደማ ፡ በማተሚያ ፡ መሣሪያ ፡ ሊከተብ ፡ ችሏል ። የግዕዝን ፡ ፊደል ፡ በዶ/ር ፡ [[ኣበራ ሞላ|ኣበራ ፡ ሞላ]] ፡ ፈጠራ ፡ ወደ ፡ ኮምፕዩተር ፡ ገብቶ ከ፲፱፻፹ ዓ. ም. ወዲህ ፡ በኮምፕዩተር ፡ መጠቀም ፡ ከመቻሉም ፡ ሌላ ፡ በዩኒኮድ ፡ ዕውቅና ፡ ኣግኝቷል ። ይህ ፡ የተስፋፋ ፡ ገጽም ፡ የቀረበው ፡ በእዚሁ ፡ ሥርዓት ፡ ሲሆን ፡ በቋንቋው ፡ የተጻፉ ፡ መረጃዎች ፡ ቊጥሮች ፡ እያደጉ ፡ ነው ። የዓማርኛ ፡ ፊደልና ፡ ቋንቋም ፡ ዕውቅና ፡ እያደገ ፡ ስለመጣ ፡ በእጅ ፡ ስልኮችም ፡ በሚገባ ፡ ሥራ ፡ ላይ ፡ እየዋለ ፡ ነው ። [[አፕል ኮርፖሬሽን|ኣፕል]] ፡ የቋንቋ ፡ ገበታዎቹን ፡ ሌሎችም ፡ እንዲጠቀሙበት በ፳፻፯ ዓ. ም. ስለከፈተ ፡ ዓማርኛን ፡ እንደሌሎች ፡ የዓለም ፡ ባለፊደል ፡ ቋንቋዎች ፡ መርጦ ፡ መጠቀም ፡ ተችሏል ። በ፳፻፰ ዓ. ም. ግዕዝ ፡ የመጀመሪያን ፡ የኣሜሪካ ፡ የባለቤትነት ፡ መታወቂያ (ፓተንት) ኣግኝቷል ። [http://www.google.com/patents/US9000957] ይህም ፡ የሆነው በ[[የካቲት 10]] ቀን [[2008]] ዓ.ም. አማርኛ ፡ ወደ ፡ ማናቸውም ፡ ሌላ ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ በ[[ኮምፒውተር]] ፡ በቀላሉ ፡ ወደሚተረጎሙት ፡ ቋንቋዎች ፡ ገብታለች ። ሆኖም ፡ የትርጉሙ ፡ ጥራት ፡ ከፍ ፡ ያለ ፡ ሳይሆን ፡ ስኅተቶች ፡ የተሞላበት ፡ ሆኖ ፡ ቀርቷል ። '''ዘዬ''' አማርኛ ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ ወስጥ ፡ አራት ፡ ዋና ፡ ዘዬዎች ፡ አሉ ፡ እነሱም ፡ የጎንደር ፣ የጎጃም ፣ የወሎ ፣ የሸዋ ፡ እና ፡ ዘመናዊ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ ናቸው ። ዘየወቹ ፡ ብዙም ፡ ልዩነት ፡ የላቸውም ፡ ይህም ፡ ማለት ፡ ሁለት ፡ የተለያየ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ የሚያወሩ ፡ ሰዎች ፡ ይግባባሉ ፡ ማለት ፡ ነው ። በመላ ፡ ኢትዮጵያ ፡ ውስጥ ፡ በስፋት ፡ የሚነገረው ፡ ዘመናዊ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ ነው ። ዘመናዊ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ በብዛት ፡ በሸዋ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ ላይ ፡ የተመሰረተ ፡ ሲሆን ፡ የሚለይበት ፡ ብዙ ፡ ገጸ ፡ ባህሪያትም ፡ አሉ ። ከነዚህ ፡ በሃሪያት ፡ ውስጥ ፡ የሚከተሉት ፡ የተወሰኑት ፡ ናቸው ። ''ሸዋ ፡ አማርኛ ዘመናዊ ፡ አማርኛ'' 'ቀ' እንደ 'ኧ' ሲባል 'ቀ' እንደ 'ቀ' ነው ፡ የሚባለው 'ከ' በ'ተ' እና በ'ኸ' ሲባል 'ከ' እንደ 'ከ' ይባላል ከላይ ፡ ከተጠቀሱት ፡ ምሳሌያት ፡ ማየት ፡ እንደሚቻለው ፡ ከሸዋ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ በተቃራኒ ፡ ዘመናዊ ፡አማርኛ ፡ እንደሚጻፈው ፡ ነው ፡ የሚባለው፡ ። ፡ በተጨማሪም ፡ ዘመናዊ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ ውስጥ ፡ ብዙ ፡ የተውሶ ፡ ቃላት ፡ ይገኛሉ ። ===ትንተና=== በ[[ሷዴሽ ዝርዝር|ሷዴሽ ፡ ዝርዝር]] 207 ተራ ፡ ቃላት ፡ ውስጥ * 28 ቃላት፡ ወይም 13.5% ከግዕዙ ፡ በምንም ፡ አይለዩም (አንተ ፣ እንስሳ ፣ ዓሣ ፣ ፍሬ ፣ ሥጋ ፣ ደም ፣ ዐይን ፣ አፍ ፣ እግር ፣ ክንፍ ፣ ልብ ፣ ነከሰ ፣ ሞተ ፣ ቆመ ፣ ዞረ ፣ አሠረ ፣ ፀሐይ ፣ ኮከብ ፣ ባሕር ፣ ደመና ፣ ሰማይ ፣ ነፋስ ፣ ጢስ ፣ እሳት ፣ ሌሊት ፣ ዓመት ፣ ክብ ፣ ስም ። ) * 77 ወይም 37% ከግዕዙ ፡ ቃላት ፡ በቀጥታ ፡ የተደረጁ ፡ ናቸው (እኔ ፣ እኛ ፣ እናንተ ፣ ማን ፣ ምን ፣ የት ፣ መቼ ፣ ሁሉ ፣ ብዙ ፣ አንድ ፣ ሁለት ፣ ሦስት ፣ አራት ፣ አምስት ፣ ረጅም ፣ ከባድ ፣ ትንሽ ፣ አጭር ፣ ጠባብ ፣ ቀጭን ፣ ሴት ፣ ሰው ፣ ልጅ ፣ ሚስት ፣ አባት ፣ ወፍ ፣ ቅማል ፣ ዘር ፣ ቅጠል ፣ ሥር ፣ ልጥ ፣ ሣር ፣ አጥንት ፣ ስብ ፣ እንቁላል ፣ ቀንድ ፣ ጸጉር ፣ ራስ ፣ ጥፍር ፣ እጅ ፣ ጉበት ፣ ጠጣ ፣ በላ ፣ ጠባ ፣ ነፋ ፣ ተነፈሰ ፣ ሳቀ ፣ አየ ፣ ሰማ ፣ አሠበ ፣ ፈራ ፣ ገደለ ፣ ቈረጠ ፣ መጣ ፣ ወደቀ ፣ ያዘ ፣ ጨመቀ ፣ አጠበ ፣ ሳበ ፣ ገፋ ፣ ጣለ ፣ ሰፋ ፣ አለ ፣ አበጠ ፣ ዝናብ ፣ ጨው ፣ ጉም ፣ አመዳይ ፣ አመድ ፣ ቀይ ፣ ሙቅ ፣ ሙሉ ፣ አዲስ ፣ አሮጌ ፣ እርጥብ ፣ ቅርብ ፣ ሩቅ ።) በዝርዝሩ ፡ ከተረፉት ፡ ግማሽ ፡ ቃላት ፣ ብዙዎች ፡ ከሌሎች ፡ የግዕዝ ፡ ሥሮች ፡ በሌላ ፡ መንገድ ፡ መጡ ፣ ለምሳሌ ፡ «እርሱ» በግዕዝ «ውእቱ» ፈንታ ፣ ከ«ርዕሱ» (ራሱ) ይመስላል ። ከ[[ግዕዝ]] ፡ ጭምር ፡ከሰው ልጆች ልሳናት የተበደሩ ሌሎች ቃላት እንደ ዘመኑ ይለያያሉ፦ ከ[[ግሪክኛ]]፣ ከ[[አረብኛ]]፣ ከ[[ፖርቱጊዝኛ]]፣ ከ[[ቱርክኛ]]፣ ከ[[ፈረንሳይኛ]]፣ ከ[[ጣልኛ]]ና ከ[[እንግሊዝኛ]] ቃላት የተቀበሉባቸው ዘመኖች ኑረዋል ። ከ16ተኛው ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ዘመን ፡ በኋላ ፡ አማርኛ ፡ ውስጥ ፡ ኦሮምኛ ፡ ቃላት ፡ መግባት ፡ ጀምረዋል ፡ ባሁኑ ፡ ሰዓትም ፡ እየገቡ ፡ ይገኛሉ ። ምሳሌዎች፦ * ከግሪክኛ፦ ጠረጴዛ * ከአረብኛ፦ ባሩድ ፣ ሻይ ፣ ብርቱካን * ከቱርክኛ፦ ሰንደቅ * ከፈረንሳይኛ፦ ባቡር * ከጣልኛ፦ ቡሎን ፣ መኪና * ከእንግሊዝኛ፦ ኢንተርናሽናል ፣ ሬዲዮ * ከኦሮሚኛ፦ ጨጨብሳ ፣ ጉዲፈቻ ===IPA=== {| style="text-align:center" |+ |- style="font-size:2em" ! style="font-size:0.5em" | |{{lang|am|ሀ}}||{{lang|am|ሁ}}w||{{lang|am|ሂ}}||ሃ||{{lang|am|ሄ}}||{{lang|am|ህ}}||{{lang|am|ሆ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" ! style="font-size:0.5em" |{{transl|sem|l}} |'''{{lang|am|ለ}}'''||{{lang|am|ሉ}}||ሊ||ላ||{{lang|am|ሌ}}||{{lang|am|ል}}||{{lang|am|ሎ}}|| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሏ}}|| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" ! style="font-size:0.5em" |{{transl|sem|ħ}} |{{lang|am|ሐ}}||{{lang|am|ሑ}}||ሒ||ሓ||{{lang|am|ሔ}}||{{lang|am|ሕ}}||{{lang|am|ሖ}}|| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሗ}}|| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" ! style="font-size:0.5em" |{{transl|sem|m}} |{{lang|am|መ}}||{{lang|am|ሙ}}||ሚ||ማ||{{lang|am|ሜ}}||{{lang|am|ም}}||{{lang|am|ሞ}}|| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሟ}}|| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ɬ}} |{{lang|am|ሠ}}||{{lang|am|ሡ}}||{{lang|am|ሢ}}||{{lang|am|ሣ}}||{{lang|am|ሤ}}||{{lang|am|ሥ}}||{{lang|am|ሦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|r}} |{{lang|am|ረ}}||{{lang|am|ሩ}}||{{lang|am|ሪ}}||{{lang|am|ራ}}||{{lang|am|ሬ}}||{{lang|am|ር}}||{{lang|am|ሮ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሯ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|s}} |{{lang|am|ሰ}}||{{lang|am|ሱ}}||{{lang|am|ሲ}}||{{lang|am|ሳ}}||{{lang|am|ሴ}}||{{lang|am|ስ}}||{{lang|am|ሶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʃ}} |{{lang|am|ሸ}}||{{lang|am|ሹ}}||{{lang|am|ሺ}}||{{lang|am|ሻ}}||{{lang|am|ሼ}}||{{lang|am|ሽ}}||{{lang|am|ሾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ሿ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|qʼ}} |{{lang|am|ቀ}}||{{lang|am|ቁ}}||{{lang|am|ቂ}}||{{lang|am|ቃ}}||{{lang|am|ቄ}}||{{lang|am|ቅ}}||{{lang|am|ቆ}}||{{lang|am|ቈ}}||{{lang|am|ቊ}}||{{lang|am|ቋ}}||{{lang|am|ቌ}}||{{lang|am|ቍ}} |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|b}} |{{lang|am|በ}}||{{lang|am|ቡ}}||{{lang|am|ቢ}}||{{lang|am|ባ}}||{{lang|am|ቤ}}||{{lang|am|ብ}}||{{lang|am|ቦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ቧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|β}} |{{lang|am|ቨ}}||{{lang|am|ቩ}}||{{lang|am|ቪ}}||{{lang|am|ቫ}}||{{lang|am|ቬ}}||{{lang|am|ቭ}}||{{lang|am|ቮ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ቯ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|t}} |{{lang|am|ተ}}||{{lang|am|ቱ}}||{{lang|am|ቲ}}||{{lang|am|ታ}}||{{lang|am|ቴ}}||{{lang|am|ት}}||{{lang|am|ቶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ቷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʧ}} |{{lang|am|ቸ}}||{{lang|am|ቹ}}||{{lang|am|ቺ}}||{{lang|am|ቻ}}||{{lang|am|ቼ}}||{{lang|am|ች}}||{{lang|am|ቾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ቿ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|χ}} |{{lang|am|ኀ}}||{{lang|am|ኁ}}||{{lang|am|ኂ}}||{{lang|am|ኃ}}||{{lang|am|ኄ}}||{{lang|am|ኅ}}||{{lang|am|ኆ}}||{{lang|am|ኈ}}||{{lang|am|ኊ}}||{{lang|am|ኋ}}||{{lang|am|ኌ}}||{{lang|am|ኍ}} |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|n}} |{{lang|am|ነ}}||{{lang|am|ኑ}}||{{lang|am|ኒ}}||{{lang|am|ና}}||{{lang|am|ኔ}}||{{lang|am|ን}}||{{lang|am|ኖ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ኗ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ɲ}} |{{lang|am|ኘ}}||{{lang|am|ኙ}}||{{lang|am|ኚ}}||{{lang|am|ኛ}}||{{lang|am|ኜ}}||{{lang|am|ኝ}}||{{lang|am|ኞ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ኟ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʔ}} |{{lang|am|አ}}||{{lang|am|ኡ}}||{{lang|am|ኢ}}||{{lang|am|ኣ}}||{{lang|am|ኤ}}||{{lang|am|እ}}||{{lang|am|ኦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ኧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|k}} |{{lang|am|ከ}}||{{lang|am|ኩ}}||{{lang|am|ኪ}}||{{lang|am|ካ}}||{{lang|am|ኬ}}||{{lang|am|ክ}}||{{lang|am|ኮ}}||{{lang|am|ኰ}}||{{lang|am|ኲ}}||{{lang|am|ኳ}}||{{lang|am|ኴ}}||{{lang|am|ኵ}} |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|x}} |{{lang|am|ኸ}}||{{lang|am|ኹ}}||{{lang|am|ኺ}}||{{lang|am|ኻ}}||{{lang|am|ኼ}}||{{lang|am|ኽ}}||{{lang|am|ኾ}}|||{{lang|am|ዀ}}||{{lang|am|ዂ}}||{{lang|am|ዃ}}||{{lang|am|ዄ}}||{{lang|am|ዅ}} |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|w}} |{{lang|am|ወ}}||{{lang|am|ዉ}}||{{lang|am|ዊ}}||{{lang|am|ዋ}}||{{lang|am|ዌ}}||{{lang|am|ው}}||{{lang|am|ዎ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʢ}} |{{lang|am|ዐ}}||{{lang|am|ዑ}}||{{lang|am|ዒ}}||'''{{lang|am|ዓ}}'''||{{lang|am|ዔ}}||{{lang|am|ዕ}}||{{lang|am|ዖ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|z}} |{{lang|am|ዘ}}||{{lang|am|ዙ}}||{{lang|am|ዚ}}||'''{{lang|am|ዛ}}'''||{{lang|am|ዜ}}||{{lang|am|ዝ}}||{{lang|am|ዞ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ዟ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʒ}} |{{lang|am|ዠ}}||{{lang|am|ዡ}}||{{lang|am|ዢ}}||{{lang|am|ዣ}}||{{lang|am|ዤ}}||{{lang|am|ዥ}}||{{lang|am|ዦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ዧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|j}} |{{lang|am|የ}}||{{lang|am|ዩ}}||{{lang|am|ዪ}}||{{lang|am|ያ}}||{{lang|am|ዬ}}||{{lang|am|ይ}}||{{lang|am|ዮ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|d}} |{{lang|am|ደ}}||{{lang|am|ዱ}}||{{lang|am|ዲ}}||{{lang|am|ዳ}}||{{lang|am|ዴ}}||{{lang|am|ድ}}||{{lang|am|ዶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ዷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʤ}} |{{lang|am|ጀ}}||{{lang|am|ጁ}}||{{lang|am|ጂ}}||{{lang|am|ጃ}}||{{lang|am|ጄ}}||{{lang|am|ጅ}}||{{lang|am|ጆ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ጇ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|g}} |{{lang|am|ገ}}||{{lang|am|ጉ}}||{{lang|am|ጊ}}||{{lang|am|ጋ}}||{{lang|am|ጌ}}||{{lang|am|ግ}}||{{lang|am|ጎ}}||{{lang|am|ጐ}}||{{lang|am|ጒ}}||{{lang|am|ጓ}}||{{lang|am|ጔ}}||{{lang|am|ጕ}} |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|tʼ}} |{{lang|am|ጠ}}||{{lang|am|ጡ}}||{{lang|am|ጢ}}||{{lang|am|ጣ}}||{{lang|am|ጤ}}||{{lang|am|ጥ}}||{{lang|am|ጦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ጧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʧʼ}} |{{lang|am|ጨ}}||{{lang|am|ጩ}}||{{lang|am|ጪ}}||{{lang|am|ጫ}}||{{lang|am|ጬ}}||{{lang|am|ጭ}}||{{lang|am|ጮ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ጯ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|pʼ}} |{{lang|am|ጰ}}||{{lang|am|ጱ}}||{{lang|am|ጲ}}||{{lang|am|ጳ}}||{{lang|am|ጴ}}||{{lang|am|ጵ}}||{{lang|am|ጶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ጷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʦʼ}} |{{lang|am|ጸ}}||{{lang|am|ጹ}}||{{lang|am|ጺ}}||{{lang|am|ጻ}}||{{lang|am|ጼ}}||{{lang|am|ጽ}}||{{lang|am|ጾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ጿ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ƛʼ}} |{{lang|am|ፀ}}||{{lang|am|ፁ}}||{{lang|am|ፂ}}||{{lang|am|ፃ}}||{{lang|am|ፄ}}||{{lang|am|ፅ}}||{{lang|am|ፆ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ɸ}} |{{lang|am|ፈ}}||{{lang|am|ፉ}}||{{lang|am|ፊ}}||{{lang|am|ፋ}}||{{lang|am|ፌ}}||{{lang|am|ፍ}}||{{lang|am|ፎ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ፏ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|p}} |{{lang|am|ፐ}}||{{lang|am|ፑ}}||{{lang|am|ፒ}}||{{lang|am|ፓ}}||{{lang|am|ፔ}}||{{lang|am|ፕ}}||{{lang|am|ፖ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp;||{{lang|am|ፗ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|&nbsp; |} ==ደግሞ ፡ ይዩ== * [[መዝገበ ቃላት|መዝገበ ፡ ቃላት]] * [[ቅድመ-ሴማዊ ጽሕፈት|ቅድመ-ሴማዊ ፡ ጽሕፈት]] == የውጭ ፡ መያያዣዎች == * [http://amharicdictionary.com አማርኛ-እንግሊዝኛ ፡ መዝገበ ፡ ቃላት] * [http://www.ethiopic.com ኢትዮፒክ.ኮም በኣበራ ፡ ሞላ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethiopic.com/ |date=20070801044110 }} * [http://www.addisscience.net አዲስ ፡ ሳይንስ] * [http://www.cyberethiopia.com/warka4/index.php ዋርካ - ውይይት ፡ በአማርኛ] * [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=29213608820 ፌስቡክ ፡ በአማርኛ] * [http://freetyping.geezedit.com ግዕዝኤዲት ፡ ነፃ ፡ የአማርኛ ፡ መክተቢያ ለዊንዶውስና ማክ] {{Wayback|url=http://freetyping.geezedit.com/ |date=20201204081045 }} * [http://www.ethiopic.com/How_to_Google_Amharic-AMHARIC.htm ጉግል ፡ በአማርኛ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethiopic.com/How_to_Google_Amharic-AMHARIC.htm |date=20110710203435 }} * [http://www.rbardalzo.narod.ru/4/efiop.html የኢትዮጵያ ፡ ፊደል] * [http://www.amharicpocketguide.com የiPhone አማርኛ ፡ ቋንቋ ፡ መማሪያ] * [http://www.itypeamharic.com ታይፕ፥ ኢሜል፥ እና ቴክስት በአማርኛ - iPhone] * itunes.com/apps/amharic [http://itunes.com/apps/amharic] * itunes.com/apps/ahaz [http://itunes.com/apps/ahaz] * [https://itunes.apple.com/app/id935624754] ግዕዝኤዲት ቴክስት በአማርኛ ለመጻፍ፣ ለመላክ፣ ለመፈለግ፣ በኣይፎን 6 እና ኣይፓድ GeezEdit Amharic Typing for [[iPhone 6]] and [[iPad]] * [http://www.geezedit.com] ግዕዝኤዲት ለዊንዶውስ * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMQYuhaAKH4 ስለ ፡ ነፃው ፡ ግዕዝኤዲት GeezEdit ቪድዮ ፡ በዶ/ር ፡ ኣበራ ፡ ሞላ ፡ እና ፡ የኣዲስ ፡ ኣበባ ፡ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ፡ ተማሪዎች] * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US9000957B2/en] ኣበራ ፡ ሞላ Aberra Molla, "Ethiopic character entry", published 2015-04-07, issued 2015-04-07 * [https://www.google.com/patents/US9733724] ኣበራ ፡ ሞላ Aberra Molla, "Phonetic Keyboards", published 2017-08-15, issued 2017-08-15 == ማጣቀሻ == {{Reflist|30e}} {{የኢትዮጵያ_መረጃ}} {{መዋቅር|ነሐሴ ፳ ፻ ፮}} [[መደብ:አማርኛ|*]] nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|d}} |{{lang|am|ደ}}||{{lang|am|ዱ}}||{{lang|am|ዲ}}||{{lang|am|ዳ}}||{{lang|am|ዴ}}||{{lang|am|ድ}}||{{lang|am|ዶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| nbsp; |- style="font-size:2em" !style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʧ}} |{{lang|am|ቸ}}||{{lang|am|ቹ}}||{{lang|am|ቺ}}||{{lang|am|ቻ}}||{{lang|am|ቼ}}||{{lang|am|ች}}||{{lang|am|ቾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| [[መደብ:ዘዬ]] ox6rdw7kkpiah1ewmm3aah3pnefn08p 0 12072 392121 391168 2026-05-17T06:51:25Z Dagio lol 55597 392121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{የሀገር መረጃ |ስም = ፋርስ |ሙሉ_ስም = ፋርስ እስላማዊ ሪፐብሊክ |ባንዲራ_ሥዕል = Flag of Iran.svg |ማኅተም_ሥዕል = Emblem of Iran.svg |ባንዲራ_ስፋት = |መዝሙር = مهر خاوران |ካርታ_ሥዕል = Iran in its region.svg |ካርታ_መግለጫ_ፅሁፍ = |ዋና_ከተማ = [[ቴህራን]] |የመንግስት_አይነት = እስላማዊ ሪፐብሊክ |የመሪዎች_ማዕረግ = መሪ <br /> [[ፕሬዝዳንት]] <br /> [[ምክትል ፕሬዝዳንት]] |የመሪዎች_ስም = vacant <br /> [[]] <br /> ዐስሃቅ ጃሃንጊሪ |ብሔራዊ_ቋንቋ = [[ፋርስኛ]] |የገንዘብ_ስም = ፋርስ ሪኣል ﷼ |የመሬት_ስፋት = 1,648,195 |የመሬት_ስፋት_ከዓለም = 17 |ውሀ_ከመቶ = 0.7 |የሕዝብ_ብዛት_ግምት_ዓመት = 2016 እ.ኤ.አ. |የሕዝብ_ብዛት_ግምት = 82,800,000 |የሕዝብ_ብዛት_ከዓለም = 18 |ሰዓት_ክልል = +3:30 |የስልክ_መግቢያ = +98 |ከፍተኛ_ደረጃ_ከባቢ = .ir<br />ایران. }} '''ፋርስ''' ሀገር ([[ፋርስኛ]]፦ ایران /ኢራን/) ወይም '''የኢራን ኢስላማዊ ሬፑብሊክ''' (جمهوری اسلامی ایرا /ጆምሁሪ-የ ኤስላሚ-የ ኢራን) በ[[እስያ]] ውስጥ የሚገኝ ሀገር ነው። ዋና ከተማው [[ቴህራን]] ነው። [[በኢራን ውስጥ የፖለቲካ ጭቆና|ኢራን በከባድ የሰብአዊ መብት ረገጣ ለግማሽ ምዕተ ዓመት በአምባገነን መንግስት ስር ሆና ቆይታለች]]። ==ስም== ለኗሪዎቹ የሀገር ስም ከጥንት ጀምሮ '''ኢራን''' ሲሆን ከሀገር ውጭ እንደ '''ፋርስ''' ወይም በመሰለ ስያሜ ይታወቅ ነበር። በ[[1927]] ዓም [[ሻህ]] (ንጉስ) [[ሬዛ ሻህ]] ሀገሩ በውጭ አገራት ዘንድ «ኢራን» በመባል እንዲታወቅ ጠየቀ። (በዚህም ወቅት ያህል ደግሞ በመንግሥታት ማኅበር መሃል የ[[ኢትዮጵያ]] ስያሜ በ[[1923]] ዓም ከ«አቢሲኒያ» ተቀየረ፤ የ[[ታይላንድ]]ም በ[[1932]] ዓም ከ«ሲያም» ተቀየረ።) በ[[1951]] ዓም ግን ልጁ ሻህ [[ሙሃመድ ሬዛ ፓሕላቪ]] ሁለቱ ስያሜዎች (ኢራን እና ፋርስ) አንድላይ በመለዋወጥ ትክክለኛ እንደ ተቆጠሩ አዋጀ። ===ኢራን=== [[ዞራስተር]] ባዘጋጀው በ[[አቨስታ]] ዘንድ ሕዝቡ «አይርያ» ([[አርያኖች]]) ይባላሉ፤ መጀመርያ ሀገር ቤታቸው «[[አይርያነም ቫይጃህ]]» ሲባል ይህ በ[[አራስ ወንዝ]] አካባቢ እንደ ተገኘ ይታመናል።<ref>[http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd1sbe.htm አቨስታ ፋርጋርድ ፩ (እንግሊዝኛ) ነጥብ ፫]</ref> ከዚህ መጀመርያ ሀገር በኋላ የተከተሉት አገራት በ[[አፍጋኒስታን]]ና በፋርስ አካባቢ ሲገኙ ይህም አውራጃ በጥንት «[[አሪያና]]» እና «[[አሪያ]]» ይባል ነበር። ሄሮዶቶስ 480 ዓክልበ.ግ. የ[[ሜዶን]] ብሔር ድሮ ስም «አሪዮይ» እንደ ነበር መሰከረ፤ የፋርስ [[አሓይመኒድ]] ነገስታት እንደ [[፩ ዳርዮስ]] ብሔራቸውን «አሪያ» አሉት። ከ[[ሳሳኒድ ሥርወ መንግሥት]] ጀምሮ ([[218]] ዓም) በ[[መካከለኛ ፋርስኛ]] የሀገሩ ኗሪ ስም «ኤራን» ወይም «ኢራን» ሆኗል። ===ፋርስ=== መጀመርያ በ800 ዓክልበ. ግድም [[ፓርሱማሽ]] ወይም ፓርሱዓሽ፣ ፓርሱ፣ ፓርሳ የሚባል አነስተኛ የአርያኖች ወገን በ[[ኡርሚያህ ሐይቅ]] ዳርቻ ተመዘገቡ፤ እነዚህም ከትንሽ በኋላ ወደ ቀድሞው [[ኤላም]] ሔደው ስማቸውን ለዛሬው [[ፋርስ ክፍላገር]] ሰጡ፤ የአሓይመኒድ ሥርወ መንግሥት መሠረቱ። ቋንቋቸውንም እስካሁን «ፋርሲ» (ፋርስኛ) ይሉታል። ስማችውና አገራቸው ከዚሁ በ[[ግሪክኛ]] «ፐርሲስ»፣ በ[[ሮማይስጥ]] «ፐርሲያ»፣ በ[[ዕብራይስጥ]] «ፐረስ»፣ በ[[አማርኛ]]ም «ፋርስ» በመባል ታውቋል። <references/> {{በየእስያ ውስጥ የሚገኙ አገሮች}} {{መዋቅር-መልክዐምድር}} [[መደብ:ፋርስ]] gzk2csishbs82gydo3xxfzm42t4zwgm 0 54141 392119 392095 2026-05-17T06:20:13Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 392119 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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'''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making dfwnsvvhy2sq6mxh2pjdxnsec55axu7