Æfterra Geola

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    <title>Æfterra Geola</title>
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      <text bytes="2512" sha1="kuszeye9ivpixcksxauhfradu026fbm" xml:space="preserve">{{Gerīmbōc gēaresdaga|Æfterra Geola}}
Se '''æfterra Gēola''' oððe '''Gēola se æfterra''' is se [[ǣrest]]a [[mōnaþ]] þæs [[gēar]]es on þǣre [[Gregorisce gerīmbōc|Gregoriscan gerīmbēc]], and hæfþ 31 [[dæg|daga]].  His Lǣden nama, '''Januarius''', is genumen of þǣm Rōmāniscan gode [[Ianus]], þǣm [[Roman Mythology|Rōmāniscan gode]] [[duru|dura]] and inganga.

Æfterra Gēola and Solmōnaþ ƿǣron þā endemestan tƿēgen mōnþas, þe man īehte intō þǣre gerīmbēc, siþþan þā Rōmƿaran hæfdon fyrst ƿinter for mōnaþlēasum fæce.  Þēah þe [[Hrēþmōnaþ]] fyrst se forma mōnaþ ƿæs, stang se æfterra Gēola on þone stede for þǣm þe sē ƿæs þæt fæc hƿonne [[consul]]as geþeaƿe ƿurdon gecoren.
[[Biliþ:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry Janvier.jpg|right|250px|''Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry'' - Æfterra Gēola]]
Se forma dæg þæs mōnþes is gecnāƿen sƿā [[Forweardes Gēares Dæg|Forƿeardes Gēares Dæg]] oþþe ānfealdlīce [[Gēares Dæg]].

Se [[Ielde Cyme]]s dæg in Iapane is se ōðer Mōnandæg þæs Æfterran Gēolan, for þǣm þe ƿeorðaþ 20-ƿintre in þǣm nīƿum . Hē is þēodlic symbeldæg. Se dæg stendeþ sīþ [[1948]], ac fēoll on [[15 Æfterra Gēola|15an Æfterran Gēolan]] oþ [[1999]], hone man hine cierrde of þǣm [[Iapanisc lēodweard|Iapaniscum lēodƿearde]] in onginne tō hebbenne ūp þone earfoþdōm mid þȳ þe hī maciaþ mā symbeldaga folgendra.

== Lȳtlingas ==
* Þā tācnu þæs [[zodiac]]es ƿiþinnan þǣm mōnþe Æfterran Gēolan sind [[Capricorn|Buccan horn]] ([[22 Gēolmōnaþ]]-[[Æfterra Gēola 19]]) and [[Aquarius|Ƿætergīete]] ([[20 Æfterra Gēola]]-[[18 Solmōnaþ]]).
* In þǣm rodore, hūru, þurhfærþ sēo [[Sunne]] in Æfterran Gēolan þurh þā [[steorrancircul]]es [[tungol|tunglu]] [[Sagittarius|Scytta]] and [[Capricornus|Buccan horn]].
* In regollicum gēarum onginþ Æfterra Gēola on þǣm ilcan [[dæg]]e þǣre [[wucu|ƿuce]] sƿā Ƿinterfylleþ.
* In bissextum onginnþ Æfterra Gēola on þǣm selfan dæge þǣre ƿuce sƿā Ēastermōnaþ and Mǣdmōnaþ.
* In þǣre [[Īrisc gerīmbōc|Īriscan gerīmbēc]] hātte se mōnaþ '''Eanāir''' and is se þridda and endemesta mōnaþ [[Winter|Ƿintra]].

* Þæs Æfterran Gēolan [[blōstm]] is þone snāwdropan.
* Þæs Æfterran Gēolan [[byrdstān]] is þone æppelcyrnelstān.

== Sēo ēac ==
* [[Stǣrlice gemynddagas]]

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  <page>
    <title>Wōden</title>
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      <text bytes="28855" sha1="lf8w3nzfnsc2usctbileqf7m2caegji" xml:space="preserve">''Þis is þæt side mid eald Ænglisċ and niƿe Ænglisċ stafas. Gif þu ƿoldest geseon an fulliċe on eald Ænglisċ, ġese: [[Woden(Eald Englisc)|Woden(Eall Eald Englisc)]].''{{cleanup}}Ƿōden is nama ānes þāra Þēodiscum goda, hƿæs nama is of Mercurie on Englisce āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne. His nama is oft gefunden in cẏnnreccennessum Ænglisċra cẏnelicra mǣgscīra. His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god ƿīsdōmes and gūðes. Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge.

His nama is, on Īslendisce/Norene Óðinn (Ōðen gehāten on Englisce); Sƿēonisce Oden; Nīƿum Ænglisċe/Ænglisċe (and Ealdum Seaxiscum) Ƿōden; Ealdum Franconisċe Ƿodan; Alemannisce Ƿuodan; Þēodisce Ƿotan oþþe Ƿoþan; Lombardisċe Godan, and in Ealdgermanisce hit ƿæs *Ƿōðanaz, þe segde &quot;se ƿōda&quot; oððe &quot;hē þǣre ƿōdnesse&quot;, for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte mainomenos þe segð &quot;ƿōd&quot;.

Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ẏmbe his rihtan andgiet in raċum, as se nama is ġemacod of òð and -in. On Norene mǣnþ òð '&quot;ƿit, soul&quot; be selfum and in fēgungum &quot;heaðumægen, cāfnes&quot; mǣnþ sēo endung -in &quot;hǣsere, drẏhten.&quot; Þus, Odin is drẏhten þæs līfes þrace.
{{English}}

'''Ƿōden''' is nama ānes þāra [[Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe|Þēodiscum]] goda, hƿæs nama is of [[Mercurius|Mercurie]] on Ænglisċe āreaht, for þǣm þe hē is þæt nīehste god tō Ƿōdne.  His nama is oft gefunden in cẏnnreccennessum Ænglisċra cẏnelicra mǣgscīra.  His dǣl ƿæs manigfeald; hē ƿæs god [[wīsdōm|ƿīsdōm]]es and [[gūð]]es.  Ēac lēodum þūhte þæt hē þæt god lēoðes ƿæs and drȳcræftes and sīðes and þǣre huntunge.

His nama is, on [[Īslendisc sprǣc |Īslendisce]]/[[Noren]]e ''Óðinn'' (Ōðen gehāten on Ænglisċe); [[Swēonisc sprǣc |Sƿēonisce]] ''Oden''; [[Nīwu Englisc sprǣc |Nīwum Englisce]]/[[Englisc sprǣc |Englisce]] (and [[Eald Seaxisc|Ealdum Seaxiscum]]) Ƿ'''ōden'''; [[Eald Franconisc|Ealdum Franconisce]] Ƿ''odan'';  [[Alamanni|Alemannisce]] [[Wuotan|''Wuodan'']]; [[Þēodisc sprǣc|Þēodisce]] Ƿ''otan'' oþþe Ƿ''oþan''; [[Lombardisc sprǣc |Lombardisce]] ''Godan'', and in [[Ealdgermanisc]]e hit ƿæs *''Wōðanaz'', þe segde &quot;se ƿōda&quot; oððe &quot;hē þǣre ƿōdnesse&quot;, for þǣm þe æreste hē ƿæs gūðgod: gelīce in Ealdgrēcisce se Grēcisca gūðgod Arēs oft hātte ''mainomenos'' þe segð &quot;ƿōd&quot;.

Ac man ƿiþcƿiþþ ymbe his rihtan andgiet in racum, as se nama is gemacod of ''òð'' and ''-in''. On Norene mǣnþ ''òð'' '&quot;witt, sāwol&quot; be selfum and in fēgungum &quot;&lt;!--fierce power, energy--&gt;heaðumægen, cāfnes&quot; mǣnþ sēo endung -in &quot;hǣsere, dryhten.&quot;  Þus, '''Odin''' is ''dryhten þæs [[Vitalism|līfes]] [[Wōdenes þracu|þrace]].''


[[Image:Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Odin, the Wanderer).jpg|thumb|right|''Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Ƿōden, se ƿīdfarend)'']]

==Gemǣna Mearcunga==
For þǣm Norþmannum his nama ƿæs sam mid beadƿe and gecampe, siþþan hē hine onīeƿþ þurh þā lāra sƿā se sigebringend.

Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte.

Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm Ƿildan Huntoðe, farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode Rudra þæs Hinduiscan Rigvedasya. Ódinn and Frigg fōron ætgædre in þissum.
Óðinn ƿæs hīƿhƿierfend, and miht gehƿeorfan his fell and his scyppunge sƿā hē ƿolde. Man segde þæt he fōr on ƿorulde in scuppunge ealdes mannes berendes stæf, ānēage, grǣgbeard, mid ƿīdecgum hæte.&lt;!-- Here I perpetrate a string of bahuvrihis --&gt;

Man geþēodode Óðen micle mid þǣm [[Wilda Huntoþ|Ƿildan Huntoðe]], farende hlūde þurh ƿolcnu lǣdende micelne here þāra ofslægenena, gelīce þǣm gode [[Rudra]] þæs [[Hindu]]iscan [[Rigveda]]sya. Ódinn and [[Frigg]] fōron ætgædre in þissum.

==Onfōnd þāra Dēadra ==Snorri Sturlusones Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, Valhalla. Þās gefeallenan, þā einherjar, feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, Ragnarök.

In þǣm Norþmanniscum spellum, Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his Valkyrjur (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce Valhalla.

Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt Brávellir, Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning Harald Hildetand. Helgi Hundingesbana ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda.

[[Snorri Sturluson]]es Edda ātīefreþ þæt Ōðen ƿilcumaþ þā micelan dēadan cempan þe fēollon on beadƿe in his sele, [[Valhalla]]. Þās gefeallenan, þā ''[[einherjar]]'', feohtaþ mid Ōðene and mid þæm ōðrum godum in þæt ƿæl þæs endes þǣre ƿorulde, [[Ragnarok|Ragnarök]].

In þǣm [[Norse saga|Norþmanniscum spellum]], Óðin oft scyrpeþ menn to gūðe and sendeþ his ''[[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]]'' (þe segþ Ƿælcyrigan) tō sendanne sigu þǣr hē ƿysceþ and tō cēosanne þā dēade. Þis is tō gaderianne þā beteste ƿīgendas in his greatan healle þe hātte Valholl, þe segþ Ƿælheall, and hit hātte in Nīƿenglisce [[Valhalla]].

Hƿīlum Óðinn scǣƿþ hine selfne fore mannum. Sum ƿrītung sægde þæt æt ende þæs gefeohtes æt [[Brávellir]], Óðinn þider ēode tō fetianne þone ealdan cyning [[Harald Hildetand]]. [[Helgi Hundingesbana]] ƿearþ genōg gūðmǣr and Dag his āðum ƿyscede þæt hē ƿricþ his fæder þe Helgi ofslōh, and Óðinn onlǣnde his spere tō Dage, and Dag ofslōh Helgi, þe ēode tō Valhallan and þǣr instæpe ƿearþ sum þāra lǣdendostra ƿīgenda.

== Ōðen and Mercurius==
Man cnǣƿþ lǣssa ymbe Óðine (oððe Ƿōdne) sƿā nimend þāra dēada sƿā gelīefdon þā sūðerne [[German]]as. Se [[Roma|Romisca]] spellƿrītere [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas beēodon [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercurium]], ac is gelīc þæt þis tācnode Ƿōden, for þǣm þe Mercurius (þe in Grēcisce hātte Hermēs) ēac ƿæs se sāƿollǣdend (þe in Grēcisce is ''psychopompos'').
And [[Iulius Caesar]] ƿrāt þæt Mercurius is se grēatost god þāra Germaniscena in his bēc &lt;i&gt;De Bello Gallico&lt;/i&gt; 6.17.1.  

[[Paulus Diaconus]] (þe segþ Paulus se Dīacon) ƿrāt nēah þǣm ende þæs [[8th century|8an gēarhundrede]], and þǣrinne he sægde þæt Ƿōden (þe hē ƿrāt ''Guodan'') ƿæs se hēafodgod þāra [[Langobards|Langbearda]], and hē and ǣrran ƿrīteras sægdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs Mercurius: sēo þā bōc ''History of the Langobards'', I:9. Þurh þā samnesse, Paulus ƿrāt þæt þā Germanas gelīefdon þæt Ƿōden ƿæs, and þæt þæs godes fruma ƿæs ne in þissum tīde ac gēo and ne in Germaniam ac in Grēclande. [[Robert Wace|Robert Ƿace]] ēac segþ þæt Ƿotan is Mercurius. [[Viktor Rydberg]] in his bēc ymbe ''Teutonic Mythology'', ƿrīteþ ymbe sume ōðre gelīcnessa Ƿōdenes mid Mercuriō, and þæt bēgen brōhton lēoðsangscip tō mannum.

== Ƿordstǣr ==
Se Norþmannisca nama ''Ōðinn'' is fram ''*Wōðinaz'', ġeþwǣriende mid þām naman Westernan Germanisċan tungan ġesċeapes fyrestan samhlȳde. [[Adam von Bremen]] fint þone þæs ġebeden godes ieldran mid þæs endleftan hundġēares hǣþenum Norþmannum tō ''&quot;Wodan id est furor&quot;'' (&quot;''Wodan'', hit is 'wōd'.&quot;), ācumendlīċnes ġīet ġemǣnelīċe ġewēned tōdæġ, forbindende þone naman mid [[Ænglisċ sprǣċ|Englisċes]] ''ƿōd'', [[Gotisc sprǣc|Gotisc ]] ''wōds'', Norþmanntungan ''*ōðr'' (see [[Odr]]), and [[Ealdhēahþēodisc]] ''wuot''.

In gemānum [[Proto-Germanisc]]e se nama ƿæs ''*Wōðinaz'', þe ēaðe mæg bēon of [[Indo-Europeisc]]um ''*Watinos''. Ac man seah þæt Englisc ''Ƿoden'' nis riht sam-cynn Germanisces ''Wotan'', and þæt þǣrþurh folc gehƿeorf ''Wotan'' to folgienne þæt andgiet &quot;se ƿōda&quot;, and sƿīðe æfter þæt þā Germanas ƿurdon Crīstnas and man seah Wotan sƿā deofol, ac þā Norþmenn and þā Engle hēoldon þone nama sƿā hit ǣrra ƿæs. And gelīce in ealdum Grēcisce ''Arēs'' hira gūþgod oft hātte ''Arēs mainomenos'' þe segþ &quot;ƿōd Arēs&quot;.

Ān meahtlicnes is þæt se nama ƿæs geborgod of þǣm [[Wealhcynn|Ƿealhcynn]]e, ymbe þā tīd [[Tacitus|Tacites]] hƿonne Germanisc and Ƿīelisc cynn ƿǣron ƿiþ hīe on ǣgðerre healfe þǣre [[Rīn]]e, and is gecynde þǣm Ƿīeliscan prēostlican gefērscipe þāra [[Vates]].  Þæt Ƿīelisce ƿord is æt ende genumen of þǣre ilcan ƿyrte (meahtlīce [[Frum-Indisc-Europisc]], ac gesōðod in Ƿīelisce and in Germanisce ānum) sƿā þā Germaniscan ƿord for &quot;dēofolsēoc&quot;, ofer beclipod, ''*vāt-'', mid a more general meaning of &quot;spiritually excited&quot;, also preserved in the [[Irish]] word for &quot;poet&quot;, ''[[fáith]]''. If the word is indeed a loan from Celtic, it may be an important hint to the dating of the Proto-Germanic [[sound change]]s.

== Eddaisc Ƿōden ==
Se [[Prose Edda]] segþ þæt [[Bestla]] and [[Borr]] ācennedon Óðin and þæt hē hæfde bróðru [[Vé]] (þe is Ƿéo) and [[Vili]] (þe is Ƿill) and þā þrēo gebrōðru niðerƿurpon þone forstþyrs [[Ymir]] and macodon þone ƿoruld of Ymis līce. Man oft spræc ymbe þā þrēo gebrōðru ætgædre.

Óðinn and [[Jorð]] ācennedon þone brēmostan sunu [[Þórr]], and his nama segþ Þunor, and Jorð segþ Eorþe. Ac his ƿīf and gemæcca ƿæs sēo gyden [[Frigg]], and þā gecnāƿenoste ealdspell secgaþ þæt Frigg ƿæs sēo lufiende mōdor hira suna [[Baldur|Baldr]]).

And Óðinn and sēo þyrsen [[Gríðr]] ācennedon [[Víðarr|Víðar]].

And se blinda god [[Hoðr]] þurh misgelimpe ofsloh his brōðor [[Baldr]], and æfterra Óðinn and þā þyrsen [[Rind]] ācennedon [[Vali]], and Vali cƿōm of Rindes cƿiðe fullƿeaxen and ƿæpned and hē sƿerode āþ þæt ne ƿolde dōn niht and ne baðian oþþæt he ƿrece on Hoðe.

And manige cynecynnas sægron þæt Óðinn ƿæs sum hira ealdfædra þurh ōðre suno. For traditions about Odin's offspring see ''[[Sons of Odin]]''.

=== Gecynd ===
[[Image:Ardre Odin Sleipnir.jpg|thumb|220px|Óðinn rítt in Ƿæleall on þǣm horse [[Sleipnir|Sleipni]] ([[Ardre image stone]]).]]

Óðinn hæfþ þæt eahtasceancan horse [[Sleipnir]], and þæt ofhēaƿen hēafod þæs dƿearges [[Mímir|Mímis]] and hit foreƿītegode þā forþgesceafte. His [[Valkyrja|Valkyrjur]] þegnodon hine gaderende þā sāƿla beorna ofslægenra in gefeohte and brōhton hīe to Ƿælhealle þǣr Óðinn ƿunode in [[Ásgarðr|Ásgarðe]], þǣr þā sāƿla ƿurdon þā [[Einherjar]], þe ƿillon þurfan feohtan mid Óðine in þǣre gūðe æt [[Ragnarok]]e. And þæt nama Einherjar segþ Ānheremenn, for in Ƿōdnes healle hīe sind ealle in ānum samum herge, þéah þe ǣrra libbende on eorðan hie ƿǣron in manigum hergum and fyrdum.

[[Brynhildr]], sum þāra Valkyrja, ƿearþ ūtgeƿorpen of his þegnscipe, ac Óðinn gemiltsode and settede híe in healle and ymb hīe hring fȳres tō þæs þe ānne se heardost mann mihte sēcan ƿeddan hīe. And [[Sigurðr]] āhreddede hīe. And æfterra Vali ofslōh Hoð.

Odin hæfð fela galdorcyningas him mid: þæt dweorgspere Gungnir, þæt næfre his gemearc ne forlæteð, an galdor goldhring (Draupnir), of þam ælc nigoþ niht eahta niwe hringas becumað, an eahtalegged hors (Sleipnir) and twegen hrafnas Huginn and Muninn (þeaht and gemynd) þe ofer eorðan farað to begytanne witan æt his hæse. He eac geweald hæfð twægen wulfes Geri and Freki, þam he his mete sylð forþan þe he sylf nænig ne et butan win. Of his stol Hlidskjalf (stede in Valaskjalf), Ōðinn mihte eall gesewan þæt on þam eallum worolde gewurde.

Se Valknut is tacn þe is mid Ōðinn gebunden. 

=== Naman  ===
The Norsemen gave Odin many nicknames; this was in the Norse [[skald]]ic tradition of [[kennings]], a poetic method of indirect reference, as in a riddle. See [[List of names of Odin]]. The name Alföðr (&quot;Allfather&quot;, &quot;father of all&quot;) appears in [[Snorri Sturluson]]'s [[Younger Edda]]. It probably refers to the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[God]] in that book, but it may have referred to Odin at an earlier date. (It probably originally denoted [[Tyr|Tiwaz]], as it fits the pattern of referring to [[Sky father|Sky Fathers]] as &quot;father&quot;.)

==Englisc-Seaxisc Wōden==
Englaþēod, Seaxcynn and Geotcynn brōhton Ƿōden tō [[Breten]]e  ymbe þǣm 5th and 6th gearhundedum, þæt he his weorþung hæfde oþ his gecyrren to Cristendome on þam eahtan and nigan hundred gearum. Woden is se deadra bringend, ac ne þurhþa þa hæfene þe Norse Odin hæfð. Woden is eac se heretoga þæs Wilde Huntes. þa cyninglicu sibbe syndon þa ylcan betwux Woden and þam oþrum Englisce-Saxiscum godum swa hie synd for þam Norse.

Æfter þǣm Engla and Seaxna Cranice and þǣm [[Historia Britonum]], Ƿoden hæfde þās sunas: [[Wecta|Ƿecta]], [[Bældæg]], [[Casere Bældæging|Casere]] and [[Wihtlaeg|Ƿihtlaeg]].
*Þȳ folgað Ƿectan cynn: [[Witta Wectaning|Ƿitta]], [[Wihtgils|Ƿihtgils]], [[Hengest]] and his brōðor [[Horsa]], and of him [[Cantawara cyning|Cantaƿara cyning]]as.
*Þȳ folgað Bældæges cynn: [[Brona]], [[Friðugar]], [[Freawine]], [[Wig|Ƿig]], [[Gewis|Geƿis]], [[Esla]], [[Elesa]], [[Cerdic]] and of him [[Westseaxna cyning|Ƿestseaxna cyning]]as.
*Þȳ folgað Caseres cynn: [[Tytmon]], [[Trygils]], [[Hroðund]], [[Hryp]], [[Wilhelm|Ƿilhelm]], [[Wehha|Ƿehha]], [[Wuffa|Ƿuffa]] and of him [[Ēastengla cyning]]as.
*Þȳ folgað Ƿihtlæges cynn: [[Wermund|Ƿermund]] [[Angul|Engla]] cyning, [[Offa Engla Cyning|Offa]], [[Angelþēow|Angelþēoƿ]], [[Eomer]], [[Icel]] and of him [[Miercna cyning]]as.

Englisc ealdbēc onginnaþ ymbe þā ylde þæs conversion from the old religion.  Although whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in many settlement names and geographical features.

*Ƿōdnesdīc þe nū hātte Wansdyke
*Grīmesdīc þe nū hātte Grimsdyke
*Ƿōdnesburg þe nū hātte Wednesbury

[[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] ('Ƿōdenes dæg') is for him genemned, for þǣm þe his bend mid þǣm dēadum gebȳraþ tō  þǣm Rōmāniscan [[Mercurius (lār)|Mercurie]]. Þā Germaniscan lēode āreahton of Lǣdene ''Mercuri dies'' on Englisc sƿā Ƿōdnesdæg.

== Gebēdung  ==

Details of [[Migration period]] Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to [[Jonas Bobiensis]], the [[6th century]] Irish missionary [[Saint Columbanus]] is reputed to have disrupted a [[Symbel|Beer sacrifice]] to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in [[Bregenz]]. Wuodan was the chief god of the [[Alamanni]], his name appears in the runic inscription on the [[Nordendorf fibula]].  

[[Pagan]] worship disappeared with [[Christianization]], from the [[8th century]] in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as [[folklore]].

Many places are named after Odin, especially in [[Scandinavia]], such as ''[[Odense]]'' ([[Denmark]]) and ''Odensbacken'' ([[Sweden]]), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as ''[[Wednesbury]]'' ([[Englaland]]), ''Wodensberg and Odenheim'' ([[Germany]]), and ''[[Woensdrecht]]'' ([[Netherlands]]).  Almost all German ''Gaue'' (Latin, ''pagi'') had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as ''Wodenesberg'', ''Wuodenesberg'', [[Godesberg]] and ''Gudensberg'', ''Wodensholt'', etc. 

===Blōt===

Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artefacts, sparse contemporary sources, and later the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (Deo suo Vodano nomine) in Bregenz. Wuodan was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula.

Pagan worship disappeared with Christianization, from the 8th century in England and Germany, lingering until the 12th or 13th century in Iceland and Scandinavia. Remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore.

Many places are named after Odin, especially in Scandinavia, such as Odense (Denmark) and Odensbacken (Sweden), but also places in other Germanic countries, such as Wednesbury (Englaland), Wodensberg and Odenheim (Germany), and Woensdrecht (Netherlands). Almost all German Gaue (Latin, pagi) had mountains and other places named after him under such generic names as Wodenesberg, Wuodenesberg, Godesberg and Gudensberg

Odin ƿæs þæt āne god in [[Scandinavian mythology]] to demand [[human sacrifice]] at the [[Blōt]]s. [[Adam of Bremen]] relates that every ninth year, people assembled from all over [[Sweden]] to sacrifice at the [[Temple at Uppsala]]. Male slaves, and males of each species were sacrificed and hung from the branches of the trees. The practice of sacrifice is one reason why [[Thor]] was much more popular among the commonfolk. Committing suicide was also considered to be a shortcut to Valhalla. 

As the Swedes had the right not only to elect king but also to depose a king, the [[sagas]] relate that both king [[Domalde]] and king [[Olof Trätälja]] were sacrificed to Odin after years of famine. Sēo ēac [[sacred king]].

It was common, particularly among the [[Cimbri]], to sacrifice a prisoner to Odin prior to or after a battle. The [[Orkneyinga saga]] relates a (and uncommon) form of Odinic sacrifice, wherein the captured Ella is slaughtered by the carving out of a &quot;[[blood eagle]]&quot; upon his back. 

More significantly, however, it has been argued that the killing of a combatant in battle was to give a sacrificial offering to Odin. The fickleness of Odin in battle was well-documented, and in [[Lokasenna]], [[Loki]] taunts Odin for his inconsistency.

Sometimes sacrifices were made to Odin to bring about changes in circumstance, a notable example being the sacrifice of King [[Vīkar]] (detailed in [[Gautrek's Saga]] and [[Saxo]]). Sailors in a fleet being blown off course drew lots to sacrifice to Odin that he might abate the winds; the king himself drew the lot and was hanged.

Sacrifices were probably also made to Odin at the beginning of summer, since [[Ynglinga saga]] states one of the great festivities of the calendar is ''at sumri, þat var sigrblōt'' &quot;in summer, for victory&quot;; Odin is consistently referred to throughout the Norse mythos as the bringer of victory. 

The Ynglinga saga also details the sacrifices made by the Swedish king [[Aun]], who, it was revealed to him, would lengthen his life by sacrificing one of his sons every ten years; nine of his ten sons died this way. When he was about to sacrifice his last son [[Egil]], the Swedes stopped him.

=== Scamanisc gecynd ===

The goddess [[Freya|Fricg]] is seen as an adept of the mysteries of [[seid]] ([[shamanism]]), a [[völva]], and it is said that it was she who initiated Odin into its mysteries. In ''[[Lokasenna]]'' [[Loki]] abuses Odin for practising seid, condemning it as a unmanly art. A justification for this may be found in the ''[[Ynglinga saga]]'' where Snorri opines that following the practice of seid, the practitioner was rendered weak and helpless. Another explanation is that its manipulative aspects ran counter to the male ideal of forthright, open behaviour.

Odin was a compulsive seeker of wisdom, consumed by his passion for knowledge, to the extent that he sacrificed one of his eyes (which one this was is unclear) to [[Mimir]], in exchange for a drink from the waters of wisdom in Mimir's well.

Some German sacred formulae, known as &quot;Merseburger Zaubersprueche&quot; were written down in c 800 AD and survived. One (this is the second) describes Wodan in the role of a healer:

{|
|
:Fruma:
:''Phol ende UUodan vuorun zi holza.''
:''du uuart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit''
:''thu biguel en Sinthgunt, Sunna era suister;''
:''thu biguol en Friia, Volla era suister''
:''thu biguol en Uuodan, so he uuola conda''
:''sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki''
:''sose lidirenki: ben zi bena''
:''bluot zi bluoda, lid zi geliden''
:''sôse gelîmida sin!''
|
:''Englisc wendung:''
:[[Phol]] (Balder) and Wodan were riding in the forest
:[[Balder]]'s fola tōlēac his fōt
:Sinthgunt and [[Sol (gyden)|Sol]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic
:[[Fricg]] and [[Fulla]], hire sweostor, tried to cure it by magic
:it was charmed by Wodan, swā hē wel cūðe:
:be it bonesprain, be it bloodsprain
:be it limbsprain, bān tō bānum
:blōd tō blōde, lim tō limum
:like they are glued!
|}

Further, the creation of the [[runes]], the Norse alphabet that was also used for divination, is attributed to Odin and is described in the [[Rūnatal]],  a section of the [[Havamal]]. He hanged himself from the tree [[Yggdrasil]], whilst pierced by his own spear, to acquire knowledge. He remained thus for nine days and nights, a number deeply significant in Norse magical practice (there were, for example, [[The Nine Worlds of Norse Mythology|nine realms of existence]]), thereby learning nine (later eighteen) magical songs and eighteen magical runes. The purpose of this strange ritual, a god sacrificing himself to himself because there was nothing higher to sacrifice to, was to obtain mystical insight through mortification of the flesh; however, some scholars assert that the Norse believed that insight into the runes could only be truly attained in death.  

Some scholars see this scene as influenced by the story of [[Christ]]'s [[crucifixion]]; and others note the similarity to the story of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s enlightenment. it is in any case also influenced by shamanism, where the symbolic climbing of a &quot;world tree&quot; by the shaman in search of mystic knowledge is a common religious pattern.  We know that sacrifices, human or otherwise, to the gods were commonly hung in or from trees, often transfixed by spears. (See also: [[Peijainen]]) Additionally, one of Odin's names is ''Ygg'', and the norse name for the World Ash —[[Yggdrasil]]—therefore means &quot;Ygg's (Odin's)horse&quot;. Another of Odin's names is ''Hangatyr'', the god of the hanged.

Ōðenes lufu for ƿīsdōme cann man ēac sēon in his ƿeorc as a farmhand for a summer, for [[Baugi]], in order to obtain the mead of poetry.  Sēo [[Fjalar and Galar]] for more details.

== Medieval andfengnes ==

Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the [[German language]] from &quot;Woden's day&quot;, still extant on Nīƿum Englisce ''Wednesday'' to the neutral ''Mittwoch'' (&quot;mid-week&quot;), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (''Tuesday'' &quot;[[Tyr]]'s day&quot; and ''Frīgedæg'' &quot;[[Frīg]]e dæg&quot; remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, [[Michael|St. Michael]] replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the [[Wild hunt]] of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as ''Wuotis Heer''. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that [[Charlemagne]] led the hunt, not Odin.

In Englalande ƿæs Ƿōden was not so much demonized as rationalized, and in the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], he appears as a perfectly earthly cyning, only four generations removed from [[Hengest and Horsa]].

[[Snorri Sturluson]]'s record of the Edda is striking evidence of the climate of religious tolerance in medieval Iceland, but even he feels compelled to give a rational account of the Aesir in his preface. In this scenario, Snorri speculates that Odin and his peers were originally refugees from [[Troy]], etymologizing ''Aesir'' as derived from [[Asia]]. Some scholars believe that Snorri's version of Norse mythology is an attempt to mould a more shamanistic tradition into a Greek mythological cast. In any case, Snorri's writing (particularly in [[Heimskringla]]) tries to maintain an essentially scholastic neutrality. That Snorri was correct was one of the last of [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s archeo-anthropological theories (see [[Jakten på Odin|The search for Odin]]).

In manigum Germaniscum sprǣcum is se nama þæs fēorðan dæges þǣre ƿuce (if one counts from Sunday) is frequently, &quot;Wotanes Dæg&quot; oþþe &quot;Ƿōdenes Dæg&quot;, ([[Wōdnesdæg|Ƿōdnesdæg]] on Englisce. Geefnett Norþƿegisc, Denisc and Sƿēonisc ''onsdag'', [[Niðerlendisc_sprǣc|Niðerlendisc]] ''woensdag''; ǣnlīce se efenƿeorða dæg on [[Þēodisc_sprǣc| Þēodisc]] is ānfealdlīce &quot;mid ƿucu&quot; (''Mittwoch'')). This is thought to translate the [[Latin]] ''Dies Mercurii'', &quot;Mercury-day&quot; (cf. French ''mercredi''), owing primarily to [[Tacitus]]' linking þāra twēgra goda.

===Onstandende gelēafan on Ōðene ===
Sƿā þæt hēafodgod ealra Germaniscra goda, onfēng syndrigne ymbþanc of þǣm frumum spellbodum. For example, his day is the only day to have been renamed in the German language from &quot;Woden's day&quot;, still extant on Nīƿum Englisce Wednesday to the neutral Mittwoch (&quot;mid-week&quot;), while other gods were not deemed important enough for propaganda (Tuesday &quot;Tyr's day&quot; and Frīgedæg &quot;Frīge dæg&quot; remained intact in all Germanic languages). For many Germans, St. Michael replaced Wotan, and many mountain chapels dedicated to St. Michael can be found, but Wotan also remained present as a sort of demon leading the Wild hunt of the host of the dead, e.g. in Swiss folklore as Wuotis Heer. However, in some regions even this mythology was transformed so that Charlemagne led the hunt, not Odin.
The spread of Christianity was slow in Scandinavia, and it worked its way downwards from the nobility. Among common people, beliefs in Odin would linger for centuries, and legends would be told until modern times. 

Sēo endenīehste beadu, in þǣre þe þā Norenan tealdon sige tō Ōðene, wæs sēo [[Beadu Lenan]] in [[1208]] [https://runeberg.org/img/sverhist/1/0325.5.png]. The former Swedish king [[Sverker II of Sweden|Sverker]] had arrived with a large Danish army, and the Swedes discovered that the Danish army was more than twice the size of their own. Naturally, the Danes got the upper hand and they should have won. However, the Swedes claimed that they suddenly saw Odin riding on Sleipnir. Accounts vary on how Odin gave the Swedes victory, but in one version, he rode in front of their battle formation.

Þā Norþrigan sægdon lange spell ymbe ānēagedne rīdere mid brādbrerdedum hæte and blǣhǣƿenum cyrtele þe bād smiþ tō scōgenne his hors. The suspicious smith asked where the stranger had stayed during the previous night. The stranger mentioned so distant places that the smith would not believe him. The stranger said that he had stayed for a long time in the north and taken part in many battles, and this time he was going to Sweden. When the horse was shod, the rider mounted his horse and said &quot;Ic eom Ōðen&quot; to the stunned smith, rode up in the air and disappeared. The next day, the battle of Lena took place.

[[Scandinavian folklore]] also maintained a belief in Odin as the leader of the [[Wild Hunt]] (''Åsgårdsreia'' in Norwegian). His main objective seems to have been to track down and kill the forest creature ''[[huldra]]n'' or ''skogsrået''. In these accounts, Odin was typically a lone huntsman, save for his two wolves. Originally, he was armed with a spear, but in later accounts this was sometimes changed to a [[rifle]].


{{Hǣðenscipe}}

[[Flocc:Godas]]
[[Flocc:Gūðes godu]]
[[Flocc:Wīsdōmes godu]]
[[Flocc:Angelseaxisc Englaland]]
[[Flocc:Þēodisce godu]]
[[Flocc:Þēodisc Hǣðenscipe]]
[[Flocc:Hāligdomes gemǣnelīcu þing.]]</text>
      <sha1>lf8w3nzfnsc2usctbileqf7m2caegji</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Francland</title>
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        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
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      <text bytes="30805" sha1="iqbmkt4063nvysbpd7m3tekoxro3n4d" xml:space="preserve">{{English}}
{{Cyþþubox land
 |ænglisc fullnama    = Francena Cynewīse
 |nama                = Francland
 |agenspræce fullnama = République française
 |biliþ               = 
 |biliþ gewrit        = 
 |fana                = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg
 |fana gewrit         = [[Franclandes fana]]
 |scild               = Emblem_of_the_French_Republic.svg
 |scild gewrit        = [[Franclandes rices wæpnas]]
 |cwide               = Liberté, égalité, fraternité
 |ænglisc cwide       = Frēodōm, Efnlīcnes, Brōþorrǣden
 |anstefn             = La Marseillaise
 |ænglisc anstefn     = Sēo Marsēġisċe
 |landscite           = France in European Union.svg
 |landscite gewrit    = 
 |leodweard           = [[Cynewise|Cynewise]]
 |ambihtlicu spræc    = [[Frencisċ sprǣċ]]
 |folces gereord      = [[Frencisċ sprǣc|Frencisċ]] 
 |elles gereordas     = 
 |steall              = 
 |heafodstol          = [[Paris]]
 |mæste burg          = [[Paris]] 
 |breges titul        = Foresittend
 |brego               = {{gifhlenc|{{#property:P35}}}}
 |ealdormannes titul  = Forma Þegn
 |ealdorman           = {{gifhlenc|{{#property:P6}}}}
 |leodweardes heafod  = 
 |wyrþingdæg          = 
 |bradnes             = 640,679 km²&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |menniscu            = {{profit}} 67,022,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607|title=Demography - Population at the beginning of the month - France|date=2019 |website=Insee|access-date=31 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |þiccnes             = 104 buend/km²
 |geleafan            = [[Cristendom]]
 |GDP getæl           = 2.845 mld USD&lt;ref name=&quot;France GDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2019&amp;ey=2019&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=74&amp;pr1.y=15&amp;c=132&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2018 |accessdate=26 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |GDP ælcum heafde    = 43,500 mld USD&lt;ref name=&quot;France GDP&quot;/&gt;
 |landesforþbæro      = 
 |feoh                = Euro (€) (EUR)
 |tidgyrdel           = +1
 |tidgyrdel 2         = +2
 |sundorricehad       = 
 |webbnamena tægl     = .fr
 |feorspræcan forerim = +33
 |wægnplatung         = F
|hēafodstōl=[[Paris]]}}
'''Francland''' is miċel land on westernum [[Europe|Europan]]. On bræde astrecþ hit of [[Westsæ]] eastweard oð [[Rīn|Rin]] þære ea and of [[Suþsæ]] be his norþrime oþ [[Wendelsæ]] besuðen.  In þæm sæ belimpeð [[Corsica]] þæt rice. Æac Francena rice hæfð manig iega ofersæ.

His landfolc sind [[Francas]] and hiera gereorde is [[Frencisċ sprǣċ|Frencisċ]]. In geardagum wæron manig stowlica gereordas on Francum.  Todæg in Frenciscum ceastrum wuniaþ manig [[Arabas]] and Affrice onmang Francum.

Franclandes leodweard is [[Cynewīse|cynewise]] seo is anfeald [[healfforesittendlice bysen|healfforesittendlice]] cynewise.

&lt;!--
Welig is þes folc.  He is a [[developed nation]] whose modern economy is the fifth-largest in the werald in [[2003]].
Its main values are expressed in the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]].

Francland is a founding member of the [[European Union]], and its largest member state with respect to land area. France is also a founding member of the [[UN Security Council]]. It is one of only seven acknowledged [[nuclear powers]] in existence.--&gt;
&lt;!--
== Stær ==
{{heafodtramet|Stær Franclandes}}

Þa mearca niwes Franclandes closely align with those of the ancient territory of [[Gaul]], inhabited by the [[Gauls]], a [[Celtic]] people. Gaul was conquered by the Romans in the first century BC, and the Gauls eventually adopted [[Romance languages|Romance]] speech and culture. Christianity also took root in the second and third centuries AD. Gaul's eastern frontiers along the [[Rhine]] were overrun by [[Germanic tribe]]s in the fourth century AD, principally the [[Franks]], from which the ancient name of &quot;Francie&quot; derived. The modern name &quot;France&quot; derives from the name of the feudal domain of the [[Capetian]] Cynings of Francland around Paris (see now [[Île-de-France]]).

Although the French monarchy is often dated to the [[5th century]], France's continuous existence as a separate entity begins with the division, in [[843]], of [[Charlemagne]]'s [[Franks|Frankish]] empire into eastern, central and western parts. Se easterna dæl (which would soon unite with the central portion as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) can be regarded the beginnings of what is now [[Germany]], the western part that of Francland.

Charlemagne's descendants ruled Francland until [[987]], when [[Hugh Capet]], Duke of Francland and Count of Paris, was crowned Cyning of Francland. His descendants (which formed the [[Capetian]], [[Valois]] and [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasties) ruled Francland until [[1792]], when the [[French Revolution]] established a [[Republic]], in a period of increasingly radical change that began in [[1789]].

[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] seized control of the republic in [[1799]], making himself First Consul. His armies engaged in several wars across Europe, conquered many countries and established new kingdoms with Napoleon's family members at the helm. Following his defeat in [[1815]], the French monarchy was re-established, which was then legislatively abolished and followed by a [[Second Republic]] in [[1848]]. The Second Republic ended when the late Emperor's nephew, [[Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte]] was elected President and proclaimed a [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] in [[1852]]. Less ambitious than his uncle, the second Napoleon was also ultimately unseated, and republican rule returned for a third time in the [[Third Republic]] ([[1870]]).

Although ultimately a victor in World Wars [[World War I|I]] and [[World War II|II]], Francland - much like Greatre Brytene - suffered extensive losses in its empire, comparative economic status, working population, and status as a dominant nation-state. Since [[1958]], it has constructed a semi-presidential democracy (known as the [[Fifth Republic]]) that has not succumbed to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more parliamentary regimes.

In recent decades, Francland's reconciliation and cooperation with [[Germany]] have proved central to the political and economic integration of [[Europe]], including the introduction of the [[Euro]] in January [[1999]].

Today, Francland is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defence and security apparatus.

It is also one of the five permanent members of the [[UN Security Council]] and holds [[France and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]].

== Politics ==
''Main articles: [[Government of France]] (about government structures) and [[Politics of France]] (about political groups and tendencies).''

The constitution of the [[Fifth Republic]] was approved by public referendum on [[September 28]] [[1958]]. It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. Under the constitution, the president is elected directly for a 5-year (originally 7-year) term. Presidential arbitration assures regular functioning of the public powers and the continuity of the state. The president names the prime minister, presides over the cabinet, commands the armed forces, and concludes treaties.

The [[French National Assembly|National Assembly]] (''Assemblee Nationale'') is the principal legislative body. Its deputies are directly elected to 5-year terms, and all seats are voted on in each election. The Assembly has the power to dismiss the cabinet, and thus the majority in the Assembly determines the choice of government. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 6-year terms, and one half of the Senate is renewed every 3 years ([http://www.senat.fr/role/senate.html starting 2007]). The [[Senate]]'s legislative powers are limited; the National Assembly has the last word in the event of a disagreement between the two houses, except for constitutional laws (amendments to the constitution &amp; &quot;lois organiques&quot;). The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament.

French politics, for the past 30 years, have been characterised by the opposition of two political groups: one [[left-wing]], centred around the [[French Socialist Party]], and one [[right-wing]], centred around the [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]], then its successor the [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]. The ''[[National Front (France)|Front National]]'' National-right party, advocating tougher law-and-order, immigration policies and seizing growing concern by the French public of their country decline as well as immigration and globalization driven national dissolution has made inroads since the early [[1980s]] and seems to remain stable at around 16% of the votes.

See also:
* [[Constitution of France]]
* [[President of France]]
* [[List of Prime Ministers of France]]
* [[List of Foreign Ministers of France]]
* [[Foreign relations of France]]
--&gt;&lt;!--
== Administrative divisions ==
[[Image:Western Europe satellite image.png|thumb|right|250px|Satellite image of western Europe, including metropolitan France]]
:''Main articles: [[Administrative divisions of France]]''
France has 26 ''[[Région in France|régions]]'': 21 of these are in the continental part of [[metropolitan France]], one is [[Corse]] on the island of [[Corsica]] (although strictly speaking Corse is in fact a &quot;territorial collectivity&quot;, not a ''région'', but is referred to as a ''région'' in common speech), 4 are overseas. The ''région'' are further subdivided into 100 ''[[département]]s''. The departments are numbered (mainly alphabetically) and this number is used, for instance, in postal codes and vehicle number plates.
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
*[[Alsace]]
** 67 [[Bas-Rhin]]
** 68 [[Haut-Rhin]]
*[[Aquitaine]]
** 24 [[Dordogne]]
** 33 [[Gironde]]
** 40 [[Landes]]
** 47 [[Lot-et-Garonne]]
** 64 [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]]
*[[Auvergne (région)|Auvergne]]
** 03 [[Allier]]
** 15 [[Cantal]]
** 43 [[Haute-Loire]]
** 63 [[Puy-de-Dôme]]
*[[Basse-Normandie]]
** 14 [[Calvados (département)|Calvados]]
** 50 [[Manche]]
** 61 [[Orne]]
*[[Bourgogne]] (Burgundy)
** 21 [[Côte-d'Or]]
** 58 [[Nièvre]]
** 71 [[Saône-et-Loire]]
** 89 [[Yonne]]
*[[Bretagne]] (Brittany)
** 22 [[Côtes-d'Armor]]
** 29 [[Finistère]]
** 35 [[Ille-et-Vilaine]]
** 56 [[Morbihan]]
*[[Centre (France)|Centre]]
** 18 [[Cher (département)|Cher]]
** 28 [[Eure-et-Loir]]
** 36 [[Indre]]
** 37 [[Indre-et-Loire]]
** 41 [[Loir-et-Cher]]
** 45 [[Loiret]]
*[[Champagne-Ardenne]]
** 08 [[Ardennes (département)|Ardennes]]
** 10 [[Aube]]
** 51 [[Marne]]
** 52 [[Haute-Marne]]
*[[Corsica|Corse]] (Corsica)
** 2A [[Corse-du-Sud]]
** 2B [[Haute-Corse]]
*[[Franche-Comté]]
** 25 [[Doubs]]
** 39 [[Jura (département)|Jura]]
** 70 [[Haute-Saône]]
** 90 [[Territoire-de-Belfort]]
*[[Haute-Normandie]]
** 27 [[Eure]]
** 76 [[Seine-Maritime]]
*[[Île-de-France (région)|Île-de-France]]
** 75 [[Paris]]
** 77 [[Seine-et-Marne]]
** 78 [[Yvelines]]
** 91 [[Essonne]]
** 92 [[Hauts-de-Seine]]
** 93 [[Seine-Saint-Denis]]
** 94 [[Val-de-Marne]]
** 95 [[Val-d'Oise]]
*[[Languedoc-Roussillon]]
** 11 [[Aude]]
** 30 [[Gard]]
** 34 [[Hérault]]
** 48 [[Lozère]]
** 66 [[Pyrénées-Orientales]]
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
*[[Limousin]]
** 19 [[Corrèze]]
** 23 [[Creuse]]
** 87 [[Haute-Vienne]]
*[[Lorraine]]
** 54 [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]]
** 55 [[Meuse]]
** 57 [[Moselle]]
** 88 [[Vosges]]
*[[Midi-Pyrénées]]
** 09 [[Ariège]]
** 12 [[Aveyron]]
** 31 [[Haute-Garonne]]
** 32 [[Gers]]
** 46 [[Lot (département)|Lot]]
** 65 [[Hautes-Pyrénées]]
** 81 [[Tarn]]
** 82 [[Tarn-et-Garonne]]
*[[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]]
** 59 [[Nord]]
** 62 [[Pas-de-Calais]]
*[[Pays-de-la-Loire]]
** 44 [[Loire-Atlantique]]
** 49 [[Maine-et-Loire]]
** 53 [[Mayenne]]
** 72 [[Sarthe]]
** 85 [[Vendée]]
*[[Picardie]]
** 02 [[Aisne]]
** 60 [[Oise]]
** 80 [[Somme]]
*[[Poitou-Charentes]]
** 16 [[Charente]]
** 17 [[Charente-Maritime]]
** 79 [[Deux-Sèvres]]
** 86 [[Vienne]]
*[[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]
** 04 [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]]
** 05 [[Hautes-Alpes]]
** 06 [[Alpes-Maritimes]]
** 13 [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]
** 83 [[Var (département)|Var]]
** 84 [[Vaucluse]]
*[[Rhône-Alpes]]
** 01 [[Ain]]
** 07 [[Ardèche]]
** 26 [[Drôme]]
** 38 [[Isère]]
** 42 [[Loire (département)|Loire]]
** 69 [[Rhône (département)|Rhône]]
** 73 [[Savoie]]
** 74 [[Haute-Savoie]]

* [[Départements d'outre-mer]] (DOM)&lt;br&gt;(Overseas Departments), each of them being a ''département'' and a ''région'' at the same time:
** 971 [[Guadeloupe]]
** 972 [[Martinique]]
** 973 [[French Guiana]]
** 974 [[Réunion]]

* Collectivité départementale d'outre-mer (Overseas Departmental Collectivity):
** 976 [[Mayotte]]

* Collectivités territoriales d'outre-mer (Overseas Territorial Collectivities):
** 975 [[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]]
** 986 [[Wallis and Futuna]]

* Pays d'outre-mer (Overseas Country):
** 987 [[French Polynesia]]

* Collectivité [[sui generis]] (Collectivity [[sui generis]]):
** 988 [[New Caledonia]]

* [[Territoire d'outre-mer]] (Overseas Territory):
** [[French Southern and Antarctic Territories]] (including France's [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] claim)
&lt;/table&gt;
[[Image:Fr-map.png|right|Map of France with cities]]

The departments are further subdivided into 342 ''[[French arrondissements|arrondissements]]''.

The overseas departments are former colonies outside ''metropolitan'' France that now enjoy a status similar to European or ''metropolitan'' France. They are considered to be a part of France (and the [[EU]]) rather than dependent territories, and each of them is a ''région'' at the same time.

The overseas territories and countries form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the Republic's European territory or the [[EU]] fiscal area. They continue to use the [[French Pacific Franc]] as their currency, which was not replaced by the [[euro]] like the French franc was in [[2002]]. The French Pacific Franc's value is, however, now tied to that of the euro.

The departmental and territorial collectivities have an intermediate status between overseas department and overseas territory.

France also maintains control over a number of other small islands in the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Pacific]], including
[[Bassas da India]], [[Clipperton Island]], [[Europa Island]], [[Glorioso Islands]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], [[Tromelin Island]]. See [[Islands controlled by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans]].
--&gt;&lt;!--
== Geography ==
''Main article: [[Geography of France]]''

While the main territory of France (''la métropole'') is located in Western Europe, France is also constituted from territories in [[North America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[South America]], the western and southern [[Indian Ocean]], the northern and southern [[Pacific Ocean]], and [[Antarctica]] (sovereignty claims in [[Antarctica]] are not recognised by most countries, see [[Antarctic Treaty]]).

Metropolitan France extends from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the [[North Sea]], and from the [[Rhine River]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]; it is bordered by the [[United Kingdom]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[Monaco]], [[Andorra]], and [[Spain]]. The French Republic also shares land borders overseas with [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]], and [[the Netherlands]].

France possesses a large variety of landscapes, ranging from coastal plains in the north and west, where France borders the [[North Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]], to the mountain ranges in the south (the [[Pyrenees]]) and the south-east (the [[Alps]]), of which the latter contains the highest point of Europe, the [[Mont Blanc]] at 4810 m.

In between are found other elevated regions such as the [[Massif Central]] or the [[Vosges mountains]] and extensive river basins such as those of the [[Loire River]], the [[Rhone River]], the [[Garonne]] and [[Seine]].

*[[National parks (France)]]

===Maritime territory (EEZ)===

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the second-largest [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ) in the world, covering [[1 E13 m²|11,035,000]] km&amp;sup2; (4,260,000 sq. miles), just behind the EEZ of the [[United States]] (11,351,000 km&amp;sup2; / 4,383,000 sq. miles), but ahead of the EEZ of [[Australia]] (8,232,000 km&amp;sup2; / 3,178,000 sq. miles). According to a different calculation cited by the ''Pew Research Center'', the EEZ of France would be [[1 E13 m²|10,084,201]] km&amp;sup2; (3,893,532 sq. miles), behind the [[United States]] (12,174,629 km&amp;sup2; / 4,700,651 sq. miles), but ahead of [[Australia]] (8,980,568 km&amp;sup2; / 3,467,416 sq. miles) and [[Russia]] (7,566,673 km&amp;sup2; / 2,921,508 sq. miles).

The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.
--&gt;&lt;!--
== Economy ==
''Main article: [[Economy of France]]''

France's economy combines extensive private enterprise with substantial (though declining) government intervention (see [[dirigisme]]). The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunication firms. It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early [[1990s]]. The government is slowly selling off holdings in [[France Télécom]], [[Air France]], as well as the insurance, banking, and defence industries.

A member of the [[G8]] group of leading industrialised countries, it ranked as the fifth-largest economy in the world in 2003, behind the [[United States]], [[Japan]], [[Germany]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. France joined 10 other [[EU]] members to launch the [[Euro]] on [[January 1]] [[1999]], with [[euro coins]] and [[euro banknotes|banknotes]] completely replacing the French [[Franc#French franc|franc]] in early [[2002]].

According to the [[WTO]], in 2003, France was the world's fifth-largest exporter, behind the [[United States]], [[Germany]], [[Japan]], and [[China]], (but ahead of the [[United Kingdom]]). It was also the fourth-largest importer (behind the [[United States]], [[Germany]], and [[China]], but ahead of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]]). According to the [[OECD]], in 2003 France received the largest percentage of foreign international investment, ahead of the [[United States]] and [[Belgium]].

With over 77 million tourists a year, France is [[World Tourism Rankings|ranked]] as the major tourist destination in the world, ahead of [[Spain]] (51.7 million) and [[United States]] (41.9 million). It features cities of high cultural interest (Paris being the foremost), beaches and seaside resorts, [[ski]] centres and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity.

France has an important aerospace industry (lead by [[Airbus Industrie]]) and is the only European power to have its own national space centre. France is also the most energy independent Western country due to heavy investment in nuclear power, which also makes France the smallest producer of [[carbon dioxide]] among the seven most industrialised countries in the world. Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and EU subsidies have combined to make France the leading agricultural producer in Western Europe.

Since the end of the Second World War the government made efforts to integrate more and more with [[Germany]], both economically and politically. Today the two countries form what is often referred to as the &quot;core&quot; countries in favour of greater integration of the European Union.

See also: [[List of French companies]]

==Foreign relations==
''See also main article: [[Foreign relations of France]].''

France's founding membership in the [[European Union]] largely defines France's current foreign policy. The French Republic is furthermore a member of the [[Secretariat of the Pacific Community]] (SPC) and of the [[Indian Ocean Commission]] (COI), and an associate member of the [[Association of Caribbean States]] (ACS). France is also a leading member or the [[La Francophonie|International Organisation of Francophonie]] (OIF) which gathers 51 fully or partly French-speaking countries.

France hosts the headquarters of the [[OECD]] and [[UNESCO]], as well as those of the [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures|International Bureau for Weights and Measures]] in charge of the international [[SI|metric system]], and [[Interpol]].
--&gt;&lt;!--
==Demographics==
''Main article: [[Demographics of France]]''

The official language is French. Several [[Languages of France|regional languages]] (including [[Alsatian]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Creole#Caribbean creole|Caribbean Creole]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Corsican language|Corsican]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ([[Flemish]]), [[Franco-Provençal]] dialects, [[Gascon]], [[West Middle German|Lorraine German]] dialect, [[Occitan language|Occitan]], and some [[Oïl languages|Oïl]] dialects) are also occasionally understood and spoken, mostly by elderly people, but the French government and public school system discouraged the use of any of them until recently. The regional languages are now taught at some schools, though French remains the only official language in use by the government, local or national. Some languages spoken by immigrants are also frequently heard, especially in large cities: [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Maghreb Arabic]], several [[Berber languages]], several languages of [[Black Africa]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], several [[Chinese dialects]] (most notably [[Wu (linguistics)|Wu]] dialects, [[Cantonese]], [[Min Nan]], and  [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], and [[Khmer language|Khmer]] are the most frequently heard.

Starting with the [[19th century]], the historical evolution of the population in France has been extremely atypical in the [[Western World]]. Unlike the rest of Europe, France did not experience a strong population growth in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. Conversely, it experienced a much stronger growth in the second half of the 20th century than the rest of Europe or indeed its own growth in the previous centuries.

It has been the third most populous country of Europe, behind [[Russia]] and [[Germany]], since the late [[1990s]].

The principal cities by population include:

:[[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Ajaccio]], [[Albi]], [[Amiens]], [[Angers]], [[Angouleme]], [[Bastia]], [[Belfort]], [[Besançon]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[Caen]], [[Calais]], [[Cannes]], [[Carcassonne]], [[Charleville-Mézières]], [[Clermont-Ferrand]], [[Colmar]], [[Dijon]], [[Dunkerque]], [[Evreux]], [[Grenoble]], [[La Rochelle]], [[Le Havre]], [[Le Mans]], [[Lille]], [[Limoges]], [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]], [[Metz]], [[Montpellier]], [[Mulhouse]], [[Nancy]], [[Nantes]], [[Nice]], [[Nîmes]], [[Orléans]], [[Paris]], [[Perpignan]], [[Poitiers]], [[Quimper]], [[Reims]], [[Rennes]], [[Roubaix]],  [[Rouen]], [[Saint-Étienne]], [[Saint-Nazaire]], [[Strasbourg]], [[Tarbes]], [[Toulon]], [[Toulouse]], [[Tourcoing]], [[Tours]] and [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]].

See also [[aire urbaine|List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population]] and [[List of towns in France]].

== Culture ==
''Main article: [[Culture of France]]''

*[[Académie française]]
*[[French literature]]
*[[Famous French People]]
*[[Cuisine of France]]
*[[Cinema of France]]
*[[Music of France]]
*[[Holidays in France]]
--&gt;&lt;!--
===Religion===
Traditionally a predominantly [[Roman Catholic]] country, with [[anticlerical]] leanings, France is since the 1970s a very secular country. Freedom of religion is a constitutional right, as reflected by the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]. The dominant concept of the relationships between the public sphere and religions is that of ''[[laïcité]]'', which implies that the government does not intervene in religious dogma, and that religions should refrain from intervening in policy-making. Tensions occasionally erupt about the alleged or real behaviour of some part of the [[Muslim]] minority, or about alleged or real discrimination against that community; see [[Islam in France]].

The government does not maintain statistics as to the religion of its inhabitants. Statistics from an unspecified source and date given in the [[CIA World Factbook]] gives the following number: Roman Catholic 83-88%, [[Islam|Muslim]] 5-10%, [[Protestant]] 2%, [[Judaism|Jewish]] 1%. However, a [http://a1692.g.akamai.net/f/1692/2042/1h/medias.lemonde.fr/medias/pdf_obj/sondage030416.pdf 2003 poll] 41% said that the existence of [[God]] was &quot;excluded&quot; or &quot;unlikely&quot;. 33% declared that &quot;atheist&quot; described them rather or very well, and 51% for &quot;Christian&quot;. When questioned about their religion, 62% answered [[Roman Catholic]], 6% [[Muslim]], 2% [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 1% [[Jew]]ish, 2% &quot;other religions&quot; (except for [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] or [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], which were negligible), 26% &quot;no religion&quot; and 1% declined to answer. A [[Gallup]] poll established that 15% of the French population attend places of worship.
--&gt;&lt;!--
== Miscellaneous topics ==
''Description of the flag:'' three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the ''drapeau [[tricolore]]'' (Tricolour Flag); the design and colours inspired a number of other flags, including those of [[Belgium]], [[Chad]], [[Ireland]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], and [[Luxembourg]].

The foundation of France may be dated to
[[486]] (unified by [[Clovis I]]).

France's motto &quot;Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité&quot; was first used as the rebels' motto during the [[French Revolution]].

The national holiday is the ''Fête Nationale'' (National Day), celebrating the ''Fête de la Fédération'', [[July 14]] [[1790]] and ''not'' the taking of the [[Bastille]] ([[July 14]] [[1789]]) as is often mistakenly believed, even by a majority of the French, and is the reason why the holiday is referred to as [[Bastille Day]] in [[English language|English]].

The capital and most populous city, [[Paris]], is one of the most famous and beautiful cities in the world, and home to numerous historical buildings and monuments.

The [[Palace of Versailles]] is the prime tourist destination in France followed by the great [[Chateau|châteaux]] of the [[Loire Valley]].
--&gt;

== Seo eac ==
{{commons|France|Franclande}}
* [[Oferferung on Francenarice]]
* [[Frencisc Guiana]]

==  Betwuxþeodlica mæða  ==

* Total [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], [[2003]]: 5th (ut of 185)
* Hal weorþ [[ellendisc ceapung|ellendiscre ceapunge]] ([[imports]] and [[exports]]), [[2002]]: 4th (out of 185)
* [[Human Development Index]], [[2004]]: 16th (out of 177)
* [[Reporters Without Borders]] world-wide press freedom index [[2004]]: Rank 19 out of 167 countries
* [http://www.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/2004/2004.10.20.cpi.en.html Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829043905/http://www.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/2004/2004.10.20.cpi.en.html |date=2005-08-29 }} - 22 of 145 landum
* [http://www.vifarom.de Virtuelle Fachbibliothek Romanischer Kulturkreis - Vifarom]

== Fruman ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==  Otandwearde bendas  ==
* [http://www.elysee.fr/ang/index.shtm Official site of the Office of the French President] - The Elysée Palace
* [http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/en/ Official site of the Office of the French Prime Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615024507/http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.fr/en/ |date=2006-06-15 }} - Main governmental site
* [http://www.assemblee-nat.fr/english/index.asp  Assemblée Nationale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423232416/http://www.assemblee-nat.fr/english/index.asp |date=2003-04-23 }} -  The French National Assembly
* [http://www.senat.fr/english/somm.html Sénat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031202022343/http://www.senat.fr/english/somm.html |date=2003-12-02 }} - The French Senate
* [http://www.service-public.fr/etranger/english.html Official site of the French public service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525182436/http://www.service-public.fr/etranger/english.html |date=2008-05-25 }} - Contains many links to various administrations and institutions
* [http://www.pagesjaunes.fr/pj.cgi?lang=en  Yellow Pages of France] - Business Phonenumbers
* [http://www.pagesjaunes.fr/pb.cgi?lang=en  White Pages of France] - Residential Phonenumbers
* [http://www.mediatico.com/en/newspapers/europe/france Frencisce Spellsída] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050416033522/http://www.mediatico.com/en/newspapers/europe/france/ |date=2005-04-16 }}
* [http://www.map-of-france.co.uk Map of France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050421000144/http://www.map-of-france.co.uk/ |date=2005-04-21 }} - Maps of France and its ''régions''
* [http://www.france-property-and-information.com French Property and Advice] - Information, advice and assistance on moving to France and buying property in France
* [http://www.pictures-europe.com/holidays-france.htm France Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709080033/http://www.pictures-europe.com/holidays-france.htm |date=2006-07-09 }} Geographic guide: France
* [http://www.lodgephoto.com/galleries/france/ Photographs of the Lot and Dordogne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420002632/http://www.lodgephoto.com/galleries/france/ |date=2005-04-20 }} regions of France
* [http://www.travel-images.com/france.html Images of France] - image gallery
* [http://about-france.com/ About France] - Information about France
* [http://www.willgoto.com/271/1/categories.aspx Willgoto France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501163716/http://www.willgoto.com/271/1/categories.aspx |date=2012-05-01 }} - Travel guide and directory

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Þā '''Lao''' sind [[folclic mǣgþ]] [[Ēastansūþan Asia|Ēastansūðan Asian]]. Mǣste Lao menn wuniaþ in oþþe [[Laoland]]e (ymbe 3 million) oþþe [[Thailand]]e (ymbe 15 million). Þæt Lao folc Thailandes in [[Isan]] dǣle wuniaþ mǣst, þēah hēr sind mænig [[wīdgangol wyrcend]] of [[Isan]]e þe þā wyrcaþ in ōðrum dǣlum, tō bīsene [[Bangcoc]]e. Þæt Lao folc sprecaþ mænigfealde [[undersprǣc]]as þǣm [[Lao sprǣc]]e and [[Isan sprǣc]]e, þe Þā man eft gecwiðaþ swā ānfald [[sprǣc]]e. Mænig lēode in Isane foreset &quot;Isan&quot; þonne &quot;Lao&quot; for þǣre 20oþan ieldu þām Thaiweorþende ǣrendum, ac þǣr belīfaþ maniġ bendas betwēonum þām Lao folce.

== Stǣr ==

Þæt stǣr Lao is þæt [[stǣr Laose]] and [[stǣr Isane]].
&lt;!-- To be translated
These histories diverged in the [[19th century]], when the defeat of [[Vientiane]]'s rebellion against [[Siam]] in [[1827]] led to large-scale population transfers from modern Laos to Isan, leaving Laos itself underpopulated.  The breach was formalised by the [[France|Franco]]-Siamese treaties of [[1893]] and [[1904]], which made Isan and Laos the [[Border|frontier]] between Siam and [[French Indochina]].

Since then, both Thailand and Laos have carried out sustained campaigns to transform themselves into [[nation state]]s centred on the [[Thai]] and [[Lao]] people respectively.   In Isan this has meant the strengthening of the people's loyalties to Thailand, a process known as &quot;[[Thaification]]&quot;.   Many younger people in particular therefore prefer to consider themselves Isan rather than Lao: &quot;Isan&quot;, literally meaning &quot;northeast&quot; implies belonging to Thailand, while &quot;Lao&quot; connotes instead a loyalty to Laos.  In Laos, by contrast, the same process has resulted in the promotion of the Lao language and [[culture]] as the national language and culture.

==Distribution==

There are around 3 million Lao in Laos, constituting approximately 50% of the [[population]] (the remainder are largely [[hill tribe]] people).  The ethnic Lao of Laos form the bulk of the ''Lao Loum'' (&quot;Lowland Lao&quot;).  The Lao make up around a third of the population of Thailand: the main concentrations are in Isan (about 15 million people) and in Bangkok (where there are thought to be at least one million migrant Lao from Isan).  There are other populations of ethnic Lao throughout [[Central Thailand]], but these have been increasingly incorporated into the general Thai population.  Small Lao communities exist in [[Cambodia]], residing primarily in the former Lao territory of [[Stung Treng]] ([[Xieng Teng]] in Lao), and [[Vietnam]], and there are also substantial, unknown numbers of Lao overseas.   500,000 people would be a rough estimate.  Most of the latter were [[refugee]]s from [[Laos]] who fled the [[Second Indochina War]] and the [[Pathet Lao]].

It bears noting that the last official census conducted in [[Siam]] (later [[Thailand]]) in which &quot;Lao&quot; was a unique ethnic category showed almost half the population being &quot;Lao.&quot; As part of [[Thaiification]] the &quot;Lao&quot; category was dropped and today it is unclear what share of the population of Thailand is of Lao origin.

==Sprǣc==

The Lao speak [[Lao language|Lao]] and [[Isan language|Isan]].  Each of these exists in various dialects.   The Vientiane dialect has been adopted as the standard in Laos; there is no standard dialect of Isan, but most of its dialects are mutually comprehensible with Vientiane Lao.  Most of the differences between Lao and Isan are due either to the greater use of Thai [[loan word]]s in Isan, and to the adoption of different [[neologism]]s for concepts introduced since the division of Laos and Isan in the late 19th century (e.g. &quot;[[motorcycle]]&quot; is ''lot motorcy'' in Isan, but ''lot jak'' in Lao).

==Sidaþing==

Isan and Laos are both extremely poor economically, due to their relatively infertile land and dry [[climate]].  The most common lifestyle is therefore that of [[subsistence farming]], with few major urban centres.

Laos and Isan share the [[Theravada Buddhism|Theravada Buddhist]] religion.  The indigenous cuisines of [[Lao cuisine|Laoland]] and [[Isan cuisine|Isan]] are very similar, placing much emphasis on [[fish sauce]], [[chilli]] and [[sticky rice]].   However, Lao cuisine has also absorbed some [[French cuisine|French]] and substantial [[Vietnamese]] elements, while the greater poverty of the rural areas of Laos has led to a more restricted diet than in most of Isan.

Laos and Isan share the [[mor lam]] style of [[folk music]].  Since the [[1980s]] ''mor lam'' from Isan bas been a major cultural influence on Laos.

--&gt;
== Further reading ==

* Thongchai Winichakul. ''Siam Mapped''. University of Hawaii Press, 1984.
* Wyatt, David. ''Thailand: A Short History''. Yale University Press, 1984.

== Ūtweardliċ bend ==

* [http://www.ethnologue.com/country_index.asp?place=Asia Reports on languages spoken in Laolande and in Thailande, fram Ethnologue.com]
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Þā '''Lao''' sind [[folclic mǣgþ]] [[Ēastansūþan Asia|Ēastansūðan Asian]]. Mǣste Lao menn wuniaþ in oþþe [[Laoland]]e (ymbe 3000000) oþþe [[Thailand]]e (ymbe 15000000). Þæt Lao folc Thailandes in [[Isan]] dǣle wuniaþ mǣst, þēah hēr sind mænig [[wīdgangol wyrcend]] of [[Isan]]e þe þā wyrcaþ in ōðrum dǣlum, tō bīsene [[Bangcoc]]e. Þæt Lao folc sprecaþ mænigfealde [[undersprǣc]]as þǣm [[Lao sprǣc]]e and [[Isan sprǣc]]e, þe Þā man eft gecwiðaþ swā ānfald [[sprǣc]]e. Mænig lēode in Isane foreset &quot;Isan&quot; þonne &quot;Lao&quot; for þǣre 20oþan ieldu þām Thaiweorþende ǣrendum, ac þǣr belīfaþ maniġ bendas betwēonum þām Lao folce.

== Stǣr ==

Þæt stǣr Lao is þæt [[stǣr Laose]] and [[stǣr Isane]].
&lt;!-- To be translated
These histories diverged in the [[19th century]], when the defeat of [[Vientiane]]'s rebellion against [[Siam]] in [[1827]] led to large-scale population transfers from modern Laos to Isan, leaving Laos itself underpopulated.  The breach was formalised by the [[France|Franco]]-Siamese treaties of [[1893]] and [[1904]], which made Isan and Laos the [[Border|frontier]] between Siam and [[French Indochina]].

Since then, both Thailand and Laos have carried out sustained campaigns to transform themselves into [[nation state]]s centred on the [[Thai]] and [[Lao]] people respectively.   In Isan this has meant the strengthening of the people's loyalties to Thailand, a process known as &quot;[[Thaification]]&quot;.   Many younger people in particular therefore prefer to consider themselves Isan rather than Lao: &quot;Isan&quot;, literally meaning &quot;northeast&quot; implies belonging to Thailand, while &quot;Lao&quot; connotes instead a loyalty to Laos.  In Laos, by contrast, the same process has resulted in the promotion of the Lao language and [[culture]] as the national language and culture.

==Distribution==

There are around 3 million Lao in Laos, constituting approximately 50% of the [[population]] (the remainder are largely [[hill tribe]] people).  The ethnic Lao of Laos form the bulk of the ''Lao Loum'' (&quot;Lowland Lao&quot;).  The Lao make up around a third of the population of Thailand: the main concentrations are in Isan (about 15 million people) and in Bangkok (where there are thought to be at least one million migrant Lao from Isan).  There are other populations of ethnic Lao throughout [[Central Thailand]], but these have been increasingly incorporated into the general Thai population.  Small Lao communities exist in [[Cambodia]], residing primarily in the former Lao territory of [[Stung Treng]] ([[Xieng Teng]] in Lao), and [[Vietnam]], and there are also substantial, unknown numbers of Lao overseas.   500,000 people would be a rough estimate.  Most of the latter were [[refugee]]s from [[Laos]] who fled the [[Second Indochina War]] and the [[Pathet Lao]].

It bears noting that the last official census conducted in [[Siam]] (later [[Thailand]]) in which &quot;Lao&quot; was a unique ethnic category showed almost half the population being &quot;Lao.&quot; As part of [[Thaiification]] the &quot;Lao&quot; category was dropped and today it is unclear what share of the population of Thailand is of Lao origin.

==Sprǣc==

The Lao speak [[Lao language|Lao]] and [[Isan language|Isan]].  Each of these exists in various dialects.   The Vientiane dialect has been adopted as the standard in Laos; there is no standard dialect of Isan, but most of its dialects are mutually comprehensible with Vientiane Lao.  Most of the differences between Lao and Isan are due either to the greater use of Thai [[loan word]]s in Isan, and to the adoption of different [[neologism]]s for concepts introduced since the division of Laos and Isan in the late 19th century (e.g. &quot;[[motorcycle]]&quot; is ''lot motorcy'' in Isan, but ''lot jak'' in Lao).

==Sidaþing==

Isan and Laos are both extremely poor economically, due to their relatively infertile land and dry [[climate]].  The most common lifestyle is therefore that of [[subsistence farming]], with few major urban centres.

Laos and Isan share the [[Theravada Buddhism|Theravada Buddhist]] religion.  The indigenous cuisines of [[Lao cuisine|Laoland]] and [[Isan cuisine|Isan]] are very similar, placing much emphasis on [[fish sauce]], [[chilli]] and [[sticky rice]].   However, Lao cuisine has also absorbed some [[French cuisine|French]] and substantial [[Vietnamese]] elements, while the greater poverty of the rural areas of Laos has led to a more restricted diet than in most of Isan.

Laos and Isan share the [[mor lam]] style of [[folk music]].  Since the [[1980s]] ''mor lam'' from Isan bas been a major cultural influence on Laos.

--&gt;
== Further reading ==

* Thongchai Winichakul. ''Siam Mapped''. University of Hawaii Press, 1984.
* Wyatt, David. ''Thailand: A Short History''. Yale University Press, 1984.

== Ūtweardliċ bend ==

* [http://www.ethnologue.com/country_index.asp?place=Asia Spell on tungum ġesprecen in Laolande and in Thailande, fram Ethnologue.com]
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'''1 Ƿinterfylleþ''' is se [[274 (tæl)|274a]] [[dæg]] (275a in [[hlīepgēar]]um) þæs gēares in þǣre [[Gregorisc gerīmbōc|Gregoriscan gerīmbēc]]. Heonan sind 91 belīfendra daga.

{{Gerīmbōc gēaresdaga|Winterfylleþ}}
== Belimpas ==
* [[331 BC]] - [[Alexander se Micela]] forhīende [[Darius III Perse cyning]] in þǣre [[Beadu Arbela|Beadƿe Arbela]].
* [[959]] - [[Ēadgar Englacyning|Ēadgar Friðgeorn]] ƿearþ cyning ofer ealle [[Englaland]]e.
* [[965]] - Iohannes XIII ƿearþ [[pāpa]]n.
* [[1788]] - [[Nguyen Hue]] āstelleð hisself casere in [[Fietnam]].
* [[1791]] - Ǣrest sittung þæs [[Francland|Frencisc]] witena ġemōtes.
* [[1795]] - [[Belgium]] is be [[Francland]] gehīersumode.
* [[1800]] - [[Spēonland]] āġiefþ [[Louisiana|Hloðwiganland]] to [[Francland|Franclande]] ðurh þǣre 3dda Sanct Hildfūses Wǣre.
* [[1811]] - Ǣrest stēambāt tō segel [[Mississippi ēa|Mississippi]] gelīðað in [[Niwēorlēanas|Niwēorlēanase]].
* [[1814]] - Anginn þæs Uiennan Gemōt, āþenceð tō eftdragan [[Europe]]s pōlitisc hīƿ æfter þǣm slege [[Napoleon]] sēo ǣr lenctentīd.
* [[1829]] - [[South African College]] is āstelled in [[Cape Town]], [[Suðaffrica]]; æfter becuman [[University of Cape Town]].
* [[1847]] - [[Þēodiscland|Þēodisc]] inventor and industrialist [[Ernst Werner von Siemens|Werner von Siemens]] founds [[Siemens AG]] &amp; Halske.
* [[1854]] - The watch company founded in [[1850]] in Roxbury by [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]] relocates to [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], to become the [[Waltham Watch Company]], a pioneer in the [[American System of Watch Manufacturing]].
* [[1869]] - [[Austria]] issues the world's first [[postcard]]s.
* [[1880]] - [[John Philip Sousa]] becumð lǣdere þæs [[United States Marine Corps]] Band.
* 1880 - First electric lamp factory opened by [[Thomas Edison]].
* [[1885]] - United States begins special-delivery mail service.
* [[1886]] - The U.S. mint in [[Carson City, Nevada]], closes.
* [[1887]] - [[Baluchistan]] conquered by the [[British Empire]]. 
* [[1890]] - The [[Yosemite National Park]] is established by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
* [[1891]] - In the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]], [[Stanford University]] opens its doors.
* [[1898]] - Czar [[Nicholas II of Russlande|Nicholas II Russena casere]] ƿrecð [[Iudeas]] grēates [[Russland|Russisc]] stedum.
* [[1898]] - The [[Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration]] is founded under the name ''k.u.k. Exportakademie''.
* [[1903]] - [[Baseball]]: The [[Boston Americans]] play the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the first game of the modern [[World Series]].
* [[1908]] - [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] introduces the [[Ford Model T|Model T]] car.
* [[1910]] - A large bomb destroys the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' building in downtown [[Los Angeles, California]], killing 20. 
* [[1918]] - [[Ǣrost Woruldgūþ|Ǣrost Ƿoruldgūþ]]: [[Arab]]isc hēr under [[T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Laƿrence]] (aka &quot;Laƿrence of Arabia&quot;) ābrecð [[Damascus]].
* [[1928]] - Sēo [[Sofiet Gesamnung|Sofietan Gesamnung]] introduces its first [[Five-year plan|Five-Year Plan]].
* [[1931]] - The [[George Washington Bridge]] linking [[New Jersey]] and [[New York]] opens.
* [[1936]] - [[Francisco Franco]] is named head of the Nationalist government of [[Speonland]]e.
* [[1938]] - [[Þēodiscland]] annexes the [[Sudetenland]].
* [[1943]] - [[Ōðre Woruldgūþ|Ōðre Ƿoruldgūþ]]: [[Naples]] falls to [[Allies|Allied]] soldiers.
* [[1946]] - [[Nazi]] leaders sentenced at [[Nuremberg Trials]].
* [[1949]] - Sēo [[Folclicu Cynewīse Cīnan|Folclicu Cyneƿīse Cīnan]] is be [[Mao Zedong]] geboden.
* 1949 - First rectangular [[television]] tubes manufactured by Kimble Glass.
* [[1957]] - First appearance of &quot;[[In God We Trust]]&quot; on U.S. paper currency.
* [[1958]] - [[NASA]] created to replace [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]].
* [[1960]] - [[Nigeria]] gains independence from the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[1961]] - East and West Cameroon merge as Federal Republic of [[Cameroon]].
* 1961 - [[Baseball]]: [[Roger Maris]] sets new record for most home runs in a single season with 61, surpassing [[Babe Ruth]]'s previous mark of 60.
* [[1963]] - [[California]] State Board of Education created.
* [[1964]] - The [[Free Speech Movement]] is launched on the campus of [[University of California, Berkeley]].
* 1964  -  [[Iapan]]isc ''[[Shinkansen]]'' (or, &quot;bullet trains&quot;) begin high-speed rail service from [[Tokyo]] to [[Osaka]].
* [[1965]] - Se heretoga [[Suharto]] crushes an attempted [[coup d'état|coup]] in [[Indonesia]].
* [[1968]] - The [[Guyana|Guyanese]] government takes over the British Guiana Broadcasting Service (BGBS).
* [[1969]] - The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport plane breaks the [[sound barrier]] for the first time.
* [[1971]] - [[Walt Disney World]] opens in [[Orlando, Florida]], [[United States]].
* [[1975]] - The [[Seychelles]] gain internal self-government.
* 1975 - The [[Ellice Islands]] split from [[Gilbert Islands]] and take the name [[Tuvalu]].
* 1975 - [[Thrilla in Manila]]: [[Muhammad Ali]] defeats [[Joe Frazier]] in a [[boxing]] match in [[Manila]], [[Phillipines]]. 
* [[1977]] - [[Brazil]]ian [[soccer]] star [[Pelé]] retires.
* [[1978]] - The [[Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party]] is founded.
* [[1979]] - Þā [[Geānlǣht Rīcu]] returns sovereignty of the [[Panama canal]] to [[Panama]].
* [[1982]] - [[Helmut Kohl]] replaces [[Helmut Schmidt]] as [[Cancelere Þēodisclandes]] through a [[Constructive Vote of No Confidence]].
* 1982 - The [[Epcot|EPCOT Center]] opens at [[Walt Disney World]] in [[Florida]], [[Geānlǣht Rīcu]].
* [[1985]] - The [[Israhel]]isc air force bombs [[PLO]] Headquarters in [[Tunis]]. 
* [[1988]] - [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] is named head of the [[Supreme Soviet]].
* [[1998]] - [[ICANN]] assumes responsibility for selling [[top-level domain]] names for the [[Internet]].
* [[2004]] - [[Baseball]]: [[Seattle Mariners]] [[outfield]]er [[Ichiro Suzuki]] makes his 258th hit of the season, breaking [[George Sisler]]'s 84-year-old single-season record.

== Births ==
* [[1207]] - [[Henry III Englalandes]] (d. [[1272]])
* [[1471]] - [[Frederick I Denemearce]] (d. [[1533]])
* [[1507]] - [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]], Italian architect (d. [[1573]])
* [[1540]] - [[Johann Jakob Grynaeus]], Swiss protestant clergyman (d. [[1617]])
* [[1620]] - [[Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem]], Dutch painter (d. [[1683]])
* [[1644]] - [[Alessandro Stradella]], Italian composer (d. [[1682]])
* [[1671]] - [[Guido Grandi]], Italian mathematician (d. [[1742]])
* [[1685]] - [[Charles VI, Hālig Rōmanisc Cāsere]] (d. [[1740]])
* [[1691]] - [[Arthur Onslow]], Englisc politician (d. [[1768]])
* [[1730]] - [[Richard Stockton]], Americanisc attorney, signer of the Daclaration of Independence
* [[1760]] - [[William Thomas Beckford]], Englisc ƿrītere and politician (d. [[1844]])
* [[1865]] - [[Paul Dukas]], Frencisc composer (d. [[1935]])
* [[1881]] - [[William Boeing]], Americanisc engineer (d. [[1956]])
* [[1885]] - [[Louis Untermeyer]], Americanisc author (d. [[1977]])
* [[1878]] - [[Othmar Spann]], Ēastrīcisc philosopher and economist (d. [[1950]])
* [[1890]] - [[Stanley Holloway]], Bryttisc actor (d. [[1982]])
* [[1896]] - [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], ǣrost [[Forma Minister Pacistanes]], (d. [[1951]])
* [[1896]] - [[Ted Healy]], American actor and comedian (d. [[1937]])
* [[1900]] - [[Tom Goddard]], Englisc cricketer (d. [[1966]])
* [[1903]] - [[Vladimir Horowitz]], Ukrainian pianist (d. [[1989]])
* [[1904]] - [[Otto Robert Frisch]], Austrian-born  physicist (d. [[1979]])
* [[1909]] - [[Sam Yorty]], Mayor of Los Angeles, California (d. [[1998]])
* [[1910]] - [[Bonnie Parker]], American outlaw (d. [[1934]])
* [[1914]] - [[Daniel J. Boorstin]], American historian, writer, and [[Librarian of Congress]] (d. [[2004]])
* [[1920]] - [[Walter Matthau]], American actor (d. [[2000]])
* [[1921]] - [[James Whitmore]], American actor
* [[1924]] - [[Jimmy Carter]], 39th [[Foresittend þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca]]
* 1924 - [[William Rehnquist]], former [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (d. [[2005]])
* [[1925]] - [[Bob Boyd]], baseball player (d. [[2004]])
* [[1926]] - [[Roger Williams (pianist)|Roger Williams]], American pianist
* [[1927]] - [[Tom Bosley]], American actor
* [[1928]] - [[Laurence Harvey]], Lithuanian-born actor (d. [[1973]])
* 1928 - [[George Peppard]], American actor (d. [[1994]])
* [[1930]] - Sir [[Richard Harris (actor)|Richard Harris]], Irish actor (d. [[2002]])
* [[1931]] - [[Sylvano Bussotti]], Italian composer
* [[1932]] - [[Albert Collins]], blues guitarist  (d.[[1993]])
* [[1935]] - [[Julie Andrews]], Bryttisc actress and singer 
* [[1936]] - [[Stella Stevens]], Americanisc actress
* [[1939]] - [[George Archer]], Americanisc golfer (d. [[2005]])
* [[1945]] - [[Rod Carew]], Panamanian baseball player
* [[1947]] - [[Aaron Ciechanover]], Israeli biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
* 1947 - [[Stephen Collins]], American actor
* [[1948]] - [[Cub Koda]], Americansc sangere (d. [[2000]])
* [[1949]] - [[Isaac Bonewits]], Americanisc author
* [[1950]] - [[Randy Quaid]], Americanisc actor
* [[1954]] - [[Martin Strel]], Slofenisc swimmer
* [[1962]] - [[Esai Morales]], Americansc actor
* [[1963]] - [[Mark McGwire]], baseball player
* [[1964]] - [[Jonathan Sarfati]], Australian-born  chess player, scientist, and author
* [[1968]] - [[Jon Guenther]], Americanisc author
* [[1979]] - [[Rudi Johnson]], American football player
* [[1985]] - [[Dizzee Rascal]], Bryttisc musician

== Dēaðas ==
* [[1040]] - [[Alan III, Duc Brittany]] (poisoned) (b. [[997]])
* [[1404]] - [[Boniface IX Pāpa]] (b. [[1356]])
* [[1499]] - [[Marsilio Ficino]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1433]])
* [[1567]] - [[Pietro Carnesecchi]], Italian humanist (b. [[1508]])
* [[1570]] - [[Frans Floris]], Flemisc painter (b. [[1520]])
* [[1574]] - [[Marten Jacobszoon Heemskerk van Veen]], Niðerlandisc painter (b. [[1498]])
* [[1578]] - [[Don John of Austria]], military leader (b. [[1547]])
* [[1609]] - [[Giammateo Asola]], Italian composer
* [[1684]] - [[Pierre Corneille]], Frencisc author (b. [[1606]])
* [[1693]] - [[Pedro Abarca]], Spēonisc þeologian (b. [[1619]])
* [[1768]] - [[Robert Simson]], Scottisc maþematician (b. [[1687]])
* [[1708]] - [[John Blow]], Bryttisc composer (b. [[1649]])
* [[1864]] - [[Rose Greenhow]], Americanisc Confederate spy (b. [[1817]])
* [[1876]] - [[James Lick]], California land baron (b. [[1796]])
* [[1901]] - [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], Afghan amir (b. c. [[1844]])
* [[1929]] - [[Antoine Bourdelle]], Frencisc sculptor (b. [[1861]])
* [[1955]] - [[Charles Christie]], Americanisc film studio owner (b. [[1880]])
* [[1980]] - [[George Meany]], Americanisc trade union leader (b. [[1894]])
* [[1985]] - [[E. B. White]], Americanisc author (b. [[1899]])
* [[1988]] - [[Sacheverell Sitwell]], Englisc writer (b. [[1897]])
* [[1992]] - [[Petra Kelly]], Þēodisc politician (b. [[1947]])
* [[1997]] - [[Jerome H. Lemelson]], Americanisc inventor (b. [[1923]])
* [[2002]] - [[Walter Annenberg]], publisher and philanthropist 
* [[2004]] - [[Richard Avedon]], Americanisc photographer (b. [[1923]])
* 2004 - [[Bruce Palmer]], Canadisc musician ([[Buffalo Springfield]]) (b. [[1946]])

== Hāligdagas ==
* [[Republic of Cyprus]] — Selfdōmdæg
* [[Nigeria]] — National Day
* [[Tuvalu]] — Selfdōmdæg
* [[People's Republic of China]] — National Day
* [[San Marino]] — two [[Captains Regent]], elected by parliament, take office for six months.
* [[Roman Catholic]] — Symbeldæg for þā halge [[Thérèse de Lisieux]] and [[Saint Bavo]]
----
[[30 Hāligmōnaþ]] - [[2 Winterfylleþ]] - [[1 Hāligmōnaþ]] - [[1 Blōtmōnaþ]] - [[Stǣrlice gemynddagas|Getalu ealra daga]]

{{mōnþas}}

[[Flocc:Winterfylleþ|01]]
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'''1 Ƿinterfylleþ''' is se [[274 (tæl)|274a]] [[dæg]] (275a in [[hlīepgēar]]um) þæs gēares in þǣre [[Gregorisc gerīmbōc|Gregoriscan gerīmbēc]]. Heonan sind 91 belīfendra daga.

{{Gerīmbōc gēaresdaga|Winterfylleþ}}
== Belimpas ==
* [[331 BC]] - [[Alexander se Micela]] forhīende [[Darius III Perse cyning]] in þǣre [[Beadu Arbela|Beadƿe Arbela]].
* [[959]] - [[Ēadgar Englacyning|Ēadgar Friðgeorn]] ƿearþ cyning ofer ealle [[Englaland]]e.
* [[965]] - Iohannes XIII ƿearþ [[pāpa]]n.
* [[1788]] - [[Nguyen Hue]] āstelleð hisself casere in [[Fietnam]].
* [[1791]] - Ǣrest sittung þæs [[Francland|Frencisc]] witena ġemōtes.
* [[1795]] - [[Belgium]] is be [[Francland]] gehīersumode.
* [[1800]] - [[Spēonland]] āġiefþ [[Louisiana|Hloðwiganland]] to [[Francland|Franclande]] ðurh þǣre 3dda Sanct Hildfūses Wǣre.
* [[1811]] - Ǣrest stēambāt tō segel [[Mississippi ēa|Mississippi]] gelīðað in [[Niwēorlēanas|Niwēorlēanase]].
* [[1814]] - Anginn þæs Uiennan Gemōt, āþenceð tō eftdragan [[Europe]]s pōlitisc hīƿ æfter þǣm slege [[Napoleon]] sēo ǣr lenctentīd.
* [[1829]] - [[South African College]] is āstelled in [[Cape Town]], [[Suðaffrica]]; æfter becuman [[University of Cape Town]].
* [[1847]] - [[Þēodiscland|Þēodisc]] inventor and industrialist [[Ernst Werner von Siemens|Werner von Siemens]] founds [[Siemens AG]] &amp; Halske.
* [[1854]] - The watch company founded in [[1850]] in Roxbury by [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]] relocates to [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], to become the [[Waltham Watch Company]], a pioneer in the [[American System of Watch Manufacturing]].
* [[1869]] - [[Austria]] issues the world's first [[postcard]]s.
* [[1880]] - [[John Philip Sousa]] becumð lǣdere þæs [[United States Marine Corps]] Band.
* 1880 - First electric lamp factory opened by [[Thomas Edison]].
* [[1885]] - United States begins special-delivery mail service.
* [[1886]] - The U.S. mint in [[Carson City, Nevada]], closes.
* [[1887]] - [[Baluchistan]] conquered by the [[British Empire]]. 
* [[1890]] - The [[Yosemite National Park]] is established by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
* [[1891]] - In the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]], [[Stanford University]] opens its doors.
* [[1898]] - Czar [[Nicholas II of Russlande|Nicholas II Russena casere]] ƿrecð [[Iudeas]] grēates [[Russland|Russisc]] stedum.
* [[1898]] - The [[Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration]] is founded under the name ''k.u.k. Exportakademie''.
* [[1903]] - [[Baseball]]: The [[Boston Americans]] play the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the first game of the modern [[World Series]].
* [[1908]] - [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] introduces the [[Ford Model T|Model T]] car.
* [[1910]] - A large bomb destroys the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' building in downtown [[Los Angeles, California]], killing 20. 
* [[1918]] - [[Ǣrost Woruldgūþ|Ǣrost Ƿoruldgūþ]]: [[Arab]]isc hēr under [[T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Laƿrence]] (&quot;Laƿrence of Arabia&quot;) ābrecð [[Damascus]].
* [[1928]] - Sēo [[Sofiet Gesamnung|Sofietan Gesamnung]] introduces its first [[Five-year plan|Five-Year Plan]].
* [[1931]] - The [[George Washington Bridge]] linking [[New Jersey]] and [[New York]] opens.
* [[1936]] - [[Francisco Franco]] is named head of the Nationalist government of [[Speonland]]e.
* [[1938]] - [[Þēodiscland]] annexes the [[Sudetenland]].
* [[1943]] - [[Ōðre Woruldgūþ|Ōðre Ƿoruldgūþ]]: [[Naples]] falls to [[Allies|Allied]] soldiers.
* [[1946]] - [[Nazi]] leaders sentenced at [[Nuremberg Trials]].
* [[1949]] - Sēo [[Folclicu Cynewīse Cīnan|Folclicu Cyneƿīse Cīnan]] is be [[Mao Zedong]] geboden.
* 1949 - First rectangular [[television]] tubes manufactured by Kimble Glass.
* [[1957]] - First appearance of &quot;[[In God We Trust]]&quot; on U.S. paper currency.
* [[1958]] - [[NASA]] created to replace [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]].
* [[1960]] - [[Nigeria]] gains independence from the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[1961]] - East and West Cameroon merge as Federal Republic of [[Cameroon]].
* 1961 - [[Baseball]]: [[Roger Maris]] sets new record for most home runs in a single season with 61, surpassing [[Babe Ruth]]'s previous mark of 60.
* [[1963]] - [[California]] State Board of Education created.
* [[1964]] - The [[Free Speech Movement]] is launched on the campus of [[University of California, Berkeley]].
* 1964 - [[Iapan]]isc ''[[Shinkansen]]'' (or, &quot;bullet trains&quot;) begin high-speed rail service from [[Tokyo]] to [[Osaka]].
* [[1965]] - Se heretoga [[Suharto]] crushes an attempted [[coup d'état|coup]] in [[Indonesia]].
* [[1968]] - The [[Guyana|Guyanese]] government takes over the British Guiana Broadcasting Service (BGBS).
* [[1969]] - The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport plane breaks the [[sound barrier]] for the first time.
* [[1971]] - [[Walt Disney World]] opens in [[Orlando, Florida]], [[United States]].
* [[1975]] - The [[Seychelles]] gain internal self-government.
* 1975 - The [[Ellice Islands]] split from [[Gilbert Islands]] and take the name [[Tuvalu]].
* 1975 - [[Thrilla in Manila]]: [[Muhammad Ali]] defeats [[Joe Frazier]] in a [[boxing]] match in [[Manila]], [[Phillipines]]. 
* [[1977]] - [[Brazil]]ian [[soccer]] star [[Pelé]] retires.
* [[1978]] - The [[Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party]] is founded.
* [[1979]] - Þā [[Geānlǣht Rīcu]] returns sovereignty of the [[Panama canal]] to [[Panama]].
* [[1982]] - [[Helmut Kohl]] replaces [[Helmut Schmidt]] as [[Cancelere Þēodisclandes]] through a [[Constructive Vote of No Confidence]].
* 1982 - The [[Epcot|EPCOT Center]] opens at [[Walt Disney World]] in [[Florida]], [[Geānlǣht Rīcu]].
* [[1985]] - The [[Israhel]]isc air force bombs [[PLO]] Headquarters in [[Tunis]]. 
* [[1988]] - [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] is named head of the [[Supreme Soviet]].
* [[1998]] - [[ICANN]] assumes responsibility for selling [[top-level domain]] names for the [[Internet]].
* [[2004]] - [[Baseball]]: [[Seattle Mariners]] [[outfield]]er [[Ichiro Suzuki]] makes his 258th hit of the season, breaking [[George Sisler]]'s 84-year-old single-season record.

== Births ==
* [[1207]] - [[Henry III Englalandes]] (d. [[1272]])
* [[1471]] - [[Frederick I Denemearce]] (d. [[1533]])
* [[1507]] - [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]], Italian architect (d. [[1573]])
* [[1540]] - [[Johann Jakob Grynaeus]], Swiss protestant clergyman (d. [[1617]])
* [[1620]] - [[Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem]], Dutch painter (d. [[1683]])
* [[1644]] - [[Alessandro Stradella]], Italian composer (d. [[1682]])
* [[1671]] - [[Guido Grandi]], Italian mathematician (d. [[1742]])
* [[1685]] - [[Charles VI, Hālig Rōmanisc Cāsere]] (d. [[1740]])
* [[1691]] - [[Arthur Onslow]], Englisc politician (d. [[1768]])
* [[1730]] - [[Richard Stockton]], Americanisc attorney, signer of the Daclaration of Independence
* [[1760]] - [[William Thomas Beckford]], Englisc ƿrītere and politician (d. [[1844]])
* [[1865]] - [[Paul Dukas]], Frencisc composer (d. [[1935]])
* [[1881]] - [[William Boeing]], Americanisc engineer (d. [[1956]])
* [[1885]] - [[Louis Untermeyer]], Americanisc author (d. [[1977]])
* [[1878]] - [[Othmar Spann]], Ēastrīcisc philosopher and economist (d. [[1950]])
* [[1890]] - [[Stanley Holloway]], Bryttisc actor (d. [[1982]])
* [[1896]] - [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], ǣrost [[Forma Minister Pacistanes]], (d. [[1951]])
* [[1896]] - [[Ted Healy]], American actor and comedian (d. [[1937]])
* [[1900]] - [[Tom Goddard]], Englisc cricketer (d. [[1966]])
* [[1903]] - [[Vladimir Horowitz]], Ukrainian pianist (d. [[1989]])
* [[1904]] - [[Otto Robert Frisch]], Austrian-born  physicist (d. [[1979]])
* [[1909]] - [[Sam Yorty]], Mayor of Los Angeles, California (d. [[1998]])
* [[1910]] - [[Bonnie Parker]], American outlaw (d. [[1934]])
* [[1914]] - [[Daniel J. Boorstin]], American historian, writer, and [[Librarian of Congress]] (d. [[2004]])
* [[1920]] - [[Walter Matthau]], American actor (d. [[2000]])
* [[1921]] - [[James Whitmore]], American actor
* [[1924]] - [[Jimmy Carter]], 39th [[Foresittend þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca]]
* 1924 - [[William Rehnquist]], former [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (d. [[2005]])
* [[1925]] - [[Bob Boyd]], baseball player (d. [[2004]])
* [[1926]] - [[Roger Williams (pianist)|Roger Williams]], American pianist
* [[1927]] - [[Tom Bosley]], American actor
* [[1928]] - [[Laurence Harvey]], Lithuanian-born actor (d. [[1973]])
* 1928 - [[George Peppard]], American actor (d. [[1994]])
* [[1930]] - Sir [[Richard Harris (actor)|Richard Harris]], Irish actor (d. [[2002]])
* [[1931]] - [[Sylvano Bussotti]], Italian composer
* [[1932]] - [[Albert Collins]], blues guitarist  (d.[[1993]])
* [[1935]] - [[Julie Andrews]], Bryttisc actress and singer 
* [[1936]] - [[Stella Stevens]], Americanisc actress
* [[1939]] - [[George Archer]], Americanisc golfer (d. [[2005]])
* [[1945]] - [[Rod Carew]], Panamanian baseball player
* [[1947]] - [[Aaron Ciechanover]], Israeli biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
* 1947 - [[Stephen Collins]], American actor
* [[1948]] - [[Cub Koda]], Americanisc sangere (d. [[2000]])
* [[1949]] - [[Isaac Bonewits]], Americanisc author
* [[1950]] - [[Randy Quaid]], Americanisc actor
* [[1954]] - [[Martin Strel]], Slofenisc swimmer
* [[1962]] - [[Esai Morales]], Americansc actor
* [[1963]] - [[Mark McGwire]], baseball player
* [[1964]] - [[Jonathan Sarfati]], Australian-born  chess player, scientist, and author
* [[1968]] - [[Jon Guenther]], Americanisc author
* [[1979]] - [[Rudi Johnson]], American football player
* [[1985]] - [[Dizzee Rascal]], Bryttisc musician

== Dēaðas ==
* [[1040]] - [[Alan III, Duc Brittany]] (poisoned) (b. [[997]])
* [[1404]] - [[Boniface IX Pāpa]] (b. [[1356]])
* [[1499]] - [[Marsilio Ficino]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1433]])
* [[1567]] - [[Pietro Carnesecchi]], Italian humanist (b. [[1508]])
* [[1570]] - [[Frans Floris]], Flemisc painter (b. [[1520]])
* [[1574]] - [[Marten Jacobszoon Heemskerk van Veen]], Niðerlandisc painter (b. [[1498]])
* [[1578]] - [[Don John of Austria]], military leader (b. [[1547]])
* [[1609]] - [[Giammateo Asola]], Italian composer
* [[1684]] - [[Pierre Corneille]], Frencisc author (b. [[1606]])
* [[1693]] - [[Pedro Abarca]], Spēonisc þeologian (b. [[1619]])
* [[1768]] - [[Robert Simson]], Scottisc maþematician (b. [[1687]])
* [[1708]] - [[John Blow]], Bryttisc composer (b. [[1649]])
* [[1864]] - [[Rose Greenhow]], Americanisc Confederate spy (b. [[1817]])
* [[1876]] - [[James Lick]], California land baron (b. [[1796]])
* [[1901]] - [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], Afghan amir (b. c. [[1844]])
* [[1929]] - [[Antoine Bourdelle]], Frencisc sculptor (b. [[1861]])
* [[1955]] - [[Charles Christie]], Americanisc film studio owner (b. [[1880]])
* [[1980]] - [[George Meany]], Americanisc trade union leader (b. [[1894]])
* [[1985]] - [[E. B. White]], Americanisc author (b. [[1899]])
* [[1988]] - [[Sacheverell Sitwell]], Englisc writer (b. [[1897]])
* [[1992]] - [[Petra Kelly]], Þēodisc politician (b. [[1947]])
* [[1997]] - [[Jerome H. Lemelson]], Americanisc inventor (b. [[1923]])
* [[2002]] - [[Walter Annenberg]], publisher and philanthropist 
* [[2004]] - [[Richard Avedon]], Americanisc photographer (b. [[1923]])
* 2004 - [[Bruce Palmer]], Canadisc musician ([[Buffalo Springfield]]) (b. [[1946]])

== Hāligdagas ==
* [[Cipros|Cipros Cynewise]] — Selfdōmdæg
* [[Nigeria]] — National Day
* [[Tufalu]] — Selfdōmdæg
* [[Cina seo Folclice Cynewise]] — National Day
* [[Sanct Marinusland|Halig Marinuslond]] — II [[Captains Regent]], elected by parliament, take office for VI months.
* [[Remisc Cirice]] — Symbeldæg for þā halge [[Thérèse de Lisieux]] and [[Saint Bavo|Sanct Bavo]]
----
[[30 Hāligmōnaþ]] - [[2 Winterfylleþ]] - [[1 Hāligmōnaþ]] - [[1 Blōtmōnaþ]] - [[Stǣrlice gemynddagas|Getalu ealra daga]]

{{mōnþas}}

[[Flocc:Winterfylleþ|01]]
[[Flocc:Trametas tō āreccenne on Englisc]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Æðelstān</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>231859</id>
      <parentid>207580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-19T00:04:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
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      <text bytes="1173" sha1="t738e6gmawetf7rkopjlrz6erwb2dqf" xml:space="preserve">{{english}}

'''Æðelstān''' biþ ƿerliċ nama mæniȝra manna:

* [[Æðelstān Engla Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Ēastengla Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Sūþseaxna Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Healfcyning]], Ēastengla Ealdormann
* [[Æðelstān Rota]], Ealdormann
* [[Æðelstān Æðeling]], ieldesta sunu King Æðelrǣdes Unræd
* [[Æðelstān Æbbandunes]] [[Abbod|Ǣbbod]]
* [[Æðelstān of Ramsbury|Æðelstān Hræfnbyrġ]], Biscop
* [[Æðelstān (biscop)]], Elmhames bishope
* [[Æðelstān, Defena Ealdormann]]
* [[Æðelstān I (biscop)]], [[Hereford|Herefordes]] biscop in þām latan IXþan and ǣrlīċan Xþan ieldum
* [[Æðelstān II]], ǣrlīċe 11ta ieldu Herefordes biscop
* [[Godrum]] Cyning, þæs fulluhtnaman wæs Æðelstān.

Hē eallswā hæfþ ōþru andġietu:

*[[Athelstan, Iowa|Athelstan]], ġemǣnsċipe in [[Iowa|Ioƿan]], [[Geanedan Ricu America|Ġeanedan Riċu America]]
* ''Sorrowful Mysteries of Brother Athelstan'' (Brōþor Æþelstānes Sorhfullan Ġerȳnu), ġewyrdelīc spyriende spella rǣw bī Paule Ċeorle Dominice Dohertġe

{{Nama}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Æðelstān}}

[[Flocc:Naman]]
[[Flocc:Englisc naman]]
[[Flocc:Werlic naman]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>231860</id>
      <parentid>231859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-19T00:04:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
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      <text bytes="1160" sha1="djgerz46szfq8kox6yarp5usspekfb0" xml:space="preserve">'''Æðelstān''' biþ ƿerliċ nama mæniȝra manna:

* [[Æðelstān Engla Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Ēastengla Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Sūþseaxna Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Healfcyning]], Ēastengla Ealdormann
* [[Æðelstān Rota]], Ealdormann
* [[Æðelstān Æðeling]], ieldesta sunu King Æðelrǣdes Unræd
* [[Æðelstān Æbbandunes]] [[Abbod|Ǣbbod]]
* [[Æðelstān of Ramsbury|Æðelstān Hræfnbyrġ]], Biscop
* [[Æðelstān (biscop)]], Elmhames bishope
* [[Æðelstān, Defena Ealdormann]]
* [[Æðelstān I (biscop)]], [[Hereford|Herefordes]] biscop in þām latan IXþan and ǣrlīċan Xþan ieldum
* [[Æðelstān II]], ǣrlīċe 11ta ieldu Herefordes biscop
* [[Godrum]] Cyning, þæs fulluhtnaman wæs Æðelstān.

Hē eallswā hæfþ ōþru andġietu:

*[[Athelstan, Iowa|Athelstan]], ġemǣnsċipe in [[Iowa|Ioƿan]], [[Geanedan Ricu America|Ġeanedan Riċu America]]
* ''Sorrowful Mysteries of Brother Athelstan'' (Brōþor Æþelstānes Sorhfullan Ġerȳnu), ġewyrdelīc spyriende spella rǣw bī Paule Ċeorle Dominice Dohertġe

{{Nama}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Æðelstān}}

[[Flocc:Naman]]
[[Flocc:Englisc naman]]
[[Flocc:Werlic naman]]</text>
      <sha1>djgerz46szfq8kox6yarp5usspekfb0</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>231861</id>
      <parentid>231860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-19T00:05:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="azypk77yolk8f2xniv4xy07z8d369ad" xml:space="preserve">'''Æðelstān''' biþ ƿerliċ nama mæniȝra manna:

* [[Æðelstān Engla Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Ēastengla Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Sūþseaxna Cyning]]
* [[Æðelstān Healfcyning]], Ēastengla Ealdormann
* [[Æðelstān Rota]], Ealdormann
* [[Æðelstān Æðeling]], ieldesta sunu King Æðelrǣdes Unræd
* [[Æðelstān Æbbandunes]] [[Abbod|Ǣbbod]]
* [[Æðelstān of Ramsbury|Æðelstān Hræfnbyrġ]], Biscop
* [[Æðelstān (biscop)]], Elmhames bishope
* [[Æðelstān, Defena Ealdormann]]
* [[Æðelstān I (biscop)]], [[Hereford|Herefordes]] biscop in þām latan IXþan and ǣrlīċan Xþan ieldum
* [[Æðelstān II]], ǣrlīċe 11ta ieldu Herefordes biscop
* [[Godrum]] Cyning, þæs fulluhtnaman wæs Æðelstān.

Hē eallswā hæfþ ōþru andġietu:

*[[Athelstan, Iowa|Æðelstān]], ġemǣnsċipe in [[Iowa|Ioƿan]], [[Geanedan Ricu America|Ġeanedan Riċu America]]
* ''Sorrowful Mysteries of Brother Athelstan'' (Brōþor Æþelstānes Sorhfullan Ġerȳnu), ġewyrdelīc spyriende spella rǣw bī Paule Ċeorle Dominice Dohertġe

{{Nama}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Æðelstān}}

[[Flocc:Naman]]
[[Flocc:Englisc naman]]
[[Flocc:Werlic naman]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bryttisce Wealdendas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>231862</id>
      <parentid>229237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-19T01:33:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ƿealdendas */</comment>
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{{english}}

Þēos is getalu '''[[Brytiscra Þēodcyninga]]''', þæt is, þā [[anwealdend]]as þā hadde rīċe on sume þāra missenlican cynerīcum þā habbaþ ġebēon on, oþþe ġegadrod, Brytenīeg, namalice:

== Ƿealdendas ==
Þǣm manigum cynesetlum æfterfylgednessa oft ne ferdon ēaþe þurh fæder oððe moder to suna oððe dohtor; ierfalēasnes, ġewinn innan þām folce and morð ġehrinon þæt yrfe on wīsan þe ān ānfeald getæl ne mæg sċēawian. Þā sibbe and mægþ-sibbe þe þā riht tō þǣm cynesetle grundleġde sind ġemearcod þǣr we hīe witon, and þā dagas þǣra rīcena sind gemearcod eallswā.

{| width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|
{| border=&quot;1&quot; width = &quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; width = &quot;50%&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''[[Engla Ƿealdendas]]'''
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; width = &quot;50%&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''[[Scotta Ƿealdendas]]'''
|-
!width = &quot;18%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;10%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;22%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
!width = &quot;18%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;10%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;22%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''[[Cerdicingas]]'''
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''[[Alpiningas]]'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[Cenneþ I Scotta Cyning|Cenneþ I]]
|[[843]]–[[858]]
|Formest cyning ofer [[Peoht]]um and [[Scottas|Scottum]]
|-
|[[Dufenal I Scotta Cyning|Dufenal I]]
|[[858]]–[[862]]
|Cenneðes I brōðor
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Constontinus I Scotta Cyning|Constantine I]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[862]]–[[877]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cenneþes I sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Ælfred Micela|Ælfrēd Miċela]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[871]]–[[899]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hē wæs gecoren tō hlāforde eallum frēos Angelcynnes þurh þǣre Wāþmōres Wære, [[878]]
|-
|[[Æd Cenneþing|Æd]]
|[[877]]–[[878]]
|Cenneþes I sunu
|-
|[[Eochaid Scotta Cyning|Eochaid]]
|[[878]]–[[889]]
|Áedes nefa/sweostorsunu&lt;br /&gt;Tōgædere mid Girice
|-
|[[Giric Scotta Cyning|Giric]]
|[[878]]–[[889]]
|Áedes swēor/fæderan sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dufenal II Scotta Cyning|Dufenal II]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[889]]–[[900]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Constontines I sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ēadweard se Ieldra]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[899]]–[[924]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ælfrēdes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Constontinus II Scotta Cyning|Constontinus II]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[900]]–[[943]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Áedes sunu
|-
|[[Ælfweard Westseaxna Æþeling|Ælfweard]]
|[[924]]
|Ēadƿeardes sunu, Ƿestseaxna cyning ane
|-
|[[Æðelstān Engla Cyning|Æþelstan]]
|[[924]]–[[939]]
|Ēadƿeardes sunu, ǣrest ''[[de facto]]'' cyning ofer eall Englalande.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ēadmund I Engla Cyning|Ēadmund I]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[939]]–[[946]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ēadƿeardes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Mælcolm I Scotta Cyning|Mælcolm I]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[943]]–[[954]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dufenal II sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ēadred Engla Cyning|Ēadred]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[946]]–[[955]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ēadƿeardes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Indulf Scotta Cyning|Indulf]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[954]]–[[962]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Constontines II sunu
|-
|[[Ēadwig Engla Cyning|Ēadƿig]]
|[[955]]–[[959]]
|Ēadmundes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Ēadgār Engla Cyning|Ēadgār]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[959]]–[[975]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Ēadmundes sunu
|-
|[[Dub Scotta Cyning|Dub]]
|[[962]]–[[966]]
|Mælcolmes I sunu
|-
|[[Cuilén Scotta Cyning|Cuilén]]
|[[966]]–[[971]]
|Indulfes sunu
|-
|[[Cenneþ II Scotta Cyning|Cenneþ II]]
|[[971]]–?
|Mælcolmes I sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ēadweard se Martyr|Ēadƿeard se Martyr]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[975]]–[[978]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ēadgares sunu
|[[Anlaf Scotta Cyning|Anlaf]]
|?–[[977]]
|Indulfes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Cenneþ II Scotta Cyning|Cenneþ II]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[977]]–[[995]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2er rīċe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Æðelred Unrǣd|Æþelrǣd Unræd]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[978]]–[[1013]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1014]]–[[1016]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Ēadgares sunu
|-
|[[Constontinus III Scotta Cyning|Constontinus III]]
|[[995]]–[[997]]
|Cuilénes sunu
|-
|[[Cenneþ III Scotta Cyning|Cenneþ III]]
|[[997]]–[[1005]]
|Dubes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Mælcolm II Scotta Cyning|Mælcolm II]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[1005]]–[[1034]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Cenneþes II sunu
|-
|[[Eadmund Īsensīde]]
|[[1016]]
|Æþelrǣdes sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þā [[Denemearc|Denisc]] Cyningas'''&lt;br /&gt;Bēġen þæt Seaxisċ cyningcynn þæt Denisċ cyningcynn Englalandes cyningsetl ġeæftersprecen, 1013-1016.  Denemearc and Englaland hæfdon þone ilcan cyning fram 1016-1042.
|-
|[[Swegn Forcabeard|Swegn Harolding]]
|[[1013]]–[[1014]]
|&amp;nbsp;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Cnut se Micela|Cnut Swegning]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1016]]–[[1035]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sƿeynes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dunecan I Scotta Cyning|Dunecan I]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1034]]–[[1040]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mælcolmes II suna sunu
|-
|[[Harold Harafōt]]
|[[1035]]–[[1040]]
|Cnutes sunu
|-
|[[Harðacnut]]
|[[1040]]–[[1042]]
|Canutes sunu
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Macbeoðen Scotta Cyning|Macbeoðen]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1040]]–[[1057]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Cenneþes III nifte rihtƿer
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Cerdicingas'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Ēadweard se Andettere|Ēadƿeard se Andettere]] 
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[1042]]–[[1066]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Æþelrǣdes sunu
|-
|[[Lulach Scotta|Lulach]]
|[[1057]]–[[1058]]
|Cenneþes III great-grandson, Macbeoðnes steopsunu and cousin
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Dunceld Hūs]]'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Mælcolm III Scotta Cyning|Melcolm III]]
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[1058]]–[[1093]]
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Duncanes I sunu
|-
|[[Harold Gōdwines sunu|Harold Gōdƿines sunu]] 
|[[1066]]
|Ēadƿeard se Andettere's brother-in-law&lt;ref&gt;Sume secgað þe Harold ƿæs eac descended from Ælfredes broþor [[Æthelrǣd Westseaxna Cyning|Æþelrǣd Ƿestseaxna Cyning]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ēadgar Æðeling|Ēadgar Æðeling]] 
|[[1066]]
|Grandson of Ēadmund Isernside
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Normandiġ Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;After the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066, numbering of kings (a French tradition never used by the English prior to that date) begins.
|-
|[[Willelm I Engla Cyning|Ƿillelm Gehīersumiend]]
|[[1066]]–[[1087]]
|Feorlen byre of Ælfrēd se Grēata
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Willelm II Engla Cyning|Willelm II, Rufus]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[1087]]–[[1100]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Willelmes I sunu
|-
|[[Dufenal III Scotta Cyning|Dufenal III]]
|[[1093]]–[[1094]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1094]]–[[1097]]
|Dunecanes I sunu
|-
|[[Duencan II Scotta Cyning|Dunecan II]]
|[[1094]]
|Mælcolmes III sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ēadgar Scotta Cyning|Ēadgar]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1097]]–[[1107]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Malcolmes III sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Heanric I Engla Cyning|Heanric I]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1100]]–[[1135]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Willelmes I sunu, ofspring of Ælfrēd se Miċela
|-
|[[Alexander I Scotta Cyning|Alexander I]]
|[[1107]]–[[1124]]
|Malcolmes III son
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Dauid I Scotta Cyning|Dauid I]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1124]]–[[1153]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mælcolmes III sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stefn
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1135]]–[[1154]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƿillelmes I sunusunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Melcolm IV Scotta Cyning|Melcolm IV]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[1153]]–[[1165]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Dauides I grandson
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Plantaġenet Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;The Royal House name changed to reflect Matilda's marriage to [[Geoffrey of Anjou|Geoffrey Plantagenet]].
|-
|Mæþhild
|[[1141]]
|Heanric I dōhtor, Ēadmund Isernsides great-great-granddaughter
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Heanric II Engla Cyning|Heanric II]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1154]]–[[1189]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mæþhild sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Willelm I Scotta Cyning|Ƿillelm I]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[1165]]–[[1214]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Dauides I grandson
|-
|[[Ricard I Engla Cyning|Riċard I, Lēoheorte]]
|[[1189]]–[[1199]]
|Heanric II sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Engla and Īra Cyningas'''&lt;br /&gt;In 1199, Iohannes ƿæs ǣr [[Īra Hlāford]], þan iefede he þone Engliscan cynedōm. Ðæreft ƿæs se nama &quot;Īra Hlāford&quot; be Engla Cyningas geboren oð 1542, ðan nām Heanrig VIII Cyning þā title &quot;Īra Cyning&quot;.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Iohannes Engla Cyning|Iohannes]] &quot;Landleas&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1199]]–[[1216]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Henrys II sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alexander II Scotta Cyning|Alexander II]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1214]]–[[1249]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƿillelmes I sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Heanric III Engla Cyning|Heanric III]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1216]]–[[1272]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Iohannes sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alexander III Scotta Cyning|Alexander III]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1249]]–[[1286]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Alexanderes II sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Ēadweard I Engla Cyning|Ēadƿeard I]] &quot;Langscancan&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[1272]]–[[1307]]
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Henrys III sunu
|-
|[[Margaret Scotta Cwēn, Norþweges Mægð)|Margaret]]
|[[1286]]-[[1290]]
|Alexandres III nift, sēo næs gehalgod
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Balliol Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Þan Margaret forþferede in 1290 bād nān ierfa. [[Ēadweard I Engla Cyning|Ēadƿeard I Engla Cyning]] forðæm ðe he ƿæs Scotlandes oferdryhten, dēmede betƿuh clafungum be [[Robert Bruce, 5. Hlāford of Annandæl]] and Iohanes Balliol and fund þe Balliol ƿære se rihta ierfa.
|-
|[[Iohannes Scotta Cyning|Iohannes]]
|[[1292]]–[[1296]]
|Dauides I fiftasunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Bruce Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;When John Balliol rebelled, the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]] commenced, during which [[Robert I Scotta Cyning|Robert se Bruce]] ƿearþ cyninge.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Roðbert I Scotta Cyning|Roðbert I]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1306]]–[[1329]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Dauides I siextasunu
|-
|[[Ēadweard II Engla Cyning|Ēadƿeard II]] 
|[[1307]]–[[1327]]
|Ēadƿeardes I sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Ēadweard III Engla Cyning|Ēadƿeard III]]
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[1327]]–[[1377]]
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Ēadƿeardes II sunu
|-
|[[David II Scotta Cyning|Dauid II]]
|[[1329]]–[[1371]]
|Robertes I sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Balliol Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;For a period of time, both Edward Balliol and Dauid II claimed the throne.
|-
|[[Ēadweard Balliol]]
|[[1332]]–[[1336]]
|Iohannes Ballioles sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Stīgweard Hūs|Stīgƿeard Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Engaged to the Dauphin æt fif ƿinteryld, [[Maria I Scotta Cwēn|Maria Stīgƿeard, Scotta Cƿēn]] ƿæs ðȳ aræred in þǣm Frenciscan hired þær hiere naman ƿrāt man &quot;Marie Stuart, Reine de l'Écosse,&quot; etc., þe man mōt setan 'Steƿart' for Francna tungum.  Ðan cƿōm Marie eft on Scottum in 1560 aheald hie ðisne naman 'Stuart' and hiera  ierfan æfterƿeard.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Roðbert II Scotta Cyning|Roðbert II]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1371]]–[[1390]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Roðbertes I sunsunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ricard II Engla Cyning|Riċard II]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1377]]–[[1399]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ēadƿeardes III sunsunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Roðbert III Scotta Cyning|Roðbert III]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1390]]–[[1406]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Roðbertes II sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Lonċeaster Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Heanric IV Engla Cynnig|Heanric Bolingbrōc]] ahƿearp Ricard II, and se Cynecynnes nama came to reflect Heanrices fæder binaman, [[Heretoga of Lonceastre]].
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Heanric IV Engla Cyning|Heanric IV]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1399]]–[[1413]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ēadƿeardes III sunsunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Iacobus I Scotta Cyning|Iacobus I]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1406]]–[[1437]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Roðbertes III sunu
|-
|[[Heanric V  Engla Cyning|Heanric V]]
|[[1413]]–[[1422]]
|Heanrices IV sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Heanric VI Engla Cyning|Heanric VI]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1422]]–[[1461]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1470]]–[[1471]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Heanrices V sunu
|-
|[[Iacobus II Scotta Cyning|Iacobus II]]
|[[1437]]–[[1460]]
|James I's son
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Iacobus III Scotta Cyning|Iacobus III]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[1460]]–[[1488]]
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | Iacobes II sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Eoforƿic Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;The Houses of Lancaster and York had fought the [[Wars of the Roses]], and the Yorkists took the throne.
|-
|[[Ēadweard IV Engla Cyning|Ēadƿēard IV]]
|[[1461]]–[[1470]]&lt;br /&gt;[[1471]]–[[1483]]
|Ēadƿeardes III fēorþa sunu
|-
|[[Ēadweard V Engla Cyning|Ēadƿeard V]]
|[[1483]]
|Ēadƿeardes IV sunu
|-
|[[Ricard III Engla Cyning|Riċard III]]
|[[1483]]–[[1485]]
|Ēadƿeardes IV brōdor
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#D8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''The [[House of Tudor]]'''&lt;br /&gt;The Lancastrian [[Heanric VII Engla Cyning|Heanric Tudor]] reclaimed the þone cynedōm of þǣm Eoferƿicingum.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Heanric VII Engla Cyning|Heanric VII]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1485]]–[[1509]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ēadweardes III fifte sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Iacobus IV Scotta Cyning|Iacobus IV]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1488]]–[[1513]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Iacobes III sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Heanric VIII  Engla Cyning|Heanric VIII]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[1509]]–[[1547]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Heanrices VII sunu and Ēadƿeardes IV dehter sunu
|-
|[[Iacobus V Scotta Cyning|Iacobus V]]
|[[1513]]–[[1542]]
|Iacobes IV sunu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Maria Scotta Cwēn|Mary I]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[1542]]–[[1567]]
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iacobes V dōhtor
|-
|[[Ēadweard VI Engla Cyning|Ēadƿeard VI]]
|[[1547]]–[[1553]]
|Heanrices VIII son
|-
|''[[Iane Grey Hlæfdige|Iane]]''
|''[[1553]]''
|''Heanrices VII dohtordohtorsunu. Ne āccnāwen ġewunelīċe swā cwēn.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Jane&quot;&gt;Proclaimed Queen on [[10 July]] [[1553]], but deposed by [[Maria I Engla Cwēn|Maria I]] æfter 9 dagum.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grey&quot;&gt;Lady Jane is commonly listed as House of Tudor, despite her surname not being Tudor&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Maria I Engla Cwēn|Maria I]]
|[[1553]]–[[1558]]
|Heanrices VIII dōhtor
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Elisabeþ I Engla Cwēn|Elisabeþ I]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[1558]]–[[1603]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Heanrices VIII dōhtor
|-
|[[Iacobus I Bretta Cyning|Iacobus I (on Englum)]]&lt;br /&gt;Iacobus VI (on Scottum)
|[[1603]]–[[1625]]
|Marie I sunu
|}
&lt;!-- Full-width tables --&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot; border = 1 border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Engla, Scotta and Īra Wealdendas'''&lt;br /&gt;In 1603, James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I in what is known as the [[Union of the Crowns]]. From then until 1707, England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared monarchs.
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Stīgweard Hūs|Stīgƿeard Hūs]]'''
|-
!width = &quot;35%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;20%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;45%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|[[Iacobus I Bretta Cyning|Iacobus I (on Englum)]]&lt;br /&gt;Iacobus VI (on Scottum)
|[[1603]]–[[1625]]
|Marie Scotta Cƿēne sunu; great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England; first to be styled &quot;Grēatre Bryten Cyning&quot; ([http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1604 1604])&lt;br /&gt; 
|-
|-
|[[Carl I Bretta Cyning|Carl I]]
|[[1625]]–[[1649]]
|James VI &amp; I's son
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''The Period of [[English Interregnum|Interregnum]], ([[Commonwealth Englalandes|Commonwealth]] and [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]])'''&lt;br /&gt;England had no king from 1649 to 1660, but the constitutional status of the government was never clear. For example, the Long Parliament, up until its dissolution on 20 April 1653, was commonly recognised as a [[Republic]]. It, however, styled itself as a Commonwealth. Following the dissolution of the Rump, a Nominated Assembly was formed. Not until Cromwell accepted the Instrument of Government on 15 December 1653 did the constitutional status of the regime change. From then on [[Oliver Cromwell]] was styled as  [[Lord Protector]], ruling through two Protectorate Parliaments.  In 1659, Richard Cromwell abdicated, returning power to Parliament until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.
|-
!width = &quot;35%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;20%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;45%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|[[Oliver Cromwell|Oliver Cromƿell]]
|[[1653]]–[[1658]]
|&amp;nbsp;
|-
|[[Ricard Cromwell]]
|[[1658]]–[[1659]]
|Oliver Cromƿell sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Stīgweard Hūs|Stīgƿeard Hūs]]''' (restored)
|-
!width = &quot;35%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;20%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;45%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|[[Carl II Bretta Cyning|Carl II]]
|[[1660]]–[[1685]] England&lt;br /&gt;[[1649]]-[[1651]] and [[1660]]–[[1685]] Scotland&lt;br /&gt;([[1649]]–[[1685]] ''[[de jure]]'')
|Carles I ieldsta sunu (crowned at Scone, in Scotland, 1651). He officially dated his reign from his father's death
|-
|[[Iacobus II Bretta Cyning|Iacobus II (Englaland)]]&lt;br /&gt;Iacobus VII (Scotland)
|[[1685]]–[[1689]]
|Carles I giengra sunu
|-
|[[Maria II Bretta Cwēn|Maria II]]
|[[1689]]–[[1694]]
|Iacobes II ieldre dohtor&lt;br /&gt;Efengemæcca mid hiere bandan, Willelm III
|-
|[[Willelm III Bretta Cyning|Willelm III (on Englum)]]&lt;br /&gt;Willelm II (on Scottum)
|[[1689]]–[[1702]]
|Carles I grandson&lt;br /&gt;Jointly mid his wīfe, Maria II
|-
|[[Anne Cwēn|Anne]]
|[[1702]]–[[1707]]&lt;br&gt;(full cynedom: 1702–1714)
|Iacobes II dōhtor
|}
{| border=&quot;1&quot; width = &quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland'''&lt;br /&gt;In 1707, the [[Act of Union 1707|Act of Union]] merged the [[Englarīce]] and the [[Scottarīce]] in [[Grēatbrytten Cynerīce]].
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Stīgweard Hūs|Stīgƿeard Hūs]]''' (continued)
|-
!width = &quot;35%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;20%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;45%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|[[Anne Cwēn|Anne]]
|[[1707]]–[[1714]]&lt;br&gt;(full reign: 1702–1714)
|Iacobes II dohtor
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Hanofer Hūs]]''' &lt;br /&gt;Under the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], the English (thus, the successor British) throne could only be held by a [[Protestant]]. [[Sophia of Hanofer]], se niehtsta sƿylca nefa, ðȳ ƿeard be gesetnesse þe hie bið sēo niehste ierfe.  Hie forðferde beforan Anne, and hiere stede ƿæs genimen be hiere sunan, se in þissum ƿise staðolede þæt Hanofer Hūs.
|-
|[[Georgius I Bretta Cyning|Georgius I]]
|[[1714]]–[[1727]]
|Iacobes I great-grandson
|-
|[[Georgius II Bretta Cyning|Georgius II]]
|[[1727]]–[[1760]]
|Gorgius I sunu
|-
|[[Georgius III Bretta Cyning|Georgius III]]
|[[1760]]–[[1801]]&lt;br&gt;(full reign: 1760–1820)
|Georges II sunusunu
|}
{| border=&quot;1&quot; width = &quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland'''&lt;br /&gt;In 1801, the [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]] combined the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] into the United Kingdom.
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Hanofer Hūs]]''' (continued)
|-
!width = &quot;35%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;20%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;45%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|[[Georgius III Bretta Cyning|Georgius III]]
|[[1801]]–[[1820]]&lt;br&gt;(full reign: 1760–1820)
|George II's grandson
|-
|[[Georgius IV Bretta Cyning|Georgius IV]]
|[[1820]]–[[1830]]
|Georges III sunu
|-
|[[Willelm IV Bretta Cyning|Willelm IV]]
|[[1830]]–[[1837]]
|Georges III sunu
|-
|[[Uictoria Cwēn|Uictoria]]
|[[1837]]–[[1901]]
|Georges III granddaughter
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Seaxe-Coburg-Gotha Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;Ðæs cynelican huses naman wæs æfter Ælfbeorhte Æþeling, but seo Cwen wæs of Hanoferingum.
|-
|[[Ēadweard VII Bretta Cyning|Ēadƿeard VII]]
|[[1901]]–[[1910]]
|Victoria's son
|-
|[[Georgius V Bretta Cyning|Georgius V]]
|[[1910]]–[[1917]]&lt;br&gt;(full reign: 1910–1936)
|Ēadƿeardes VII sunu
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Windelsōran Hūs|Ƿindelsōran Hūs]]'''&lt;br /&gt;The name of the Royal House changed from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in [[1917]] due to anti-German sentiments during World War I.
|-
|[[Georgius V  Bretta Cyning|Georgius V]]
|[[1917]]–[[1927]]&lt;br&gt;(full reign: 1910–1936)
|Ēadƿardes VII sunu
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; width = &quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'''&lt;br /&gt;In 1922, the [[Irish Free State]] left the United Kingdom. The name of the Kingdom was amended in 1927 to reflect the change. Between 1927 and the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949 George V, Edward VIII, and George VI were also styled &quot;King of Ireland&quot;.
|-
|colspan = &quot;3&quot; bgcolor = &quot;F8F8D8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''Þæt [[Windelsōran Hūs|Ƿindelsōran Hūs]]''' (continued)
|-
!width = &quot;35%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|Nama
!width = &quot;20%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Rīċe'''
!width = &quot;45%&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|'''Nōtas'''
|-
|[[Georgius V Bretta Cyning|Georgius V]]
|[[1927]]–[[1936]]&lt;br&gt;(full reign: 1910–1936)
|Ēadƿeardes VII sunu
|-
|[[Ēadweard VIII  Bretta Cyning|Ēadweard VIII]]
|[[1936]]
|Georges V sunu; hē forscrah his rīce
|-
|[[Georgius VI  Bretta Cyning|Georgius VI]]
|[[1936]]–[[1952]]
|Ēadƿeard VIII brōðor (and Georges V sunu)
|-
|[[Elisabeþ II]]
|[[1952]]–[[2022]]
|Georges VI dōhtor
|-
|[[Carl III Bretta Cyning|Carl III]]
|8 Haligmōnaþ [[2022]] – andweard
|Elisabeþes II sunu; hē is ēac cyning ofer 15 other sovereign cynerīcum.
|}

==Glēsing==
{{reflist}}

&lt;!-- Close wrapper table: --&gt;

|}

[[Flocc:Bryttisce cyningas]]
[[Flocc:Bretta Cyningas| ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Solmōnað</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>231851</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-18T15:15:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>231851</origin>
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      <text bytes="2049" sha1="j28g2vfz2h2ptvk0upcxq7j21h3k84h" xml:space="preserve">{{english}}
{{Gerīmbōc gēaresdaga|Solmonaþ}}
'''Solmonaþ''' is se [[oðer]] [[monaþ]] þæs [[gear]]es in þære [[Gregorisce gerīmbōc|Gregoriscan gerīmbēc]], and hæfþ 28 [[dæg|dagas]] in regollicum gēarum. In [[bises]] hæfþ Solmōnaþ 29 dagas.

Ianuarius and Februarius ƿǣron þā æftemestan tƿēgen mōnþas tō bēonne geīehte þǣre gerīmbēc, forðæm hycgedon Eald-Rōmƿare ðe [[winter|ƿinter]] ƿæs mōnaþlæs tīd.  Februarius ƿæs genemnod for þǣm Ealdeotolisċan gode [[Februus]], þæt clǣnsunge god, and on Ealdum Englisce, Solmōnaþ ƿæs for sole genemnod.

== Belimpas in Solmōnaþ ==
* In [[Īrland]], [[1 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Imbolc]], [[Halge Brigid|Hālgan Brigide]] wīnhāte and sē forma dæg of [[Spring (season)|Spring]]. In þǣre [[Īrisc gerīmbōc|Īriscan gerīmbēc]] hātte se [[mōnaþ]] '''Feabhra'''.
[[Biliþ:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry février.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|''Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry'', ''Solmōna'']]
* [[2 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Candelmæsse]] and [[Grundhoggan Dæg]]
* [[14 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Sanctes Valentīnes Dæg]]
* [[21 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Tunge Martyra Dæg]], ġefrēolsod bī [[Bengalisc sprǣc|Bengalisc]]-sprecende folce 
* [[21 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Geondrīcisca Mōdorsprǣc Dæg]] ([[UNESCO]])
* Solmōnaþ is [[Blæc Stǣr Mōnaþ]] in þǣm [[Geānlǣhtan Rīcu American|Geānlǣhtan Rīcum]].

== Trivia ==
* In Solmōnþe, sēo [[Sunne]] gæþ þurh circulcræft tunglu [[Capricornus]] and [[Aquarius]].
* In gemǣnum gēarum onginnþ Solmōnaþ þȳ ilcan dæge þǣre ƿuce sƿā Hrēðmōnaþ and Blōtmōnaþ.
* In bises onginnþ Solmōnaþ þȳ ilcan dæge þǣre ƿuce sƿā Ƿēodmōnaþ.
* Þā tācnu þæs circulcræftes innan þǣm mōnþe Solmōnþe sind [[Aquarius]] and [[Pisces]].

* Solmōnþes [[blōstm]] is sēo [[primrose]].
* Solmōnþes [[gebyrdstān]] is se [[amethyst]].

== Sēo ēac ==
* [[Stǣrlice gemynddagas]]

{{monþas}}
{{aganflocc}}

[[Flocc:Monþas|2]]
[[Flocc:Trametas tō āreccenne on Englisc]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
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      <comment>/* Belimpas in Solmōnaþ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1996" sha1="9qr51wo19mhxzq9ioa2vyomzt94ceh7" xml:space="preserve">{{english}}
{{Gerīmbōc gēaresdaga|Solmonaþ}}
'''Solmonaþ''' is se [[oðer]] [[monaþ]] þæs [[gear]]es in þære [[Gregorisce gerīmbōc|Gregoriscan gerīmbēc]], and hæfþ 28 [[dæg|dagas]] in regollicum gēarum. In [[bises]] hæfþ Solmōnaþ 29 dagas.

Ianuarius and Februarius ƿǣron þā æftemestan tƿēgen mōnþas tō bēonne geīehte þǣre gerīmbēc, forðæm hycgedon Eald-Rōmƿare ðe [[winter|ƿinter]] ƿæs mōnaþlæs tīd.  Februarius ƿæs genemnod for þǣm Ealdeotolisċan gode [[Februus]], þæt clǣnsunge god, and on Ealdum Englisce, Solmōnaþ ƿæs for sole genemnod.

== Belimpas in Solmōnaþ ==
* In [[Īrland]], [[1 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Imbolc]], [[Halge Brigid|Hālgan Brigide]] wīnhāte and sē forma [[Lencten|lenctenes]] dæg. In þǣre [[Īrisc gerīmbōc|Īriscan gerīmbēc]] hātte se [[mōnaþ]] '''Feabhra'''.
[[Biliþ:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry février.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|''Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry'', ''Solmōna'']]
* [[2 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Candelmæsse]] and [[Grundhoggan Dæg]]
* [[14 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Sanctes Valentīnes Dæg]]
* [[21 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Tunge Martyra Dæg]], ġefrēolsod bī [[Bengalisc sprǣc|Bengalisc]]-sprecende folce 
* [[21 Solmōnaþ]] is [[Geondrīcisca Mōdorsprǣc Dæg]] ([[UNESCO]])
* Solmōnaþ is [[Blæc Stǣr Mōnaþ]] in þǣm [[Geānlǣhtan Rīcu American|Geānlǣhtan Rīcum]].

== Trivia ==
* In Solmōnþe, sēo [[Sunne]] gæþ þurh circulcræft tunglu [[Capricornus]] and [[Aquarius]].
* In gemǣnum gēarum onginnþ Solmōnaþ þȳ ilcan dæge þǣre ƿuce sƿā Hrēðmōnaþ and Blōtmōnaþ.
* In bises onginnþ Solmōnaþ þȳ ilcan dæge þǣre ƿuce sƿā Ƿēodmōnaþ.
* Þā tācnu þæs circulcræftes innan þǣm mōnþe Solmōnþe sind [[Aquarius]] and [[Pisces]].

* Solmōnþes [[blōstm]] is sēo [[primrose]].
* Solmōnþes [[gebyrdstān]] is se [[amethyst]].

== Sēo ēac ==
* [[Stǣrlice gemynddagas]]

{{monþas}}
{{aganflocc}}

[[Flocc:Monþas|2]]</text>
      <sha1>9qr51wo19mhxzq9ioa2vyomzt94ceh7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>𐌀</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>231848</id>
      <parentid>231036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-18T14:03:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143" sha1="8xyf4txqawn5qur0h3vi4x9qjzq2xuo" xml:space="preserve">𐌀 is Ealdeotolisċne bōcstæf; he hæfþ þone swēġ [a]. He is fram þǣre Eubenan bōcstæfe Α ond wearþ Lǣdenan A ond Rūniġan ᚨ.</text>
      <sha1>8xyf4txqawn5qur0h3vi4x9qjzq2xuo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>231849</id>
      <parentid>231848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-18T14:06:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ethanyichenyu</username>
        <id>131963</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>231849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="0rh1anv271vigaltia8yio4ku4stfrx" xml:space="preserve">𐌀 is Ealdeotolisċne bōcstæf; he hæfþ þone swēġ [a]. He is fram þǣre Eubenan bōcstæfe Α ond wearþ [[Lǣden stæfrōf|Lǣdenan]] [[A]] ond [[Rūna|Rūniġan]] ᚨ.</text>
      <sha1>0rh1anv271vigaltia8yio4ku4stfrx</sha1>
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