Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4833 231065 225204 2026-07-18T00:22:33Z EmausBot 11034 Fixing double redirect from [[Ispānisċ sprǣċ]] to [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 231065 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 61v0aqixix4u2j5ya8oe5quyswkzy1y 0 4847 231067 225208 2026-07-18T00:22:53Z EmausBot 11034 Fixing double redirect from [[Ispānisċ sprǣċ]] to [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 231067 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 61v0aqixix4u2j5ya8oe5quyswkzy1y 0 4951 231066 225206 2026-07-18T00:22:43Z EmausBot 11034 Fixing double redirect from [[Ispānisċ sprǣċ]] to [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 231066 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 61v0aqixix4u2j5ya8oe5quyswkzy1y 0 10671 231060 231047 2026-07-17T14:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 231060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | company_name = Google Inc. | company_logo = [[File:Google 2026 logo.svg|frameless|alt=Google logo]] | company_type = [[public company|Folcliċ]] ({{nasdaq|GOOG}}, {{FWB|GGQ1}}) | foundation = [[Menlo Park, California]] {{nowrap|({{Start date|1998|09|04}})<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2119530 |title=Incorporation gewrit |date=April 29, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-27 |archivedate=2008-05-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508023138/http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/corpdata/ShowAllList?QueryCorpNumber=C2119530 }}</ref>}} | founder = [[Sergey Brin|Sergey M. Brin]]<br />[[Larry Page|Lawrence E. Page]] | location_city = [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[California]] | location_country = {{nowrap|[[United States]]}} | area_served = Woruldwīd | key_people = '''[[Eric E. Schmidt]]'''<br /><small>([[Stōlmann]] & [[CEO]])</small><br />'''[[Sergey Brin|Sergey M. Brin]]'''<br /><small>(Searucræftes Foresittend)</small><br />'''[[Larry Page|Lawrence E. Page]]'''<br /><small>(Wara Foresittend)</small> | industry = [[Ȝenett]], [[Spearcatella hnesceƿaru]] | products = Sēo [[ȝetalu Googles ƿara]]. | revenue = {{profit}}{{US$|23.651 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord>{{cite web |url=http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html |title=Financial Tables |work=Google Investor Relations |published=Google, Inc. |accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref><ref name="form 10-k">{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312510030774/d10k.htm#toc95279_8 |title=Form 10-K |author=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |authorlink=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |year=2009 |publisher=United States of America |location=Washington, D.C. |at=Part II, Item 6 |accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref> | operating_income = {{profit}}{{US$|8.312 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord/><ref name="form 10-k" /> | net_income = {{profit}}{{US$|6.520 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord/><ref name="form 10-k" /> | assets = {{profit}}{{US$|40.497 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name=feohbord/><ref name="form 10-k" /> | equity = {{profit}}{{US$|36.004 billion}} <small>(2009)</small><ref name="form 10-k" /> | subsid = [[YouTube|YouTube LLC]], [[DoubleClick]], [[GrandCentral]], [[Picnik]] | num_employees = 19,835 (2009)<ref name=feohbord/> | company_slogan = [[Don't be evil]] | homepage = [http://www.google.com/ Google.com] | intl = yes }} '''Google Inc.''' ({{nasdaq|GOOG}}, {{FWB|GGQ1}}) is mænigrīċeliċ folcliċ weolcantellende, and ȝenettsōcn werod. Google hieldt and fulfieldt [[ȝetalu Googles ƿara|mænig]] [[Internet|genett]] wara, and ēaca þurh hiera AdWords [[ƿaracȳþþu|waracȳþþefandunge]] begiett.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onlīn Waracȳþþa Giefaþ Google Grēat Weaxende Ēaca |author=David A. Vise |url=David A. Vise |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2005-10-21 |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> Larry Page and Sergey Brin onstealdon þæt werod hwīl bestandende [[Stanford University]] swā Ph.D. leornungcnihtas. Hiera hēafodstōw is in [[Mountain View, California]]. Google hæfþ mā þonne ān million "server" þegntelleras ymbe þǣre worulde,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pandia.com/sew/481-gartner.html |title=Pandia Search Engine News&nbsp;— Google: one million servers and counting |date=2007-07-02 |publisher=Pandia Search Engine News |accessdate=2010-02-14 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716084624/http://www.pandia.com/sew/481-gartner.html }}</ref> and wyrcþ mā þonne ān billion sōcna āscunga<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/12/18/google-unveils-top-political-searches-of-2009/ |title=CNN Politics&nbsp;— Political Ticker... Google unveils top political searches of 2009 |first=Eric |last=Kuhn |date=2009-12-18 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2010-02-14 |archivedate=2012-10-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012045324/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/12/18/google-unveils-top-political-searches-of-2009/}}</ref> and twentig [[petabyte]]s brūcendgemacodum cȳþþe ǣlċ dæȝ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/11/sorting-1pb-with-mapreduce.html|title=Sorting 1PB with MapReduce|last=Czajkowski|first=Grzegorz|date=2008-11-21|work=Wǣre Google Blog|publisher=Google, Inc.|accessdate=16 Sōlmōnaþ, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niallkennedy.com/blog/2008/01/google-mapreduce-stats.html|title=Google processes over 20 petabytes of data per day|last=Kennedy|first=Niall|date=2008-01-08|work=Niall Kennedy's Weblog|publisher=Niall Kennedy|accessdate=February 16, 2010|archivedate=2015-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928091137/http://www.niallkennedy.com/blog/2008/01/google-mapreduce-stats.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2008/01/09/google-processing-20000-terabytes-a-day-and-growing/|title=Google Processing 20,000 Terabytes A Day, And Growing|last=Schonfeld|first=Erick|date=2008-01-09|work=TechCrunch|publisher=TechCrunch|accessdate=February 16, 2010}}</ref> Googles swiftu weaxnes siþþan hiera onstellende gemagode fela wara, [[ȝetalu Googles strēona|strēon]] and [[Fēolagascipeu|fēolagan]] ȝeond þǣre heortan þæs werodes [[sōcnsearu]]. Þæt werod offraþ onlīn wæstmbærnes [[hnescwaru]], swelċe his [[Gmail]] [[e-mail]] hnescwaru, and [[ȝeþēodlic nettƿeorc|geþēodliċ nettwyrcendu]] tōl, beinnaþ [[Orkut]] and, mā nīwes, [[Google Buzz]]. Googles wara beinnaþ ēac þā [[Desktop environment|desktop]], mid tōl swelċe se webbscēawere [[Google Chrome]]. <!-- the [[Picasa]] biliþ organization and editing hnescwaru, and the [[Google Talk]] [[instant messaging]] application. More notably, Google created the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[mobile phone]] [[operating system]], used on a number of [[HTC]] phones such as the [[Nexus One]] and [[Droid Eris]]. Because of its popularity and numerous products, [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] lists Google as the Internet's most visited website.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexa Traffic Rank for Google (three month average) |publisher=[[Alexa Internet]] |url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.com |accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> Google is also [[Fortune Magazine]]'s fourth best place to work,<ref name="best_company">{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/ |title=100 Best Companies to Work For 2010 |work=Fortune Maganize |date=2010-02-08 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> and [[BrandZ]]'s most powerful brand in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millwardbrown.com/Sites/optimor/Media/Pdfs/en/BrandZ/BrandZ-2009-Report.pdf |title=Top 100 Most Powerful Brands of 2009 |year=2008 |publisher=BrandZ |page=9 |format=PDF |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref> However, the company has also [[Criticism of Google|faced criticism]] over issues relating to the [[privacy]] of personal information, [[copyright]], and [[censorship by Google|censorship]].--> == Fruma == {{reflist|2}} * {{Cite journal|last=Brin|first=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|issn=0169-7552|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|access-date=April 7, 2019}} * {{cite journal |last=Barroso |first=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |issn=0272-1732 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8db8e53c92af2f97974707119525aa089f6ed53a}} eh1gm4t5xuimbhtskhal1h2pkro51mc 0 26697 231063 230962 2026-07-17T21:45:45Z Eiliv 83026 231063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Niðmuðe |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Normannum|Burg]] |underrice = [[Þrōwendhām]] |brædu = |lengu = |biliþ = Trondheim overview_01.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Nidmuðe on Normannum |brǣdu = |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Niðmuðe''' ({{lang-en|Trondheim}}) oððe '''Þrōwendhām''' is sƿīðe micel burg on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeġum]]. Hēo is sēo þridde burg mid þām mǣstan folce, and sēo fēorðe mǣste folcstede. Niðmuðe līþ on þām sūþstrande þæs Þrondham Ƿæterƿeġes, æt mūðan þǣre Nīdel ēa. Maniġ micel ƿīsdōmhūs sindon on Niðmuðe. Betƿēonan þām mǣstan cræft-and-ƿīsdōmstedum sindon sēo [[Norweġisċe Hēahscōlu for Cræfte and Wīsdōme]] (NTNU), þæt [[Hūs for Wīslīc Scēawunġe]] (SINTEF), sēo Eorþġeƿitness Norƿeġa, and Hāliġes Olāfes Micel Hǣlinghūs. Þæt bold ƿæs onġunnen on þām nigen hund seofon and nigoġentiġ ġēare sƿā ceapstede and wæs hēafodburg Norƿeġa fram þǣre Wiċinġa Ylde oþ þone tƿelf hund seofentīene ġēar. Fram þām ānre þūsend fīf hund and tƿā and fīftiġan oþ þone ānre þūsend fīf hund seofon and þrīetiġan, ƿæs sēo burg sēo sǣtlāg þæs Hāliġan Cāþolisċan Bisċopes Niðaross. Æfter þǣre tīde, hēo ƿearþ and nū gīt is sēo sǣtlāg þæs Lūðerisċan Bisċopes Niðaross, and sē stede þǣre Niðaross Micelan Cyrican. Hēo ƿæs ġeƿorht tō soðre byriġ on þām ānre þūsend ēahta hund þrīe and þrīetiġan. Sē nūcunda burgġerād ƿæs ġeċēosen on þām ānre þūsend nigen hund fēoƿer and sixtiġan ġēare, þā Niðmuðe ġeānede mid Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda, and Tiller ġerādum. Hēo ƿēox eft on þām tƿā þūsend and tƿēntiġan ġēare, þā hēo ġeānede mid Klæbu ġerāde. Niðmuðe hæfþ ƿærm ƿedere for hire norðerne stede. Sumeras sindon milde, and ƿintras ābīdaþ oft ofer þām cielepuncte nēah þām sǣ. Ac on þām hēahlandum, is þæt ƿedere ċealdre and hæfþ mā snāƿ. Sēo burg is sēo sǣtlāg þæs Sċīrrīcan Þrondhames sċīre, ac nā sē hēafodstede þæs Sċīrrīces (þæt is Stānċeġr). Þis is ġedōn þæt sēo sċīrġerād nā hæbbe tō miċelne anƿeald on ānum stede. Niðmuðe is sē hām Rosenburġ, Norƿeġa beste [[gyldfōtþōðer]] teama, and þæs Grānāsen Snāƿġelācstede, sē þe hæfþ healdone þā Ƿeoruld Snāƿġelāc. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nidmude}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Normannum]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Þrondhamum]] hdl003b9d54ye4ujp9qim29z9g5c2om 231064 231063 2026-07-17T21:46:07Z Eiliv 83026 231064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Niðmuðe |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Normannum|Burg]] |underrice = [[Þrōwendhām]] |brædu = |lengu = |biliþ = Trondheim overview_01.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Nidmuðe on Normannum |brǣdu = |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Niðmuðe''' ({{lang-en|Trondheim}}) oððe '''Þrōwendhām''' is sƿīðe micel burg on [[Norþweg|Norþƿeġum]]. Hēo is sēo þridde burg mid þām mǣstan folce, and sēo fēorðe mǣste folcstede. Niðmuðe līþ on þām sūþstrande þæs Þrondham Ƿæterƿeġes, æt mūðan þǣre Nīdel ēa. Maniġ micel ƿīsdōmhūs sindon on Niðmuðe. Betƿēonan þām mǣstan cræft-and-ƿīsdōmstedum sindon sēo [[Norweġisċe Hēahscōlu for Cræfte and Wīsdōme]] (NTNU), þæt [[Hūs for Wīslīc Scēawunġe]] (SINTEF), sēo Eorþġeƿitness Norƿeġa, and Hāliġes Olāfes Micel Hǣlinghūs. Þæt bold ƿæs onġunnen on þām nigen hund seofon and nigoġentiġ ġēare sƿā ceapstede and wæs hēafodburg Norƿeġa fram þǣre Wiċinġa Ylde oþ þone tƿelf hund seofentīene ġēar. Fram þām ānre þūsend fīf hund and tƿā and fīftiġan oþ þone ānre þūsend fīf hund seofon and þrīetiġan, ƿæs sēo burg sēo sǣtlāg þæs Hāliġan Cāþolisċan Bisċopes Niðaross. Æfter þǣre tīde, hēo ƿearþ and nū gīt is sēo sǣtlāg þæs Lūðerisċan Bisċopes Niðaross, and sē stede þǣre Niðaross Micelan Cyrican. Hēo ƿæs ġeƿorht tō soðre byriġ on þām ānre þūsend ēahta hund þrīe and þrīetiġan. Sē nūcunda burgġerād ƿæs ġeċēosen on þām ānre þūsend nigen hund fēoƿer and sixtiġan ġēare, þā Niðmuðe ġeānede mid Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda, and Tiller ġerādum. Hēo ƿēox eft on þām tƿā þūsend and tƿēntiġan ġēare, þā hēo ġeānede mid Klæbu ġerāde. Niðmuðe hæfþ ƿærm ƿedere for hire norðerne stede. Sumeras sindon milde, and ƿintras ābīdaþ oft ofer þām cielepuncte nēah þām sǣ. Ac on þām hēahlandum, is þæt ƿedere ċealdre and hæfþ mā snāƿ. Sēo burg is sēo sǣtlāg þæs Sċīrrīcan Þrōwendhāmes sċīre, ac nā sē hēafodstede þæs Sċīrrīces (þæt is Stānċeġr). Þis is ġedōn þæt sēo sċīrġerād nā hæbbe tō miċelne anƿeald on ānum stede. Niðmuðe is sē hām Rosenburġ, Norƿeġa beste [[gyldfōtþōðer]] teama, and þæs Grānāsen Snāƿġelācstede, sē þe hæfþ healdone þā Ƿeoruld Snāƿġelāc. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nidmude}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Normannum]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Þrondhamum]] pfuhn6atst9a9d7lfdhscgrmqbwgmtr 0 26830 231068 225040 2026-07-18T00:23:03Z EmausBot 11034 Fixing double redirect from [[Ispānisċ sprǣċ]] to [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 231068 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Speonisc sprǣċ]] 61v0aqixix4u2j5ya8oe5quyswkzy1y 0 28440 231061 2026-07-17T17:41:48Z Lpoj50 140589 Nīwe tramet: Voᵹe þæt ic þē þis gewrit on ealdum Englisce āwende, mid eallum þǣm Wikiƿrītunge tācnum þe þū bǣde. Hēr is þæt fullǣste: {{Short description|Set of varieties of English language}} {{Redirect|BrE|other uses|BRE (disambiguation){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Bryttisc Englisc | altname = | nativename = | states = Ȝ... 231061 wikitext text/x-wiki Voᵹe þæt ic þē þis gewrit on ealdum Englisce āwende, mid eallum þǣm Wikiƿrītunge tācnum þe þū bǣde. Hēr is þæt fullǣste: {{Short description|Set of varieties of English language}} {{Redirect|BrE|other uses|BRE (disambiguation){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Bryttisc Englisc | altname = | nativename = | states = [[Ȝeānlǣhte Cynerīce]] (fruman [[Englaland]]) | region = [[Bryttisca Īeȝland]] | ethnicity = [[Bryttisce lēode]] | familycolor = Inde-ƿeropisc | fam2 = [[Germanisc sprǣca|Germanisc]] | fam3 = [[Westgermanisc sprǣca|Westgermanisc]] | fam4 = [[Norþsǣ Germanisc]] | fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisisc]] | fam6 = [[Anglisc sprǣc|Anglisc]] | fam7 = [[Englisc sprǣc|Englisc]] | dia1 = [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande]] | dia2 = [[Scottisc Englisc]] | dia3 = [[Wēalisc Englisc]] | dia4 = [[Ulster Englisc]] | dia5 = [[Hiberno-Englisc]] | dia6 = [[Bermudian Englisc]] | dia7 = [[Falkland Īeȝlanda Englisc]] | dia8 = [[Cayman Īeȝlanda Englisc]] | dia9 = [[Gibraltarian Englisc]] | dia10 = [[Manninȝ Englisc]] | dia11 = [[Ǣlīeȝlanda Englisc]] | ancestor = [[Fruman-Englisc]] | ancestor2 = [[Eald Englisc]] | ancestor3 = [[Midȝel Englisc]] | ancestor4 = [[Ǣrlic Nīƿe Englisc]] | stand1 = [[Onfangen Ȝesprec]] | script = [[Lǣden stæfrof|Lǣden]] ([[Englisc stæfrof]]) <br /> [[Ānǣded Bryttisc Blindrīt]] | nation = [[Ȝeānedan Þēodan]] (mid [[Oxenafordstaflung]]) | isoexception = dialect | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} }} {{American and British English differences}} '''Bryttisc Englisc'''{{efn|Oscortan: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', and '''BE'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>}} is þæt sēt of [[Fāg (sprǣccræft)|fāga]] þǣre [[Englisc sprǣc]]e þe in þām [[Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce]] is sprēcen, ȝeārlīce on [[Micelan Bryttene]].{{refn|Sēo ''[[Oxenaford Englisc Ƿordbōc]]'' brȳcþ þone terman tō Engliscum sƿā "sprēcen oþþe ǣƿriten on þǣm [[Bryttiscum Īeȝlandum]]; sƿīðost þā fōrma Englisces þe on Micelan Bryttene ƿuniaþ", hēoldende "[[Īrisc Englisc]]" for þǣre "Englisc sprǣce sƿā sēo on Īrlande is sprēcen and ǣƿriten".<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}</ref> Ōðre, sƿylce sēo ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', maciaþ hīe tō þǣre "Englisc sprǣce sƿā sēo on Englalande is sprēcen and ǣƿriten".<ref name="Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary">[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</ref>}} Māre nearulīce, hit mæȝ tō þǣm [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande]] āna, oþþe brādor, tō þǣm ȝedǣledum hēape Englisces ofer eall þæt Cynerīce, sƿā sƿā efenlīce innfōn [[Scottisc Englisc]], [[Wēalisc Englisc]], and [[Norþīrisc Englisc]]. [[Tom McArthur (sprǣccræftiga)|Tom McArthur]] on þǣre [[Oxenaford Englisc Ƿordbōc|Oxenaford Lāre tō Ƿorulde Englisce]] oncnāƿþ þæt Bryttisc Englisc dǣleþ "ealle þā twēonessan and þrēatunga [mid] þām ƿorde 'Bryttisc' and forþȳ mæȝ bēon brȳced and ȝetācod on tƿǣm ƿegum, brādor oþþe nearor, innan þrēatunge þæs dīmnesse and twēonessan". Fāgnessa sindon on formǣlum (ēaȝƿritenlīcum and sprǣcum) Englisce in þām Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce. Tō bisene, þæt tōȝeīecendlic ''ƿē'' is eallmǣst āna brȳced on dǣlum of Scotland, norþēast Englalande, Norþīrlande, Īrlande, and hƿīlum [[Yorkshireisc|Yorkshireisce]], þenden þæt tōȝeīecendlic ''lytel'' is oferƿeȝende on ōðrum stōƿum. Hƿæðere, þǣr is ȝetungol ȝemǣtness on ǣƿritenum Englisce binnan þǣm Cynerīce, and þis mæȝe bēon þȳ terman ''Bryttisc Englisc'' ȝecīeȝed. Þā fōrma [[Sprǣc|sprecenre]] Englisc, hƿæðere, fāriaþ miċlum māre þonne on mǣstum ōðrum stōƿum þǣre ƿorulde þǣr Englisc is sprēcen<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&nbsp;12}}</ref> and sƿā ānȝetungol ȝemynd of Bryttiscum Englisce is sƿīðor earfoðe tō brȳcenne tō þǣre sprecenan sprǣce. On eallum þām eorðrīce, þā land þe ǣr [[Ȝetalu landa þe fram þām Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce frēodōm ȝefēngon|Bryttisce ƿæron]] oþþe ȝebrōþor of þǣm [[Ȝeānedan Þēodacyne]] sind, healdiaþ Bryttisc Englisc,<ref>{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}</ref> sƿā sƿā þæt Englisc þe fram þǣm Europiscan Ȝeānscipe onlīnebrȳced ƿierþ.<ref>{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> Þā [[Ȝeānedan Þēodan]] brȳcaþ ēac Bryttisc Englisc mid [[Oxenafordstaflung]]e.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> On Cīnan, bēoþ Bryttisc Englisc and Americanisc Englisc ȝelǣred.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}</ref> Sēo Bryttisce rīcƿeard lǣreþ and ārǣreþ Englisc ƿoruldwīde and [[Bryttisc Rǣd|ƿyrcaþ on mā þonne 100 landum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}</ref> == Stǣr == {{Main|Stǣr þǣre Engliscan sprǣce}} ===Fruman=== {{further|Stǣr þǣre Engliscan sprǣce|Fruman-Inde-Europisc|Fruman-Germanisc|Fruman-Westgermanisc|Fruman-Englisc|Eald Englisc|Midȝel Englisc|Ǣrlic Nīƿe Englisc|Nīƿe Englisc}} Englisc is [[Westgermanisc sprǣc]] þe fram þǣm [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisiscum]] [[mǣðlum]] ōc, þe of [[Germanisce þēode|Germaniscum]] settendum fram missenlicum dǣlum þæs þe nū is norþƿest Germanie and norþern Niðerlanda brōht ƿæs. Sēo būend þrēaw on þissum tīman spræc [[Bryttonisc Bryttisc]] – sēo īeȝlicu fāg of [[Celtic]] þæs mēgðlandes, sēo fram þǣre [[Rōmānisc here|Rōmāniscan]] sǣte ȝefrēodod ƿæs. Þēos hēap sprǣca ([[Wēalisc]], [[Cornisc]], and [[Cumbric]]) ƿunodon mid Englisce on þā nīƿan tīd, ac for heora feornesse fram þǣm [[Germaniscum sprǣcum]], ƿæs heora ȝefēa on Englisc [[Ȝetalu Englisces ƿorda of Celtsc þēode|sƿīðe lȳtel]]. Hƿæðere, sēo mǣþ þæs ȝefēon is ȝīet ȝefliten, and nīƿlīce is ārīsed þæt grammatisc ȝefēa fram Bryttonisce āreccþ þā ōðrum lēodum þe Englisc fram ōðrum Westgermaniscum sprǣcum tōscēadaþ.<ref>[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, also see references in [[Brittonicisms in English]]</ref> Fruman, [[Eald Englisc]] ƿæs fāglic hēap mǣðla, þe þā missenlican fruman þǣra [[Anglo-Saxisca]] rīca Englalandes ȝeāƿdon. Ān þissa mǣðla, [[Læte Westsexisc]], cōm tō oferwealde. Eald Englisc ƿæs þā fram tƿǣm scūrum herefōres ȝeāscod: sēo forma ƿæs fram þǣm [[Scandinavisc]]an brance þæs Germaniscan cynnes, þe on dǣlum Brytennes on þǣm eahtoðan and nigoðan ȝēarhundredum sēton; sēo ōðer ƿæs fram þǣm [[Normannis]] on þām 11. ȝēarhundrede, þe [[Eald Norman]] spræcon and æt nēahstan ān Englisc fāg þæs ȝeƿīxodon þe [[Anglo-Norman sprǣc]] hātte. Þā tƿā herefōras dydon þæt Englisc on sumne dǣl 'mǣsċ' ƿurde (þēah hit nǣfre sōðlīce [[mǣsċsprǣc]] næs on þām strīcostan andȝiete þæs ƿordes; mǣsċsprǣca ārīsaþ of þǣm sāmēdlīban missenlicra sprǣca sprēcena, þā āƿendaþ āne ȝehybridode tungan for bōsumlicum ȝesprǣce). Þæt Englisc þe māre fyrnsprǣclīc, þinglīc, and ȝescēadlīc is, þȳ māre hit of Anglo-Saxiscum frumum cymþ. Þæt Englisc þe māre andȝietlīc and ȝesǣlig is, þȳ māre hit [[Lǣden]] and [[Frencisc]] ȝefēa hæfþ. Tō bisene, ''sƿīn'' (sƿā þæt Germanisc {{Lang|de|Schwein}}) is þæt dēor on þǣre ƿēste, of þǣm oferȝānendum Anglo-Saxum ȝebrēded, hƿīle ''pic'' (sƿā þæt Frencisc {{Lang|fr|porc}}) is þæt dēor on þǣm bēode, of þǣm ƿealdendum Normannum ǣten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server |access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ōðer bisen is þæt Anglo-Saxisc {{Lang|ang|cū}} ȝetācnende 'cū', and þæt Frencisc {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} ȝetācnende 'cūflǣsc'.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sāmēdlīf mid þǣm Scandinavisum brōhte miċelne ānfealdunge stæfcræftes and ƿordhordes ȝestrēonunge þǣre [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisiscan]] heortan Englisces. Sēo latora Normannisc sǣt lǣdde tō þǣm ȝeāȝeote on þā Germaniscan heortan of ānre māre ȝefaðmedenre ȝesetnesse ƿorda of þǣm [[Romance sprǣca|Romance]] brance Europicra sprǣca. Þis Normannisc ȝefēa cōm on Englisc þurh þā hēafodlīce þā cyrtan and rīcƿeard. Sƿā ƿeard Englisc tō ānre [[lǣnƿord|'lǣn']] sprǣce of miċelre ȝesēlignesse and mid sƿīðe miċelum [[ƿordhorde]]. == Mǣðlas == {{see also|Englisc sprǣc on Englalande|Scottisc Englisc|Wēalisc Englisc|Norþīrisc Englisc|Īrisc Englisc|Anguillan Creol|Montserrat Creol|Bermudian Englisc|Falkland Īeȝlanda Englisc|Cayman Īeȝlanda Englisc|Gibraltarian Englisc|Manninȝ Englisc|Ǣlīeȝlanda Englisc}} {{IPA notice}}[[Ȝetalu mǣðla þǣre Engliscan sprǣce#Europe|Mǣðlas]] and [[Lēodlicu hlyda Englisces|hlydas]] fāriaþ betƿeox þǣm fēoƿer [[landum þæs Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīces]], and ēac binnan þǣm landum selfum. Þā mǣstan tōdǣlunga sind eallmǣst ȝeflōcod sƿā [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande|Englisc Englisc]] (oþþe Englisc sƿā sēo on Englalande is sprēcen (sēo is self brādīce ȝegaderod on [[Englisc sprǣc on Sūðenglalande|Sūðenglisc]], [[Westlandisc Englisc|Westlandisc]], [[Ēastmidlandisc Englisc|Ēast]] and [[Westmidlandisc Englisc]] and [[Englisc sprǣc on Norðenglalande|Norðenglisc]]), [[Norþīrisc Englisc]] (on Norþīrlande), [[Wēalisc Englisc]] (ne tō bēon ȝemenged ƿiþ þā [[Wēalisc sprǣc]]), and [[Scottisc Englisc]] (ne tō bēon ȝemenged ƿiþ þā [[Scottisc sprǣc]] oþþe [[Scottisc Gæelisc]]). Ǣlc hēap innhæfþ āne rǣd mǣðla, sume sƿīðe tōmissenlice fram ōðrum. Þā missenlican Bryttiscan mǣðlas tōscēadaþ ēac on þǣm ƿordum þe hīe fram ōðrum sprǣcum ȝelǣnod habbaþ. On ymbe þā midle þæs 15. ȝēarhundes, þǣr ƿǣron stōƿa þǣr binnan þǣm 5 mǣstan mǣðlum þǣr ƿǣron nēan 500 ƿega tō āwritenne þæt ƿord ''þēah''.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Forscēawung=== Efter hire nīehstan miċelan [[Forscēawung Englisces Mǣðles]] (1949–1950), hæfþ sēo [[Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht]] onȝunnen ƿeorc on nīƿum ȝerēde. On Mæȝmōnþe 2007, sēo [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] sealde ȝifu tō þǣre Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht tō scēawiganne Bryttisc lēodlic mǣðlas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biography on the [[Leeds University]] website</ref><ref name=MEO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Leeds University]] website, 25 May 2007.</ref> Sēo tēam{{efn|name=note}} is siftende þurh āne miċele ȝaderunge bīsna lēodlīcra slēges ƿorda and cƿida þe þæt 'Voices' ȝerēd fram þǣm [[BBC]] onƿrēah, on þǣm sēo folciscnes ƿæs ȝelāþod tō sendenne bīsna Englisces þe ȝīet ofer eall þæt land is sprēcen. Þæt BBC Voices ȝerēd ȝaderode ēac hundas nīƿa spell be þǣm hū Bryttisce menn sprēcaþ Englisc – fram āðum tō þingum on sprǣcscōlum. Þēos ȝewissung biþ ēac ȝegaderod and ȝescēadod fram Professor Johnsones tēame, ēaȝþer for þǣm andȝiefte and for þǣre stōƿe fram þǣre hit ācȳþed ƿæs. "Wēnlice sēo mǣste findung on þǣm Voices scēawunge is þæt sēo Englisc sprǣc is sƿā fāglic sƿā ǣfre, būtan ƿē sēoþ ūre māran mōƿendnesse and singalum brȳce ōðerra hlyda and mǣðla þurh Tǣƿ and rādio."<ref name=MEO/> Þā þā tōdǣlung þǣre ȝife on 2007 ƿæs ȝemōt, sēo [[Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht]] cƿæð: {{blockquote|þæt hīo ƿæs "sƿīðe ȝeblīssod" – and ȝesōðlīce, "ƿel ċeaff" – æt þǣm ȝife þǣre ȝifan. Sēo lēodflēot mihte, ȝesōðlīce, bēon "bostin" ȝif hit fram þǣm [[Blæc Land]]e cōme, oþþe ȝif hit [[Scōser]]e ƿǣre hit ƿǣre ƿel "māde up" ofer sƿā maniȝum spondoolicks, for þǣm, sƿā sƿā [[Geordie]] cƿeðan mihte, £460,000 is "canny load of chink".<ref name=Indi-20070601>McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 June 2007. Page 20</ref>}} === Englisc lēodlic === {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}} Mǣst folc on Bryttene sprēcaþ mid lēodlicum hlyde oþþe mǣðle. Hƿæðere, ymbe 2% Bryttiscra sprēcaþ mid hlyde þe [[Onfangen Ȝesprec]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> hātte (ēac cūð sƿā 'se Cyninȝes Englisc', 'Oxenaford Englisc' oþþe '[[BBC]] Englisc'<ref>BBC Englisc for þǣm þe þis fruman ƿæs sēo fōrm Englisces þe on rādio and tǣƿe brȳced ƿæs, þēah man mæȝ nū brādor fāg hlyda hīeran.</ref>), sēo is andlīce landlēas.<ref name=sweet>{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}</ref><ref name=fowler>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}</ref> Hēo cymþ of ȝemengedum Midlandiscum and Sūðernum mǣðlum þe on Lunden on þǣre ǣrlican nīƿan tīde sprēcen ƿǣron.<ref name=fowler/> Hēo is oft brȳced sƿā bȳsn for lǣrunge Englisces tō ǣlðēodigum leornungmannum.<ref name=fowler/> On þǣm Sūðēastan, þǣr sind sƿīðe tōmissenlīce hlydas: se [[Cocnīȝ]] hlyd fram sumum Ēastlundenum is eallunga tōmissenlic fram Onfangenum Ȝesprece (RP). Cocnīȝ [[rīmstæf slēg]] mæȝ bēon (and fruman ƿæs āscēadod) earfoðe for ūtlendum tō understandenne,<ref name="Franklyn1975">{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=9}}</ref> þēah sēo mǣþ brȳces his is oft ofersǣd. Lundenƿare sprēcaþ mid ȝemengedum hlydum, bēon þæs þēode, nēaȝebūrhādes, mǣðles, yldo, lār, and missenlicra ōðra þinga. [[Estuary Englisc]] hæfþ on nīehstum ȝēarum māre ætīewednesse ȝefangen: hit hæfþ sumne dǣl tācna RP and sumne Cocnīȝ.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}</ref> Infareras tō þǣm Cynerīce on nīehstum ȝēarum brōhton maniȝ māre sprǣca tō þǣm lande, and tō Lunden sƿīðost. Scēawunga þe on 1979 fram þǣre [[Innan Lunden Lārsǣd]] onȝunnen ƿǣron fundon mā þonne 125 sprǣca þe on hūsum fram cynnum lundenlicra scōlbearna sprēcen ƿǣron.<ref>{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title="Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority" |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}</ref> Sƿīðost, [[Maniȝþēodisc Lunden Englisc]] – sōþhlyd þe on þǣm lætan 20. ȝēarhundrede ōc – is sprēcen hēafodlīce fram ȝingum, [[ƿyrhtelīcum]] lēodum on [[maniȝþēodiscum]] dǣlum [[Lunden]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Siþþan sēo micle [[innlendisc fēr]] tō [[Norðhāmtūnscīr]]e on þǣm 1940. ȝēarum, and ȝiefen hire stōƿe betƿeoh maniȝum miċelum hlydlandum, is sēo scīr ƿorden fruma missenlicra hlydƿearda. On Norðhāmtūne ==Mæsse Inlendisc Sīðfæt tō Norðhāmtūnsċīre== ==Ƿitodlīce, siþþan sēo mæsse [[inlendisc sīðfæt]] tō [[Norðhāmtūnsċīre]] on þǣm 1940. ȝēarum, and forþǣm þe hēo līþ betƿeox fela mǣȝen‐sprǣca landscēapum, þæt sċīr is ȝeworden welle manigra sprǣca āƿeȝa. On Norðhāmtūne, sēo ealdre sprǣc is ȝeāƿeȝed fram Lundene tōflōde. Þǣr is ān sprǣc, þe inlendisces mannes "Cētering" ġehāten, sēo is ȝemetlīċe sprǣc betƿeox þǣm [[Ēastmittelandiscum]] and þǣm [[Ēastengliscum]]. Hēo is sēo ȳtemestne sūðerne Middellandsprǣc, þe brȳcþ þæt brāde 'a' in ƿordum sƿā ''bæþ'' oþþe ''gærs'' (þæt is, {{respell|barth}} oþþe {{respell|grarss}}). Hƿæðere, ''crass'' oþþe ''plastic'' brȳcaþ þæt smæle 'a'. Fēa mīla tō þǣm norð‐ƿestan, on [[Lægreċestersċīre]], þæt smæle 'a' ƿeordeþ mā ȝemǣne. On þǣre tūne [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} tō norðan, man ȝemēteþ þone Corbyite‐mūþ, sē – unġelīc þǣre Cētering‐sprǣċe – is mycel ȝeāƿeȝed fram þǣm Ƿest-Scyttiscum mūþe. ==Hiw== Þā hiwlican tācnu þe sind ǣġenlīċe Bryttiscum Englisce hēr synd ymbe þæs stæfes R hliud, and þæs tōþ‐tōþlēacendan T, and sume tƿihliuda þe synd þissum mūþe ȝeāgne. ===T-ȝlottalian=== Þēah hit ǣr ƿǣre Cōcneġ‐tācen, on manigum Bryttiscum Englisces mūþum, {{IPA|/t/}} is ȝeƿunelīce ȝesēd sƿā [[ȝlottal stōp]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, þonne hit stent betƿeox tƿǣm slēpum, on þǣm þe man hǣt [[T-ȝlottalisation]]. Sēo þēodsċīpe mǣnsum, þe on Lundene stent, hæfþ ȝedōn þæt se ȝlottal stōp brēdeþ mā þonne ǣr, on ƿord‐endum, sƿā þæt ''not'' biþ ȝehyred sƿā "no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}" and ''bottle of water'' sƿā "bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er". Hit biþ ȝīet tō bysmore þonne hit stent on middum ƿordum, sƿā ''later''.<ref name="Trudghill56">{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=56–57}}</ref> Ōðre stafas þe sind þȳs līce on Cōcneġ‐Englisce sind ''p'', sƿā on pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er, and ''k'', sƿā on ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.<ref name="Trudghill56" /> ===R-āƿeorpan=== On mǣstum dǣlum Engla landes and Ƿēala, būtan þǣm [[Ƿest‐landiscum Englisce|Ƿest‐land]] and ōðrum nēahum sċīrum þæs Cȳningrīces, se stæf R ne biþ ne ȝehyred būtan him fylġe slēp; þæs fōre‐gāndum slēpe biþ ȝelengd. Þis is [[R‐lēasnes]] ȝeċīeȝed. On þǣm ilcan landscēapum, is ān þēaw þæt man sette R betƿeox þǣm ƿorde þe endaþ on slēpe and þǣm nīehstan ƿorde þe on slēpe onȝinneþ. Þis is [[inȝānd R]] ȝeċīeȝed. Man mæȝ þæt understandan sƿā ānne ȝemengan, forþǣm þe ƿord þe ǣr endodon on R and þā þe ne dydon, nū ne bēoþ hī ǣtōċēade ȝetrēated. Þis is eac fram Lundene āƿeȝed. Bȳsna R‐āƿeorpes sind ''car'' and ''sugar'', þǣr se R ne biþ ȝehyred. ===Tƿihliudung=== Bryttisce mūþas synd on tƿǣm tōdǣlede be þǣm þe hīe tƿihliudaþ þā langen slēpas: sūðerne cynn ȝeƿunelīce tƿihliudaþ hīe, and norðerne cynn healdaþ hīe. On ȝemetunge, Americanisċe mūþas sind betƿux. ====Norð==== Þā langan slēpas /iː/ and /uː/ bēoþ ȝeƿunelīce gehealdene, and on sumum landum ēac /oː/ and /eː/, sƿā on '''go''' and '''say''' (unlīce ōðrum Englisces cynnum, þe hīe āƿendaþ tō [oʊ] and [eɪ]). Sum stōwa faraþ sƿā feorr þæt hīe ne tƿihliudaþ þā mideldicȝan /iː/ and /uː/, þā þe ȝiefaþ nīƿe /aɪ/ and /aʊ/. Þæt is, on þǣm ealdan mūþe [[Nīƿe Ceastre on Tīne]], 'out' biþ sƿā 'oot', and on dǣlum Scotlandes and Norð‐Ƿest‐Englalandes, 'my' biþ 'me' ȝeħȳred. ====Sūð==== Þā langan slēpas /iː/ and /uː/ bēoþ tƿihliudede tō [ɪi] and [ʊu] (oþþe, mā cræftlīce, [ʏʉ], mid āhāfenum tunȝan), sƿā þæt '''ee''' and '''oo''' on '''feed''' and '''food''' bēoþ mid styre ȝesēde. Se tƿihliuda [oʊ] is ēac mid māran styre ȝesēd, ȝeƿunelīce [əʊ], [əʉ] oþþe [əɨ]. ===Ȝader‐naman=== Sēo þēaw þæt man forlǣteþ [[ȝetel‐ȝeþƿǣrnes]] on [[ȝader‐namum]] is on Bryttiscum Englisce strangra þonne on Americaniscum.<ref name="BOD">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher= [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=5 September 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes }}</ref> Þæt is, man brȳcþ hīe on manigfealdum, ēac þonne hīe on ānfealdum sind on stæfcræfte, þonne sēo ȝecyndelīċe rīm winnþ – sēoþþe hīe tō stōƿ‐namum and hēapum manna bēoþ. Þæt naman 'police' fēþ þȳs līce: {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 January 2017.</ref>}} And sƿā ēac spēd‐tēam: {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<ref name=BBC2>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 April 2017.</ref>}} Þis þēaw mæȝ bēon ȝesēne on bocum sƿā eallum sƿā þǣm 19. ȝēarhunde. [[Jane Austen]], Bryttisc ƿrītere, on þǣm 4. hēafde ''[[Pride and Prejudice (novel)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', þe on 1813 ȝeēðod ƿæs: {{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>}} Hƿæðere, on þǣm 16. hēafde, is þæt ānfealde ȝeþƿǣre ȝebrȳced: {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}} ===Āƿīeþendan=== Sum Bryttisce Englisces mūþas brȳcaþ [negative concord], þæt is, [[tƿifeald āƿīeþendan]]. Þæs līces sƿā þæt man ne ǣƿentaþ ǣnne ƿord, ac brȳcþ ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', and ''never'' on þǣm ilcan cwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> Þēah hit ne ȝebīde on Stǣr‐Englisce, hit ȝebīdeþ on un‐stǣr‐mūþum. Tƿifeald āƿīeþung brȳcþ tƿegen tōþēodan morfēmas: ān sē þe þæt tƿifeald ȝecīeȝþ, and ōðer sē þe tō þǣm slēpe oþþe tō þǣm ƿyrde ȝeþēod is.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}</ref> ==Stǣr‐Bryttisc Englisc== [[Stǣr‐Englisc]] on þǣm Cȳningrīce, sƿā sƿā on ōðrum Englisc‐sprecendum þēodum, is ȝeƿīde ȝeāfēmed on scōlum and þurh þēodsċipe þēaƿas for fōrmǣlum ȝeþingum, ac hit næfþ nā ānne hlāford. Nis þǣr nān stōƿ ġelīċ þǣre {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} for Frenċisċe, oþþe þǣre Spēonisce Cynelīcan Ȝesetnesse. Stǣr‐Bryttisc Englisc [[Comparison of American and British English|unlīcaþ]] on sumum ƿord‐horde, stæfcræfte, and hliude fram stǣr‐Americaniscum Englisce and fram ōðrum stǣr‐Engliscum ymbe þā ƿoruld. [[American and British English spelling differences|Bryttisc and Americanisc stæfƿrit]] sind ēac on lytlum þingum tōdǣlede. Se hliud, oþþe þæt hliud‐ȝetæl, stǣr‐Bryttisces Englisces – þe on sūð‐ēast‐Englalande stent – is mā þonne Ƿintra ȝeēacnod sƿā [[Onfangen Hliud]] (RP). Hƿæðere, for þǣre sprǣcan ȝeēacnunge and ƿendendum þēodsċipe, sume sprǣc‐lārēowas seċȝaþ þæt RP forlīeseþ [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|ārweorþnesse]] oþþe is mid ōðrum mūþe ȝeāƿeȝed – þone mūþ þe sprǣc‐lārēow [[Geoff Lindsey]], bīspell, hǣt 'Stǣr‐Sūðerne Bryttisc Englisc'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}</ref> Ōðere lārēowas cwēþaþ þæt mā landsċēap‐stǣr‐mūþas cumaþ on Englalande.<ref>Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., & Leemann, A. (2020). "General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.</ref> Būtan Englalande – þæt is, on Scotlande and Norð‐Īrlande – RP hæfþ lytle mihte, ēac on þǣm 21. ȝēarhunde. RP, þēah hit lange stōd sƿā stǣr‐Englisces hliud ymbe þā ƿoruld for þǣre [[Bryttiscan Rīċe|Bryttiscan Rīċes]] brǣdinge, hit is tōdǣled fram stǣr‐Englisce hliude on sumum ƿoruld‐dǣlum; mǣst, RP [[Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation|unlīcaþ]] wiþ stǣr‐Americaniscum mūþum. On þǣm 21. ȝēarhunde, ƿordbēc sƿā ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', and ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' āƿrītaþ þætte ȝebȳreþ on brȳce, nā þæt hīe tāċnaþ hū man sceal sprecan.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg">{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ēac, ƿord‐hord and brȳc ƿendaþ mid tīde: ƿord bēoþ frēolīce brōhte fram ōðrum sprǣcum and fram ōðrum Englisces cynnum, and [[nīƿe ƿord]] sind ȝelōme. ===Stǣr þǣre Stǣr‐fæstnunge=== For stǣr‐līcum intingum, þe gāþ tō þǣre ārīsene [[Lundene]] on þǣm 9. ȝēarhunde, sēo sprǣc þe on Lundene and on þǣm [[Ēastmittelandiscum]] ȝesprōcen ƿæs, ƿearþ stǣr‐Englisc on þǣm Cynelīcan Hīrde, and siþþan ƿearþ sēo grund‐weall for ȝeþafunge on ǣƿum, rīce, bōcum, and lāre on Brytene. Sēo stǣr‐fæstnung Bryttisces Englisces is þūht fram bǣm [[Dialect levelling in Britain|mūþ‐efenlǣcunge]] and fram ȝeþūhte sōþan ofer‐mǣrþe. Þæt man sprece þone stǣr‐mūþ ȝesċōp flocc‐tōdǣlunge: þā þe ne sprǣcon stǣr‐Englisc ƿǣron ȝetealde sƿā lǣƿede oþþe lytelwīs, and oft man hīe forseah oþþe tō lytlum andȝiete hæfde.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg"/> Ōðer ȝetēohh tō stǣr‐fæstnunge Bryttisces Englisces ƿæs sēo inlǣdung þǣre bōc‐pressan on Englaland on þǣm middan 15. ȝēarhunde. Þurh þæt, Ƿilliam Caxton ȝemǣnsumode ānne ȝemǣnne sprǣc and stæfƿrit þe raþe þurh Englaland ȝefērde.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com"/> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) ƿæs miċel stæpe on þǣre [[Engliscre stæf‐ȝesċādunge]], þǣr sēo clǣnsung sprǣce sēcþe stǣr‐fæstnunge bǣm hliudes and stæfƿrites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}</ref> Be þǣm 20. ȝēarhunde beginnunge, Bryttisce ƿrīteras hæfdon ȝemacod manige bēc þe tō lāre stæfcræftes and brȳces fōren, and fēa þāra ȝēaton sƿā mycel lof þæt hīe lang on þrycce ƿunodon and æfter fela ȝēarum eft ȝeēodde ƿurdon. Þǣr sind, mǣst, Fowleres ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' and ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' fram [[Sir Ernest Gowers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no‑frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Sīdorlīċ lār on manigum þingum þæs Bryttisces Englisces ƿrītunges for ȝeēodunge is on stīl‐bōcum þe missenlīce bōc‐menn ȝeēodaþ, þæra is ''[[The Times]]'' tīdung, ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', and ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. Sēo ''Oxford University Press'' lār ƿæs ǣr ȝewriten sƿā ān brād þǣs blǣdes fram Horace Henry Hart, and hit ƿæs (on 1893) sēo ǣreste lār þæs cynnes on Englisce. Hīe ƿurdon ȝelōmlīce īecte, and æt nīehstan ȝeēodde, ǣr sƿā ''[[Hart's Rules]]'', and siþþan, on 2002, sƿā dǣl ''Þæs Oxfordiscan Stīl‐Bōces''. Sƿā miċel ārweorþnes and mǣrþu sƿā ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' for ȝeēodde [[Americanisc Englisc]], se Oxfordisca Bōc is ȝēsƿīðe eall‐tō‐ēacan stīl‐bōc for ȝeēodde Bryttisce Englisc, þe ƿrīteras mæȝon bēon witan, ȝif hīe næfþ nā sīdorlīċre lāre fram heora bōc‐menn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> ==Sibb mid Ƿeald‐Englisce== Bryttisc Englisc is sēo grund‐weall and ȝeþūhte ȝelīċ [[Englisc on þǣm Ƿeald‐rīċum|Ƿeald‐Englisce]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ƿeald‐Englisc is Englisc sƿā ȝesprōcen and ȝewriten on þǣm [[Ƿeald‐rīċum]], þēah oft mid sumum inlendiscum ȝeƿendenum. Þis is Englisc on [[Australianisc Englisc|Australia]], [[Meltisċ Englisc|Melta]], [[Nīƿesǣlendisc Englisc|Nīƿum Sǣlande]], [[Nigerianisc Englisc|Nigeria]], and [[Sūðaffricisc Englisc|Sūðaffrican]]. Hit is ēac [[Sūð‐Asisc Englisc]] on Sūð‐Asie, and missenlīce Englisca on [[Sūðēast‐Asie]], and dǣlum Affrican. [[Canadianisc Englisc]] is ȝegrundweallod on Bryttiscum, ac hæfþ mā mihte fram [[Americaniscum Englisce]], and hīe sind oft [[Norðamericanisc Englisc|tōgædere ȝetēode]] for heora nēawiste.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Bryttisc Englisc, tō bȳsne, is þæt nīehste Englisc tō Indiscum Englisce, ac Indisc Englisc hæfþ mā ƿord‐hordes, and sumum Engliscum ƿordum sind ōðre ȝetācninga ȝesealde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Sēo ēac == {{Cols}} [[Americanisc Englisc]] [[Australianisc Englisc]] [[Bryttisc Tācn‐Sprǣc]] [[Canadianisc Englisc]] [[Ȝemetung Americanisces and Bryttisces Englisces]] [[Englisc on þǣm Ƿeald‐rīċum]] [[Hiberno‐Englisc]] [[Nīƿfundlendisc Englisc]] [[Nīƿesǣlendisc Englisc]] [[Sūðaffricisc Englisc]] {{Colend}} == Fruman == === Ȝetācnunga === {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = note | On Bryttiscum Englisce [[ȝader‐naman]] sind ȝeƿunelīce ȝeþūhte oþþe ānfealde oþþe manigfealde, be þǣm ȝeþinge. Bīspell fram [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]]: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', ac 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ... Þus ... ānfeald, þonne ... ān ȝetæl is ȝeþūht; manigfeald, þonne sēo mænigo ofer‐ƿint". [[BBC News|BBC tīdung‐sīen]] and [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] stīl‐bōc folgiaþ Partridge, ac ōðre fruman, sƿā [[BBC Online]] and ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' stīl‐bōc, lǣraþ strangne ȝeþƿǣrnes betƿux naman and ƿyrde, þæt se ȝader‐nama ȝewunelīce rīcseþ þone ānfealdan ȝetel. BBC radīo tīdunga, hƿæðere, forlǣtaþ þone ānfealdan and brȳcaþ þone manigfealdan. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', tramete 31. }} }} === Tōȝebrōhtena fruma === {{Reflist}} === Bōc‐ȝetæl === McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hearde hrycġ, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} sēft hrycġ. Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}} *{{Cite book |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey |year=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3030043568 }} Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}. Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. == Ūtƿeardan bendas == {{commons category}} [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Bȳsna landsċēap‐mūþa and mūþ‐ȝesceada on þǣm Cȳningrīce on þǣre [[Bryttiscan Bōchūse]] 'Sounds Familiar' ƿeb‐stōwe [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Mūþas and mūþ‐ȝesceadas fram þǣre Bryttiscan Bōchūse Hliud‐Hord] [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Mūþas Englisces ofer ealre ƿorulde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Hȳr and ȝemet hū þā ilcan 110 ƿord sind on 50 Engliscum mūþum ofer ealre ƿorulde ȝesēde – raðe ȝeāƿeȝed on līne [http://septicscompanion.com/ Se Pūc‐ȝefēra: Bryttisc Slang‐ƿordbōc] – on līne ƿordbōc Bryttisces slang, ȝeendebyrd stæf‐rōƿe oþþe be flocce [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ Bryttisc Englisc on Tyrclande] {{Englisca mūþas be lande}} {{Englisc ȝetācnung‐landƿeard}} {{Portal bar|Cȳningrīce|Sprǣc}} {{Authority control}} [[Flocc:Bryttisc Englisc| ]] [[Flocc:Englisc‐sprǣċa mūþas]] [[Flocc:Ȝibralt o027413dwnkw4k4tddzoo39ia6et7d2 231062 231061 2026-07-17T21:24:38Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 231062 wikitext text/x-wiki Voᵹe þæt ic þē þis gewrit on ealdum Englisce āwende, mid eallum þǣm Wikiƿrītunge tācnum þe þū bǣde. Hēr is þæt fullǣste: {{Short description|Set of varieties of English language}} {{Redirect|BrE|other uses|BRE (disambiguation){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Bryttisc Englisc | altname = | nativename = | states = [[Ȝeānlǣhte Cynerīce]] (fruman [[Englaland]]) | region = [[Bryttisca Īeȝland]] | ethnicity = [[Bryttisce lēode]] | familycolor = Inde-ƿeropisc | fam2 = [[Germanisc sprǣca|Germanisc]] | fam3 = [[Westgermanisc sprǣca|Westgermanisc]] | fam4 = [[Norþsǣ Germanisc]] | fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisisc]] | fam6 = [[Anglisc sprǣc|Anglisc]] | fam7 = [[Englisc sprǣc|Englisc]] | dia1 = [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande]] | dia2 = [[Scottisc Englisc]] | dia3 = [[Wēalisc Englisc]] | dia4 = [[Ulster Englisc]] | dia5 = [[Hiberno-Englisc]] | dia6 = [[Bermudian Englisc]] | dia7 = [[Falkland Īeȝlanda Englisc]] | dia8 = [[Cayman Īeȝlanda Englisc]] | dia9 = [[Gibraltarian Englisc]] | dia10 = [[Manninȝ Englisc]] | dia11 = [[Ǣlīeȝlanda Englisc]] | ancestor = [[Fruman-Englisc]] | ancestor2 = [[Eald Englisc]] | ancestor3 = [[Midȝel Englisc]] | ancestor4 = [[Ǣrlic Nīƿe Englisc]] | stand1 = [[Onfangen Ȝesprec]] | script = [[Lǣden stæfrof|Lǣden]] ([[Englisc stæfrof]]) <br /> [[Ānǣded Bryttisc Blindrīt]] | nation = [[Ȝeānedan Þēodan]] (mid [[Oxenafordstaflung]]) | isoexception = dialect | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} }} {{American and British English differences}} '''Bryttisc Englisc'''{{efn|Oscortan: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', and '''BE'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022 |accessdate=17 July 2026 |archivedate=12 November 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english }}</ref>}} is þæt sēt of [[Fāg (sprǣccræft)|fāga]] þǣre [[Englisc sprǣc]]e þe in þām [[Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce]] is sprēcen, ȝeārlīce on [[Micelan Bryttene]].{{refn|Sēo ''[[Oxenaford Englisc Ƿordbōc]]'' brȳcþ þone terman tō Engliscum sƿā "sprēcen oþþe ǣƿriten on þǣm [[Bryttiscum Īeȝlandum]]; sƿīðost þā fōrma Englisces þe on Micelan Bryttene ƿuniaþ", hēoldende "[[Īrisc Englisc]]" for þǣre "Englisc sprǣce sƿā sēo on Īrlande is sprēcen and ǣƿriten".<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}</ref> Ōðre, sƿylce sēo ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', maciaþ hīe tō þǣre "Englisc sprǣce sƿā sēo on Englalande is sprēcen and ǣƿriten".<ref name="Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary">[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</ref>}} Māre nearulīce, hit mæȝ tō þǣm [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande]] āna, oþþe brādor, tō þǣm ȝedǣledum hēape Englisces ofer eall þæt Cynerīce, sƿā sƿā efenlīce innfōn [[Scottisc Englisc]], [[Wēalisc Englisc]], and [[Norþīrisc Englisc]]. [[Tom McArthur (sprǣccræftiga)|Tom McArthur]] on þǣre [[Oxenaford Englisc Ƿordbōc|Oxenaford Lāre tō Ƿorulde Englisce]] oncnāƿþ þæt Bryttisc Englisc dǣleþ "ealle þā twēonessan and þrēatunga [mid] þām ƿorde 'Bryttisc' and forþȳ mæȝ bēon brȳced and ȝetācod on tƿǣm ƿegum, brādor oþþe nearor, innan þrēatunge þæs dīmnesse and twēonessan". Fāgnessa sindon on formǣlum (ēaȝƿritenlīcum and sprǣcum) Englisce in þām Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce. Tō bisene, þæt tōȝeīecendlic ''ƿē'' is eallmǣst āna brȳced on dǣlum of Scotland, norþēast Englalande, Norþīrlande, Īrlande, and hƿīlum [[Yorkshireisc|Yorkshireisce]], þenden þæt tōȝeīecendlic ''lytel'' is oferƿeȝende on ōðrum stōƿum. Hƿæðere, þǣr is ȝetungol ȝemǣtness on ǣƿritenum Englisce binnan þǣm Cynerīce, and þis mæȝe bēon þȳ terman ''Bryttisc Englisc'' ȝecīeȝed. Þā fōrma [[Sprǣc|sprecenre]] Englisc, hƿæðere, fāriaþ miċlum māre þonne on mǣstum ōðrum stōƿum þǣre ƿorulde þǣr Englisc is sprēcen<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&nbsp;12}}</ref> and sƿā ānȝetungol ȝemynd of Bryttiscum Englisce is sƿīðor earfoðe tō brȳcenne tō þǣre sprecenan sprǣce. On eallum þām eorðrīce, þā land þe ǣr [[Ȝetalu landa þe fram þām Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce frēodōm ȝefēngon|Bryttisce ƿæron]] oþþe ȝebrōþor of þǣm [[Ȝeānedan Þēodacyne]] sind, healdiaþ Bryttisc Englisc,<ref>{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}</ref> sƿā sƿā þæt Englisc þe fram þǣm Europiscan Ȝeānscipe onlīnebrȳced ƿierþ.<ref>{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> Þā [[Ȝeānedan Þēodan]] brȳcaþ ēac Bryttisc Englisc mid [[Oxenafordstaflung]]e.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> On Cīnan, bēoþ Bryttisc Englisc and Americanisc Englisc ȝelǣred.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}</ref> Sēo Bryttisce rīcƿeard lǣreþ and ārǣreþ Englisc ƿoruldwīde and [[Bryttisc Rǣd|ƿyrcaþ on mā þonne 100 landum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}</ref> == Stǣr == {{Main|Stǣr þǣre Engliscan sprǣce}} ===Fruman=== {{further|Stǣr þǣre Engliscan sprǣce|Fruman-Inde-Europisc|Fruman-Germanisc|Fruman-Westgermanisc|Fruman-Englisc|Eald Englisc|Midȝel Englisc|Ǣrlic Nīƿe Englisc|Nīƿe Englisc}} Englisc is [[Westgermanisc sprǣc]] þe fram þǣm [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisiscum]] [[mǣðlum]] ōc, þe of [[Germanisce þēode|Germaniscum]] settendum fram missenlicum dǣlum þæs þe nū is norþƿest Germanie and norþern Niðerlanda brōht ƿæs. Sēo būend þrēaw on þissum tīman spræc [[Bryttonisc Bryttisc]] – sēo īeȝlicu fāg of [[Celtic]] þæs mēgðlandes, sēo fram þǣre [[Rōmānisc here|Rōmāniscan]] sǣte ȝefrēodod ƿæs. Þēos hēap sprǣca ([[Wēalisc]], [[Cornisc]], and [[Cumbric]]) ƿunodon mid Englisce on þā nīƿan tīd, ac for heora feornesse fram þǣm [[Germaniscum sprǣcum]], ƿæs heora ȝefēa on Englisc [[Ȝetalu Englisces ƿorda of Celtsc þēode|sƿīðe lȳtel]]. Hƿæðere, sēo mǣþ þæs ȝefēon is ȝīet ȝefliten, and nīƿlīce is ārīsed þæt grammatisc ȝefēa fram Bryttonisce āreccþ þā ōðrum lēodum þe Englisc fram ōðrum Westgermaniscum sprǣcum tōscēadaþ.<ref>[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, also see references in [[Brittonicisms in English]]</ref> Fruman, [[Eald Englisc]] ƿæs fāglic hēap mǣðla, þe þā missenlican fruman þǣra [[Anglo-Saxisca]] rīca Englalandes ȝeāƿdon. Ān þissa mǣðla, [[Læte Westsexisc]], cōm tō oferwealde. Eald Englisc ƿæs þā fram tƿǣm scūrum herefōres ȝeāscod: sēo forma ƿæs fram þǣm [[Scandinavisc]]an brance þæs Germaniscan cynnes, þe on dǣlum Brytennes on þǣm eahtoðan and nigoðan ȝēarhundredum sēton; sēo ōðer ƿæs fram þǣm [[Normannis]] on þām 11. ȝēarhundrede, þe [[Eald Norman]] spræcon and æt nēahstan ān Englisc fāg þæs ȝeƿīxodon þe [[Anglo-Norman sprǣc]] hātte. Þā tƿā herefōras dydon þæt Englisc on sumne dǣl 'mǣsċ' ƿurde (þēah hit nǣfre sōðlīce [[mǣsċsprǣc]] næs on þām strīcostan andȝiete þæs ƿordes; mǣsċsprǣca ārīsaþ of þǣm sāmēdlīban missenlicra sprǣca sprēcena, þā āƿendaþ āne ȝehybridode tungan for bōsumlicum ȝesprǣce). Þæt Englisc þe māre fyrnsprǣclīc, þinglīc, and ȝescēadlīc is, þȳ māre hit of Anglo-Saxiscum frumum cymþ. Þæt Englisc þe māre andȝietlīc and ȝesǣlig is, þȳ māre hit [[Lǣden]] and [[Frencisc]] ȝefēa hæfþ. Tō bisene, ''sƿīn'' (sƿā þæt Germanisc {{Lang|de|Schwein}}) is þæt dēor on þǣre ƿēste, of þǣm oferȝānendum Anglo-Saxum ȝebrēded, hƿīle ''pic'' (sƿā þæt Frencisc {{Lang|fr|porc}}) is þæt dēor on þǣm bēode, of þǣm ƿealdendum Normannum ǣten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2026|archivedate=18 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm}}</ref> Ōðer bisen is þæt Anglo-Saxisc {{Lang|ang|cū}} ȝetācnende 'cū', and þæt Frencisc {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} ȝetācnende 'cūflǣsc'.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sāmēdlīf mid þǣm Scandinavisum brōhte miċelne ānfealdunge stæfcræftes and ƿordhordes ȝestrēonunge þǣre [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisiscan]] heortan Englisces. Sēo latora Normannisc sǣt lǣdde tō þǣm ȝeāȝeote on þā Germaniscan heortan of ānre māre ȝefaðmedenre ȝesetnesse ƿorda of þǣm [[Romance sprǣca|Romance]] brance Europicra sprǣca. Þis Normannisc ȝefēa cōm on Englisc þurh þā hēafodlīce þā cyrtan and rīcƿeard. Sƿā ƿeard Englisc tō ānre [[lǣnƿord|'lǣn']] sprǣce of miċelre ȝesēlignesse and mid sƿīðe miċelum [[ƿordhorde]]. == Mǣðlas == {{see also|Englisc sprǣc on Englalande|Scottisc Englisc|Wēalisc Englisc|Norþīrisc Englisc|Īrisc Englisc|Anguillan Creol|Montserrat Creol|Bermudian Englisc|Falkland Īeȝlanda Englisc|Cayman Īeȝlanda Englisc|Gibraltarian Englisc|Manninȝ Englisc|Ǣlīeȝlanda Englisc}} {{IPA notice}}[[Ȝetalu mǣðla þǣre Engliscan sprǣce#Europe|Mǣðlas]] and [[Lēodlicu hlyda Englisces|hlydas]] fāriaþ betƿeox þǣm fēoƿer [[landum þæs Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīces]], and ēac binnan þǣm landum selfum. Þā mǣstan tōdǣlunga sind eallmǣst ȝeflōcod sƿā [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande|Englisc Englisc]] (oþþe Englisc sƿā sēo on Englalande is sprēcen (sēo is self brādīce ȝegaderod on [[Englisc sprǣc on Sūðenglalande|Sūðenglisc]], [[Westlandisc Englisc|Westlandisc]], [[Ēastmidlandisc Englisc|Ēast]] and [[Westmidlandisc Englisc]] and [[Englisc sprǣc on Norðenglalande|Norðenglisc]]), [[Norþīrisc Englisc]] (on Norþīrlande), [[Wēalisc Englisc]] (ne tō bēon ȝemenged ƿiþ þā [[Wēalisc sprǣc]]), and [[Scottisc Englisc]] (ne tō bēon ȝemenged ƿiþ þā [[Scottisc sprǣc]] oþþe [[Scottisc Gæelisc]]). Ǣlc hēap innhæfþ āne rǣd mǣðla, sume sƿīðe tōmissenlice fram ōðrum. Þā missenlican Bryttiscan mǣðlas tōscēadaþ ēac on þǣm ƿordum þe hīe fram ōðrum sprǣcum ȝelǣnod habbaþ. On ymbe þā midle þæs 15. ȝēarhundes, þǣr ƿǣron stōƿa þǣr binnan þǣm 5 mǣstan mǣðlum þǣr ƿǣron nēan 500 ƿega tō āwritenne þæt ƿord ''þēah''.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Forscēawung=== Efter hire nīehstan miċelan [[Forscēawung Englisces Mǣðles]] (1949–1950), hæfþ sēo [[Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht]] onȝunnen ƿeorc on nīƿum ȝerēde. On Mæȝmōnþe 2007, sēo [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] sealde ȝifu tō þǣre Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht tō scēawiganne Bryttisc lēodlic mǣðlas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biography on the [[Leeds University]] website</ref><ref name=MEO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Leeds University]] website, 25 May 2007.</ref> Sēo tēam{{efn|name=note}} is siftende þurh āne miċele ȝaderunge bīsna lēodlīcra slēges ƿorda and cƿida þe þæt 'Voices' ȝerēd fram þǣm [[BBC]] onƿrēah, on þǣm sēo folciscnes ƿæs ȝelāþod tō sendenne bīsna Englisces þe ȝīet ofer eall þæt land is sprēcen. Þæt BBC Voices ȝerēd ȝaderode ēac hundas nīƿa spell be þǣm hū Bryttisce menn sprēcaþ Englisc – fram āðum tō þingum on sprǣcscōlum. Þēos ȝewissung biþ ēac ȝegaderod and ȝescēadod fram Professor Johnsones tēame, ēaȝþer for þǣm andȝiefte and for þǣre stōƿe fram þǣre hit ācȳþed ƿæs. "Wēnlice sēo mǣste findung on þǣm Voices scēawunge is þæt sēo Englisc sprǣc is sƿā fāglic sƿā ǣfre, būtan ƿē sēoþ ūre māran mōƿendnesse and singalum brȳce ōðerra hlyda and mǣðla þurh Tǣƿ and rādio."<ref name=MEO/> Þā þā tōdǣlung þǣre ȝife on 2007 ƿæs ȝemōt, sēo [[Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht]] cƿæð: {{blockquote|þæt hīo ƿæs "sƿīðe ȝeblīssod" – and ȝesōðlīce, "ƿel ċeaff" – æt þǣm ȝife þǣre ȝifan. Sēo lēodflēot mihte, ȝesōðlīce, bēon "bostin" ȝif hit fram þǣm [[Blæc Land]]e cōme, oþþe ȝif hit [[Scōser]]e ƿǣre hit ƿǣre ƿel "māde up" ofer sƿā maniȝum spondoolicks, for þǣm, sƿā sƿā [[Geordie]] cƿeðan mihte, £460,000 is "canny load of chink".<ref name=Indi-20070601>McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 June 2007. Page 20</ref>}} === Englisc lēodlic === {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}} Mǣst folc on Bryttene sprēcaþ mid lēodlicum hlyde oþþe mǣðle. Hƿæðere, ymbe 2% Bryttiscra sprēcaþ mid hlyde þe [[Onfangen Ȝesprec]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2026|archivedate=22 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/}}</ref> hātte (ēac cūð sƿā 'se Cyninȝes Englisc', 'Oxenaford Englisc' oþþe '[[BBC]] Englisc'<ref>BBC Englisc for þǣm þe þis fruman ƿæs sēo fōrm Englisces þe on rādio and tǣƿe brȳced ƿæs, þēah man mæȝ nū brādor fāg hlyda hīeran.</ref>), sēo is andlīce landlēas.<ref name=sweet>{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}</ref><ref name=fowler>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}</ref> Hēo cymþ of ȝemengedum Midlandiscum and Sūðernum mǣðlum þe on Lunden on þǣre ǣrlican nīƿan tīde sprēcen ƿǣron.<ref name=fowler/> Hēo is oft brȳced sƿā bȳsn for lǣrunge Englisces tō ǣlðēodigum leornungmannum.<ref name=fowler/> On þǣm Sūðēastan, þǣr sind sƿīðe tōmissenlīce hlydas: se [[Cocnīȝ]] hlyd fram sumum Ēastlundenum is eallunga tōmissenlic fram Onfangenum Ȝesprece (RP). Cocnīȝ [[rīmstæf slēg]] mæȝ bēon (and fruman ƿæs āscēadod) earfoðe for ūtlendum tō understandenne,<ref name="Franklyn1975">{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=9}}</ref> þēah sēo mǣþ brȳces his is oft ofersǣd. Lundenƿare sprēcaþ mid ȝemengedum hlydum, bēon þæs þēode, nēaȝebūrhādes, mǣðles, yldo, lār, and missenlicra ōðra þinga. [[Estuary Englisc]] hæfþ on nīehstum ȝēarum māre ætīewednesse ȝefangen: hit hæfþ sumne dǣl tācna RP and sumne Cocnīȝ.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}</ref> Infareras tō þǣm Cynerīce on nīehstum ȝēarum brōhton maniȝ māre sprǣca tō þǣm lande, and tō Lunden sƿīðost. Scēawunga þe on 1979 fram þǣre [[Innan Lunden Lārsǣd]] onȝunnen ƿǣron fundon mā þonne 125 sprǣca þe on hūsum fram cynnum lundenlicra scōlbearna sprēcen ƿǣron.<ref>{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title="Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority" |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}</ref> Sƿīðost, [[Maniȝþēodisc Lunden Englisc]] – sōþhlyd þe on þǣm lætan 20. ȝēarhundrede ōc – is sprēcen hēafodlīce fram ȝingum, [[ƿyrhtelīcum]] lēodum on [[maniȝþēodiscum]] dǣlum [[Lunden]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Siþþan sēo micle [[innlendisc fēr]] tō [[Norðhāmtūnscīr]]e on þǣm 1940. ȝēarum, and ȝiefen hire stōƿe betƿeoh maniȝum miċelum hlydlandum, is sēo scīr ƿorden fruma missenlicra hlydƿearda. On Norðhāmtūne ==Mæsse Inlendisc Sīðfæt tō Norðhāmtūnsċīre== ==Ƿitodlīce, siþþan sēo mæsse [[inlendisc sīðfæt]] tō [[Norðhāmtūnsċīre]] on þǣm 1940. ȝēarum, and forþǣm þe hēo līþ betƿeox fela mǣȝen‐sprǣca landscēapum, þæt sċīr is ȝeworden welle manigra sprǣca āƿeȝa. On Norðhāmtūne, sēo ealdre sprǣc is ȝeāƿeȝed fram Lundene tōflōde. Þǣr is ān sprǣc, þe inlendisces mannes "Cētering" ġehāten, sēo is ȝemetlīċe sprǣc betƿeox þǣm [[Ēastmittelandiscum]] and þǣm [[Ēastengliscum]]. Hēo is sēo ȳtemestne sūðerne Middellandsprǣc, þe brȳcþ þæt brāde 'a' in ƿordum sƿā ''bæþ'' oþþe ''gærs'' (þæt is, {{respell|barth}} oþþe {{respell|grarss}}). Hƿæðere, ''crass'' oþþe ''plastic'' brȳcaþ þæt smæle 'a'. Fēa mīla tō þǣm norð‐ƿestan, on [[Lægreċestersċīre]], þæt smæle 'a' ƿeordeþ mā ȝemǣne. On þǣre tūne [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} tō norðan, man ȝemēteþ þone Corbyite‐mūþ, sē – unġelīc þǣre Cētering‐sprǣċe – is mycel ȝeāƿeȝed fram þǣm Ƿest-Scyttiscum mūþe. ==Hiw== Þā hiwlican tācnu þe sind ǣġenlīċe Bryttiscum Englisce hēr synd ymbe þæs stæfes R hliud, and þæs tōþ‐tōþlēacendan T, and sume tƿihliuda þe synd þissum mūþe ȝeāgne. ===T-ȝlottalian=== Þēah hit ǣr ƿǣre Cōcneġ‐tācen, on manigum Bryttiscum Englisces mūþum, {{IPA|/t/}} is ȝeƿunelīce ȝesēd sƿā [[ȝlottal stōp]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, þonne hit stent betƿeox tƿǣm slēpum, on þǣm þe man hǣt [[T-ȝlottalisation]]. Sēo þēodsċīpe mǣnsum, þe on Lundene stent, hæfþ ȝedōn þæt se ȝlottal stōp brēdeþ mā þonne ǣr, on ƿord‐endum, sƿā þæt ''not'' biþ ȝehyred sƿā "no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}" and ''bottle of water'' sƿā "bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er". Hit biþ ȝīet tō bysmore þonne hit stent on middum ƿordum, sƿā ''later''.<ref name="Trudghill56">{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=56–57}}</ref> Ōðre stafas þe sind þȳs līce on Cōcneġ‐Englisce sind ''p'', sƿā on pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er, and ''k'', sƿā on ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.<ref name="Trudghill56" /> ===R-āƿeorpan=== On mǣstum dǣlum Engla landes and Ƿēala, būtan þǣm [[Ƿest‐landiscum Englisce|Ƿest‐land]] and ōðrum nēahum sċīrum þæs Cȳningrīces, se stæf R ne biþ ne ȝehyred būtan him fylġe slēp; þæs fōre‐gāndum slēpe biþ ȝelengd. Þis is [[R‐lēasnes]] ȝeċīeȝed. On þǣm ilcan landscēapum, is ān þēaw þæt man sette R betƿeox þǣm ƿorde þe endaþ on slēpe and þǣm nīehstan ƿorde þe on slēpe onȝinneþ. Þis is [[inȝānd R]] ȝeċīeȝed. Man mæȝ þæt understandan sƿā ānne ȝemengan, forþǣm þe ƿord þe ǣr endodon on R and þā þe ne dydon, nū ne bēoþ hī ǣtōċēade ȝetrēated. Þis is eac fram Lundene āƿeȝed. Bȳsna R‐āƿeorpes sind ''car'' and ''sugar'', þǣr se R ne biþ ȝehyred. ===Tƿihliudung=== Bryttisce mūþas synd on tƿǣm tōdǣlede be þǣm þe hīe tƿihliudaþ þā langen slēpas: sūðerne cynn ȝeƿunelīce tƿihliudaþ hīe, and norðerne cynn healdaþ hīe. On ȝemetunge, Americanisċe mūþas sind betƿux. ====Norð==== Þā langan slēpas /iː/ and /uː/ bēoþ ȝeƿunelīce gehealdene, and on sumum landum ēac /oː/ and /eː/, sƿā on '''go''' and '''say''' (unlīce ōðrum Englisces cynnum, þe hīe āƿendaþ tō [oʊ] and [eɪ]). Sum stōwa faraþ sƿā feorr þæt hīe ne tƿihliudaþ þā mideldicȝan /iː/ and /uː/, þā þe ȝiefaþ nīƿe /aɪ/ and /aʊ/. Þæt is, on þǣm ealdan mūþe [[Nīƿe Ceastre on Tīne]], 'out' biþ sƿā 'oot', and on dǣlum Scotlandes and Norð‐Ƿest‐Englalandes, 'my' biþ 'me' ȝeħȳred. ====Sūð==== Þā langan slēpas /iː/ and /uː/ bēoþ tƿihliudede tō [ɪi] and [ʊu] (oþþe, mā cræftlīce, [ʏʉ], mid āhāfenum tunȝan), sƿā þæt '''ee''' and '''oo''' on '''feed''' and '''food''' bēoþ mid styre ȝesēde. Se tƿihliuda [oʊ] is ēac mid māran styre ȝesēd, ȝeƿunelīce [əʊ], [əʉ] oþþe [əɨ]. ===Ȝader‐naman=== Sēo þēaw þæt man forlǣteþ [[ȝetel‐ȝeþƿǣrnes]] on [[ȝader‐namum]] is on Bryttiscum Englisce strangra þonne on Americaniscum.<ref name="BOD">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=5 September 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes |accessdate=17 July 2026 |archivedate=18 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ }}</ref> Þæt is, man brȳcþ hīe on manigfealdum, ēac þonne hīe on ānfealdum sind on stæfcræfte, þonne sēo ȝecyndelīċe rīm winnþ – sēoþþe hīe tō stōƿ‐namum and hēapum manna bēoþ. Þæt naman 'police' fēþ þȳs līce: {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 January 2017.</ref>}} And sƿā ēac spēd‐tēam: {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<ref name=BBC2>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 April 2017.</ref>}} Þis þēaw mæȝ bēon ȝesēne on bocum sƿā eallum sƿā þǣm 19. ȝēarhunde. [[Jane Austen]], Bryttisc ƿrītere, on þǣm 4. hēafde ''[[Pride and Prejudice (novel)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', þe on 1813 ȝeēðod ƿæs: {{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>}} Hƿæðere, on þǣm 16. hēafde, is þæt ānfealde ȝeþƿǣre ȝebrȳced: {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}} ===Āƿīeþendan=== Sum Bryttisce Englisces mūþas brȳcaþ [negative concord], þæt is, [[tƿifeald āƿīeþendan]]. Þæs līces sƿā þæt man ne ǣƿentaþ ǣnne ƿord, ac brȳcþ ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', and ''never'' on þǣm ilcan cwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> Þēah hit ne ȝebīde on Stǣr‐Englisce, hit ȝebīdeþ on un‐stǣr‐mūþum. Tƿifeald āƿīeþung brȳcþ tƿegen tōþēodan morfēmas: ān sē þe þæt tƿifeald ȝecīeȝþ, and ōðer sē þe tō þǣm slēpe oþþe tō þǣm ƿyrde ȝeþēod is.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}</ref> ==Stǣr‐Bryttisc Englisc== [[Stǣr‐Englisc]] on þǣm Cȳningrīce, sƿā sƿā on ōðrum Englisc‐sprecendum þēodum, is ȝeƿīde ȝeāfēmed on scōlum and þurh þēodsċipe þēaƿas for fōrmǣlum ȝeþingum, ac hit næfþ nā ānne hlāford. Nis þǣr nān stōƿ ġelīċ þǣre {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} for Frenċisċe, oþþe þǣre Spēonisce Cynelīcan Ȝesetnesse. Stǣr‐Bryttisc Englisc [[Comparison of American and British English|unlīcaþ]] on sumum ƿord‐horde, stæfcræfte, and hliude fram stǣr‐Americaniscum Englisce and fram ōðrum stǣr‐Engliscum ymbe þā ƿoruld. [[American and British English spelling differences|Bryttisc and Americanisc stæfƿrit]] sind ēac on lytlum þingum tōdǣlede. Se hliud, oþþe þæt hliud‐ȝetæl, stǣr‐Bryttisces Englisces – þe on sūð‐ēast‐Englalande stent – is mā þonne Ƿintra ȝeēacnod sƿā [[Onfangen Hliud]] (RP). Hƿæðere, for þǣre sprǣcan ȝeēacnunge and ƿendendum þēodsċipe, sume sprǣc‐lārēowas seċȝaþ þæt RP forlīeseþ [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|ārweorþnesse]] oþþe is mid ōðrum mūþe ȝeāƿeȝed – þone mūþ þe sprǣc‐lārēow [[Geoff Lindsey]], bīspell, hǣt 'Stǣr‐Sūðerne Bryttisc Englisc'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}</ref> Ōðere lārēowas cwēþaþ þæt mā landsċēap‐stǣr‐mūþas cumaþ on Englalande.<ref>Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., & Leemann, A. (2020). "General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.</ref> Būtan Englalande – þæt is, on Scotlande and Norð‐Īrlande – RP hæfþ lytle mihte, ēac on þǣm 21. ȝēarhunde. RP, þēah hit lange stōd sƿā stǣr‐Englisces hliud ymbe þā ƿoruld for þǣre [[Bryttiscan Rīċe|Bryttiscan Rīċes]] brǣdinge, hit is tōdǣled fram stǣr‐Englisce hliude on sumum ƿoruld‐dǣlum; mǣst, RP [[Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation|unlīcaþ]] wiþ stǣr‐Americaniscum mūþum. On þǣm 21. ȝēarhunde, ƿordbēc sƿā ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', and ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' āƿrītaþ þætte ȝebȳreþ on brȳce, nā þæt hīe tāċnaþ hū man sceal sprecan.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg">{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2026|archivedate=8 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm}}</ref> Ēac, ƿord‐hord and brȳc ƿendaþ mid tīde: ƿord bēoþ frēolīce brōhte fram ōðrum sprǣcum and fram ōðrum Englisces cynnum, and [[nīƿe ƿord]] sind ȝelōme. ===Stǣr þǣre Stǣr‐fæstnunge=== For stǣr‐līcum intingum, þe gāþ tō þǣre ārīsene [[Lundene]] on þǣm 9. ȝēarhunde, sēo sprǣc þe on Lundene and on þǣm [[Ēastmittelandiscum]] ȝesprōcen ƿæs, ƿearþ stǣr‐Englisc on þǣm Cynelīcan Hīrde, and siþþan ƿearþ sēo grund‐weall for ȝeþafunge on ǣƿum, rīce, bōcum, and lāre on Brytene. Sēo stǣr‐fæstnung Bryttisces Englisces is þūht fram bǣm [[Dialect levelling in Britain|mūþ‐efenlǣcunge]] and fram ȝeþūhte sōþan ofer‐mǣrþe. Þæt man sprece þone stǣr‐mūþ ȝesċōp flocc‐tōdǣlunge: þā þe ne sprǣcon stǣr‐Englisc ƿǣron ȝetealde sƿā lǣƿede oþþe lytelwīs, and oft man hīe forseah oþþe tō lytlum andȝiete hæfde.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg"/> Ōðer ȝetēohh tō stǣr‐fæstnunge Bryttisces Englisces ƿæs sēo inlǣdung þǣre bōc‐pressan on Englaland on þǣm middan 15. ȝēarhunde. Þurh þæt, Ƿilliam Caxton ȝemǣnsumode ānne ȝemǣnne sprǣc and stæfƿrit þe raþe þurh Englaland ȝefērde.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com"/> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) ƿæs miċel stæpe on þǣre [[Engliscre stæf‐ȝesċādunge]], þǣr sēo clǣnsung sprǣce sēcþe stǣr‐fæstnunge bǣm hliudes and stæfƿrites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}</ref> Be þǣm 20. ȝēarhunde beginnunge, Bryttisce ƿrīteras hæfdon ȝemacod manige bēc þe tō lāre stæfcræftes and brȳces fōren, and fēa þāra ȝēaton sƿā mycel lof þæt hīe lang on þrycce ƿunodon and æfter fela ȝēarum eft ȝeēodde ƿurdon. Þǣr sind, mǣst, Fowleres ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' and ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' fram [[Sir Ernest Gowers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no‑frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Sīdorlīċ lār on manigum þingum þæs Bryttisces Englisces ƿrītunges for ȝeēodunge is on stīl‐bōcum þe missenlīce bōc‐menn ȝeēodaþ, þæra is ''[[The Times]]'' tīdung, ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', and ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. Sēo ''Oxford University Press'' lār ƿæs ǣr ȝewriten sƿā ān brād þǣs blǣdes fram Horace Henry Hart, and hit ƿæs (on 1893) sēo ǣreste lār þæs cynnes on Englisce. Hīe ƿurdon ȝelōmlīce īecte, and æt nīehstan ȝeēodde, ǣr sƿā ''[[Hart's Rules]]'', and siþþan, on 2002, sƿā dǣl ''Þæs Oxfordiscan Stīl‐Bōces''. Sƿā miċel ārweorþnes and mǣrþu sƿā ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' for ȝeēodde [[Americanisc Englisc]], se Oxfordisca Bōc is ȝēsƿīðe eall‐tō‐ēacan stīl‐bōc for ȝeēodde Bryttisce Englisc, þe ƿrīteras mæȝon bēon witan, ȝif hīe næfþ nā sīdorlīċre lāre fram heora bōc‐menn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> ==Sibb mid Ƿeald‐Englisce== Bryttisc Englisc is sēo grund‐weall and ȝeþūhte ȝelīċ [[Englisc on þǣm Ƿeald‐rīċum|Ƿeald‐Englisce]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ƿeald‐Englisc is Englisc sƿā ȝesprōcen and ȝewriten on þǣm [[Ƿeald‐rīċum]], þēah oft mid sumum inlendiscum ȝeƿendenum. Þis is Englisc on [[Australianisc Englisc|Australia]], [[Meltisċ Englisc|Melta]], [[Nīƿesǣlendisc Englisc|Nīƿum Sǣlande]], [[Nigerianisc Englisc|Nigeria]], and [[Sūðaffricisc Englisc|Sūðaffrican]]. Hit is ēac [[Sūð‐Asisc Englisc]] on Sūð‐Asie, and missenlīce Englisca on [[Sūðēast‐Asie]], and dǣlum Affrican. [[Canadianisc Englisc]] is ȝegrundweallod on Bryttiscum, ac hæfþ mā mihte fram [[Americaniscum Englisce]], and hīe sind oft [[Norðamericanisc Englisc|tōgædere ȝetēode]] for heora nēawiste.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Bryttisc Englisc, tō bȳsne, is þæt nīehste Englisc tō Indiscum Englisce, ac Indisc Englisc hæfþ mā ƿord‐hordes, and sumum Engliscum ƿordum sind ōðre ȝetācninga ȝesealde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Sēo ēac == {{Cols}} [[Americanisc Englisc]] [[Australianisc Englisc]] [[Bryttisc Tācn‐Sprǣc]] [[Canadianisc Englisc]] [[Ȝemetung Americanisces and Bryttisces Englisces]] [[Englisc on þǣm Ƿeald‐rīċum]] [[Hiberno‐Englisc]] [[Nīƿfundlendisc Englisc]] [[Nīƿesǣlendisc Englisc]] [[Sūðaffricisc Englisc]] {{Colend}} == Fruman == === Ȝetācnunga === {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = note | On Bryttiscum Englisce [[ȝader‐naman]] sind ȝeƿunelīce ȝeþūhte oþþe ānfealde oþþe manigfealde, be þǣm ȝeþinge. Bīspell fram [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]]: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', ac 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ... Þus ... ānfeald, þonne ... ān ȝetæl is ȝeþūht; manigfeald, þonne sēo mænigo ofer‐ƿint". [[BBC News|BBC tīdung‐sīen]] and [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] stīl‐bōc folgiaþ Partridge, ac ōðre fruman, sƿā [[BBC Online]] and ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' stīl‐bōc, lǣraþ strangne ȝeþƿǣrnes betƿux naman and ƿyrde, þæt se ȝader‐nama ȝewunelīce rīcseþ þone ānfealdan ȝetel. BBC radīo tīdunga, hƿæðere, forlǣtaþ þone ānfealdan and brȳcaþ þone manigfealdan. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', tramete 31. }} }} === Tōȝebrōhtena fruma === {{Reflist}} === Bōc‐ȝetæl === McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hearde hrycġ, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} sēft hrycġ. Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}} *{{Cite book |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey |year=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3030043568 }} Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}. Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. == Ūtƿeardan bendas == {{commons category}} [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Bȳsna landsċēap‐mūþa and mūþ‐ȝesceada on þǣm Cȳningrīce on þǣre [[Bryttiscan Bōchūse]] 'Sounds Familiar' ƿeb‐stōwe [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Mūþas and mūþ‐ȝesceadas fram þǣre Bryttiscan Bōchūse Hliud‐Hord] [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Mūþas Englisces ofer ealre ƿorulde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Hȳr and ȝemet hū þā ilcan 110 ƿord sind on 50 Engliscum mūþum ofer ealre ƿorulde ȝesēde – raðe ȝeāƿeȝed on līne [http://septicscompanion.com/ Se Pūc‐ȝefēra: Bryttisc Slang‐ƿordbōc] – on līne ƿordbōc Bryttisces slang, ȝeendebyrd stæf‐rōƿe oþþe be flocce [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ Bryttisc Englisc on Tyrclande] {{Englisca mūþas be lande}} {{Englisc ȝetācnung‐landƿeard}} {{Portal bar|Cȳningrīce|Sprǣc}} {{Authority control}} [[Flocc:Bryttisc Englisc| ]] [[Flocc:Englisc‐sprǣċa mūþas]] [[Flocc:Ȝibralt i944tzl4q458gb4hahz0jostrbvlzsm