Wikipǣdia angwiki https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heafodtramet MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Syndrig Mōtung Brūcend Brūcendmōtung Wikipǣdia Wikipǣdiamōtung Ymele Ymelmōtung MediaWiki MediaWikimōtung Bysen Bysenmōtung Help Helpmōtung Flocc Floccmōtung TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 698 232060 210670 2026-09-25T00:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232060 wikitext text/x-wiki {| id="toc" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;" |+ style="font-size:larger; margin-left:1em"|'''Attorney General John Ashcroft''' |- |style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[Image:John Ashcroft.jpg|200px|Attorney General John Ashcroft]] |- |'''Mǣþ''' |79a Lahambihtmann |- |style="padding-right:1em;"|'''Ambihttīd''' |[[Æfterra Gēola 20]], [[2001]] -<br />[[Æfterra Gēola 20]],[[2005]] |- |'''Foregenga''' |[[Janet Reno]] |- |'''Æftergenga''' |[[Alberto Gonzales]] |- |'''Byrdtīd''' |[[Þrimilcemōnaþ 9]], [[1942]] |- |'''Byrdstede''' |[[Chicago, Illinois]] |- |'''Wealdgefēr''' |[[United States Republican Party|Republican]] |} '''John David Ashcroft''' (geboren þæs 9. dæges Þrimilcemōnaðes þæs 1942. gēares) wæs se lahambihtmann þāra [[Geānedu Rīcu American|Geāndena Rīca]], and þegnode in þǣre ǣrestan tōþegnunge [[George W. Bush]] þæs Fōresittendes æfter þǣm [[2001]]. gēare. ==Ūtwearde hlencan== {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/index.html Ashcroft's homepage at the Department of Justice] * [http://www.whitehouse.org/media/ashcroft-bacon/index.asp ''Truth, volume one, edition one''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311114121/http://www.whitehouse.org/media/ashcroft-bacon/index.asp |date=2007-03-11 }} (the LP recorded by John Ashcroft and Max Bacon) * [http://www.cnn.com/video/us/2002/02/25/ashcroft.sings.wbtv.med.html CNN video of John Ashcroft singing] his self-composed paean ''Let the Eagle Soar'' at the [[Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary]] in February 2002: The rendition was [[satire|satirically]] featured in [[Michael Moore]]'s 2004 movie ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]''. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121122062420/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6446686/ Text and facsimile of resignation letter, Nov '04] --> {| border="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse" | width="30%" align="center"| '''Foregān be''':<br>[[Christopher S. Bond]] | width="40%" bgcolor="#aaaaaa" align="center"| [[Girǣfa Missourie]] | width="30%" align="center"| '''Succeeded by''':<br>[[Mel Carnahan]] |- | width="30%" align="center"| '''Foregān be''':<br>[[John C. Danforth]] | width="40%" bgcolor="#aaaaaa" align="center"| [[United States Senate|United States Senator, Missouri]] | width="30%" align="center"| '''Succeeded by''':<br>[[Jean Carnahan]] |- | width="30%" align="center"| '''Foregān be''':<br>[[Janet Reno]] | width="40%" bgcolor="#aaaaaa" align="center"| [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] | width="30%" align="center"| '''Presumed æftergenga:'''<br>''[[Alberto R. Gonzales]]'' |} [[Flocc:U.S. Lahambihtmenn|Ashcroft, John]] [[Flocc:United States Senators|Ashcroft, John]] [[Flocc:Girǣfan Missourie|Ashcroft, John]] [[Flocc:Geboren in 1942|Ashcroft, John]] 1h1340nd5maa6no0loopevizipasi0r 0 2863 232054 227939 2026-09-25T00:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232054 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: When updating, be sure to list the actual date of death, not the date it was announced. And please list each day's entries in alphabetical order. --> [[Image:Gunnar_Berg_Gravferd_i_Lofoten.jpg|thumb]] Þā folgendan is getalu þāra lēoda þe forþferdon oþ nū in [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]]. {{Wikispell|Port:Dēaþspell|Dēaþspell}} ==Mǣdmōnaþ 2005== <!-- Please place entries under each date in ALPHABETICAL ORDER --> þisse;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 27|27]] *[[Betty Astell]], 93, feormend and widwe [[Cyril Fletcher]]es *[[Tungia Baker]], [[Maori]] cræftige, scēawestre (''[[The Piano]]'') *[[Al Held]], 76, American abstract mētere *[[Marten Toonder]], 93, [[Niðerland|Niðerlendisc]] bōcere and cartoonist ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 26|26]] *[[Pierre Brouē]], 79, [[Frencisc]] [[Trotskyist]] [[stǣrwrītere]] *[[Hachiro Oka]], 67, [[Iapan]]isc race spellere *[[Danny Simon]], 85, Americanisc race wrītere, brōðor of [[Neil Simon]] [http://www.playbill.com/news/article/94247.html] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 25|25]] *[[Eddie Crook, Jr.]], 76, US Olympic boxer and Vietnam veteran *[[Maria do Couto Maia-Lopes]], 114, [[National longevity recordholders|oldest person ever documented]] in [[Portugal]] *[[Albert Mangelsdorff]], 76, German trombonist *[[Ford Rainey]], 96, American [[scēawere]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 24|24]] *Sir [[Richard Doll]], 92, British epidemiologist, first person to link cigarette smoking and lung cancer. *[[Pavel Dostāl]], 62, Czech minister for cultural affairs *[[Sidney Hertzberg]], 82, former [[NBA]] star *[[Francis Ona]], 50s, [[Bougainville]]an rebel leader ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 23|23]] *[[Ray Crist]], 105, [[centenarian]] [[chemistry|chemist]] *[[Myron Floren]], 85, longtime accordionist/bandleader on ''[[The Lawrence Welk Show]]'' *[[Catherine Woolley]], 100, children's books author [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192606/http://boston.com/ae/books/articles/2005/07/27/catherine_woolley_100_dozens_of_books_enthralled_children/] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 22|22]] *[[Jules Herman]], 93, Bandleader and musician played with [[Lawrence Welk]] during 1930's *[[Jean Charles de Menezes]], 27, killed by London police in a case of mistaken identity *[[Eugene Record]], 64, lead vocalist for [[The Chi-Lites]] *[[Hinako Sugiura]], 46, Japanese author and cartoonist [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050726b2.htm] *[[George D. Wallace]], 88, American scēawere (''[[Forbidden Planet]]'', ''[[The Pajama Game]]'') ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 21|21]] *[[Long John Baldry]], 64, Englisc-Canadisc [[blues]] musician *[[Alberto Barros]], 59, [[Portugal|Portuguese]] wrītere *[[Bruce Bolt]], 75, Scientist and earthquake expert *[[Andrzej Grubba]], 47, [[Poland|Polish]] table tennis player *[[Tamara Lund]], 64, [[Finnish]] opera sangestre and scēawestre *[[Patrick Sherry]], 29, British rock sangere ([[Bad Beat Revue]]) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4714867.stm] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 20|20]] *[[Charles Chibitty]], 83, last surviving [[Comanche]] [[code talker]] *[[James Doohan]], 85, [[Canada|Canadisc]] scēawere ([[Montgomery Scott|Scotty]] on the original ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'') *[[Finn Gustavsen]], 79, [[Norway|Norwegian]] politician *[[Kayo Hatta]], 47, film director (''[[Picture Bride]]'') *[[Alfred Hayes]], 76, [[Britain|British]] Wrestler / Wrestling Announcer (Most notably with the then-[[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWF]]) *[[John Tsukano]], 80, Japanese American author and World War II veteran ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 19|19]] *[[Jim Aparo]], 72, comic book artist ([[Batman]], the [[Phantom Stranger]], [[The Spectre]]) [http://comicbookbin.com/jimaparorip001.html] *[[Alain Bombard]], 80, Frencisc biologist and physician *[[Edward Bunker]], 71, [[United States|American]] author, screenwrītere, and scēawere (Mr. Blue in ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'') *[[John Herald]], 66, folk musician, recording artist, member of The Greenbriar Boys [Vanguard Records] *[[Hastings Keith]], 89, [[United States Representative]] from [[Massachusetts]], served [[1959]]-[[1973]], as a member of the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] *[[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], 71, founder of the [[British National Party]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 18|18]] *[[Paul Duke]], 78, [[American]] political ǣrendere *[[Amy Gillett]], 29, [[Australisc]] rōwere and cyclist *[[Jim Parker]], 71, [[offensive tackle]] for the [[Baltimore Colts]] and member of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] *[[Gerry Thomas]], 83, [[United States|American]] innovator, inventor of the [[TV dinner]]; [[cancer]] *[[William Westmoreland]], 91, [[U.S. Army]] General who commanded American military operations in the [[Vietnam War]] from [[1964]] to [[1968]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 17|17]] *[[Laurel Aitken]], 77, [[Jamaica]]n musician *[[Geraldine Fitzgerald]], 92, scēawestre *[[Knighthood|Sir]] [[Edward Heath]] [[Order of the Garter|KG]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] 89, [[Fyrmestscealc þæs Geānlǣhtan Cynerīces]] from [[1970]]-[[1974|74]] *[[Gavin Lambert]], 80, novelist, screenwrītere (''[[Inside Daisy Clover]]'', ''[[Sons and Lovers]]'') *[[Joe Vialls]], Australisc wrītere ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 16|16]] *[[Pietro Consagra]], 84, [[Italy|Italian]] sculptor. *[[Adrian Loudermilk]], 30, literary manager, film producer (''[[Bushisms]]'') *[[W. Fox McKeithen]], 58, 5-time [[Louisiana]] [[Secretary of State]] *[[John Ostrom]], 77, [[American]] [[paleontologist]] who revolutionized understanding of [[dinosaurs]] *[[Helen Bonchek Schneyer]], 84, [[American]] [[folk musician]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 15|15]] *[[Knighthood|Sir]] [[Ronald Wilson]], 82, [[Australia]]n [[List of Judges of the High Court of Australia|High Court justice]] ;[[July 14|14]] *[[Richard Leiterman]], 70, award-winning [[Canada|Canadisc]] [[cinematographer]] *[[Dame]] [[Cicely Saunders]], 87, British founder of hospice movement (of cancer) ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 13|13]] *[[Carla Wood]], 50, [[Mezzo-soprano]] sangestre performed with the [[Metropolitan Opera]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 12|12]] *[[Piero Cappuccilli]], 78, Italian opera sangere *[[Joseph Delaney]], 70, Catholic bishop of the diocese of [[Fort Worth, Texas]] for many years *[[Arthur Fletcher]], 80, Assistant [[Secretary of Labor|Labor Secretary]] under US President [[Richard Nixon]], called the "fæder of [[affirmative action]]" [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/232336_obitfletcher13.html] *[[John Leonard King]], Baron King of Wartnaby, 87, [[businessman]] and [[chairman]] of [[British Airways]] from 1981 to 1993 *[[Scott Paul]], 24, American scēawere (''[[Wyatt Earp]]'') [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?s_hidethis=no&p_product=AJOB&p_theme=ajob&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_field_label-0=title&p_text_label-0=scott%20paul&p_field_label-1=Topics&p_bool_label-1=AND&p_text_label-1=All&s_dispstring=headlin] *[[Axel Strøbye]], 77, [[Denmark|Danish]] scēawere, ''[[Babette's Feast]]'' ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 11|11]] *[[Gretchen Franklin]], 94, television [[scēawestre]], best known as [[Ethel Skinner]] in [[EastEnders]]. *[[Shinya Hashimoto]], 40, Japanese [[Professional wrestling in Japan|professional wrestler]], [[cerebral infection]] *[[Jesus Ricardo Iglesias]], 83, Grand Prix racing driver *[[Frances Langford]], 92, [[scēawestre]]-[[sangere]] *[[Mickey Owen]], 89, Baseball player for the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 10|10]] *[[Richard Eastham]], 89, [[American]] sangere and [[scēawere]] *[[Seymour Finger]], 90, [[United Nations]] diplomat *[[Ann Loring]], 90, scēawestre, ''[[Love of Life]]'' *[[Frank Moores]], 72, former [[Newfoundland]] Premier *[[A.J. Quinnell]], 65, wrītere ''[[Man on Fire]]'' *[[Dick Sabot]], 61, economist, internet entrepreneur, co-founder of [[tripod.com]] and [[eziba.com]] *[[Freda Wright-Sorce]], 50, wife of [[Don Geronimo]] of the [[Don and Mike|Don and Mike Show]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 9|9]] *[[Chuck Cadman]], 57, Canadisc Gegilda Witena Gemōtes. *[[Yevgenij Grishin]], 74, [[Russland|Russisc]] spēdglīdere, forma spēdglīdere under 40 pricinclum on 500 metrum. *[[Kevin Hagen]], 77, scēawere on ''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'' *[[Byron Preiss]], 52, American wrītere/ādihtere/gewīdmǣrsere [http://www.comicon.com/cgi-bin/pulse.cgi?http%3A//www.comicon.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi%3Fubb%3Dget_topic%3Bf%3D36%3Bt%3D003970] *[[Alex Shibicky]], 91, [[Hockey]] player who made first [[slapshot]] *[[Rafique Zakaria]], 79, [[India|Indian]] [[Islam]]ic scholar ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 8|8]] *[[Maurice Baquet]], 94, Frencisc [[scēawere]] *[[Peter Boenisch]], 78, German ǣrendere *[[Julian Letterlough]], 35, American boxer *[[Judy Mann]], 61, lange hwīle spellwrītere for þǣm ''[[Washington Post]]'' ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 7|7]] *[[Ihab al-Sherif]], Egyptian envoy in Iraq *[[Gustaf Sobin]], 69, American-born poet and novelist ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 6|6]] *[[Paul Deliège]], 74, Belgian comic book wrītere/cræfta [http://www.actuabd.com/article.php3?id_article=2662] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629052349/http://actuabd.com/article.php3?id_article=2662 |date=2006-06-29 }} *[[L. Patrick Gray]], 88, former Director of the United States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[pancreatic cancer]] *[[Jim Haskins]], 63, American professor and novelist (''[[The Cotton Club]]'') *[[Evan Hunter]], 78, American mystery novel wrītere, wrote under numerous [[pseudonym]]s ([[Ed McBain]]), [[larynx cancer]] *[[Abdul Majid Shoman]], 94, chairman of the [[Arab Bank]] *[[Claude Simon]], 91, Frencisc [[wrītere]] and [[Nobel Prize]] Winner *[[Grace Thaxton]], 114, oldest resident of [[Kentucky]] and oldest person ever born in [[New York]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 5|5]] *[[Baloo Gupte]], 70, former Indian Test [[cricketer]] *[[James Stockdale]], 81, [[American]] [[Vice Admiral]], [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ex-[[Prisoner of War]] and independent VP Candidate in 1992 *[[Ray Davis]], 65, founding member of [[Parliament/Funkadelic]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 4|4]] *[[Chris Bunch]], 62, American [[science fiction]] wrītere, [[lung]] ailment *[[Al Downing]], 65, American [[R&B]] and [[country & western]] [[musician]], [[leukaemia]] *[[June Haver]], 79, American film scēawestre, widow of [[Fred MacMurray]] *[[Marga Lōpez]], 81, Mexican screen and television scēawestre, heart failure *[[Hank Stram]], 82, former coach of [[National Football League|NFL]] [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 3|3]] *[[Scott Byrne]], 44, [[United States of America|American]] [[Drummer]] of [[duo]] [[Instant Death]] *[[Siv Ericks]], 87, [[Sweden|Swedish]] character scēawestre *[[Nan Kempner]], 74, American society hostess *[[Alberto Lattuada]], 90, Italian [[film director]] *[[Pierre Michelot]], 77, [[Francland|Frencisc]] jazz [[bassist]], played with [[Miles Davis]] *[[Gaylord Nelson]], 89, former [[Governor of Wisconsin]], [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Wisconsin]] and founder of [[Earth Day]] *[[Wenten Rubuntja]], Australisc cræfta and indigenious activist *[[Kohachi Shigetaka]], 110, Japan's oldest man, [[pneumonia]] ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 2|2]] *[[Florence Kirsch]], 90, American classical pianist *[[Ernest Lehman]], 89, American [[screenwrītere]] (''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf]]'', ''[[North by Northwest]]'') *[[Norm Prescott]], 78, co-founder of [[Filmation]] animation studios [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224234108/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117925521?categoryId=25&cs=1] *[[Martin Sanchez]], 26, Mexican boxer, of injuries sustained in July 1 bout ;[[Mǣdmōnaþ 1|1]] *[[Renaldo "Obie" Benson]], 69, [[United States|American]] [[soul]]/[[R&B]] [[sangere]] and member of [[The Four Tops]], [[lung cancer]] *[[Arvo Ojala]], 85, Hollywood technical advisor and scēawere, (gun fastdraw) *[[Arnold Rosenfeld|Arnold S. Rosenfeld]], 72, former hēafodādihtere of [[Cox Newspapers]] *[[Luther Vandross]], 54, [[United States|American]] [[R&B]] [[sangere]], complications of a [[stroke]] ==[[Sēremōnaþ 2005]]== <!-- Please place entries under each date in alphabetical order --> ''Sēo [[Dēaðas in Sēremōnþe 2005]]'' ==[[Þrimilcemōnaþ 2005]]== ''Sēo [[Dēaðas in Þrimilcemōnþe 2005]]'' ==[[Ēastermōnaþ 2005]]== ''Sēo [[Dēaðas in Ēastermōnþe 2005]]'' ==[[Hrēþmōnaþ 2005]]== ''Sēo [[Dēaðas in Hrēþmōnþe 2005]]'' ==[[Solmōnaþ 2005]]== ''Sēo [[Dēaðas in Solmōnþe 2005]]'' ==[[Se Æfterra Gēola 2005]]== ''Sēo [[Dēaðas in Þǣm Æfterran Gēolan 2005]]'' For ǣrrum dēaðum, sēo [[Dēaðas in 2004]], [[Dēaðas in 2003]], [[Dēaðas in 2002]], [[Dēaðas in 2001]], [[2000# Dēaðas|2000]], [[1999# Dēaðas |1999]], [[1998# Dēaðas |1998]], [[1997# Dēaðas |1997]], [[1996# Dēaðas|1996]], [[1995# Dēaðas |1995]]... [[Flocc:Gestorfen in 2005|*]] [[en:Lists of deaths by year#2005]] hfd8u6zacbxuwm4yxdu9982kka42mi8 0 4475 232051 227738 2026-09-24T23:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Catte | status = DOM | image = Domestic_cat.jpg | image_width = 200px | regnum = [[Dēor|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Hweorfdēor|Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Sycedēor|Mammalia]] | superordo = [[Laurasiatheria]] | ordo = [[Rēafdēor|Carnivora]] | familia = [[Felidae]] | genus = ''[[Felis]]'' | species = '''''F. silvestris''''' | trinomial = ''Felis silvestris catus'' | trinomial_authority = [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1775 | synonyms = <small>''Felis lybica'' invalid [[junior synonym]]<br />''Felis catus'' invalid junior synonym</small> }} [[File:Cat on a Book.jpg|thumb|left|]] [[File:Oczy kota domowego -Aw58-.JPG|thumb|left|]] Séo '''catte''', éac hatte '''húscatte''', is lytel [[flǣscetung|flǽscetende]] [[sycedéor]] þe lócaþ tó þǽm undercynne ''[[Felis]] silvestris catus''. Hire ƿilde foregengan, þencþ man, ƿæs séo [[Mesopotam]]isce [[wildcatte|ƿildcatte]]. Séo catte drohtnode mid menn húru 9,500 géara.<ref name="9500 years">{{cite web | title = Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html | accessdate = 2007-03-06 | date = 2004-04-08 | publisher = National Geographic News | archivedate = 2022-06-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus}}</ref> <!-- ==Bodig and Ansíen== [[Image:Cat anatomy diagram.svg|right|350px|Diagram of the general anatomy of a male cat.]] Cats typically weigh between 2.5 and 7&nbsp;kg (5.5–16&nbsp;pounds); however, some [[:Category:Cat breeds|breeds]], such as the [[Maine Coon]], can exceed 11.3&nbsp;kg (25&nbsp;pounds). Some have been known to reach up to 23&nbsp;kg (50&nbsp;pounds) due to overfeeding. Conversely, very small cats (less than 1.8&nbsp;kg / 4.0&nbsp;lb)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats.html | title = DWARF, MIDGET AND MINIATURE CATS | accessdate = 2007-03-06}}</ref> have been reported. --> == Seoh ēac == * [[Lēo]] * [[Lox (catte)|Lox]] * [[Tiger]] [[Ymele:Male kitty.jpg|thumb]] == Fruman == {{reflist|2}} {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Dēor]] [[Flocc:Sycedēor]] 63gzuw8zqu11rll1ociudgj37rwn2ta 0 5991 232050 210949 2026-09-24T23:58:27Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{English}} {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Bēowyrt | image = Acorus calamus1.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Bēowyrt | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Acorales]] | familia = [[Acoraceae]] | genus = ''[[Acorus]]'' | species = '''''A. calamus''''' | binomial = ''Acorus calamus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Bēowyrt''' (''Acorus calamus'') is [[plante]] of þǣre [[Acoraceae]] cnēorisse, [[Acorus]] cnōsle. Hēo is grēat [[ēcu plante|ēcu]] [[wǣtland|wǣtlendisc]] [[monocot]] mid [[stenc]]um lēafum and [[rhizome]]s which have been used medicinally, for its odor, and as a [[Psychoactive drug|psychotropic drug]]. It is known by a variety of names, including cinnamon sedge, flagroot, gladdon, myrtle flag, myrtle grass, myrtle sedge, sweet cane, sweet myrtle, sweet root, sweet rush, and sweet sedge. Inlendisc is þes wyrt be [[Indea|Indie]]; nu fint man hine geond [[Europe|Europan]], in [[Russland]]es suðdælum, in norþdælum ðære [[Læsse Asia|Læssan Asie]], in suþernum [[Siberia|Siberie]], on [[Cina|Seringum]], [[Iapan]]e, [[Burma]]n, on [[Taprobane|Taprobanan]], and in American norðdæle. == Botanical information == The [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] distinction between the ''Acorus'' species is made by the number of prominent [[leaf]] veins. ''Acorus calamus'' has a single prominent midvein and then on both sides slightly raised secondary veins (with a diameter less than half the midvein) and many, fine tertiary veins. This makes it clearly distinct from ''Acorus americanus''. The leaves are between 0.7 and 1.7 cm wide, with average of 1 cm. The sympodial leaf of ''Acorus calamus'' is somewhat shorter than the vegetative leaves. The margin is curly-edged or undulate. The [[spadix]], really really chicken at the time of expansion, can reach a length between 4.9 and 8.9 cm (longer than ''A. americanus''). The flowers are longer too, between 3 and 4 mm. ''Acorus calamus'' is infertile and shows an abortive [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] with a shriveled appearance. == Chemistry == Both triploid and tetraploid calamus contain [[asarone]], but diploid does not contain any. == Regulations == Calamus and products derived from calamus (such as its oil) were banned in 1968 as food additives and medicines by the [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]]. == Usage == Calamus has been an item of trade in many cultures for thousands of years. Calamus has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments. In antiquity in the Orient and Egypt, the rhizome was thought to be a powerful aphrodisiac. In Europe ''Acorus calamus'' was often added to wine, and the root is also one of the possible ingredients of [[absinthe]]. Among the northern Native Americans, it is used both medicinally and as a [[stimulant]]; in addition, the root is thought to have been used as an [[entheogen]] among the northern Native Americans. In high doses, it is [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogenic]]. [[Biliþ:Illustration Acorus calamus0.jpg|thumb|right|250px|illustration from an 1885 flora]] == Cultural symbolism == The calamus has long been a symbol of male love. The name is associated with a Greek myth: [[Kalamos]], a son of the river-god [[Maeander]], who loved [[Karpos]], the son of [[Zephyrus]] and [[Chloris]]. When Karpos drowned, Kalamos was transformed into a reed, whose rustling in the wind was interpreted as a sigh of lamentation. The plant was a favorite of [[Henry David Thoreau]] (who called it sweet flag), and also of [[Walt Whitman]], who added a section called ''The Calamus Poems'', celebrating the love of men, to the third edition of ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'' (1860). In the poems the calamus is used as a symbol of love, lust, and affection. It has been suggested that the symbology derives from the visual resemblance of the spadix to the erect human penis. The name ''Sweet Flag'' refers to its sweet scent (it has been used as a strewing herb) and the wavy edges of the leaves which are supposed to resemble a fluttering flag. In Japan, the plant is a symbol of the [[samurai]]'s bravery because of its sharp sword-like leaves. Even now many families with young boys enjoy "Sweet Flag Bath (shōbu yu)" in the [[Kodomo no hi|Boy's Festival]] (Tango no Sekku) on [[May 5]]. == Etymology of the word Calamus == [[Cognate]]s of the [[Latin]] word ''Calamus'' are found in both [[Greek language|Greek]] (''[[kalamos]]'', meaning "reed") and [[Sanskrit]] (''kalama'', meaning "reed" and "pen" as well as a sort of rice) — strong evidence that the word is older than all three languages and exists in their parent language, [[Proto-Indo European]]. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''qalam'' (meaning "pen") is likely to have been borrowed from one of these languages in antiquity, or directly from Indo-European itself. From the Latin root "calamus", a number of modern English words arise: * [[calamari]], meaning "squid", via the [[Latin]] ''calamarium'', "ink horn" or "pen case", as reeds were then used as writing implements; * ''calumet'', another name for the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[peace pipe]], which was often made from a hollow reed; * [[shawm]], a medieval [[oboe]]-like instrument (whose sound is produced by a vibrating reed mouthpiece); * ''chalumeau'' register, the lower notes of a [[clarinet]]'s range (another [[reed instrument]]). == Ūtanwearde bendas == * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/araceae.htm Family Araceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070521165307/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/ephedra/warningsample.html FDA street drug alternative warning letter] * [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acorus+calamus ''Acorus calamus'' at Plants for a Future] * [http://www.allaboutherbs.org/calamus-acorus-calamus Calamus Acorus Calamus Online Herb Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329052421/http://www.allaboutherbs.org/calamus-acorus-calamus |date=2012-03-29 }} {{Commons|Acorus calamus}} [[Flocc:Acorales]] [[Flocc:Spices]] [[Flocc:Entheogens]] [[Flocc:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]] [[Flocc:Herbal and fungal stimulants]] [[Flocc:Absinthe]] [[Flocc:Wæterlicu plante]] d5pq6gcinvv4b0rw2cvy5zxee4laoh0 0 6281 232067 210727 2026-09-25T00:15:36Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox VG |title = Starcraft II: Wings of Liberty |image = [[Biliþ:StarCraft II - Box Art.jpg|256px]] |caption = <small>''Starcraft II'' cover artwork</small> |developer = [[Blizzard Entertainment]] |publisher = Blizzard Entertainment |distributor = |designer = [[Dustin Browder]] |artist = [[Samwise Didier]] |series = [[Starcraft|''Starcraft'']] |engine = |version = |ratings = {{vgratings|ACB=MA15+|ESRB=T|ACB=M|PEGI=16+|GRB=12+(censored) 18+(uncensored)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fomos.kr/board/board.php?mode=read&keyno=109015&db=issue |title=포모스 |publisher=Fomos.kr |date= |accessdate=2010-07-26}}</ref>}} |released = 27 Mǣdmōnaþ, 2010<ref>{{cite web|date=2010-05-03|accessdate=2010-05-16|publisher=[[Blizzard Entertainment]]|url=http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/company/press/pressreleases.html?100503|title=STARCRAFT® II: WINGS OF LIBERTY™ IN STORES STARTING JULY 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/news/6260963.html "Starcraft II launches July 27"]. GameSpot. Retrieved July 11, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5530114/ |title=On Kotaku |publisher=Kotaku.com |date=2010-05-03 |accessdate=2010-07-26 |archivedate=2010-07-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709222419/http://kotaku.com/5530114/}}</ref> |genre = [[Real-time strategy]] |modes = [[Single player]], [[multiplayer]] (via [[Battle.net]]) |platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]<ref name="officialfaq">{{cite web | title = FAQ for ''StarCraft II'' | url = http://www.starcraft2.com/faq.xml | publisher = Blizzard Entertainment | accessdate = 2007-05-19 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65gM5pOWy?url=http://us.battle.net/sc2/en/ | archivedate = 2012-02-24 | df = }}</ref><br />[[Mac OS X]]<ref>{{cite web| title= ''StarCraft II'' unveiled | url = http://games.ign.com/articles/790/790137p1.html | publisher = IGN Games | date = 2007-05-19 | accessdate = 2009-01-06}}</ref> |media = [[DVD]]<br />[[Digital distribution]] |requirements = '''Microsoft Windows'''<ref name="StarCraft II System Requirements">{{cite web | url = http://us.blizzard.com/support/article.xml?locale=en_US&articleId=26242&parentCategoryId&pageNumber=1&categoryId=3617 | title = StarCraft II System Requirements | work = [[Blizzard]] | accessdate = 2010-07-24}}</ref> * 2.6 [[GHz]] [[Pentium IV]] or equivalent [[AMD Athlon]] [[Central processing unit|processor]] * 1 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[RAM]] (1.5 GB required for [[Windows Vista]]/[[Windows 7]] users) * 12&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] [[hard disk]] space * 128 [[Megabyte|MB]] [[NVIDIA]] [[GeForce]] 6600 GT or [[ATI]] [[Radeon]] 9800 PRO video card or better * [[Windows XP]]/[[Windows Vista]]/[[Windows 7]] (With the latest Service Packs) And [[DirectX]] 9.0c.) '''Mac'''<ref name="StarCraft II System Requirements" /> * [[Intel]] Processor * 2 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[RAM]] * DVD drive * 12&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] [[hard disk]] space * [[NVIDIA]] [[GeForce]] 8600M GT or [[ATI Radeon]] X1600 or better * [[Mac OS X]] 10.5.8, 10.6.2 or newer |input = [[Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] and [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]] }} '''''Steorracræft II''''' is þrisnes herȝes cunninglēasspelles [[spærcletelle|spearcatella]] [[spærcletelle gamen|gamenes]] þe [[Blizzard Entertainment]] maciaþ, sƿā ōðer hiera gamen ''[[SteorraCræft]]es''. Man ǣrest þyncodon ''SteorraCræft II'' tō bēonne enfe ān gamen, ac æt BlizzCon 2008, hīe cƿǣdon þæt ƿierþ hit þrines, cūþ sƿā ''[[#Wings of Liberty|Wings of Liberty]]'' (Feðra Frēodōmes), ''Heart of the Swarm'' (Middel Sƿearmes), and ''Legacy of the Void'' (Lāf Nahtnesse).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.battle.net/thread.html?topicId=11226742562&sid=3000|title=StarCraft II Trilogy FAQ|last=Yu|first=Kevin|date=October 14, 2008|publisher=StarCraft II Battle.net Forum|language=English|accessdate=2008-11-02|archivedate=2008-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018064047/http://forums.battle.net/thread.html?topicId=11226742562&sid=3000}}</ref> Se ānpleȝend forþƿeȝ mōd þæs gamenes and his [[underset gamen|underseta]] ǣlċ ƿierþ spreċen, ymbe þā lār þēoddǣles, ǣr mid þǣm Terranum onȝinnende, þonne þā Zerg, and læste þā Protoss. Blizzard cƿeþ þæt ǣlċ underset þyncþ man ȝeliċ fulgamen be himself.<!-- This might not be the best wording, was kinda tricky --> Þǣr ne sind nān ālīesendtīd for þǣre þrinesse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/918/918895p1.html|title=Blizzcon 08: StarCraft II Split Into Three Games|last=Ocampo|first=Jason |coauthors=Eduardo Vasconcellos|date=October 10, 2008|publisher=IGN|language=English|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/starcraft-2/918896p1.html|title=StarCraft II is Now a Trilogy|last=Rausch |first=Allen|date=October 10, 2008|publisher=GameSpy|language=English|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/55267|title=StarCraft 2 Now A Trilogy, Three Campaigns to Be Split Into Separate Games|last=Breckon|first=Nick |date=October 10, 2008|publisher=ShackNews|language=English|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref> Blizzard ālīesode ''SteorraCræft II'' togædre for Mac OS X, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 on Tīƿesdæȝe, 27 Mǣdmōnþe 2010. == Gamenpleȝ == [[Biliþ:Protoss skirmish (StarCraft).jpg|thumb|left|180px|Clīeƿen Protossa feohtaþ ƿiþ Terran fæsten]] Cƿeðaþ his scippendas, ''SteorraCraft II'' mǣnþ tō bēonne "þæt grēatost ƿǣretīd ƿinnliċ<!-- "competitive." is there a better term? --> ācræftiȝ gamen,"<ref name="officialfaq"/> ēacende tō þǣm framscipe ''SteorraCraftes''.<ref>{{cite web | title = IGN's Top 100 Games (2005) | publisher = [[IGN]] | date = 2005 | url = http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html | accessdate = 2006-08-18 | archivedate = 2010-03-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100301132404/http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = IGN's Top 100 Games (2003) | publisher = [[IGN]] | date = 2003 | url = http://top100.ign.com/2003/1-10.html | accessdate = 2006-08-18 | archivedate = 2010-06-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100608114912/http://top100.ign.com/2003/1-10.html }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web | title = Developer Awards | publisher = Blizzard Entertainment | date = 2006 | url = http://www.blizzard.com/inblizz/awards.shtml | accessdate = 2006-08-19 | archivedate = 2006-08-14 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060814153851/http://www.blizzard.com/inblizz/awards.shtml }}</ref> Hit hæfþ þā þrīe cynn fram þǣm ǣror gamen — Terran, Zerg, and Protoss, and Blizzard cƿæþ þæt þās sind þā efne cynn þe man mæȝ mid pleȝan. Man ēac macode ''SteorraCræft II'' tō habbenne mā mæniȝpleȝere gamenpleȝ þonne þes formest ''SteorraCræft''. Þā hƿeorfunga beinnaþ beterunga [[Battle.net]]es, nīƿ "hlæder" betƿeoxbend þe man ȝeþoht tō ȝefenliċienne þā pleȝcræftas efenhāda pleȝenda.<ref name="officialfaq"/> === Þing === ''SteorraCræft II'' hæfþ ymbe þā sam ȝetæl þinga sƿā in þǣm frumum gamene.<ref name="gamespot5">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/starcraft2/news.html?sid=6171179 | title = ''Starcraft II'' Preview - What We Know So Far | author = Park, Andrew | publisher = [[GameSpot]] | date = 2007-05-20 | accessdate = 2007-05-24}}</ref> Sum þing fram þǣm frumum gamene eftcumaþ, mid nīƿum cræftum. == Wings of Liberty == '''Starcraft II: Wings of Liberty''' ƿæs on Tīƿesdæȝe, 27 Mǣdmōnþe 2010 ālīesed. == Sēo ēac == * [[StarCraft|SteorraCræft]] * [[Blizzard Entertainment]] == Fruman == {{reflist|2}} [[Flocc:Spærcletelle gamen]] [[Flocc:Blizzard Entertainment]] [[Flocc:OS X gamen]] syzxvp9un5kvd772zgdgq52c4wm2pv1 0 8788 232055 230717 2026-09-25T00:01:45Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{langmearc}} [[Image:Braddock.png|thumb|200px|General Ēadweard Braddock]] '''Ēadweard Braddock Heretoga''' (Æfter Gēola 1695 &ndash;13 Mædmōnaþ 1755) ƿæs Bryttisc ƿiga and hēafodgūþbrego for [[Norþ America|Norþamerice]] æt þǣre [[Frencisce and Scræling Gūþ|Frenciscan and Scræling Gūþe]] onginnunge (1754–1763). Man hine mǣst gemann for þǣre hearmlican fierdinge, þā hē forelædede ƿiþ Frenciscum landum in Americe in 1755, hƿærin cringede he. ==Ærlīf== Edƿard Braddock ƿæs geboren in [[Perþscīr]]e, on [[Scotland|Scottum]] ymbe 1695. His fæder ƿæs ēac heretoga; Edƿard Braddock Maior-Heretoga se fofērde in 1725. Braddock ƿearð Oþer-Stedeholder in þǣm [[Coludesstrēam Weardas|Coludesstrēam Ƿeardas]] in 1710. In 1747 sƿa Under-Fierdstemmgerēfa þegned he under [[Willelm IV Orange Þeoden|Orange]] Æþelinge in þǣm [[Niðerland]]um æt þǣre Bergen op Zoom besettunge. In 1753 ƿæs he genamed Fierdstemmgerēfa ofer þǣm 14. (Buccingahamscir) Ƿeala Æðelinges Aganan Fōtfeða Fierdstemme, and in 1754 ƿearþ he maior-heretogan. ==Norþ America== In 1754 hine genamed se cyning tō oferbēan ƿiþ þǣm [[Frencisce Landbūnes-rīce|Francum]] on [[Norþ America|Americe]]. He cƿōm on [[Uirginia|Uirginie]] on 19 [[Solmōnað|Solmōnaþ]] 1755 mid tƿǣm Bryttiscum duguþ-fierdstemmum. Hē metede fīf landbūnesgerecan æt [[Alexandria, Uirginia|Alexandrie on Uirginie]] on 14 Ēastermōnaþe. Hīe āscodon hine tō gefremmenne felahrōr orlegƿeorc ƿiþ þǣm Francum. ===Dusquesne=== Hīe sierƿedon þe ān heretoga ƿolde onsacan æt [[Niagara]]-byrg, Johnson Heretoga æt Cynebeag Ora Byrig, Monckton Fierdstemmgerēfa æt Beausejour Fæsten on [[Fundy Byht]]. Braddock Heretoga ƿolde fierding forelædan ƿið [[Duquesne Fæsten|Duquesne Fæstne]] æt þǣre [[Ohio Ēa]] tƿislum, ofergān þæt fæsten and fāran norþƿeard tō Niagran. Æfter monaþa tō gearcienne, hƿærin hindrede he gedrēfnis and heregeatulēast , Braddockes dryht fōr forþ mid ceosenum mannum. In þǣm dryhte þegned [[George Washington|George Ƿashington]] sƿa landfierd þegn.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9580/ |title = The Battle of the Monongahela |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1755 |accessdate = 2013-08-03 |archivedate = 2013-08-20 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130820233752/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9580/ }}</ref> Braddock ne træd lēohtlice in þǣre ƿealde; he fōr mid axmannum and his menn built brād herpæþ for mannum and feldƿæpnum. Þæt ƿeorc ƿæs hefigtīeme and þa menn ƿǣron ƿerig mid þǣm ƿeorce on þǣm fære, ac hīe getimbrode strang, brād gelād tō Duquesne.<ref name="WDL"/> Se dryht fōr ofer [[Monongahela Ēa]] on 9 Mædmōnaþ 1755, and eftsona meteden Scrælingisc and [[Frencisc sprǣc|Frencisc]] þrēat. Braddock's ƿigan ƿæron forcumen and flīemed. Braddock eftgecigode his menn tō hira stedum eft and eft, and feall siþlice, his feohƿund fram sceot þurh þā rihtearme and in þǣre lungan.<ref name="WDL"/> Ƿashington bār Braddock fram þǣm ƿælfelde. He ācƿæl on 13 Mædmōnaþ 1755, fēoƿer dagas æfter þǣre bēadƿe. Beforan þe he forfērede geaf Braddock Ƿashingtone his gescriflica bend þone he ƿerede mid his beaduhrægle. Man secgþ þe þurh eallum his līfe nǣfre ēode Ƿashington ahƿǣr būton þisse bende.<ref name="WDL"/> [[Biliþ:Braddocksgrave.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Braddockes Heretogan byrgen nēah Miclan Mædƿum, [[Pennsylvania]] ]] His cempan begrōfon Braddock ƿest þāra Micelra Mǣdƿa, þa bād drytes lāf on his ƿiðertrod. George Ƿashington foresæt æt þǣre byrgunge þegnunge, forþǣm þe se handprēost ƿæs ƿund. Þa menn begrōfon Braddock in þǣm ƿeges middle and drifon ƿægnas ofer his byrgenne þe scrælingas nolde findan and tōgælan his bānsele.<ref name="WDL"/> == Æfteƿeardra Gēarena == Braddockes herepæþ tīegede Pennsylvanie tō hiere ƿesternum dælum. Hit bītt se ƿeg fram þǣm ēaststrand þurh þā beorge tō þǣre hīerra Ohio-ēa. In 1758 John Forbes Heretoga cƿōm tō Duquesne Fæsten; þa Francan āflīemedon æt his tōcyme and forgrundon þæt fæsten. Þā Bretƿare timbrodon anīƿ on þǣm stede Pitt Burg, þæt is nū [[Pittsburg]]. * In 1804, gelādbīgengeras fundedon mannlāfe, þa man āliefþ tō ƿesenne Braddockes bānas, byrigede in þǣm ƿeg healf tƿā mīla ƿest þāra Micelra Mǣdƿa. Þæt līc ūtādulfon hīe and hit eft begrōfon. * Marmastænene gemyndstōƿe ārærdedon þa Coludesstrēam Ƿeardas ofer the new dēaðrecede in 1913. * Þæs dēaðrecede stede is tō mannum sƿā Brittisca landscipe. * Braddock Heretoga giefþ his naman tō [[Braddock, Allegheny Scīr, Pennsylvania|Braddocke, Pennsylvania]]. [[Biliþ:BraddocksGrave-photo.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Braddockes Heretogan dēaðreced]] ==References== <references/> ==Ūtweard Bendas== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106142305/http://www.nps.gov/fone/braddock.htm Fort Necessity National Battlefield ''(on Nīwum Englisce)''] * [http://www.nndb.com/people/077/000049927/ NNDB] [[Flocc:Brittisce heretogan]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Braddock, Edward}} a7p26mtwoexqazrblqxz1biec5kyeui 0 9422 232052 219230 2026-09-25T00:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232052 wikitext text/x-wiki :''For þǣre byrig on Belgicum, seoh [[Brycg (burh)]].'' [[Biliþ:High Town, Bridgnorth.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cƿatbricg stigþ of Sæfern ofer]] '''Cƿatbrycg''', ēac '''Bricg''' gehāten, ({{Lang-en|Bridgnorth}}) is burh in [[Scrobbesbyrigscīr]]e on [[Englaland|Englum]]. Sēo burh stendeþ on hēahum hōhe ofer [[Sæfern]]e ēaƿe. {{stycce}} == Ūtanƿearde bendas == *[http://www.shropshiretourism.info/bridgnorth Scrobbesbyrigscīre Ymbscēawera Bred geƿrit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412141610/http://www.shropshiretourism.info/bridgnorth/ |date=2009-04-12 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312064745/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/places/bridgnorth/ BBC Scrobscīre geƿrit] *[http://www.bridgnorthfolkfest.co.uk/ Cƿatbrycge Folces Frēols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125004949/http://www.bridgnorthfolkfest.co.uk/ |date=2009-01-25 }} [[Biliþ:436 bus in the High Street - geograph.org.uk - 1453392 cropped.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cƿatbrycg Hēahstrǣt]] {{Ēa Sæfern tūnas}} {{Sæfern of Īsenbrycge oþ Bewedlig}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Scrobbesbyrigscīre]] [[Flocc:Tūnas be Sæferne]] p9cqkynvgkdp92a5tqc1gmbh0bh2zac 0 10783 232048 202942 2026-09-24T23:54:49Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{National football team women | |American = true Name = United States | Badge = 500px-US Soccer logo.png | Nickname = The Yanks <br /> The 91ers | Association = [[United States Football Federation]] | Confederation = [[CONCACAF]] ([[North America]]) | FIFA Trigramme = USA | Coach = {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Pia Sundhage]] | Asst Manager = {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Hege Riise]] | Captain = [[Christie Rampone]] | Most caps = [[Kristine Lilly]] (342) | Top scorer = [[Mia Hamm]] (158) | FIFA Rank = 1 | FIFA max = 1 | FIFA max date = July 2003 | FIFA min = 2 | FIFA min date = October 2003 | pattern_la1 = _usa20H | pattern_b1 = _usa20H | pattern_ra1 = _usa20H | pattern_sh1 = | pattern_so1 = _usa20H | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 000080 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _usa21a | pattern_b2 = _usa21a | pattern_ra2 = _usa21a | pattern_sh2 = _usa20A | pattern_so2 = _usa21al | leftarm2 = 000040 | body2 = 000040 | rightarm2 = 000040 | shorts2 = 000040 | socks2 = 000040| First game = {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italisc frēona þēodlic fōtballtēam|Italy]] 1–0 {{flagicon|USA}} United States<br />([[Jesolo]], [[Italy]]; August 18, 1985) | Largest win = {{flagicon|USA}} United States 12–0 {{flagicon|Martinique}} [[Martinique frēona þēodlic fōtballtēam|Martinique]]<br />([[Port-au-Prince]], [[Haiti]]; April 20, 1991) | Largest loss = {{flagicon|USA}} United States 0–4 {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilianisc frēona þēodlic fōtballtēam|Brazil]]<br />([[Hangzhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]; September 27, 2007) | World cup apps = 5 | World cup first = 1991 | World cup best = Ƿinneras, [[1991 FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe|1991]], [[1999 FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe|1999]] | Olympic apps = 4 | Olympic first = 1996 | Olympic best = Ƿinneras, [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]], [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]], [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] | Algarve cup apps = 13 | Algarve cup first = 1994 | Algarve cup best = Ƿinneras, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 | Regional name = [[CONCACAF Frēona Goldceampscipe|CONCACAF Frēona Goldċeampscipe]] | Regional cup apps = 3 | Regional cup first = [[2000 CONCACAF Frēona Goldceampscipe|2000]] | Regional cup best = Ƿinneras, [[2000 CONCACAF Frēona Goldceampscipe|2000]], [[2002 CONCACAF Frēona Goldceampscipe|2002]], [[2006 CONCACAF Frēona Goldceampscipe|2006]] }} Se '''Americanisc frēona þēodliċ fōtballtēam''' stent for þǣm [[USA|Ȝeānlǣhtran Rīċum American]] in ȝeondþēodliċum [[clīeƿen fōtball]]e, mid þǣm Americaniscan Fōtballclīeƿene ƿealdende ofer hīe. Se tēam hæfþ fyrst hād in þǣre ƿorule þȳ [[FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldhāda|FIFA Frēona Ƿorldhādum]].<ref name="test">[http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=usa/ranking/gender=f/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511211840/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=usa/ranking/gender=f/index.html |date=2015-05-11 }}, ēacatraht.</ref> Se tēam oferƿann tƿeȝen [[FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe|Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipas]] ([[1991 FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe|1991]] and [[1999 FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe|1999]]); þrīe [[Olympisc Gamen|Olympisce Frēona Gold Tācnu]] (1996, 2004 and 2008) and seofon [[Algarve Ceampscipe|Algarve Ċeampscipas]] (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2010). Se tēam pleȝode hiera fyrmest mæcca on 18 Ƿēodmōnðe, 1985, under hēafodƿite Mike Ryan (unȝesibbod tō 2005-2007 hēafodƿite Greg Ryan). <!-- In Hrēþmōnðe 2004, tƿeȝen hiera oferpleȝestra, [[Mia Hamm]] (who retired later that year after a post-[[2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic]] team tour of the USA) and [[Michelle Akers]] (who had already retired), were the only two women named to the [[FIFA 100]], a list of the 125 greatest living footballers chosen by [[Pelé]] as part of [[FIFA]]'s centenary observances. --> {{fōtball stycce}} == Fruman == {{reflist|2}} [[Flocc:Rīcisce fōtballtēamas]] [[Flocc:Geānedu Rīcu American]] la9qybro8ae9825n02u4yzgbkt5uroo 0 10797 232049 230518 2026-09-24T23:54:50Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox National football team | Name = Americanisc ƿera þēodlic fōtballtēam | Badge = United States Soccer Federation logo.svg | FIFA Trigramme = USA | Nickname = The Yanks | Association = [[United States Soccer Federation|United States<br>Soccer Federation]] | Confederation = [[CONCACAF]]<br />([[North America]]) | Coach = [[Mauricio Pochettino]] | Asst Manager = [[Mike Sorber]]<br />[[John Hackworth]]<br />[[Jesse Marsch]] | Most caps = [[Cobi Jones]] (164) | Top scorer = [[Landūn Dūnanwine]] (42) | Captain = [[Carlos Bocanegra]] | FIFA Rank = 18 | FIFA max = 4 | FIFA max date = April 2006 | FIFA min = 35 | FIFA min date = October 1997 | Elo Rank = 19 | Elo max = 4 | Elo max date = November 1885 - November 1886 | Elo min = 85 | Elo min date = October 1968 | pattern_la1 = _usa24h | pattern_b1 = _usa24h | pattern_ra1 = _usa24h | pattern_sh1 = _usa24h | pattern_so1 = _usa24h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = 112B88 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _usa24a | pattern_b2 = _usa24a | pattern_ra2 = _usa24a | pattern_sh2 = _usa24a | pattern_so2 = _usa24a | leftarm2 = 0000FF | body2 = 0000FF | rightarm2 = 0000FF | shorts2 = FF0000 | socks2 = FF0000 | First game = ''Unofficial'':<br />{{flagicon|USA|1877}} '''United States''' 0–1 [[Canada national soccer team|Canada]] {{flagicon|CAN|1868}} <br />([[Niweweorche (Nīwe Cēsarēa)|Niweweorche]]; 28 Blōtmōnaþ, 1885)<br />''Official'':<br />{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden national football team|Sweden]] 2–3 '''United States''' {{flagicon|USA|1912}}<br />([[Stoccholm]]; 20 Ƿēodmōnaþ, 1916) | Largest win = {{flagicon|USA}} '''United States''' 8–0 [[Barbados national football team|Barbados]] {{flagicon|BAR}} <br />([[Cursson, Californie|Cursson]]; 15 Sēremōnaþ, 2008) | Largest loss = {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Norðisc ƿera þēodlic fōtballtēam|Norþƿeȝ]] 11–0 '''United States''' {{flagicon|USA|1912}}<br />([[Osleah]]; 11 Ƿēodmōnaþ, 1948) | World cup apps = 8 | World cup first = 1930 | World cup best = Þridde Hād, [[1930 FIFA Ƿoruldceampscipe|1930]] | Regional name = [[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] | Regional cup apps = 10 | Regional cup first = [[1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1991]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup|1991]], [[2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2002]], [[2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2005]], [[2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup|2007]] | Confederations cup apps = 4 | Confederations cup first = 1992 | Confederations cup best = Ōðer, [[Confederations Cup 2009|2009]] | American = true }} Se '''Americanisc ƿera þēodliċ fōtballtēam''' stent for þǣm [[USA|Ȝeānlǣhtran Rīċum American]] in ȝeondþēodliċum [[clīeƿen fōtball]]e, mid þǣm Americaniscan Fōtballclīeƿene ƿealdende ofer hīe. Bȳ þǣm [[FIFA Ƿoruldhād]]um, se tēam hæfþ 18 hād in þǣre ƿoruld and ōðer in [[CONCACAF]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Solmōnaþ 2010 Ƿoruldhādas | url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/lastranking/gender=m/fullranking.html | accessdate=2010-03-28 | archivedate=2018-12-24 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011850/https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/lastranking/gender=m/fullranking.html}}</ref> ƿæs in þǣm læstan fīfan [[FIFA Ƿoruldceampscipe|FIFA Ƿoruldċeampscipum]], and in þǣm [[2010 FIFA Ƿoruldceampscipe|2010 FIFA Ƿoruldċeampscipe]] in [[Sūðaffrica|Sūþaffrice]] biþ. == Fruman == {{reflist|2}} == Ūtanƿeard hlenċe == * [http://www.ussoccer.com/ Rihtƿebbsīde] {{fōtball stycce}} [[Flocc:Rīcisce fōtballtēamas]] [[Flocc:Geānedu Rīcu American]] avxf0r2lbr8gm8bv9zvdk95qrghswvv 0 10897 232047 192557 2026-09-24T23:54:10Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232047 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:WWC2011logo.png|thumb|150px|2011 FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldċeampscipes rihttācn]] Se '''2011 FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe''' biþ se siexta [[FIFA Frēona Woruldceampscipe|FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe]], frēona [[clīeƿen fōtball|fōtballes]] campgelimp þe ān ǣlc fēoƿer gēar gelimpeþ. Hē gelimpeþ betƿēonan 26 Sēremōnþe and 17 Mǣdmōnþe 2011,<ref name="Date set">[http://www.fifa.com/womenworldcup/organisation/media/newsid=745754.html#fifa+womens+world+cup+2011+provisionally+june+july 2011 Man seteþ FIFA Frēona Ƿoruldceampscipe for 26 Sēremōnþe oþ 17 Mǣdmōnþe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503024750/http://www.fifa.com/womenworldcup/organisation/media/newsid=745754.html#fifa+womens+world+cup+2011+provisionally+june+july |date=2008-05-03 }}. FIFA.com. 16 Ēastermōnaþ 2008. Begeaten 29 Ēastermōnaþ 2008.</ref> in [[Þēodiscland|Germanie]] þe þæt riht begeat tō hæbbenne þæt gelimp in Ƿinterfylleðe 2007.<ref name="Germany to stage 2011 showpiece">[http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=625447.html Germany to stage 2011 showpiece] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308070023/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid%3D625447.html |date=2010-03-08 }}. FIFA.com. 30 October 2007. Accessed 29 April 2008.</ref> Sixtīene tēamas ƿill campaþ æt þā Ƿoruldceampscipes læste mæccan.<!-- Two-time defending world champions [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]] will be automatically qualified as the host nation. Other national teams will start qualification in their continental confederations in 2009 and 2010 respectively.--> == Fruman == {{reflist|2}} == Sēo ēac == * [[2010 FIFA Woruldceampscipe|2010 FIFA Ƿoruldceampscipe]] [[Flocc:Gyldfōtþōðer]] [[Flocc:Þēodscland]] tgahrc437t27q2cs46bj5s7wcr1vilp 0 10998 232065 213067 2026-09-25T00:11:12Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sports league | current_season = 2020–21 NHL tīma | logo = NHL tacn.png | caption = Man brēac þæt nīƿe NHL scield tācn in 2005, þe cƿōm in þǣm stede þæs ieldor geolurēad and sƿeart scield. | official languages = English, French | sport = [[Īshocig]] | founded = 1917 - [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] | ceo = [[Gary Bettman]] | teams = [[#List of teams|30]] | country = {{CAN}} (7 teams)<br />{{USA}} (24 teams) | champion = [[Washington Capitals]] (1) | most_champs = [[Montreal Canadiens]] <small>(24)</small><!-- Please before changing this note the Stanley Cup has not always been the League Championship. --><ref group="nb">Þā Montreal Canadiens ƿann 23 Stanley Cups on hiera tīde in þǣm NHL. Þēah, se Stanley Cup ne āƿa efne ƿæs þæs NHLes ceampscipeherelof. Þā Canadiens ƿǣron ēac þæs clīeƿenes ceampmenn in [[1919 Stanley Cup Finals|1918–19]] hƿonne sēo [[Spanish flu|Spēonisc sēocnes]] cƿellode þā Stanley Cup læstmæccan, and in [[1925 Stanley Cup Finals|1924–25]] hƿonne ƿǣron hīe sigelēas under þǣm [[Victoria Cougars]] in þǣm Stanley Cup læstmæccum, þe geþēoded mid þǣm [[Western Canada Hockey League|WCHL]] ƿǣron.</ref> | TV = '''CAN:''' [[Hockey Night in Canada|CBC]], [[NHL on TSN|TSN]], [[LNH à RDS|RDS]], [[Réseau Info-Sports|RIS]], [[NHL Network (Canada)]]<br /> '''USA:''' [[NHL on NBC|NBC]], [[NBCSN]], [[NHL Network]]<br /> | website = [http://www.nhl.com NHL.com] | Formerly=[[National Hockey Association]] }} Se '''National Hockey League (NHL)''' (''{{lang-fr|Ligue nationale de hockey – LNH}}''; on Englisce hātte ''Þēodlic Hōciges Geþoftscipe'') is <!--unincorporated--> unēacalic oferclīeƿen þe grēat andƿīs [[īshocig|īshocigclīeƿen]] ƿielt, mid 32 tēamas; 25 in American and 7 in Canadan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101005144047/http://www.bizofhockey.com/docs/NHLConsitution.pdf ''Constitution of the National Hockey League''] pp. 1-3</ref> Mid his hēafodstōƿe in [[Nīweoforwīcburg|Nīƿeoforƿīcbyrig]], þyncþ man se NHL se betst andƿīs īshocigclīeƿen þǣre ƿorulde,<ref name="premier">{{cite web |title=National Hockey League |first=James |last=Marsh |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005623 |publisher=Sēo Canadisc Ƿīsdōmbōc |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-06-11 |archivedate=2011-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518185959/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005623 }}</ref> and ān þāra Americanisca and Canadisca grēata andƿīsa indryhteclīeƿena. Se [[Stanley Cup]], se ieldesta andƿīs indryhte herelof in Norðamerican,<ref name="NHL.comFunFacts">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/cup/fun_facts.html |title=NHL.com - Stanley Cup Fun Facts |publisher=NHL |accessdate=2006-07-15 |archivedate=2011-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713095207/http://www.nhl.com/cup/fun_facts.html}}</ref> is gēare giefen tō þǣm campscīroðes<!--playoff--> ceampmannum on þǣm tīman ende. {{NHL map|left}} <!-- Hƿonne þū þis ȝeƿrit āƿendest, bidde mac þone template "NHL map|right" intō "NHL map|float=right" ƿeorðan --> Se National Hockey League begann in 1917 mid fēoƿer tēamum, and þurh mæniȝum tēama hƿeorfunga, nū 31 tēamas hæfþ, 24 steald in American and 7 in Canadan. Þā [[Montreal Canadiens]] sind se mǣst siȝeful tēam mid 24 [[Ȝetalu Stanley Cup ceampmanna|Stanley Cup ċeampscipum]].<!-- in the four major [[Major professional sports league#North American leagues|North American professional sports leagues]] the [[Montreal Canadiens]] are only surpassed in the number of championships by the [[New York Yankees]] of [[Major League Baseball]], who have two more. The next most successful franchise is the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] with 13 Stanley Cup championships, but they have not won one since 1967. The [[Detroit Red Wings]], with 11 Stanley Cup championships, is the most successful American franchise. The longest streak of winning the Stanley Cup in consecutive years is five, held by the Montreal Canadiens from 1955–56 to 1959–60; the [[New York Islanders]] (1980–1983) and the Montreal Canadiens (1976–1979) have four-year championship streaks.<ref name="list_stanley_cup">{{cite web |title=Stanley Cup Winners |url=http://proicehockey.about.com/od/stanleycupbunker/a/stanley_cuplist.htm |first=Jamie |last=Fitzpatrick |publisher=about.com |accessdate=2006-06-26 |year=2006}}</ref> The 1977 edition of the Montreal Canadiens, the second of four straight Stanley Cup champions, was named by [[ESPN]] as the second greatest sports team of all-time.<ref name="greatest team">{{cite web |title=The 10 greatest teams |url=http://espn.go.com/endofcentury/s/other/greatteams.html |author=ESPN |publisher=ESPN.com |date=1999–12–31 |accessdate=2006-06-26}}</ref> Of all the major leagues in Norðamerican, the NHL is the only league to field teams that play in two countries' capital cities, [[Ottaƿa]] and [[Hƿæsingatūn, D.C.]] The current league organization divides the teams into two conferences. Each conference has three divisions, and each division has five teams. The current organization has roots in the [[1998–99 NHL season|1998–99 season]] where a league realignment added two divisions to bring the total number of divisions to six; the current team alignment began with the [[2000–01 NHL season|2000–2001 season]] when the Minnesota Wild and the Columbus Blue Jackets joined the league as expansion teams. --> {| class="navbox wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:left" ! style="width:12%" | Dǣl ! style="width:23%" | Tēam ! style="width:19%" | Burg/Stede ! style="width:26%" | Spyrd ! style="width:10%" | Onsteald ! style="width:10%" | Ȝeþēoded |- ! style=background:white colspan=6 | Ēastern Underþoftscipe |- ! style="background-color:#DDDDFF" rowspan=8 | Atlantisc | '''[[Boston Bruins]]''' | [[Boston|Botwulfstūn]], [[Massachusetts|MA]] | [[TD Banknorth Garden]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1924 |- | '''[[Buffalo Sabres]]''' | [[Buffalū, Nīwe Eoforwīc|Buffalū]], [[Nīwe Eoforwīc|NY]] | [[HSBC Arena (Buffalū)|HSBC Arena]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1970 |- | '''[[Detroit Red Wings]]''' | [[Dēotford]], [[Michigan|MI]] | [[Joe Louis Arena]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1926 |- | '''[[Florida Panthers]]''' | [[Sunnerīs, Florida|Sunnerīs]], [[Florida|FL]] | [[BankAtlantic Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1993 |- | '''[[Montreal Canadiens]]''' | [[Montreal]], [[Quebec|QC]] | [[Bell Centre]] | align=center | 1909 | align=center | 1917 |- | '''[[Ottawa Senators]]''' | [[Ottawa|Ottaƿa]], [[Ontario|ON]] | [[Scotiabank Place]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1992 |- | '''[[Tampa Bay Lightning]]''' | [[Tampaby, Florida|Tampaby]], [[Florida|FL]] | [[St. Pete Times Forum]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1992 |- | '''[[Toronto Maple Leafs]]''' | [[Toronto]], [[Ontario|ON]] | [[Air Canada Centre]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1917 |- ! style="background-color:#FFDDFF" rowspan=8 | Metropolitan | '''[[Carolina Hurricanes]]''' | [[Rālege, Norþcarolīna|Rālege]], [[Norþcarolīna|NC]] | [[RBC Center]] | align=center | 1972 | align=center | 1979 |- | '''[[Columbus Blue Jackets]]''' | [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio|OH]] | [[Nationwide Arena]] | colspan=2 align=center | 2000 |- | '''[[New Jersey Devils]]''' | [[Nīƿeƿeorc, Nīƿe Cēsarēa|Nīƿeƿeorc]], [[Nīwe Cēsarēa|NJ]] | [[Prudential Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1974 |- | '''[[New York Islanders]]''' | [[Nīƿeoforƿīcburg]], [[Nīƿe Eoforƿīc|NY]] | [[Barclays Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1972 |- | '''[[New York Rangers]]''' | [[Nīƿeoforƿīcburg]], [[Nīƿe Eoforƿīc|NY]] | [[Madison Square Garden]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1926 |- | '''[[Philadelphia Flyers]]''' | [[Phīladelelfia]], [[Pennsylvānia|PA]] | [[Wachovia Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1967 |- | '''[[Pittsburgh Penguins]]''' | [[Pyttesburh]], [[Pennsylvania|PA]] | [[Mellon Arena]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1967 |- | '''[[Washington Capitals]]''' | [[Hƿæsingatūn, D.C.]] | [[Verizon Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1974 |- ! style=background:white colspan=6 | Ƿestern Underþoftscipe |- ! style="background-color:#FFEECC" rowspan="7" | Middel | '''[[Chicago Blackhawks]]''' | [[Chicago]], [[Illinois|IL]] | [[United Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1926 |- | '''[[Colorado Avalanche]]''' | [[Denver]], [[Colorado|CO]] | [[Pepsi Center]] | align=center | 1972 | align=center | 1979 |- | '''[[Dallas Stars]]''' | [[Dallas]], [[Texas|TX]] | [[American Airlines Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1967 |- | '''[[Minnesota Wild]]''' | [[St. Pāul, Minnesota|St. Pāul]], [[Minnesota|MN]] | [[Xcel Energy Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 2000 |- | '''[[Nashville Predators]]''' | [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee|TN]] | [[Sommet Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1998 |- | '''[[St. Louis Blues]]''' | [[St. Lūis, Missouri|St. Lūis]], [[Missouri|MO]] | [[Scottrade Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1967 |- | '''[[Winnipeg Jets]]''' | [[Ƿinnipeg]], [[Manitoba|MB]] | [[MTS Centre]] | colspan=2 align=center |1999 |- ! style="background-color:#FFFFDD" rowspan=8 | Pacifisc | '''[[Anaheim Ducks]]''' | [[Anahaim, California|Anahaim]], [[California|CA]] | [[Honda Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1993 |- | '''[[Arizona Coyotes]]''' | [[Glendal, Arizona|Glendal]], [[Arizona|AZ]] | [[Jobing.com Arena]] | align=center | 1972 | align=center | 1979 |- | '''[[Calgary Flames]]''' | [[Calgary]], [[Alberta|AB]] | [[Pengrowth Saddledome]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1972 |- | '''[[Edmonton Oilers]]''' | [[Ēdmundūn]], [[Alberta|AB]] | [[Rogers Place]] | align=center | 1972 | align=center | 1979 |- | '''[[Los Angeles Kings]]''' | [[Los Angeles|Los Andēles]], [[California|CA]] | [[Staples Center]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1967 |- | '''[[San Jose Sharks]]''' | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California|CA]] | [[SAP Center at San Jose]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1991 |- | '''[[Vancouver Canucks]]''' | [[Vancouver]], [[Bryttisc Columbia|BC]] | [[Rogers Arena]] | colspan=2 align=center | 1970 |- | '''[[Vegas Golden Knights]]''' | [[Lās Wegas, Nevada|Lās Wegas]], [[Nevada|NV]] | [[T-Mobile Arena]] | colspan=2 align=center | 2017 |} == Undergeƿritu == <small><div class="references-small"> <references group="nb" /> </div></small> == Fruman == {{reflist|2}} == Sēo ēac == * [[Getalu NHL tēama]] [[Flocc:Īshocig]] [[Flocc:NHL]] {{NHL}} hct8z8y2v93hm9ggvobg2prtyj2w3qt 0 11154 232061 221703 2026-09-25T00:09:17Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Līfclēofa''' (ēac ānfealdlīce ''clēofa'' gehāten and on Nīwenglisce ''cell'' gehāten) is grundlicost dǣl līfes. Hē wæs ǣrest fram [[Robert Hooke|Roberte Hooke]] onfunden, and hē is grundlicost dǣl eallra gecūðra libbendra wihta. Hē is se lǣsta dǣl līfes þe is tōmearcod swā "libbende", and is hwīlum þæt "līftimber" gehāten. <ref name="Alberts2002">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Cell+Movements+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Vertebrate+Body+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+374635%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4.section.3919 Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body] in Chapter 21 of ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=cell+biology+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+373693%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4 Molecular Biology of the Cell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107042548/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=cell%20biology%20AND%20mboc4%5Bbook%5D%20AND%20373693%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4 |date=2014-01-07 }}'' fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science.<br /> The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing [[embryo]]s. It is also common to describe small molecules such as [[amino acid]]s as "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=%22all+cells%22+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+372023%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4.section.4#23 molecular building blocks]".</ref> Suma wihta, tō bȳsne se mǣsta dǣl [[stengwiht]]a, habbaþ efne ānne līfclēofan; ōðra wihta, tō bȳsne [[mann|menn]] habbaþ manige clēofan. (Menn habbaþ fornēan 10¹⁴ (þe is fornēan ān hund þūsenda þūsenda þūsenda þūsenda) clēofena; gewunelicu lifclēofan micelness is tīenra smælmetera; gewunelic līfclēofan wiht is ānes dweorgsāmpeninges). Se mǣsta gecūða clēofa is unsǣdod [[strȳta]]n æges clēofa, þe hæfþ wiht þreora and þreora tēoðena punda.<ref>{{cite book | last = Campbell | first = Neil A. | authorlink = | coauthors = Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden | title = Biology: Exploring Life | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall | date = 2006 | location = Boston, Massachusetts | pages = | url = http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-13-250882-6 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html |date=2014-11-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mitzi Perdue |url=http://www.eggscape.com/birds.htm |title=Facts about Birds and Eggs |accessdate=2010-04-15 |archivedate=2010-04-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428131247/http://www.eggscape.com/birds.htm }}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Līc]] [[flocc:Nīwlicu word]] tpxiayk0hr1vl9q835djwalmn37ljio 0 11187 232063 230000 2026-09-25T00:10:38Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NHL Team | CAN_eng=1 |team_name = Montreal Canadiens<br /><small>(Canadiens de Montréal)</small><!--Do not revert, as per the talk page of this article. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Montreal_Canadiens#Top_Infobox.--> |current = 2023–24 NHL tīma |bg_color = #BF2F38 |text_color = red |logo_image = Canadiens tacn.gif |conference = Ēastern |division = Norþēast |founded = 4 Ȝēolmōnaþ, 1909 |history = '''Montreal Canadiens'''<br />1909–1917 ([[National Hockey Association|NHA]])<br />1917–nū ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]) |arena = '''[[Bell Centre]]''' (Centre Bell) |city = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] |uniform_image=ECN-Uniform-MTL.PNG |team_colors = rēad, hƿīt, blæƿen<br />{{color box|rgb(190,47,55)}} {{color box|rgb(255,255,255)}} {{color box|rgb(33,56,111)}} |media_affiliates = <u>'''English'''</u><br />[[CJAD (AM)|CJAD (800 AM)]]<br /><u>'''French'''</u><br />[[Réseau des sports|RDS]]<br />[[CKAC (AM)|CKAC (730 AM)]] |head_coach = {{flagicon|CAN}} Jacques Martin |general_manager = {{flagicon|CAN}} Pierre Gauthier |owner = {{flagicon|CAN}} Molson family |president = {{flagicon|CAN}} Pierre Boivin |captain = {{flagicon|USA}} Brian Gionta |minor_league_affiliates = [[Hamilton Bulldogs]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]])<br />[[Cincinnati Cyclones]] ([[ECHL]]) |stanley_cups = [[1915–16 NHA season|1915–16]], [[1923–24 NHL season|1923–24]], [[1929–30 NHL season|1929–30]], [[1930–31 NHL season|1930–31]], [[1943–44 NHL season|1943–44]], [[1945–46 NHL season|1945–46]], [[1952–53 NHL season|1952–53]], [[1955–56 NHL season|1955–56]], [[1956–57 NHL season|1956–57]], [[1957–58 NHL season|1957–58]], [[1958–59 NHL season|1958–59]], [[1959–60 NHL season|1959–60]], [[1964–65 NHL season|1964–65]], [[1965–66 NHL season|1965–66]], [[1967–68 NHL season|1967–68]], [[1968–69 NHL season|1968–69]], [[1970–71 NHL season|1970–71]], [[1972–73 NHL season|1972–73]], [[1975–76 NHL season|1975–76]], [[1976–77 NHL season|1976–77]], [[1977–78 NHL season|1977–78]], [[1978–79 NHL season|1978–79]], [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]], [[1992–93 NHL season|1992–93]] |conf_titles = [[1975–76 NHL season|1975–76]], [[1976–77 NHL season|1976–77]], [[1977–78 NHL season|1977–78]], [[1978–79 NHL season|1978–79]], [[1980–81 NHL season|1980–81]], [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]], [[1988–89 NHL season|1988–89]], [[1992–93 NHL season|1992–93]] <!-- Conference titles are not officially won until a team makes it to the Stanley Cup finals per the NHL. Please do not add finishing first in conference during regular season. --> |division_titles = [[1927–28 NHL season|1927–28]], [[1928–29 NHL season|1928–29]], [[1929–30 NHL season|1929–30]], [[1930–31 NHL season|1930–31]], [[1931–32 NHL season|1931–32]], [[1936–37 NHL season|1936–37]], [[1967–68 NHL season|1967–68]], [[1968–69 NHL season|1968–69]], [[1972–73 NHL season|1972–73]], [[1974–75 NHL season|1974–75]], [[1975–76 NHL season|1975–76]], [[1976–77 NHL season|1976–77]], [[1977–78 NHL season|1977–78]], [[1978–79 NHL season|1978–79]], [[1979–80 NHL season|1979–80]], [[1980–81 NHL season|1980–81]], [[1981–82 NHL season|1981–82]], [[1984–85 NHL season|1984–85]], [[1987–88 NHL season|1987–88]], [[1988–89 NHL season|1988–89]], [[1991–92 NHL season|1991–92]], [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08]] }} Þā '''Montreal Canadiens''' ({{lang-fr|Les Canadiens de Montréal}}, {{lang-ang|Montreāl Gefēran}}) sind andƿīs [[īshociȝ|īshociȝtēam]] steald in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada|Cænadan]]. Hīe sind ȝesīðas þæs Norþēastes Dǣles þæs Ēasternes Þoftscipes þæs [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Se tēam is rihtcūþ sƿā ''{{lang|fr|le Club de hockey Canadien}}''.<ref name="Canadiens-Privacy">{{cite web | author = Club de hockey Canadien, Inc. | title = Montreal Canadians: Privacy Policy | publisher = canadiens.com | year = 2008 | url = http://canadiens.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=NHLPage&id=16903 | accessdate = 2008-09-04 | archivedate = 2008-12-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216164421/http://canadiens.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=NHLPage&id=16903 }}</ref> Frenċisc ymbenaman for þǣm tēame beinniaþ ''Les Canadiens'' (oþþe ''Le Canadien''), ''Le Bleu-Blanc-et-Rouge'', ''La Sainte-Flanelle'',<ref name="NationalPost-Religion">{{cite web | last = Hamilton | first = Graeme | title = Are the Canadiens a religion? | work = National Post | publisher = The National Post Company | date = 2008-10-22 | url = http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=901528 | accessdate = 2008-12-12 | archivedate = 2008-10-24 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20081024103631/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=901528 }}</ref> ''Le Tricolore'', ''Les Glorieux'' (oþþe ''Nos Glorieux''), ''Les [[Habitants]]'' and ''Le Grand Club''. On Inglisce, þæs tēames hēafodymbenama is þā ''Habs'' (''"Hæbs"''), scortnes "Les Habitants". (Ēac on Inglisce, man brȳcþ āƿa þone Frenċisc bōcstæfing, ''Canadiens''.) Onsteald in 1909, þā Canadiens sind se langost þurhstande fremmende andƿīs īshociȝtēam, and se efne nū NHL tēam þe fore NHL onstelle onsteald ƿæs, ēac ān þāra ieldostra Ƿīnlendiscra indryhtetēama. Se tēam is ān þāra "Formestra Siexa" tēama; tēamas þe ȝeþēoded mid þǣm NHL ƿǣron, fram 1942 oþ þā 1967 āþenunge. Þȳ unȝeþēodunge þāra [[Quebec Nordiques]] in 1995, þā Canadiens se efne NHL tēam in Quebec sind. Se tēames ċeampscipetīma in [[1992–93 NHL tīma|1992–93]] ƿæs se læst tīma Cænadisc tēam þone [[Stanley Cup]] ƿann.<ref name="CanadaCup">{{cite web|url=http://proicehockey.about.com/od/stanleycupbunker/a/stanley_cuplist.htm|title=The Complete List of Stanley Cup Champions|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2006-02-14|year=2007|archivedate=2013-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424154149/http://proicehockey.about.com/od/stanleycupbunker/a/stanley_cuplist.htm}}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist}} {{NHL}} [[Flocc:Īshocig]] [[Flocc:NHL]] [[Flocc:Īshocigteamas þāra Cwebec]] 6h97dmrwhb5gns17qqhubz8gmr4bn5i 0 11568 232057 210908 2026-09-25T00:06:13Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Read handfisc.jpg | name = Handfisc | fossil_range = | fossil_range = {{fossil range|55|0}} <br />[[Eocene]] oþ nū<ref>{{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | issue = | pages = 560 | publisher = | location = | date = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | doi = | id = | accessdate = 01/08/08 | archivedate = 2011-07-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class }}</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Lophiiformes]] | familia = '''Brachionichthyidae''' | genus = | genus_authority = | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Brachionichthys]]'' [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1855<br /> ''[[Brachiopsilus]]'' Last & Gledhill, 2009<br /> ''[[Pezichthys]]'' Last & Gledhill, 2009<br /> ''[[Sympterichthys]]'' Gill, 1878<br /> ''[[Thymichthys]]'' Last & Gledhill, 2009<br /> }} '''Handfiscas''' sind [[angelfisc]]as in þǣre cnēorise '''Brachionichthyidae''', clīeƿen mid fīfum cnōslum and fēoƿertīenum cyndum.<ref>{{aut|Last, P.R.}}; {{aut|Gledhill, D.C.}} 2009: A revision of the Australian handfishes (Lophiiformes: Brachionichthyidae), with descriptions of three new genera and nine new species. ''Zootaxa'', '''2252''': 1-77. [http://www.mapress.com./zootaxa/2009/f/z02252p077f.pdf Abstract & excerpt] [http://www.mapress.com./zootaxa/2009/f/zt02252p077.pdf PDF]</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist}} == Ūtanƿeard hlenċan == * [http://www.spiegel.de/video/video-43614.html Handfisces scēaƿe] * [http://www.csiro.au/multimedia/Handfish-walking-to-extinction.html Ƿādiaþ handfiscas onȝēan fuldēaþ? (podcæst)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528034649/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/photogalleries/100524-new-species-handfish-walk-science-pictures/?now=2010-05-24-00:01#new-handfish-species-pink_20881_600x450.jpg National Geographic, beinnaþ biliðas] [[Flocc:Fiscas]] ri6o6j67jjnmme9gazh42gpf3zsbdin 0 12006 232062 167970 2026-09-25T00:09:54Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Biliþ:Motu logo.jpg|right]] '''Masters of the Universe''' (ȝemǣne sceorted sƿā '''MOTU'''; and ȝemǣne cūþ sƿā ''[[He-Man]]'', þȳ hēafdum hæleðe) is [[media franchise]] bȳ [[Mattel]].<ref name="Panda director 'for He-Man movie">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7860384.stm|title= Panda director 'for He-Man movie|accessdate=2009-09-24 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher= |date= 2009-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117965714.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|title= He-Man returns to big screen|accessdate= 2009-10-02|work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher= |date= 2007-05-23|first= Michael|last= Fleming|archivedate= 2009-04-14|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090414180514/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117965714.html?categoryid=13&cs=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Can't keep He-Man down; Once viewed by children's advocates as toy makers' shill, the cartoon hero is back, minus controversy |publisher= LA Times|date=|url= http://articles.latimes.com/2002/dec/22/entertainment/ca-solomon22/2|accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist}} ninh83s49uxlhsibpaxmjjoq4plkqmu 0 17982 232066 223952 2026-09-25T00:11:22Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232066 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:Gyanendra 01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gyanendra Cyning]] Se '''Nepal Cyning''' ricsode on [[Nepal]]e þæm rīce siððan þæs landes ānhād in 1768 oð þære onwendunge in þæm rīce in 2008 þan wæs [[Gyanendra Nepal Cyning|Gyanendra Cyning]] aweopen. In þissa hele ylde wæs se cyning þæs [[Shah Cynecynn]], se wæs be [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] Gurkha cyning gestaþoled. Þāra cyninge binama in þæm Nepaliscan gereorde is '''Mahārājādhirāja'''. Se cynedōm ofer eallum Nepal wæs arǣred in 1768 þan Prithvi Narayan Shah fang to rīce ofer eallum Nepale. He wæs awearpen on 28 Þrimilchmōnaþ 2008 be þæm [[Nepalisca Grundgesetneswritenda Gemōt|Nepaliscan Grundgesetneswritendan Gemōte]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7424302.stm Nepal votes to abolish monarchy]</ref> Æt þæm ilcan tīd awearp he Nepales stōwlican bregorīcu in [[Hēah Mustang|Mustange]], [[Bajhang]]e, [[Salyan]]e, and [[Jajarkot]]e.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abolishment of subnational monarchies |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/08/content_10167598.htm |accessdate=2016-05-29 |archivedate=2009-06-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609135318/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/08/content_10167598.htm}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Nepal Cyningas== {|class="wikitable" |- !Nama !Nepalisce !Līf !colspan="2"|Rīce !Glēsing !Gelicnes |- |'''[[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]''' || |वडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वीनारायण शाह || 1723 to 1775 || 25 Hāligmōnaþ 1768 || 11 þæs Æfterran Gēol 1775 |Nara Bhupal Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Prithvi Narayan Shah.jpg|center|75px|Prithvi Narayan Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Pratap Singh Shah]]''' || प्रतापसिंह शाह || 1751 to 1777 || 11 Þæs Æfterran Gēola 1775 || 17 Blōtmōnaþ 1777 || Prithvi Narayan Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Pratap_Singh_Shah.jpg|center|75px|Pratap Singh Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Rana Bahadur Shah]]''' || रण बहादुर शाह || 1775 to 1806 || 17 Blōtmōnaþ 1777 || 8 Hrēþmōnaþ 1799 || (''forscrāh'')<br/> Pratap Singh Shah sunu || [[Ymele:King Rana Bahadur Shah 2.jpg|center|75px|Rana Bahadur Shah]] |- |'''[[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]''' || गीर्वाणयुद्ध विक्रम शाह || 1797 to 1816 || 8 Hrēþmōnaþ 1799 || 20 Blōtmōnaþ 1816 || Rana Bahadur Shah sunu || [[Ymele:King Girvan Yuddhavikram Shah (1797-1816) LACMA M.76.129.jpg|center|75px|Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]] |- |'''[[Rajendra Nepal Cyning|Rajendra Bikram Shah]]''' || राजेन्द्र विक्रम शाह || 1813 to 1881 || 20 Blōtmōnaþ 1816 || 12 Þrimilcemōnaþ 1847<br/>(''forscrāh'')</small> || Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:King Rajendra Bikram Shah Deva.jpg|center|75px|Rajendra Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Surendra of Nepal|Surendra Bikram Shah]]''' || सुरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह || 20 Winterfylleþ 1829 || 15 Þrimilcemōnaþ 1881 || 12 Þrimilcemōnaþ 1847 || Rajendra Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Surendra Bikram Shah.jpg|center|75px|Surendra Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Prithvi Nepal Cyning|Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah]]''' || पृथ्वी बीर विक्रम शाह || 18 Wēodmōnaþ 1875 || 11 Gēolmōnaþ 1911 || 17 Þrimilcemōnaþ 1881 - 11 Gēolmōnaþ 1911 || Surendra Bikram Shah sunsunnu || [[Ymele:Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|center|75px|Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Tribhuvan Nepal Cyning|Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah]]''' || त्रिभुवन वीर विक्रम शाह || 30 Seremōnaþ 1906 || 13 Hrēþmōnaþ 1955 || 11 Gēolmōnaþ 1911 - 7 Blōtmōnaþ 1950<br><small>(''fōr on wræcce'')</small> || Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|center|75px|Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah]] |- |'''[[Gyanendra Nepal Cyning|Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah]]''' || ज्ञानेन्द्र शाह || 7 Mǣdmōnaþ 1947 || - || 7 Blōtmōnaþ 1950 - 7 Þæs Æfterran Gēola 1951<br><small>(''forscrāh'')</small> || Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah sunsunnu || [[Ymele:Gyanendra 01.jpg|center|75px|Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Tribhuvan Nepal Cyning|Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah]]'''<br><small>(''edstaþoled'')</small> || त्रिभुवन वीर विक्रम शाह || 30 Seremōnaþ 1906 || 13 Hrēþmōnaþ 1955 || 7 Þæs Æfterran Gēola 1951 - 13 Hrēþmōnaþ 1955 || Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|center|75px|Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah]] |- |'''[[Mahendra Nepal Cyning|Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah]]''' || महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह || 11 Seremōnaþ 1920 || 31 Þæs Æfterran Geōl 1972 || 14 Hrēþmōnaþ 1955 - 31 Þæs Æfterran Gēola 1972 || Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Portrait of Mahendra.jpg|center|75px|Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Birendra Nepal Cyning|Birendra Bir Bikram Shah]]''' || वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह || 12 Gēolmōnaþ 1945 || 1 Seremōnaþ 2001 || 31 Se Æfterra Gēola 1972 - 1 Sēremōnaþ 2001<br><small>(''geslean'')</small> || Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Birendra Bir Bikram Shah.jpg|center|75px|Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |- |'''[[Dipendra Nepal Cyning|Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah]]''' || दीपेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह || 27 Seremōnaþ 1971 || 4 Seremōnaþ 2001 || 1 Sēremōnaþ 2001 - 4 Sēremōnaþ 2001<br><small>(''selfcwal'')</small> || Birendra Bir Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Sin foto.svg|center|75px|Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Nepal Æþeling]] |- |'''[[Gyanendra Nepal Cyning|Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah]]'''<br><small>(''oþer cynedom'')</small>|| ज्ञानेन्द्र शाह || 7 Mǣdmōnaþ 1947 || þone God nerie || 4 Sēremōnaþ 2001 - 28 Þrimilcemōnaþ 2008<br><small>(''awearpon'')</small> || Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah sunu || [[Ymele:Gyanendra 01.jpg|center|75px|Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Nepal Cyning]] |} {{clear}} {| |- | [[Ymele:Coat of arms of Nepal (1962–2008).svg|right|thumb|200px|Se Nepalisca Cynelica tæcn]] || [[Ymele:Royal standard of Nepal.svg|right|thumb|200px|Nepales Cynelica Wrixel]] |} ==Frūman== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Cyningas]] [[Flocc:Nepal|Cyningas]] n4mpni2qgs2656ylzc2e9r6p04lduwq 0 18515 232053 218268 2026-09-25T00:00:25Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:King's College royal charter 1827 leaf1.jpg|right|thumb|300px| Sēo Cynelice bōc sēo Georgius IV Cyning gebōcede in 1827, þærbe gestaðoled he Cyninges Gefealƿascipe, Toronto]] [[File:Charter of King's College, London. Coloured engraving by H.D Wellcome V0017197.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Biliþ be Smiþ gemynding Cyninges Gefealƿascipes Lunden bōc in 1829]] '''Cynelicu bōc''' is geƿrit gegeafen of þæm ƿealdende þærbe geaf he sundorriht oððe scīr to man oððe [[lichād]]. Cyningas nyttaþ bēc to gestaðolenne miclan gildas to bysne sƿa ceastre (mid [[burgbōc]]um) oððe eormengyldas and [[Gelǣred fērscipe|gelǣred fērscipas]]. Bēc sind mæror þon ƿunelicu geƿritas siððan cynelicu bōc hæfþ ēce gefremniss. Oftost is Cynelicu Bōc geƿriten as a high-quality geƿeorc of [[handgewritcræft|handgeƿritcræft]]e on [[bōcfel]]le. Bretta cyningas and cƿēna and hiera foregengan habbaþ gebōcod mār þon 980 cynelican bēc.<ref>[http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/ Gebōcedu hādas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115122125/http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/chartered-bodies/ |date=2013-11-15 }}: Sundorgeþing</ref> Of þissum ymbe 750 bēc abidaþ in existence. Sēo ǣrreste is sēo cynelice bōc to [[Tægn]] þære byrig gegeafen in 1066, þærof is hēo [[Scotland]]es ieldste [[Cynelicu burh|Cynelicu Burh]], þan þære cynelicu bōc of [[Grantanbrygce Eormengield]] in 1231. Ælc gear gebōceþ sēo Bretta Cƿēn bēc to ƿeorðigum gyldum and burgum. Siððan þære [[Middleylda|Middleyldum]] in [[Europe|Europan]] habbaþ bregas gegiefen bēc to gesceappenne ceastre, se is byrig mid rihte and sundrorrihtum, and man mōt secgan þe þære bēc dæg is þære ceatre staðoldæg, būtan þe sƿylc stōƿ ƿæs ærror tūn. Ær ƿæs cynelicu bōc sēo ān ƿīse þærbe mōt gyld oððe tēoh ƿeard rihtlic, ac in todæges ceapfulle ƿorulde sind oþra ƿīse. == Ūtƿeard hlencas == *[http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/royal-charters/ Sundorgeþing] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120124155916/http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/whoweare/publicpurposes/ Sēo Cynelice bōc þæs BBC] *[http://www.humanities.org.au/About/Charter.htm Sēo Cynelice bōc þære Australiscan Academie þāra Manlārcræfta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318200647/http://www.humanities.org.au/About/Charter.htm |date=2007-03-18 }} *[http://www.ppd.bham.ac.uk/policy/charter/charter.htm Sēo Cynelice bōc þæs Beormingaham Eormengyldes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507035736/http://www.ppd.bham.ac.uk/policy/charter/charter.htm |date=2008-05-07 }} *[http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/charter/ Sēo Cynelice bōc of Roðos Īeg and Providence Landsetung (1663)] *[http://merchantsofthestapleofengland.co.uk/ Ceapmenn þæs Stapol of Englalande] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622212511/http://www.merchantsofthestapleofengland.co.uk/ |date=2017-06-22 }} ==Frūman== {{reflist|30em}} 7jjgvatijul6xsd4j7r67t93jt7k2b4 0 19692 232068 231138 2026-09-25T00:17:13Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ymele:2007 newsagent London 383066058.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tīdġeƿriþec]] '''Tīdġeƿrit''' is oftost geƿrit se man sƿutoleþ tīdliċe, ƿiċ is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. Sƿẏlċe ġeƿrites earnung is of ceapiƿunge, fram his agnum ċēap, be foreaġolden underƿritenda ġeld, or þrēora combination. ==Tīdġeƿrita stǣr== Sēo ǣrroste bẏsen of tīdġeƿrit ƿæs ġeƿrit on Ġermanie be naman ''Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen'' (se is 'Ontmbrende Monaþliċe Mæðelcƿidas') and þes ƿæs tīdġeƿrit for sċopcræfte and ūþƿitigung, se man sƿutoleþ in 1663.<ref>[http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ History of magazines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/ |date=2013-10-29 }}: Magazine Designing ({{lang-en.on}}</ref> ''The Gentleman's Magazine'' ('Ðæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit') ƿæs ǣrreste ġesƿutoled in 1731 in [[Lunden|Lundne]] and he ƿæs se forma gemǣne-interest tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær/> Ēadƿēard adihtede ''Þæs Secġes Tīdġeƿrit'' under his binaman "Sẏlvanus Urban" and he ƿæs se forma man þe nẏttede þæt Nīƿænglisċe ƿord "magazine" for his ġeƿrit æfter the analogy of a military storehouse.<ref>''OED'', ''s.v.'' "Magazine", and {{cite web|url=http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|title=Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755|website=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com|accessdate=2019-10-31|archivedate=2013-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127040136/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695}}</ref> In 1842, Herbert Ingram staðolde ''The Illustrated London News'' ('Sēo Biliþberendu Lunden Tīdung') and þes ġeƿrit ƿæs se ǣrresta biliþberenda tīdġeƿrit.<ref name=stær>[https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines The History of Magazines]: ''Magazines.com'' ({{lang-en.on}})</ref> ==Glēsing== {{reflist}} [[Flocc:Gewrit]] lh7v9244fe2t6oalwtjbeyksex57m71 0 19987 232064 209707 2026-09-25T00:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film | name = Mortal Engines | image = | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Christian Rivers]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Zane Weiner]] * Amanda Walker * [[Deborah Forte]] * [[Fran Walsh]] * [[Peter Jackson]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Fran Walsh * [[Philippa Boyens]] * Peter Jackson }} | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Mortal Engines]]''|[[Philip Reeve]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Hera Hilmar]] * [[Robert Sheehan]] * [[Hugo Weaving]] * [[Jihae (rock musician)|Jihae]] * [[Ronan Raftery]] * [[Leila George]] * [[Patrick Malahide]] * [[Stephen Lang]] }} | music = [[Junkie XL|Tom Holkenborg]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Junkie XL Scoring 'Mortal Engines' Movie Adaptation |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/06/18/junkie-xl-scoring-mortal-engines-movie-adaptation/ |publisher=Film Music Reporter |accessdate=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619014155/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/06/18/junkie-xl-scoring-mortal-engines-movie-adaptation/ |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |df= }}</ref> | cinematography = Simon Raby | editing = Jonno Woodford-Robinson | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name=insight>{{cite web|url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|title=Film releases|work=[[Variety Insight]]|accessdate=2017-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205105405/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|archive-date=2018-02-05|url-status=live|df=}}</ref> * [[Media Rights Capital]]<ref name=insight/> * [[WingNut Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mortal-engines-review-1166727|title='Mortal Engines': Film Review|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 5, 2018|accessdate=December 17, 2018}}</ref> }} | distributor = Universal Pictures | released = {{Film date|2018|11|27|[[London]]|2018|12|7|New Zealand|2018|12|14|United States}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mortal-engines-2018|title=MORTAL ENGINES {{!}} British Board of Film Classification|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-11-28|accessdate=2020-06-29|archivedate=2020-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607034653/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mortal-engines-2018}}</ref> | country = {{ubl|New Zealand|United States}} | language = English | budget = $100–150 million<ref name="preview"/> | gross = $83.7 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=Mortal Engines (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mortalengines.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=June 12, 2019}}</ref> }} '''''Mortal Engines''''' is 2018 [[eȝe]]-lufu film þe [[Christian Rivers]] ƿorhte and bebēad, fram þǣre bēċ ''[[Mortal Engines]]'' by [[Philip Reeve]] numen. {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Flocc:Filme]] [[Flocc:Eȝe]] [[Flocc:Dracūl]] 52xqw21r5udy4c09t73lognrnxc93ni 0 25072 232056 227854 2026-09-25T00:02:08Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Enġelasburg |flocc = [[:Flocc:Sċīrbyrig on Californie|Scirburg]] |underrice = {{flag|Cælifornia}} |scir = {{flagcountry|Enġelassċīr}} |brædu = |lengu = |biliþ = Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg |brǣdu = |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Enġelasburg''' ({{lang-es|Los Ángeles}}; {{lang-en|Los Angeles}}), is grēat burg on þǣm [[Geānedu Rīcu American|Geāndum Rīcum Ƿīnlandes]]. Hit is [[California|Californie]] mǣst burg æfter lēodrǣdenne, and hēo is sēo ōðru burg þāra Geāndena Rīca on lēodrǣdne æfter [[Nīwe Eoforwīc|Nīƿum Eoforƿīce]] - æfter þǣre folctellunge þæs 2010. gēares ƿæs his lēodrǣden 3,792,621 lēoda. His landscipe is 469 fēoƿerscētra mīla brād. Hit is sēo heorte þæs Māran Los Angeles Landscipes, þe hafaþ nēan 18 þūsenda þūsenda lēoda þȳ 2010. gēare, and for þǣm is se burglīca landscipe ān þāra mǣstena burglīcena landscipa þǣre ƿorulde æfter lēodrǣdne. Se Spēonisca gȳmend Felipe de Neve staðolode Los Angeles on þǣm 4. dæge Hāligmōnðes þæs 1781. gēares. Hit ƿearþ dǣl [[Mexico|Mexicƿes]] þȳ 1821. gēare æfter þǣm Mexiciscan Sealfƿealdes Ƿīge. Þæs 1848. gēares, æfter þǣm Ƿīge Merxicƿes and þāra Geāndena Rīca, bohton þā Geāndan Rīcu Los Angeles and ēac ealle Californie, þe ƿæs ƿæstm þǣre Fōreƿarde of Guadalupe Hidalgo. == Nama == === Sēo burg of þǣm engelas === Hwæt, on þam wærmum [[Hāligmōnað]]dæg, on þǣm tīde þe wæs 1781, fōr a flocc of fyrtīfēower hæleð on hæþenweorc. Hīe wæron gehāten ''Los Pobladores'', and hīe cōmon fram manegum stōwum, ælc wið his agen hopa and dreogan. Hīe ēodon tōgædere þurh ǣlces līfþræces hylle and feldwearde, fylgend ūser hyder ūser wæterflōwende stīge.<ref name="almanac">{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|title=Settlement of Los Angeles|website=Los Angeles Almanac|language=Niwenglisc Americanisc|access-date=September 2, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084302/http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Þā hīe æt lǣstan stōdun, hīe Ƿēndon ūser tō þǣm land,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-12-me-2-story.html|title=Ooh L.A. L.A.|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 12, 1991|access-date=October 24, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111235047/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-12-me-2-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> þǣr þā wæterflōw hæfde ēowrice and þā hyll þǣr ūpēogan. Hit wæs þǣr hīe gewitenan hīwisc hēaþe. Wīðhēafod and folces ealdrīce hīe healdan, hīe mycel weorcum gewyrhtan ēac rīce, hīe sealc wiþ heora cīeland and healdan to þes nū Ƿynscymn, El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, eallða: "Ur Hlæfdige Engela Cwen and hēanweorc wæstan".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-26-me-name26-story.html|title=City of Angels' First Name Still Bedevils Historians|first=Bob|last=Pool|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 26, 2005|access-date=October 24, 2021|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021233935/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-26-me-name26-story.html|url-status=live|language=Niwenglisc Americanisc}}</ref> === Se onwendende nama þæs burg === Swā þæt lytlan hēaþe wæx, hit wearð þēowearm cīepan, ond swā hrædlice, a strēam cīetan. Ac sum cyrlic þā wæron tōsceādene, swā þæt cīepan Los Angeles wearð frōforen: fēoll folc tōceosian neówan wīsan. By þǣm 1850, þonne cīepan wæron gehæft, þā geheredon mǣst þeodnes eallra gecyndes Lawss AN-jəl-əs. Hit þōhte wel tō þǣm ǣlce þēod on niþer, ond ēac þæt namian wæs spræc on wyrse ġearum. Ac on þǣm 1880s, niwe cīepan þām Engliscan modum stōp. Þā eardas and eorþan-tilian hæfde geþwærce nāmes þæt soundan Sǣl and gerǣdan secg, ac eallra oþer, to secgan on landes hiw. Hīe nytwendan þis, cōm tōsprǣc ēac Lohss ANG-gəl-əs. Hēaþlicor, swāstigh, ond swīþre fræsten geteced. Ne wæron eall men gemētst þonne hīe secgan þurh sume wegas.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=February 24, 2011|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|title=The Crusader in Corduroy, the Land of Soundest Philosophy, and the 'G' That Shall Not Be Jellified|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183813/https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=May 6, 2016|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|title=How to Pronounce "Los Angeles," According to Charles Lummis|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190942/https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|url-status=live}}</ref> For lytle hūrum, [[Los Angeles Times]] cīepan þæs widre on medlen cymen þegna earst wealdoden hæftlic 𝛽retten. Tō cyngas wealdend þurh þæt geþeawe tō samod trimmeh hæfer gemīþað on nēowna spreac.<ref name="harvey">{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=June 26, 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|title=Devil of a time with City of Angels' name|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183227/https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Se nama for þā ælþe === Eallswa, þā nama æf Enġelasburg remained a reflection of the people who lived there—a name that changed and shifted as the burg grew. Though the way it was spoken might differ from person to person, the meaning behind it endured. Enġelasburg wǣs, ond ealneweġ wolde bē, se Ceaster of Engelas. Ān stōw āstonden of drēogan, gefremed þurh hyra folc, and hwispered ymbe in uncounted sprǣce, ælc ān forþgēaf hit niwe storian tō secgenne. Ond swā, þæt burg wex, and hīre nama wex mid hit, berende þā ēacena þāra fēowertig and fēower gēara þe forðan stōdon be þām ēa and ongyndan hwæt mihte beon.<ref>{{cite book|last=Windsor Lewis|first=Jack|year=1990|chapter=''Happ''Y land reconnoitred: the unstressed word-final -{{zwj}}y vowel in General British pronunciation|editor-last=Ramsaran|editor-first=Susan|title=Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson|publisher=Routledge|pages=159–167|isbn=978-1-138-92111-5|chapter-url=http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html|access-date=June 12, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518022340/http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html|url-status=live}} Pages 166–167.</ref> == Bæcgrund and rīmlīċness == === Westendlondisc Eardfæstfolc tīmas === [[File:ElAliso treepre1875drawing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Geanga]], a [[Tongfa]] mycelþorp, stōd on þæt land beforan se Speonisc ġestaþelod Enġelasburg.]] Þē settlemantan of [[Eardfæstfolc of California|Eardfæstfolc Californum]] on se nūlic ārfæstnes [[Enġelasflatlandes]] on se [[Sanct Ferdinand Dele]] wǣs dominorum þāra [[Tongfa]] (nū ēac cūðe be naman '''Gabrieleño'' siððan þǣre tīde Spēoniscra oferheringa). Se ealdcentrum of Tongfa anweald þāra ricum wǣs se settlenmantan of [[Geanga]] ([[Tongfisc sprǣc|Tongva]]: ''Iyáangẚ''), mǣneþ "placum of se ātorāc", hwīc wolde one day be the site where the Speonisc ġestaþelod se [[Hām of Enġelasburg]]. ''Iyáangẚ'' hǣfeþ eallswa ġebēon wendan as "se dele of smoca".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|title=Smoke is Normal&nbsp;– for 1800|last=Bowman|first=Chris|date=July 8, 2008|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015204/http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|archive-date=July 9, 2008|archivedate=July 9, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015204/http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|title=Environment: Evolution of a Concept|author=Gordon J. MacDonald|page=2|quote=The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke."|access-date=April 16, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627125913/http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google86">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86|title=Fifteen Hundred California Place Names|last=Bright|first=William|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21271-8|page=86|lccn=97043147|quote=Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163848/https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sfgate2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|title=Roots of native names|last=Sullivan|first=Ron|date=December 7, 2002|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=January 7, 2015|quote=Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'|archive-date=December 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203254/http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- === Spēonlandum anweald === Maritime explorer [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] claimed the area of southern California for the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1542, while on an official military exploring expedition, as he was moving northward along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast from earlier colonizing bases of [[New Spain]] in [[Central America|Central]] and South America.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0cOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21|title=The Herald's History of Los Angeles|last=Willard|first=Charles Dwight|publisher=Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner|year=1901|location=Los Angeles|pages=21–24|isbn=978-0-598-28043-5|access-date=September 29, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163847/https://books.google.com/books?id=o0cOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gaspar de Portolà]] and [[Franciscan]] missionary [[Juan Crespí]] reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|title=Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries|publisher=Pacifica Historical Society|access-date=January 7, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232240/http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Oriana Day) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Empire of Spain|Spanish]] founded [[Mission San Fernando Rey de España]] in 1797.]] In 1771, Franciscan [[friar]] [[Junípero Serra]] directed the building of the [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel]], the first [[Mission (station)|mission]] in the area.<ref name="LeffingwellWorden2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFn57UJ1mJIC&pg=PA43|title=California missions and presidios|last1=Leffingwell|first1=Randy|last2=Worden|first2=Alastair|date=November 4, 2005|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-89658-492-1|pages=43–44|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163847/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFn57UJ1mJIC&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 4, 1781, a group of 44 settlers known as "[[Los Angeles Pobladores|Los Pobladores]]" founded the {{lang|es|pueblo|italics=no}} (town) they called {{Langx|es-MX|[[El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles]]|label=none|italics=no|translation=The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels}}.<ref name="almanac"/> The present-day city has the largest [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Roman Catholic archdiocese]] in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or ([[New Spain]]) settlers were [[mestizo]] or [[mulatto]], a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California|last1=Mulroy|first1=Kevin|last2=Taylor|author2-link=Quintard Taylor|first2=Quintard|author3=Autry Museum of Western Heritage|date=March 2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98082-9|page=79|chapter=The Early African Heritage in California (Forbes, Jack D.)|access-date=September 30, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eH35EuLuUsC|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163918/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eH35EuLuUsC|url-status=live}}</ref> The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|title=Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|publisher=Chapman pub. co.|year=1902|page=63|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318040525/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of [[El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument|Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza]] and [[Olvera Street]], the oldest part of Los Angeles.<ref name="Estrada2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|title=Los Angeles's Olvera Street|last=Estrada|first=William D.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7385-3105-2|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163849/https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|url-status=live}}</ref> === Mexisce anweald === === Eald Americanisc anweald === === Nūwīsantīda === --> == Fruman == {{reflist}} == Webstede == * [https://www.lacity.gov Engelasburg] {{California}} {{USPopulusCities}} {{Lōsandgelissċīr}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Californie]] [[Flocc:Enġelasburg]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Enġelassċīre]] [[Flocc:Sċīrbyrig on Californie]] [[Flocc:Beċebyrig on Californie]] kafigydis6ixqc227r6vc6k2sveuufr 0 26414 232058 229396 2026-09-25T00:07:40Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232058 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''{{for|burg ƿiþ sēo same nama on [[Sancte Elene Īeg, Upstigeīeg and Tristan da Cunha|Sancte Elene Īeg]]|Iacobustūn (Sancte Elene Īeg)}}'' {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Iacobustūn |flocc = [[Ungefēgedburg]] |rice = {{flag|Ġeānod Cynedōm}} (1607&ndash;1776)<br>{{flag|Geanedan Ricu}} (1776&ndash;) |underrice = &nbsp;[[Ymele:Red ensign of Great Britain (1707–1800, square canton).svg|23px]] [[Fǣmnelande þǣre Landgebūnes|Fǣmnelande&nbsp;Landgebūnes]]&nbsp;(1607&ndash;1775)<br>[[File:Flag_of_Virginia.svg|23px]] [[Fǣmneland]] (1776&ndash;) |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = 1639 Jamestown Church (2883847775).jpg |biliþ gewrit = Iacobustūn Ciriċe. |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Iacobustūn''' ({{lang-en|Jamestown}}, {{lang-enm|Ȝamestoun}}) wǣs ǣn byrig on [[Fǣmnelande þǣre Landgebūnes]], Þurh þisne dæg cuþ swā þā mǣg þæs landes [[Fǣmneland]]e. Þurh eal þæs setlunge hīstorƿe, ƿel settlemen ƿæs ġenēodliċlīċ swā '''Iacobustūnceaster''', '''Iacobustūn''' and '''Iacobuswīc'''. Iacobustūn, ælang ƿiþ nearbī [[Williamesbyrg (Firginiæ)|Ƿillamesbyrg]] ond [[Eoforwīctūn (Firginiæ)|Eoforwīctūn]] ūtlīne æf Fǣmnelandes "Histōriġ Þrīecge" == Bæcgrund == Bǣre ġemǣre Iacobustūn, ēowertiēne ǣlcynd habbaþ bēon ġeforsēne on Norðan Miercna be [[Spēonland]], [[Francland]] and [[Englaland]]. Ūt of þisum, anlīc twā Spānlāc ġemǣre forlīefedon, þæt ġefremmede Iacobustūn þæt ðridda Eoropīsc gemynd þe tīma þisse rǣþe ġeflēon. Sē forma ġemǣre ġeforsēne be Spain wæs on 1526 at San Miguel de Gualdape. Swȳþe lȳtel wæs cuð of hit, ðinga ðæt his ġelōcum wæs hwǣr on ðæm mēre of nū-middangeard Georgia oþþe [[Suþcarolina]]. On 1562, Jean Ribaut ġestælde ġemǣre Ġisces Huguenota clypod Ċeorlesceaster on Parisiaceīeg, Suþcarolina. Hē ġelǣfde ymbe 27 menn þǣr hwīlum hē eft ġeferede to Francen. Swā hwīlum, ðā menn þæs ġemǣres oferþancodon ongean hiera æþeling. Hī arwurpon an bāt and ġefēohten to ġeferan to Francen. Þā Englisc ġeferedon Rōƿrenoc ġemǣre on 1587. Ac þis wæs an mīnspreca. [[Iacobus I Bretta Cyning]] ġestǣrde ā an ceorter on 1606 to ġesette an setlung on Norðan Miercna. Ā þǣm āglǣca Englalande nēn bǣra ðone eall land (ufan Florida) [[Fǣmneland]] æfter Ælīsebeth I of Englalande, ðǣre "ƿēdend ġesīðe." Ān of ðār ƿǣre of ðæm niwum ġemǣre wǣron þæt findan an rīfer ġeatrīm to ðǣm Sundorhafne to ġesette þēode mid ðǣm Orient. Þrēo scipu, þæt ''Susan Constant'', þæt ''Godspeed'' and þæt ''Discovery'' setton segl fram Lundene on Þrimilce 20, 1606 bunden to [[Fǣmneland þǣre Landgebūnes]]. Onboard þǣr wǣron 106 setleras (4 wǣron boys) and 39 ƿēre gewitan. Gēðȳstan, hit nis nōt cūð hwonne swā maniġe meahtan bēon ācwelede on ðā Scipfærd. Hī ġēlǣrdon on Ēastermōnað 26, 1607. == Settlemantan ond passtalu == [[Ymele:Jamestown_Island_(1958_base_map).png|thumb|right|Mappe æf Iacobustūnīeg fram 1958.]] Spānland, Portugal, and Francen hratlīce ġeƿurdon tō rēafigen an ġesƿenc in ðǣm Nīƿan Wurulde, hwīle ōðre Europisc lēode hratliċer ġeferedon. Þā Englisc ne ġeƿēnodon tō stǣnnenne ġemǣru ær manige hund-ġeƿintre ofer ġeferodnes þæs Iohannes Cabot, and ǣrlīc foranwyrht ƿǣron miðclæðum — mǫstanotlīċlīċ Rōƿrenoc Ġemǣre, þæt þān midmōndes hwīlum ƿānde ymbe 1590. === Gestaðelod (1607–1609) === Sē ƿæferƿegesetlƿan sƿincedon landfære on Æplū 26, 1607, āt ǣr ƿicc fǣrena hȳ nemdun Cape Henry. Under ƿēotlācnung tō cēosan nēah-sæter þone, hī ġetǣldon ymbe eorƿurde hwæt is nū Hampton Roads and sƿilc uteǣð þǣt ǣrnesse ġenemend þone [[Iacobus ēa]] on ǣrest þegnscipes to [[Iacobus I Bretta Cyning]]. Capitan Edward Maria Wingfield ƿæs gecōren þone prēost of ðǣm rīƿlīcan rād on Æplū 25, 1607. On Þrimilcemōnað 14, hē gecōren eorƿurde landstynt of an geƿīnde neordpensillume hwilc þǣt ƿæs an frēo þrȳgēnes 40 mīlum inlend fram ðǣm Atlanƿinde Sǣ sƿilc an ācsian stynt for an ƿīgend stōdende þegn mīn of in alȳsung æteretniȝe. Sē ƿæterweges cund ǣrƿeornig hęlga ƿirg for ǣrna in sē, and hē ƿæs nēah to þǣre lande, ġefrȳne hit ƿæs swimmende and ǣrende genōg land for bearas oþþe ƿeardas tō būȝi in sē fram ǣriste. ærȳnliċe ond tō þās ēces. Haligbryce ƿæs þæt sē stynt ǣƿęlīc hērborod ġiƿun þē ġerāt hwæt ledaƿera þæt þe leadende of þǣm niƿe middȳr mǣdde oferþōhtende þaȝne neah biġorn neēa for þone lēodan of neah biġorn þe biġorn sīþon ofærænīc. Þā Iacobustūn bearod ġeforan on Fǣmnelande ƿegnes strongmȳcþ, æfter an rǣsȳrċe stūd ġedōn on sē 1990s be sē Iacobustūn Archēolōƿiċ Assessyng (JAA) tēam. Sē JAA geƿissode tācnunge from a studiġāt ymbe 1985 by Daƿid Stahle ond ōðra, hƿā beraðon rȳping of 800-wintra eald bald cypress treowas ymb ðǣm Nottoway ond Blacƿæter strēamas. Sē līf-tīma þæs þēowas hērige oþþe tō 1,000 geāra, ond hīera hringas boffian an āga tācne of an eorðan mægð. Sē borian lēt ƿōdon þæt sē seomast līs of 700 geāra bēon āhȳde betƿen 1606 ond 1612. Þis sēre līs of 700 geāra ġewoƿd þā þe bearod þæs Iacobustūn settler ond þe Powhatan þēoda mæge tō ācuman ƿyrcen ƿiðrēow ond getōgen dǣles æfter friðloca þā-nesse. [[Ymele:Marsh - Colonial National Historical Park (Robin Baranowski, NPS Photo) (8426448355).jpg|thumb|left|Sēo landdes of Iacobustun earon sealtmersċ, hwelċ macian hit earfoþe to cultivō croppan. Ðā riċele cēolswæðu on þǣre īeglande ƿǣron þæs anƿīcpunge grōƿefernes for myggan.]] Þā bearod ǣac ġeforan tō lǣte on þǣm geāre tō ġietan ƿæstmen geƿynon. Manyġe on ðǣm fylɣe ƿǣron oþþe ġegearwe hēra oþþe hiera manƿeard, ƿā ilcġe unācuðġyfte ƿeahte by ðæm hræftan unearƿig bi þæm swīðre gehǣrnes of an onrīcēnd fort. Ān of þīes was Robert Hunt, ā ætƿenem ƿǣn of Reculver, Englaland, hƿā biscop cēƿde ðæt frēo cuðost Anglican eucharist on þone land þǣre ƿīse Ameriċan United States on Sēarmōnað 21, 1607. Twā-ƿæðerþēod þǣra bearod ġeforan dēad ǣr scipu ġefaran on 1608 on þǣm forþƿeard ond ōðra forþƿeard be capitan Nīƿeport ġecierredon tōgeðer on ƿæta ond forta ƿeardas, ƿā ġehelpan tō ġ. === Hungriġæra (1609-1610) === After Smith ƿæs forcst to ræƿirn to Englaland bī ǣxspreotung sē ðǣr him dēope bēorndrōwunces tō cƿicnesses sealde during an handlende æscip-ƿegferþ,[29] sē ġemǣre ƿæs ġeledd fram Georgius Percig, sē sē ǣþolscip mægencræftiġ on þæt hyrēn mid þǣm inbyrdendum þēoda. Þǣr synt twēma hūsȳs þæt þā in Lundenigcnēowu ġefrætǣlwodon ond ƿalnōm ǣlċoƿon Smithes bēorhtnes. Sē þridda hēalsungaƿ for 1609 ƿæs sīðōmearcēst ond ƿēlāŋƿyrpēst. Hī ġeƿunnon lǣs an niƿereo byrðsig-sīnesce, Sǣ Feriend, ġebȳodene ond ālȳsode on þæt mǣstan of līcġiefen, [[Christoforous Nīweport|Christoforous Nīƿeport]]. On Iūn 2, 1609, Sǣ Feriend sette seal fram Plȳmouth, Englaland, sē sīn mǣrlǣȝas of ā sȳnanig-skīrȳpan (dragend twēora tīnungene pinnaces) beȝētode for Iacobustūn sƿilc dǣl of sǣrdun ǣs þridde gefor-ƿeardan, ġewænde 214 bearod. On Mǣdmōnað 24, sǣ mǣþȳȳᵹ ġelaufen in ġesƿȳþen storm, hlinlicc an hrēosanbora, ond þæt scip ƿæron ġedǣld. Þēah sume of sǣ scipƿlottodon to Iacobustūn, sē laƿmen ond mǣst of sǣ bearod hæfde bēon on sǣ Feriend, sē hī fahtende ǣfeng þone storm for þrēo dagas ǣr sē Ealdorman of Þǣre Sōciety, Sir Georgius Somers, ƿīsdōmlice ġefaren hit beigra of sǣ scylm þæt þǣr ġeƿurþen. Þīt ġelāt sǣ eall ġebæranne sīn ġeƿǣren. Þā gelīfenden (ƿiðleþenantðe-General Sir Thomas Gates, Capitan [[Christoforous Nīweport|Christoforous Nīƿeport]], [[Sylfester Iordain]], [[Stēfin Hobbcynnas]]—later of Mayflower—ond secretary William Strachey) ƿǣron ġesteorde on [[Bermuda]] for ȳlen sȳnende. During þæt tima, hī þēoƿon twā niƿe scip, sǣ pinnaces Ġedelōmnes ond Țroƿðsumnes. Sē ȳreþlīc tācnung wæs tō byldanne ǣn rād, Ġedelōmnes, ac hit ārƿærlīce ƿeorþen māre gesƿȳþe tō ceasteren ġewītnisse ond eall of ðæm faru þæt ƿæs bēon on sǣ landƿara on sǣ bears ond all of ðæm fōd (sālten sǣƿan) þæt ƿæs bēon hīred on þæm ielƿiglanden. [[Ymele:Graveyard at Jamestowne Historic National Park - Sarah Stierch.jpg|thumb|right|Ǣn ȝræfġeard on Iacobustūn fram sēo hunȝriġæra.]] Ʃil sǣ þriddes ƿæs ȝeforan on Bermuda, sē ġemǣre et Iacobustūn ƿæs on ēfen lað-liċer stede. Ȝebearod mægan liƿeandlic byrðȝierƿrǣsnes for willan of aðƿorlīcen byrdƿæddung. During þæs tima, lāc of fōd drīfode ðā folces tō etan nædran ond ēnnyþ boil þæt tȳðer from sċēoga for life. Ǣnlic 60 of ðā ealdorƿordƿihta 214 beƿænne on Iacobustūn beƿunnon. Ʒeƿīse liclytƿīsnes ond cīenlīċe scinlīc cƿīde þæt ðā beƿæn of Iacobustūn hæfde ðrað tō ƿaƿƿþre time. Ʃea scipas from Bermuda cōmon tō Iacobustūn on Þrimilcemōnað 23, 1610. Ȝeƿīslic of ðā lifiend landwerod ƿǣron neaþr deað ond Iacobustūn ƿæs dēemed tō bēon unmanendlic. Eall werod bēon befaren onto Ġedelōmnes ond Țroƿðsumnes, sē þæt segl for Englaland. Hoƿeƿer, on Iūn 10, 1610, sē tīma byst ġeliċta sēre tīdliċ ārīƿen of ænig oþer beƿǣre bēornde, þǣrȳniend þæs Governor Thomas West, 3rd Bera of Lā Warr (sē hoƿeƿer ƿǣre ġefeƿen of his nama tō þæs ġemǣres of Delaware), þǣt mēt þā twā scipƿergu ǣs hī ġesǣlden þās Iames Rīfer, gemedmet Iacobustūn. === Sylfstondedburh (1610-1624) === Forþon þæt ðā æðelborennes of menigra þǣra bearod, an eald-hlīf þēas ȳndrōƿ, ond þæt gesāmliċe cynn of hiera dǣd ƿurcƿiht, ƿeaxan þurh ðā frumlicgan ġeara wæron ymætlic. Be 1613, siex geāra æfter Iacobustūn grundung, þā eorƿurdes ond ġehylderas of Fǣmneland Company wǣron unǣðe tō ēacan þæt ēaðmōd ond ðǣręcnis of ðā wrǣnƿigende bearod. Būtan ðæm ġeneaþlīcan willan þǣra hlyseƿara ðæs Gūƿerna, Sir Thomas Dale, ġestefnad 3 āceras (12,000 m2) æceras tō his "ēalra þīdēs bōcƿeorð" ond lēasaer æceras tō ðǣm beƿēs ƿīþercuman of ðǣm bearod. Gemiðod weriglic ƿinnon ƿæs ġeworht, ond ðā bearod arǣrdon þǣra āƿinnung tō land biēndan tō ƿældes þām folclīċum. Þæt þes ġecēawilc ƿende bēon cȳðlīc ƿan þe ƿær ðæt ēaðlēoc ær ðā englisc bearod ƿilfȳrceȝang ƿelde þe ġeþræcnung ƿarað and-gītslic. Onmiddan ðǣm bearod þe ġenāġlīƿode þǣs Ūƿeǣnden Tīme ƿæs [[Iohannes Ralf]], se ðe þægðan mid him ġebraht an hlad of unƿornad tobaccan sǣd fram Bermuda, þe ƿæs ġeorþne ƿilte ðǣr æfter þæt ġeweorde ðǣr beðrinced be scipƿrecced Spanas geāra ǣr. On 1614, Ralf onfēng tō ġefēran tobaccan. Þrīƿle ond ƿealeġ, hē fēreþe Pocahontas, ġebringende sum bēorh of frēodōm betƿīxt ðā englisc ond ðā ġēſpræca. Hƿæt, āt ðǣm ēndeleas frēodōme ðæs tilnæh brīef tō Engleland, Pocahontas becōm sēoc ond diede on Mǣrs 21, 1617. Þā fyligende geār, hier fæder ġewāt, Þeodor Opechancanough, an wælmoð ġūþer, ƿurðende earda þās Powhatan Confederacy. Sē ðe Englisc onmiddan ƿendian tō oferfeormian þā land ƿirniss ƿorsienċa bið. Forþon ðæs hēahlica āƿent ðǣra trans-Atlantican yƿǣt on ðisse tiid, menig Englisc bearod comon tō Iacobustūn sƿilce ðēn inforstðes ƿeorold: on ġecǣþe fōr, tīd, and ƿyrde, þās eadfrēgnan ƿiðercuman ƿoldan ġegyrwian for þrēo tō seofon geār. Ġeƿænnas fram continental Europe, mǣnlīce Ġermanes, wǣron sƿilce inlīhtend. hī ġelǣnedon sum dǣl hiera yƿǣt on ġemyndig of ðǣm hræftan ond, on ācuman, lēasod oþþe ġeƿurdon into ǣnne ƿeorc ġebēod tō ġelēðan þone hlysen of hiera yƿǣt onstun. In 1619, sē forma ġeƿæmliċra gemōt in Amerīca, sē Gemōt, gedeafan in þām Ċerċe on Iacobustūn, "tō gesetanne ān ēᴳn scȳr and ān mēde gemyndliċum hādes ōð þæt folc þǣr ƿunnunge." ƿǣron Englisc ǣðelic men bǣre tōsƿigene. On Iūn 30, 1619, on hƿæt ƿæs sē forma ġeƿriten strīc in Ċolonial Amerīca, sē Polisce weorcmen uprōdan and āsetton tō ƿerienne gēmǣting gif nēn lǣfedon tō tōsƿīgan. On Mǣdmōnað 21, 1619, sē dōm ȝefadum þǣm Polscum gēmǣnne stēadƿēr andlēfan tōsƿigan gēmǣnne riht. Æfter tōsƿigene on ierelēst, þā weorcmen ȝȳdden tō ƿierkenna. Ānliċ land ōƿnetēʓunge ƿæs eac ġecynde, ond sē bearod ƿæs ġecynd in tō fēower brāde "ƿrēngan" oþþe "gēmǣnan ġebēotena" and hātode "ceasteras" fram sē bearod. Iacobustūn wæs beforan on James Ceaster. Of sē ǣrest gewriten Afriscan þrāfas tō anstælan in Englisc Norð Amerīca, on sē sętl ƿearþ Hƿīte Leo on Āugust 1619, ƿǣron an Afrisc man and ƿīf, ōferr cīġsen Antoney ond Isabella. Ġemynd in sē 1624 rechenunge in Fǣmneland, hīe ƿǣron sē ǣrest Afrisc famiƿe beċweden on Iacobustūn. Hir cild, ġenemden William Tucker, ƿearþ sē ǣrest ġewriten Afrisc cild geƀorcen on Brixisc Norð Amerīca. Ōðer of sē ærlīċ Afrisc þrāfas tō anstælan ġeƀoran in sē sętl ƿæs Angela, sē ƿæs ƿercan for Capitan William Peirce. Æfter ȝeleornia ȝēar of gebuʓunge samþing, Ċief Opechancanough ond his Powhatan Scyld, ġecwemd tō ārǣran Englisc bearod ǣfre ȝēar. On sē morgen of Mars 22, 1622, hīe ealla ȝefōron utlīgend cūðne ȝestan and steðige bēon [[Iaccobus ēa]] on hƿæt ƿæs ġecnyt sē Indisc blōtōse of 1622. More ðan 300 setleras wǣron ȝecwellen on sē ȝestan, ymb þrid ǣrddǣl of sē bearod Englisce sprecende folces. Dale gesƿiðran on Henricus, sē wæs tō ƿȳnnen an hrōf to lǣran sē Indisc, ond Wolstenholme Byrig æt Martin Hundred, wǣron begotten eal āƿeġen. Iacobustūn wæs spāreliċ ne for eorlīc wituung tō onlūtanly warnung fram a Virginisc Indisc bearweorcere. Þǣr ƿæs nēanlēac genōg ǣr tō spredenne þæt ƿord tō þām utlendan. Of sē 6,000 þeode hƿo comen tō sē sętl betƿix 1608 ond 1624, ǣnliċ 3,400 ābiden. === Lætramest ġēares æf headfodburg (1624-1699) === [[Ymele:The_Governor's_Palace_--_Williamsburg_(VA)_September_2012.jpg|thumb|right|On 1699, sēo colonus headfodburg æf [[Fǣmnelande þǣre Landgebūnes]] becuman [[Willelmesburg on Fǣmnelande|Ƿillelmesburg]].]] On þone 1624, Cynin Iames ġetēoƿode þā Fǣmnelande Compansȳ charter, ond Fǣmnelande ƿearð ārēowe hlāford-rīċe. Þēah þe þā ǣnlǣcunge, sē bearod ēac ġeƿeox. Tīen geār later, on þone 1634, be þæs Cyninges Carl ǣƿelȳsende, sē bearod ƿæs ġeƿeȳned in þā ōðer ehta scīr Fǣmnelande, on ȝesƿīðe liċnisse tō þǣre ƿīsdōmes þe man pracod on Englalande. Iacobustūn ƿæs geloċod in Iaccobus Ciȝie Scīre, snottor nama þā "Ealdrig of Iaccobusceaster", betre ācnāƿen on nūtīman tīdum sƿā Iaccobusceaster Scīr, Fǣmneland, sē folces ēaldosta scīr. ƒideren micel ƿiðergeƿin "Indisc blācan" ġebēad in 1644. In 1646 Opechancanough ƿæs ġefangen, ond þā hē ƿæs on hrēoƿe an Englisc wæccere hine on þæt bæc ġesƿēt — ongēan tǣces — ond hine āslōƿ. Þæræfter, sē Powhatan Confederacy ongan tō recede. Opechancanough's fylƿītend ġefōrƿihte sē ærst friðcēƿde betƿeox þā Powhatan Indiȝen ond þā Englisc. Þā friðcēƿde behēoldon þā Powhatan tō feōƿolīċġe ġif onlicgende þā Englisc ond hīe þe þā tō slǣðƿlum.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924132642/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/powhatan-indian-lifeways.htm Historic Jamestowne – Powhatan] NPS.gov</ref> Ān fæderne ȝeār, on Bācones Rāpe on 1676, Iacobustūn ƿæs ġebrand ond æt bētan. Þurh his hēaþeǵenes, þā Firginiæ lǣdǣ̄nsetl ærest getǣmde æt Ealdormann ƿillem Berkeley bī nēahlieǵendem Green Spring Getimbre, ond siððan æt Middle Getimbre, þā þe ƿæs ƿeonend ƿeorodlīc gemǣnscipe innland on þā [[Firginiæ Eallmǣstīeg]], ymbe ēahta mīlum āfrēosan. Hƿonne þæt hūs onǣlēoƿed eft on 1698, þis sīðe ungelimplice, þā lǣdǣ̄nsetl eft ƿāƿode tō Middle Getimbre ond ƿæs mæðe ġenēodliċt on þā nīƿan ƿyrhtaƿearas of þæt Cniht Mīċel & Marȳ Colleȝ, þe wæs ġeseted æfter þæt heafod-bēod of 1693.<ref>[https://www.wm.edu/about/history/ History of the College of William & Mary]</ref> Sƿā þonne æfter ƿǣðre ġereordene on Iacobustūn eft, þæt ġeaƿræge of þæt bearod ƿæs geƿeȳned stæððilīċt tō Middle Getimbre on 1699.<ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/jamestown Jamestown Colony] History.com</ref> Sē tūn ƿæs ġenæmd ƿilliamsburg, tō wurðiende þā rīciend mōnarc, Cynin ƿilhelm III. Ān þǣs hēafod-bēodes ond "Ēaldorpalas" ƿæron ēaðer ætȳned þær in þā niƿan ȳƿren.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131226210017/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/four-centuries?page=2 How Jamestown Got Us Started] American Heritage</ref> == Postheadfodburg == [[File:Jamestown Virginia ruin.JPG|thumb|Ān 1854 ymele of se ruins of Iacobustūn sċēawiende sēo tūr ǣf se eald [[Iacobustūn Ciriċe]], ġebylded on se 17þ hundredum.]] Ǣfter se headfodburg ġewended tō [[Willamesbyrg (Firginiæ)|Willamesbyrg]], Iacobustūn forbrocen. Ðǣ hwǣm lifode on þystrum landum Iacobustūnes eclesias bewiston geþeahta geƿorhtnysse ond þā tō cirice tīdum atendedon, þā tō þām æftergengum þās ȝeara 1750, þā hēo forlēat wurde. Mid þām æftercistum gearum, þā wæs þæt land gehealden oferly bī se Trafis and Ǣmblere hīredas. Þā on þā ġeara 1831, Dafid Bullocc ġeboht Iacobustūn ofernam fram sēo Trafis ond Ǣmblere hīredas. === Americanisce Ingefeoht === {{main|Americanisce Ingefeoht}} Hwīlum sēo [[Americanisce Ingefeoht]], on 1861 [[Geþofted Rīcu America|Geþofted]] Willahelm Ǣllen, hƿa āhte sēo [[Iacobustūnīeg]], gesetlaned Iacobustūn wīþ cempan he ġerǣred æt his āgenum costum wīþ sēo unswiciende of bolcan sēo [[James Ēa|Iaccobus Ēa]] and [[Rīċemund on Fǣmnelande|Rīċemund]] fram sēo [[Geanedan Ricu America|Geanedan]] Sċiphere. He wǣs ġeġēocod bī Plæċehealdende Cāhtesbīeg ap Hrodger Gȳōnes, hwīc wǣs geġēocod bī Plæċehealdende Cāhtesbīeg ap Hrodger Gȳōnes, hwa gerād tō þǣm timbran of wæpenbēacna and ġeworht wæpen ond hāmedscipe teostinga for sēo fyrest Geþofted īrenhārde ingefeohtscip, ''CSS Fǣmneland'', hwīc wǣs under construction æt sēo Gosport Sċiphereisċ Scipgeard on [[Portesmuða on Fǣmnelande|Portesmuða]] on læt 1861 and ǣrlīċ 1862. Iacobustūn hæfde a piic cempa of 1,200 menn. Gehæpra sēo Eallmastīeg beadwe, hwīc begunnen lator þæt lencten, Geanedan cempan under Heafodcempa Georgius B. Mæclellān ġestyred upp sēo eallmastīeg fram Mannroewīc on an æfnunge tō sace sēo Geþofted heafodburg of Rīċemund. Sē Geanedan cempan ġesacen [[Eoforwīctūn, Firginiæ|Eoforwīctūn]] on Ēastermōnaþ 1862, and sēo Battle of Willamesbyrg wǣs ġefohten sēo nīehsta monaþ.[55] Ƿīþ þas tōwēox, Iacobustūn and sēo lāhere Iaccobus Ēa wǣron forlǣten bī sēo Geþoftedes. Sūme æf sēo cempan fram Iacobustūn and sēo nōwend of [[Fǣmneland]] āsetted tō [[Drewrīgeshlinc]], a strengþum and smeorte stōw heahonbufan sēo ēa onbūtan eahta mīlas (þrēotīene kīlometras) under Rīċemund. Þǣre hīe ġeong geāfen sēo Geanedan Sċiphere fram reaching sēo Geþofted heafodburg. Ānes on Geanedan ricum, Iacobustūn becumen a gaderiende ceaster for rannonweġ þēowas, hwā ġeburnen sēo Ǣmblerhūs, an 18þ-hundredum mycelfeormhūs, hwīc andlang wīþ sēo eald circe wǣs one of sēo fāwe bēagende tōcna æf eald Iacobustūn. Þā Allen sende menn tō plēon sēo sċeaþan on læt 1862, hīe wǣron killed bī sēo ūtþēowas. Ǣfter sēo Geþofted on hand gān æt Apomatǣx Dōmhūs, sēo āþ of geleofan wǣs āteowan tō ūt Geþofted cempan æt Iacobustūn. === Reġebyrd æf Iacobustūn === [[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0845).jpg|thumb|Wræclastas of se Iacobustūn Ciriċe aht se þāra 20þ þūsendfealde, beforanehand to þæs Þrīcentennis on 1907]] On þām gearum æfter þǣm Americanisce Ingefeoht, wearð Iacobustūn stille ond friðful eft. On 1892, Iacobustūn wæs ġeboht bī Ēadweard Berenīeġ. Þā folgiende gearum, Berenīeġ ġeġefen 22½ acras of land, belūcende þēos hrurede cirice tor, to þēos Association for se Preservation of Fǣmneland Antiquities, nū cnāwen as Preservation Fǣmneland. Ofertīma, landbræc fram sēo ēa had ǣton āweġ þēos īegas ƿesternestrond. Sēċanmenn beġinnende to fand þæt sēo plæċe of Iacobuswīc leġde fullīċe underwæter. Wīþ ricumhelp, a sǣweall wæs ġebytled on 1900 tō sċilde þēos area fram forþor landbræc. Se eorþelicge belīfeofers of þēos fyresthannde 1607 wīc, hwic wæs geworden gehyded bī þēos sǣweall, wǣre naht ġefunden until 1996. On 1932, [[George C. Gregory|Georgius Craghēad Grēgorius]] of Rīċemund wæs credited wīþ findan ðone grundwal þāra fyrest bryc ricahūs (heafodburg) boldung, on 1646, at Iacobustūn on se land āhte bī Preservation Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/popular/15/ps15-1.htm |title=NPS Publications: Popular Study Series |publisher=Nps.gov |date=October 20, 2001 |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106093527/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/popular/15/ps15-1.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |url-status=live |language=Niwenglisc |accessdate=July 10, 2025 |archivedate=January 6, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106093527/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/popular/15/ps15-1.htm}}</ref> Ymbe 1936, Grēgorius, hwā wæs nǣmel wīþ se [[Virginia Historical Society]], ġesċieppan se [[Jamestowne Society]] ({{lang-ang|Iacobustūnflocc}}) for ofspring of stocchealderas in sēo [[Virginia Company of London]] and ða ofspring ðara þe land áhten oððe hūsas Iacobustūn oþþe on Iacobustūnīeg beforanhand tō 1700.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestowne.org/ |title=Welcome to the Jamestowne Society! |publisher=Jamestowne.org |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230060435/http://jamestowne.org/ |archive-date=December 30, 1996 |url-status=live|language=Niwenglisc}}</ref> Colonial National Monument ({{lang-ang|Colonus Ricuwuldresstōw}}) wǣs ġēafon and established bī the [[Geanedan Ricu America Underealdormann]] in 1930. On 1934, se [[National Park Service]] ({{lang-ang|Ricumedisc Þeġnung}}) gefangenhæfde se belīfeofere 1,500 acras (610 hectaras) part of Iacobustūnīeg hwic hæfde ġebēon under dēagolnes āgenerescip bī se Fǣrmylanȳoun hīredum. Se National Park Service frīended wīþ Preservation Virginia to cēpe se land and scoƿ hit to ġiestas on an educational manner. On Searmonaþ 5, 1936, se sicuwuldresstōw wǣs namnaned a [[national historical park]] ({{lang-ang|ricwuldresedisc}}) and becuman cnownen as [[Colonial National Historical Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/colo/learn/historyculture/index.htm|title=History & Culture {{!}} Colonial National Historic Park |access-date=Blōtmōnaþ 2, 2024|url-status=live|language=Niwenglisc}}</ref> Beġinnende on 1936, J.C. Harrungtūn geweorced on sēo NPS's landāfierede āht Iacobustūn. In 1954, Iohannes L. Cǣttere tōce lǣdde æf feld undertōcen āht Iacobustūn, conducted wīþ se sȳtes 350þ ġēarfealde (1957) on mynd. Cǣttere geweorced wīþ Ēadweard B. Ielccs and Harrungtūn to serf tƿā, 20y the landes colonus sȳtes. On 1957 Cottere and I. Paulus Hudsunu ƿriten ''New Discoveries at Jamestown'' ({{lang-ang|Nīewe Findende āht Iacobustūn}}). Cǣotter ƿriten, andlang ƿīþ Ielccs, Georgius Nīewemenn, ond Iohanes Hacciġe, tō þȳ 1958 āwrītung ''Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown''<ref name="Roberts">{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Daniel G. |last2=Cotter |first2=John L. |year=1999 |title=A Conversation with John L. Cotter |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=6–50 |doi=10.1007/BF03374288 |jstor=25616685 |s2cid=164104247|language=Niwenglisc}}</ref> ({{lang-ang|Landāfierede āht Iacobustūn}}). Tō dæġe, eallswā part þāra Colonial National Historical Park, se Iacobustūnīeg ārea is hām tō tƿā ofspryng ƿundorsīcnung landes ġemǣnelic se orīginālis wic and tūn. Nēahbī, se Iacobustūn-Scotland Feriebāt<ref>{{cite web |url=http://virginiadot.org/travel/ferry-jamestown.asp |title=Jamestown-Scotland Ferry |publisher=Virginia Dot |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115180036/http://www.virginiadot.org/travel/ferry-jamestown.asp |archive-date=January 15, 2010 |url-status=live |language=Niwenglisc}}</ref> þeġnung ġefremed linc ofer þone sigelandan dǣl þæs Iacobus ēa for wæġnscipum and forġiefð fērendwrecum ġesīene of Iacobustūnīeg of þǣre ēa. === Ealdġeweorðod Iacobustūn === {{Main|Ealdġeweorðod Iacobustūn}} In 1996, Ealdġeweorðod Iacobustūn ({{lang-enm|Historic Jamestowne}}) āġēt geednīwod wyrðmynt þā þæt [[Jamestown Rediscovery]] ({{lang-ang|Iacobustūn Ġeedlǣrung}}) project gebegunnen landāfierede on sēċan æf se orīginālis Iacobuswīc landes, orīginālic on praeparārecioun for se feowercentennis of Iacobustūnes gestaðelod. Se fyrestmǣstgāl þāra landāfierede campaign wǣs tō plǣce landāfierede leafa of "se fyrest geara of setlanment āht Iacobustūn, swȳðost of se ǣrlīċst strengþuen tūn; ondþæt æfterfylgend grōwaþ and wearpene of se tūn".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apva.org/pubs/94reprt.html |title=1994 Interim Field Report – Jamestown Rediscovery |publisher=Apva.org |access-date=September 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106081545/http://www.apva.org/pubs/94reprt.html |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |language=Niwenglisc |accessdate=November 3, 2024 |archivedate=January 6, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106081545/http://www.apva.org/pubs/94reprt.html }}</ref> Gescēawungfērring tō Ealdġeweorðod Iacobustūn mægon ġesēon þā stōw þæs orīginālic 1607 Iacobuswic, the 17þ-centennis ċiriċetor and the site þāra 17þ-centennis tūn, eallswa faru ǣn landāfierede boldæfþēcræften namend se Archaearium ({{lang-ang|Landāæfþēcræften}}) and sēon mǣnīeg þāra close to tƿāþūsendfealde ǣfenstēap gefunde fram Jamestown Rediscovery. Hīe eallswa magon fēon on līf þǣre gesihðe rēowen weorcēowta and landāfierede facu geafen fram þǣm Jamestown Rediscovery folcc. Gescēawungfērring cann eallswa often observe landāfieredewyrcen fram se Jamestown Rediscovery Project aht wyrcen, as landweorc at se land cyningð. As æf 2014, se landāfierede weorc and cneordlæcanes are ongānde.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicjamestowne.org/the_dig/|title=Where are we digging now?|work=Historic Jamestown|language=Niwenglisc|publisher=Historic Jamestowne (Preservation Virginia)|access-date=March 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321180336/http://www.historicjamestowne.org/the_dig/|archive-date=March 21, 2014|url-status=live|accessdate=November 3, 2024|archivedate=March 21, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321180336/http://www.historicjamestowne.org/the_dig/}}</ref> On fēoht to hiera nēaweswyrt and webstede, nīwe andġeotan sind fela ġewriten on þǣre stōwe nīweġesetnys, se ''[[Virginia Gazette]]'' ({{lang-ang|Nēaweswyrtes Fǣmnelandes}}) onstelde on neorbī Ƿillamesbyrg, and bī oþþe nēaweswyrtes, oft weoroldwīd.<ref>{{cite news |last=Billings |first=Malcolm |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6616037.stm |title=Programmers &#124; From Our Own Correspondent &#124; Putting Jamestown into context |work=BBC News |date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929225804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6616037.stm |archive-date=September 29, 2009 |url-status=live|language=Niwenglisc }}</ref> == Fruman == <references/> [[Flocc:Ungefēgedbyrig on Fǣmnelande]] [[Flocc:Ǣresta ricu hēafodstōl in Geāndena Rīca America|Iacobustūn]] [[Flocc:Ungefēgedbyrig on Iamesceaster Sċīre]] fz5hwfkudk1oe3vfqr1ualxzynyagxl 0 27683 232059 231437 2026-09-25T00:07:55Z InternetArchiveBot 112307 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 232059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Indiǣnburg |flocc = [[Rīcehēafodburg]] |underrīce = |brædu = |lengu = |biliþ = Indianapolis-1872528.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Indiǣnburg on Indiǣnan. |brǣdu = |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Indiǣnburg''' ({{lang-en|Indinapolis}} {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|i|ə|ˈ|n|æ|p|əl|ᵻ|s}},<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)|title=English Pronouncing Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci0000unse_d4y7|editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=1917|year=2003|isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref>) gewuneliclice genemned '''Indig''', is sēo heafodburg ond mǣstfolklor byrig þǣs U.S. rīces [[Indiǣna]]. Hēo is ēac sǣt þǣre Mǣrscīre ond is ġetæht mid þǣre scīre swā swā dǣl þæs Unigov. Sēo U.S. Gēocendǣlþend Bodere sǣde þæt þǣre byrig Indie samod mid Mǣrscīre wæs 977,203 on 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts2">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Marion County, Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/marioncountyindiana,indianapoliscitybalanceindiana/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Sēo 'gesettung' folc wæs 887,642.<ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/indianapoliscitybalanceindiana/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> Þis gemet leofaþ ūt sume burgas þe sīaþ swīþe selfrǣdlice fram þǣm Unigov. Hēo is sēo 16þa mǣste byrig be folcum on þǣm U.S., sēo þridda mǣst be folcum on þǣre Mīddangeard æfter Cīcago ond Columbus, Oha, ond sēo feorþmǣst be folcum ġebyrede stōwe æfter Phōnix, Arizonia, Āustine, Tēaxas, ond Columbus. Sēo bodere cīþaġild is sēo 33þa mǣstfolcġeond burhbeorh on þǣm U.S., mid 2,111,040 ġeondǣlǣþsumra.<ref name="metropop">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Cumulative Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico 2018 Population Estimates |date=July 2019 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=November 13, 2019 }}</ref> Hir gemǣnsuman beorgcīþa seġel is sēo 28þa, mid anre folcescēare of 2,431,361.<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|date=July 2019|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=November 13, 2019}}</ref> Indiǣnburg hæfþ 368 mīla oferflōra (950 km2). Þæt gedēþ hīe þā 18þan lǣstan byrig be landare on þǣm U.S. Iundēmǣgþēode lifodon on þǣre stōwe swā swā 10,000 ǷC.<ref name="Jones2">{{cite web|author1=James R. Jones III, PhD.|author2=Amy L. Johnson|date=2016|title=Early Peoples of Indiana|url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725090311/https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf|archive-date=July 25, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2020|publisher=Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology|accessdate=January 13, 2024|archivedate=July 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725090311/https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files/HP_earlypeoples.pdf}}</ref> On 1818, sēo Lenāpe sealde heora land þǣre U.S. on þǣm Trēatie of Sancte Mǣrē. On 1821, Indiǣnburg wæs gedōn swā geƿeorðad byrig tō bēon sēo nīewe hēafodstōw Indiǣna. Sēo ealde hēafodstōw wæs Corigdūn. Sēo byrig wæs gemǣreþ be Alexander Ralston ond Elias Pym Fordham on ǣne 1-geƿið-mīle (2.6 km2) rēad ymb þǣm Hwītan ēa. Sēo ǣfteġang tō þǣm Gēol ond Michigan strǣtum ond sēo anginn þǣre rādhrēowan weoldon þā byrig tō ān þēawendlicum fērendbōtum. Tƿā þāra līgoƿurda for Indiǣnburg (sēo 'Crūceƿeg ġeƿearde middangeardes' ond 'Rādhrēowaburh') gelīcað þāre byrig's stōwe mid rādhrēowunge.<ref name="NPS2">{{cite web|title=Capital at the Crossroads of America–Indianapolis: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/introessay.htm|access-date=March 24, 2016|publisher=National Park Service (U.S. Dept. of the Interior)|accessdate=December 25, 2025|archivedate=August 24, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155322/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/introessay.htm}}</ref> On 1970, Indiǣnburg ond Mǣrscīr wǣron ġetæhte. Þis mēting is gecīged Unigov. Sēo byrig is ġeleadod be ānre 25-ġeƿealdan byrigscīre rēd be þām mǣran. Indiǣnburg hæfþ þā þritigþan hēaƿestan ceorlǣnsīþ in þǣm U.S. Hēo is grundod of Þēawum, Trēowdōme, hēafodþēowdōme, byrigsēawum, lāre, hǣle, rīce, hlīþe, ond ƿyrhtum. Sēo byrig hæfð micel lǣwes dǣl lāra þēowa ond hræding mǣrcas. Sēo byrig is hām tō þrīum Fǣrƿīnƿundrum 500 byrigum, tō twām micelgēard Ƿerigabōl sīþum, þām Indiǣnburg Cealfas þǣs Ēnglisces Folcƿīgen, ond þām Indiana Ārƿa þǣs Ēnglisces Gǣrsocnes, fīfum æcerƿīcum cempum, ond manigum Ƿiġelum. Indiǣnburg hæfþ þā ōƿorlǣstan ceorlǣnspēƿe Ƿiġelcildra.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Andrew|date=May 21, 2018|title=Fortune 500 list: Indiana RV manufacturer makes it for the first time|work=The Indianapolis Star|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/05/21/fortune-500-list-indiana-companies-anthem-eli-lilly-cummins-simon-thor/628546002/|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> == Fruman == {{reflist|30em}} {{Hēafodstōl on þǣm Geāndena Rīca America}} {{USPopulusCities}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Indiǣna‎n]] [[Flocc:Hēafodstōl on þǣm Geāndena Rīca America]] [[Flocc:Sċīrbyrig on Indiǣnan]] [[Flocc:Fæstnianburgsċīra]] hiqppdl3cns79feqypnsjvelqvzkbv3 0 28529 232039 231566 2026-09-24T16:52:44Z ~2026-51797-62 142922 232039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Gywæsbȳ |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Finnum|Ricehēafodburg]] |underrice = |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Jyväskylä collage2.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Biliþas þæt Gywæsbȳe. |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Gywæsbȳ''' ({{lang-fi|Jyväskylä}}) oþþe '''Gyfæsbȳ''' is mǣre burh on [[Finnaland|Finnalande]] and sēo [[heafodstol]] þæs sċīres [[Midfinnland]]. {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Finnum]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Midfinnalande]] p30a7ghpc8hvftoxwyfx77krdih5oxt 232040 232039 2026-09-24T16:53:30Z ~2026-51797-62 142922 232040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Gywæsbȳ |flocc = [[:Flocc:Byrig on Finnum|Ricehēafodburg]] |rice = {{flag|Finnland}} |underrice = {{flagicon image|Keski-suomi_lippu.svg}} [[Midfinnland]] |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Jyväskylä collage2.jpg |biliþ gewrit = Biliþas þæt Gywæsbȳe. |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} '''Gywæsbȳ''' ({{lang-fi|Jyväskylä}}) oþþe '''Gyfæsbȳ''' is mǣre burh on [[Finnaland|Finnalande]] and sēo [[heafodstol]] þæs sċīres [[Midfinnland]]. {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Byrig on Finnum]] [[Flocc:Byrig on Midfinnalande]] ayif8d74cpj9ipv806ujbphzx38vww7 0 28530 232041 231643 2026-09-24T16:55:25Z ~2026-51797-62 142922 /* Eardas */ 232041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Eardas on Finnum |flocc = Maakunta ([[Finnisc sprǣc|Finnisc]]) |underrīce = |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Finland.regions.2000.svg |biliþ gewrit = Eardas on Finnum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} Andlang [[Finnland|Finnum]], þǣre be niġontīene '''eardas''' oððe landscipas ({{lang-fi|maakunta}}). Hēr be beleag swelċ a tale þon þēos eardas. == Eardas == {| class="wikitable sortable" style=white-space:nowrap !class="unsortable"| Fana !class=unsortable| Scild ! Englisc nama ! Niƿeænglisc nama<ref>{{cite web |title=Suomen hallintorakenteeseen ja maakuntauudistukseen liittyviä termejä sekä maakuntien ja kuntien nimet fi-sv-en-(ru) |url=https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/3457861/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29/974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29.pdf |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=vnk.fi |pages=8–9 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611150344/https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/3457861/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29/974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=30 August 2026 |archivedate=11 June 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611150344/https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/3457861/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29/974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29.pdf }}</ref> ! [[Finnisc sprǣc|Finnisc]] nama ! [[Swēonisċ sprǣċ|Swēonisċ]] nama ! ISO ! Heafodstol ! Bradnes<br>(km²) ! Buenda<br>(2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/Kuntien_avainluvut/Kuntien_avainluvut__2021/kuntien_avainluvut_2021_viimeisin.px/|title=Municipal key figures / With the 2021 regional division / Municipal key figures|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]|access-date=19 August 2023|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813073706/https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/Kuntien_avainluvut/Kuntien_avainluvut__2021/kuntien_avainluvut_2021_viimeisin.px/|url-status=live}}</ref> !Density (per km²) |- | |[[File:Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|54x54px|Lapland]] | [[Lappaland on Finnum|Lappaland]] | Lapland | {{lang|fi|Lappi}} | {{lang|sv|Lappland}} |FI-10 | align="right" | [[Roawenæss|Roaƿenæss]]<!--Rovaniemi--> |align=right| 92,674 |align=right|176,494 |1.90 |- | |[[File:Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg|46x46px|North Ostrobothnia]] | [[Nōrðœastbodan]] | Northeast Bottom | {{lang|fi|Pohjois-Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Norra Österbotten}} |FI-14 | align="right" | [[Ulēabeorg]]<!--Oulu--> |align=right| 36,815 |align=right|415,603 |11.29 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Kainuu.svg|40x40px|Kainuu]] |[[File:Kainuu.vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Kainuu]] | [[Caġanland]] | Kainuu | {{lang|fi|Kainuu}} | {{lang|sv|Kajanaland}} |FI-05 | align="right" | [[Caġanburh]]<!--Kajaani--> |align=right| 20,197 |align=right|71,255 |3.53 |- | [[File:North_karelia_flag.svg|40x40px|North Karelia]] |[[File:Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg|42x42px|North Karelia]] | [[Norþcareland]] | North Karelia | {{lang|fi|Pohjois-Karjala}} | {{lang|sv|Norra Karelen}} |FI-13 | align="right" | [[Ġeonmūþa]]<!--Joensuu--> |align=right| 17,761 |align=right|163,281 |9.19 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Northern_Savonia.svg|40x40px|North Savo]] |[[File:Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg|46x46px|North Savo]] | [[Norþsawoleax]] | North Savolax | |{{lang|fi|Pohjois-Savo}} | {{lang|sv|Norra Savolax}} |FI-15 | align="right" | [[Cuopio]]<!--Kuopio--> |align=right| 16,768 |align=right|248,363 |14.81 |- | [[File:Flag_of_South_Savonia.svg|40x40px|South Savo]] |[[File:Etelä-Savo.vaakuna.svg|46x46px|South Savo]] | [[Sūþsawoleax]] | South Savolax | {{lang|fi|Etelä-Savo}} | {{lang|sv|Södra Savolax}} |FI-04 | align="right" | [[Sancte Michahelestede]]<!--Mikkeli--> |align=right| 14,257 |align=right|131,688 |9.24 |- | |[[File:Etelä-Karjala.vaakuna.svg|46x46px|South Karelia]] | [[Sūþcareland]] | South Carelen | {{lang|fi|Etelä-Karjala}} | {{lang|sv|Södra Karelen}} |FI-02 | align="right" | [[Wildemannstrand|Ƿildemannstrand]]<!--Lappeenranta--> |align=right| 5,327 |align=right|126,107 |23.67 |- | [[File:Keski-suomi_lippu.svg|40x40px|Central Finland]] |[[File:Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg|40x40px|Central Finland]] | [[Midfinnland]] | Central Finland | {{lang|fi|Keski-Suomi}} | {{lang|sv|Mellersta Finland}} |FI-08 | align="right" | [[Gywæsbȳ]] |align=right| 16,703 |align=right|272,683 |16.33 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Southern_Ostrobothnia.svg|40x40px|South Ostrobothnia]] |[[File:Etelä-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|56x56px|South Ostrobothnia]] | [[Sūðœastbodan]] | Southeast Bottom | {{lang|fi|Etelä-Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Södra Österbotten}} |FI-03 | align="right" | [[Ēasteremīere]]<!--Seinäjoki--> |align=right| 13,444 |align=right|191,762 |14.26 |- | |[[File:Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Ostrobothnia]] | [[Œastbodan]] | East Bottom | {{lang|fi|Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Österbotten}} |FI-12 | align="right" | [[Weasa|Ƿeasa]]<!--Vaasa--> |align=right| 7,753 |align=right|176,041 |22.71 |- | [[File:Keski-Pohjanmaa.lippu.svg|40x40px|Central Ostrobothnia]] |[[File:Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg|51x51px|Central Ostrobothnia]] | [[Midœastbodan]] | Central East Bottom | {{lang|fi|Keski-Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Mellersta&nbsp;Österbotten}} |FI-07 | align="right" | [[Ceorlebȳ]]<!--Kokkola--> |align=right| 5,020 |align=right|67,915 |13.53 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Pirkanmaa.svg|40x40px|Pirkanmaa]] |[[File:Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg|41x41px|Pirkanmaa]] | [[Bierċeland]] | Birchland | {{lang|fi|Pirkanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Birkaland}} |FI-11 | align="right" | [[Tæmmereford]] |align=right| 12,585 |align=right|527,478 |41.91 |- | [[File:Satakunta-flag.svg|40x40px|Satakunta]] | [[File:Satakunta.vaakuna.svg|56x56px|Satakunta]] | [[Satagundland]] | Satakunta | {{lang|fi|Satakunta}} | {{lang|sv|Satakunta}} |FI-17 | align="right" | [[Biornburh]]<!--Pori--> |align=right| 7,820 |align=right|214,281 |27.40 |- | [[File:Päijät-Häme.lippu.svg|53x53px|Päijät-Häme]] |[[File:Päijät-Häme.vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Päijät-Häme]] | [[Pæiġæt and Tafæistaland]] | Päijät-Tavastland | {{lang|fi|Päijät-Häme}} | {{lang|sv|Päijänne-Tavastland}} |FI-16 | align="right" | [[Læhtis]]<!--Lahti--> |align=right| 5,125 |align=right|205,124 |40.02 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Tavastia_Proper.svg|40x40px|Kanta-Häme]] |[[File:Kanta-Häme.vaakuna.svg|48x48px|Kanta-Häme]] | [[Āgenlīc Tafæistaland]] | Own-like Tavastland | {{lang|fi|Kanta-Häme}} | {{lang|sv|Egentliga Tavastland}} |FI-06 | align="right" | [[Tæfesteburh]]<!--Hämeenlinna--> |align=right| 5,199 |align=right|170,213 |32.74 |- | |[[File:Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|44x44px|Kymenlaakso]] | [[Cymenedele]] | Cymenedale | {{lang|fi|Kymenlaakso}} | {{lang|sv|Kymmenedalen}} |FI-09 | align="right" | [[Cotta]]<!--Kotka--> and [[Cōfola]]<!--Kouvola-->{{efn|"Cymenedele is sēo āne sċīr þe hæfþ twā [[heafodstol]]as, þāra is Cotta þæt ambyhtlice sċīrsetl and Cōfola þæt ġerefstōl.}} |align=right| 5,149 |align=right|161,391 |31.34 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Uusimaa.svg|40x40px|Uusimaa]] |[[File:Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Uusimaa]] | [[Nīwland on Finnum|Nīƿland]] | Newland | {{lang|fi|Uusimaa}} | {{lang|sv|Nyland}} |FI-18 | align="right" | [[Helsingford]] |align=right| 9,097 |align=right|1,714,741 |188.50 |- | |[[File:Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg|55x55px|Southwest Finland]] | Āgenlīc Finnland | Southwest Finland | {{lang|fi|Varsinais-Suomi}} | {{lang|sv|Egentliga Finland}} |FI-19 | align="right" | [[Ēabūan]]<!--Turku--> |align=right| 10,663 |align=right|483,477 |45.34 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Åland.svg|40x40px|Åland]] |[[File:Coat of arms of Åland 3.svg|55x55px|Åland]] | [[Ealendisca Iega|Ēaland]] | Ealand ''or'' Riverland | {{lang|fi|Ahvenanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Åland}} |AX and<br>FI-01 | align="right" | [[Marīahæfen]] |align=right| 1,553 |align=right|30,344 |19.54 |} === Former region === {| class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap |- ! Scild ! Nama ! Official English name<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.fi/meta/luokitukset/maakunta/001-2010/index_en.html|title=Regions of Finland 2010|website=Statistics Finland|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929160049/https://www.stat.fi/meta/luokitukset/maakunta/001-2010/index_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ! [[Finnisc sprǣc|Finnisc]] nama ! [[Swēonisċ sprǣċ|Swēonisċ]] nama ! Heafodstol ! Dissolution (date) |- | [[File:Itä-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg|40px]] | [[Eastnīwland on Finnum|Eastnīƿland]] | Eastern Uusimaa |'''Itä-Uusimaa''' | {{lang|fi|Itä-Uusimaa}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585 |title=Valtioneuvosto päätti Uudenmaan ja Itä-Uudenmaan maakuntien yhdistämisestä |date=22 October 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Finance |language=fi |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084712/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2026 |archivedate=15 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715072012/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585 }}</ref> | {{lang|sv|Östra Nyland}} | [[Burhēa]]<!--Porvoo--> | 1 January 2011 |} == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Fruman == {{reflist}} {{Finnlandes eardas}} {{Europan rīcu be landum}} [[Flocc:Eardas on Finnum| ]] [[Flocc:Rīcu on Europan þāra land|Finnum]] b0oys4i3cy9wyzrc093qeaa6yxs203n 232045 232041 2026-09-24T21:12:05Z Rylesbourne 125148 232045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Eardas on Finnum |flocc = Maakunta ([[Finnisc sprǣc|Finnisc]]) |underrīce = |brǣdu = |lengu = |biliþ = Finland.regions.2000.svg |biliþ gewrit = Eardas on Finnum |motto = |ænglisc motto = |burgriht = |GDP getæl = |GDP ǣlcum hēafde = }} Andlang [[Finnland|Finnum]], þǣre be niġontīene '''eardas''' oððe landscipas ({{lang-fi|maakunta}}). Hēr be beleag swelċ a tale þon þēos eardas. == Eardas == {| class="wikitable sortable" style=white-space:nowrap !class="unsortable"| Fana !class=unsortable| Scild ! Englisc nama ! Niƿeænglisc nama<ref>{{cite web |title=Suomen hallintorakenteeseen ja maakuntauudistukseen liittyviä termejä sekä maakuntien ja kuntien nimet fi-sv-en-(ru) |url=https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/3457861/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29/974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29.pdf |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=vnk.fi |pages=8–9 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611150344/https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/3457861/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29/974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=30 August 2026 |archivedate=11 June 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611150344/https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/3457861/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29/974f7fc5-1466-c667-9787-381c5bd57603/Suomen+hallintorakenteeseen+ja+maakuntauudistukseen+liittyvi%C3%A4+termej%C3%A4+sek%C3%A4+maakuntien+ja+kuntien+nimet+fi-sv-en-%28ru%29.pdf }}</ref> ! [[Finnisc sprǣc|Finnisc]] nama ! [[Swēonisċ sprǣċ|Swēonisċ]] nama ! ISO ! Heafodstol ! Bradnes<br>(km²) ! Buenda<br>(2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/Kuntien_avainluvut/Kuntien_avainluvut__2021/kuntien_avainluvut_2021_viimeisin.px/|title=Municipal key figures / With the 2021 regional division / Municipal key figures|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]|access-date=19 August 2023|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813073706/https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/Kuntien_avainluvut/Kuntien_avainluvut__2021/kuntien_avainluvut_2021_viimeisin.px/|url-status=live}}</ref> !Density (per km²) |- | |[[File:Lapin_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|54x54px|Lapland]] | [[Lappaland on Finnum|Lappaland]] | Lapland | {{lang|fi|Lappi}} | {{lang|sv|Lappland}} |FI-10 | align="right" | [[Roawenæss|Roaƿenæss]]<!--Rovaniemi--> |align=right| 92,674 |align=right|176,494 |1.90 |- | |[[File:Pohjois-Pohjanmaan_vaakuna.svg|46x46px|North Ostrobothnia]] | [[Nōrðœastbodan]] | Northeast Bottom | {{lang|fi|Pohjois-Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Norra Österbotten}} |FI-14 | align="right" | [[Ulēabeorg]]<!--Oulu--> |align=right| 36,815 |align=right|415,603 |11.29 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Kainuu.svg|40x40px|Kainuu]] |[[File:Kainuu.vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Kainuu]] | [[Caġanland]] | Kainuu | {{lang|fi|Kainuu}} | {{lang|sv|Kajanaland}} |FI-05 | align="right" | [[Caġanburh]]<!--Kajaani--> |align=right| 20,197 |align=right|71,255 |3.53 |- | [[File:North_karelia_flag.svg|40x40px|North Karelia]] |[[File:Pohjois-Karjala.vaakuna.svg|42x42px|North Karelia]] | [[Norþcareland]] | North Karelia | {{lang|fi|Pohjois-Karjala}} | {{lang|sv|Norra Karelen}} |FI-13 | align="right" | [[Ġeonmūþa]]<!--Joensuu--> |align=right| 17,761 |align=right|163,281 |9.19 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Northern_Savonia.svg|40x40px|North Savo]] |[[File:Pohjois-Savo.vaakuna.svg|46x46px|North Savo]] | [[Norþsawoleax]] | North Savolax | |{{lang|fi|Pohjois-Savo}} | {{lang|sv|Norra Savolax}} |FI-15 | align="right" | [[Cuopio]]<!--Kuopio--> |align=right| 16,768 |align=right|248,363 |14.81 |- | [[File:Flag_of_South_Savonia.svg|40x40px|South Savo]] |[[File:Etelä-Savo.vaakuna.svg|46x46px|South Savo]] | [[Sūþsawoleax]] | South Savolax | {{lang|fi|Etelä-Savo}} | {{lang|sv|Södra Savolax}} |FI-04 | align="right" | [[Sancte Michahelestede]]<!--Mikkeli--> |align=right| 14,257 |align=right|131,688 |9.24 |- | |[[File:Etelä-Karjala.vaakuna.svg|46x46px|South Karelia]] | [[Sūþcareland]] | South Carelen | {{lang|fi|Etelä-Karjala}} | {{lang|sv|Södra Karelen}} |FI-02 | align="right" | [[Wildemannstrand|Ƿildemannstrand]]<!--Lappeenranta--> |align=right| 5,327 |align=right|126,107 |23.67 |- | [[File:Keski-suomi_lippu.svg|40x40px|Central Finland]] |[[File:Keski-Suomi_Coat_of_Arms.svg|40x40px|Central Finland]] | [[Midfinnland]] | Central Finland | {{lang|fi|Keski-Suomi}} | {{lang|sv|Mellersta Finland}} |FI-08 | align="right" | [[Gywæsbȳ]] |align=right| 16,703 |align=right|272,683 |16.33 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Southern_Ostrobothnia.svg|40x40px|South Ostrobothnia]] |[[File:Etelä-Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|56x56px|South Ostrobothnia]] | [[Sūðœastbodan]] | Southeast Bottom | {{lang|fi|Etelä-Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Södra Österbotten}} |FI-03 | align="right" | [[Ēasteremīere]]<!--Seinäjoki--> |align=right| 13,444 |align=right|191,762 |14.26 |- | |[[File:Pohjanmaan_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Ostrobothnia]] | [[Œastbodan]] | East Bottom | {{lang|fi|Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Österbotten}} |FI-12 | align="right" | [[Weasa|Ƿeasa]]<!--Vaasa--> |align=right| 7,753 |align=right|176,041 |22.71 |- | [[File:Keski-Pohjanmaa.lippu.svg|40x40px|Central Ostrobothnia]] |[[File:Keski-Pohjanmaa.vaakuna.svg|51x51px|Central Ostrobothnia]] | [[Midœastbodan]] | Central East Bottom | {{lang|fi|Keski-Pohjanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Mellersta&nbsp;Österbotten}} |FI-07 | align="right" | [[Ceorlebȳ]]<!--Kokkola--> |align=right| 5,020 |align=right|67,915 |13.53 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Pirkanmaa.svg|40x40px|Pirkanmaa]] |[[File:Pirkanmaa.vaakuna.svg|41x41px|Pirkanmaa]] | [[Bierċeland]] | Birchland | {{lang|fi|Pirkanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Birkaland}} |FI-11 | align="right" | [[Tæmmereford]] |align=right| 12,585 |align=right|527,478 |41.91 |- | [[File:Satakunta-flag.svg|40x40px|Satakunta]] | [[File:Satakunta.vaakuna.svg|56x56px|Satakunta]] | [[Satagundland]] | Satakunta | {{lang|fi|Satakunta}} | {{lang|sv|Satakunta}} |FI-17 | align="right" | [[Biornburh]]<!--Pori--> |align=right| 7,820 |align=right|214,281 |27.40 |- | [[File:Päijät-Häme.lippu.svg|53x53px|Päijät-Häme]] |[[File:Päijät-Häme.vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Päijät-Häme]] | [[Pæiġæt and Tafæistaland]] | Päijät-Tavastland | {{lang|fi|Päijät-Häme}} | {{lang|sv|Päijänne-Tavastland}} |FI-16 | align="right" | [[Læhtis]]<!--Lahti--> |align=right| 5,125 |align=right|205,124 |40.02 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Tavastia_Proper.svg|40x40px|Kanta-Häme]] |[[File:Kanta-Häme.vaakuna.svg|48x48px|Kanta-Häme]] | [[Āgenlīc Tafæistaland]] | Own-like Tavastland | {{lang|fi|Kanta-Häme}} | {{lang|sv|Egentliga Tavastland}} |FI-06 | align="right" | [[Tæfesteburh]]<!--Hämeenlinna--> |align=right| 5,199 |align=right|170,213 |32.74 |- | |[[File:Kymenlaakson_maakunnan_vaakuna.svg|44x44px|Kymenlaakso]] | [[Cymenedele]] | Cymenedale | {{lang|fi|Kymenlaakso}} | {{lang|sv|Kymmenedalen}} |FI-09 | align="right" | [[Cotta]]<!--Kotka--> and [[Cōfola]]<!--Kouvola-->{{efn|"Cymenedele is sēo āne sċīr þe hæfþ twā [[heafodstol]]as, þāra is Cotta þæt ambyhtlice sċīrsetl and Cōfola þæt ġerefstōl.}} |align=right| 5,149 |align=right|161,391 |31.34 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Uusimaa.svg|40x40px|Uusimaa]] |[[File:Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg|47x47px|Uusimaa]] | [[Nīwland on Finnum|Nīƿland]] | Newland | {{lang|fi|Uusimaa}} | {{lang|sv|Nyland}} |FI-18 | align="right" | [[Helsingford]] |align=right| 9,097 |align=right|1,714,741 |188.50 |- | |[[File:Varsinais-Suomen.vaakuna.svg|55x55px|Southwest Finland]] | [[Āgenlīc Finnland]] | Southwest Finland | {{lang|fi|Varsinais-Suomi}} | {{lang|sv|Egentliga Finland}} |FI-19 | align="right" | [[Ēabūan]]<!--Turku--> |align=right| 10,663 |align=right|483,477 |45.34 |- | [[File:Flag_of_Åland.svg|40x40px|Åland]] |[[File:Coat of arms of Åland 3.svg|55x55px|Åland]] | [[Ealendisca Iega|Ēaland]] | Ealand ''or'' Riverland | {{lang|fi|Ahvenanmaa}} | {{lang|sv|Åland}} |AX and<br>FI-01 | align="right" | [[Marīahæfen]] |align=right| 1,553 |align=right|30,344 |19.54 |} === Former region === {| class="wikitable" style=white-space:nowrap |- ! Scild ! Nama ! Official English name<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.fi/meta/luokitukset/maakunta/001-2010/index_en.html|title=Regions of Finland 2010|website=Statistics Finland|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929160049/https://www.stat.fi/meta/luokitukset/maakunta/001-2010/index_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ! [[Finnisc sprǣc|Finnisc]] nama ! [[Swēonisċ sprǣċ|Swēonisċ]] nama ! Heafodstol ! Dissolution (date) |- | [[File:Itä-Uusimaa.vaakuna.svg|40px]] | [[Eastnīwland on Finnum|Eastnīƿland]] | Eastern Uusimaa |'''Itä-Uusimaa''' | {{lang|fi|Itä-Uusimaa}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585 |title=Valtioneuvosto päätti Uudenmaan ja Itä-Uudenmaan maakuntien yhdistämisestä |date=22 October 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Finance |language=fi |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807084712/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |accessdate=30 August 2026 |archivedate=15 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715072012/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/fi.jsp?oid=274585 }}</ref> | {{lang|sv|Östra Nyland}} | [[Burhēa]]<!--Porvoo--> | 1 January 2011 |} == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Fruman == {{reflist}} {{Finnlandes eardas}} {{Europan rīcu be landum}} [[Flocc:Eardas on Finnum| ]] [[Flocc:Rīcu on Europan þāra land|Finnum]] sffr36i4sr3705oioj6jwjv8bm6kkhe 10 28532 232042 231793 2026-09-24T20:55:35Z Rylesbourne 125148 232042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Finnlandes eardas |title = [[Eardas on Finnum]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|40px|right|border|link=Flag of Finland]] |group1 = Eardas |list1 = * [[Āgenlīc Finnland]] * [[Āgenlīc Tafæistaland]] * [[Bierċeland]] * [[Caġanland]] * [[Cymenedele]] * [[Ēalendisca Īega]] * [[Lappaland on Finnum|Lappaland]] * [[Midfinnland]] * [[Midœastbodan]] * [[Nīwland on Finnum|Nīƿland]] * [[Nōrðœastbodan]] * [[Norþcareland]] * [[Norþsawoleax]] * [[Œastbodan]] * [[Pæiġæt and Tafæistaland]] * [[Satagundland]] * [[Sūðœastbodan]] * [[Sūþcareland]] * [[Sūþsawoleax]] |group2 = Ǣresta eardas |list2 = * [[Eastnīwland on Finnum|Eastnīƿland]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Flocc:Finnland|Eardas]] </noinclude> 5gy476pb5asejdgv7p9o553hriywzoc 0 28652 232043 2026-09-24T21:10:53Z Rylesbourne 125148 Nīwe tramet: {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Āgenlīc Finnland |flocc = [[Eardas on Finnum|Earda on Finnum]] |biliþ = Finland 2018-07-07 (29411848567).jpg |biliþ gewrit = Tyrcu īggetæl |rice = {{flag|Finnland}} |underrīce = }} '''Āgenlīc Finnland''' ({{lang-sv|Egentliga Tavastland}}; {{lang-fi|Kanta-Häme}}; {{lang-la|Tavastia}}) is [[Finnland|Finnum]] underrīce on Sūþfinnum. His heafodstol is Tæ... 232043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Āgenlīc Finnland |flocc = [[Eardas on Finnum|Earda on Finnum]] |biliþ = Finland 2018-07-07 (29411848567).jpg |biliþ gewrit = Tyrcu īggetæl |rice = {{flag|Finnland}} |underrīce = }} '''Āgenlīc Finnland''' ({{lang-sv|Egentliga Tavastland}}; {{lang-fi|Kanta-Häme}}; {{lang-la|Tavastia}}) is [[Finnland|Finnum]] underrīce on Sūþfinnum. His heafodstol is [[Tæfesteburh]]. {{Finnlandes eardas}} {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Āgenlīc Finnland| ]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Finnum|Agenlic Finnland]] akakbzuml9lmjvq0w34lgeirlw3nkw1 232044 232043 2026-09-24T21:11:15Z Rylesbourne 125148 232044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Āgenlīc Finnland |flocc = [[Eardas on Finnum|Earda on Finnum]] |biliþ = Finland 2018-07-07 (29411848567).jpg |biliþ gewrit = Tyrcu īggetæl |rice = {{flag|Finnland}} |underrīce = }} '''Āgenlīc Finnland''' ({{lang-sv|Egentliga Finland}}; {{lang-fi|Varsinais-Suomi}}) is [[Finnland|Finnum]] underrīce on Sūþfinnum. His heafodstol is [[Tæfesteburh]]. {{Finnlandes eardas}} {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Āgenlīc Finnland| ]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Finnum|Agenlic Finnland]] dojjpefgiffqtjpj8bjf1iycntzbmlb 232046 232044 2026-09-24T21:12:22Z Rylesbourne 125148 232046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cyþþubox folcstede |nama = Āgenlīc Finnland |flocc = [[Eardas on Finnum|Earda on Finnum]] |biliþ = Finland 2018-07-07 (29411848567).jpg |biliþ gewrit = Tyrcu īggetæl |rice = {{flag|Finnland}} |underrīce = }} '''Āgenlīc Finnland''' ({{lang-sv|Egentliga Finland}}; {{lang-fi|Varsinais-Suomi}}) is [[Finnland|Finnum]] underrīce on Sūþfinnum. His heafodstol is [[Ēabūan]]. {{Finnlandes eardas}} {{stycce}} [[Flocc:Āgenlīc Finnland| ]] [[Flocc:Eardas on Finnum|Agenlic Finnland]] bxvixl2n9psixa3zy044t3xeoa2mcyi