Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 487 230832 229885 2026-05-25T22:09:16Z Ethanyichenyu 131963 /* Gebēdung */ 230832 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Þis is þæt side mid eald Englisc and niwe Englisc stafas. Gif þu woldest geseon an fullice on eald Englisc, gese: [[Woden(Eald Englisc)|Woden(Eall Eald Englisc)]].''{{cleanup}}Ƿōden is nama ānes þāra Þēodiscum goda, hƿæs nama is of Mercurie on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cynnreccennessum Engliscra cynelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god ƿīsdōmes and gūðes. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on Īslendisce/Norene Óðinn (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); Sƿēonisce Oden; Nīwum Englisce/Englisce (and Ealdum Seaxiscum) Wõden; Ealdum Franconisce Wodan; Alemannisce Wuodan; Þēodisce Wotan oþþe Wothan; Lombardisce Godan, and in Ealdgermanisce hit ƿæs *Wōðanaz, þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte mainomenos þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of òð and -in. On Norene mǣnþ òð '"wit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, dryhten." Þus, Odin is dryhten þæs līfes þrace. {{English}} '''Ƿōden''' is nama ānes þāra [[Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe|Þēodiscum]] goda, hƿæs nama is of [[Mercurius|Mercurie]] on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cynnreccennessum Engliscra cynelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god [[wīsdōm|ƿīsdōm]]es and [[gūð]]es. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on [[Īslendisc sprǣc |Īslendisce]]/[[Noren]]e ''Óðinn'' (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); [[Swēonisc sprǣc |Sƿēonisce]] ''Oden''; [[Nīwu Englisc sprǣc |Nīwum Englisce]]/[[Englisc sprǣc |Englisce]] (and [[Eald Seaxisc|Ealdum Seaxiscum]]) '''Wõden'''; [[Eald Franconisc|Ealdum Franconisce]] ''Wodan''; [[Alamanni|Alemannisce]] [[Wuotan|''Wuodan'']]; [[Þēodisc sprǣc|Þēodisce]] ''Wotan'' oþþe ''Wothan''; [[Lombardisc sprǣc |Lombardisce]] ''Godan'', and in [[Ealdgermanisc]]e hit ƿæs *''Wōðanaz'', þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte ''mainomenos'' þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of ''òð'' and ''-in''. On Norene mǣnþ ''òð'' '"wit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "<!--fierce power, energy-->heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, dryhten." Þus, '''Odin''' is ''dryhten þæs [[Vitalism|līfes]] [[Wōdenes þracu|þrace]].'' [[Image:Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Odin, the Wanderer).jpg|thumb|right|''Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Ƿōden, se ƿīdfarend)'']] ==Gemǣna Mearcunga== For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte. Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm Ƿildan Huntoðe, farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode Rudra þæs Hinduiscan Rigvedasya. Ódinn and Frigg fōron ætgædre in þissum. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte.<!-- Here I perpetrate a string of bahuvrihis --> Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm [[Wilda Huntoþ|Ƿildan Huntoðe]], farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode [[Rudra]] þæs [[Hindu]]iscan [[Rigveda]]sya. Ódinn and [[Frigg]] fōron ætgædre in þissum. ==Onfōnd þāra Dēadra ==Snorri Sturlusones Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, Valhalla. Þās gefeallenan, þā einherjar, feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, Ragnarök. In þǣm Norþmanniscum spellum, Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his Valkyrjur (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce Valhalla. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt Brávellir, Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning Harald Hildetand. Helgi Hundingesbana ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. [[Snorri Sturluson]]es Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, [[Valhalla]]. Þās gefeallenan, þā ''[[einherjar]]'', feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, [[Ragnarok|Ragnarök]]. In þǣm [[Norse saga|Norþmanniscum spellum]], Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his ''[[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]]'' (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce [[Valhalla]]. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt [[Brávellir]], Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning [[Harald Hildetand]]. [[Helgi Hundingesbana]] ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. == Ōðen and Mercurius== Man cnǣƿþ lǣssa ymbe Óðine (oððe Ƿōdne) sƿā nimend þāra dēada sƿā gelīefdon þā sūðerne [[German]]as. Se [[Roma|Romisca]] spellƿrītere [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas beēodon [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercurium]], ac is gelīc þæt þis tācnode Ƿōden, for þǣm þe Mercurius (þe in Grēcisce hātte Hermēs) ēac ƿæs se sāƿollǣdend (þe in Grēcisce is ''psychopompos''). And [[Iulius Caesar]] ƿrāt þæt Mercurius is se grēatost god þāra Germaniscena in his bēc <i>De Bello Gallico</i> 6.17.1. [[Paulus Diaconus]] (þe segþ Paulus se Dīacon) ƿrāt nēah þǣm ende þæs [[8th century|8an gēarhundrede]], and þǣrinne he sægde þæt Ƿōden (þe hē ƿrāt ''Guodan'') ƿæs se hēafodgod þāra [[Langobards|Langbearda]], and hē and ǣrran ƿrīteras sægdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs Mercurius: sēo þā bōc ''History of the Langobards'', I:9. Þurh þā samnesse, Paulus ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas gelīefdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs, and þæt þæs godes fruma ƿæs ne in þissum tīde ac gēo and ne in Germaniam ac in Grēclande. [[Robert Wace|Robert Ƿace]] ēac segþ þæt Ƿotan is Mercurius. [[Viktor Rydberg]] in his bēc ymbe ''Teutonic Mythology'', ƿrīteþ ymbe sume ōðre gelīcnessa Ƿōdenes mid Mercuriō, and þæt bēgen brōhton lēoðsangscip tō mannum. == Ƿordstǣr == Se Norþmannisca nama ''Ōðinn'' is fram ''*Wōðinaz'', ġeþwǣriende mid þām naman Westernan Germanisċan tungan ġesċeapes fyrestan samhlȳde. [[Adam von Bremen]] fint þone þæs ġebeden godes ieldran mid þæs endleftan hundġēares hǣþenum Norþmannum tō ''"Wodan id est furor"'' ("''Wodan'', hit is 'wōd'."), ācumendlīċnes ġīet ġemǣnelīċe ġewēned tōdæġ, forbindende þone naman mid [[Ænglisċ sprǣċ|Englisċes]] ''ƿōd'', [[Gotisc sprǣc|Gotisc ]] ''wōds'', Norþmanntungan ''*ōðr'' (see [[Odr]]), and [[Ealdhēahþēodisc]] ''wuot''. In gemānum [[Proto-Germanisc]]e se nama ƿæs ''*Wōðinaz'', þe ēaðe mæg bēon of [[Indo-Europeisc]]um ''*Watinos''. Ac man seah þæt Englisc ''Ƿoden'' nis riht sam-cynn Germanisces ''Wotan'', and þæt þǣrþurh folc gehƿeorf ''Wotan'' to folgienne þæt andgiet "se ƿōda", and sƿīðe æfter þæt þā Germanas ƿurdon Crīstnas and man seah Wotan sƿā deofol, ac þā Norþmenn and þā Engle hēoldon þone nama sƿā hit ǣrra ƿæs. And gelīce in ealdum Grēcisce ''Arēs'' hira gūþgod oft hātte ''Arēs mainomenos'' þe segþ "ƿōd Arēs". Ān meahtlicnes is þæt se nama ƿæs geborgod of þǣm [[Wealhcynn|Ƿealhcynn]]e, ymbe þā tīd [[Tacitus|Tacites]] hƿonne Germanisc and Ƿīelisc cynn ƿǣron ƿiþ hīe on ǣgðerre healfe þǣre [[Rīn]]e, and is gecynde þǣm Ƿīeliscan prēostlican gefērscipe þāra [[Vates]]. Þæt Ƿīelisce ƿord is æt ende genumen of þǣre ilcan ƿyrte (meahtlīce [[Frum-Indisc-Europisc]], ac gesōðod in Ƿīelisce and in Germanisce ānum) sƿā þā Germaniscan ƿord for "dēofolsēoc", ofer beclipod, ''*vāt-'', mid a more general meaning of "spiritually excited", also preserved in the [[Irish]] word for "poet", ''[[fáith]]''. If the word is indeed a loan from Celtic, it may be an important hint to the dating of the Proto-Germanic [[sound change]]s. == Eddaisc Ƿōden == Se [[Prose Edda]] segþ þæt [[Bestla]] and [[Borr]] ācennedon Óðin and þæt hē hæfde bróðru [[Vé]] (þe is Ƿéo) and [[Vili]] (þe is Ƿill) and þā þrēo gebrōðru niðerƿurpon þone forstþyrs [[Ymir]] and macodon þone ƿoruld of Ymis līce. Man oft spræc ymbe þā þrēo gebrōðru ætgædre. Óðinn and [[Jorð]] ācennedon þone brēmostan sunu [[Þórr]], and his nama segþ Þunor, and Jorð segþ Eorþe. Ac his ƿīf and gemæcca ƿæs sēo gyden [[Frigg]], and þā gecnāƿenoste ealdspell secgaþ þæt Frigg ƿæs sēo lufiende mōdor hira suna [[Baldur|Baldr]]). And Óðinn and sēo þyrsen [[Gríðr]] ācennedon [[Víðarr|Víðar]]. And se blinda god [[Hoðr]] þurh misgelimpe ofsloh his brōðor [[Baldr]], and æfterra Óðinn and þā þyrsen [[Rind]] ācennedon [[Vali]], and Vali cƿōm of Rindes cƿiðe fullƿeaxen and ƿæpned and hē sƿerode āþ þæt ne ƿolde dōn niht and ne baðian oþþæt he ƿrece on Hoðe. And manige cynecynnas sægron þæt Óðinn ƿæs sum hira ealdfædra þurh ōðre suno. For traditions about Odin's offspring see ''[[Sons of Odin]]''. === Gecynd === [[Image:Ardre Odin Sleipnir.jpg|thumb|220px|Óðinn rítt in Ƿæleall on þǣm horse [[Sleipnir|Sleipni]] ([[Ardre image stone]]).]] Óðinn hæfþ þæt eahtasceancan horse [[Sleipnir]], and þæt ofhēaƿen hēafod þæs dƿearges [[Mímir|Mímis]] and hit foreƿītegode þā forþgesceafte. His [[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]] þegnodon hine gaderende þā sāƿla beorna ofslægenra in gefeohte and brōhton hīe to Ƿælhealle þǣr Óðinn ƿunode in [[Ásgarðr|Ásgarðe]], þǣr þā sāƿla ƿurdon þā [[Einherjar]], þe ƿillon þurfan feohtan mid Óðine in þǣre gūðe æt [[Ragnarok]]e. And þæt nama Einherjar segþ Ānheremenn, for in Ƿōdnes healle hīe sind ealle in ānum samum herge, þéah þe ǣrra libbende on eorðan hie ƿǣron in manigum hergum and fyrdum. [[Brynhildr]], sum þāra Valkyrja, ƿearþ ūtgeƿorpen of his þegnscipe, ac Óðinn gemiltsode and settede híe in healle and ymb hīe hring fȳres tō þæs þe ānne se heardost mann mihte sēcan ƿeddan hīe. And [[Sigurðr]] āhreddede hīe. And æfterra Vali ofslōh Hoð. Odin hæfð fela galdorcyningas him mid: þæt dweorgspere Gungnir, þæt næfre his gemearc ne forlæteð, an galdor goldhring (Draupnir), of þam ælc nigoþ niht eahta niwe hringas becumað, an eahtalegged hors (Sleipnir) and twegen hrafnas Huginn and Muninn (þeaht and gemynd) þe ofer eorðan farað to begytanne witan æt his hæse. He eac geweald hæfð twægen wulfes Geri and Freki, þam he his mete sylð forþan þe he sylf nænig ne et butan win. Of his stol Hlidskjalf (stede in Valaskjalf), Ōðinn mihte eall gesewan þæt on þam eallum worolde gewurde. Se Valknut is tacn þe is mid Ōðinn gebunden. === Naman === The Norsemen gave Odin many nicknames; this was in the Norse [[skald]]ic tradition of [[kennings]], a poetic method of indirect reference, as in a riddle. See [[List of names of Odin]]. The name Alföðr ("Allfather", "father of all") appears in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s [[Younger Edda]]. It probably refers to the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[God]] in that book, but it may have referred to Odin at an earlier date. (It probably originally denoted [[Tyr|Tiwaz]], as it fits the pattern of referring to [[Sky father|Sky Fathers]] as "father".) ==Englisc-Seaxisc Wōden== Englaþēod, Seaxcynn and Geotcynn brōhton Ƿōden tō [[Breten]]e ymbe þǣm 5th and 6th gearhundedum, þæt he his weorþung hæfde oþ his gecyrren to Cristendome on þam eahtan and nigan hundred gearum. Woden is se deadra bringend, ac ne þurhþa þa hæfene þe Norse Odin hæfð. Woden is eac se heretoga þæs Wilde Huntes. þa cyninglicu sibbe syndon þa ylcan betwux Woden and þam oþrum Englisce-Saxiscum godum swa hie synd for þam Norse. Æfter þǣm Engla and Seaxna Cranice and þǣm [[Historia Britonum]], Ƿoden hæfde þās sunas: [[Wecta|Ƿecta]], [[Bældæg]], [[Casere Bældæging|Casere]] and [[Wihtlaeg|Ƿihtlaeg]]. *Þȳ folgað Ƿectan cynn: [[Witta Wectaning|Ƿitta]], [[Wihtgils|Ƿihtgils]], [[Hengest]] and his brōðor [[Horsa]], and of him [[Cantawara cyning|Cantaƿara cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Bældæges cynn: [[Brona]], [[Friðugar]], [[Freawine]], [[Wig|Ƿig]], [[Gewis|Geƿis]], [[Esla]], [[Elesa]], [[Cerdic]] and of him [[Westseaxna cyning|Ƿestseaxna cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Caseres cynn: [[Tytmon]], [[Trygils]], [[Hroðund]], [[Hryp]], [[Wilhelm|Ƿilhelm]], [[Wehha|Ƿehha]], [[Wuffa|Ƿuffa]] and of him [[Ēastengla cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Ƿihtlæges cynn: [[Wermund|Ƿermund]] [[Angul|Engla]] cyning, [[Offa Engla Cyning|Offa]], [[Angelþēow|Angelþēoƿ]], [[Eomer]], [[Icel]] and of him [[Miercna cyning]]as. Englisc ealdbēc onginnaþ ymbe þā ylde þæs conversion from the old religion. Although whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in many settlement names and geographical features. *Ƿōdnesdīc þe nū hātte Wansdyke *Grīmesdīc þe nū hātte Grimsdyke *Ƿōdnesburg þe nū hātte Wednesbury [[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] ('Ƿōdenes dæg') is for him genemned, for þǣm þe his bend mid þǣm dēadum gebȳraþ tō þǣm Rōmāniscan [[Mercurius (lār)|Mercurie]]. Þā Germaniscan lēode āreahton of Lǣdene ''Mercuri dies'' on Englisc sƿā Ƿōdnesdæg. == Gebēdung == Details of [[Migration period]] Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to [[Jonas Bobiensis]], the [[6th century]] Irish missionary [[Saint Columbanus]] is reputed to have disrupted a [[Symbel|Beer sacrifice]] to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in [[Bregenz]]. Wuodan was the chief god of the [[Alamanni]], his name appears in the runic inscription on the [[Nordendorf fibula]]. [[Pagan]] worship disappeared with [[Christianization]], from the [[8th century]] in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as [[folklore]]. Many places are named after Odin, especially in [[Scandinavia]], such as ''[[Odense]]'' ([[Denmark]]) and ''Odensbacken'' ([[Sweden]]), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as ''[[Wednesbury]]'' ([[Englaland]]), ''Wodensberg and Odenheim'' ([[Germany]]), and ''[[Woensdrecht]]'' ([[Netherlands]]). Almost all German ''Gaue'' (Latin, ''pagi'') had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as ''Wodenesberg'', ''Wuodenesberg'', [[Godesberg]] and ''Gudensberg'', ''Wodensholt'', etc. <nowiki>===Blōt===</nowiki> Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (Deo suo Vodano nomine) in Bregenz. Wuodan was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula. Pagan worship disappeared with Christianization, from the 8th century in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore. Many places are named after Odin, especially in Scandinavia, such as Odense (Denmark) and Odensbacken (Sweden), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as Wednesbury (Englaland), Wodensberg and Odenheim (Germany), and Woensdrecht (Netherlands). Almost all German Gaue (Latin, pagi) had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as Wodenesberg, Wuodenesberg, Godesberg and Gudensberg Odin ƿæs þæt āne god in [[Scandinavian mythology]] to demand [[human sacrifice]] at the [[Blōt]]s. [[Adam of Bremen]] relates that every ninth year, people assembled from all over [[Sweden]] to sacrifice at the [[Temple at Uppsala]]. Male slaves, and males of each species were sacrificed and hung from the branches of the trees. The practice of sacrifice is one reason why [[Thor]] was much more popular among the commonfolk. Committing suicide was also considered to be a shortcut to Valhalla. As the Swedes had the right not only to elect king but also to depose a king, the [[sagas]] relate that both king [[Domalde]] and king [[Olof Trätälja]] were sacrificed to Odin after years of famine. Sēo ēac [[sacred king]]. It was common, particularly among the [[Cimbri]], to sacrifice a prisoner to Odin prior to or after a battle. The [[Orkneyinga saga]] relates a (and uncommon) form of Odinic sacrifice, wherein the captured Ella is slaughtered by the carving out of a "[[blood eagle]]" upon his back. More significantly, however, it has been argued that the killing of a combatant in battle was to give a sacrificial offering to Odin. The fickleness of Odin in battle was well-documented, and in [[Lokasenna]], [[Loki]] taunts Odin for his inconsistency. Sometimes sacrifices were made to Odin to bring about changes in circumstance, a notable example being the sacrifice of King [[Vīkar]] (detailed in [[Gautrek's Saga]] and [[Saxo]]). Sailors in a fleet being blown off course drew lots to sacrifice to Odin that he might abate the winds; the king himself drew the lot and was hanged. Sacrifices were probably also made to Odin at the beginning of summer, since [[Ynglinga saga]] states one of the great festivities of the calendar is ''at sumri, þat var sigrblōt'' "in summer, for victory"; Odin is consistently referred to throughout the Norse mythos as the bringer of victory. The Ynglinga saga also details the sacrifices made by the Swedish king [[Aun]], who, it was revealed to him, would lengthen his life by sacrificing one of his sons every ten years; nine of his ten sons died this way. When he was about to sacrifice his last son [[Egil]], the Swedes stopped him. === Scamanisc gecynd === The goddess [[Freya|Fricg]] is seen as an adept of the mysteries of [[seid]] ([[shamanism]]), a [[völva]], and it is said that it was she who initiated Odin into its mysteries. In ''[[Lokasenna]]'' [[Loki]] abuses Odin for practising seid, condemning it as a unmanly art. A justification for this may be found in the ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'' where Snorri opines that following the practice of seid, the practitioner was rendered weak and helpless. Another explanation is that its manipulative aspects ran counter to the male ideal of forthright, open behaviour. Odin was a compulsive seeker of wisdom, consumed by his passion for knowledge, to the extent that he sacrificed one of his eyes (which one this was is unclear) to [[Mimir]], in exchange for a drink from the waters of wisdom in Mimir's well. Some German sacred formulae, known as "Merseburger Zaubersprueche" were written down in c 800 AD and survived. One (this is the second) describes Wodan in the role of a healer: {| | :Fruma: :''Phol ende UUodan vuorun zi holza.'' :''du uuart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit'' :''thu biguel en Sinthgunt, Sunna era suister;'' :''thu biguol en Friia, Volla era suister'' :''thu biguol en Uuodan, so he uuola conda'' :''sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki'' :''sose lidirenki: ben zi bena'' :''bluot zi bluoda, lid zi geliden'' :''sôse gelîmida sin!'' | :''Englisc wendung:'' :[[Phol]] (Balder) and Wodan were riding in the forest :[[Balder]]'s fola tōlēac his fōt :Sinthgunt and [[Sol (gyden)|Sol]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :[[Fricg]] and [[Fulla]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :it was charmed by Wodan, swā hē wel cūðe: :be it bonesprain, be it bloodsprain :be it limbsprain, bān tō bānum :blōd tō blōde, lim tō limum :like they are glued! |} Further, the creation of the [[runes]], the Norse alphabet that was also used for divination, is attributed to Odin and is described in the [[Rūnatal]], a section of the [[Havamal]]. He hanged himself from the tree [[Yggdrasil]], whilst pierced by his own spear, to acquire knowledge. He remained thus for nine days and nights, a number deeply significant in Norse magical practice (there were, for example, [[The Nine Worlds of Norse Mythology|nine realms of existence]]), thereby learning nine (later eighteen) magical songs and eighteen magical runes. The purpose of this strange ritual, a god sacrificing himself to himself because there was nothing higher to sacrifice to, was to obtain mystical insight through mortification of the flesh; however, some scholars assert that the Norse believed that insight into the runes could only be truly attained in death. Some scholars see this scene as influenced by the story of [[Christ]]'s [[crucifixion]]; and others note the similarity to the story of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s enlightenment. it is in any case also influenced by shamanism, where the symbolic climbing of a "world tree" by the shaman in search of mystic knowledge is a common religious pattern. We know that sacrifices, human or otherwise, to the gods were commonly hung in or from trees, often transfixed by spears. (See also: [[Peijainen]]) Additionally, one of Odin's names is ''Ygg'', and the norse name for the World Ash —[[Yggdrasil]]—therefore means "Ygg's (Odin's)horse". Another of Odin's names is ''Hangatyr'', the god of the hanged. Ōðenes lufu for ƿīsdōme cann man ēac sēon in his ƿeorc as a farmhand for a summer, for [[Baugi]], in order to obtain the mead of poetry. Sēo [[Fjalar and Galar]] for more details. == Medieval andfengnes == Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the [[German language]] from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce ''Wednesday'' to the neutral ''Mittwoch'' ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (''Tuesday'' "[[Tyr]]'s day" and ''Frīgedæg'' "[[Frīg]]e dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, [[Michael|St. Michael]] replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the [[Wild hunt]] of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as ''Wuotis Heer''. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that [[Charlemagne]] led the hunt, not Odin. In Englalande ƿæs Ƿōden was not so much demonized as rationalized, and in the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], he appears as a perfectly earthly cyning, only four generations removed from [[Hengest and Horsa]]. [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s record of the Edda is striking evidence of the climate of religious tolerance in medieval Iceland, but even he feels compelled to give a rational account of the Aesir in his preface. In this scenario, Snorri speculates that Odin and his peers were originally refugees from [[Troy]], etymologizing ''Aesir'' as derived from [[Asia]]. Some scholars believe that Snorri's version of Norse mythology is an attempt to mould a more shamanistic tradition into a Greek mythological cast. In any case, Snorri's writing (particularly in [[Heimskringla]]) tries to maintain an essentially scholastic neutrality. That Snorri was correct was one of the last of [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s archeo-anthropological theories (see [[Jakten på Odin|The search for Odin]]). In manigum Germaniscum sprǣcum is se nama þæs fēorðan dæges þǣre ƿuce (if one counts from Sunday) is frequently, "Wotanes Dæg" oþþe "Ƿōdenes Dæg", ([[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] on Englisce. Geefnett Norþƿegisc, Denisc and Sƿēonisc ''onsdag'', [[Niðerlendisc_sprǣc|Niðerlendisc]] ''woensdag''; ǣnlīce se efenƿeorða dæg on [[Þēodisc_sprǣc| Þēodisc]] is ānfealdlīce "mid ƿucu" (''Mittwoch'')). This is thought to translate the [[Latin]] ''Dies Mercurii'', "Mercury-day" (cf. French ''mercredi''), owing primarily to [[Tacitus]]' linking þāra twēgra goda. ===Onstandende gelēafan on Ōðene === Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the German language from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce Wednesday to the neutral Mittwoch ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (Tuesday "Tyr's day" and Frīgedæg "Frīge dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, St. Michael replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the Wild hunt of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as Wuotis Heer. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that Charlemagne led the hunt, not Odin. The spread of Christianity was slow in Scandinavia, and it worked its way downwards from the nobility. Among common people, beliefs in Odin would linger for centuries, and legends would be told until modern times. Sēo endenīehste beadu, in þǣre þe þā Norenan tealdon sige tō Ōðene, wæs sēo [[Beadu Lenan]] in [[1208]] [https://runeberg.org/img/sverhist/1/0325.5.png]. The former Swedish king [[Sverker II of Sweden|Sverker]] had arrived with a large Danish army, and the Swedes discovered that the Danish army was more than twice the size of their own. Naturally, the Danes got the upper hand and they should have won. However, the Swedes claimed that they suddenly saw Odin riding on Sleipnir. Accounts vary on how Odin gave the Swedes victory, but in one version, he rode in front of their battle formation. Þā Norþrigan sægdon lange spell ymbe ānēagedne rīdere mid brādbrerdedum hæte and blǣhǣƿenum cyrtele þe bād smiþ tō scōgenne his hors. The suspicious smith asked where the stranger had stayed during the previous night. The stranger mentioned so distant places that the smith would not believe him. The stranger said that he had stayed for a long time in the north and taken part in many battles, and this time he was going to Sweden. When the horse was shod, the rider mounted his horse and said "Ic eom Ōðen" to the stunned smith, rode up in the air and disappeared. The next day, the battle of Lena took place. [[Scandinavian folklore]] also maintained a belief in Odin as the leader of the [[Wild Hunt]] (''Åsgårdsreia'' in Norwegian). His main objective seems to have been to track down and kill the forest creature ''[[huldra]]n'' or ''skogsrået''. In these accounts, Odin was typically a lone huntsman, save for his two wolves. Originally, he was armed with a spear, but in later accounts this was sometimes changed to a [[rifle]]. {{Hǣðenscipe}} [[Flocc:Godas]] [[Flocc:Gūðes godu]] [[Flocc:Wīsdōmes godu]] [[Flocc:Angelseaxisc Englaland]] [[Flocc:Þēodisce godu]] [[Flocc:Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe]] [[Flocc:Hāligdomes gemǣnelīcu þing.]] l7gfboucqjdqyy9o6xrooj9vx96wgmz 230833 230832 2026-05-25T22:09:29Z Ethanyichenyu 131963 /* Gebēdung */ 230833 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Þis is þæt side mid eald Englisc and niwe Englisc stafas. Gif þu woldest geseon an fullice on eald Englisc, gese: [[Woden(Eald Englisc)|Woden(Eall Eald Englisc)]].''{{cleanup}}Ƿōden is nama ānes þāra Þēodiscum goda, hƿæs nama is of Mercurie on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cynnreccennessum Engliscra cynelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god ƿīsdōmes and gūðes. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on Īslendisce/Norene Óðinn (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); Sƿēonisce Oden; Nīwum Englisce/Englisce (and Ealdum Seaxiscum) Wõden; Ealdum Franconisce Wodan; Alemannisce Wuodan; Þēodisce Wotan oþþe Wothan; Lombardisce Godan, and in Ealdgermanisce hit ƿæs *Wōðanaz, þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte mainomenos þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of òð and -in. On Norene mǣnþ òð '"wit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, dryhten." Þus, Odin is dryhten þæs līfes þrace. {{English}} '''Ƿōden''' is nama ānes þāra [[Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe|Þēodiscum]] goda, hƿæs nama is of [[Mercurius|Mercurie]] on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cynnreccennessum Engliscra cynelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god [[wīsdōm|ƿīsdōm]]es and [[gūð]]es. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge. His nama is, on [[Īslendisc sprǣc |Īslendisce]]/[[Noren]]e ''Óðinn'' (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); [[Swēonisc sprǣc |Sƿēonisce]] ''Oden''; [[Nīwu Englisc sprǣc |Nīwum Englisce]]/[[Englisc sprǣc |Englisce]] (and [[Eald Seaxisc|Ealdum Seaxiscum]]) '''Wõden'''; [[Eald Franconisc|Ealdum Franconisce]] ''Wodan''; [[Alamanni|Alemannisce]] [[Wuotan|''Wuodan'']]; [[Þēodisc sprǣc|Þēodisce]] ''Wotan'' oþþe ''Wothan''; [[Lombardisc sprǣc |Lombardisce]] ''Godan'', and in [[Ealdgermanisc]]e hit ƿæs *''Wōðanaz'', þe segde "se ƿōda" oððe "hē þǣre ƿōdnesse", for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte ''mainomenos'' þe segð "ƿōd". Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of ''òð'' and ''-in''. On Norene mǣnþ ''òð'' '"wit, soul" be selfum and in fēgungum "<!--fierce power, energy-->heaðumægen, cāfnes" mǣnþ sēo endung -in "hǣsere, dryhten." Þus, '''Odin''' is ''dryhten þæs [[Vitalism|līfes]] [[Wōdenes þracu|þrace]].'' [[Image:Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Odin, the Wanderer).jpg|thumb|right|''Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Ƿōden, se ƿīdfarend)'']] ==Gemǣna Mearcunga== For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte. Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm Ƿildan Huntoðe, farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode Rudra þæs Hinduiscan Rigvedasya. Ódinn and Frigg fōron ætgædre in þissum. Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte.<!-- Here I perpetrate a string of bahuvrihis --> Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm [[Wilda Huntoþ|Ƿildan Huntoðe]], farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode [[Rudra]] þæs [[Hindu]]iscan [[Rigveda]]sya. Ódinn and [[Frigg]] fōron ætgædre in þissum. ==Onfōnd þāra Dēadra ==Snorri Sturlusones Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, Valhalla. Þās gefeallenan, þā einherjar, feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, Ragnarök. In þǣm Norþmanniscum spellum, Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his Valkyrjur (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce Valhalla. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt Brávellir, Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning Harald Hildetand. Helgi Hundingesbana ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. [[Snorri Sturluson]]es Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, [[Valhalla]]. Þās gefeallenan, þā ''[[einherjar]]'', feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, [[Ragnarok|Ragnarök]]. In þǣm [[Norse saga|Norþmanniscum spellum]], Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his ''[[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]]'' (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce [[Valhalla]]. Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt [[Brávellir]], Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning [[Harald Hildetand]]. [[Helgi Hundingesbana]] ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda. == Ōðen and Mercurius== Man cnǣƿþ lǣssa ymbe Óðine (oððe Ƿōdne) sƿā nimend þāra dēada sƿā gelīefdon þā sūðerne [[German]]as. Se [[Roma|Romisca]] spellƿrītere [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas beēodon [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercurium]], ac is gelīc þæt þis tācnode Ƿōden, for þǣm þe Mercurius (þe in Grēcisce hātte Hermēs) ēac ƿæs se sāƿollǣdend (þe in Grēcisce is ''psychopompos''). And [[Iulius Caesar]] ƿrāt þæt Mercurius is se grēatost god þāra Germaniscena in his bēc <i>De Bello Gallico</i> 6.17.1. [[Paulus Diaconus]] (þe segþ Paulus se Dīacon) ƿrāt nēah þǣm ende þæs [[8th century|8an gēarhundrede]], and þǣrinne he sægde þæt Ƿōden (þe hē ƿrāt ''Guodan'') ƿæs se hēafodgod þāra [[Langobards|Langbearda]], and hē and ǣrran ƿrīteras sægdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs Mercurius: sēo þā bōc ''History of the Langobards'', I:9. Þurh þā samnesse, Paulus ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas gelīefdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs, and þæt þæs godes fruma ƿæs ne in þissum tīde ac gēo and ne in Germaniam ac in Grēclande. [[Robert Wace|Robert Ƿace]] ēac segþ þæt Ƿotan is Mercurius. [[Viktor Rydberg]] in his bēc ymbe ''Teutonic Mythology'', ƿrīteþ ymbe sume ōðre gelīcnessa Ƿōdenes mid Mercuriō, and þæt bēgen brōhton lēoðsangscip tō mannum. == Ƿordstǣr == Se Norþmannisca nama ''Ōðinn'' is fram ''*Wōðinaz'', ġeþwǣriende mid þām naman Westernan Germanisċan tungan ġesċeapes fyrestan samhlȳde. [[Adam von Bremen]] fint þone þæs ġebeden godes ieldran mid þæs endleftan hundġēares hǣþenum Norþmannum tō ''"Wodan id est furor"'' ("''Wodan'', hit is 'wōd'."), ācumendlīċnes ġīet ġemǣnelīċe ġewēned tōdæġ, forbindende þone naman mid [[Ænglisċ sprǣċ|Englisċes]] ''ƿōd'', [[Gotisc sprǣc|Gotisc ]] ''wōds'', Norþmanntungan ''*ōðr'' (see [[Odr]]), and [[Ealdhēahþēodisc]] ''wuot''. In gemānum [[Proto-Germanisc]]e se nama ƿæs ''*Wōðinaz'', þe ēaðe mæg bēon of [[Indo-Europeisc]]um ''*Watinos''. Ac man seah þæt Englisc ''Ƿoden'' nis riht sam-cynn Germanisces ''Wotan'', and þæt þǣrþurh folc gehƿeorf ''Wotan'' to folgienne þæt andgiet "se ƿōda", and sƿīðe æfter þæt þā Germanas ƿurdon Crīstnas and man seah Wotan sƿā deofol, ac þā Norþmenn and þā Engle hēoldon þone nama sƿā hit ǣrra ƿæs. And gelīce in ealdum Grēcisce ''Arēs'' hira gūþgod oft hātte ''Arēs mainomenos'' þe segþ "ƿōd Arēs". Ān meahtlicnes is þæt se nama ƿæs geborgod of þǣm [[Wealhcynn|Ƿealhcynn]]e, ymbe þā tīd [[Tacitus|Tacites]] hƿonne Germanisc and Ƿīelisc cynn ƿǣron ƿiþ hīe on ǣgðerre healfe þǣre [[Rīn]]e, and is gecynde þǣm Ƿīeliscan prēostlican gefērscipe þāra [[Vates]]. Þæt Ƿīelisce ƿord is æt ende genumen of þǣre ilcan ƿyrte (meahtlīce [[Frum-Indisc-Europisc]], ac gesōðod in Ƿīelisce and in Germanisce ānum) sƿā þā Germaniscan ƿord for "dēofolsēoc", ofer beclipod, ''*vāt-'', mid a more general meaning of "spiritually excited", also preserved in the [[Irish]] word for "poet", ''[[fáith]]''. If the word is indeed a loan from Celtic, it may be an important hint to the dating of the Proto-Germanic [[sound change]]s. == Eddaisc Ƿōden == Se [[Prose Edda]] segþ þæt [[Bestla]] and [[Borr]] ācennedon Óðin and þæt hē hæfde bróðru [[Vé]] (þe is Ƿéo) and [[Vili]] (þe is Ƿill) and þā þrēo gebrōðru niðerƿurpon þone forstþyrs [[Ymir]] and macodon þone ƿoruld of Ymis līce. Man oft spræc ymbe þā þrēo gebrōðru ætgædre. Óðinn and [[Jorð]] ācennedon þone brēmostan sunu [[Þórr]], and his nama segþ Þunor, and Jorð segþ Eorþe. Ac his ƿīf and gemæcca ƿæs sēo gyden [[Frigg]], and þā gecnāƿenoste ealdspell secgaþ þæt Frigg ƿæs sēo lufiende mōdor hira suna [[Baldur|Baldr]]). And Óðinn and sēo þyrsen [[Gríðr]] ācennedon [[Víðarr|Víðar]]. And se blinda god [[Hoðr]] þurh misgelimpe ofsloh his brōðor [[Baldr]], and æfterra Óðinn and þā þyrsen [[Rind]] ācennedon [[Vali]], and Vali cƿōm of Rindes cƿiðe fullƿeaxen and ƿæpned and hē sƿerode āþ þæt ne ƿolde dōn niht and ne baðian oþþæt he ƿrece on Hoðe. And manige cynecynnas sægron þæt Óðinn ƿæs sum hira ealdfædra þurh ōðre suno. For traditions about Odin's offspring see ''[[Sons of Odin]]''. === Gecynd === [[Image:Ardre Odin Sleipnir.jpg|thumb|220px|Óðinn rítt in Ƿæleall on þǣm horse [[Sleipnir|Sleipni]] ([[Ardre image stone]]).]] Óðinn hæfþ þæt eahtasceancan horse [[Sleipnir]], and þæt ofhēaƿen hēafod þæs dƿearges [[Mímir|Mímis]] and hit foreƿītegode þā forþgesceafte. His [[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]] þegnodon hine gaderende þā sāƿla beorna ofslægenra in gefeohte and brōhton hīe to Ƿælhealle þǣr Óðinn ƿunode in [[Ásgarðr|Ásgarðe]], þǣr þā sāƿla ƿurdon þā [[Einherjar]], þe ƿillon þurfan feohtan mid Óðine in þǣre gūðe æt [[Ragnarok]]e. And þæt nama Einherjar segþ Ānheremenn, for in Ƿōdnes healle hīe sind ealle in ānum samum herge, þéah þe ǣrra libbende on eorðan hie ƿǣron in manigum hergum and fyrdum. [[Brynhildr]], sum þāra Valkyrja, ƿearþ ūtgeƿorpen of his þegnscipe, ac Óðinn gemiltsode and settede híe in healle and ymb hīe hring fȳres tō þæs þe ānne se heardost mann mihte sēcan ƿeddan hīe. And [[Sigurðr]] āhreddede hīe. And æfterra Vali ofslōh Hoð. Odin hæfð fela galdorcyningas him mid: þæt dweorgspere Gungnir, þæt næfre his gemearc ne forlæteð, an galdor goldhring (Draupnir), of þam ælc nigoþ niht eahta niwe hringas becumað, an eahtalegged hors (Sleipnir) and twegen hrafnas Huginn and Muninn (þeaht and gemynd) þe ofer eorðan farað to begytanne witan æt his hæse. He eac geweald hæfð twægen wulfes Geri and Freki, þam he his mete sylð forþan þe he sylf nænig ne et butan win. Of his stol Hlidskjalf (stede in Valaskjalf), Ōðinn mihte eall gesewan þæt on þam eallum worolde gewurde. Se Valknut is tacn þe is mid Ōðinn gebunden. === Naman === The Norsemen gave Odin many nicknames; this was in the Norse [[skald]]ic tradition of [[kennings]], a poetic method of indirect reference, as in a riddle. See [[List of names of Odin]]. The name Alföðr ("Allfather", "father of all") appears in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s [[Younger Edda]]. It probably refers to the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[God]] in that book, but it may have referred to Odin at an earlier date. (It probably originally denoted [[Tyr|Tiwaz]], as it fits the pattern of referring to [[Sky father|Sky Fathers]] as "father".) ==Englisc-Seaxisc Wōden== Englaþēod, Seaxcynn and Geotcynn brōhton Ƿōden tō [[Breten]]e ymbe þǣm 5th and 6th gearhundedum, þæt he his weorþung hæfde oþ his gecyrren to Cristendome on þam eahtan and nigan hundred gearum. Woden is se deadra bringend, ac ne þurhþa þa hæfene þe Norse Odin hæfð. Woden is eac se heretoga þæs Wilde Huntes. þa cyninglicu sibbe syndon þa ylcan betwux Woden and þam oþrum Englisce-Saxiscum godum swa hie synd for þam Norse. Æfter þǣm Engla and Seaxna Cranice and þǣm [[Historia Britonum]], Ƿoden hæfde þās sunas: [[Wecta|Ƿecta]], [[Bældæg]], [[Casere Bældæging|Casere]] and [[Wihtlaeg|Ƿihtlaeg]]. *Þȳ folgað Ƿectan cynn: [[Witta Wectaning|Ƿitta]], [[Wihtgils|Ƿihtgils]], [[Hengest]] and his brōðor [[Horsa]], and of him [[Cantawara cyning|Cantaƿara cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Bældæges cynn: [[Brona]], [[Friðugar]], [[Freawine]], [[Wig|Ƿig]], [[Gewis|Geƿis]], [[Esla]], [[Elesa]], [[Cerdic]] and of him [[Westseaxna cyning|Ƿestseaxna cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Caseres cynn: [[Tytmon]], [[Trygils]], [[Hroðund]], [[Hryp]], [[Wilhelm|Ƿilhelm]], [[Wehha|Ƿehha]], [[Wuffa|Ƿuffa]] and of him [[Ēastengla cyning]]as. *Þȳ folgað Ƿihtlæges cynn: [[Wermund|Ƿermund]] [[Angul|Engla]] cyning, [[Offa Engla Cyning|Offa]], [[Angelþēow|Angelþēoƿ]], [[Eomer]], [[Icel]] and of him [[Miercna cyning]]as. Englisc ealdbēc onginnaþ ymbe þā ylde þæs conversion from the old religion. Although whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in many settlement names and geographical features. *Ƿōdnesdīc þe nū hātte Wansdyke *Grīmesdīc þe nū hātte Grimsdyke *Ƿōdnesburg þe nū hātte Wednesbury [[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] ('Ƿōdenes dæg') is for him genemned, for þǣm þe his bend mid þǣm dēadum gebȳraþ tō þǣm Rōmāniscan [[Mercurius (lār)|Mercurie]]. Þā Germaniscan lēode āreahton of Lǣdene ''Mercuri dies'' on Englisc sƿā Ƿōdnesdæg. == Gebēdung == Details of [[Migration period]] Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to [[Jonas Bobiensis]], the [[6th century]] Irish missionary [[Saint Columbanus]] is reputed to have disrupted a [[Symbel|Beer sacrifice]] to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in [[Bregenz]]. Wuodan was the chief god of the [[Alamanni]], his name appears in the runic inscription on the [[Nordendorf fibula]]. [[Pagan]] worship disappeared with [[Christianization]], from the [[8th century]] in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as [[folklore]]. Many places are named after Odin, especially in [[Scandinavia]], such as ''[[Odense]]'' ([[Denmark]]) and ''Odensbacken'' ([[Sweden]]), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as ''[[Wednesbury]]'' ([[Englaland]]), ''Wodensberg and Odenheim'' ([[Germany]]), and ''[[Woensdrecht]]'' ([[Netherlands]]). Almost all German ''Gaue'' (Latin, ''pagi'') had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as ''Wodenesberg'', ''Wuodenesberg'', [[Godesberg]] and ''Gudensberg'', ''Wodensholt'', etc. ===Blōt=== Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (Deo suo Vodano nomine) in Bregenz. Wuodan was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula. Pagan worship disappeared with Christianization, from the 8th century in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore. Many places are named after Odin, especially in Scandinavia, such as Odense (Denmark) and Odensbacken (Sweden), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as Wednesbury (Englaland), Wodensberg and Odenheim (Germany), and Woensdrecht (Netherlands). Almost all German Gaue (Latin, pagi) had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as Wodenesberg, Wuodenesberg, Godesberg and Gudensberg Odin ƿæs þæt āne god in [[Scandinavian mythology]] to demand [[human sacrifice]] at the [[Blōt]]s. [[Adam of Bremen]] relates that every ninth year, people assembled from all over [[Sweden]] to sacrifice at the [[Temple at Uppsala]]. Male slaves, and males of each species were sacrificed and hung from the branches of the trees. The practice of sacrifice is one reason why [[Thor]] was much more popular among the commonfolk. Committing suicide was also considered to be a shortcut to Valhalla. As the Swedes had the right not only to elect king but also to depose a king, the [[sagas]] relate that both king [[Domalde]] and king [[Olof Trätälja]] were sacrificed to Odin after years of famine. Sēo ēac [[sacred king]]. It was common, particularly among the [[Cimbri]], to sacrifice a prisoner to Odin prior to or after a battle. The [[Orkneyinga saga]] relates a (and uncommon) form of Odinic sacrifice, wherein the captured Ella is slaughtered by the carving out of a "[[blood eagle]]" upon his back. More significantly, however, it has been argued that the killing of a combatant in battle was to give a sacrificial offering to Odin. The fickleness of Odin in battle was well-documented, and in [[Lokasenna]], [[Loki]] taunts Odin for his inconsistency. Sometimes sacrifices were made to Odin to bring about changes in circumstance, a notable example being the sacrifice of King [[Vīkar]] (detailed in [[Gautrek's Saga]] and [[Saxo]]). Sailors in a fleet being blown off course drew lots to sacrifice to Odin that he might abate the winds; the king himself drew the lot and was hanged. Sacrifices were probably also made to Odin at the beginning of summer, since [[Ynglinga saga]] states one of the great festivities of the calendar is ''at sumri, þat var sigrblōt'' "in summer, for victory"; Odin is consistently referred to throughout the Norse mythos as the bringer of victory. The Ynglinga saga also details the sacrifices made by the Swedish king [[Aun]], who, it was revealed to him, would lengthen his life by sacrificing one of his sons every ten years; nine of his ten sons died this way. When he was about to sacrifice his last son [[Egil]], the Swedes stopped him. === Scamanisc gecynd === The goddess [[Freya|Fricg]] is seen as an adept of the mysteries of [[seid]] ([[shamanism]]), a [[völva]], and it is said that it was she who initiated Odin into its mysteries. In ''[[Lokasenna]]'' [[Loki]] abuses Odin for practising seid, condemning it as a unmanly art. A justification for this may be found in the ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'' where Snorri opines that following the practice of seid, the practitioner was rendered weak and helpless. Another explanation is that its manipulative aspects ran counter to the male ideal of forthright, open behaviour. Odin was a compulsive seeker of wisdom, consumed by his passion for knowledge, to the extent that he sacrificed one of his eyes (which one this was is unclear) to [[Mimir]], in exchange for a drink from the waters of wisdom in Mimir's well. Some German sacred formulae, known as "Merseburger Zaubersprueche" were written down in c 800 AD and survived. One (this is the second) describes Wodan in the role of a healer: {| | :Fruma: :''Phol ende UUodan vuorun zi holza.'' :''du uuart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit'' :''thu biguel en Sinthgunt, Sunna era suister;'' :''thu biguol en Friia, Volla era suister'' :''thu biguol en Uuodan, so he uuola conda'' :''sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki'' :''sose lidirenki: ben zi bena'' :''bluot zi bluoda, lid zi geliden'' :''sôse gelîmida sin!'' | :''Englisc wendung:'' :[[Phol]] (Balder) and Wodan were riding in the forest :[[Balder]]'s fola tōlēac his fōt :Sinthgunt and [[Sol (gyden)|Sol]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :[[Fricg]] and [[Fulla]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic :it was charmed by Wodan, swā hē wel cūðe: :be it bonesprain, be it bloodsprain :be it limbsprain, bān tō bānum :blōd tō blōde, lim tō limum :like they are glued! |} Further, the creation of the [[runes]], the Norse alphabet that was also used for divination, is attributed to Odin and is described in the [[Rūnatal]], a section of the [[Havamal]]. He hanged himself from the tree [[Yggdrasil]], whilst pierced by his own spear, to acquire knowledge. He remained thus for nine days and nights, a number deeply significant in Norse magical practice (there were, for example, [[The Nine Worlds of Norse Mythology|nine realms of existence]]), thereby learning nine (later eighteen) magical songs and eighteen magical runes. The purpose of this strange ritual, a god sacrificing himself to himself because there was nothing higher to sacrifice to, was to obtain mystical insight through mortification of the flesh; however, some scholars assert that the Norse believed that insight into the runes could only be truly attained in death. Some scholars see this scene as influenced by the story of [[Christ]]'s [[crucifixion]]; and others note the similarity to the story of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s enlightenment. it is in any case also influenced by shamanism, where the symbolic climbing of a "world tree" by the shaman in search of mystic knowledge is a common religious pattern. We know that sacrifices, human or otherwise, to the gods were commonly hung in or from trees, often transfixed by spears. (See also: [[Peijainen]]) Additionally, one of Odin's names is ''Ygg'', and the norse name for the World Ash —[[Yggdrasil]]—therefore means "Ygg's (Odin's)horse". Another of Odin's names is ''Hangatyr'', the god of the hanged. Ōðenes lufu for ƿīsdōme cann man ēac sēon in his ƿeorc as a farmhand for a summer, for [[Baugi]], in order to obtain the mead of poetry. Sēo [[Fjalar and Galar]] for more details. == Medieval andfengnes == Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the [[German language]] from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce ''Wednesday'' to the neutral ''Mittwoch'' ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (''Tuesday'' "[[Tyr]]'s day" and ''Frīgedæg'' "[[Frīg]]e dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, [[Michael|St. Michael]] replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the [[Wild hunt]] of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as ''Wuotis Heer''. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that [[Charlemagne]] led the hunt, not Odin. In Englalande ƿæs Ƿōden was not so much demonized as rationalized, and in the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], he appears as a perfectly earthly cyning, only four generations removed from [[Hengest and Horsa]]. [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s record of the Edda is striking evidence of the climate of religious tolerance in medieval Iceland, but even he feels compelled to give a rational account of the Aesir in his preface. In this scenario, Snorri speculates that Odin and his peers were originally refugees from [[Troy]], etymologizing ''Aesir'' as derived from [[Asia]]. Some scholars believe that Snorri's version of Norse mythology is an attempt to mould a more shamanistic tradition into a Greek mythological cast. In any case, Snorri's writing (particularly in [[Heimskringla]]) tries to maintain an essentially scholastic neutrality. That Snorri was correct was one of the last of [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s archeo-anthropological theories (see [[Jakten på Odin|The search for Odin]]). In manigum Germaniscum sprǣcum is se nama þæs fēorðan dæges þǣre ƿuce (if one counts from Sunday) is frequently, "Wotanes Dæg" oþþe "Ƿōdenes Dæg", ([[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] on Englisce. Geefnett Norþƿegisc, Denisc and Sƿēonisc ''onsdag'', [[Niðerlendisc_sprǣc|Niðerlendisc]] ''woensdag''; ǣnlīce se efenƿeorða dæg on [[Þēodisc_sprǣc| Þēodisc]] is ānfealdlīce "mid ƿucu" (''Mittwoch'')). This is thought to translate the [[Latin]] ''Dies Mercurii'', "Mercury-day" (cf. French ''mercredi''), owing primarily to [[Tacitus]]' linking þāra twēgra goda. ===Onstandende gelēafan on Ōðene === Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the German language from "Woden's day", still extant on Nīƿum Englisce Wednesday to the neutral Mittwoch ("mid-week"), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (Tuesday "Tyr's day" and Frīgedæg "Frīge dæg" remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, St. Michael replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the Wild hunt of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as Wuotis Heer. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that Charlemagne led the hunt, not Odin. The spread of Christianity was slow in Scandinavia, and it worked its way downwards from the nobility. Among common people, beliefs in Odin would linger for centuries, and legends would be told until modern times. Sēo endenīehste beadu, in þǣre þe þā Norenan tealdon sige tō Ōðene, wæs sēo [[Beadu Lenan]] in [[1208]] [https://runeberg.org/img/sverhist/1/0325.5.png]. The former Swedish king [[Sverker II of Sweden|Sverker]] had arrived with a large Danish army, and the Swedes discovered that the Danish army was more than twice the size of their own. Naturally, the Danes got the upper hand and they should have won. However, the Swedes claimed that they suddenly saw Odin riding on Sleipnir. Accounts vary on how Odin gave the Swedes victory, but in one version, he rode in front of their battle formation. Þā Norþrigan sægdon lange spell ymbe ānēagedne rīdere mid brādbrerdedum hæte and blǣhǣƿenum cyrtele þe bād smiþ tō scōgenne his hors. The suspicious smith asked where the stranger had stayed during the previous night. The stranger mentioned so distant places that the smith would not believe him. The stranger said that he had stayed for a long time in the north and taken part in many battles, and this time he was going to Sweden. When the horse was shod, the rider mounted his horse and said "Ic eom Ōðen" to the stunned smith, rode up in the air and disappeared. The next day, the battle of Lena took place. [[Scandinavian folklore]] also maintained a belief in Odin as the leader of the [[Wild Hunt]] (''Åsgårdsreia'' in Norwegian). His main objective seems to have been to track down and kill the forest creature ''[[huldra]]n'' or ''skogsrået''. In these accounts, Odin was typically a lone huntsman, save for his two wolves. Originally, he was armed with a spear, but in later accounts this was sometimes changed to a [[rifle]]. {{Hǣðenscipe}} [[Flocc:Godas]] [[Flocc:Gūðes godu]] [[Flocc:Wīsdōmes godu]] [[Flocc:Angelseaxisc Englaland]] [[Flocc:Þēodisce godu]] [[Flocc:Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe]] [[Flocc:Hāligdomes gemǣnelīcu þing.]] gijrnp8du33so4q77okgz06ueo9deno 0 10671 230830 230657 2026-05-25T16:46:22Z 2600 etc 139775 230830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | company_name = Google Inc. | company_logo = [[File:Google 2026 logo.svg|frameless|alt=Google logo]] | company_type = [[public company|Folcliċ]] ({{nasdaq|GOOG}}, {{FWB|GGQ1}}) | foundation = [[Menlo Park, California]] {{nowrap|({{Start date|1998|09|04}})<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2119530 |title=Incorporation gewrit |date=April 29, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-27 |archivedate=2008-05-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508023138/http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2119530 }}</ref>}} | founder = [[Sergey Brin|Sergey M. Brin]]<br />[[Larry Page|Lawrence E. Page]] | location_city = [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[California]] | location_country = {{nowrap|[[United States]]}} | area_served = Woruldwīd | key_people = '''[[Eric E. Schmidt]]'''<br /><small>([[Stōlmann]] & [[CEO]])</small><br />'''[[Sergey Brin|Sergey M. Brin]]'''<br /><small>(Searucræftes Foresittend)</small><br />'''[[Larry Page|Lawrence E. Page]]'''<br /><small>(Wara Foresittend)</small> | industry = [[Ȝenett]], [[Spearcatella hnesceƿaru]] | products = Sēo [[ȝetalu Googles ƿara]]. | revenue = {{profit}}{{US$|23.651 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord>{{cite web |url=http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html |title=Financial Tables |work=Google Investor Relations |published=Google, Inc. |accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref><ref name="form 10-k">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312510030774/d10k.htm#toc95279_8 |title=Form 10-K |author=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |authorlink=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |year=2009 |publisher=United States of America |location=Washington, D.C. |at=Part II, Item 6 |accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref> | operating_income = {{profit}}{{US$|8.312 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord/><ref name="form 10-k" /> | net_income = {{profit}}{{US$|6.520 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord/><ref name="form 10-k" /> | assets = {{profit}}{{US$|40.497 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord/><ref name="form 10-k" /> | equity = {{profit}}{{US$|36.004 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name="form 10-k" /> | subsid = [[YouTube|YouTube LLC]], [[DoubleClick]], [[GrandCentral]], [[Picnik]] | num_employees = 19,835 (2009)<ref name=feohbord/> | company_slogan = [[Don't be evil]] | homepage = [http://www.google.com/ Google.com] | intl = yes }} '''Google Inc.''' ({{nasdaq|GOOG}}, {{FWB|GGQ1}}) is mænigrīċeliċ folcliċ weolcantellende, and ȝenettsōcn werod. Google hieldt and fulfieldt [[ȝetalu Googles ƿara|mænig]] [[Internet|genett]] wara, and ēaca þurh hiera AdWords [[ƿaracȳþþu|waracȳþþefandunge]] begiett.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onlīn Waracȳþþa Giefaþ Google Grēat Weaxende Ēaca |author=David A. Vise |url=David A. Vise |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2005-10-21 |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> Larry Page and Sergey Brin onstealdon þæt werod hwīl bestandende [[Stanford University]] swā Ph.D. leornungcnihtas. Hiera hēafodstōw is in [[Mountain View, California]]. Google hæfþ mā þonne ān million "server" þegntelleras ymbe þǣre worulde,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pandia.com/sew/481-gartner.html |title=Pandia Search Engine News&nbsp;— Google: one million servers and counting |date=2007-07-02 |publisher=Pandia Search Engine News |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> and wyrcþ mā þonne ān billion sōcna āscunga<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/12/18/google-unveils-top-political-searches-of-2009/ |title=CNN Politics&nbsp;— Political Ticker... Google unveils top political searches of 2009 |first=Eric |last=Kuhn |date=2009-12-18 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2010-02-14 |archivedate=2012-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012045324/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/12/18/google-unveils-top-political-searches-of-2009/ }}</ref> and twentig [[petabyte]]s brūcendgemacodum cȳþþe ǣlċ dæȝ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/11/sorting-1pb-with-mapreduce.html|title=Sorting 1PB with MapReduce|last=Czajkowski|first=Grzegorz|date=2008-11-21|work=Wǣre Google Blog|publisher=Google, Inc.|accessdate=16 Sōlmōnaþ, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niallkennedy.com/blog/2008/01/google-mapreduce-stats.html|title=Google processes over 20 petabytes of data per day|last=Kennedy|first=Niall|date=2008-01-08|work=Niall Kennedy's Weblog|publisher=Niall Kennedy|accessdate=February 16, 2010|archivedate=2015-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928091137/http://www.niallkennedy.com/blog/2008/01/google-mapreduce-stats.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2008/01/09/google-processing-20000-terabytes-a-day-and-growing/|title=Google Processing 20,000 Terabytes A Day, And Growing|last=Schonfeld|first=Erick|date=2008-01-09|work=TechCrunch|publisher=TechCrunch|accessdate=February 16, 2010}}</ref> Googles swiftu weaxnes siþþan hiera onstellende gemagode fela wara, [[ȝetalu Googles strēona|strēon]] and [[Fēolagascipeu|fēolagan]] ȝeond þǣre heortan þæs werodes [[sōcnsearu]]. Þæt werod offraþ onlīn wæstmbærnes [[hnescwaru]], swelċe his [[Gmail]] [[e-mail]] hnescwaru, and [[ȝeþēodlic nettƿeorc|geþēodliċ nettwyrcendu]] tōl, beinnaþ [[Orkut]] and, mā nīwes, [[Google Buzz]]. Googles wara beinnaþ ēac þā [[Desktop environment|desktop]], mid tōl swelċe se webbscēawere [[Google Chrome]]. <!-- the [[Picasa]] biliþ organization and editing hnescwaru, and the [[Google Talk]] [[instant messaging]] application. More notably, Google created the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[mobile phone]] [[operating system]], used on a number of [[HTC]] phones such as the [[Nexus One]] and [[Droid Eris]]. Because of its popularity and numerous products, [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] lists Google as the Internet's most visited website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexa Traffic Rank for Google (three month average) |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]] |url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.com |accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> Google is also [[Fortune Magazine]]'s fourth best place to work,<ref name="best_company">{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/ |title=100 Best Companies to Work For 2010 |work=Fortune Maganize |date=2010-02-08 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> and [[BrandZ]]'s most powerful brand in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millwardbrown.com/Sites/optimor/Media/Pdfs/en/BrandZ/BrandZ-2009-Report.pdf |title=Top 100 Most Powerful Brands of 2009 |year=2008 |publisher=BrandZ |page=9 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> However, the company has also [[Criticism of Google|faced criticism]] over issues relating to the [[privacy]] of personal information, [[copyright]], and [[censorship by Google|censorship]].--> == Fruma == {{reflist|2}} * {{Cite journal|last=Brin|first=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|issn=0169-7552|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|access-date=April 7, 2019}} * {{cite journal |last=Barroso |first=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |issn=0272-1732 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8db8e53c92af2f97974707119525aa089f6ed53a }} njx04o1yedqhjsvugk73tbelr0r43fo 0 27425 230831 230786 2026-05-25T22:01:49Z Ethanyichenyu 131963 230831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|No useful content}}𐌀 is Ealdeotolisċne bōcstæf; he hæfþ þone swēġ [a] 80uqseuzv65hura7x1algpd6wr47zjk