ውክፔዲያ amwiki https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%88%E1%8C%BD MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter ፋይል ልዩ ውይይት አባል አባል ውይይት ውክፔዲያ ውክፔዲያ ውይይት ስዕል ስዕል ውይይት መልዕክት መልዕክት ውይይት መለጠፊያ መለጠፊያ ውይይት እርዳታ እርዳታ ውይይት መደብ መደብ ውይይት በር በር ውይይት TimedText TimedText talk ሞጁል ሞጁል ውይይት Event Event talk 0 9426 395087 379861 2026-09-18T18:41:24Z ~2026-50520-59 60703 Typing error 395087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ፕሮቴስታንት''' የ[[ክርስትና]] አይነት ነው። የፕሮቴስታንት አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ከ[[ሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]] በ16ኛ ክፍለ ዘመን በ[[አውሮፓ]] ተለይተው የሮማ [[ፓፓ]] መሪነትና ከወንጌል ጋር አይስማማም በማለት በካቶሊክ ቤተክርስቲያን ያለው ሥርዓተ ትምህርት የማይቀበሉ ናቸው። ስሙ «ፕሮቴስታንት» የመነጨው ከ[[ሮማይስጥ]] ቃል ''protestare'' (መቃወም) ከሚል ቃል ሲሆን የሮማ ካቶሊክን የሚቃወሙት ወገኖች ማለት ነበር። በሮሜ ፓፓ መሪነት «ተቃዋሚዎች» ሲባሉ ግን ፕሮቴስታንት አብያተ ክርስቲያን ሁሉ [[የንቅያ ጸሎተ ሃይማኖት]]ንና [[ትምህርተ ሥላሴ]]ን በግማሽ የሚቀበሉ ናቸው። በፕሮቴስታንት ዉስጥ ብዙ ክፍፍሎች አሉ ይህም የሆነዉ በሀይማኖቱ መስራች በማርቲን ሉተር መሰረተ ትምህርት እርሱም፦ መጽሐፍ ቅዱስን እንደፈለጉ መተርጎም የሚለዉ ዋነኛዉ ትምህርቱ ነዉ። በተጨማሪ የፕሮቴስታንት እምነት መሰረት የሆኑት ማለትም፦ -Sola scriptura/Scripture alone -Sola Fide/Faith alone -Sola Gratia/Grace alone -Sola christus/Christ alone -Sola deo Gloria/Glory to God alone እነዚህ ዋናዎቹ መሰረቶች ናቸዉ። ‎ፕሮቴስታንታዊነት‎‎ ከ16ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ‎‎የተሃድሶ እንቅስቃሴ‎‎የመነጨ ‎‎የክርስትና‎‎ ሃይማኖት ነው። ተከታዮቹ ‎‎በካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን‎‎ውስጥ ‎‎ስህተት‎‎ ነው ብለው ያሰበውን የሚቃወም እንቅስቃሴ‎‎ነው‎‎ ‎‎ ። ‎‎ ‎‎[1]‎‎ ‎‎ ከተሃድሶው መነሻ የሆኑ ፕሮቴስታንቶች የሮማ ‎‎ካቶሊክን የሊቀ ጳጳሱ የበላይነት‎‎አስተምህሮ ቢቃወሙም ‎‎የቅዱስ ቁርባንን‎‎ብዛት፣ ‎‎ክርስቶስ‎‎ በቅዱስ ‎‎ቁርባን‎‎ ‎‎እውን መገኘቱን‎‎ እንዲሁም ‎‎የቤተ ክህነት ና‎‎ ‎‎ሐዋርያዊ ተተኪነትን‎‎የሚመለከቱ ጉዳዮችን በተመለከተ ግን እርስ በርሳቸው አይስማሙም ። ‎‎ ‎‎[2]‎‎[3]‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ለምእመናን ሁሉ ክህነት አበክረዋል‎‎፤ በመልካም ‎‎ሥራ‎‎በእምነት ሳይሆን ‎‎በእምነት ብቻ‎‎ (‎‎sola dede‎‎) ሰበብ ፤ ‎‎መዳን‎‎ የሚመጣው ‎‎በመለኮታዊ ፀጋ‎‎ ወይም "በማይገባ ሞገስ" ብቻ እንጂ እንደሚገባቸው ነገር አይደለም (‎‎sola gratia‎‎)፤ እንዲሁም መጽሐፍ ‎‎ቅዱስ‎‎ ‎‎ከቅዱስ ወግ‎‎ጋር ከመስማማት ይልቅ ለክርስትና መሠረተ ትምህርት ብቸኛ ከፍተኛ ባለሥልጣን‎‎(sola scriptura‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ "scripture alone") ወይም ዋነኛ ሥልጣን‎‎(prima scriptura‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ "scripture first") መሆኑን ያረጋግጣሉ ። ‎‎ ‎‎[4]‎‎[5]‎‎ ‎‎ የሉተራንና የተሃድሶ ክርስትና ‎‎አምስት ‎‎ሶላቶች‎‎ ‎‎ የካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያንን በመቃወም ረገድ መሠረታዊ የሆኑ ሃይማኖታዊ ልዩነቶችን ጠቅለል አድርገው ይጠቅሳሉ። ‎‎ ‎‎[6]‎‎[4]‎‎ ‎ ‎ፕሮቴስታንትነት የጀመረው በ1517 ‎‎በጀርመን‎‎ሲሆን‎‎ ‎‎ ማርቲን ‎‎ሉተር‎‎ የካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን የኃጢአት ‎‎ንረት‎‎ ለገዢዎቻቸው ‎‎ጊዜያዊ የኃጢአት ቅጣት‎‎ ያስተላልፋታል በሚል ርዕስ ‎‎ ‎‎ዘጠና አምስት ቴስቶችን‎‎ ‎‎ አሳትሞ ነበር። ‎‎ ‎‎[7]‎‎ ‎‎ ቃሉ ግን በ1529 ዓ.ም. ከጀርመን ሉተራን ‎‎መኳንንት‎‎ ‎‎የማርቲን ሉተርን አስተምህሮ‎‎ ‎‎መናፍቅ‎‎ነት በማውገዝ ‎‎በሽፔየር ዲት‎‎ ‎‎አዋጅ‎‎ ላይ ከጻፈው ‎‎የተቃውሞ ደብዳቤ‎‎ የተወሰደ ነው ። ‎‎ ‎‎[8]‎‎ ‎‎ ምንም እንኳ ቀደም ሲል የካቶሊካዊት ቤተ ክርስቲያንን በተለይም ‎‎በፒተር ዋልዶ፣‎‎ ‎‎በጆን ዊክሊፍእና‎‎ ‎‎በያን ሁስ‎‎የተሃድሶ እንቅስቃሴ ለማካሄድ ጥረት ተደርጎ የነበረ ቢሆንም ሉተር ብቻ ሰፊ፣ ዘላቂና ‎‎ዘመናዊ‎‎ እንቅስቃሴ እንዲቀጣጠል በማድረግ ተሳክቶለታል። ‎‎ ‎‎በ16ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን‎‎ ‎‎ሉተራኒዝም‎‎ ከጀርመን‎‎[ሐ]‎‎ ‎‎ ወደ ‎‎ዴንማርክ‎‎፣ ‎‎ኖርዌይ‎‎፣ ‎‎ስዊድን‎‎፣ ‎‎ፊንላንድ‎‎፣ ‎‎ላትቪያ‎‎፣ ‎‎ኢስቶኒያና‎‎ ‎‎አይስላንድ‎‎ተዛመተ ። ‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎የካልቪኒስት‎‎ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት በጀርመን ፣‎‎በኔዘርላንድ‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎፣‎‎ ‎‎በስኮትላንድ‎‎፣ ‎‎በስዊዘርላንድና‎‎ ‎‎በፈረንሳይ‎‎ እንደ ‎‎ጆን ካልቪን‎‎፣ ‎‎ሁልድሪች ዝዊንግሊ‎‎ እና ‎‎ጆን ኖክስ‎‎ባሉ ‎‎ ‎‎ፕሮቴስታንታዊ ተሃድሶ አራማጆች‎‎ ተሰራጭተዋል ። ‎‎ ‎‎‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎የእንግሊዝ ቤተ ክርስቲያን‎‎ ‎‎በንጉሥ ሄንሪ ስምንተኛ‎‎ ነት ‎‎ከሊቀ ጳጳሱ‎‎ መለያየታቸው ‎‎አንግሊካኒዝም‎‎የጀመረ ሲሆን ይህም ‎‎እንግሊዝና‎‎ ‎‎ዌልስ‎‎ ወደዚህ ሰፊ የተሃድሶ እንቅስቃሴ እንዲገቡ አደርጓቸው ነበር።‎በዛሬው ጊዜ ፕሮቴስታንታዊ እምነት ‎‎(ከካቶሊክ እምነት‎‎በኋላ) ‎‎ሁለተኛውን‎‎ ደረጃ የያዘ ሲሆን በዓለም ዙሪያ ከ800 ሚሊዮን እስከ 1 ቢሊዮን የሚደርሱ ተከታዮች ወይም ከሁሉም ‎‎ክርስቲያኖች‎‎መካከል 37 በመቶ የሚሆኑት ናቸው ። ‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎[12]‎‎[13]‎‎ፕሮቴስታንቶች በትምህርት፣ በሰብአዊነትና በሳይንስ፣ በፖለቲካና በማህበራዊ ስርዓት፣ በኢኮኖሚና በኪነ ጥበብ እንዲሁም በሌሎች ብዙ መስኮች ከፍተኛ አስተዋፅኦ በማድረግ የራሳቸውን ባህል አዳብረዋል።‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎[15]‎‎ ‎‎ ፕሮቴስታንታዊ እምነት ከካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን፣ ‎‎ከምስራቅ ኦርቶዶክስ‎‎ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ወይም ‎‎ከኦሪየንታል ኦርቶዶክሳዊ ነት‎‎ይልቅ ‎‎በቲኦሎጂያዊና‎‎ ‎‎በቤተ ክህነት‎‎ የተከፋፈለ ነው ። ‎‎ ‎‎[16]‎‎ ‎‎ ፕሮቴስታንቶች የመዋቅር አንድነትም ሆነ ማዕከላዊ ሰብዓዊ ሥልጣን ሳይኖራቸው ከካቶሊክ ፣ ከምሥራቅ ኦርቶዶክስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ፣ ከምሥራቅ ኦርቶዶክስ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ፣ ‎‎ከምሥራቅ አሦር ቤተ ክርስቲያንና‎‎ ‎‎ከጥንቷ የምስራቅ ቤተ‎‎ክርስቲያን‎‎በተቃራኒ ‎‎በዓይን የማይታይ ቤተ‎‎ክርስቲያን ጽንሰ ሐሳብ አዳብረዋል ።‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎[15]‎‎ ‎‎ አንዳንድ ‎‎ሃይማኖታዊ ቡድኖች‎‎ በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ የአባላት ነትና ስርጭት ያላቸው ሲሆን ሌሎቹ ደግሞ በአንድ አገር ብቻ የተወሰነ ነው። ‎‎ ‎‎[16]‎‎ ‎‎ አብዛኛዎቹ ፕሮቴስታንቶች‎‎[g]‎‎ ‎‎ በጣት የሚቆጠሩ የፕሮቴስታንት ሃይማኖት ቤተሠቦች አባላት ናቸው። ‎‎አናባፕቲስቶች፣‎‎ ‎‎የአንግሊካን‎‎/‎‎ኤጲስቆጶሳውያን፣‎‎ ‎‎ባፕቲስቶች፣‎‎ ‎‎ካልቪኒስት/ተሃድሶ‎‎፣‎‎[h]‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎ሉተራን፣‎‎ ‎‎ሜቶዲስትእና‎‎ ‎‎የጰንጠቆስጤ ተወላጆች‎‎ናቸው። ‎‎አድቬንቲስቶች ከፕሮቴስታንት የተገነጠለ ቡድን ነው። ‎‎[12]‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎የፕሮቴስታንት እምነት ተከታዮች ያልሆኑ፣‎‎ ‎‎ቻሪስማቲክ፣‎‎ ‎‎ወንጌላዊ፣‎‎ ‎‎ነጻ፣ እና‎‎ሌሎችም አብያተ ክርስቲያናት እየበረቱ ነው። የፕሮቴስታንት እምነት ጉልህ አካል ምእመናን ናቸው። ‎‎ ‎‎[18]‎‎[19]‎‎ ‎ ‎‎ በ[[ወላይታ]] አከባቢ የሚገኙ የፕሮቴስታንት አብያተ እምነቶች *ቃለ ህይወት ቤ/ክ *የህይወት ቃል ቤ/ክ *መሰረተ ክርስቶስ ቤ/ክ *ሙሉ ወንጌል ቤ/ክ *7ኛው ቀን አድቬንቲስት *ሉተራን(መካነ ኢየሱስ) *ሕይወተ ብርሃን ቤ/ክ * ማራናታ {{መዋቅር-ሃይማኖት}} [[መደብ:የክርስትና ክፍልፋዮች]] 6mjksfk7ytbvoa4cjp4uonq64gdiytb 0 51398 395092 364862 2026-09-18T23:06:07Z Jemalyesu 60707 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 395092 wikitext text/x-wiki ኢንጂነር ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ (Tadesse HaileSelassie) የቀድሞ በርታ ኮንስትራክሽን መሥራች ኢንጂኔር ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ ከዚህ አለም በሞት ተለዩ። ኢንጂኔር ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ ባደረባቸው ሕመም ምክንያት በሕክምና ሲረዱ ቆይተው በተወለዱ በ80 ዓመታቸው የካቲት 22 ቀን 2013 ዓ.ም. በሞት ተለይተዋል፡፡ ሥርአተ ቀብራቸው በአራዳ መናገሻ ቅዱስ ጊዩርጊስ ቤተ ከርስቲያን ተፈጽሟል፡፡ የሕይወት ታሪክ ኢንጂኔር ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ ተክለ ከእናታቸው ከወ/ሮ እልፍነሽ ወልደመድህን እና ከአባታቸው ከአቶ ኃ/ሥላሴ ተክለ በቀድሞ አርሲ ክ/ሀገር ዶዶታ ወረዳ ሊጋባ ከተማ [[ጥቅምት]] 14 ቀን 1933 ዓ.ም.ተወለዱ፡፡ እደሜያቸው ለትምህርት ሲደርስ በአካባቢው ት/ቤት ትምህርት በመከታተል ላይ እያሉ፤ በ1940 ዓ.ም. ክቡር ትዕዛዝ ወልደ ጊዩርጊስ ወልደ ዮሐንስ ወደ [[አዲስ አበባ]] አምጥተው በተፈሪ መኮንን ት/ቤት አስገብተው እየከፈሉላቸው እንዲማሩ አድርገዋል፡፡ እዚያው ት/ቤት አዳሪ በመሆን እስከ 12 ክፍል ድረስ ትምህርታቸውን ተከታትለዋል፡፡ በመቀጠል በቀዳማዊ ኃይለሥላሴ ዩኒቨርስቲ በ1953 ዓ.ም. የምህድስና ኮሌጅ በመግባት በ1957 ዓ.ም. ትምህርታቸውን አጠናቅቀው ተመርቀዋል፡፡ በት/ቤት በነበሩበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ በነበራቸው የአገር ፍቅር የተነሳ በወቅቱ በነበረው ""ተምሮ ማስተማር" በሚባል ፕሮግራም ቀዳሚ ተሳታፊ ነበሩ፡፡ ከቀ.ኃ.ሥ. ዩኒቨርስቲ እንደተመረቁ፣ ልምድ ለማግኘት በቀን ሙያተኛነት በመቀጠር፤ አሁን ዋናው ፖስታ ቤት ያለበት ህንጻ በሚገነባበት ጊዜ አገልግሎት አበርክተዋል፡፡ በዚህ ፕሮጀክት ላይ እየታዩ ደረጃ በደረጃ እስከ ፕሮጀክቱ ዋና መሐንዲስነት ድረስ አገልግለዋል፡፡ በመቀጠል ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ ኮንስትራክሽን በሚል የራሳቸውን አቋቁመው ነበር፡፡ ድርጅቱን በማሳደግ ከኢንጂኔር ብርሃነ አባተ ጋር በመሆን በርታ ኮንስትራክሽን ኃ/የተ/የግ/ማህበርን አቋቋመዋል፡፡ አገር በቀል የሆኑ ተቋራጮች ሲመሠረቱ ከቀደምቶቹ አንዱ በመሆን፤ በርታ ኮንስትራክሽን በተለያዩ የመንገድ ሥራዎች ለምሳሌ ፡- ብቸና ሞጣ፣ ጅማ ጭዳ፣ ሰርዶ አፍዴራ፣ ጋሸና ላሊበላን ገንብተዋል፡፡ ፋብሪካዎችም ገንብተዋል ለምሳሌ፡- የሐረር ቢራ ፋብሪካ፣ ሜታ ቢራ ፋብሪካ፣ ለቱሪስት መዳረሻ የሚሆኑ ታሪካዊ ቦታዎች ውስጥ በባህር ዳር "ጣና ሐይቅ" በጎንደር "ጎሃ" በላሊበላ "ሮሃ" በአክሱም "የሃን" በሒልተን ሆቴል ደረጃ የሆኑ አራት ሆቴሎችን ገንብተዋል፡፡ በሰፋፊ የመስኖ ሥራ ተግባራትም ተሳትፈዋል፣ ለምሳሌ የአሚባራ መስኖ ፕሮጀክት፡፡ ኢንጂኔር ታደሰ ኃሥላሴ ስለ አገር ልማት የነበራቸው ሕልም ከፍ ያለ ነበር፡፡ በተለያዩ መድረኮች ለአገር ልማት ከፍተኛ አስተዋጽኦ ሊያደርጉ የሚችሉ ሃሳቦችን አቅርበዋል፤ ያገባኛል የሚሉ ወገኖችም በሃሳባቸው ዙሪያ እንዲወያዩ አድርገዋል። በተጨማሪ ኢንጂነር ታደሰ ኃሥላሴ ስለ አገር ልማት ጽሑፎችን ለሕዝብ በተደጋጋሚ አበርክተዋል፡፡ እንዲሁም በዚሁ ጥረት በህዝብ ሚዲዎች ብዙ ገለጣዎችን አከናውነዋል፡፡ ኢንጂኔር ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ ያቀርቧቸው የነበራቸው የልማት አስተያየቶች ላይ ተመርኩዞ በ2011 ዓ/ም በተመሠረተ የመሐንዲሶች የጥናት ቡድን፡ በ2050 ኢትዮጵያ በልማት የት ልትደርስ ትችላለች በሚል በተዘጋጀ መድረክ እውቅና ተሰጥቷቸው ተሸልመዋል፡፡ ኢንጂኔር ታደሰ ኃ/ስላሴ በጣም ግልጥና በጣም ቅን ግለሰብ ነበሩ፡፡ እሳቸውን መሰል ቅን ሰው ማግኘት ያዳግታል፡፡ ኢንጂነር ታደሰ ኃ/ሥላሴ ሚያዝያ 1967 ዓ.ም. ከወ/ሮ ሂሩት አማረ ጋር ትዳር መሥርተው ለ46 ዓመት እስከ እለተሞታቸው ድረስ በፍቅር አብረው ኖረዋል፡፡ ምንጭ ጌጡ ተመስገን፡- (የኢትዮጵያ ሲቪል መሐንዲሶች ማህበር) *[https://www.facebook.com/getu26/posts/5416851135021750] sf6htu9ylczow12t9vui7stoxx1zjky 0 54141 395088 395071 2026-09-18T20:23:40Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 395088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making 3vvdhv85ojfhaj1w4ru548hym5m68uq 395089 395088 2026-09-18T21:17:18Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 395089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }} Archived from http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf<nowiki/>PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making ky6ep1q2agyjrev2z1lnx8erbztlxx9 395090 395089 2026-09-18T22:08:36Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 395090 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making o3tepxfpmi4h53shq11e7hdccqjvlyc 395093 395090 2026-09-18T23:40:43Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 395093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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Retrieved 26 November 2008 # Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11–55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service # Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56. # Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226. # Skolnik, H (1976). "Milestones in chemical information science: Award symposium on contributions of the Division of Chemical Literature (Information) to the Chemical Society". ''Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences''. '''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making 1pehzon83odj2jrsg9sh01h95ikaj8t 395095 395093 2026-09-19T01:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 395095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ስዕል:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|426x426px]] '''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል። ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል። == መሠረቶች == '''ወሰን እና ቅርብ''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3] '''ፍቺዎች''' የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል። "የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5] '''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና''' የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10] == ሙያዎች == '''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል። ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል። '''የስርዓት ተንታኝ''' የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ። '''የመረጃ ባለሙያ''' የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን። == ታሪክ == '''ቀደምት ጅምር''' የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው። የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል። == ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ == የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ. == የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች == የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው። '''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት''' የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ። '''መረጃ መፈለግ''' መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል። '''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት''' የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው። == ዋቢዎች == # Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur. # Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 # https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28. # https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25. # Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. # Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2 # Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.'' # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29. # Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf 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'''16''' (4): 187–193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci60008a001 == ምንጮች == * Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X * Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 * Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards * Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811 == ተጨማሪ ንባብ == * Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5 == ውጫዊ አገናኞች == * https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ". * https://www.ischools.org/ * http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html * http://jis.sagepub.com/ * http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html * http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making qrbrur2p1att32jjx9avqzvjk9vaqxt 0 55439 395094 394223 2026-09-19T01:13:04Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 395094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''የሩሲያዊ ዓለም''' (በሩሲያኛ '''Русский мир''') [[በድህረ-ሶቪየት ቦታ ላይ ግጭቶች|ሩሲያ በአጎራባች አገሮች ላይ የከፈተቻቸውን በርካታ ጦርነቶች]] ለማስረዳት መሠረት ሆኖ በሩሲያ ፌዴሬሽን አመራር የተደገፈ የሩሲያ ኢምፔሪያል ጂኦፖለቲካል-አይዲዮሎጂ ትምህርት። [[ፑቲኒዝም|የፑቲን አገዛዝ አጠቃላይ ርዕዮተ ዓለም የተመሰረተው በዚህ ጽንሰ-ሐሳብ ላይ ነው]] <ref>Mark Smith. Pax Russica: Russiaś Monroe Doctrine. 1993</ref> <ref>Бойко Алла. Образ «русского мира» в інформаційному просторі України / Журналістика: наук. зб. / за ред. Н. Сидоренко. — К.: Інститут журналістики КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка, 2016. — Вип. 15 (40) — 232 с</ref>። [[ስዕል:Russian World.jpg|thumb|250px|በሞስኮ ለሚኒ እና ፖዝሃርስኪ ​​የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት፣ በ[[ሞስኮ ክሬምሊን]] አቅራቢያ በቀይ አደባባይ ላይ]] [[ስዕል:Soviet empire 1960.png|thumb|250px|በሩሲያ ኢምፓየር ታሪክ ውስጥ ትልቁ የግዛት መስፋፋት እና በኋላም የዩኤስኤስአርኤስ [[ቅዝቃዛው ጦርነት|የተከሰተው ከሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በኋላ በምስራቅ አውሮፓ ሀገራት ወታደራዊ ወረራ ምክንያት ነው]]]] [[ስዕል:Russian pro-war flag (alternate).png|thumb|[[Z (የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ ምልክት)|የZ ምልክት]] [[የቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ጥብጣብ|በቅዱስ ጆርጅ ሪባን ቀለሞች]] ሩሲያ በዩክሬን ላይ ከደረሰችበት ወረራ ዋነኛ ምልክቶች አንዱ እና የቭላድሚር ፑቲን አገዛዝ ምልክት ሆኗል፣ [[የሩሲያ የጦር ወንጀሎች|እሱም በበርካታ የሰብአዊ መብት ጥሰቶች ጥፋተኛ ነው]]። በዚህ ምክንያት፣ ይህንን ግቢ መጠቀም በብዙ አገሮች ውስጥ የተከለከለ ነው]] == ታሪክ == ሩሲያውያን በ 9 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን በምዕራባዊ ዘመናዊው ሩሲያ የሰፈሩ [[ስላቮች|የምስራቃዊ ስላቭስ]] የተወለዱ ህዝቦች እና የፊንላንድ-ኡሪክ ጎሳዎች ከአዲሶቹ ጋር የተዋሃዱ ናቸው <ref>Пособие по истории Отечества для поступающих в вузы. 2-е изд.: Учеб. пособие. / Ред. коллегия: Орлов А. С., Полунов А. Ю., Шестова Т. Л., Щетинов Ю. А.— М.: Простор, 2004.— С. 68.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160927043735/https://thequestion.ru/questions/23099/pochemu-rf-prisvaivaet-sebe-istoriyu-kievskoi-rusi Почему РФ присваивает себе историю Киевской Руси?]</ref>። በመካከለኛው ዘመን መገባደጃ ላይ፣ አሁን ሩሲያ በምትባለው አገር ውስጥ ሁለት ትላልቅ ከተሞች ነበሩ፡- የዲሞክራቲክ ኖቭጎሮድ ሪፐብሊክ ማዕከል የሆነው ቬሊኪ ኖቭጎሮድ እና አምባገነናዊት ሞስኮ፣ አምባገነናዊ አገዛዝ እና የ ንጉስ ፍፁም ኃይል ያለው። ሞስኮ ኖቭጎሮድን ያለማቋረጥ ታጠቃለች እና በመጨረሻም በ 1478 ብቻ ድል አደረገች። ዘመናዊው የሩሲያ ህዝብ በ 15 ኛው -16 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ውስጥ [[ወርቃማው ሆርዴ|ወርቃማው ሆርዴ]] ከወደቀ በኋላ በሞስኮ ርዕሰ መስተዳደር ውስጥ ተመሠረተ <ref>канд. філос. наук Ковтун Ю. В. ОПОЗИЦІЯ «РОСІЯ — ЗАХІД» В РОСІЙСЬКІЙ ФІЛОСОФСЬКІЙ ДУМЦІ ХІХ СТОЛІТТЯ / «Дні науки філософського факультету — 2016», Міжн. наук. конф. (2016; Київ). Міжнародна наукова конференція «Дні науки філософського факультету — 2016», 20-21 квіт. 2016 р.: [матеріали доповідей та виступів] / редкол.: А. Є. Конверський [та ін.]. — К.: Видавничо-поліграфічний центр «Київський університет», 2016. — Ч. 1. — 231 с.</ref>። ከ 15 ኛው እስከ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን አብዛኛው ሩሲያውያን ትውልዳቸውን በራሳቸው ገዢዎች በባርነት ያሳልፋሉ, ይህም በአብዛኛው አኗኗራቸውን ቀርጿል። ሰራዊቱ አለምን ለማየት እና ከመንደራቸው ባሻገር ያሉ ቦታዎችን ለመጎብኘት ብቸኛው መንገድ ነበር <ref>Ключевский В. О. Происхождение крепостного права в России / В. Ключевский. — СПб., 1885.</ref>። ከ 18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ጀምሮ ፣ በ “የሩሲያ ግዛት” ዓመታት ፣ የሩሲያውያን ልዩ ሥልጣኔያዊ ተልዕኮ ሀሳቦች ተነሱ ፣ ይህም በአውሮፓ መንግስታት ላይ ብዙ ጦርነቶችን ያረጋግጣል። [[የሩሲያዊነት|ሩሲፊኬሽን የተካሄደው በተያዙት አገሮች ውስጥ ነው]] <ref>Иоанн (Снычев), митрополит. Русский узел: статьи, беседы, обращения. – СПБ., 2000. – С. 10-11</ref>። [[ስዕል:Sormovo-Lenin-monument-0305.jpg|thumb|230px|የዩኤስኤስ አር ካፖርት የሶቪየት አምባገነንነት ምልክት ሆኖ ብዙውን ጊዜ በድህረ-ሶቪየት አገሮች ውስጥ ባሉ የአስተዳደር ሕንፃዎች ላይ ይገኛል]] [[ስዕል:Three bogatyrs (Vasnetsov) 02 by shakko.jpg|thumb|250px|ሥዕሉ "ሦስት ጀግኖች" በ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የተፈጠረ እና በመካከለኛው ዘመን "ከሮስቶቭ, ሙሮቭ እና ሞስኮ ከተሞች ሦስት የሩሲያ ጀግኖች" ለሚለው አፈ ታሪክ ተወስኗል። እንደ እውነቱ ከሆነ ሁሉም የመጡት አሁን ዩክሬን ከሆነው የኪዬቭ ግዛት ነው]] [[ስዕል:Ilya Repin - Barge Haulers on the Volga - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|እስከ 1861 ድረስ ሰርፍስ በሩሲያ ማህበረሰብ ውስጥ ትልቁ ማህበራዊ ቡድን ነበር።]] [[ስዕል:Selected works of Joseph Stalin.jpg|thumb|250px|የስታሊን መጽሐፍት]] [[ስዕል:Monument to Lenin near Volgogradneftemash.jpg|thumb|220px|የሌኒን የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት]] በ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ፣ በመንግስት ትእዛዝ ፣ የሩሲያ ኢምፓየር በንጉሠ ነገሥት ሳንሱር የመጀመሪያዎቹ የመካከለኛው ዘመን ሰነዶች ከጠፉ በኋላ በተከሰቱት የተዛቡ እና የተዛቡ ታሪካዊ ምንጮች ላይ በመመርኮዝ ለሩሲያ የመካከለኛው ዘመን ታሪክ የተሰጡ ሥዕሎችን በንቃት መፍጠር ጀመረ <ref>{{Cite web |title="ДРЕВНЮЮ" РУССКУЮ КУЛЬТУРУ ПРИДУМАЛИ В 19 ВЕКЕ |url=https://yablor.ru/blogs/drevnyuyu-russkuyu-kulturu-pridumal/6873439 |accessdate=2026-01-21 |archivedate=2026-01-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123190701/https://yablor.ru/blogs/drevnyuyu-russkuyu-kulturu-pridumal/6873439 }}</ref>። በሳንሱር ለሩሲያ ታሪክ የተነገረለት የኪዬቭ የሶስቱ ጀግኖች ጥንታዊ የዩክሬን አፈ ታሪክ ልዩ ታዋቂነትን አግኝቷል። እንደ እውነቱ ከሆነ ሁሉም የመጡት አሁን ዩክሬን ከሆነው የኪዬቭ ግዛት ነው። አሌዮሻ ፖፖቪች ከፒሪያቲን ከተማ ነበር፣ የኪቫን ልዑልን አገልግሏል፣ እና በካልካ ወንዝ (በአሁኑ ዶንባስ በሚባለው አካባቢ) ዘላኖች ላይ በመዋጋት ሞተ። ጀግናው ዶብሪንያ በምእራብ ዩክሬን ኒዝኪኒቺ ከሚባል መንደር የመጣ ሲሆን በ988 ኪየቭን ያጠመቀው የታላቁ ቭላድሚር አጎት ነበር። እና ኢሊያ ሙሮሜትስ ከኪየቭ 100 ኪሎ ሜትር ርቀት ላይ ከምትገኘው የሙሮቭስክ ከተማ ነበር <ref>[http://chas-time.com.ua/liudyna/zvidki-rodom-ruski-bogatiri.html Звідки родом руські богатирі?]</ref>። በ [[ስታሊኒዝም|የሶቪየት አምባገነን አገዛዝ]] አመታት ውስጥ ይህ ሃሳብ በህዝቦች ወዳጅነት መፈክር ሽፋን ተደብቆ ነበር። ከዚህም በላይ በሶቪየት አምባገነንነት ጊዜ አሌክሳንደር ኔቪስኪ ከስዊድናውያን ጋር ባደረገው ጦርነት ውጤቱ የተጋነነ ነበር, እና በ 1240 የምስራቅ ስላቪክ ርእሰ መስተዳድሮችን የወረረው የካን ባቱ የማደጎ ልጅ መሆኑ ችላ ተብሏል, እናም የአሌክሳንደር ኔቪስኪ ልጅ ለአባቱ ታማኝ አገልግሎት ሆርዴ የመጀመሪያውን [[ሞስኮ|የሞስኮ]] ልዑል ሆነ <ref>Beissinger, Mark R. 2006 «Soviet Empire as 'Family Resemblance,'» Slavic Review, 65 (2) 294–303; Dave, Bhavna. 2007 Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, language and power. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.</ref>። ነገር ግን ዋናዎቹ ባህሪያት ተጠብቀው ነበር - አምባገነንነት, ሩሲያን ማግለል እና ከዓለም የተቆጣጠራቸው አገሮች እና ጥብቅ ሳንሱር። በዘመናዊው ቅርፅ ፣የሩሲያ ዓለም ሀሳብ እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1997 በሩሲያ ፈላስፋ እና የፖለቲካ ሳይንስ ምሁር አሌክሳንደር ዱጊን “የሩሲያ ጂኦፖሊቲካል የወደፊት ዕጣ ፈንታ” በተሰኘው መጽሐፋቸው ተቀርጾ ነበር ፣ እሱም ከጊዜ በኋላ ከፑቲን ጋር ቅርብ የሆነ ፈላስፋ ሆነ <ref>Пыхтин С.П. Русская национальная идея и современность // Русский строй. М., 1997.</ref> <ref>[https://xn--c1anggbdpdf.xn--p1ai/history/227574/ Александр Невский и его поворот на Восток]</ref>። [[ስዕል:Dzhokhar Dudayev (black background).jpg|thumb|180px|የቼቼኒያ የመጀመሪያ መሪ ዱዙክሃር ዱዳይቭ]] ይህ መጽሐፍ በሩሲያ ፌዴሬሽን ከፍተኛ ወታደራዊ የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ የመማሪያ መጽሐፍ ሆኗል. በዚህ ሀሳብ በመመራት ሩሲያ በእኛ ጊዜ ከሌሎች ሀገራት ጋር በደርዘን የሚቆጠሩ ጦርነቶችን ጀምራለች ነገር ግን ትልቁ በ [[ቼቺኒያ]] እና [[ጆርጂያ]] ላይ የተደረጉ ጦርነቶች እና [[፳፻፲፬ የሩሶ-ዩክሬን ቀውስ|በዩክሬን ላይ የተደረገ ጦርነት]] በ 2022 የዘር ማጥፋት ባህሪያትን አግኝቷል <ref>[https://www.facenews.ua/news/2014/257992/ Идея «русского мира» не сможет ни возродить, ни продлить существование России - политбеженец из РФ]</ref> <ref>[https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/poroshenko-maizhe-25-tysiachi-ukrainskykh-heroiv-viddaly-zhyttia-shchob-zvilnyty-donbas-vid-russkoho-myra-109908.html Порошенко: Майже 2,5 тисячі українських героїв віддали життя, щоб звільнити Донбас від "русского мира"]</ref>። የቼችኒያ የመጀመሪያው ፕሬዝዳንት ዞክሃር ዱዳይቭ የሩስያ አለም ለሰው ልጅ የጥላቻ ርዕዮተ ዓለምን እንደሚወክል አስታውቀዋል። እንዲሁም በ 2009 የ [[ብራይክስ]] ድርጅት ተፈጠረ፣ እሱም ለሩሲያ ታማኝ የሆኑ አገሮችን ያካትታል <ref>[https://jamestown.org/dudaev-sets-stage-for-russian-chechen-negotiations/ DUDAEV SETS STAGE FOR RUSSIAN-CHECHEN NEGOTIATIONS.]</ref> <ref>[https://armyinform.com.ua/2022/10/04/dzhohar-dudayevrusyzm-%E2%88%92-cze-osoblyva-forma-lyudynonenavysnyczkoyi-ideologiyi/ Джохар Дудаєв: «русизм − це особлива форма людиноненависницької ідеології»]</ref> <ref>[https://becid.eu/ru/facts/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C/ Говорил ли Джохар Дудаев: „Самая большая ошибка — это пренебречь украинцами“?]</ref>። == ርዕዮተ ዓለም == [[ስዕል:Opening of the monument to the Vladimir the Great (2016-11-04) 02.jpg|thumb|220px|የኪየቭ እና የኖቭጎሮድ ልዑል ቭላድሚር የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት። ፑቲን እ.ኤ.አ. በ 2016 በሞስኮ ውስጥ ይፋ አደረገ ። የመታሰቢያ ሐውልቱ ማዕከላዊ ጠቀሜታ ሩሲያ በዶንባስ ጦርነት ወቅት የዩክሬን ግዛት ለመያዝ ባላት ፍላጎት ላይ ነው]] የሩስያ ዓለም ርዕዮተ ዓለም በበርካታ ስልታዊ የታሪክ መዛባት እና ታሪካዊ አፈ ታሪኮች ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው፣ በዚህ እርዳታ የሩሲያ ግዛት ከንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ጊዜ ጀምሮ የራሱን ወንጀሎች ያጸደቀ ነው። በዘመናዊው [[የሩሲያ ፕሮፓጋንዳ]] የተወረሱ እና ጥቅም ላይ የዋሉ ዋና አፈ ታሪኮች:- * 1. [[ኪየቫን ሩስ]] እና ሩሲያ አንድ ሀገር ናቸው <ref>[https://argumentua.com/stati/sovetskii-soyuz-ubila-lozh-ona-zhe-pokhoronit-i-rossiyu Советский Союз убила ложь. Она же похоронит и Россию]</ref> * 2. [[ዩክሬናውያን]] እና [[ሩሲያውያን]] አንድ ሰዎች ናቸው * 3. [[ዩክሬኖፎቢያ|"የዩክሬን ቋንቋ የለም"]] (ሩሲያ በዚህ ቋንቋ አጠቃቀም ላይ ስልታዊ ገደቦችን እውነታዎች ችላ ትላለች) * 4. ሞስኮ - ሦስተኛው ሮም (የጣሊያን ዋና ከተማ የሆነችው አንደኛ ሮም ወደቀች እና የሮማ ግዛት ፈራረሰች ፣ ሁለተኛ ሮም - ቁስጥንጥንያ በ [[ቱርክ|ኦቶማን ኢምፓየር]] ግፊት ወደቀች ፣ እና ሦስተኛው ሮም - ሞስኮ ዘላለማዊ ነው) * 5. የዩክሬን ብሔር የለም፣ የተፈጠረው በኦስትሪያ አጠቃላይ ሰራተኛ ነው <ref>[https://uinp.gov.ua/informaciyni-materialy/antymif/mif-pro-te-shcho-ukrayinsku-naciyu-vygadav-avstriyskyy-genshtab Міф про те, що українську націю вигадав Австрійський генштаб]</ref>። * 6. በ 2014 ከዩክሬን ጋር ጦርነት ከጀመረ በኋላ ፑቲን "ዩክሬን የተፈጠረው በሌኒን ነው" የሚለውን ተረት ወለ። እንደውም አገሪቱ [[የሶቪየት-ዩክሬን ጦርነት|በ1920 በሶቪየት ኅብረት ከተያዘች በኋላ]] በዩክሬን ውስጥ አገር ሳይሆን አሻንጉሊት መንግሥት ተፈጠረ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Serhii Plokhii: Casus Belli: Did Lenin Create Modern Ukraine? |url=https://www.huri.harvard.edu/news/serhii-plokhii-casus-belli-did-lenin-create-modern-ukraine |accessdate=2026-01-19 |archivedate=2026-01-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130191233/https://www.huri.harvard.edu/news/serhii-plokhii-casus-belli-did-lenin-create-modern-ukraine }}</ref>። * 7. [[ታላቅ ሽብር|የስታሊን ጭቆናዎች ተረት ናቸው]]። * 8. [[ሆሎዶሞር]] በአለም ላይ አዎንታዊ ተጽእኖ ነበረው <ref>[https://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4 International Recognition of the Holodomor]</ref> * 9. ኦፊሴላዊ የሩሲያ አሃዞች እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1939 የሞሎቶቭ-ሪበንትሮፕ ስምምነትን እውነታ ይክዳሉ ፣ ይህም እስከ 1941 ድረስ የዘለቀውን [[ናዚዝም|ናዚዎች]] ከዩኤስኤስአር ጋር ጥምረት መጀመሩን ያሳያል <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035241/https://www.2000.ua/blogi/blogi_blogi/isterija-pobedy.htm Истерия Победы (обновлено)]</ref><ref>[https://www.currenttime.tv/a/russian-military-propaganda-may-9/32401667.html Как "никогда больше" превратилось в "можем повторить". Илья Колмановский – о "победобесии", военной пропаганде и парадах 9 мая]</ref> [[ስዕል:Novorossia.jpg|thumb|240px|የኖቮሮሲያ ካርታ, ሁልጊዜ የዩክሬን ኮሳኮች ንብረት የሆኑ እና ከሩሲያ ግዛት በኋላ በህገ-ወጥ መንገድ ከነሱ የተወሰዱ መሬቶች በእነሱ እርዳታ የኦቶማን ኢምፓየር በ [[1768-1774 የሩስያ-ቱርክ ጦርነት|1768-1774 ጦርነት]] አሸንፈዋል]] * 10. የሩስያ ገዥዎች - ዛር, የዩኤስኤስ አር አምባገነን ጆሴፍ ስታሊን እና ፑቲን - በምድር ላይ የእግዚአብሔር ትስጉት ናቸው * 11. የሩስያ ሥልጣኔ በመንፈሳዊ ያልሰለጠነውን ምዕራባዊ ክፍል ይቃወማል (የሩሲያ ሮማኖቭ ሥርወ መንግሥት መነሻው ጀርመናዊ መሆኑ የሚታወቅ ቢሆንም ችላ ይባላል) * 12. የሩሲያ ታሪክ አንድ ሺህ ዓመት ነው (በ 18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የሩሲያ ኢምፔሪያል ሳንሱር ከ [[ሄትማናቴ|ሄትማናቴ]] እና [[የሊትዌኒያ ግራንድ ዱቺ]] በተወሰዱ ሰነዶች ላይ በመመሥረት እና በተሻሻለው ቅጽ "የሩሲያ ግዛት ታሪክ" በሚል አሳተመ <ref>[https://dgap.org/en/events/russkiy-mir-russian-world Russkiy Mir: "Russian World". DGAP (3 мая 2016). Дата обращения: 22 февраля 2023. Ар]</ref> <ref>[https://www.krug99.ba/doctrine-and-ideology-of-russian-world-in-bosnia-but-not-by-russia/ Doctrine and Ideology of “Russian World” in Bosnia, But Not by Russia]</ref> <ref>Oleksiy Bondarenko. ‘Russkij Mir', Between Diaspora and Public Diplomacy. Russia's Foothold in Central Asia // NUOVA SERIES. — 2016. — Т. 81, вып. 3.</ref>። * 13. [[ታራስ ሼቭቼንኮ]] የሩስያ ገጣሚ ነው። * 14. [[ዛፖሮዝሂያን ሲች|የዩክሬን ኮሳኮች]] ሩሲያኛ ነበሩ (ይህም በኒኮላይ ጎጎል ታራስ ቡልባ መጽሐፍ ውስጥ ተደግሟል ፣ በ 1842 በሩሲያ ኢምፔሪያል ሳንሱር የተዛባ) <ref>[https://www.stopfake.org/en/historical-myths-at-the-service-of-russian-propaganda/ Historical Myths at the Service of Russian Propaganda]</ref>። * 15. "ዩክሬን" የሚለው ስም የመጣው "የድንበር መሬቶች" ከሚለው ቃል ነው። * 16. ክራይሚያ እና [[ዶንባስ]] ሁሌም ሩሲያዊ ናቸው የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ። ይህ ምስራቃዊ የዩክሬን ግዛት ለዘመናት በዩክሬናውያን ይኖሩ ነበር እና በ 18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መገባደጃ ላይ ሩሲያ ወደ ሩሲያ ከመውሰዷ በፊት ክሬሚያ ታሪኳን የጀመረችው እንደ ጥንታዊ የግሪክ ቅኝ ግዛት ነበር <ref>[https://www.ar25.org/ru/article/15-mifov-rossiyskoy-istorii.html 15 мифов российской истории]</ref>። * 17. መላው የዩክሬን ደቡብ ምስራቅ [[ኖቮሮሲያ]] ነው <ref>[https://natoassociation.ca/the-myths-of-novorossiya-kremlin-reinvents-ukrainian-history-to-justify-invasion/ The Myths of Novorossiya: Kremlin Reinvents Ukrainian History to Justify Invasion]</ref> <ref>[https://www.mediavoice.ge/post/destroying-the-historical-fake-about-so-called-novorossiya Destroying the historical fake about so-called "Novorossiya"]</ref> <ref>[https://internews.ua/en/opportunity/revision Re-Vision of History: Russian Historical Propaganda and Ukraine]</ref>። * 18. የዩክሬን እና የቤላሩስ ከተሞች በሩሲያ ገዥዎች የተመሰረቱ ናቸው የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ ([[ክሮፒቭኒትስኪ]]፣ [[ኦዴሳ]]፣ [[ኬርሰን]]) <ref>[https://signaltoresist.com.ua/en/history-of-kherson/ So, Who Does Kherson Belong To? The Story of a City Russia Tried to Rewrite]</ref> <ref>[https://neweasterneurope.eu/2025/03/04/odesas-true-identity-countering-russian-propaganda-and-imperialist-myths/ Odesa’s true identity: countering Russian propaganda and imperialist myths]</ref> <ref>[https://uacrisis.org/en/the-myth-of-russian-donbas The Myth of “Russian Donbas”]</ref>። * 19. በ[[ካትይን]] የፖላንድ እስረኞች የተገደሉት በሶቪየት ልዩ አገልግሎት ሳይሆን በጀርመኖች ነው። * 20. [[የ 2014 የዩክሬን አብዮት]] ከዩኤስኤ ጋር በብሔርተኞች የተደራጀ ነበር [[ስዕል:Последнее предсмертное фото Дарьи Дугиной.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Z (የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ ምልክት)|የፑቲን የቅርብ አጋር እና የርዕዮተ ዓለም ተመራማሪ አሌክሳንደር ዱጂን። ከእሱ ቀጥሎ ሴት ልጁ ነች። እና ጓደኛዋ የፑቲን አገዛዝ እና የዩክሬን ወረራ ምልክት "Z" የሚል ቲሸርት ለብሳለች]]]] * 21. ሩሲያውያን "ልዩ የሆነ የጄኔቲክ ኮድ አላቸው, እና ይህ ከዋና ጥቅሞቻቸው አንዱ ነው" ("የፑቲን ቀጥታ መስመር ለሰዎች") * 22. አሜሪካ ሁል ጊዜ ሩሲያን ለማጥፋት ትፈልጋለች የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ። ፕሮፓጋንዳ በ 1920 ዎቹ መጀመሪያ ላይ የተከሰተውን ረሃብ ጨምሮ በታሪክ አምስት ጊዜ ሰብአዊ ርዳታ በመስጠት ሩሲያን ከረሃብ በመታደግ ረገድ ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ንቁ ሚና መጫወቷን ታሪካዊ እውነታ ችላ ብሎታል (American Relief Administration, ARA) ። በተጨማሪም አጠቃላይ የዩኤስኤስአር ከባድ ኢንዱስትሪ የተገነባው ከዩናይትድ ስቴትስ በተጋበዙ ልዩ ባለሙያተኞች ቁጥጥር ስር ሲሆን በሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት ወቅት ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ለዩኤስኤስአር ከፍተኛ መጠን ያለው የጦር መሣሪያ በብድር-ሊዝ ሰጥታ ነበር። * 23. ዩክሬናውያን ስላቭስ አይደሉም የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ እና የዩክሬን ካፖርት የእስያ ዘላኖች ምልክት ነው <ref>[https://voxukraine.org/ru/fejk-gerbom-ukrayny-yavlyaetsya-hazarskyj-symvol#:~:text=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B5%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC,%D0%B0%20%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%20%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8F.&text=%D0%9C%D1%8B%20%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85,%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%83.&text=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA,%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82 ФЕЙК: Гербом Украины является хазарский символ]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Дезинформация: Герб Украины на самом деле является хазарским родовым знаком, который ставился на скоте и имуществе |url=https://geofacts.ee/ru/2025/03/31/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98-2/ |accessdate=2026-01-22 |archivedate=2025-05-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526153555/https://geofacts.ee/ru/2025/03/31/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98-2/ }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ПРОЗРЕНИЕ "свидомого" украинца: Украина - это РУСЬ, а ВСЕ украинцы - РУССКИЕ |url=https://petition.president.gov.ua/petition/116112 |accessdate=2026-01-22 |archivedate=2022-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929185125/https://petition.president.gov.ua/petition/116112 }}</ref> <ref>[https://likbez.org.ua/ru/istoriya-ukrainyi-kratchayshiy-kurs/vi-vek-972-g VI век – 972 г. — Ликбез]</ref> <ref> Флоря Б. Н. Хазарская версия происхождения украинских казаков в «Летописи» Григория Грабянки // Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. — 2013. — № 3 (53). — С. 142.</ref>። * 24. የአሜሪካ ጦር ሰፈሮች በዩክሬን ግዛት ላይ ይገኛሉ የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ። የሩስያ ፕሮፓጋንዳ በ 2012 የአሜሪካ ጦር ሰፈር በሩሲያ ከንቲባ እና የኡሊያኖቭስክ ገዥ ፊት መከፈቱን ይክዳል (በማዕከላዊ ሩሲያ ውስጥ ያለ ከተማ)፣ ይህ ክስተት በጭብጨባ ተገናኝቷል <ref>[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/03/14/lavrov-backs-nato-using-ulyanovsk-base-a13280 Lavrov Backs NATO Using Ulyanovsk Base]</ref>። * 25. በሩሲያ ውስጥ [[የዶኔትስክ ህዝቦች ሪፐብሊክ]] እና [[የሉጋንስክ ህዝቦች ሪፐብሊክ]] ገለልተኛ "የሕዝብ ሪፐብሊኮች" ነበሩ የሚል ተረት ተዘርግቷል. የሩሲያ ፕሮፓጋንዳ በመፍጠራቸው፣ በመቆጣጠር ወይም በጦር መሣሪያቸው ውስጥ ምንም አይነት ተሳትፎን ይክዳል። የሩሲያ ባለስልጣናት በምስራቃዊ ዩክሬን ውስጥ በጦርነት ውስጥ የሩሲያ ወታደሮች ተሳትፎ እና በ "ሪፐብሊኮች" ውስጥ ከፍተኛ የመንግስት ቦታዎች በሩሲያ ዜጎች እና እንደ አሌክሳንደር ቦሮዳይ እና ኢጎር ጊርኪን ባሉ የጦር ወንጀለኞች መያዛቸውን ችላ ይላሉ <ref>[https://archive.khpg.org/en/1608809579 Ex-Donbas militant leader who wants Russia to seize most of Ukraine elected to Russian parliament]</ref> <ref>[https://rusaggression.gov.ua/en/hirkin-58f55c64ad3d301df5ec2e9e83d3d202.html Hirkin Ihor Vsevolodovychalias Igor Ivanovich Strelkov, "Strelok" (Gunner, Shooter, Rifleman)]</ref>። * 26. በሩሲያ ውስጥ ያሉ የዲሞክራሲ ኃይሎች ደጋፊዎች ሁሉ ሩሲያን ለማጥፋት የተላኩ ምዕራባውያን ወኪሎች ናቸው የሚል ተረት አለ። ይህ ፕሮፓጋንዳ የሁሉም የሩሲያ ባለስልጣኖች እና የጦር መሪዎች ልጆች በዩናይትድ ስቴትስ, በስፔን እና በፈረንሳይ የሚኖሩ መሆናቸውን ችላ ብሎታል. በተለይም የፑቲን የመጀመሪያ ሴት ልጅ ማሪያ ቮሮንትሶቫ እና ልጇ በኔዘርላንድ ሲኖሩ የሩሲያ መከላከያ ሚኒስትር ሰርጌ ሾጉ ልጅ በስፔን ይኖራሉ <ref>[https://www.bnr.nl/nieuws/ondernemen/10537636/poetins-dochter-spekt-artsensalaris-met-miljoenen-uit-zorgkliniek-voor-vaders-vertrouwelingen Poetins dochter spekt artsensalaris met miljoenen uit ‘zorgkliniek’ voor vaders vertrouwelingen]</ref> [[ስዕል:Bucha main street, 2022-04-06 (0804).jpg|thumb|240px|በኪዬቭ ዳርቻ በቡቻ ከተማ ውስጥ ሙሉ በሙሉ የተወደመ የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ መሣሪያዎች አምድ፣ ጸደይ 2022]] * 27. የሩስያ ፌዴሬሽን የሩስያ የጦር ወንጀሎችን የሚያሳዩ ማስረጃዎች በሙሉ ሐሰት እና ሩሲያን ለማጣጣል ያለመ መሆኑን በይፋ አስታውቋል። ለምሳሌ፣ ፑቲን የቡቻ እልቂት የውሸት ዜና እንደሆነ እና የተገደሉት ዩክሬናውያን ተዋናዮች መሆናቸውን ተናግሯል <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-ally-says-bucha-killings-are-fake-propaganda-2022-04-05/ Kremlin says Bucha is 'monstrous forgery' aimed at smearing Russia]</ref> <ref>[https://voxukraine.org/en/fake-russian-military-is-not-involved-in-the-mass-killings-of-civilians-in-bucha FAKE: Russian military is not involved in the mass killings of civilians in Bucha]</ref> <ref>[https://theweek.com/russo-ukrainian-war/1012479/putin-calls-reports-out-of-bucha-fake-in-first-public-comments-on https://theweek.com/russo-ukrainian-war/1012479/putin-calls-reports-out-of-bucha-fake-in-first-public-comments-on]</ref>። የሩሲያ ዜጎች የሩስያ የጦር ወንጀሎችን አምነው ጦርነቱን እንዲያቆሙ በሚጠይቁ የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ጽሁፎች በባለሥልጣናት ስደት እየደረሰባቸው ነው። [[የማሪፖል ከበባ|ለምሳሌ ጋዜጠኛ ማሪያ ፖኖማርንኮ በሩሲያ ውስጥ በቦምብ ጥቃቱ ወቅት በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ የዩክሬን ሰላማዊ ዜጎች በተጠለሉበት በማሪዮፖል ድራማ ቲያትር ላይ የሩስያ የአየር ጥቃትን በመዘገቧ ታስራለች]] <ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/ponomarenko-mariya-nikolaevna/ Пономаренко Мария Николаевна]</ref>፣ የሞስኮ ጡረተኛ ሚካሂል ሲሞኖቭ ሩሲያ በማሪዮፖል ላይ ስላደረሰችው የቦምብ ጥቃት በሰጠው አስተያየት የሰባት አመት እስራት ተፈርዶበታል። በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ ሌሎችም ተመሳሳይ እጣ ገጥሟቸዋል <ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/simonov-mihail/ Симонов Михаил Юрьевич]</ref> <ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/martynov-aleksandr/ Мартынов Александр Александрович]</ref> <ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/kamardin-artyom-yurevich/ Камардин Артём Юрьевич]</ref> <ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/turbin-arsenij/ Турбин Арсений]</ref>። እንደ አሌክሲ ሚልቻኮቭ ያሉ ኒዮ ናዚዎች በሩሲያ ጦር ውስጥ መኖራቸው እና የሩሲያ ምሁራን ዩክሬናውያንን እንዲያጠፉ የሚጠይቁ ጥሪዎች ለፑቲን አገዛዝ ባላቸው ታማኝነት ችላ ተብለዋል። እነዚህ ወንጀሎች በተፈፀሙበት ጊዜ [[ሩሲያ ከዩክሬን ጋር ምን ማድረግ አለባት?]] የሚለው ጽሑፍ በሩሲያ ዋና የዜና ወኪል ታትሟል <ref>[https://expresso.pt/guerra-ucrania/2022-07-20-Nacionalistas-e-imperialistas-da-extrema-direita-a-historia-dos-neonazis-russos-que-alegam-desnazificacao-para-combaterem-na-Ucrania-1036a3db Nacionalistas e imperialistas da extrema-direita: a história dos neonazis russos que alegam "desnazificação" para combaterem na Ucrânia]</ref> * 28. የዩኤስ መዝሙር የተመሠረተው በሩሲያ ባሕላዊ ዜማ ላይ ነው የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ <ref>[https://travelask.ru/blog/posts/17450-gimn-ssha-i-russkaya-narodnaya-pesnya-kto-u-kogo-ukral-melod Гимн США и русская народная песня: кто у кого украл мелодию]</ref>። * 29. ዩክሬንኛ እና ቤላሩስኛ "የሩሲያ ቀበሌኛዎች ናቸው፣ ዩክሬን እና ቤላሩስ የፖላንድ ግዛት አካል በነበሩበት ጊዜ በፖላንድ ተጽእኖ የተዛባ" የሚለው አፈ ታሪክ በሩሲያ የውስጥ ጉዳይ ሚኒስትር ፒዮትር ቫልቭ በ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የተፈጠረ ነው። የዚህ ተረት ደጋፊዎች የሩስያ ቋንቋ በዘመናዊ መልኩ ከጀርመን፣ ከፖላንድ እና ከፈረንሳይ ብዙ ቃላትን በተለይም የህክምና ቃላትን መውሰዱን ቸል ይላሉ <ref>[https://postup.org.ua/novyny-i-publikatsii/informatsiinyi-sprotyv/1099-tsirkulyar-valueva-spodvignul-ukrainskij-narod-k-samoopredeleniyu Циркуляр Валуева сподвигнул украинский народ к самоопределению]</ref>። * 30. [[የሩሲያ ጸደይ|በደቡብ ምስራቃዊ ዩክሬን ውስጥ የሩስያ ደጋፊ እንቅስቃሴዎች "የሕዝብ የራስን ዕድል በራስ የመወሰን" ድርጊት እንደሆነ የታወቀ አፈ ታሪክ አለ]]። የ "የሩሲያ ዓለም" ደጋፊዎች በእነዚህ የተቃውሞ ሰልፎች ውስጥ የሩሲያ የስለላ አገልግሎቶች እና የሩሲያ ከፍተኛ አዛዥ ተሳትፎን ችላ ይላሉ <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/world/europe/ukraine-rebel-arsen-pavlov-motorola-killed.html Bomb Kills Pro-Russian Rebel Commander in Eastern Ukraine]</ref>። == የዘር ማጥፋት ጥሪ == [[ስዕል:Vladislav Surkov 7 May 2013.jpeg|thumb|180px|ከዘመናዊ ርዕዮተ ዓለም አንዱ የሆነው ቭላዲላቭ ሰርኮቭ። ከፑቲን ጋር ቅርበት ያላቸው ፖለቲከኛ፣ እ.ኤ.አ. በ2014 ሩሲያ በምስራቅ ዩክሬን ላይ የፈፀመችውን ወረራ መርታለች]] የዚህ ርዕዮተ ዓለም አጠቃቀም በጣም አስደናቂ ከሆኑት ምሳሌዎች አንዱ [[ሩሲያ ከዩክሬን ጋር ምን ማድረግ አለባት?]] የሚለው መጣጥፍ ነው። == አስደሳች እውነታዎች == [[ስዕል:Tadeusz Kosciuszko (77509109).jpg|thumb|180px|በ 1863-1864 በሩስያ ኢምፓየር ላይ የተነሳው አመጽ መሪ የሆነው ታዴየስ ኮስሲየስኮ የዩክሬን እና የቤላሩስ ብሄራዊ ጀግና]] የዚህ ሃሳብ ትግበራ ቀደም ሲል በሩሲያ የተጨፈጨፉ ሀገራት ተሳትፎ የማይቻል በመሆኑ የደጋፊዎቿ ዋነኛ ጠላቶች የእነዚህን ሀገራት ነፃነት የሚደግፉ ናቸው። ለምሳሌ የዩክሬን ነፃነት ደጋፊዎች በተለያዩ ዘመናት በመሪያቸው ስም ይጠሩ ነበር። በ 18 ኛው እና በ 19 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ኦፊሴላዊ ፕሮፓጋንዳ ለኢቫን ማዜፓ ክብር ሲሉ "የማዜፓ ሠራዊት" ብለው ጠርቷቸዋል። በሶቪየት ኃያል የመጀመሪያዎቹ አስርት ዓመታት ውስጥ የሶቪየት ፕሮፓጋንዳ ለዩክሬን ነፃነት የሚታገሉትን ሁሉ የፔትሊራ ጦር ፣ ለ [[የዩክሬን ህዝብ ሪፐብሊክ]] ሲሞን ፔትሊዩራ መሪ ክብር እና ከ 1950 ዎቹ እስከ ዛሬ የባንዴራ ጦር ለስቴፓን ባንዴራ ክብር ሲል ጠርቷል (በሩሲያኛ мазепинцы, петлюровцы, бандеровцы)። በቤላሩስ ውስጥ የአምባገነኑ አሌክሳንደር ሉካሼንኮ አገዛዝ ተቃዋሚዎች "ዝማጋሪ" (በቤላሩስኛ змагары) ይባላሉ። == ትችት == [[ስዕል:Патриарший собор во имя Воскресения Христова (июнь 2022).jpg|thumb|180px|ከዩክሬን ወረራ በፊት የተከፈተው የሩስያ ጦር ኃይሎች ዋና ካቴድራል የሩሲያ ኢምፔሪያሊዝም እና የሶቪየት አምባገነንነት ትሩፋትን ያሳያል]] የሩሲያውያን የፑቲን ተቃዋሚዎች እንደ ድርጅት የራሺያን ማህበረሰቦች በአለም አቀፍ ደረጃ አንድ ለማድረግ የተቀሰቀሰውን "የሩሲያ አለም" ሀሳብን ክፉኛ ተችተውታል፣ ይልቁንም በራሺያውያን መካከል በሌሎች ህዝቦች ላይ ጥላቻን ለመፍጠር እና ጦርነትን ለመቀስቀስ መሳሪያ ሆኗል <ref>[https://dron.media/horoshie-russkie-horoshie-li-oni-vzglyad-iz-kieva/ Хорошие русские. Хорошие ли они? Взгляд из Киева]</ref> {{ጥቅስ|የሩሲያ ዓለም ምንድን ነው? ሩሲያኛ የሚነገርበት ወይም የሩስያ ባህል የሚደነቅባቸው ቦታዎች ብቻ ሳይሆን የሩሲያ የጦር መሳሪያዎች የሚፈሩባቸው ቦታዎችም ጭምር ነው። ይህ ደግሞ የሩሲያ ዓለም ነው|ቭላዲላቭ ሰርኮቭ, የሩሲያ መንግሥት ባለሥልጣን|right}} == የተፅዕኖ ዞን == [[ስዕል:United Russia Congress (2011-11-27) 09.jpg|thumb|240px|ፑቲን ሩሲያ በዩክሬን ላይ የጀመረችውን ወረራ በመደገፍ ኮንሰርት አዘጋጅቷል]] [[ስዕል:RussiansinBangui.png|thumb|240px|በአፍሪካ ውስጥ የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ]] [[ስዕል:Українські захисники розгромили ворожу БТГ на Донеччині за кілька годин 11.jpg|thumb|240px|የሩሲያ ወታደራዊ መሳሪያዎች ከ Z ምልክት ጋር]] ይህ ርዕዮተ ዓለም እና ፕሮፓጋንዳ በአጠቃላይ በሁሉም የዓለም ሀገሮች ላይ ያነጣጠረ ነው, ነገር ግን በተለይ [[የነፃ ግዛቶች ኮመንዌልዝ|የቀድሞው የሩሲያ ግዛት እና የዩኤስኤስ አር ቅኝ ግዛቶች]] ላይ ነው። የራሺያ መንግስት በነዚህ ሀገራት ላይ የሚፈጽመውን ወንጀል ወደ ጎን በመተው "የሩሲያ ታሪካዊ መሬቶችን በመመለስ" "የሩሲያ ቋንቋ ተናጋሪዎችን በመጠበቅ" ወዘተ የሌሎች ሀገራትን ግዛቶች መያዙን ያጸድቃል። በብዙ አገሮች ይህ ርዕዮተ ዓለም ለብሔራዊ ደኅንነት አስጊ ሆኖ የተከለከለ ነው <ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3005-20#Text Про засудження та заборону пропаганди російської імперської політики в Україні і деколонізацію топонімії]</ref>። {{ጥቅስ|ፑቲንን እንደ ዋና እና ብቸኛው ክፋት የሚመለከት ማንኛውም ሰው "በታሪክ ውስጥ የአንድ የተወሰነ ግለሰብ ሚና" በሚለው የተሳሳተ አስተሳሰብ ይመራል። እሱ ሌላ የሩሲያ ግዛት አሻንጉሊት ነው። በ300 ዓመታት የማይለወጡ ወጎች ይመራል። የፑቲን አገዛዝ ምንም ዓይነት ዋና ገፅታዎችም ሆነ የራሱ የግል ቅዠቶች አልያዘም። እሱ በቀላሉ የሩሲያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት አስተዳደር ደንቦችን በትጋት ይከተላል። ሁሉም የፑቲን ድርጊቶች ባለፉት መቶ ዘመናት ሲተገበር የቆየው የሩሲያ የውጭ ፖሊሲ ቀጥተኛ ሎጂካዊ ቀጣይ ናቸው|አሌክሳንደር ኔቭዞሮቭ፣ ሩሲያዊ ጸሐፊ, ጋዜጠኛ እና የህዝብ ታዋቂ|right}} ይህ ርዕዮተ ዓለም በአፍሪካ አገሮች እንደ ሩሲያ ቱዴይ እና ስፑትኒክ ባሉ የሩስያ ሚዲያዎች በንቃት የሚስፋፋ ሲሆን ዓላማውም ሩሲያ በድሆች እና ተጋላጭ አገሮች ላይ ያላትን ተጽእኖ ለማጠናከር እና ለዩክሬን ጦርነት የአፍሪካ ቅጥረኞችን ለመመልመል ነው <ref>[https://afrinz.ru/2025/04/konecz-neokolonializma-russkij-mir-vmesto-fransafriki/ Конец неоколониализма: Русский мир вместо Франсафрики]</ref>። ከ 2022 ጀምሮ አፍሪካውያን ቅጥረኞች በ [[የሩሲያ ፌዴሬሽን የጦር ኃይሎች|የሩሲያ ጦር]] ውስጥ በንቃት ተቀጥረው ነበር እናም ብዙውን ጊዜ እንደ ግል እና በ "ስጋ ጥቃቶች" ምክንያት በዩክሬን ላይ በተደረገው ጦርነት ይሞታሉ <ref>[https://russkiymir.ru/news/329555/ «Русский мир» запустил вещание в Африке]</ref>። == በስነ-ጽሁፍ == [[ስዕል:Пам'ятник чекістам у Кропивницькому.jpg|thumb|220px|በሶቪየት የግዛት ዘመን ለቀይ ሽብር እና ለፖለቲካ ጭቆና ተጠያቂ ለሆኑት የሶቪየት ሚስጥራዊ አገልግሎቶች የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት በዩክሬን ከተማ [[ክሮፒቭኒትስኪ]] ቆመ። ሃውልቱ ሊፈርስ የታቀደው ሩሲያ በዩክሬን ወረራ ወቅት በዩክሬናውያን ላይ በፈፀመችው ወንጀል ሲሆን ይህም በብዙ መልኩ በሶቭየት ህብረት የተፈፀመውን ይመስላል]] እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1922 ሩሲያዊ ጸሐፊ ማክስም ጎርኪ በሶቪየት ኅብረት እና በሩሲያ ውስጥ የተከለከለውን "በሩሲያ ገበሬዎች" (በሩሲያኛ О русском крестьянстве) አንድ ድርሰት አሳተመ <ref>[https://ru.m.wikisource.org/wiki/О_русском_крестьянстве_(Горький) О русском крестьянстве (Горький)]</ref>። == ሚምስ == እ.ኤ.አ. በ2019 የሩስያ ኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያን በሆነው በሴንት ፒተርስበርግ በሚገኘው የቅዱስ ይስሃቅ ካቴድራል የቤተክርስቲያኑ መዘምራን ሩሲያ እንዴት በዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ላይ የኒውክሌር ፍንዳታ እንደምታደርግ የጸሎት መዝሙር አቅርበዋል <ref>[https://varlamov.me/3324964.html «Ты прости, Америка»: в Исаакиевском соборе хор исполнил песню о бомбардировке США]</ref>። በኤፕሪል 4፣ 2022፣ ከሩሲያ የመጣ አስደንጋጭ ቪዲዮ በመስመር ላይ ተሰራጨ። በዩክሬን ጦርነት ውስጥ መግባት አለብኝ በማለት የሩስያን ፕሮፓጋንዳ አይቶ አንድ የሥነ አእምሮ ችግር ያለበት ሰው በዘፈቀደ የመኪናውን ሾፌር መስኮት ሲሰብረው ያሳያል (በሩሲያኛ "Ты нахера мне стекло разбил ?") <ref>[https://m.vk.com/video-83304459_456239278 Мужик, а ты нахера мне стекло разбил (текст)]</ref>። == ይህ አይዲዮሎጂ በኢትዮጵያ == [[ስዕል:Leaders and representatives of BRICS member states attending dinner on the sidelines of the 14th BRICS Summit (2024).jpg|thumb|250px|የኢትዮጵያ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር እና የብልጽግና ፓርቲ መሪ አብይ አህመድ በብሪክስ የመሪዎች ጉባኤ ላይ ከፑቲን ጎን ተቀምጠዋል]] ይህ ርዕዮተ ዓለም የሩስያን ዘመናዊ የሀገር ውስጥ እና የውጭ ፖሊሲን በመቅረጽ ወደ ፑቲን አምባገነንነት እንዲመራ ያደረገ ሲሆን [[የብልጽግና ፓርቲ|በኢትዮጵያ ገዥው ፓርቲ - ብልፅግና ፓርቲ]] የሚደገፍ ነው <ref>[https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_7401852 Prime Minister Abiy Holds Talks with Russian President Putin]</ref>። == ሲኒማ ውስጥ == * ሩሲያ በዩክሬን ላይ የፈፀመችውን ወንጀል በተመለከተ በፑቲን ተቃዋሚዎች የተደራጀ ትልቅ ምርመራ <ref>[https://navalny.com/p/6579/ Патриот за деньги. «Русский мир» в обмен на Эмираты]</ref> * [[ዶንባስ (የዶክ ፊልም)]] <ref>[https://m.ok.ru/video/1462458059462 Donbass (2018) a film directed by Sergei Loznitsa with Valeriu Andriuta, Evgeny Chistyakov, Georgi Deliyev, Vadim Dubovsky]</ref> * [[የፑቲኒዝም አናቶሚ (ዘጋቢ ፊልም)]] == በተጨማሪም ተመልከት == * [[ኖቮሮሲያ]] * [[ታላቅ ሽብር]] * [[ማጎሪያ ካምፕ]] * [[የፖለቲካ ጭቆና]] * [[የሩሲያ ፕሮፓጋንዳ]] * [[የሩሲያ የጦር ወንጀሎች]] * [[የኢትዮጵያ እና የሩሲያ ግንኙነት]] == አገናኞች == d1ez3qt5rhvimuwx5cw4bf8t5ksvuft 0 55859 395096 394757 2026-09-19T09:45:08Z InternetArchiveBot 35471 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260919)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 395096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''የጀርመን ብሔራዊ የሶሻሊስት የሰራተኞች ፓርቲ''' ( ብሔራዊ ሶሻሊስት ፓርቲ ) ከ1920 እስከ 1945 [[ጀርመን|በጀርመን]] የነበረ የቀኝ ክንፍ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲ ነበር። <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fritzsche|first1=Peter|title=Germans into Nazis|url=https://archive.org/details/germansintonazis0000frit|date=1998|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=[https://archive.org/details/germansintonazis0000frit/page/143 143], 185, 193, 204–05, 210|isbn=978-0674350922}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Eatwell|first1=Roger|title=Fascism : a history|url=https://archive.org/details/fascismhistory00eatw|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-14-025700-4|location=New York}}</ref> <ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite web|title=The Nazi Party}}</ref>ከዚህ በፊት የነበረው የጀርመን የሰራተኞች ፓርቲ (DAP) ሲሆን በ1919 የተመሰረተው እና በሚቀጥለው ዓመት በ1920 ስሙን ቀይሮታል። ኦፊሴላዊው ምህጻረ ቃል '''NSDAP''' ነው። <ref name="石田38"></ref>በተለምዶ '''ናዚዎች''' ፣ '''የናዚ ፓርቲ''' ወይም '''የናዚ ፓርቲ''' ተብለው ይጠራሉ (ለዝርዝሮች #ስምን ይመልከቱ)። የNSDAP ከአንደኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በኋላ ጀርመን ውስጥ ከተነሳው ጽንፈኛ [[:en:German_nationalism|የጀርመን ብሔርተኝነት]] ( [[:en:Völkisch_nationalism|ሕዝባዊ ብሔርተኝነት]] )፣ [[ዘረኝነት]] ፣ ፖፑሊዝም እና የበጎ ፈቃደኝነት ባህል የመነጨ ሲሆን የሰራተኛውን ክፍል [[ኰሙኒስም|ከኮሚኒዝም]] ለመለየት እና በብሔርተኝነት ውስጥ ለማካተት በማሰብ የተመሰረተ ነው። <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Thomas D.|title=Stormtroopers and Crisis in the Nazi Movement: Activism, Ideology and Dissolution|url=https://archive.org/details/stormtrooperscri0000gran|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0415196024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Otis C.|title=Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933|date=2008|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=978-0786477296}}</ref>የፓርቲው የመጀመሪያ የፖለቲካ ስትራቴጂ ፀረ- ኮርፖሬት ፣ ፀረ- ቡርጆይ እና ፀረ-ካፒታሊስት ሶሻሊስት ንግግሮችን በመጠቀም የታችኛውን መካከለኛ መደብ ድጋፍ ለማግኘት ሞክሯል፣ ነገር ግን በኋላ ላይ ይህ አቋም ቀነሰ እና ፓርቲው የኮርፖሬት አስፈፃሚዎችን ድጋፍ ለማግኘት ተለወጠ። በ1930ዎቹ ፀረ-ሴማዊነት እና ፀረ-ማርክሲስት የፓርቲው ርዕዮተ ዓለም ማዕከላዊ ሆነ። <ref>{{Cite web|title=Were the Nazis Socialists?}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last1=McDonough|first1=Frank|title=Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerriseofnazi0000mcdo|date=2003|publisher=Pearson/Longman|isbn=978-0582506060}}</ref>ፓርቲው መጀመሪያ ላይ በሕዝቡ ዘንድ ብዙም ድጋፍ አላገኘም ነበር፣ ነገር ግን የኑሮ ደረጃ ማሽቆልቆል እና በታላቁ የኢኮኖሚ ድቀት ምክንያት የሚፈጠረው የሥራ አጥነት መጨመር ለጽንፈኛ የፖለቲካ ርዕዮተ ዓለሞች ያለውን ድጋፍ ሲያሰፋው ጥንካሬው ጨምሯል። <ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite web|title=The Nazi Party}}</ref> የናዚዝም እምብርት የፖለቲካ ተቃዋሚዎችን፣ የአካል ወይም የአእምሮ ጉዳት ያለባቸውን ሰዎች እና [[:en:Fremdvölkische|የሌሎች ዘሮችን]] ሰዎች የሚያገልል እና "በዘር የሚፈለጉ" ጀርመናውያንን ብቻ የብሔራዊ ማህበረሰብ አባላት አድርጎ የሚቆጥራቸው " ብሔራዊ ማህበረሰብ " [[:en:Nazi_racial_theories|በዘር ብቻ የተወሰነ]] ርዕዮተ ዓለም ነበር። <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Majer|first1=Diemut|title="Non-Germans" Under The Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945|date=2013|publisher=Texas Tech University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|isbn=978-0896728370}}</ref>የNSDAP ቡድን " የኢዩጂኒክ ንጽህና"ን በማበረታታት የአሪያን [[:en:Master_race|ዘርን]] በአንደኛ ደረጃ፣ የማህበራዊ ደህንነት ፖሊሲዎችን እና ከግለሰብ መብቶች ይልቅ መንግስትን እና የጎሳ ማህበረሰብን ቅድሚያ የሚሰጥ ርዕዮተ ዓለምን በማበረታታት የጎሳ ቡድኖችን ለማጠናከር ሞክሯል። <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Wildt|first1=Michael|title=Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence Against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939|date=2012|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0857453228}}</ref>የአሪያን ዘርን ንፅህና እና ጥንካሬ ለመጠበቅ፣ አይሁዶችን ፣ [[ጂፕሲዎች|ሮማዎችን]] ፣ የአካል ጉዳተኞችን፣ ግብረ ሰዶማውያንን ፣ [[የይሖዋ ምስክሮች|የይሖዋ]] ምሥክሮችን እና የፖለቲካ ተቃዋሚዎችን መብታቸውን ለመንጠቅ፣ ለመለየት እና በመጨረሻም ለማጥፋት ሞክረዋል። <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holocaust: a reader|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_1405113995|date=2005|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Malden, Massachusetts; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia|isbn=978-1405114004}}</ref>በፓርቲ ቁጥጥር ስር የነበረው የጀርመን መንግሥት “ የመጨረሻው መፍትሔ ” ( [[ሆሎኮስት]] ) የተሰኘውን ስልታዊ የዘር ማጥፋት ዘመቻ ፈጽሟል፤ በዚህ ዘመቻ [[:en:Victims_of_Nazi_Germany|ወደ 6 ሚሊዮን የሚጠጉ አይሁዶች እና በሚሊዮን የሚቆጠሩ ሌሎች ተጎጂዎች ተገድለዋል]] ። <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Richard J.|title=The Third Reich at War|url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_1|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0143116714}}</ref> [[አዶልፍ ሂትለር]] ከ1921 ጀምሮ የፓርቲ መሪ ሆኖ አገልግሏል፣ እና በጥር 30፣ 1933 በፕሬዚዳንት ፖል ቮን ሂንደንበርግ የጀርመን ቻንስለር ሆኖ ተሾመ፣ እና ብዙም ሳይቆይ ስልጣን ተቆጣጠረ።ሂትለር " ሦስተኛውን ራይክ " ማለትም [[ፍፁም ጠቅላይ|አምባገነናዊ]] አገዛዝ አቋቋመ፣ እናም ፍጹም [[ፈላጭ ቆራጭ|አምባገነን]] ሆነ። <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|title=The Origins of Totalitarianism|date=1951|publisher=Harvest Book}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=Michael|title=Totalitarianism|url=https://archive.org/details/totalitarianism0000curt|date=1979|publisher=Transactions Publishers|isbn=978-0878552887}}</ref> ጀርመን በሁለተኛው [[2ኛው ዓለማዊ ጦርነት|የዓለም ጦርነት]] ከተሸነፈች በኋላ፣ የNSDAP በተባበሩት ኃይሎች ሕገ-ወጥ እና ከንቱ ሆነች። <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dokumente Zur Deutschlandpolitik|date=2003|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftverlag|isbn=3486566679}}</ref>[[:en:List_of_defendants_at_the_International_Military_Tribunal|ብዙዎቹ መሪዎች]] በኑረምበርግ ችሎት በሰብአዊነት ላይ በተፈጸሙ ወንጀሎች እና በሌሎች ጥፋቶች ጥፋተኛ ሆነው ተገኝተው ተገድለዋል።[[:en:Nazi_symbolism|የፓርቲው ምልክቶች]] አሁንም [[:en:Bans_on_Nazi_symbols|በብዙ የአውሮፓ አገራት፣ ጀርመን እና ኦስትሪያን ጨምሮ በሕግ የተከለከሉ]] ናቸው። == ርዕዮተ ዓለም == በፓርቲው ውስጥ፣ የሂትለርን አመራር ፍጹም አድርጎ መቀበልን በተመለከተ ብዙም ተቃውሞ አልነበረም፤ ሆኖም ግን፣ የናዚ ንቅናቄ ትክክለኛ ስራዎች ከተቀናጀ ጥረት የራቁ ነበሩ። የክልል ፓርቲ ድርጅቶች፣ ተግባራዊ አካላት፣ የSA (የማዕበል መገንጠል) እና ተደማጭነት ያላቸው የፓርቲ ሰዎች ብዙውን ጊዜ ባለው ሁኔታ ላይ ተመስርተው ራሳቸውን ችለው ይንቀሳቀሳሉ። ከገበሬዎች ጋር ከተያያዙ ፖሊሲዎች በተጨማሪ፣ ወጥ የሆነ የፖሊሲ መድረክ አልነበረም። ሆኖም፣ ይህ ተፈጥሮ በተለያዩ የፓርቲ ድርጅቶች መካከል የፉክክር እድገትን አስፋፍቶ በንቅናቄው ውስጥ ተለዋዋጭነትን ጨመረ። የንቅናቄው የወጣትነት ጉልበት እና ቀላል መፈክሮቹ - በታላቁ የኢኮኖሚ ድቀት እና በፓርላማ ፖለቲካ ትርምስ ምክንያት የተፈጠረውን ሁሉንም ማህበራዊ አለመረጋጋት ከቬርሳይ ስምምነት፣ ከዌርማ ሪፐብሊክ፣ ከአይሁዶች እና ከቦልሼቪዝም ጋር ያያይዙት፣ በጠንካራ መሪ የሚመራ "ብሔራዊ ማህበረሰብ" እንዲቋቋም ሲሟገቱ - በድህረ ምህዳሩ ውስጥ ለሚታገል ህዝብ ሰፊ ይግባኝ ነበራቸው፣ ይህም ሁኔታውን ለማፍረስ የተስፋ ምልክት ሆኖ አገልግሏል [8]። የዌማርን ሕገ መንግሥታዊ ሥርዓት በፍፁም በመቃወም፣ የናዚ ፓርቲ ራሱን ከተቋቋመው ስርዓት ፓርቲዎች መሠረታዊ አማራጭ አድርጎ አስቀምጧል። ራሱን እንደ ብቸኛ ብሔራዊ ንቅናቄ እያስተዋወቀ፣ ተቀናቃኝ ፓርቲዎችን እንደ ተደማጭነት ያላቸው የማህበራዊ ጥቅም ቡድኖች አሻንጉሊት አድርጎ እያቃለለ። rplpimqqurh1amen8ojdpwwbn8yt0c9 0 55922 395091 395084 2026-09-18T22:44:47Z WikiBayer 28232 395091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease |name =Postpartum depression |image =Postpartum Depression Venus.jpg |image_size = |alt = |caption =Postpartum depression venus, a representation of the loss and emptiness felt after childbirth. }} ''ሁለቱም ጾታዎች ሊያጠቃ የሚችለው እና ከወሊድ ጋር ተያያዥነት ያለው የስሜት መቃወስ'' ከወሊድ በኋላ የሚከሰት የመንፈስ ''ጭንቀት (PPD) በመባል ይታወቃል። ከፍተኛ የሀዘን ስሜት፣ የኃይል ማጣት፣ የጭንቀት ስሜት፣ ስሜትን በቀላሉ መጎዳት (ቶሎ ቶሎ ማልቀስ) ፣ ብስጭት እንዲሁም የምግብና የእንቅልፍ መዛባት የዚህ ችግር ምልክቶች ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ። አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ችግሩ መታየት የሚጀምረው ሕፃን ከተወለደ ከአንድ ሳምንት እስከ አንድ ወር ባለው ጊዜ ውስጥ ነው። በተጨማሪም PPD በአዲስ የተወለደው ሕፃን ላይ ከፍተኛ አሉታዊ ተጽዕኖ ሊያሳድር ይችላል።'' ''የPPD ትክክለኛ መንስኤ በውል ባይታወቅም እንኳ ፣ አካላዊ፣ ስሜታዊ፣ የዘረመል እና ማህበራዊ ሁኔታዎች ተደማምረው እንደሚያስከትሉት ይታመናል። ከእነዚህም መካከል የሆርሞን ለውጦች እና የእንቅልፍ እጦት ዋና ዋናዎቹ ናቸው። ለዚህ ችግር የሚያጋልጡ ምክንያቶች ቀደም ሲል የነበረ የድህረ ወሊድ የመንፈስ ጭንቀት ታሪክ፣ ባይፖላር ዲስኦርደር (የሁለትዮሽ ስሜት መቃወስ)፣ በቤተሰብ ውስጥ የመንፈስ ጭንቀት ታሪክ፣ የስነ-ልቦና ውጥረት፣ የወሊድ ችግሮች፣ የድጋፍ እጦት ወይም የአደንዛዥ ዕፅ ሱሰኝነትን ያጠቃልላሉ። የበሽታው ምርመራ የሚደረገው በግለሰቡ ላይ በሚታዩ ምልክቶች ላይ ተመስርቶ ነው። አብዛኛዎቹ ሴቶች ከወሊድ በኋላ ለአጭር ጊዜ ስጋት ወይም አለመደሰት ሊያጋጥማቸው ቢችልም፣ ምልክቶቹ ከባድ ከሆኑ እና ከሁለት ሳምንት በላይ ከቀጠሉ የድህረ ወሊድ የመንፈስ ጭንቀት መኖሩ ሊጠረጠር ይገባል።'' ለአደጋ ተጋላጭ ለሆኑ አካላት የስነ-ልቦና ድጋፍ ማቅረብ የPPD በሽታን ለመከላከል ትልቅ ሚና አለው። ይህ ድጋፍ እንደ ምግብ፣ የቤት ውስጥ ሥራዎች ማከናወን፣ የእናት እንክብካቤ እና ማህበራዊ አብሮነት ያሉ የማህበረሰብ እርዳታዎችን ሊያካትት ይችላል። ለPPD የሚሰጡ ሕክምናዎች የምክር አገልግሎት ወይም መድሃኒቶችን ሊያካትቱ ይችላሉ። ውጤታማ ሆነው የተገኙት የምክር ዓይነቶች በሰዎች መካከል የሚደረግ ሳይኮቴራፒን (አይፒቲ)፣ የግንዛቤ ባህሪ ሕክምናን (ሲቢቲ) እና ሳይኮዳይናሚክ ሕክምናን ያካትታሉ። በተጨማሪም የተመረጡ የሴሮቶኒን መልሶ ማግኛ አጋቾችን (SSRIs) መጠቀምን የሚደግፉ የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ መረጃዎች አሉ። ከወሊድ በኋላ ከሚገኙ ሴቶች መካከል በግምት 15 በመቶ ያህሉ በድህረ ወሊድ የመንፈስ ጭንቀት ይጠቃሉ። ከዚህም በተጨማሪ፣ ይህ የስሜት መቃወስ ከ 1% እስከ 26% የሚሆኑ አዲስ አባቶችን ሊጎዳ እንደሚችል ይገመታል። ከድህረ ወሊድ ስሜት መቃወስ ዓይነቶች ይበልጥ የከፋው እና አደገኛ የሆነው ከወሊድ በኋላ የሚከሰት የአእምሮ መታወክ (ሳይኮሲስ)፣ ከወሊድ በኋላ ከሚገኙ በየ 1,000 ሴቶች ውስጥ ከ 1 እስከ 2 በሚደርሱት ላይ ይከሰታል። ይህ የአእምሮ መታወክ ከአንድ ዓመት በታች ያሉ ሕፃናትን ሕይወት ከሚያጠፉ ዋና ዋና ምክንያቶች አንዱ ሲሆን፣ በዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ውስጥ በየ 100,000 ልደቶች በግምት 8 ያህሉ ላይ ይከሰታል። == ማጣቀሻዎች == <references /> [[መደብ:Translated from MDWiki]] jjju0uoqk22xtz2uqh1hhcz21uzneik