Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2823 231428 208087 2026-08-20T18:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eormanrīc''' ( ƿæs geboren þǣre tīde betƿeoh þǣm [[260. gēar]]e and þǣm [[276. gēar|276.]], cƿæl betƿeonan þǣm [[370. gēar]]e amd þǣm [[376. gēar|376.]] ) ƿæs [[Ēastgotan|Ēastgotena]] Cyning. His fæder ƿæs Heahwulf in [[Iordanes]] ''[[Getica]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=History of the Goths|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgoths0000wolf|last=Wolfram|first=Herwig|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofgoths0000wolf/page/n49 32]}}</ref> Tō cyninge rīcsode hē ƿīd rīce in Middelum [[Europe]]. Þā rihtan gemǣru his landrīces sind dīegol, ac hit þynceþ þe hit ƿæs fram besūðan þǣm Pripet Fenlande beteoh [[Danais]] Ēa and Dniester Ēa. Eormanrīces nama in [[Gotisc]]e ƿæs gelīce ''Aírmanareiks''. He is genemnod on bōcum geond þā Germaniscan land oft ōþ þæt 13. hundredgēare. For þissum is his nama on fela ƿīsena: in [[Iordanes]] ''[[Getica]]'' is hē ''Ermanaricus'', in þǣm [[Englisc sprǣc|Engliscan]] giedde ''[[Bēowulf|Bēoƿulf]]'' is hē ''Eormenrīc'', in Ealdnorrene is hē ''Jörmunrekkr'', and in Medume Ealdum Hēahgermanisce ''Ermenrich''. For þȳ se nama ''Heiðrekr'' ƿæs ƿel gelīc þǣm ƿorde "Ermanarīc", hē sī ƿēnunga ''Heiðrekr Ulfhamr'' self of þǣre Hervarar sagu. Eormanrīc is genemnod in tƿǣm Rōmāniscum geƿritum - ān is fram [[Ammianus]] and þæt ōðer is ''[[Getica]]'' fram þǣm stǣrƿritere [[Iordanes]] þæs 6. hundredgēares. Æfter Ammianus, Eormanrīc ƿæs sƿīðe beaducræftig cyning þe lætemest dyde selfcƿalan, for þǣre berǣsunge þāra Hūna, þe anƿōd his land on þǣm [[378. tīengēare]]. His cynedōm ƿæs adilegod and his folc ƿearþ geƿealden fram þǣm Hūnum, under þrāge nēan hūhƿega 75 gēara. <!-- According to Iordanes, the king put to death a woman named Sunilda by tying her to two wild horses and driving them apart, because her husband had treacherously deserted him. Thereupon her two brothers, [[Sarus]] and [[Ammius]], severely wounded Ermanaric. Variations of this legend had a profound effect on medieval Germanic literature, including that of England and Scandinavia. Iordanes claims that he successfully ruled the Goths until his death at the age of 110. --> [[Flocc:Weras]] [[Flocc:Cyningas]] [[Flocc:Gotan]] [[Flocc:Wīdsīð]] [[Flocc:Ēastgotena Cyningas]] eawmj498p71ohy59scljvdf0fqbdg37 0 5977 231432 210617 2026-08-20T18:34:41Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands.png|200px|right|thumb|Brycgstōƿ Īeg]] {{coor title dm|59|02|S|026|31|W|}} '''Brycgstōƿ Īeg''' is 5 mīla īeg on lengþe þe ligþ in midde betƿēonan [[Montagu Īeg|Montagu Īeg]] and [[Tȳle Īeg|Tȳle Īeg]] in þǣm [[Sūþ Georgia and þā Sūðan Sandwīces Īega|Sūþum Sandƿīces Īegum]]. Hēo ƿæs āfunden fram Bryttiscum færelde under [[James Cook]] in 1775 and genemnod on āre sciplices þegnes [[Augustus Hervey, 3de Eorl Brycgstōwe|Augustus Hervey, 3de Eorl Brycgstōƿe]]. Brycgstōƿ Īeg is gemacod of synderlicum libbendum [[fȳrbeorg]]um mid ūtƿeorpungum gespellodum in 1823, 1935, 1936, 1950, and 1956. ==Sēo ēac== *[[Harker Gāra]] ==Tōbelimpunga== * {{cite book | last = LeMasurier | first = W. E. | coauthors = Thomson, J. W. (eds.) | title = Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans | url = https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofantar0000unse | publisher = [[American Geophysical Union]] | date = 1990 | pages = 512 pp | isbn = 0-87590-172-7 }} *[http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/bristol.html volcano.und.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426022227/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/bristol.html |date=2006-04-26 }} {| style="float:left" |-valign=top | [[Biliþ:South sandwich islands.png|thumb|right|200px|Sūða Sandƿīcīega]] | [[Biliþ:SSI-Location.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Steall Brycgstōƿ Īege]] |} <br clear=both /> {{Sūþsandwic Īegland}} [[Flocc:Volcanoes of the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Flocc:Volcanoes of the United Kingdom]] {{SūþGeorgia-geo-stycce}} s3uxygijt527xqhpd5fsab19pwntzf5 0 7245 231433 222901 2026-08-20T18:35:54Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox Æþel | nama = Ƿillelm Sċacaspere | titul = | biliþ = Shakespeare.jpg | scild = | bryd = Anne Hǣþeweġ | bearn = Susāna Heall<br>Amneð Sċacaspere<br>Ġudyð Cwēnēah | hus = Sċacaspere | fæder = Iohannes Sċacaspere | modor = Maria Arden | acennesse = 26 Ēastermōnaþ 1564 (ġefulwod) | cenningstow = [[Strætford on Wæringscīr]], [[Englaland]] | deaþ = 23 Ēastermōnaþ 1616 | deaþ stede = Strætford on Wæringscīr, Englaland | byrgen = | handseten = William_Shakespeare_Signature.svg }} '''Ƿillelm Sċacaspere''' (Nīƿenglisc: ''William Shakespeare''; [[Ēastermōnaþ]] 1564<ref>be fyrnsegene is his byrd āsægd swā 23 Ēastermōnaþ 1564, ac se tælmearc is ungecnawen. His fulwiht wæs 26 April 1564.</ref> - [[23 Ēastermōnaþ]] 1616) ƿæs [[Englaland|Englisc]] [[scop]] and [[plegwyrhta|plegƿyrhta]], geseƿen sƿā þæs Engliscan gereordes grietsta ƿrītere and þære ƿorulde fyrmest ƿæferstōƿcræftiga<ref>[[Stephen Greenblatt|Greenblatt, Stephen]] (2005). ''Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare''. London: Pimlico, 11. ISBN 0-7126-0098-1.(''on Niwu Englisce'')<br /> • Bevington, David (2002) ''Shakespeare'', 1–3. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22719-9.<br /> • Wells, Stanley (1997). ''Shakespeare: A Life in Drama.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 399. ISBN 0-393-31562-2. .(''on Niwu Englisce'')</ref>. Oft hēt man Shakespeare Engla lēodscop, and man him nemnaþ ''The Bard'' (“Se Scop”). His ābīdende ƿeorc onstendeþ 38 plegas, 154 sonnetas, tƿā langa leōþgiddinga, and missenlicu ōðru lēoþ. Man hæfþ āƿended his plegas in ǣlcre micelre sprǣce, and sind geplegda oftost on eall plegƿyrhtum.<ref>{{cite book |last=Craig |first=Leon Harold |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Of Philosophers and Kings: Political Philosophy in Shakespeare's "Macbeth" and "King Lear" |url=https://archive.org/details/ofphilosopherski0000leon |year=2003 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ofphilosopherski0000leon/page/3 3] |isbn=0802086055 }}(''on Niwu Englisce'')</ref>. == Līf and Ƿeorc == [[Biliþ:Shakespeare CoA.png|left|50px|Willelmes Shakespeares Scild]] Shakespeare ƿæs geboren and ƿēox in [[Strætford, Wæringscir|Strætforda in Ƿæringscīre]]. Þā ƿæs hē 18 ǣƿnede hē Anne Haþaƿay, sēo him gebæ þrēo bearn: Susanna and getƿinas, Hamnet and Iudith. Betƿēonum 1585 and 1592 begann hē forþgenge ƿeorclīf in [[Lunden]]e sƿā plegere, ƿrītere, and healf-āgend þæs plegera gesīþscipe ''Þæs Hlāford-Seleþegnes Menn'', æftergenemede ''Þæs Cyninges Menn''. Shakespeare on his reste gestāh in Strætforde ymbe 1613, þǣr forþfērde hē æfter þrim ƿintrum. Shakespeare ƿrāt mǣst his ƿeorca betƿuht 1590 and 1613. His ǣrplegas ƿǣron mǣst drēamplegas and stǣr, mægþƿlitas þā hē āhof tō þære hiehþe of cræfte oþ þǣm ende þæs [[16e gearhundred]]es. Nīehst ƿrāt hē mǣst tregaplegas oþþæt ymbe 1608, hƿæron ƿǣron ''[[Amleð Dena Æþeling|Amleð]]'', ''[[Lir Cyning]]'', and ''[[Macbeoðen (pleg)|Macbeoðen]]'', þā man hogaþ sume þāra tilstumra bisena in þǣm Engliscan gereorde. In his læstum gēarum, ƿrāt hē tregadrēamplegas and ƿeorc mid ōðrum plegƿyrhtum. Bōcƿyrtan ƿorhteden mænige on Shakespeares plega in bōcum of mislicum sƿilcnesum on his life. In 1623 tƿeȝen friend on his former ƿafungstōƿ gædelingum ƿorhteden þone ''[[Forma Folio]]'', gesamod bōc his plega, þe hæfde eall būtan tƿēgen þāra plega, þe man tōdæg cnǣƿþ sƿā Shakespeares. === Ƿeorc === {|class="wikitable" !Drēamplegas!!Tregaplegas!!Stǣr |- | * [[Eall is Til Se Endeþ Tile]] * [[Swa Þec Liceþ Hit|Sƿa Þec Liceþ Hit]] * [[Gedwolmistdrēam|Gedƿolmistdrēam]] * [[Lufe Tilinge Gelosen]] * [[Met for Mete]] * [[Se Mangere of Uenice]] * [[Þa Wynsuma Wife Windlesoran|Þa Ƿynsuma Ƿife Ƿindlesoran]] * [[Midsumor Nihta Swefn|Midsumor Nihta Sƿefn]] * [[Micle Hohful-ness on Nāwihte|Micle Hohful-ness on Nāƿihte]] * [[Pericles, Tyres Æþeling]] * [[Seo Screawa Temung|Seo Screaƿa Temung]] * [[Þæt Sturm]]* * [[Twelfþ Niht|Tƿelfþ Niht]], oððe Hƿæt Ƿilst Þu * [[Þa Twegen Rincas Ueronan|Þa Tƿegen Rincas Ueronan]] * [[Þa Twegen Sibæþelingas|Þa Tƿegen Sibæþelingas]] * [[Seo Wintertides Talu|Seo Ƿintertides Talu]] | * [[Romeo and Iuliet]] * [[Coriolanus (pleg)|Coriolanus]] * [[Titus Andronicus]] * [[Timon of Athenan]] * [[Iulius Caesar (pleg)|Iulius Caesar]] * [[Macbeoðen (pleg)|Macbeoðen]] * [[Amleð Dēna Æþeling]] * [[Troilus and Cresside]]‡ * [[Lir Cyning]] * [[Oþella]] * [[Antonius and Cleopatra]] * [[Cymbelin]] | * [[Iohannes Cyning]] * [[Riċheard II (pleg)|Riċheard II]] * [[Heanric IV, dæl 1]] * [[Heanric IV, dæl 2]] * [[Heanric V (pleg)|Heanric V]] * [[Heanric VI, dæl 1]] * [[Heanric VI, dæl 2]] * [[Heanric VI, dæl 3]] * [[Riċheard III (pleg)|Riċheard III]] * [[Heanric VIII (pleg)|Heanric VIII]] |} {|class="wikitable" !Leoþ!!Gelosen plegas |- | * [[Shakespeares Sonnetas|Sonnetas]] * [[Uenus and Adonis (leoð)|Uenus and Adonis]] * [[Lucrece Niedhæmed]] * [[Se Hatheort Elþiodgiend]] * [[Se Fenix and seo Turtle]] * [[Lufiendes Ceorung]] | * Lufe Tilinge Geƿon<ref>Þes nama meahte bēon ōðer naman ānes cyðes pleges.</ref> * Cardenio |} == Fruman == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scacaspere, Willelm}} [[Flocc:Willelm Shakespeare| ]] [[Flocc:Elisabeþyld]] [[Flocc:Bryttisce wrīteras]] [[Flocc:Bryttisce scopas]] 9f6ulgxiycjgslm78houv7equ4nn2fo 0 8111 231440 210622 2026-08-20T18:39:11Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|200px|right|]] [[Biliþ:Zavodovski-Location.JPG|thumb|right|<small>Steall Candelmæssanīege</small>]] [[Biliþ:South sandwich islands.png|thumb|200px|Sūþsandƿic Īegland]] {{coor title dm|57|05|S|26|39|W|}} '''Candelmæssanīeg''' is smalu īeg and ungebūgod þāra [[Candelmæssanīega]] in þǣm [[Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandwic Īegland|Sūðsandƿic Īeglandum]]. Hēo ligþ ymbe tƿā mīla fram [[Gelādungīeg]]e<!--Vindication Island-->, gedǣled fram þǣre Nelsondice. Þƿeores on þǣre norþƿestan ecge þǣre īege is libbende [[stratovolcano]], Leohtberendhyll, þe īeƿde tācnu onginnes in 1911 and glōƿende gemoltene roccflōdas betƿēonan 1953&ndash;1954. [[Munt Andromeda (Sūðsandwīcīega)|Munt Andromeda]] and Munt Perseus sind bēgen īsoferþeahte scylfas on þǣre īege. Munt Andromeda is þǣre īege hīehsta pric, mid hīehþe 1,804 fōta (550 m). Candelmæssanīeg is se steale sumre bōce fram [[Donald G. Payne|Ian Cameron]], ''Þæt Hƿīte Scip'' (1975), þe reccþ ymbe sƿincfulne færeld tō þǣre īege in 1975, in þǣm þe geglidan þæs færeldes sculen feohtan ƿiþ gāstas Spēoniscra manna, þe on þā īege in 1818 forliden hæfdon. ==Tōbelimpunga== * {{cite book | last = LeMasurier | first = W. E. | coauthors = Thomson, J. W. (eds.) | title = Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans | url = https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofantar0000unse | publisher = [[American Geophysical Union]] | date = 1990 | pages = 512 pp | isbn = 0-87590-172-7 }} *[http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/candlemas.html volcano.und.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426035608/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/candlemas.html |date=2006-04-26 }} <br> {{Sūþsandwic Īegland}} [[Flocc:Fȳrbeorg þæs Atlantiscan Gārsecges]] 6mf72e0nppk944qpdcythobdpib2w9a 0 10489 231445 200213 2026-08-20T18:44:57Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Life of Martin Luther.jpg|right|250px]] Sēo '''Cirice Ednīƿung''' ƿæs ednīƿung-styrenes in ƿesternum Europiscum [[Cristendōm]]e sēo begann in geornoste in 1517. Ūt þære Ednīƿunge cƿōm þā [[Oncweðend|Oncƿeðendan Cirican]]. Sēo Ednīƿung ƿæs ǣrste angann þe man mōt ednīƿan þā Ƿesterne [[Cirice]]. Manig ƿesterne Cristnas ƿæron heortsarig be mislāre and dȳsignessum in þære [[Rēmisce Cirice|Rēmisan Cirican]], to bysene hiere lāre and dǣdum þe munucas mōt sellan forgiefnes for synnum for seolfre oððe þe prēosthād sealde man, and sƿylce fylignessa ƿæron þon eall þurh þā endebyrdnes, of prēostas oð þæm [[Pāpa]]n. [[Martin Luther|Martin Luþer]] ƿæs sē ǣrsta þisre styrenesse ac næs sē ǣrsta ednīƿend. His gāstlican foregengan ƿæron menn sƿa sƿa [[Iohannes Wycliffe|Iohannes Ƿycliffe]] on [[Englaland|Englum]] and [[Jan Hus]] on [[Bæme|Bæmum]], þā hæfdon gesōhton to ednīƿenne þā Cirican in gelicum ƿīse. [[Biliþ:95Thesen.jpg|right|200px]] Man hycgþ þe sēo Ednīƿungyld begann geornoste in 1517 mid Martin Luþeres [[Fīf and Nigontig Theses|Fīf and Nigontig Þeses]]<ref name="Simon-120-121">{{cite book |first=Edith |last=Simon |title=Great Ages of Man: The Reformation |pages=pp. 120-121 |publisher=Time-Life Books |year=1966 |isbn=0662278208}}</ref>, þā þe on 13 Ƿinterfylleþ 1517 næglede he hie to þære ciricedura in in [[Wittenberg|Ƿittenberg]]e, [[Yppe Seaxland]]. Ēac onþrȳnede he þone ƿrit in þrim Germaniscum burgum.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Pagden |title=Worlds at War |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsatwar2500y0000pagd |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldsatwar2500y0000pagd/page/243 243] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-923743}}</ref> Þās ''Theses'' ƿæron spell for cneatunge þā fordēmedon þā Cirican and þone Pāpan. Hie ƿiþsættedon sēo fylignes þe prēostas and munucas becēapen Godes forgiefnes for synnum for seolfe and þære Cirican lāre on missenlicum þingum. Ōþer ednīƿendas, tō bysene [[Ulrich Zwingli|Ulrich Zƿingli]], eftsōn folgedon. Lēafan and fylignessa þā Oncƿeðenda ednīƿendas ƿiðcostodon þā [[Rēmisce Cirice]] for manigum þing, and on þissum þingum ƿæron ēstfulnes to [[Maria Iesuses Mōdor|Marie]], bedrædenne to and ēstfulnes to [[hālga|hālgum]], fīf crafode [[geryne|gerynena]], sēo lār þe [[prēost]]as and [[munuc]]as sculon heoldan [[hagosteald]], and þæs Pāpan crafing of onsting. <!-- ==Bryten and Īrlande== ===On Angelcynn=== [[Biliþ:Thomas-Cranmer-ez.jpg|Tomas Cranmer|right|200px]] [[Biliþ:Darnley stage 3.jpg|[[Elisabeþ I Engla Cwēn]]|right|200px]] ===On Īrlande=== Heanrig VIII Cyning brōhtede þā Ednīwunge to Īrlande, ac Oncweþend trōþ healdon næfre sē mæste dǣl þāra Īrum. Þā Oncweþendas wæron þā menn þā onwoniað [[Difelin]] and his [[Difelinscīr|scīre]], þā wæron of Angelþēod be blōde and tunge. Sēo ednīwede [[Īracirice]] ne sōhte sawlas on þāra Īracynne þā cwæþ [[Scyttisc sprǣc|Scyttisc]] forþæm abād sē mæste dæl þæs īeglandes, būton [[Uladstir]]e Rōmeallic. ====On Scottacynn=== [[Biliþ:JohnKnox.jpg|Iohannes Knox|right|200px]] ==On Eotolwarum== On [[Piedmont]]e fand man þā [[Waldensisc Cirice|Waldensiscan Cirican]] siððan þæm twelftum gearhundrede, þā wæron ednīwende floccas. Þonne sēo Ednīwunge þæs 16. gearhundredes begann in Germanie þonne fandon þā Waldensisc clercas þe hie næron ānhogan. In 1655 oferhergode Piedmontes eorl þāra Waldensisca dǣlas and ofslog manig and adrāf þūsende of hiere earde. Sē wæl wæs in eallum Oncweþendum folcum gemornen. Noþylǣs, sēo Waldensisc Cirice abād, eft tōdæg. ==On Francum== [[Biliþ:Massacre saint barthelemy.jpg|Sanctes Bartholomewes Dæg Wæl|right|200px]] ==On Germanie== ===Genf=== ===Þā Niðerland=== ==Þā Norþerne Rīce== ===On Denum and Norþmannum=== ===On Swēonum=== ==On Ungerum== --> ==Ēac sieh== * [[Angelcirice]] ==Glēsing== {{reflist}} {{aganflocc}} [[Flocc:Crīstendōm]] l5v23l40oxb457wgvgxdjnew68sviel 0 11571 231430 167877 2026-08-20T18:32:40Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Leber Schaf.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Lifere]] Sēo '''lifere''' is līflic [[līcdǣl]] þe is on [[hrycgdēor]]um and sumum ōðrum [[dēor]]um. Hēo hafaþ brāde brǣdu woerca, befōnde unǣttrunge, [[ǣglīmtimberes untimbrung]]e, anfd þā forþbǣru līftimbra for [[fōdanmeltung]]e. Sēo lifere is ful nȳdmicel to lifigenne; þǣr nis nū nān wīse tō bētenne þā æfweardnesse þǣre liferan. Þis līcdǣl wyrceþ hefige on [[clēofenaweorcing]]e and hafaþ manig weorc in þǣm [[līc]]e, befōnde [[swēteltimber]]a settunge, ge þǣre rotinge rēadra [[līfclēofa|līfclēofena]] [[blōd]]es, [[blōdwæteres ǣglīmtimber]]a untimbringe, [[līcforðiend]]a forþbǣru, and unǣttrunge. Hēo ligþ unber þǣm midhrife in þǣm brēoste. Hēo wyrceþ [[gealla]]n, asclic gebundenness þe helpaþ [[fōdanmeltung]]e, þurh þone [[wǣtinsettung]]e [[ele|ela]]. Hēo ēac dēþ and gefadaþ grēate missenlicnesse grēatfyldigra līftimberlicra eftweorca þurfende swīðe ānliceted [[līfig flǣsc|flǣsc]], befōnde þā untimbrunge smealra and manigfealdra [[gemot]]a, þāra manig sind ful nȳdmicel for gewunelicum līflicum weorcum.<ref>{{cite book | last = Maton | first = Anthea | authorlink = | coauthors = Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright | title = Human Biology and Health | url = https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 1993 | location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA | isbn = 0-13-981176-1 | oclc = 32308337}}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Līc]] sheb49119o498efzb3s627d4wyyq02s 0 11634 231427 217587 2026-08-20T18:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Pitcairn Islands-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|250px|Pitcearnīega]] [[Biliþ:Oeno Atoll Island Map.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Oenoīeg]] '''Oenoīeg''' <!--or '''Holiday Island'''--> is curalen īeg in þǣm sūðernum [[Sericus Gārsecg]]e and is dǣl þāra [[Pitcearnīega|Pitcearnīegena]] sē is [[Bryttisc ofersǣ landscipe]]. Hiere nama nis Polynesisc ac Crēcisc. Þēos īeg hæfþ hiere naman æfter ''Œno'' þæt hƿælhuntoþscipe ac Pitcearnƿare secgaþ þone namna mif þrim stæfgefēgum, sƿa sƿa ƿolde man hine secgan gif hē ƿær Polynesisc nama. ==Landscipe== Oenoīeg līð 89 mīla be norþƿestan [[Pitcairnīeg]]e, æt {{coord|23|55|26|S|130|44|03|W|}}. Sēo īeg is ymbe 3 mīla brād. Luh is onmiddan. Hiere stōƿ is 7.7 mīla² ac hiere land 170 æcre. Oeno is āgebūred ac menn fram Pitcearnīeg seglað hider for tƿǣm ƿucum in {{monþes nama|1}}<!--as a private holiday site-->.<ref> {{cite book |title= South Pacific & Micronesia|url= https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetsout00geer|year= 2006|publisher= [[Lonely Planet Publications|Lonely Planet]]|isbn= 1-74104-304-2|page= [https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetsout00geer/page/427 427]|quote= Unless you've got your own yacht, your only chance of getting to Oeno is in January, when Pitcairners fit out two of their longboats with essential supplies and swap everyday life on Pitcairn for a fortnight's summer holiday on Oeno.}}</ref> <!-- The main island (Oeno), about {{convert|0.5|km2|acre}} in area, has forest and scrub with pandanus and palm trees. It is located on the southwest rim of the atoll. There is a water tap installed on the island.<ref>[http://library.puc.edu/Pitcairn/pitcairn/OenoPhotoTour/4.shtml Fresh water is pumped out of a well dug in the sand] - library.puc.edu</ref> The maximum elevation is less than 5 m (16½ ft). Three smaller islets are to the south and west of the main island. ==Stǣr== ; June [[1819]] : Captain James Henderson of the [[British East India Company]] ship ''Hercules'' sights Oeno Island. ; 26 January [[1824]] : Captain George Worth aboard the American whaler [[Oeno (ship)|Oeno]] names the atoll after his ship. ; 5 March [[1858]] : The ''Wild Wave'', a 1500 ton clipper sailing from [[San Francisco]], is wrecked on Oeno's reef.<ref>http://www.winthrop.dk/wildwave.html</ref> ; [[1893]] : The ''Bowdon'' is wrecked on Oeno. ; 10 July [[1902]] : Oeno is annexed by [[United Kingdom]]. ; [[1938]] : Incorporated into the [[Pitcairn Islands]] colony. --> ==Fruman== {{reflist}} == Ūtƿearde hlencas == * [http://library.puc.edu/Pitcairn/pitcairn/OenoPhotoTour/index.shtml Oeno Photo Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208191905/http://library.puc.edu/Pitcairn/pitcairn/OenoPhotoTour/index.shtml |date=2008-12-08 }} - Pitcairners spending holidays on the island * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17349 Island Evolution: Oeno Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001022348/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17349 |date=2006-10-01 }} from ''[[NASA Earth Observatory]]'' * [http://www.winthrop.dk/oeno.gif Map of Oeno Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235453/http://www.winthrop.dk/oeno.gif |date=2007-09-26 }} [[Flocc:Pitcearnīega]] 85ls3jo2pjdn0lmsghgjrn4inge3s84 0 12338 231438 227733 2026-08-20T18:38:05Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231438 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Infobox/style.css" /> [[Biliþ:Ballondeparis.jpg|thumb|Aerophile<ref>http://www.aerophile.com</ref>]] {|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin |name = Ballōn |image = Image:Hot air balloon in flight quebec 2005.jpeg |caption = Hātlyftballōn in flyhte }} {{Seriesbox Aircraft Categories}} |} '''Ballōn''' is lyftcræftes cynd þe on lyfte stent bȳ his flēothāde<!-- buoyancy -->. Ballōn færþ þȳ ƿinde sæȝlende. Se nis [[lyftscip]], þe flēotende lyftcræft is, ac mid spinnendum feðrum. == Hātlyftballōn == Se '''hātlyftballōn''' is se ieldost siȝeful mannberende flyhtes searucræft, and ballōnlyftcraft underset is. On 21 Blōdmōnþe, 1783, in [[Paris]], [[Francland]]e, se fyrmest unrāpliċ<!-- untethered --><ref>{{cite book | author = Tom D. Crouch | year = 2009 | title = Lighter Than Air | url = https://archive.org/details/lighterthanairil0000crou | publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | isbn = 978-0801891274}}</ref> flyht mid manne, ƿæs bȳ Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes fremmedon, in hātlyftballōn þe ƿorhton hīe on 14 Ȝēolmōnþe, 1782 þȳ Montgolfier brōðrum.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Early_Balloon_Flight_in_Europe/LTA1.htm | title=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commisstion: Early Balloon Flight in Europe | accessdate=2008-06-04 }}</ref> <!-- Recently, balloon envelopes have been made in all kinds of shapes, such as hot dogs, rocket ships, and the shapes of commercial products. Hot air balloons that can be propelled through the air rather than just being pushed along by the [[wind]] are known as [[airship]]s or, more specifically, [[thermal airship]]s. --> == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Lyftcræftas]] [[flocc:Nīwlicu word]] fqf0pg03mcsy7n8ksdp6pb0sfz1wmph 0 12844 231434 208646 2026-08-20T18:36:31Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Passer domesticus 04.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Hūssparu]] '''Spearwa''' is lȳtel fugol on þǣm þe sēo cnēoris "Passeridae" stent. Spearwwan sind swīðe gecūþ betweox wildum [[fugol]]um for þȳ nēan 8 gecyna heora wuniaþ oft nēah hūsum and on burgum.<ref name=Firefly>{{cite book | last = Clement | first = Peter | coauthors = Colston, P. R. | year = 2003 | chapter = Sparrows and Snowfinches | editor = [[Chris Perrins|Perrins, Christopher]] | title = The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds | url = https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_x5y5 | publisher = Firefly Books | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_x5y5/page/590 590]–591 | isbn = 1-55297-777-3}}</ref> Unsmēagendlīc amearcung spearwa is þus: Hīe sind smæle and grǣgbrūne and habbaþ scorta tægelfeðera and scort, fæst nebb. Oftost etaþ hīe [[sǣd (on plantum)|sǣd]], þēah þe hīe ēac etaþ lȳtle [[wyrm]]as. Sume spearwan etaþ nēan ǣnigne fōdan, and sind biddendas. ==Fruman== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Fugolcynn]] gbh6flwdzxdblfl4mq97kwn14g8atth 0 16675 231435 220455 2026-08-20T18:37:05Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Simeon II of Bulgaria.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Simeon II Pulgara Cyning]] '''Pulgara Cyningas''' be missenlicum titlum ricsoden on [[Pulgaraland|Pulgarum]] of þæs rīces forma staþle (se hēt man þæt [[Forma Pulgara Rīce]]) in 681 oð thame dæg þan ahƿeafen Communistas þone cynedōm in 1946. In his ylde þolede þisne cynedōm tƿone tīdas under elelendiscum oferhlāfordscipe: healf ōðre hund geara unde þæm [[Constantinipolis Rīce]] and ælmæst fīf hundred ƿintra þæs [[Oþomanisce Rīce|Oþomaniscan Rīces]]. Early Pulgarisca rīcan hycgð man benyttedon þone naman ''[[Khan]]'', later ''knyaz'' for scortum tīde, and æfterƿearde ''tsar''. ''Tsar'' seo titul (se is of þæm Ƿendiscum spræce þæs [[Læden]] ƿordes ''Caesar'' (se is cāsere), and Pulgare nām þis ƿord for hiera bregum for [[Simeon I Pulgara Cyning|Simeon I]], æfter his mæran sige ofer þæm [[Constantinopolis Rīce]] in 913. Eall Simeones æftergengan nyttedon þās title oð Pulgrara rīces feall þæm [[Oþomanisce Rīce|Turciscum Bregum]] in 1396. Æfter þe þā Pulgare abrācon of þæm Turcum in 1878, cēas hiera forma cyning [[Alexander Pulgara Cyning|Alexander I]] þe his titul biþ ''knyaz'', ac his cynedōm næs sundorrīce in Turcena ēagum oþ 1908 and on þæm dæge abannede [[Ferdinand Pulgara Cyning|Ferdinand]] Alexandres sunu þe he biþ ''Tsar'', se is 'Cyning'. Se nama ''tsar'' abād under Ferdinande his ierfum [[Boris III Pulgara Cyning|Boris III]] and [[Simeon II Pulgara Cyning|Simeon II]]. Oððæt ðe ''tsar'' ƿæs onƿendode "cāsere" in þæm Forma and Ōðrum Pulgara Rīcum Empires, in þissum ylde hæfþ man onƿended þæt ƿord "cyning". In þara fēam alibbendum Middelyldra Pulgariscum cynelicum bōcum, healdon Pulgarena Cyningas mid langum titlum tobysene "In Criste se Ƿealdende se Trēoƿe Cāsere and Autocrat of Eallra Pulgara" oððe gelicum þingum, and oft ēac "... and Rōmƿara, Crēaca, or [[Vlach]]a". ==Pulgara rīcena getæl== This list does not include the mythical Bulgar rulers and the rulers of [[Old Great Bulgaria]] listed in the [[Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans]] as well as unsuccessful claimants to the throne who are not generally listed among the Bulgarian monarchs. {| width=100% class="wikitable" |- ! width=8% !style=background:#D4F2CE;| '''Gelicnes''' ! width=12% !style=background:#D4F2CE;| '''Titul''' ! width=8% !style=background:#D4F2CE;| '''Nama''' ! width=8% !style=background:#D4F2CE;| '''Rīce''' ! width=64% !style=background:#D4F2CE;| '''Glēsing/Dēaþ''' |- | colspan="5" style="background: #9AB973; text-align: center;" | ===First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)=== |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Dulo cynn]] (681–753) |- | [[File:Asparukh of Bulgaria.JPG|100px]] || Khan || [[Asparukh Pulgara Cyning|Asparukh]] || 681–700 || [[Kubrat]]ing, se ricsode on þæm [[Ealdan Miclan Pulgaralande|Eald Micel Pulgaraland]]. Æfter his sige æt [[Ongal Beadu|Ongal Beadƿe]] in 680 sceap he Pulgara land on Europan. Forþferde in 700 in gūþ ƿiþ [[Khazaras]].<ref>Andreev, p. 19</ref> |- | [[File:Tervel of Bulgaria.jpg|100px]] || Khan || [[Tervel Pulgara Cyning|Tervel]] || 700–721 || Fōn þā titul 'Caesar' in 705.<ref>Andreev, p. 23</ref><ref>Whittow, p. 273</ref> Tervel sæd man in his dæge ƿæs ''Europan Hælend'' forþæm þe Pulgare slōgon [[Arabas]] in þære [[Constantinopolis Besetnes (717–718)|Constantinopolis Besetnesse]]. Forþferde in 721.<ref>Andreev, p. 27</ref> |- | || Khan || [[Kormesiy Pulgara Cyning|Kormesiy]] || 721–738 || Deaþ unbekenned.<ref>Andreev, p. 29</ref> |- | || Khan|| [[Sevar Pulgara Cyning|Sevar]] || 738–753 || Se endmesta rica þæs Dulo cynnes. Forþferde oððe ƿæs ahƿearf in 753.<ref>Andreev, p. 30</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Uokil|Vokil clan]] (753–762) |- | ||Khan || [[Kormisosh Pulgara Cyning|Kormisosh]] || 753–756 || Floces unfriþ ongann. Ahƿearf in 756.<ref>Andreev, p. 32</ref> |- | || Khan || [[Vinekh Pulgara Cyning|Vinekh]] || 756–762 || Gemorð in 762.<ref>Andreev, p. 33</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Ugain cynn (762–765) |- | ||Khan || [[Telets Pulgara Cyning|Telets]] || 762–765 || Gemorð in 765.<ref>Andreev, p. 35</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Ne of þæm cynecynne (765–766) |- | || Khan || [[Sabin Pulgara Cyning|Sabin]] || 765–766 || Of Ƿendiscum gebyrde hycgþ man. Ahƿearf be Folcesræde in 766, fliemede to Constantinopolis.<ref>Andreev, p. 36</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Vokil clan (766) |- | || Khan || [[Umor Pulgara Cyning|Umor]] || 766 || Ricsode 40 niht. Ahƿearf in 766 and fled to the Byzantine Empire.<ref>Andreev, p. 38</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Non-dynastic (766–768) |- | ||Khan || [[Toktu Pulgara Cyning|Toktu]] || 766–767 || Killed in the forests of the [[Danube]] in 767 by the opposition.<ref>Andreev, p. 39</ref> |- | || Khan || [[Pagan Pulgara Cyning|Pagan]] || 767–768 || Murdered by his servants in the region of [[Varna Province|Varna]].<ref>Andreev, p. 40</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Krum/Dulo dynasty (768–997) |- | [[File:Seal of Telerig.jpg|100px]] ||Emperor|| [[Telerig Pulgara Cyning|Telerig]] || 768–777 || Son of Tervel.Fled to [[Constantinople]] in 777 and baptised.<ref>Andreev, p. 42</ref> |- | || Khan || [[Kardam Pulgara Cyning|Kardam]] || 777–803 || End of the internal crisis. Stabilization and consolidation of the country. Unknown date of death.<ref>Andreev, p. 44</ref> |- | [[File:Krum33.jpg|100px]] || Casere || [[Krum Pulgara Cyning|Krum]] || 803–814 || Lof mid [[Pliska Beadu|Pliska Beadƿe]] þærin feall [[Nikephoros I]] Constantinopolis Cāsere, and ēac þe he geaf Pulgarum hiera ǣrrostan geƿriten ǣ. Forþferde in his bedde.<ref>Andreev, pp. 53–54</ref> |- | [[File:Omurtag1.jpg|100px]] || Micel Casere (Kanasubigi),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.kemsu.ru/oldversion/ISV/1bolg.htm|title=Tarnovo Inscription of Khan Omurtag|last=|first=|work=|publisher=|language=Russian|accessdate=14 March 2011|archivedate=4 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004090202/http://www.history.kemsu.ru/oldversion/ISV/1bolg.htm}}</ref> <br> ''Ruler of the many Bulgarians''<ref>Andreev, p. 62</ref> || [[Omurtag Pulgara Cyning|Omurtag]] || 814–831 || Mǣre þe he timbrode micel and ednīƿede þone lēodƿeard ac he persecuted Cristenmenn.<ref>Andreev, pp. 61–62</ref> |- | || Khan || [[Malamir Pulgara Cyning|Malamir]] || 831–836 || Omurtages þridde and iengsta sunu. Forþferde in his bedde æt geongum ylde.<ref>Andreev, pp. 67–68</ref> |- | || Khan || [[Presian I Pulgara Cyning|Presian I]] || 836–852 || Ælmæst eall [[Mæcedonia]] þæt land ƿæs brōhted in Pulgaraland.<ref>Andreev, p. 70</ref> |- ||| Brego (''Knyaz'') || [[Boris I Pulgara Cyning|Boris I]] || 852–889 || He brohtede þa Pulgare to Criste and bannede þe Eald Ciriceƿendisc biþ þære cirican and þæs rīces ambehtsprǣc.<ref>Whittow, p. 284</ref> Abdicated in 883, Forþferde on 2 May 902, æt 80 ƿintra ylde.<ref>Andreev, pp. 85–86</ref> Proclaimed a Saint. |- | || Brego || [[Vladimir Pulgara Cyning|Vladimir]] || 889–893 || Borises I ieldsta sunu. Tried to restore [[Tengriism]]. Ahƿearf and blinded be his fæder in 893.<ref>Andreev, p. 89</ref> |- | || Brego & Tsar<br/>''Pulgara and Rōmƿara Cāsere'' (be crafunge)<ref>Stephenson, p. 23</ref> <br> ''Pulgara Cāsere'' (be rihte)<ref>Stephenson, p. 22</ref> || [[Simeon I Pulgara Cyning|Simeon I]] || 893–927 || Borisses Þridde sunu, he gang to ƿeordenne prēost ac drifen on þone cynestōl be þæm [[Preslaf Ræd]]. Pulgaraland areccede his hēastan be lofe and in landscipe. Gylden yld þara Pulgare. Forþferde of heorte attack on 27 May 927, æt 63 ƿintrum.<ref>Andreev, pp. 103–104</ref> |- | || Casere<br/>''Pulgara Cāsere''<ref>Whittow, p. 292</ref> || [[Peter I Pulgara Cyning|Petar I]] || 927–969 || Second son of Simeon I. His 42-year cynedōm is þæt lengste rīce in Pulgara stǣre. Abdicated in 969 and ƿeard munuc and forþferde on 30 January 970.<ref>Andreev, p. 112</ref> Proclaimed a Saint. |- | [[File:Boris II.jpg|100px]] || Casere || [[Boris II Pulgara Cyning|Boris II]] || 970–971 || Petares ieldsta sunu.. Dethroned be þæm Constantinopolis Rīce in 971 and geslēan in unfære be Pulgariscum mearcƿeardum in 977 þan he cƿōm eft on his agen land.<ref>Andreev, p. 118</ref> |- | [[File:Roman BG.JPG|100px]] || Casere || [[Roman Pulgara Cyning|Roman]] || 977–991 (997) || Second son of Petar I. Castrated by the Byzantines but escaped to Bulgaria in 977. Captured in battle by the Byzantines in 991 and Forþferde in prison in Constantinople in 997.<ref>Andreev, p. 121-122</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Cometopuli dynasty]] (997–1018) |- | [[File:Samuil of bolgaria reconstruction.jpg|100px]] || Casere<br/>''Pulgara Cāsere''<ref>Whittow, p. 297</ref> || [[Samuel Pulgara Cyning|Samuel]] || 997–1014 || Co-ruler and general under Roman between 976 and 997. Officially proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. Forþferde of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, aged 69–70.<ref>Andreev, p. 127</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Gavril Radomir Pulgara Cyning|Gavril Radomir]] || 1014–1015 || Eldest son of Samuel, crowned on 15 October 1014. Murdered by his cousin Ivan Vladislav in August 1015.<ref>Andreev, pp. 129–130</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Ivan Vladislav Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Vladislav]] || 1015–1018 || Arones sunu and Samueles nefa. Gesl ēan æt sæcce be þære [[Dyrrachium]] Besetnesse.<ref>Andreev, p. 133</ref> His death brought the end of the First Bulgarian Empire which was annexed by the Byzantine Empire. |- | colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | ===Proclaimed monarchs during the Byzantine rule (1040–1041 / 1072)=== |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Cometopuli dynasty |- | [[File:Peter II of Bulgaria.jpg|100px]] || Casere || [[Peter Delyan|Petar II Delyan]] || 1040–1041 || Claimed to have been descendent of Gavril Radomir. Led an [[Uprising of Petar Delyan|unsuccessful uprising]] against Byzantine rule.<ref name="Andreev, p. 136">Andreev, p. 136</ref> |- | [[File:Konstantin Bodin.jpg|100px]] || Casere || [[Constantine Bodin|Petar III]] || 1072 || Named Constantine Bodin and Descendent of Samuel, he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria after the sainted emperor Petar I during the [[Uprising of Georgi Voiteh]].<ref>Andreev, p. 142-143</ref> Between 1081 and 1101 he ruled as [[Duklja]] Cyning. |- | colspan="5" style="background: #9AB973; text-align: center;" | ===Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)=== |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Asen dynasty]] |- | || Casere || [[Peter IV Pulgara Cyning|Petar IV]] || 1185–1190 || Named Theodore, he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria as Petar IV during the successful [[Uprising of Asen and Peter|Uprising of Asen and Petar]]. In 1190 he gave the throne to his younger brother.<ref name="a146">Andreev, pp. 146–147</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Ivan Asen I Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Asen I]] || 1190–1196 || Younger brother of Petar IV. A successful general, he ruled until 1196 when he was murdered by his cousin [[Ivanko Pulgara Cyning|Ivanko]].<ref>Andreev, pp. 157–158</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Peter IV Pulgara Cyning|Petar IV]] || 1196–1197 || Murdered in 1197.<ref name="a146" /> |- | [[File:NHMB-Anthrolopogical-reconstruction-of-the-head-of-Tsar-Kaloyan-by-Prof.Yordan-Yordanov.jpg|100px]] || Casere<br/>''Pulgara and Vlacha Casere'' || [[Kaloyan Pulgara Cyning|Kaloyan]] || 1197–1207 || Third brother of Asen and Petar. Expanded Bulgaria and concluded a Union with the Catholic Church. Murdered by plotters during the siege of [[Thessaloniki|Salonica]].<ref>Andreev, p. 173</ref> |- | [[File:Seal of Boril.jpg|100px]] || Casere || [[Boril Pulgara Cyning|Boril]] || 1207–1218 || Son of a sister of Kaloyan. Ahƿearf and blinded in 1218.<ref>Andreev, p. 184</ref> |- | [[File:Ivan-asen-II-zograf-portrait.jpg|100px]] || Casere<br/>''Emperor of the Bulgarians and the Greeks''<ref>Laskaris, p. 5</ref> || [[Ivan Asen II Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Asen II]] || 1218–1241 || Eldest son of Ivan Asen I. The Second Bulgarian Empire reached its apogee. Forþferde of natural death on 24 June 1241, aged 46–47.<ref>Andreev, p. 193</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Kaliman I Pulgara Cyning|Kaliman Asen I]] || 1241–1246 || Son of Ivan Asen II. Born in 1234, he Forþferde or was poisoned in 1246, aged 12.<ref>Andreev, p. 197</ref> |- | [[File:Michael-Asen-Kastoria.jpg|100px]] || Casere || [[Michael Asen I Pulgara Cyning|Michael II Asen]] || 1246–1256 || Son of Ivan Asen II. Murdered by his cousin Kaliman.<ref>Andreev, p. 205</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Kaliman Asen II Pulgara Cyning|Kaliman Asen II]] || 1256 || Murdered in 1256.<ref>Andreev, p. 208</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Mitso Asen Pulgara Cyning|Mitso Asen]] || 1256–1257 || Fled to the Nicaean Empire in 1261.<ref>Andreev, p. 211</ref> |- | [[File:NHM-BG-photoKonstantinTih1.jpg|100px]] || Casere<br/>''In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the Bulgarians''<ref>Ivanov, pp. 578–579</ref> || [[Constantine Tikh Pulgara Cyning|Constantine I]] || 1257–1277 || Bolyar of [[Skopie]]. Murdered in 1277 by the peasant leader Ivaylo.<ref>Andreev, p. 229</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Ivan Asen III Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Asen III]] || 1279–1280 || Eldest son of Mitso Asen. Fled to Constantinople with the treasury.<ref>Andreev, p. 233</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Non-dynastic |- | || Casere || [[Ivaylo Pulgara Cyning|Ivaylo]] || 1277–1280 || Leader of a [[Uprising of Ivaylo|major peasant uprising]]. Fled to the [[Golden Horde]] but was murdered by the Mongol Khan [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]].<ref name="Andreev, p. 136"/> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Terter dynasty]] (1280–1292) |- ||| Casere || [[George I Pulgara Cyning|George Terter I]] || 1280–1292 || Bolyar of [[Cherven (fortress)|Cherven]]. Fled to the Byzantine Empire in 1292, Forþferde Bulgaria in 1308–1309.<ref>Andreev, p. 239</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Non-dynastic (1292–1300) |- | || Casere || [[Smilets Pulgara Cyning|Smilets]] || 1292–1298 || Bolyar of [[Anevo Fortress|Kopsis]]. Murdered or Forþferde of natural death in 1298.<ref>Andreev, p. 240</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Chaka Pulgara Cyning|Chaka]] || 1299–1300 || Son of the Mongol Nogai Khan. Ahƿearf and strangled in prison in 1300.<ref>Andreev, p. 244</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | Terter dynasty (1300–1322) |- | [[File:Silver coin of Theodore Svetoslav.png|100px]] || Casere || [[Theodore Svetoslav Pulgara Cyning|Theodore Svetoslav]] || 1300–1321 || Son of George Terter I. Spent his youth as a hostage in the Golden Horde. His rule marked a revival of Bulgaria. Forþferde of natural death in the late 1321, aged 50–55.<ref>Andreev, p. 251</ref> |- | || Casere || [[George II Pulgara Cyning|George Terter II]] || 1321–1322 || Son of Theodore Svetoslav. Forþferde of natural death in the late 1322.<ref>Andreev, p. 254</ref> |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Shishman dynasty]] (1323–1396) |- | || Casere || [[Michael Shishman Pulgara Cyning|Michael III Shishman]] || 1323–1330 || Bolyar of [[Vidin]]. Mortally wounded in the [[battle of Velbazhd]] on 28 July 1330 against the Serbs.<ref name="Andreev, p. 263">Andreev, p. 263</ref> |- | || Casere || [[Ivan Stephen Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Stephen]] || 1330–1331 || Son of Michael III Shishman. Ahƿearf in March 1331 and fled to Serbia.<ref>Andreev, p. 267</ref> Might have Forþferde in 1373. |- | [[File:Ivan Alexander.jpg|100px]] || Casere<br/>''In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians''<ref>Ivanov, p. 584</ref> ''and Greeks''<ref>Ivanov, pp. 590–591</ref> || [[Ivan Alexander Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Alexander]] || 1331–1371 || Bolyar of [[Lovech]]. Descended of the Asen, Terter and Shishman dynasties. Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture. Forþferde of natural death on 17 February 1371, leaving Bulgaria divided among his sons.<ref name="Andreev, p. 263"/> |- | [[File:53 IoSisiman.JPG|100px]] || Casere<br/>''In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks''<ref>Ivanov, pp. 602–608</ref> || [[Ivan Shishman Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Shishman]] || 1371–1395 || Fourth son of Ivan Alexander. Beheaded by the Ottomans on 3 June 1395.<ref>Andreev, p. 286</ref> |- | [[File:Ivan Sratsimir portrait 1.JPG|100px]] || Casere<br/>''Emperor of the Bulgarians''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promacedonia.org/lm/lm_6a.htm#g1|title=Daco-Romanians and their Slavic Literacy. Part II|last=Miletich|first=L.|work=|publisher=|page= 47|language=Bulgarian|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> || [[Ivan Sratsimir Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Sratsimir]] || 1356–1396 || Third son of Ivan Alexander. Ruled in Vidin. Captured by the Ottomans in 1396 and imprisoned in [[Bursa]] where he was strangled.<ref>Andreev, p. 298</ref> |- | || Tsar || [[Constantine II Pulgara Cyning|Constantine II]] || 1397–1422 || Son of [[Ivan Stratsimir Pulgara Cyning|Ivan Sratsimir]] (Ivan Sracimir) of Bulgaria by Anna, daughter of prince [[Nicolae Alexandru of Wallachia|Nicolae Alexandru]] of [[Wallachia]]. He was crowned co-emperor by his father in or before 1395. |- | colspan="5" style="background: #9AB973; text-align: center;" | ===Pulgaraland þæt Bregorīce and Pulgaraland þæt Cynerīce (1878–1946)=== |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Battenberg Hūs]] |- | [[File:Alexander I of Bulgaria by Dimitar Karastoyanov.jpg|100px]] || Brego || [[Alexander of Battenberg|Alexander I]] || 29 April 1879 – {{nowrap|7 September 1886}} || Abdicated due to Russian pressure. Forþferde on 23 October 1893 in [[Graz]]. |- | colspan="5" style="background: #93C572; text-align: left;" | [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Hūs]] |- | [[File:Zar Ferdinand Bulgarien.jpg|100px]] || Brego/Tsar || [[Ferdinand I Pulgara Cyning|Ferdinand I]] || 7 July 1887 – {{nowrap|3 October 1918}} || Became Tsar after the [[Bulgarian Declaration of Independence|official proclamation of independence]] on 22 September 1908. Abdicated on 3 October 1918 after the defeat in [[World War I]]. Forþferde on 10 September 1948 in [[Coburg]]. |- | [[File:BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris III of Bulgaria.jpeg|100px]] || Tsar || [[Boris III Pulgara Cyning|Boris III]] || {{nowrap|3 October 1918}} – 28 August 1943 || Forþferde on 28 August 1943 in unclear circumstances. |- | [[File:Simeon II of Bulgaria.jpg|100px]] || Tsar || [[Simeon II Pulgara Cyning|Simeon II]] || 28 August 1943 – {{nowrap|15 September 1946}} || Monarchy abolished by the Communists. He þegnede sƿa Pulgaralandes Forma Þegn betƿuh 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005. |} == Ūtƿearda hlencas == *{{en icon}} [http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/bulgarian_rulers.pdf Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016073659/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mladjov/files/bulgarian_rulers.pdf |date=2015-10-16 }} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Fruman=== * {{cite book | title = The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars | last = Andreev | first = Jordan |author2=Milcho Lalkov | chapter = | year = 1996 | language = Bulgarian | publisher = Abagar | location = Veliko Tarnovo | isbn = 954-427-216-X }} * {{cite book | title = The Medieval Bulgarian Ruler (Title and Insignia) | last = Bakalov | first = Georgi | chapter = | year = 1995 | language = Bulgarian | publisher = | location = Sofia | isbn = }} * {{cite book | title = Bulgarian Antiquities from Macednia | last = Ivanov | first = Yordan | chapter = | year = 1970 | language = Bulgarian | publisher = BAN | location = Sofia | isbn = }} * {{cite book | title = Bulgarian Antiquities (Book XI). The Vatopedi Charter of Emperor Ivan Asen II | url = http://ia700402.us.archive.org/7/items/bulgarskistarini11bulguoft/bulgarskistarini11bulguoft.pdf | last = Laskaris | first = M. | chapter = | year = 1930 | language = Bulgarian | publisher = BAN, Darzhavna Pechatnitsa | location = Sofia | isbn = }} * {{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the First Bulgarian Empire |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/index.html |chapterurl= |chapter= |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |oclc= 832687 |year=1930 }} * {{cite book | title = Byzantium's Balkan Frontier. A Political Study of the Northern Balkans (900–1204) | last = Stephenson | first = Paul | chapter = | year = 2004 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-511-03402-4 }} * {{cite book | title = The Making of Byzantium (600–1025) | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit | last = Whittow | first = Mark | chapter = | year = 1996 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Los Angeles | isbn = 0-520-20497-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Zlatarski |first=Vasil |authorlink=Vasil Zlatarski |title=History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire. |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/vz1a/index.html |edition=2 |publisher=Nauka i izkustvo |location=Sofia |year=1971 |origyear=1927 |language=Bulgarian |oclc=67080314 }} {{English}} [[Flocc:Pulgaraland|Cyningas]] [[Flocc:Cyningas]] [[Flocc:Pulgara Cyningas| ]] a0mlr33wvpcxwwea2ehq8zt5qg91vnc 0 17847 231442 203154 2026-08-20T18:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dylan Thomas, Maritime Quarter, Swansea.JPG |thumb]] '''Dylan Marlais Thomas''' (27 October 1914&nbsp;– 9 November 1953) ƿæs Brittisc scop and ƿritere þæs ƿeorces belimpaþ manig mǣre gid: he ƿrāt se 'stemmapleg' be naman '[[Under Meolcwude|Under Meolcƿude]]' and sƿylc gid "Gān ne bleaþe in þā gōde nihte" (''Do not go gentle into that good night'') and "And dēaþ ne sceall habban ne rīce" (''And death shall have no dominion'') and manig spellas ƿrāt he for lēafe and for stemme, tobysene '[[Cildes Cristmæsse on Wēalum|Cildes Cristmæsse on Ƿēalum]]' (''A Child's Christmas in Wales'') and 'Gelicnes þæs Cræftan sƿa Geong Hund'. In [[Swegnesīeg|Sƿegnesīeg]]e se is on [[Glamorgan]]e ƿæs Dylan Thomas geboren in 1914 and hū self gecneaƿ, þe he ƿæs [[Wēalas|Ƿēalh]], is strang in his fitte. Dylan Thomas ƿeard gelufod of mannum in his dagum for his cræfte. Noþȳlǣs, oððæt ðe his scopcræft ƿæs fæger, yfel ƿæs his līf. Æt his dēaþ in [[Nīweoferwicceaster|Nīƿeoferƿicceastre]] bār 39 ƿinter, and menn ceann him þe he ƿæs oferdrincere and libbede in gæglbǣrnesse.<ref name="WAEoW">{{cite book |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian)|editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins | editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins| editor3-first=Baines |editor3-last=Menna|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales |url=https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |pages=[https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse/page/861 861]–862|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}</ref> Dylan Thomas ƿrāt in þæm [[Nīwenglisc sprǣc|Nīƿengliscan]] gereorde. Man secg þe he ƿæs onmang Ƿēalacynnes hēastum scopum þæs 20. gearhundes for his searƿe plege mid ƿordum and ƿordbiliþum. His bānas licgað æt [[Laugharne]] in [[Carmarðenscīr]]e, se ƿæs his hām. ==Frūman== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Bryttisce scopas|Thomas Dylan]] 2j0ibf3fvaemmujojcnlj44n501laq1 0 18451 231444 188894 2026-08-20T18:42:37Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Reconstructed Danfeng Men.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Danfeng Geat eft getimbrod þæt Daminghealles]] '''Damingheall''' (se is "Sele of Miclum Beorhtnesse") wæs se cāserlic cynebotl þæs [[Tang Cynecynn]]es, and hit stent in þās cāsera hēafodburg se wæs [[Chang'an]].<ref name=yu56/><ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/daminggong/2010-05/12/content_9838451_2.htm Daminghealles spellas] - China Daily</ref> In þissum healle ricsodon Tang cāseras for mār þan 220 wintrum.<ref name=yu56>{{cite book|last=Yu|first=Weichao|title=A Journey into China's antiquity|year=1997|publisher=Morning Glory Publishers|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5054-0507-3|page=56}}</ref> Todæg is þes sele þēodes iefstede of [[Cīna]]n.<ref>{{cite book|title=Towards a liveable and sustainable urban environment: Eco-cities in East Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/towardsliveables0000unse|year=2010|publisher=World Scientific|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4287-76-0|author1=Wang, Tao |author2=Shao, Lei |chapter=Eco-city: China's realities and challenges in urban planning and design|editor1=Lye, Liang Fook |editor2=Chen, Gang |page=149}}</ref> His stede is be norðēasten [[Xi'an]] byrig, sēo is in [[Shaanxi]] Underrīce.<ref name=du37>{{cite book|last=Du|first=Xiaofan|title=Conservation of ancient sites on the Silk Road|year=2010|publisher=Getty Conservation Institute|location=Los Angeles|isbn=978-1-60606-013-1|page=37|others=Hellman, Naomi (trans.)|editor=Agnew, Neville}}</ref> ==Frūman== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Cynebotl on Seringum]] [[Flocc:Tang Cynecynn]] 6tbtza0ebobonuulf28pvpt6y3msuls 0 18530 231439 192648 2026-08-20T18:38:35Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Olive petition petition big.jpg|thumb|250px|Sēo Eletƿig Giernes]] Sēo '''Eletƿig Giernes''' ƿæs geƿrit animen be þæm Ōðrum [[Worulddæles Gemōt|Ƿorulddæles Gemōt]] on 5. Mǣdmōnaþ in 1775 sƿa endmest angin to bebūgenne ƿig betƿuh [[Bryten]] and þāra [[Þrēotīene Landbūnessa|Þrēotīene Landbūnessum]], þā speleden sƿylc Gemōt. Se Gemōt hæfde gīo bēad fore āne ƿucu þe his herigas onsƿegan [[Canada þæt Underrīce|Canada]], ac þēos giernes asēþde Americaƿara trōþ to Bryten and besōhtede [[Georgius III Bretta Cyning|Georgius III Cyning]] þe he forestæp furður hild. Sēo Giernes ƿæs for friþ and troþ ac folgend on þæm niehstan dæge, 6. Mǣdmōnaþ be þære ''[[Meld be þæm Fruman and þære Nīdþearf þe Man Wæpne Niman|Meld be þæm Fruman and þære Nīdþearf þe Man Ƿæpne Niman]]'', þȳ ƿæs þære giernesse frumfullnes in Lundne unfandigendlic.<ref>[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/takuparm.htm Declaration of Taking Up Arms: Resolutions of The Second Continental Congress] – Se Grundgesetnesfērscipe</ref> In Ƿēodmōnaþ 1775, sƿutolde se Cyning his meld þe ƿiþercoran unrǣd ƿæron in þære landbūnessum, se man hēt sēo [[Rebellion Meld]], and Bryten forcƿǣþ þā Giernesse, oððæt ðe Georgius Cyning næfde rēad þā Eletƿig Giernesse beforan þe he abannede þāra Landsetlan sƿicdōm.<ref>{{cite book | title=The American Pageant | url=https://archive.org/details/americanpageant00bail | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company | last=Bailey | first=Thomas | last2=Kennedy | first2=David | last3=Cohen | first3=Lizabeth | year=1998 | edition=11 | location=New York}}</ref> ==Hlencas== {{wicifruma|Olive Branch Petition}} ==Frūman== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Americaniscu Onwendung]] 2jmf1yt6kj0z3bgyse45m9h4scxpcio 0 19049 231441 210714 2026-08-20T18:39:44Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Coat of arms of the Raj of Sarawak.svg|right|thumb|200px|Sarawakes Breges scild]] [[Ymele:Sir James Brooke (1847) by Francis Grant.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Iacobus Brooke Brego]] Se '''Sarawak Brego''' ricsode fram 1841 on [[Sarawak]]e þæm lande þæt is land on [[Borneo]] þære īege norþdæle, and hie hatton þā '''Hwītan Rajan''' forþæm þe þās Bregas wæron Bretcynn onmang [[Dægacas|Dægacum]] and [[Malægware|Malægum]]. Þrie bregas ricsodon hēr and hiera æþelingas ēac, of þæm Brookecynne. Hiera cynedōm endode þan Carl Brego ageaf his rīce to [[Georgius VI Bretta Cyning|Georgie VI Bretta Cyning]] in 1946. Se forma brego was [[Iacobus Brooke]], se wæs in Bandel (nēah [[Caligardamana]]) in [[Bengal]] geboren. He wæs fānaþegn in þæm [[Bengalhere]] þære [[Ēastindea Tēoh]] oððæt ðe dem in 1825 sended him to [[Breten]] and in 1930 forlæt he his þegnes gewrit. In 1838 seglode Iacobus Brooke in his agnum scipe to Borneo þær he geaf his fultum to þæm [[Brunei Cyning]]e and campede wiþ wicingum and unrǣd onmang þæm Dægacum. For his mēde, geaf him se Cyning Sarawakburg (se is nū [[Kucing]]) and micel land ymbe þære byrig and ēac geaf Brooke se Cyning coronbeag swa 'Rajah', se is 'Brego'. In 1841 fang Iacobus Brooke to rīce in his nīwum bregodōme. Iacobus Brego wæs bearnlēas. Be his [[irfegewrit]]a wæs Iohannes, Iacobes sweostorsunu, his ierfa and æfetrwearde Iohannes sunu, Carl. Carl Brego fand his cynedōm hrēorig æfter þæm Iapaniscan insettunge and ageaf eall his riht in þæm lande þæm [[Bryttisce Rīce|Bryttiscan Rīce]] in 1946. His nefa se wæs his agen iefa wiþspræc be þissum tīþe, and mid him wæron þæt hēafodgerīm þāra stefna þæs rīces gemōtes. <!-- Awaiting translations: ==Bregas== {| style="text-align:center" class="wikitable" ! width=15% | Name !! width=105px | Portrait !! width=15% | Birth !! width=15% | Death !! width=25% | Marriages !! width=25% | Succession right !! width=25% | Note |- | '''[[Iacobus Brooke|Iacobus Brooke]]'''<br>(1841–1868)|| [[Ymele:James Brooke photo.jpg|90px|Iacobus Brooke Sarawak Brego]] || 29 Ēastermonaþ 1803, on Indean || 11 Seremonaþ 1868 on Defnum || unbeweddod || Forma Brego, his binaman gegiefen of þæm [[Brunei Cyning]] || |- | '''[[Iohannes Brooke Johnson Brooke|John Brooke Johnson/Brooke, Ierfabrego of Sarawak]]'''<br>(1859–1863)|| [[Ymele:John Brooke ,Rajah Mudah of Sarawak.jpg|90px]] || 1823, on Englum || 1 Gēolmonaþ 1868, on Englum || Anne Grant, bearn: Basil, Iohannes Evelyn Hope<br>Julia Welstead, bearn: Matilda Agnes|| His uncle James regarded him as heir from at least 1848, formally installed him as Rajah Mudah in 1859, but disinherited him for swīcdōme || |- | '''[[Carl Brooke Sarawak Brego|Carl Johnson Brooke]]'''<br>(1868–1917)|| [[Ymele:Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.jpg|90px|HH Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak]] || 3 June 1829, Burnham, Sumorsǣte || 17 May 1917, Cirneceaster, Gleawceaterscīr || Dayang Mastiah, one illegitimate son, Esca (sent to Canada and received an allowance)<br>[[Margaret Brooke|Margaret Alice Lili de Windt]], with whom he had siexe bearn þærof oferlibbedon þrēo hiera cildhād || His uncle James named Carl swa hs ierfa in 1865|| |- | '''[[Carl Vyner Brooke|Vyner Brego (Carl Vyner Brooke)]]'''<br>(1917–1946)|| || 26 September 1874, Grenewic, Cent || 9 May 1963, Lunden || [[Sylvia Brett]], with whom he had three daughters || son of the preceding, inherited the title || |- | '''[[Bertram Willes Dayrell Brooke|Bertram of Sarawak (Bertram Brooke)]]'''<br>Tuan Muda of Sarawak <br>(1917–1946)|| || 8 August 1876, Kucing, Sarawak || 15 September 1965, Weybrycg, Sūþrig || [[Gladys Palmer]], with whom he had three daughters and one son || brother of the preceding || |- | '''[[Anthony Walter Dayrell Brooke|Anthony of Sarawak (Anthony Brooke)]]'''<br> Rajah Muda of Sarawak <br>(1939–1946)|| || 10 December 1912, England || 2 March 2011, New Zealand|| [[Kathleen Hudden]], with whom he had two daughters and one son || son of the preceding. Disinherited as Rajah Muda in 1946 by the British Government || |} [[Ymele:Brooke rajahs graves at Sheepstor.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Graves of the White Rajahs at St Leonard's Church, [[Sheepstor]] on Defnum]] James and Charles had short grammar school educations, Vyner, Bertram, and Anthony went to public schools and Cambridge University (but without taking degrees). All but Anthony died in England and are buried at [[Sheepstor#Sheepstor Church|Sheepstor parish church]], Devon. Anthony Brooke had his ashes interred at Sheepstor as well as at the Brooke Family graveyard in Kuching, as per his last wish. The White Rajahs pursued a policy of [[paternalism]], with the goal of protecting the "native peoples" (indigenous peoples) from "capitalist exploitation". While James Brooke laid much of the groundwork for the expansion of Sarawak, his nephew Charles, the second Rajah, was the great builder. He constructed public buildings to serve welfare, such as a hospital, in addition to forts. He worked to extend the borders of the state. Vyner Brooke instituted significant political reforms during his tenure. He ended the [[political absolutism|absolute rule]] of the Rajah in 1941, before the Japanese invasion of World War II, by granting new powers to the Council Negri (the parliament). Bertram co-ruled with his elder brother, taking turns of 6 – 8 months in charge of the country each year. By 1939 Bertram's son Anthony had taken the reins of government, and it was with a considerable controversy that Vyner attempted to cede Sarawak to Britain secretly in 1946 in what gave rise to the [[anti-cession movement of Sarawak]]. ==Titles== The Sovereign: His Highness The Rajah of Sarawak<br /> The consort of the ruling prince: Her Highness The Ranee of Sarawak<br /> The Heir Apparent: His Highness The Rajah Muda of Sarawak<br /> Wife of the Heir Apparent: Her Highness The Ranee Muda of Sarawak<br /> The Heir Presumptive: His Highness The Tuan Muda of Sarawak<br /> Wife of the Heir Presumptive: Her Highness The Dayang Muda of Sarawak<br /> Daughters of the Sovereign and his heirs: Dayang (personal name).<ref>http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/sarawak.htm</ref> ==Line of Succession== In accordance with the Will of the first Rajah, Sir James Brooke, the line of succession to the 'sovereignty of Sarawak and all the rights and privileges whatsoever thereto belonging,' was to the heirs male lawfully begotten of the Rajah's nephew Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. Charles inherited under the Will in 1868, and confirmed the succession in his own will of 1913. On his accession in 1918, his son Vyner (later Sir Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak) swore to uphold the Will 'as forming the constitution of the state'. This unique testamentary trust became known as 'The Sarawak Sovereignty Trust'. [[Ymele:Brooke Tree.png|thumb|The Brooke Dynasty Tree]] ==Lēodweard== [[Ymele:Brooke Memorial Kuching.jpeg|thumb|Brooke Memorial outside the [[Kuching Old Courthouse|Old Courthouse]] at [[Kuching]] showing relief of Iban warrior]] Þan Iacobus Brooke fang to rīce in Sarawak þæt land wæs underrīce þæs [[Brunei]] Cynedōmes and his lēodweard wæs based on the Bruneian model. Iacobus Brego reorganised the government according to be þæm Bryttiscan endebyrdnesse and rās rīces þegndōm. It recruited [[Europe]]an, chiefly [[United Kingdom|British]], þegnas to run ūtwicum in hiera læppum. The Sarawak Service was continually reformed by Rajah James and his successors. Iacobus Brego retained many of the customs and symbols of Malay monarchy, and combined them with his own style of absolute rule. Se Brego wrohtede riht in his rīce and wæs ealdordēmere in his dōmærne in [[Kucing]]e. The White Rajahs were determined to prevent the indigenous peoples of Sarawak from being exploited by Western business interests. They allowed the [[Borneo Company Limited]] (the Borneo Company) to assist in managing the economy. The core of the early Sarawak economy was antimony, later followed by gold, which was mined in [[Bau, Sarawak|Bau]] by Chinese syndicates who imported numerous workers from China.<ref name="Kaur">{{cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Amarjit |date=February 1995 |title=The Babbling Brookes: Economic Change in Sarawak 1841–1946 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |issn=0026-749X |pages=65–109, 73 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012634}}</ref> After the local Chinese uprising in 1857,<ref>{{cite book |last=Chew |first=Daniel |year=1990 |title=Chinese Pioneers on the Sarawak Frontier 1841–1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesepioneerso0000chew |location=Singapore |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-588915-0}}</ref> the mining operations were gradually taken over by the Borneo Company; it bought out the last Chinese syndicate in 1884.<ref name="Kaur"/> The Borneo Company provided military support to the White Rajahs during crises such as the Chinese uprising. One of the company steamships, the ''Sir James Brooke'', helped recapture Kuching. Carl Brego staþolede lytel wæpned þrēat, þā [[Sarawak Rangers]], to police and defend the expanding state. This small army also manned a series of forts around the country, acted as the Rajahs' personal guard, and performed ceremonial duties. ==Cession to the United Kingdom== After the [[World War II|Second World War]], during which Sarawak and Borneo had been [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|occupied by Japanese forces]], the third rajah, Vyner Brooke, ceded his life interest in Sarawak to the [[Colonial Office]]. Unclear as to the legality of cession, the British Government simultaneously passed a Bill of Annexation. Rajah Vyner's nephew and legal heir, [[Anthony Walter Dayrell Brooke|Anthony Brooke]], initially opposed annexation by the Crown, as did a majority of the native members of the [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Council Negri]]. Because of his opposition to the cession, Anthony Brooke was considered a suspect when [[Duncan Stewart (British diplomat)|Duncan Stewart]], the second British governor to Sarawak, was assassinated by two people that were believed to be members of a group dedicated to restoring him as Rajah.<ref name="BBCStabbedGov"/> In fact, they were from a political group agitating for union with newly independent [[Indonesia]].<ref name="BBCStabbedGov"/> He was never prosecuted. Documents released in the late 20th century indicate that the British Government knew that Brooke was not involved, but chose not to reveal the truth of the matter so not to provoke Indonesia. It had recently won its [[Indonesian National Revolution|war of independence]] from the [[Netherlands]], and the UK was already dealing with the [[Malayan Emergency]] to the north-west.<ref name="BBCStabbedGov">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17299633 |title=The stabbed governor of Sarawak |author=Mike Thomson |publisher=BBC News |website=bbc.co.uk |date=14 March 2012 |accessdate=2016-11-04}}</ref><ref name="BBCStabbedGov02">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01d0rjc |title=Radio 4's investigative history - The stabbed governor of Sarawak |author=Mike Thomson |publisher=BBC News |website=bbc.co.uk |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=2016-11-04}}</ref> Since those events, there has been no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy, although under the Will of Sir James Brooke any member of the Brooke family is eligible to be appointed heir. The period of Brooke rule is generally looked upon favourably in Sarawak, and in recent times the government has accepted the importance of their legacy for its social, cultural, and touristic value. Se Brooke cynn still maintains strong ties to Sarawak and his folce. Þone cynn speleþ se Brooke Trust@ and by Anthony Brookes grandson [[Jason Desmond Anthony Brooke]], æt manigum rīces functions and in hiera fultum for heritage projects. ==Legacy== [[Ymele:Fort Margherita Kuching.JPG|thumb|Fort Margherita was erected by Rajah Charles and named after his wife, the Ranee Margaret.]] *The [[coaling station]] of [[Brooketon]] in [[Brunei]] was named after the Brooke family. *The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's 19th-century and colonial heritage buildings. In [[Kuching]] these include the [[The Astana, Sarawak|Astana]], or governor's residence; the [[Sarawak Museum]], the [[Kuching Old Courthouse|Old Courthouse]], [[Fort Margherita]], the Square Fort, and Brooke Memorial. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original [[Sarawak Museum]]. Several key buildings from the Brooke period, such as the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company, have been demolished for more recent developments. Modern Kuching has many businesses and attractions that refer to the era of the White Rajahs: *The James Brooke Café and the [[Royalist (schooner)|Royalist]], a [[public house|pub]] named after James Brooke's schooner, refer to the history of the Brookes. *The Brooke Gallery which showcases belongings from the Brooke family and artifacts during their time as the White Rajah. The gallery is located in Fort Margherita. Sarawak has a diverse population with a large proportion of indigenous tribal peoples, such as the [[Iban people|Iban]] and other [[Dyaks]]. In addition, it received numerous Chinese and [[India]]n immigrants, whose businesses and labour were encouraged at various times by the White Rajahs. --> ==Fāna and tācnas== [[Ymele:Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870).svg|right|thumb|200px|Sarawakes cynelic fana]] Se Brooke cynecynnes wæpnas wæron gwrōhten of Iacobes Brookes agnum wæpnas. Se scild wæs gylden mid rōde in rēade and swearte. His camb wæs [[broc]], of hiera cynnnaman. ==Frūman== {{reflist}} *{{cite book |author=Ranee Margaret of Sarawak |title=My Life in Sarawak |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-582663-9}} *{{cite book |author=Sylvia, Lady Brooke |year=1970 |title=Queen of the Headhunters |location= |publisher= |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Eade |first=Philip |year=2007 |title=Sylvia, Queen of the Headhunters: A Biography of Lady Brooke, the Last Ranee of Sarawak |url=https://archive.org/details/sylviaqueenofhea0000eade_b9k4 |location=London |publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Reece |first=R.H.W. |year=1993 |title=The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak |location= |publisher= |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |year=1960 |title=The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/whiterajahshisto0000runc |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} *{{cite book |last=Schutte |first=O |year=1981 |chapter=M. R. H. Calmeyer, de Wind, de Windt, de Wint |title=De Nederlandsche Leeuw |location= |publisher= |page=23}} *{{cite book |year=1996 |chapter=Quast |title=Nederlandse Genealogieen |volume=11 |location=Den Haag |publisher=Koninklijk Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde |isbn=}} (Literature regarding Broek-De Wind) ==Ūtwearda hlencas== *[http://www.brooketrust.org brooketrust.org] *[http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/sarawak.htm Sarawak on ‘’royalark.net’’] *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17299633 bbc.co.uk] *[http://www.rajahofsarawakfund.com The Rajah of Sarawak Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003128/http://rajahofsarawakfund.com/ |date=2020-09-24 }} [[Flocc:Sarawak]] [[Flocc:Malægsie bregas]] nxsc5m4j2vacd7ov43dvvg4awc3oeyn 0 19351 231443 200321 2026-08-20T18:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox sprǣc | color = lawngreen | nama = Persisc sprǣc | agenspræc = فارسی ''Fārsi'' | gelōmlicu in = [[Persealand]]<ref name="Samadi">{{cite book |last=Samadi |first=Habibeh |title=Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373 |year=2012 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-637-3 |author2=Nick Perkins |editor=Martin Ball |editor2=David Crystal |editor3=Paul Fletcher |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847696373/page/169 169]}}</ref>, [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="Samadi" />, [[Tacgicastan]]<ref name="Samadi" />, [[Usbecastan]], [[Irac]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraq |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=IRAQ |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref>, [[Russland]]<ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Pilkington |first1=Hilary |last2=Yemelianova |first2=Galina |title=Islam in Post-Soviet Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAfS-PFRLYkC&pg=PA27 |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-21769-6 |page=27 |quote=Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Mastyugina |first1=Tatiana |last2=Perepelkin |first2=Lev |title=An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29315-3 |page=80 |quote=The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)}}</ref>, [[Azerbaijan]]]<ref name="Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p. 418.</ref> | folc = 70 million<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/|title=Persian {{!}} Department of Asian Studies |language=en-US |access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref> | grād = | cynnlicu endebyrdung = | ambihtlicu sprǣc = [[Persealand]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tacgicastan]] | geregolod fram = | ISO 639-1 = fa | ISO 639-2 = per | ISO 639-3 = fas | SIL = | landscipe = Persian Language Location Map.svg | ƿikipǣdia = fa }} Sēo '''Persisc sprǣc''' (on Nīƿenglisce: ''Persian'') is [[Indo-Europisc sprǣchīred|Indo-Europosca]] [[sprǣc]], þe on [[Persealand|Persealanda]] ārās. Hēo belimpeþ, sƿā sēo [[Hindisc sprǣc|Hindisce sprǣc.]] == Frūman == <references/> [[Flocc:Indo-Europisca sprǣca]] 9dddtsslajl028ebxh8b44sqwswupfs 0 19662 231426 210654 2026-08-20T18:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | name = Geāned blæc-bæc mǣw | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |last1=Butchart |first1=S. |last2=Symes |first2=A. |title=''Larus marinus'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2012 |page=e.T22694324A38871920 |year=2012 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694324A38871920.en }}</ref> | image = Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus.jpg | image2 =Larus marinus.ogg | genus = Larus | species = marinus | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | range_map = RangeMap Lmarinus.jpg | range_map_caption= }} [[File:Larus marinus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.127.9.jpg|thumb| ''Larus marinus'']] Seō '''Geāned blæc-bæc mǣw''' (''Larus marinus'') is micel [[fugol]] on þǣre cnōsle [[Laridae]]. Geāned blæc-bæc mǣw is þǣre ƿorulde mǣste mǣw.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23148413/bird_count_more_than_just_game/|title=Bird count for than just a game|last=Richman|first=Talia|date=January 1, 2018|work=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=August 25, 2018|publisher=Tronc|page=1|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Þā geāned blæc-bæc mǣwas tīemaþ in Europan and Norðamerican. == Mearcunga == Þis cynn is micel sǣfugol. Ƿeras bēoþ on lengþe fram 25 oþ 31 ynca (þe is fram 64 oþ 79 hundtēontigoðena metera), habbaþ hefignesse fram 750 oþ 2300 grama, and feðerbrādnesse fram 59 oþ 67 ynca habbaþ (þe is fram 150 oþ 170 hundtēontigoðena metera).<ref name=arkive>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/great-black-backed-gull/larus-marinus/ |title=Great Black-backed Gull |website=ARKive |access-date=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106233032/http://www.arkive.org/great-black-backed-gull/larus-marinus/ |archive-date=2012-01-06 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2019-10-28 |archivedate=2012-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106233032/http://www.arkive.org/great-black-backed-gull/larus-marinus/ }}</ref><ref name=BNA>{{cite journal |last=Good |first=Thomas P. |year=1998 |title=Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Poole |journal=Birds of North America Online |url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/330 |doi=10.2173/bna.330}}</ref><ref name=npolar>{{cite web |first=Hallvard |last=Strøm |url=http://npweb.npolar.no/english/arter/svartbak |title=Great Black-backed Gull |website=Norwegian Polar Institute}}</ref><ref name=Olsen>{{cite book |title=Gulls: of North America, Europe, and Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/gullsofnorthamer0000olse_a0r0 |first1=Klaus Malling |last1=Olsen |first2=Hans |last2=Larsson |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0691119977 |oclc=869139988 }}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist}} == Ūtanƿearde bendas == {{Commonscat|Larus marinus|Geāned blæc-bæc mǣw}} {{Wikispecies|Larus marinus|Geāned blæc-bæc mǣw}} {{Mǣwas}} {{Taxonbar}} [[Flocc:Larus]] 1aitmrrqan39zuhhi2pclnopy5yrw14 0 23402 231429 212109 2026-08-20T18:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231429 wikitext text/x-wiki Ān '''Tīgmūnung''' is ā ġedǣled streamweall be ġesǣlendum braccwætere mid ānum oþþe mā rivum oþþe strēamum inrinnendum, and mid frēo gefēre tō þǣre ūtgeofene sǣ.<ref name="james">{{cite book |last=Pritchard |first=D. W. |year=1967 |chapter= What is an estuary: physical viewpoint |pages=3–5 |editor-first=G. H. |editor-last=Lauf |title= Estuaries |series=A.A.A.S. Publ. |volume=83 |location=Washington, DC |hdl=1969.3/24383 }}</ref> Tīgmūningas ġesceapað ā ġeswinczōna betwēonum rivereflōrum and sǣfōrum and bēoð an ǣmetacwal of ecotunum. Tīgmūningas bēoð underþǣdende tō sǣlīcum inƿinnum swā swā tīdum, ƿafum, and ūtgang fram sǣlīcum [[wæter]], and tō flēoflīcum inƿinnum swā swā flōwum fresnīs and sealt ƿæteres incuman. Sē gemengung of sǣƿætere and fresnīde sēcǣð hēahgelimp of nættenu in ǣþweorpe and in setlment, ġeƿeorceþ tīgmūningas mid þām ǣþeƿestan ġecyndlican ƿunungum on þām ƿorlde.<ref name="McLusky">{{cite book |last1=McLusky |first1=D. S. |last2=Elliott |first2=M. |year=2004 |title=The Estuarine Ecosystem: Ecology, Threats and Management |url=https://archive.org/details/estuarineecosyst0000mclu_a1l3 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-852508-0 }}</ref> Māst ǣrestende tīgmūningas ǣrsamnode on þǣre Holoceana ǣld ġeƿorden mid þām innflōwan of ādlumsealdum oþþe glæcnodum þēlum þonne sǣflōw ongunnan tō hringan ƿæs ymb 10,000–12,000 ƿintregum ġeārum.<ref name="Wolanski">{{cite book |last=Wolanski |first=E. |year=2007 |title=Estuarine Ecohydrology |url=https://archive.org/details/estuarineecohydr0000wola |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-53066-0 }}</ref> Tīgmūningas bēoð gemeaþcƿīslecene be heora landgemyndlican ǣgescīmum oþþe tō ƿætercyrrendon gemustrum. Hī magon hæbbe manigra þrāga naman, swā swā bugan, hereborgas, lagutūna, inlētūna, oþþe sūndas, þēah þā ġenamena ġewægnod nē sēo ǣr gemǣne ǣlcan dǣle mid þǣre forlīsenes sēo Tīgmūnung and mæġ sīe fūllīc sǣlīc. Manige Tīgmūningas þoliaþ fordeorȝunge fram manigra þrāga frumƿeardan, swā swā sēoro ēorsunga, ādēorwist, oferǣscung, oferfiscung and þæs fyllendes þāra ġewildena. Ytutrōwian mag sīe gelǣded tō ālīesende nytenu and ǣhlȳdan; smeriendes swā swā ceafor, polysīðƿæteren beofel, and hæðrowēodres fram ādlumsealdum incuman; and ādykinge oþþe ƿǣrslēaƿunge for flōdweardan or ƿæterdīeglan.<ref name="Wolanski"/>><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.027 |title=Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages? A test with lampreys |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=102 |pages=291–302 |year=2017 |last1=Silva |first1=Sergio |last2=Lowry |first2=Maran |last3=Macaya-Solis |first3=Consuelo |last4=Byatt |first4=Barry |last5=Lucas |first5=Martyn C. |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Furman == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Flocc:Wætergecȳndas]] 4jys4elvn4u18iby6i895me8ok4h7p3 0 24464 231425 216275 2026-08-20T18:29:27Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Telera 01.JPG|thumb|Telare fram ''Comercial Mexicana'' on [[Mexicoburg]]]] Seo '''telare''' oððe '''tilare''' is hwit [[Hlāf|hlaf]] of [[Mexico]]. Seo telare biþ notode for [[turte]].<ref>{{Cite book|pages=pp. 120|author=Mely Martínez|title=Mexico in Your Kitchen|date=2024-4-30|publisher=Rock Point|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|pages=pp. 370–372|publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed|language=en|year=1989|title=The Art of Mexican Cooking|url=https://archive.org/details/theartofmexicanc0000unse|author=Diane Kennedy}}</ref> == Fruman == [[Flocc:Hlāf]] s7s7okwjnt2vxtx0qu5s6ugp2nc3f1b 0 25652 231436 222225 2026-08-20T18:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Coyote (38132396022).jpg|thumb|Feldwulf in Californie]] Sē '''feldwulf''' is swīþe lytel sycedēor in þæt [[hund]] cnēoris. == Endebyrdnesse settung == === Stær === Se feldwulf wæs amearcode bi [[Thomas Say]] in Haligmonað 1819. Say wæs se fyrest man to asceadan se Americanisc feldwulf and se Greatwangas wolf. === Undercynn === Þær sind 19 undercynn.<ref name="bekoff2003">{{cite book|year=2003|chapter=Coyote|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3/page/467 467]–470|title=Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, management, and conservation|url=https://archive.org/details/wildmammalsofnor0000unse_f5o3|edition=2nd|location=Baltimore, MD|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-7416-1|oclc=51969059|author=Bekoff, Marc; Gese, Eric M}}</ref> An undercynn, se easterne feldwulf, is doc of se feldwulf and se [[wulf]] oþþe se readwulf. {| class="sortable wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Undercynn !Amearcode bi !Gear amearcod !Flocc |- |'''Wangas feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans latrans'' |[[Thomas Say|Say]] |1823 |[[Ymele:Canis latrans latrans Pennington County SD.jpg|200px]] |- |'''Mexicanisc feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans cagottis'' |C.E.H. Smith |1839 | |- |'''San Pedro Mártir feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans clepticus'' |[[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]] |1903 |[[Ymele:Canis latrans.jpg|200px]] |- |'''Hælendlond feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans dickeyi'' |[[Edward William Nelson|Nelson]] |1932 | |- |'''Suþeasterne feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans frustor'' |[[Samuel Washington Woodhouse|Woodhouse]] |1851 |[[Ymele:Creative Photography, Wildlife - Coyotes (KSC-20210204-PH-FMX01 0019).jpg|200px]] |- |'''Belis feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans goldmani'' |[[Clinton Hart Merriam|Merriam]] |1904 | |- |'''Diepþland feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans hondurensis'' |[[Edward Alphonso Goldman|Goldman]] |1936 | |- |'''Durango feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans impavidus'' |[[Joel Asaph Allen|Allen]] |1903 |[[Ymele:Coyote 1, Museo del Desierto, Saltillo Coahuila - panoramio (cropped).jpg|200px]] |- |'''Norþerne feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans incolatus'' |[[Ansel Franklin Hall|Hall]] |1934 |[[Ymele:Coyote in Alaska.jpg|200px]] |- |'''Sæhund Ieg feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans jamesi'' |[[Charles Haskins Townsend|Townsend]] |1912 | |- |'''Beorg feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans lestes'' | rowspan="3" |Merriam | rowspan="3" |1897 |[[Ymele:Coyote Yellowstone (cropped).jpg|200px]] |- |'''Mearns feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans mearnsi'' |[[Ymele:Coyote en Sonora.jpg|200px]] |- | '''Rio Grande dene feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans microdon'' |[[Ymele:LRG Prairie wolf by Juan Cruzado.jpg|200px]] |- |'''Californie dene feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans ochropus'' |[[Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz|von Eschscholtz]] |1829 |[[Ymele:Arastradero Coyote (2079329003).jpg|200px]] |- |'''Steort feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans peninsulae'' |Merriam |1827 |[[Ymele:Magdalena Coyote.jpg|200px]] |- |'''Easterne feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans'' var. |Lawrence & Bossert |1969 |[[Ymele:Coyote-face-snow - Virginia - ForestWander.jpg|200px]] |- |'''Teahsas wangafeldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans texensis'' |[[Vernon Orlando Bailey|Bailey]] |1905 |[[Ymele:Happy Coyote Bandeler Los Alamos NM.jpg|200x200px]] |- |'''Norþeasterne feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans thamnos'' | rowspan="2" |Jackson | rowspan="2" |1949 |[[Ymele:Coyote Union Station.jpg|200x200px]] |- |'''Norþwesterne feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans umpquensis'' |[[Ymele:Child and Coyote (cropped).jpg|200x200px]] |- |'''Colima feldwulf'''<br>''Canis latrans vigilis'' |Merriam |1897 | |} == Fruman == {{Reflist}} [[Flocc:Wulfcynn]] a5ooj83oll1g66z1ofpad15hv58sc89 0 26466 231446 227444 2026-08-21T08:59:40Z CommonsDelinker 274 Replacing Russian_church_(37591925970).jpg with [[File:Panoramic_view_over_central_Sofia_and_the_Vitosha_Mountain_2017-10-08.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious 231446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Serdica |flocc = [[Hēafodburg]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Panoramic view over central Sofia and the Vitosha Mountain 2017-10-08.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Serdica on Pulgarum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Serdica''' ({{lang-bg|София}}; {{lang-el|Σαρδική}}) wæs ǣror strang ond hēafodlīc Rōmburg. Þeos burg wæs genemned æfter þām ǣrran folce, Serde. In æfterdagum cwom Weonoðisc folc and geaf hie ðone naman 'Sredets', sēo ġemǣnung is 'middel'. Þā æt nyhstan, þurh micel Godes hūs, sēo ceaster hire nama onfeng ''Sofia'' fram hiere heum cirice, Hālige Ƿisdom Cirice. Tō dæġ is hēo sēo mǣste burg on [[Pulgaraland]]. {{Hēafodstōlas on Europe}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Pulgarum]] [[Flocc:Hēafodstōlas in Europe]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Stolicnalande]] kjukgh3d0qhvcrdl4ky8gv39501wcz0 0 27683 231437 228151 2026-08-20T18:37:48Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Indiǣnburg |flocc = [[Rīcehēafodburg]] |underrīce = |brædu = |lengu = |biliþ = Indianapolis-1872528.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Indiǣnburg on Indiǣnan. |brǣdu = |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Indiǣnburg''' ({{lang-en|Indinapolis}} {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|i|ə|ˈ|n|æ|p|əl|ᵻ|s}},<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)|title=English Pronouncing Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci0000unse_d4y7|editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=1917|year=2003|isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref>) gewuneliclice genemned '''Indig''', is sēo heafodburg ond mǣstfolklor byrig þǣs U.S. rīces [[Indiǣna]]. Hēo is ēac sǣt þǣre Mǣrscīre ond is ġetæht mid þǣre scīre swā swā dǣl þæs Unigov. Sēo U.S. Gēocendǣlþend Bodere sǣde þæt þǣre byrig Indie samod mid Mǣrscīre wæs 977,203 on 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts2">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Marion County, Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/marioncountyindiana,indianapoliscitybalanceindiana/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Sēo 'gesettung' folc wæs 887,642.<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/indianapoliscitybalanceindiana/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Þis gemet leofaþ ūt sume burgas þe sīaþ swīþe selfrǣdlice fram þǣm Unigov. Hēo is sēo 16þa mǣste byrig be folcum on þǣm U.S., sēo þridda mǣst be folcum on þǣre Mīddangeard æfter Cīcago ond Columbus, Oha, ond sēo feorþmǣst be folcum ġebyrede stōwe æfter Phōnix, Arizonia, Āustine, Tēaxas, ond Columbus. Sēo bodere cīþaġild is sēo 33þa mǣstfolcġeond burhbeorh on þǣm U.S., mid 2,111,040 ġeondǣlǣþsumra.<ref name="metropop">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Cumulative Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico 2018 Population Estimates |date=July 2019 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=November 13, 2019 }}</ref> Hir gemǣnsuman beorgcīþa seġel is sēo 28þa, mid anre folcescēare of 2,431,361.<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|date=July 2019|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref> Indiǣnburg hæfþ 368 mīla oferflōra (950 km2). Þæt gedēþ hīe þā 18þan lǣstan byrig be landare on þǣm U.S. Iundēmǣgþēode lifodon on þǣre stōwe swā swā 10,000 ǷC.<ref name="Jones2">{{cite web|author1=James R. Jones III, PhD.|author2=Amy L. Johnson|date=2016|title=Early Peoples of Indiana|url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725090311/https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|archive-date=July 25, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2020|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology|accessdate=January 13, 2024|archivedate=July 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725090311/https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf}}</ref> On 1818, sēo Lenāpe sealde heora land þǣre U.S. on þǣm Trēatie of Sancte Mǣrē. On 1821, Indiǣnburg wæs gedōn swā geƿeorðad byrig tō bēon sēo nīewe hēafodstōw Indiǣna. Sēo ealde hēafodstōw wæs Corigdūn. Sēo byrig wæs gemǣreþ be Alexander Ralston ond Elias Pym Fordham on ǣne 1-geƿið-mīle (2.6 km2) rēad ymb þǣm Hwītan ēa. Sēo ǣfteġang tō þǣm Gēol ond Michigan strǣtum ond sēo anginn þǣre rādhrēowan weoldon þā byrig tō ān þēawendlicum fērendbōtum. Tƿā þāra līgoƿurda for Indiǣnburg (sēo 'Crūceƿeg ġeƿearde middangeardes' ond 'Rādhrēowaburh') gelīcað þāre byrig's stōwe mid rādhrēowunge.<ref name="NPS2">{{cite web|title=Capital at the Crossroads of America–Indianapolis: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/introessay.htm|access-date=March 24, 2016|publisher=National Park Service (U.S. Dept. of the Interior)}}</ref> On 1970, Indiǣnburg ond Mǣrscīr wǣron ġetæhte. Þis mēting is gecīged Unigov. Sēo byrig is ġeleadod be ānre 25-ġeƿealdan byrigscīre rēd be þām mǣran. Indiǣnburg hæfþ þā þritigþan hēaƿestan ceorlǣnsīþ in þǣm U.S. Hēo is grundod of Þēawum, Trēowdōme, hēafodþēowdōme, byrigsēawum, lāre, hǣle, rīce, hlīþe, ond ƿyrhtum. Sēo byrig hæfð micel lǣwes dǣl lāra þēowa ond hræding mǣrcas. Sēo byrig is hām tō þrīum Fǣrƿīnƿundrum 500 byrigum, tō twām micelgēard Ƿerigabōl sīþum, þām Indiǣnburg Cealfas þǣs Ēnglisces Folcƿīgen, ond þām Indiana Ārƿa þǣs Ēnglisces Gǣrsocnes, fīfum æcerƿīcum cempum, ond manigum Ƿiġelum. Indiǣnburg hæfþ þā ōƿorlǣstan ceorlǣnspēƿe Ƿiġelcildra.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Andrew|date=May 21, 2018|title=Fortune 500 list: Indiana RV manufacturer makes it for the first time|work=The Indianapolis Star|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/05/21/fortune-500-list-indiana-companies-anthem-eli-lilly-cummins-simon-thor/628546002/|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist|30em}} {{Hēafodstōl on þǣm Geāndena Rīca America}} {{USPopulusCities}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Indiǣna‎n]] [[Flocc:Hēafodstōl on þǣm Geāndena Rīca America]] [[Flocc:Sċīrbyrig on Indiǣnan]] [[Flocc:Fæstnianburgsċīra]] ke5p7eed0pwwii3bigm51sz9ev2vqed 0 28440 231431 231062 2026-08-20T18:33:52Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260820)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 231431 wikitext text/x-wiki Voᵹe þæt ic þē þis gewrit on ealdum Englisce āwende, mid eallum þǣm Wikiƿrītunge tācnum þe þū bǣde. Hēr is þæt fullǣste: {{Short description|Set of varieties of English language}} {{Redirect|BrE|other uses|BRE (disambiguation){{!}}BRE}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox language | name = Bryttisc Englisc | altname = | nativename = | states = [[Ȝeānlǣhte Cynerīce]] (fruman [[Englaland]]) | region = [[Bryttisca Īeȝland]] | ethnicity = [[Bryttisce lēode]] | familycolor = Inde-ƿeropisc | fam2 = [[Germanisc sprǣca|Germanisc]] | fam3 = [[Westgermanisc sprǣca|Westgermanisc]] | fam4 = [[Norþsǣ Germanisc]] | fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisisc]] | fam6 = [[Anglisc sprǣc|Anglisc]] | fam7 = [[Englisc sprǣc|Englisc]] | dia1 = [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande]] | dia2 = [[Scottisc Englisc]] | dia3 = [[Wēalisc Englisc]] | dia4 = [[Ulster Englisc]] | dia5 = [[Hiberno-Englisc]] | dia6 = [[Bermudian Englisc]] | dia7 = [[Falkland Īeȝlanda Englisc]] | dia8 = [[Cayman Īeȝlanda Englisc]] | dia9 = [[Gibraltarian Englisc]] | dia10 = [[Manninȝ Englisc]] | dia11 = [[Ǣlīeȝlanda Englisc]] | ancestor = [[Fruman-Englisc]] | ancestor2 = [[Eald Englisc]] | ancestor3 = [[Midȝel Englisc]] | ancestor4 = [[Ǣrlic Nīƿe Englisc]] | stand1 = [[Onfangen Ȝesprec]] | script = [[Lǣden stæfrof|Lǣden]] ([[Englisc stæfrof]]) <br /> [[Ānǣded Bryttisc Blindrīt]] | nation = [[Ȝeānedan Þēodan]] (mid [[Oxenafordstaflung]]) | isoexception = dialect | ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}} }} {{American and British English differences}} '''Bryttisc Englisc'''{{efn|Oscortan: '''BrE''', '''en-GB''', and '''BE'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |title=British English |publisher=Lexico.com |date= |access-date=18 February 2022 |accessdate=17 July 2026 |archivedate=12 November 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english }}</ref>}} is þæt sēt of [[Fāg (sprǣccræft)|fāga]] þǣre [[Englisc sprǣc]]e þe in þām [[Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce]] is sprēcen, ȝeārlīce on [[Micelan Bryttene]].{{refn|Sēo ''[[Oxenaford Englisc Ƿordbōc]]'' brȳcþ þone terman tō Engliscum sƿā "sprēcen oþþe ǣƿriten on þǣm [[Bryttiscum Īeȝlandum]]; sƿīðost þā fōrma Englisces þe on Micelan Bryttene ƿuniaþ", hēoldende "[[Īrisc Englisc]]" for þǣre "Englisc sprǣce sƿā sēo on Īrlande is sprēcen and ǣƿriten".<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=1989|edition=2|chapter=British English; Hiberno-English}}</ref> Ōðre, sƿylce sēo ''Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary'', maciaþ hīe tō þǣre "Englisc sprǣce sƿā sēo on Englalande is sprēcen and ǣƿriten".<ref name="Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary">[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English ''British English''], Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</ref>}} Māre nearulīce, hit mæȝ tō þǣm [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande]] āna, oþþe brādor, tō þǣm ȝedǣledum hēape Englisces ofer eall þæt Cynerīce, sƿā sƿā efenlīce innfōn [[Scottisc Englisc]], [[Wēalisc Englisc]], and [[Norþīrisc Englisc]]. [[Tom McArthur (sprǣccræftiga)|Tom McArthur]] on þǣre [[Oxenaford Englisc Ƿordbōc|Oxenaford Lāre tō Ƿorulde Englisce]] oncnāƿþ þæt Bryttisc Englisc dǣleþ "ealle þā twēonessan and þrēatunga [mid] þām ƿorde 'Bryttisc' and forþȳ mæȝ bēon brȳced and ȝetācod on tƿǣm ƿegum, brādor oþþe nearor, innan þrēatunge þæs dīmnesse and twēonessan". Fāgnessa sindon on formǣlum (ēaȝƿritenlīcum and sprǣcum) Englisce in þām Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce. Tō bisene, þæt tōȝeīecendlic ''ƿē'' is eallmǣst āna brȳced on dǣlum of Scotland, norþēast Englalande, Norþīrlande, Īrlande, and hƿīlum [[Yorkshireisc|Yorkshireisce]], þenden þæt tōȝeīecendlic ''lytel'' is oferƿeȝende on ōðrum stōƿum. Hƿæðere, þǣr is ȝetungol ȝemǣtness on ǣƿritenum Englisce binnan þǣm Cynerīce, and þis mæȝe bēon þȳ terman ''Bryttisc Englisc'' ȝecīeȝed. Þā fōrma [[Sprǣc|sprecenre]] Englisc, hƿæðere, fāriaþ miċlum māre þonne on mǣstum ōðrum stōƿum þǣre ƿorulde þǣr Englisc is sprēcen<ref>{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Jeffries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects|title=The G2 Guide to Regional English|journal=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 March 2009|at=section G2, p.&nbsp;12}}</ref> and sƿā ānȝetungol ȝemynd of Bryttiscum Englisce is sƿīðor earfoðe tō brȳcenne tō þǣre sprecenan sprǣce. On eallum þām eorðrīce, þā land þe ǣr [[Ȝetalu landa þe fram þām Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīce frēodōm ȝefēngon|Bryttisce ƿæron]] oþþe ȝebrōþor of þǣm [[Ȝeānedan Þēodacyne]] sind, healdiaþ Bryttisc Englisc,<ref>{{cite book|title=New Oxford Style Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/newoxfordstylema0000unse_k5i2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016}}</ref> sƿā sƿā þæt Englisc þe fram þǣm Europiscan Ȝeānscipe onlīnebrȳced ƿierþ.<ref>{{cite web |title=10.3. Spelling |url=https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling |website=Interinstitutional Style Guide |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> Þā [[Ȝeānedan Þēodan]] brȳcaþ ēac Bryttisc Englisc mid [[Oxenafordstaflung]]e.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Official UN Languages |url=https://languages.un.org/en/language-and-communications/six-official-un-languages |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Language and Communications Training |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spelling |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/editorial-manual/spelling |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> On Cīnan, bēoþ Bryttisc Englisc and Americanisc Englisc ȝelǣred.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dezuruigbo Journal|title=A study of British and American English for Chinese students|last=Odinye|first=Sunny|year=2016}}</ref> Sēo Bryttisce rīcƿeard lǣreþ and ārǣreþ Englisc ƿoruldwīde and [[Bryttisc Rǣd|ƿyrcaþ on mā þonne 100 landum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |title=British Council |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121174726/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/british-council |url-status=live |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |title=Learn English Online |website=British Council |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121175722/https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org// |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |title=About BBC Learning English |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204204233/https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene |url-status=live}}</ref> == Stǣr == {{Main|Stǣr þǣre Engliscan sprǣce}} ===Fruman=== {{further|Stǣr þǣre Engliscan sprǣce|Fruman-Inde-Europisc|Fruman-Germanisc|Fruman-Westgermanisc|Fruman-Englisc|Eald Englisc|Midȝel Englisc|Ǣrlic Nīƿe Englisc|Nīƿe Englisc}} Englisc is [[Westgermanisc sprǣc]] þe fram þǣm [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisiscum]] [[mǣðlum]] ōc, þe of [[Germanisce þēode|Germaniscum]] settendum fram missenlicum dǣlum þæs þe nū is norþƿest Germanie and norþern Niðerlanda brōht ƿæs. Sēo būend þrēaw on þissum tīman spræc [[Bryttonisc Bryttisc]] – sēo īeȝlicu fāg of [[Celtic]] þæs mēgðlandes, sēo fram þǣre [[Rōmānisc here|Rōmāniscan]] sǣte ȝefrēodod ƿæs. Þēos hēap sprǣca ([[Wēalisc]], [[Cornisc]], and [[Cumbric]]) ƿunodon mid Englisce on þā nīƿan tīd, ac for heora feornesse fram þǣm [[Germaniscum sprǣcum]], ƿæs heora ȝefēa on Englisc [[Ȝetalu Englisces ƿorda of Celtsc þēode|sƿīðe lȳtel]]. Hƿæðere, sēo mǣþ þæs ȝefēon is ȝīet ȝefliten, and nīƿlīce is ārīsed þæt grammatisc ȝefēa fram Bryttonisce āreccþ þā ōðrum lēodum þe Englisc fram ōðrum Westgermaniscum sprǣcum tōscēadaþ.<ref>[[English and Welsh]], 1955 J. R. R. Tolkien, also see references in [[Brittonicisms in English]]</ref> Fruman, [[Eald Englisc]] ƿæs fāglic hēap mǣðla, þe þā missenlican fruman þǣra [[Anglo-Saxisca]] rīca Englalandes ȝeāƿdon. Ān þissa mǣðla, [[Læte Westsexisc]], cōm tō oferwealde. Eald Englisc ƿæs þā fram tƿǣm scūrum herefōres ȝeāscod: sēo forma ƿæs fram þǣm [[Scandinavisc]]an brance þæs Germaniscan cynnes, þe on dǣlum Brytennes on þǣm eahtoðan and nigoðan ȝēarhundredum sēton; sēo ōðer ƿæs fram þǣm [[Normannis]] on þām 11. ȝēarhundrede, þe [[Eald Norman]] spræcon and æt nēahstan ān Englisc fāg þæs ȝeƿīxodon þe [[Anglo-Norman sprǣc]] hātte. Þā tƿā herefōras dydon þæt Englisc on sumne dǣl 'mǣsċ' ƿurde (þēah hit nǣfre sōðlīce [[mǣsċsprǣc]] næs on þām strīcostan andȝiete þæs ƿordes; mǣsċsprǣca ārīsaþ of þǣm sāmēdlīban missenlicra sprǣca sprēcena, þā āƿendaþ āne ȝehybridode tungan for bōsumlicum ȝesprǣce). Þæt Englisc þe māre fyrnsprǣclīc, þinglīc, and ȝescēadlīc is, þȳ māre hit of Anglo-Saxiscum frumum cymþ. Þæt Englisc þe māre andȝietlīc and ȝesǣlig is, þȳ māre hit [[Lǣden]] and [[Frencisc]] ȝefēa hæfþ. Tō bisene, ''sƿīn'' (sƿā þæt Germanisc {{Lang|de|Schwein}}) is þæt dēor on þǣre ƿēste, of þǣm oferȝānendum Anglo-Saxum ȝebrēded, hƿīle ''pic'' (sƿā þæt Frencisc {{Lang|fr|porc}}) is þæt dēor on þǣm bēode, of þǣm ƿealdendum Normannum ǣten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|title=Linguistics 201: History of English|website=Pandora Internet Web Server|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2026|archivedate=18 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018113704/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/HistEngoverhead.htm}}</ref> Ōðer bisen is þæt Anglo-Saxisc {{Lang|ang|cū}} ȝetācnende 'cū', and þæt Frencisc {{Lang|fr|bœuf}} ȝetācnende 'cūflǣsc'.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why You Swear in Anglo-Saxon and Order Fancy Food in French: Registers |first1=Tom |last1=Scott |website=YouTube |date= 14 June 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA2xRVMOThc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/wA2xRVMOThc| archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sāmēdlīf mid þǣm Scandinavisum brōhte miċelne ānfealdunge stæfcræftes and ƿordhordes ȝestrēonunge þǣre [[Anglo-Frisisc sprǣca|Anglo-Frisiscan]] heortan Englisces. Sēo latora Normannisc sǣt lǣdde tō þǣm ȝeāȝeote on þā Germaniscan heortan of ānre māre ȝefaðmedenre ȝesetnesse ƿorda of þǣm [[Romance sprǣca|Romance]] brance Europicra sprǣca. Þis Normannisc ȝefēa cōm on Englisc þurh þā hēafodlīce þā cyrtan and rīcƿeard. Sƿā ƿeard Englisc tō ānre [[lǣnƿord|'lǣn']] sprǣce of miċelre ȝesēlignesse and mid sƿīðe miċelum [[ƿordhorde]]. == Mǣðlas == {{see also|Englisc sprǣc on Englalande|Scottisc Englisc|Wēalisc Englisc|Norþīrisc Englisc|Īrisc Englisc|Anguillan Creol|Montserrat Creol|Bermudian Englisc|Falkland Īeȝlanda Englisc|Cayman Īeȝlanda Englisc|Gibraltarian Englisc|Manninȝ Englisc|Ǣlīeȝlanda Englisc}} {{IPA notice}}[[Ȝetalu mǣðla þǣre Engliscan sprǣce#Europe|Mǣðlas]] and [[Lēodlicu hlyda Englisces|hlydas]] fāriaþ betƿeox þǣm fēoƿer [[landum þæs Ȝeānlǣhtan Cynerīces]], and ēac binnan þǣm landum selfum. Þā mǣstan tōdǣlunga sind eallmǣst ȝeflōcod sƿā [[Englisc sprǣc on Englalande|Englisc Englisc]] (oþþe Englisc sƿā sēo on Englalande is sprēcen (sēo is self brādīce ȝegaderod on [[Englisc sprǣc on Sūðenglalande|Sūðenglisc]], [[Westlandisc Englisc|Westlandisc]], [[Ēastmidlandisc Englisc|Ēast]] and [[Westmidlandisc Englisc]] and [[Englisc sprǣc on Norðenglalande|Norðenglisc]]), [[Norþīrisc Englisc]] (on Norþīrlande), [[Wēalisc Englisc]] (ne tō bēon ȝemenged ƿiþ þā [[Wēalisc sprǣc]]), and [[Scottisc Englisc]] (ne tō bēon ȝemenged ƿiþ þā [[Scottisc sprǣc]] oþþe [[Scottisc Gæelisc]]). Ǣlc hēap innhæfþ āne rǣd mǣðla, sume sƿīðe tōmissenlice fram ōðrum. Þā missenlican Bryttiscan mǣðlas tōscēadaþ ēac on þǣm ƿordum þe hīe fram ōðrum sprǣcum ȝelǣnod habbaþ. On ymbe þā midle þæs 15. ȝēarhundes, þǣr ƿǣron stōƿa þǣr binnan þǣm 5 mǣstan mǣðlum þǣr ƿǣron nēan 500 ƿega tō āwritenne þæt ƿord ''þēah''.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|title= Early Modern English (c. 1500 – c. 1800)|website=The History of English |access-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209013306/http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_early_modern.html|archive-date=9 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Forscēawung=== Efter hire nīehstan miċelan [[Forscēawung Englisces Mǣðles]] (1949–1950), hæfþ sēo [[Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht]] onȝunnen ƿeorc on nīƿum ȝerēde. On Mæȝmōnþe 2007, sēo [[Arts and Humanities Research Council]] sealde ȝifu tō þǣre Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht tō scēawiganne Bryttisc lēodlic mǣðlas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183453/http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/ Professor Sally Johnson] biography on the [[Leeds University]] website</ref><ref name=MEO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003092355/http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/press_releases/current/voices.htm Mapping the English language—from cockney to Orkney], [[Leeds University]] website, 25 May 2007.</ref> Sēo tēam{{efn|name=note}} is siftende þurh āne miċele ȝaderunge bīsna lēodlīcra slēges ƿorda and cƿida þe þæt 'Voices' ȝerēd fram þǣm [[BBC]] onƿrēah, on þǣm sēo folciscnes ƿæs ȝelāþod tō sendenne bīsna Englisces þe ȝīet ofer eall þæt land is sprēcen. Þæt BBC Voices ȝerēd ȝaderode ēac hundas nīƿa spell be þǣm hū Bryttisce menn sprēcaþ Englisc – fram āðum tō þingum on sprǣcscōlum. Þēos ȝewissung biþ ēac ȝegaderod and ȝescēadod fram Professor Johnsones tēame, ēaȝþer for þǣm andȝiefte and for þǣre stōƿe fram þǣre hit ācȳþed ƿæs. "Wēnlice sēo mǣste findung on þǣm Voices scēawunge is þæt sēo Englisc sprǣc is sƿā fāglic sƿā ǣfre, būtan ƿē sēoþ ūre māran mōƿendnesse and singalum brȳce ōðerra hlyda and mǣðla þurh Tǣƿ and rādio."<ref name=MEO/> Þā þā tōdǣlung þǣre ȝife on 2007 ƿæs ȝemōt, sēo [[Lēodflēot Ȝeānlǣht]] cƿæð: {{blockquote|þæt hīo ƿæs "sƿīðe ȝeblīssod" – and ȝesōðlīce, "ƿel ċeaff" – æt þǣm ȝife þǣre ȝifan. Sēo lēodflēot mihte, ȝesōðlīce, bēon "bostin" ȝif hit fram þǣm [[Blæc Land]]e cōme, oþþe ȝif hit [[Scōser]]e ƿǣre hit ƿǣre ƿel "māde up" ofer sƿā maniȝum spondoolicks, for þǣm, sƿā sƿā [[Geordie]] cƿeðan mihte, £460,000 is "canny load of chink".<ref name=Indi-20070601>McSmith, Andy. ''Dialect researchers given a "canny load of chink" to sort "pikeys" from "chavs" in regional accents'', [[The Independent]], 1 June 2007. Page 20</ref>}} === Englisc lēodlic === {{Expand section|with=details about other different [[regional accents]] and [[dialects]]|talk=Shortcomings|small=no|date=April 2024}} Mǣst folc on Bryttene sprēcaþ mid lēodlicum hlyde oþþe mǣðle. Hƿæðere, ymbe 2% Bryttiscra sprēcaþ mid hlyde þe [[Onfangen Ȝesprec]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|title=Received Pronunciation|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2026|archivedate=22 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/}}</ref> hātte (ēac cūð sƿā 'se Cyninȝes Englisc', 'Oxenaford Englisc' oþþe '[[BBC]] Englisc'<ref>BBC Englisc for þǣm þe þis fruman ƿæs sēo fōrm Englisces þe on rādio and tǣƿe brȳced ƿæs, þēah man mæȝ nū brādor fāg hlyda hīeran.</ref>), sēo is andlīce landlēas.<ref name=sweet>{{cite book |last=Sweet |first=Henry |title=The Sounds of English |page=[https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog/page/n11 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/soundsenglishan00sweegoog |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 }}</ref><ref name=fowler>{{cite news |last=Fowler |first=H.W. |editor=R.W. Birchfield |title=Fowler's Modern English Usage |url=https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern00fowl |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 }}</ref> Hēo cymþ of ȝemengedum Midlandiscum and Sūðernum mǣðlum þe on Lunden on þǣre ǣrlican nīƿan tīde sprēcen ƿǣron.<ref name=fowler/> Hēo is oft brȳced sƿā bȳsn for lǣrunge Englisces tō ǣlðēodigum leornungmannum.<ref name=fowler/> On þǣm Sūðēastan, þǣr sind sƿīðe tōmissenlīce hlydas: se [[Cocnīȝ]] hlyd fram sumum Ēastlundenum is eallunga tōmissenlic fram Onfangenum Ȝesprece (RP). Cocnīȝ [[rīmstæf slēg]] mæȝ bēon (and fruman ƿæs āscēadod) earfoðe for ūtlendum tō understandenne,<ref name="Franklyn1975">{{cite book|last=Franklyn|first=Julian|title=A dictionary of rhyming slang|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofrhym0000fran|year=1975|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-415-04602-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofrhym0000fran/page/9 9]}}</ref> þēah sēo mǣþ brȳces his is oft ofersǣd. Lundenƿare sprēcaþ mid ȝemengedum hlydum, bēon þæs þēode, nēaȝebūrhādes, mǣðles, yldo, lār, and missenlicra ōðra þinga. [[Estuary Englisc]] hæfþ on nīehstum ȝēarum māre ætīewednesse ȝefangen: hit hæfþ sumne dǣl tācna RP and sumne Cocnīȝ.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crystal |first1=David |title=Language and time |website=BBC - Voices - Your Voice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/feature2_4.shtml}}</ref> Infareras tō þǣm Cynerīce on nīehstum ȝēarum brōhton maniȝ māre sprǣca tō þǣm lande, and tō Lunden sƿīðost. Scēawunga þe on 1979 fram þǣre [[Innan Lunden Lārsǣd]] onȝunnen ƿǣron fundon mā þonne 125 sprǣca þe on hūsum fram cynnum lundenlicra scōlbearna sprēcen ƿǣron.<ref>{{cite report |author=Department of Education and Science |date=Summer 1980 |title="Report by HM Inspectors on Educational Provision by the Inner London Educational Authority" |via=Education in England |url=http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045234/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hmi/1980-ilea.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=4 |access-date=17 January 2023 |quote=A survey of all school pupils conducted by ILEA's Research and Statistics Division has established that one in ten children in inner London speak English as a second language; ILEA pupils have over 125 different mother tongues, far more than any other LEA in England and more than in New York.}}</ref> Sƿīðost, [[Maniȝþēodisc Lunden Englisc]] – sōþhlyd þe on þǣm lætan 20. ȝēarhundrede ōc – is sprēcen hēafodlīce fram ȝingum, [[ƿyrhtelīcum]] lēodum on [[maniȝþēodiscum]] dǣlum [[Lunden]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.urben-id.org/|title=UrBEn-ID {{!}} The UrBEn-ID project |website=urben-id.org |access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181015/https://www.urben-id.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 November 2013|title=Argot bargy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/11/02/argot-bargy |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2021|issn=0013-0613 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Is Immigration Changing Language In the UK?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-is-immigration-changing-language-in-the-uk/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Ewens |access-date=16 April 2021|website=Vice |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> Siþþan sēo micle [[innlendisc fēr]] tō [[Norðhāmtūnscīr]]e on þǣm 1940. ȝēarum, and ȝiefen hire stōƿe betƿeoh maniȝum miċelum hlydlandum, is sēo scīr ƿorden fruma missenlicra hlydƿearda. On Norðhāmtūne ==Mæsse Inlendisc Sīðfæt tō Norðhāmtūnsċīre== ==Ƿitodlīce, siþþan sēo mæsse [[inlendisc sīðfæt]] tō [[Norðhāmtūnsċīre]] on þǣm 1940. ȝēarum, and forþǣm þe hēo līþ betƿeox fela mǣȝen‐sprǣca landscēapum, þæt sċīr is ȝeworden welle manigra sprǣca āƿeȝa. On Norðhāmtūne, sēo ealdre sprǣc is ȝeāƿeȝed fram Lundene tōflōde. Þǣr is ān sprǣc, þe inlendisces mannes "Cētering" ġehāten, sēo is ȝemetlīċe sprǣc betƿeox þǣm [[Ēastmittelandiscum]] and þǣm [[Ēastengliscum]]. Hēo is sēo ȳtemestne sūðerne Middellandsprǣc, þe brȳcþ þæt brāde 'a' in ƿordum sƿā ''bæþ'' oþþe ''gærs'' (þæt is, {{respell|barth}} oþþe {{respell|grarss}}). Hƿæðere, ''crass'' oþþe ''plastic'' brȳcaþ þæt smæle 'a'. Fēa mīla tō þǣm norð‐ƿestan, on [[Lægreċestersċīre]], þæt smæle 'a' ƿeordeþ mā ȝemǣne. On þǣre tūne [[Corby]], {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} tō norðan, man ȝemēteþ þone Corbyite‐mūþ, sē – unġelīc þǣre Cētering‐sprǣċe – is mycel ȝeāƿeȝed fram þǣm Ƿest-Scyttiscum mūþe. ==Hiw== Þā hiwlican tācnu þe sind ǣġenlīċe Bryttiscum Englisce hēr synd ymbe þæs stæfes R hliud, and þæs tōþ‐tōþlēacendan T, and sume tƿihliuda þe synd þissum mūþe ȝeāgne. ===T-ȝlottalian=== Þēah hit ǣr ƿǣre Cōcneġ‐tācen, on manigum Bryttiscum Englisces mūþum, {{IPA|/t/}} is ȝeƿunelīce ȝesēd sƿā [[ȝlottal stōp]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, þonne hit stent betƿeox tƿǣm slēpum, on þǣm þe man hǣt [[T-ȝlottalisation]]. Sēo þēodsċīpe mǣnsum, þe on Lundene stent, hæfþ ȝedōn þæt se ȝlottal stōp brēdeþ mā þonne ǣr, on ƿord‐endum, sƿā þæt ''not'' biþ ȝehyred sƿā "no{{IPA|[ʔ]}}" and ''bottle of water'' sƿā "bo{{IPA|[ʔ]}}le of wa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er". Hit biþ ȝīet tō bysmore þonne hit stent on middum ƿordum, sƿā ''later''.<ref name="Trudghill56">{{cite book|last=Trudgill|first=Peter |author-link=Peter Trudgill|title=Language in the British Isles|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinbritis0000unse|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-28409-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languageinbritis0000unse/page/56 56]–57}}</ref> Ōðre stafas þe sind þȳs līce on Cōcneġ‐Englisce sind ''p'', sƿā on pa{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er, and ''k'', sƿā on ba{{IPA|[ʔ]}}er.<ref name="Trudghill56" /> ===R-āƿeorpan=== On mǣstum dǣlum Engla landes and Ƿēala, būtan þǣm [[Ƿest‐landiscum Englisce|Ƿest‐land]] and ōðrum nēahum sċīrum þæs Cȳningrīces, se stæf R ne biþ ne ȝehyred būtan him fylġe slēp; þæs fōre‐gāndum slēpe biþ ȝelengd. Þis is [[R‐lēasnes]] ȝeċīeȝed. On þǣm ilcan landscēapum, is ān þēaw þæt man sette R betƿeox þǣm ƿorde þe endaþ on slēpe and þǣm nīehstan ƿorde þe on slēpe onȝinneþ. Þis is [[inȝānd R]] ȝeċīeȝed. Man mæȝ þæt understandan sƿā ānne ȝemengan, forþǣm þe ƿord þe ǣr endodon on R and þā þe ne dydon, nū ne bēoþ hī ǣtōċēade ȝetrēated. Þis is eac fram Lundene āƿeȝed. Bȳsna R‐āƿeorpes sind ''car'' and ''sugar'', þǣr se R ne biþ ȝehyred. ===Tƿihliudung=== Bryttisce mūþas synd on tƿǣm tōdǣlede be þǣm þe hīe tƿihliudaþ þā langen slēpas: sūðerne cynn ȝeƿunelīce tƿihliudaþ hīe, and norðerne cynn healdaþ hīe. On ȝemetunge, Americanisċe mūþas sind betƿux. ====Norð==== Þā langan slēpas /iː/ and /uː/ bēoþ ȝeƿunelīce gehealdene, and on sumum landum ēac /oː/ and /eː/, sƿā on '''go''' and '''say''' (unlīce ōðrum Englisces cynnum, þe hīe āƿendaþ tō [oʊ] and [eɪ]). Sum stōwa faraþ sƿā feorr þæt hīe ne tƿihliudaþ þā mideldicȝan /iː/ and /uː/, þā þe ȝiefaþ nīƿe /aɪ/ and /aʊ/. Þæt is, on þǣm ealdan mūþe [[Nīƿe Ceastre on Tīne]], 'out' biþ sƿā 'oot', and on dǣlum Scotlandes and Norð‐Ƿest‐Englalandes, 'my' biþ 'me' ȝeħȳred. ====Sūð==== Þā langan slēpas /iː/ and /uː/ bēoþ tƿihliudede tō [ɪi] and [ʊu] (oþþe, mā cræftlīce, [ʏʉ], mid āhāfenum tunȝan), sƿā þæt '''ee''' and '''oo''' on '''feed''' and '''food''' bēoþ mid styre ȝesēde. Se tƿihliuda [oʊ] is ēac mid māran styre ȝesēd, ȝeƿunelīce [əʊ], [əʉ] oþþe [əɨ]. ===Ȝader‐naman=== Sēo þēaw þæt man forlǣteþ [[ȝetel‐ȝeþƿǣrnes]] on [[ȝader‐namum]] is on Bryttiscum Englisce strangra þonne on Americaniscum.<ref name="BOD">{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |archive-date=18 November 2011 |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ |publisher=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]] |website=OxfordWords |title=A quest for agreement over collective nouns |date=5 September 2011 |first1=Catherine |last1=Soanes |accessdate=17 July 2026 |archivedate=18 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122015/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/09/agreement-over-collective-nouns/ }}</ref> Þæt is, man brȳcþ hīe on manigfealdum, ēac þonne hīe on ānfealdum sind on stæfcræfte, þonne sēo ȝecyndelīċe rīm winnþ – sēoþþe hīe tō stōƿ‐namum and hēapum manna bēoþ. Þæt naman 'police' fēþ þȳs līce: {{blockquote|'''Police are''' investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<ref name=BBC1>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38547391 Police are investigating the theft of work tools in Lisburn], [[BBC]], 8 January 2017.</ref>}} And sƿā ēac spēd‐tēam: {{blockquote|Arsenal '''have''' lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<ref name=BBC2>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39396482 Arsenal 2-2 Manchester City], [[BBC]], 2 April 2017.</ref>}} Þis þēaw mæȝ bēon ȝesēne on bocum sƿā eallum sƿā þǣm 19. ȝēarhunde. [[Jane Austen]], Bryttisc ƿrītere, on þǣm 4. hēafde ''[[Pride and Prejudice (novel)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', þe on 1813 ȝeēðod ƿæs: {{blockquote|All '''the world are''' good and agreeable in your eyes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm|title=Pride and Prejudice |first1=Jane |last1=Austen |website=The Project Gutenberg |access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>}} Hƿæðere, on þǣm 16. hēafde, is þæt ānfealde ȝeþƿǣre ȝebrȳced: {{blockquote|'''The world is''' blinded by his fortune and consequence.}} ===Āƿīeþendan=== Sum Bryttisce Englisces mūþas brȳcaþ [negative concord], þæt is, [[tƿifeald āƿīeþendan]]. Þæs līces sƿā þæt man ne ǣƿentaþ ǣnne ƿord, ac brȳcþ ''nobody'', ''not'', ''nothing'', and ''never'' on þǣm ilcan cwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-informal-etc/double-negatives-and-usage|title=Double negatives and usage |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> Þēah hit ne ȝebīde on Stǣr‐Englisce, hit ȝebīdeþ on un‐stǣr‐mūþum. Tƿifeald āƿīeþung brȳcþ tƿegen tōþēodan morfēmas: ān sē þe þæt tƿifeald ȝecīeȝþ, and ōðer sē þe tō þǣm slēpe oþþe tō þǣm ƿyrde ȝeþēod is.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susagna |last=Tubau |title=Lexical variation and Negative Concord in Traditional Dialects of British English |journal=The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–177 |doi=10.1007/s10828-016-9079-4|year=2016 |s2cid=123799620 |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/287774 }}</ref> ==Stǣr‐Bryttisc Englisc== [[Stǣr‐Englisc]] on þǣm Cȳningrīce, sƿā sƿā on ōðrum Englisc‐sprecendum þēodum, is ȝeƿīde ȝeāfēmed on scōlum and þurh þēodsċipe þēaƿas for fōrmǣlum ȝeþingum, ac hit næfþ nā ānne hlāford. Nis þǣr nān stōƿ ġelīċ þǣre {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française|Académie française]]|italic=no}} for Frenċisċe, oþþe þǣre Spēonisce Cynelīcan Ȝesetnesse. Stǣr‐Bryttisc Englisc [[Comparison of American and British English|unlīcaþ]] on sumum ƿord‐horde, stæfcræfte, and hliude fram stǣr‐Americaniscum Englisce and fram ōðrum stǣr‐Engliscum ymbe þā ƿoruld. [[American and British English spelling differences|Bryttisc and Americanisc stæfƿrit]] sind ēac on lytlum þingum tōdǣlede. Se hliud, oþþe þæt hliud‐ȝetæl, stǣr‐Bryttisces Englisces – þe on sūð‐ēast‐Englalande stent – is mā þonne Ƿintra ȝeēacnod sƿā [[Onfangen Hliud]] (RP). Hƿæðere, for þǣre sprǣcan ȝeēacnunge and ƿendendum þēodsċipe, sume sprǣc‐lārēowas seċȝaþ þæt RP forlīeseþ [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|ārweorþnesse]] oþþe is mid ōðrum mūþe ȝeāƿeȝed – þone mūþ þe sprǣc‐lārēow [[Geoff Lindsey]], bīspell, hǣt 'Stǣr‐Sūðerne Bryttisc Englisc'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Geoff |title=English after RP: standard British pronunciation today |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-04356-8 |location=Cham, Switzerland}}</ref> Ōðere lārēowas cwēþaþ þæt mā landsċēap‐stǣr‐mūþas cumaþ on Englalande.<ref>Strycharczuk, P., López-Ibáñez, M., Brown, G., & Leemann, A. (2020). "General Northern English. Exploring regional variation in the North of England with machine learning". Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 3, 545883.</ref> Būtan Englalande – þæt is, on Scotlande and Norð‐Īrlande – RP hæfþ lytle mihte, ēac on þǣm 21. ȝēarhunde. RP, þēah hit lange stōd sƿā stǣr‐Englisces hliud ymbe þā ƿoruld for þǣre [[Bryttiscan Rīċe|Bryttiscan Rīċes]] brǣdinge, hit is tōdǣled fram stǣr‐Englisce hliude on sumum ƿoruld‐dǣlum; mǣst, RP [[Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation|unlīcaþ]] wiþ stǣr‐Americaniscum mūþum. On þǣm 21. ȝēarhunde, ƿordbēc sƿā ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]'', ''[[Chambers Dictionary]]'', and ''[[Collins Dictionary]]'' āƿrītaþ þætte ȝebȳreþ on brȳce, nā þæt hīe tāċnaþ hū man sceal sprecan.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg">{{cite web|url=https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/standardisation/c.htm|title=The Standardisation of English|website=courses.nus.edu.sg|access-date=28 July 2017|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=17 July 2026|archivedate=8 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208131549/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/history/Standardisation/C.htm}}</ref> Ēac, ƿord‐hord and brȳc ƿendaþ mid tīde: ƿord bēoþ frēolīce brōhte fram ōðrum sprǣcum and fram ōðrum Englisces cynnum, and [[nīƿe ƿord]] sind ȝelōme. ===Stǣr þǣre Stǣr‐fæstnunge=== For stǣr‐līcum intingum, þe gāþ tō þǣre ārīsene [[Lundene]] on þǣm 9. ȝēarhunde, sēo sprǣc þe on Lundene and on þǣm [[Ēastmittelandiscum]] ȝesprōcen ƿæs, ƿearþ stǣr‐Englisc on þǣm Cynelīcan Hīrde, and siþþan ƿearþ sēo grund‐weall for ȝeþafunge on ǣƿum, rīce, bōcum, and lāre on Brytene. Sēo stǣr‐fæstnung Bryttisces Englisces is þūht fram bǣm [[Dialect levelling in Britain|mūþ‐efenlǣcunge]] and fram ȝeþūhte sōþan ofer‐mǣrþe. Þæt man sprece þone stǣr‐mūþ ȝesċōp flocc‐tōdǣlunge: þā þe ne sprǣcon stǣr‐Englisc ƿǣron ȝetealde sƿā lǣƿede oþþe lytelwīs, and oft man hīe forseah oþþe tō lytlum andȝiete hæfde.<ref name="courses.nus.edu.sg"/> Ōðer ȝetēohh tō stǣr‐fæstnunge Bryttisces Englisces ƿæs sēo inlǣdung þǣre bōc‐pressan on Englaland on þǣm middan 15. ȝēarhunde. Þurh þæt, Ƿilliam Caxton ȝemǣnsumode ānne ȝemǣnne sprǣc and stæfƿrit þe raþe þurh Englaland ȝefērde.<ref name="thehistoryofenglish.com"/> ''[[Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) ƿæs miċel stæpe on þǣre [[Engliscre stæf‐ȝesċādunge]], þǣr sēo clǣnsung sprǣce sēcþe stǣr‐fæstnunge bǣm hliudes and stæfƿrites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling.html|title=The History of English: Spelling and Standardization (Suzanne Kemmer)|website=ruf.rice.edu}}</ref> Be þǣm 20. ȝēarhunde beginnunge, Bryttisce ƿrīteras hæfdon ȝemacod manige bēc þe tō lāre stæfcræftes and brȳces fōren, and fēa þāra ȝēaton sƿā mycel lof þæt hīe lang on þrycce ƿunodon and æfter fela ȝēarum eft ȝeēodde ƿurdon. Þǣr sind, mǣst, Fowleres ''[[Modern English Usage]]'' and ''[[The Complete Plain Words]]'' fram [[Sir Ernest Gowers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/new-edition-of-the-complete-plain-words-will-delight-fans-of-no-frills-prose-but-can-breaking-the-9219926.html|title=New edition of The Complete Plain Words will delight fans of no‑frills|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Sīdorlīċ lār on manigum þingum þæs Bryttisces Englisces ƿrītunges for ȝeēodunge is on stīl‐bōcum þe missenlīce bōc‐menn ȝeēodaþ, þæra is ''[[The Times]]'' tīdung, ''[[Oxford University Press]]'', and ''[[Cambridge University Press]]''. Sēo ''Oxford University Press'' lār ƿæs ǣr ȝewriten sƿā ān brād þǣs blǣdes fram Horace Henry Hart, and hit ƿæs (on 1893) sēo ǣreste lār þæs cynnes on Englisce. Hīe ƿurdon ȝelōmlīce īecte, and æt nīehstan ȝeēodde, ǣr sƿā ''[[Hart's Rules]]'', and siþþan, on 2002, sƿā dǣl ''Þæs Oxfordiscan Stīl‐Bōces''. Sƿā miċel ārweorþnes and mǣrþu sƿā ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' for ȝeēodde [[Americanisc Englisc]], se Oxfordisca Bōc is ȝēsƿīðe eall‐tō‐ēacan stīl‐bōc for ȝeēodde Bryttisce Englisc, þe ƿrīteras mæȝon bēon witan, ȝif hīe næfþ nā sīdorlīċre lāre fram heora bōc‐menn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |work=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Style Guide |access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref> ==Sibb mid Ƿeald‐Englisce== Bryttisc Englisc is sēo grund‐weall and ȝeþūhte ȝelīċ [[Englisc on þǣm Ƿeald‐rīċum|Ƿeald‐Englisce]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=R. J. |title=New Zealand English: A Case Study |date=December 1982 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=75–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x |issn=0883-2919|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ƿeald‐Englisc is Englisc sƿā ȝesprōcen and ȝewriten on þǣm [[Ƿeald‐rīċum]], þēah oft mid sumum inlendiscum ȝeƿendenum. Þis is Englisc on [[Australianisc Englisc|Australia]], [[Meltisċ Englisc|Melta]], [[Nīƿesǣlendisc Englisc|Nīƿum Sǣlande]], [[Nigerianisc Englisc|Nigeria]], and [[Sūðaffricisc Englisc|Sūðaffrican]]. Hit is ēac [[Sūð‐Asisc Englisc]] on Sūð‐Asie, and missenlīce Englisca on [[Sūðēast‐Asie]], and dǣlum Affrican. [[Canadianisc Englisc]] is ȝegrundweallod on Bryttiscum, ac hæfþ mā mihte fram [[Americaniscum Englisce]], and hīe sind oft [[Norðamericanisc Englisc|tōgædere ȝetēode]] for heora nēawiste.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tirban |first=N |date=2012 |title=The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication. |url=https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity |issue=2012 |pages=985–990 |via=Google Scholar}}</ref> Bryttisc Englisc, tō bȳsne, is þæt nīehste Englisc tō Indiscum Englisce, ac Indisc Englisc hæfþ mā ƿord‐hordes, and sumum Engliscum ƿordum sind ōðre ȝetācninga ȝesealde.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |date=2007 |title=Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142 |journal=Language |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=465 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0065 |s2cid=144960858 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Sēo ēac == {{Cols}} [[Americanisc Englisc]] [[Australianisc Englisc]] [[Bryttisc Tācn‐Sprǣc]] [[Canadianisc Englisc]] [[Ȝemetung Americanisces and Bryttisces Englisces]] [[Englisc on þǣm Ƿeald‐rīċum]] [[Hiberno‐Englisc]] [[Nīƿfundlendisc Englisc]] [[Nīƿesǣlendisc Englisc]] [[Sūðaffricisc Englisc]] {{Colend}} == Fruman == === Ȝetācnunga === {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = note | On Bryttiscum Englisce [[ȝader‐naman]] sind ȝeƿunelīce ȝeþūhte oþþe ānfealde oþþe manigfealde, be þǣm ȝeþinge. Bīspell fram [[Eric Partridge|Partridge]]: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', ac 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ... Þus ... ānfeald, þonne ... ān ȝetæl is ȝeþūht; manigfeald, þonne sēo mænigo ofer‐ƿint". [[BBC News|BBC tīdung‐sīen]] and [https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c ''The Guardian''] stīl‐bōc folgiaþ Partridge, ac ōðre fruman, sƿā [[BBC Online]] and ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece The Times]'' stīl‐bōc, lǣraþ strangne ȝeþƿǣrnes betƿux naman and ƿyrde, þæt se ȝader‐nama ȝewunelīce rīcseþ þone ānfealdan ȝetel. BBC radīo tīdunga, hƿæðere, forlǣtaþ þone ānfealdan and brȳcaþ þone manigfealdan. Partridge, Eric (1947) ''Usage and Abusage'': "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf BBC News style guide]'', tramete 31. }} }} === Tōȝebrōhtena fruma === {{Reflist}} === Bōc‐ȝetæl === McArthur, Tom (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866248-3}} hearde hrycġ, {{ISBN|0-19-860771-7}} sēft hrycġ. Bragg, Melvyn (2004). ''The Adventure of English'', London: Sceptre. {{ISBN|0-340-82993-1}} *{{Cite book |title=English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today |first=Geoff |last=Lindsey |year=2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Switzerland |isbn=978-3030043568 }} Peters, Pam (2004). ''The Cambridge Guide to English Usage''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-62181-X}}. Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. == Ūtƿeardan bendas == {{commons category}} [http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html Sounds Familiar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html |date=12 September 2016 }} – Bȳsna landsċēap‐mūþa and mūþ‐ȝesceada on þǣm Cȳningrīce on þǣre [[Bryttiscan Bōchūse]] 'Sounds Familiar' ƿeb‐stōwe [http://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects Mūþas and mūþ‐ȝesceadas fram þǣre Bryttiscan Bōchūse Hliud‐Hord] [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Mūþas Englisces ofer ealre ƿorulde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=29 April 2011 }} Hȳr and ȝemet hū þā ilcan 110 ƿord sind on 50 Engliscum mūþum ofer ealre ƿorulde ȝesēde – raðe ȝeāƿeȝed on līne [http://septicscompanion.com/ Se Pūc‐ȝefēra: Bryttisc Slang‐ƿordbōc] – on līne ƿordbōc Bryttisces slang, ȝeendebyrd stæf‐rōƿe oþþe be flocce [http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/ Bryttisc Englisc on Tyrclande] {{Englisca mūþas be lande}} {{Englisc ȝetācnung‐landƿeard}} {{Portal bar|Cȳningrīce|Sprǣc}} {{Authority control}} [[Flocc:Bryttisc Englisc| ]] [[Flocc:Englisc‐sprǣċa mūþas]] [[Flocc:Ȝibralt iqrsly2awyg8rv12neds8nip6jvq91p