বেটুপাত

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="as">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া</sitename>
    <dbname>aswiki</dbname>
    <base>https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">মাধ্যম</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">বিশেষ</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">সদস্য</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">সদস্য বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">ৱিকিপিডিয়া</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">চিত্ৰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">চিত্ৰ বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">মিডিয়াৱিকি</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">মিডিয়াৱিকি আলোচনা</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">সাঁচ</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">সাঁচ বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">সহায়</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">সহায় বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">শ্ৰেণী</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">শ্ৰেণী বাৰ্তা</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">ৱিকিচ'ৰা</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">ৱিকিচ'ৰা আলোচনা</namespace>
      <namespace key="126" case="first-letter">MOS</namespace>
      <namespace key="127" case="first-letter">MOS talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>বেটুপাত</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1887</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610847</id>
      <parentid>608398</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5308" sha1="8gb3gnknhn4olfb6pno8bkebl3xrdze" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;nomobile&quot;&gt;{{বেটুপাতৰ আৰম্ভণি}}&lt;/div&gt;
{| border=0
{| style=&quot;margin: 2px 0 0 0; background: none;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 60%; border: 1px solid #a7d7f9; background: #fff; vertical-align: top; color: #000; -moz-border-radius: 3px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px; border-radius: 3px;&quot; |
{| id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background: #fff;&quot;
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Cscr-featured.svg|22px|alt=নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ|link=ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #dcffd1; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্র:Nuvola apps filetypes orange.svg|22px|alt=আপুনি জানেনে?|link=ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আপুনি জানেনে সংৰক্ষণ|আপুনি জানেনে?]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #cedff2; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;আপুনি জানেনে...&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{আজিৰ আপুনি জানেনে}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্র:Featured picture.png|22px|alt=নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ|link=ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰৰ সংৰক্ষণ|নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #E4D8F5; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #B1A5C2; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত ছবি}}
{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণ|📽️]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #E4D8F5; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #B1A5C2; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া}}
|}
| style=&quot;border: 0px solid transparent&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 40%; border: 1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; border-radius: 3px; -moz-border-radius: 3px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px;&quot; |
{| id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align:top;&quot;
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia-logo.svg|30px|right|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #ffecc1; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;পৰিচিতি&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|- 
| {{ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ চমু পৰিচয়}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Wiki letter wo.svg|30px|right|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #F0F3CD; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;সহায়&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাতৰ সহায়}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্র:Open book nae 02.svg|25px|alt=|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #f2e0ce; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়ানৰ হাতপুথি&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাত জানিবলগীয়া কথা}}
|}
|}
{{বেটুপাতৰ বিষয় সূচী}}
{{ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ভগ্নী প্ৰকল্পসমূহ}}
{{আন ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়া}}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left&quot;&gt;{{কেশ্ব পৰিষ্কাৰ}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: right&quot;&gt;{{সামাজিক মাধ্যমত ৱিকিপিডিয়া}}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8gb3gnknhn4olfb6pno8bkebl3xrdze</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610854</id>
      <parentid>610847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:57:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5308" sha1="4gim8is8feo69j31p2kz4imypllx2b4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class=&quot;nomobile&quot;&gt;{{বেটুপাতৰ আৰম্ভণি}}&lt;/div&gt;
{| border=0
{| style=&quot;margin: 2px 0 0 0; background: none;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 60%; border: 1px solid #a7d7f9; background: #fff; vertical-align: top; color: #000; -moz-border-radius: 3px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px; border-radius: 3px;&quot; |
{| id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background: #fff;&quot;
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Cscr-featured.svg|22px|alt=নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ|link=ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #dcffd1; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্র:Nuvola apps filetypes orange.svg|22px|alt=আপুনি জানেনে?|link=ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আপুনি জানেনে সংৰক্ষণ|আপুনি জানেনে?]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #cedff2; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;আপুনি জানেনে...&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{আজিৰ আপুনি জানেনে}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্র:Featured picture.png|22px|alt=নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ|link=ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰৰ সংৰক্ষণ|নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #E4D8F5; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #B1A5C2; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত ছবি}}
{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণ|📽️]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #E9FFDB; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #B1A5C2; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া}}
|}
| style=&quot;border: 0px solid transparent&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 40%; border: 1px solid #a7d7f9; vertical-align:top; border-radius: 3px; -moz-border-radius: 3px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px;&quot; |
{| id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align:top;&quot;
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikipedia-logo.svg|30px|right|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #ffecc1; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;পৰিচিতি&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|- 
| {{ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ চমু পৰিচয়}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Wiki letter wo.svg|30px|right|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #F0F3CD; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;সহায়&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাতৰ সহায়}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্র:Open book nae 02.svg|25px|alt=|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #f2e0ce; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -moz-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0px; -webkit-border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;&quot;&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়ানৰ হাতপুথি&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{বেটুপাত জানিবলগীয়া কথা}}
|}
|}
{{বেটুপাতৰ বিষয় সূচী}}
{{ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ভগ্নী প্ৰকল্পসমূহ}}
{{আন ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়া}}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left&quot;&gt;{{কেশ্ব পৰিষ্কাৰ}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: right&quot;&gt;{{সামাজিক মাধ্যমত ৱিকিপিডিয়া}}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4gim8is8feo69j31p2kz4imypllx2b4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>4580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610963</id>
      <parentid>609116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:10:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42344" sha1="93akbbqxvpnsjeffbtrnrurrfstqra2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-move-indef}}{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{policy|ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰপেক্ষ|WP:NPV|WP:POV|WP:NEUTRAL}}
{{nutshell|Articles must not ''take'' sides, but should ''explain'' the sides, fairly and without editorial [[bias]]. This applies to both what you say and how you say it.}}
{{Content policy list}}
[[File:Wikipedia scale of justice.svg|200px|right]]
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো বোৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল এক '''নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গীৰে''' ('''NPOV''')  লিখা হ’ব লাগিব, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যথাযথ, সমানুপাতিক আৰু যথাসম্ভৱ [[Point of view (philosophy)| পক্ষপাতহীনতা]] আৰু  কোনো এক বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে প্ৰকাশিত সকলো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|তথ্যউৎসৰ]] উপস্থাপন।

NPOV হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়া' আৰু অন্যান্য ৱিকিমিডিয়া প্ৰকল্পৰ এক [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|মৌলিক নীতি]]। ই ৱিকিপেডিয়াৰ তিনিটা মূল সমল নীতিৰ এটা। আন দুটা হৈছে &quot;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]&quot; আৰু &quot;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা|মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা]]&quot;। এই নীতিবোৰে সামগ্ৰিকভাবে নিৰ্দ্ধাৰণ কৰে যে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে কেনে ধৰণৰ আৰু মানৰ বিষয়বস্তু গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হয় আৰু ৱিকিৰ প্ৰবন্ধই যিহেতু একতাৰহে পোষকতা কৰে, সেইবাবে ই পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত মতভেদ অনা উচিত নহয়। ৱিকিৰ সম্পাদকসকলক এই তিনি নীতিৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত কৰাবলৈ শক্তিশালীভাবে উদগনি দিয়া হয়।

এই নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনীয় নহয় আৰু যি [[#History|সিদ্ধান্তৰ]] ওপৰত ই আধাৰিত, তাক অন্যান্য নীতিৰ বা দিশানিৰ্দেশৰ দ্বাৰা নতুবা সম্পাদকসকলৰ সহমতৰ দ্বাৰা অৱদমন কৰিব নোৱাৰি।

==নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গী সম্পৰ্কে বাখ্যা&lt;span id=ASF&gt;==
{{Policy shortcut|WP:YESPOV|WP:WIKIVOICE}}
{{Seealso|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ}}
Achieving what the Wikipedia community understands as ''neutrality'' means carefully and critically analyzing a variety of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable sources]] and then attempting to convey to the reader the information contained in them fairly, proportionately, and as far as possible without editorial bias. Wikipedia aims to '''describe disputes, but not engage in them.''' Editors, while naturally having their own [[point of view (philosophy)|points of view]], should strive in good faith to provide complete information, and not to promote one particular point of view over another. As such, the neutral point of view does not mean exclusion of certain points of view, but including all verifiable points of view which have sufficient due [[#Due and undue weight|weight]]. Observe the following principles to achieve the level of neutrality that is appropriate for an encyclopedia:
*'''Avoid stating [[opinion]]s as [[fact]]s.''' Usually, articles will contain information about the significant [[Point of view (philosophy)|opinions]] that have been expressed about their subjects. However, these opinions should not be stated in Wikipedia's voice. Rather, they should be attributed in the text to particular sources, or where justified, described as widespread views, etc. For example, an article should not state that &quot;genocide is an evil action&quot;, but it may state that &quot;genocide has been described by John X as the epitome of human evil.&quot;
*'''Avoid stating seriously contested assertions as facts.''' If different reliable sources make conflicting assertions about a matter, treat these assertions as opinions rather than facts, and do not present them as direct statements.
*'''Avoid stating facts as opinions.''' Uncontested and uncontroversial factual assertions made by reliable sources should normally be directly stated in Wikipedia's voice. Unless a topic specifically deals with a disagreement over otherwise uncontested information, there is no need for specific attribution for the assertion, although it is helpful to add a reference link to the source in support of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]]. Further, the passage should not be worded in any way that makes it appear to be contested.
*'''Prefer nonjudgmental language.''' A neutral point of view neither sympathizes with nor disparages its subject (or what reliable sources say about the subject), although this must sometimes be balanced against clarity. Present opinions and conflicting findings in a disinterested tone. Do not editorialize. When editorial bias towards one particular point of view can be detected the article needs to be fixed.
*'''Indicate the relative prominence of opposing views.''' Ensure that the reporting of different views on a subject adequately reflects the relative levels of support for those views, and that it does not give a false impression of [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories#Parity of sources|parity]], or give [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] to a particular view. For example, to state that &quot;According to [[Simon Wiesenthal]], the Holocaust was a program of extermination of the Jewish people in Germany, but [[David Irving]] disputes this analysis&quot; would be to give apparent parity between the supermajority view and a tiny minority view by assigning each to a single activist in the field.

{{anchor|achieve|ACHIEVE}}

==Achieving neutrality==
{{shortcut|WP:NPOVHOW|WP:ACHIEVE NPOV}}
:''See the [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]] and [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Examples|NPOV examples]].''
As a general rule, [[WP:PRESERVE|do not remove sourced information from the encyclopedia]] solely on the grounds that it seems biased. Instead, try to rewrite the passage or section to achieve a more neutral tone. Biased information can usually be balanced with material cited to other sources to produce a more neutral perspective, so such problems should be fixed when possible through the [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|normal editing process]]. Remove material only where you have a good reason to believe it misinforms or misleads readers in ways that cannot be addressed by rewriting the passage. The sections below offer specific guidance on common problems.

===Naming===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:POVNAMING}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Neutrality in article titles}}
In some cases, the choice of name used for a topic can give an appearance of bias. While neutral terms are generally preferable, this must be balanced against clarity. If a name is widely used in reliable sources (particularly those written in English), and is therefore likely to be well recognized by readers, it may be used even though some may regard it as biased. For example, the widely used names &quot;[[Boston Massacre]]&quot;, &quot;[[Teapot Dome scandal]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Jack the Ripper]]&quot; are legitimate ways of referring to the subjects in question, even though they may appear to pass judgment. The best name to use for a topic may depend on the context in which it is mentioned; it may be appropriate to mention alternative names and the controversies over their use, particularly when the topic in question is the main topic being discussed.

This advice especially applies to article titles. Although multiple terms may be in common usage, a single name should be chosen as the article title, in line with the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article titling policy]] (and relevant guidelines such as on [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|geographical names]]). Article titles that combine alternative names are discouraged. For example, &quot;Derry/Londonderry&quot;, &quot;Aluminium/Aluminum&quot; or &quot;Flat Earth (Round Earth)&quot; should not be used. Instead, alternative names should be given due prominence within the article itself, and [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirects]] created as appropriate.

Some article titles are descriptive, rather than being a name. Descriptive titles should be worded neutrally, so as not to suggest a viewpoint ''for'' or ''against'' a topic, or to confine the content of the article to views on a particular side of an issue (for example, an article titled &quot;Criticisms of X&quot; might be better renamed &quot;Societal views on X&quot;). Neutral titles encourage multiple viewpoints and responsible article writing.

===Article structure===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:STRUCTURE}}
{{See|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}}

The internal structure of an article may require additional attention, to protect neutrality, and to avoid problems like ''[[#Point of view forks|POV forking]]'' and ''[[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]]''. Although specific article structures are not, as a rule, prohibited, care must be taken to ensure that the overall presentation is broadly neutral.

Segregation of text or other content into different regions or subsections, based solely on the apparent POV of the content itself, may result in an unencyclopedic structure, such as a back-and-forth dialogue between proponents and opponents.&lt;ref&gt;Article sections devoted solely to criticism, and pro-and-con sections within articles, are two commonly cited examples. There are varying views on whether and to what extent such structures are appropriate; see guidance on [[Wikipedia:Avoid thread mode|thread mode]], [[Wikipedia:Criticism|criticism]], [[Wikipedia:Pro and con lists|pro-and-con lists]], and the [[Template:Criticism-section|criticism template]].&lt;/ref&gt; It may also create an apparent hierarchy of fact where details in the main passage appear &quot;true&quot; and &quot;undisputed&quot;, whereas other, segregated material is deemed &quot;controversial&quot;, and therefore more likely to be false. Try to achieve a more neutral text by folding [[debate]]s into the narrative, rather than isolating them into sections that ignore or fight against each other.

Pay attention to headers, footnotes, or other formatting elements that might unduly favor one point of view, and watch out for structural or stylistic aspects that make it difficult for a reader to fairly and equally assess the credibility of all relevant and related viewpoints.&lt;ref&gt;Commonly cited examples include articles that read too much like a debate, and content structured like a resume. See also the [[Wikipedia:Guide to layout|guide to layout]], [[Wikipedia:Criticism#Formatting criticism|formatting of criticism]], [[Wikipedia:Edit war|edit warring]], [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Contradiction and confusion|cleanup templates]], and the [[Template:Lopsided|unbalanced-opinion template]].&lt;/ref&gt;

===উচিত গুৰুত্ব আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:UNDUE|WP:WEIGHT|WP:DUE}}{{anchor|Undue weight}}
​নিৰপেক্ষতাৰ বাবে আৱশ্যক যে মূল স্থানৰ (mainspace) প্ৰতিটো প্ৰবন্ধ বা অন্যান্য পৃষ্ঠাই প্ৰকাশিত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত সকলো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দৃষ্টিভংগীক সমভাৱে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিব লাগিব, আৰু ই প্ৰকাশিত, নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসসমূহত প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰাধান্যৰ অনুপাত অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব।&lt;ref&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকল বা সাধাৰণ ৰাইজৰ মাজত প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ আপেক্ষিক প্ৰাধান্য প্ৰাসংগিক নহয় আৰু ইয়াক বিবেচনা কৰা উচিত নহয়।&lt;/ref&gt; যথোচিত গুৰুত্ব (due weight) প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব (undue weight) পৰিহাৰ কৰাৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত '''সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ মতামত বা দিশসমূহক''' বহুলভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা মতামত বা ব্যাপকভাৱে সমৰ্থিত দিশসমূহৰ দৰে '':সমানেই বা বিশদভাৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰা উচিত নহয়।''' সাধাৰণতে, অতি ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যালঘুৰ মতামতসমূহক , হয়তো সেই নিৰ্দিষ্ট মতামতসমূহৰ বিষয়ে থকা এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ &quot;লগতে চাওক&quot; (see also) অংশৰ বাহিৰে একেবাৰেই অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা উচিত নহয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পৃথিৱী সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধটোত সমতল পৃথিৱীৰ (flat Earth) ধাৰণাটোৰ আধুনিক সমৰ্থনৰ কথা পোনপটীয়াকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, যিটো এটা স্পষ্ট (আৰু অতি নগণ্য) সংখ্যালঘুৰ মত; তেনে কৰিলে ইয়াক অযথা গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হ'ব।

Undue weight can be given in several ways, including but not limited to depth of detail, quantity of text, prominence of placement,  juxtaposition of statements and imagery. In articles specifically relating to a minority viewpoint, such views may receive more attention and space. However, these pages should still make appropriate reference to the majority viewpoint wherever relevant and must not represent content strictly from the perspective of the minority view. Specifically, it should always be clear which parts of the text describe the minority view. In addition, the majority view should be explained in sufficient detail that the reader can understand how the minority view differs from it, and controversies regarding aspects of the minority view should be clearly identified and explained. How much detail is required depends on the subject. For instance, articles on historical views such as Flat Earth, with few or no modern proponents, may briefly state the modern position, and then go on to discuss the history of the idea in great detail, neutrally presenting the history of a now-discredited belief. Other minority views may require much more extensive description of the majority view to avoid misleading the reader. See [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|fringe theories guideline]] and the [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]].

Wikipedia should not present a dispute as if a view held by a small minority deserves as much attention overall as the majority view. Views that are held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views (such as Flat Earth). To give undue weight to the view of a significant minority, or to include that of a tiny minority, might be misleading as to the shape of the dispute. Wikipedia aims to present competing views ''in proportion to their representation in reliable sources'' on the subject. This applies not only to article text, but to images, wikilinks, external links, categories, and all other material as well.

:Paraphrased from [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html September 2003 post on the WikiEN-l mailing list]:
:*If a viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
:*If a viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name ''[[Wiktionary:prominent|prominent]]'' adherents;
:*If a viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, it does not belong on Wikipedia, regardless of whether it is true or you can prove it, except perhaps in some ancillary article.

Keep in mind that, in determining proper weight, we consider a viewpoint's prevalence in reliable sources, ''not'' its prevalence among Wikipedia editors or the general public.

If you can prove a theory that few or none currently believe, Wikipedia is not the place to present such a proof. Once it has been presented and discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]], it may be appropriately included. See &quot;[[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]&quot; and &quot;[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]&quot;.

====Balancing aspects====
{{Policy shortcut|WP:BALASP|WP:PROPORTION}}
An article should not give undue weight to minor aspects of its subject, but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight proportional to its treatment in the body of reliable, published material on the subject. For example, discussion of isolated events, criticisms, or news reports about a subject may be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and impartial, but still disproportionate to their overall significance to the article topic. This is a concern especially in relation to [[Wikipedia:Recentism|recent events]] that may be in the [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a newspaper|news]].

===={{anchor|Giving_.22equal_validity.22}}Giving &quot;equal validity&quot; can create a false balance ====
{{Policy shortcut|WP:GEVAL|WP:VALID|WP:FALSEBALANCE}}
: ''See: [[False balance]]''
{{Quote box|quote=&quot;When considering 'due impartiality' ... [we are] careful when reporting on science to make a distinction between an opinion and a fact. When there is a consensus of opinion on scientific matters, providing an opposite view without consideration of 'due weight' can lead to 'false balance', meaning that viewers might perceive an issue to be more controversial than it actually is. This does not mean that scientists cannot be questioned or challenged, but that their contributions must be properly scrutinized. Including an opposite view may well be appropriate, but [we] must clearly communicate the degree of credibility that the view carries.&quot;|width=35%|source=—[[BBC Trust]]'s policy on science reporting 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Trust—BBC science coverage given &quot;vote of confidence&quot; by independent report. 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/news/press_releases/2011/science_impartiality.html|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;See updated report from 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trust Conclusions on the Executive Report on Science Impartiality Review Actions. 2014 |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/science_impartiality/trust_conclusions.pdf |date=July 2014 |accessdate=7 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; |salign=right}}
While it is important to account for all significant [[Point of view (philosophy)|viewpoints]] on any topic, Wikipedia policy does not state or imply that every [[WP:Fringe theories|minority view]] or [[Marcello Truzzi#&quot;Extraordinary claims&quot;|extraordinary claim]] needs to be presented along with commonly accepted [[mainstream]] scholarship as if they were of equal validity. There are many such beliefs in the world, some popular and some little-known: claims that the [[Modern flat Earth societies|Earth is flat]], that the [[Knights Templar]] possessed the [[Holy Grail]], that the [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|Apollo moon landings were a hoax]], and similar ones. [[Conspiracy theories]], [[pseudoscience]], [[pseudohistory|speculative history]], or plausible but currently unaccepted theories should not be legitimized through comparison to accepted academic scholarship. We do not take a stand on these issues as encyclopedia writers, for or against; we merely omit this information where including it would unduly legitimize it, and otherwise include and describe these ideas in their proper context with respect to established scholarship and the beliefs of the wider world.

===Good research===
{{policy shortcut|WP:BESTSOURCES}}
Good and unbiased research, based upon the [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|best and most reputable authoritative sources]] available, helps prevent NPOV disagreements. Try the library for reputable books and journal articles, and look online for the most reliable resources. If you need help finding high-quality sources, ask other editors on the [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] of the article you are working on, or ask at the [[Wikipedia:Reference desk|reference desk]].

===Balance===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:BALANCE|WP:BALANCED}}
Neutrality assigns [[#Due and undue weight|weight]] to viewpoints in proportion to their prominence. However, when reputable sources contradict one another and ''are'' relatively equal in prominence, describe both points of view and work for balance. This involves describing the opposing views clearly, drawing on secondary or tertiary sources that describe the disagreement from a disinterested viewpoint.

===Impartial tone===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:IMPARTIAL}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Information style and tone}}
Wikipedia ''describes'' disputes. Wikipedia does not ''engage'' in disputes. A neutral characterization of disputes requires presenting viewpoints with a consistently impartial tone; otherwise articles end up as partisan commentaries ''even while'' presenting all relevant points of view. Even where a topic is presented in terms of facts rather than opinions, inappropriate tone can be introduced through the way in which facts are selected, presented, or organized. Neutral articles are written with a tone that provides an unbiased, accurate, and proportionate representation of all positions included in the article.

The tone of Wikipedia articles should be impartial, neither endorsing nor rejecting a particular point of view. Try not to quote directly from participants engaged in a heated dispute; instead, summarize and present the arguments in an impartial tone.

===Describing aesthetic opinions===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:AESTHETIC|WP:SUBJECTIVE}}
Wikipedia articles about art and other creative topics (e.g., musicians, actors, books, etc.) have a tendency to become [[WP:PEACOCK|effusive]]. This is out of place in an encyclopedia. Aesthetic opinions are diverse and subjective—we might not all agree about who the world's greatest soprano is. However, it is appropriate to note how an artist or a work has been received by prominent experts and the general public. For instance, the article on Shakespeare should note that he is widely considered to be one of the greatest authors in the English language. Articles should provide an overview of the common interpretations of a creative work, preferably with citations to experts holding that interpretation. Verifiable public and scholarly critiques provide useful context for works of art.

===Words to watch===
{{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch}}
There are no forbidden words or expressions on Wikipedia, but certain expressions should be used with care, because they may introduce bias. For example, the word ''claim'', as in &quot;Jim ''claimed'' he paid for the sandwich&quot;, could [[WP:CLAIM|imply a lack of credibility]]. Using this or other [[WP:ALLEGED|expressions of doubt]] may make an article appear to promote one position over another. Try to state the facts more simply without using such [[loaded words]]; for example, &quot;Jim ''said'' that he paid for the sandwich&quot;. Strive to eliminate [[WP:PEACOCK|expressions that are flattering]], disparaging, vague, or clichéd, or that endorse a particular point of view (unless those expressions are part of a quote from a noteworthy source).

===Bias in sources===
{{See also|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources#Biased or opinionated sources|Wikipedia:Neutrality of sources}}
A common argument in a dispute about reliable sources is that one source is biased and so another source should be given preference.  Some editors argue that biased sources should not be used because they introduce improper POV to an article. However, biased sources are not inherently disallowed based on bias alone, although other aspects of the source may make it invalid.  Neutral point of view should be achieved by balancing the bias in sources based on the weight of the opinion in reliable sources and not by excluding sources that do not conform to the editor's point of view. This does not mean any biased source ''must'' be used; it may well serve an article better [[WP:ONUS|to exclude the material altogether]].

==Handling neutrality disputes==
===Attributing and specifying biased statements===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:SUBSTANTIATE|WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV}}
Biased statements of opinion can be presented only with [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|in-text attribution]]. For instance, &quot;John Doe is the best baseball player&quot; expresses an opinion and cannot be asserted in Wikipedia as if it were a fact. It can be included as a factual statement about the opinion: &quot;John Doe's baseball skills have been praised by baseball insiders such as Al Kaline and Joe Torre.&quot; Opinions must still be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and appropriately [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cited]].

Another approach is to ''specify'' or ''substantiate'' the statement, by giving those details that actually are factual. For example: &quot;John Doe had the highest batting average in the major leagues from 2003 through 2006.&quot; People may still argue over whether he was the best baseball player. But they will not argue over this.

Avoid the temptation to rephrase biased or opinion statements with [[WP:WEASEL|weasel words]], for example, &quot;Many people think John Doe is the best baseball player.&quot; But &quot;Who?&quot; and &quot;How many?&quot; are natural objections. An exception is a situation where a phrase such as &quot;Most people think&quot; can be supported by a reliable source, such as in the reporting of a survey of opinions within the group.

===Point-of-view forks===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:NPOVFACT|WP:NPOVVIEW}}{{Anchor|Point of view forks|reason=Old name of section.}}
:''See the [[Wikipedia:Content forking|content-fork]] guideline for clarification on the issues raised in this section.''
A ''POV fork'' is an attempt to evade the neutrality policy by creating a new article about a subject that is already treated in an article, often to avoid or highlight negative or positive viewpoints or facts. POV forks are not permitted in Wikipedia.

All facts and significant points of view on a given subject should be treated in one article except in the case of a [[WP:SPINOFF|spinoff sub-article]]. Some topics are so large that one article cannot reasonably cover all facets of the topic, so a spinoff sub-article is created. For example, [[Evolution as fact and theory]] is a sub-article of [[Evolution]], and [[Creation-evolution controversy]] is a sub-article of [[Creationism]]. This type of split is permissible only if written from a neutral point of view and must not be an attempt to evade the consensus process at another article.

===Making necessary assumptions===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:MNA}}
When writing articles, there may be cases where making some assumptions is necessary to get through a topic. For example, in writing about evolution, it is not helpful to hash out the creation-evolution controversy on every page. There are virtually no topics that could proceed without making some assumptions that ''someone'' would find controversial. This is true not only in evolutionary biology, but also in philosophy, history, physics, etc.

It is difficult to draw up a rule, but the following principle may help: there is probably not a good reason to discuss some assumption on a given page, if that assumption is best discussed in depth on some ''other'' page. However, a brief, unobtrusive pointer might be appropriate.

==Controversial subjects==
Wikipedia deals with numerous areas that are frequently subjects of intense debate both in the real world and among editors of the encyclopedia. A proper understanding and application of NPOV is sought in all areas of Wikipedia, but it is often needed most in these.

===Fringe theories and pseudoscience===
{{Anchor|Pseudoscience and related fringe theories}}
{{Shortcut|WP:PSCI}}
{{see|Wikipedia:Fringe theories|#Due and undue weight}}
[[Pseudoscience|Pseudoscientific]] theories are presented by proponents as science, but characteristically fail to adhere to [[scientific method|scientific standards and methods]]. Conversely, by its very nature, [[scientific consensus]] is the majority viewpoint of scientists towards a topic. Thus, when talking about [[:Category:Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific topics]], we should not describe these two opposing viewpoints as being equal to each other. While pseudoscience may in some cases be significant to an article, it should not [[Wiktionary:obfuscate#Verb|obfuscate]] the description of the mainstream views of the [[scientific community]]. Any inclusion of pseudoscientific views should not give them [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]]. The pseudoscientific view should be clearly described as such. An explanation of how scientists have reacted to pseudoscientific theories should be prominently included. This helps us to describe differing views fairly. This also applies to other fringe subjects, for instance, forms of [[Historical negationism|historical revisionism]] that are considered by [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|more reliable sources]] to either lack evidence or actively ignore evidence, such as claims that [[Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories|Pope John Paul I was murdered]], or that [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|the Apollo moon landing was faked]].

See Wikipedia's established [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories#Pseudoscience and other fringe theories|pseudoscience guidelines]] to help with deciding whether a topic is appropriately classified as pseudoscience.

===Religion===
{{Shortcut|WP:RNPOV}}
In the case of beliefs and practices, Wikipedia content should not only encompass what motivates individuals who hold these beliefs and practices, but also account for how such beliefs and practices developed. Wikipedia articles on history and religion draw from a religion's sacred texts as well as from modern archaeological, historical, and scientific sources.

Some adherents of a religion might object to a critical&lt;!--the use here of the word //critical// is referenced by the article itself, in the succeeding paragraph--&gt; historical treatment of their own faith because in their view such analysis discriminates against their religious beliefs. Their point of view can be mentioned if it can be documented by relevant, reliable sources, yet note that there is no contradiction. NPOV policy means that Wikipedia editors ought to try to write sentences like this: &quot;Certain Frisbeetarianists (such as the Rev. Goodcatch) believe This and That and consider those to  have been tenets of Frisbeetarianism from its earliest days. Certain sects who call themselves ''Ultimate Frisbeetarianists'' &amp;mdash;influenced by the findings of modern historians and archaeologists (such as Dr. Investigate's textual analysis and Prof. Iconoclast's carbon-dating work)&amp;mdash;still believe This, but no longer believe That, and instead believe Something Else.&quot;

Several words that have very specific meanings in studies of religion have different meanings in less formal contexts, e.g., ''[[fundamentalism]]'', ''[[mythology]]'', and (as in the prior paragraph) ''critical''. Wikipedia articles about religious topics should take care to use these words only in their formal senses to avoid causing unnecessary offence or misleading the reader. Conversely, editors should not avoid using terminology that has been established by the majority of the current reliable and relevant sources on a topic out of sympathy for a particular point of view, or concern that readers may confuse the formal and informal meanings. Details about particular terms can be found at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch]].

==Common objections and clarifications==
[[File:WikiConference India 2011 Jimmy Wales 4.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] talking about NPOV at [[WikiConference India]].]]
:''See the [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]] for answers and clarifications on the issues raised in this section.''
Common objections or concerns raised to Wikipedia's NPOV policy include the following.

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Being neutral|Being neutral]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#There's no such thing as objectivity|There's no such thing as objectivity]]''&lt;br /&gt;Everybody with any philosophical sophistication knows that we all have biases. So, how can we take the NPOV policy seriously?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete|Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete]]''&lt;br /&gt;The NPOV policy is used sometimes as an excuse to delete texts that are perceived as biased. Isn't this a problem?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Assert_facts, not opinions|A simple formulation—what does it mean?]]''&lt;br /&gt;A former section of this policy called &quot;A simple formulation&quot; said, &quot;Assert facts, including facts about opinions—but don't assert opinions themselves.&quot; What does this mean?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Balancing different views|Balancing different views]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Writing for the opponent|Writing for the opponent]]''&lt;br /&gt;I'm not convinced by what you say about &quot;writing for the opponent&quot;. I don't want to write for the opponents. Most of them rely on stating as fact many statements that are demonstrably false. Are you saying that, to be neutral in writing an article, I must {{em|lie}}, in order to represent the view I disagree with?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Morally offensive views|Morally offensive views]]''&lt;br /&gt;What about views that are morally offensive to most readers, such as Holocaust denial, that some people actually hold? Surely we are not to be neutral about {{em|them}}?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Editor disputes|Editor disputes]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Dealing with biased contributors|Dealing with biased contributors]]''&lt;br /&gt;I agree with the nonbias policy but there are some here who seem completely, irremediably biased. I have to go around and clean up after them. What do I do?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Avoiding constant disputes|Avoiding constant disputes]]''&lt;br /&gt;How can we avoid constant and endless warfare over neutrality issues?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Other objections|Other objections]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Anglo-American focus|Anglo-American focus]]''&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia seems to have an Anglo-American focus. Is this contrary to NPOV?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Not answered here|Not answered here]]''&lt;br /&gt;I have some other objection—where should I complain?

Since the NPOV policy is often unfamiliar to newcomers—and is so central to Wikipedia's approach—many issues surrounding it have been covered before very extensively. If you have some new contribution to make to the debate, you could try the [[Wikipedia talk:Neutral point of view|policy talk page]]. Before asking, please review the links below.

==History==
{{Main|Wikipedia:Core content policies}}
&quot;Neutral Point Of View&quot; is one of the oldest governing concepts on Wikipedia. Originally appearing within  [[Nupedia]] titled &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20001205000200/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml#III Non-bias policy]&quot;,  it was drafted by [[Larry Sanger]] in 2000. Sanger in 2001 suggested  that avoiding bias as one of Wikipedia's [https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider &quot;rules to consider&quot;]. This  [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/~reagle/wp-redux/NeutralPointOfView/982358834.html  was codified] with the objective of the NPOV policy to produce an unbiased encyclopedia.  The 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&amp;oldid=270453 original NPOV policy statement on Wikipedia] was added by Sanger on December 26, 2001. [[Jimmy Wales]] has qualified NPOV as &quot;non-negotiable&quot;, consistently, throughout various discussions: [https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035757/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/NeutralPointOfView  2001 statement],   [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-November/008096.html November 2003], [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-April/044386.html April 2006], [http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/foundation/123928#123928 March 2008]

[[WP:NOR|No original research]] (NOR) and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (V)  have their origins in the NPOV policy and the problem of dealing with [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] and [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|fringe theories]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&amp;oldid=2014449 NOR policy was established in 2003] to address problematic uses of sources. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Verifiability&amp;oldid=1339095 verifiability policy was established in 2003]  to ensure accuracy of articles by encouraging editors to cite sources. Development of the undue-weight section also started in 2003, for which a [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html mailing-list post] by  Wales in September was instrumental.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
=== Policies and guidelines ===
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of interest]]
* [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|Fringe theories]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch|Words to watch]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]
** [[Wikipedia:Avoid peacock terms|Avoid peacock terms]]
** [[Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words|Avoid weasel words]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]

=== Noticeboards ===
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard|NPOV noticeboard]]

=== Information pages ===
{{div col}}
* [[Wikipedia:Describing points of view|Describing points of view]]
* [[Wikipedia:List of controversial issues|List of controversial issues]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|NPOV dispute]]
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]]
* [[Wikipedia:Recentism|Recentism]]
* [[Meta:Positive tone|Positive tone]] (historical Meta policy)
* [[Meta:Responses to How to Build Wikipedia, Understand Bias|Understand bias]] (historical Meta policy)
{{div col end}}

=== Essays ===
{{div col}}
* [[Wikipedia:Academic bias|Academic bias]]
* [[Wikipedia:Be neutral in form|Be neutral in form]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cherrypicking|Cherrypicking]]
* [[Wikipedia:Civil POV pushing|Civil POV pushing]]
* [[Wikipedia:Coatrack|Coatrack]]
* [[Wikipedia:Controversial articles|Controversial articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Criticism|Criticism sections]]
* [[Wikipedia:Don't &quot;teach the controversy&quot;|Don't &quot;teach the controversy&quot;]]
* [[Wikipedia:Let the reader decide|Let the reader decide]]
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Examples|NPOV examples]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content|NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields|POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields]]
* [[Wikipedia:Presentism|Presentism]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific consensus|Scientific consensus]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific point of view|Scientific point of view]]
* [[Wikipedia:Systemic bias|Systemic bias]]
* [[Wikipedia:Why NPOV?|Why NPOV?]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia only reports what the sources say|Wikipedia only reports what the sources say]]
{{div col end}}

=== Articles ===
{{div col}}
*{{section link|Criticism of Wikipedia|Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest}}
*[[Consensus reality]]
*[[Objectivity (journalism)]]
*[[One-sided argument]]
{{div col end}}

=== Templates ===
*General NPOV templates:
**{{tl|POV}}—message used to attract other editors to assess and fix neutrality problems
**{{tl|POV-check}}—message used to request that an article be checked for neutrality
**{{tl|POV-section}}—message that tags only a single section as disputed
**{{tl|POV-lead}}—message when the article's introduction is questionable
**{{tl|POV-title}}—message when the article's title is questionable
**{{tl|POV-statement}}—message when only one sentence is questionable
**{{tl|NPOV language}}—message used when the neutrality of the style of writing is questioned
**{{tl|ASF}}—message when a sentence may or may not require in-text attribution (e.g., &quot;[[Jimmy Wales]] says&quot;)
**{{tl|Attribution needed}}{{mdash}}when in-text attribution should be added
*Undue-weight templates:
**{{tl|Undue weight}}—message used to warn that a part of an article lends undue weight to certain ideas relative to the article as a whole
**{{tl|Undue weight section}}—same as above but to tag a section only
**{{tl|Undue weight inline}}—same as above but to tag a sentence or paragraph only

{{Wikipedia principles}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view| ]]
[[Category:Wikipedia policies|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia content policies]]</text>
      <sha1>93akbbqxvpnsjeffbtrnrurrfstqra2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610964</id>
      <parentid>610963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* উচিত গুৰুত্ব আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব */</comment>
      <origin>610964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42344" sha1="fa7th6n1ccblzrbtcjbunke5h7u5ycw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-move-indef}}{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{policy|ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰপেক্ষ|WP:NPV|WP:POV|WP:NEUTRAL}}
{{nutshell|Articles must not ''take'' sides, but should ''explain'' the sides, fairly and without editorial [[bias]]. This applies to both what you say and how you say it.}}
{{Content policy list}}
[[File:Wikipedia scale of justice.svg|200px|right]]
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো বোৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল এক '''নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গীৰে''' ('''NPOV''')  লিখা হ’ব লাগিব, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যথাযথ, সমানুপাতিক আৰু যথাসম্ভৱ [[Point of view (philosophy)| পক্ষপাতহীনতা]] আৰু  কোনো এক বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে প্ৰকাশিত সকলো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|তথ্যউৎসৰ]] উপস্থাপন।

NPOV হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়া' আৰু অন্যান্য ৱিকিমিডিয়া প্ৰকল্পৰ এক [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|মৌলিক নীতি]]। ই ৱিকিপেডিয়াৰ তিনিটা মূল সমল নীতিৰ এটা। আন দুটা হৈছে &quot;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]&quot; আৰু &quot;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা|মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা]]&quot;। এই নীতিবোৰে সামগ্ৰিকভাবে নিৰ্দ্ধাৰণ কৰে যে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে কেনে ধৰণৰ আৰু মানৰ বিষয়বস্তু গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হয় আৰু ৱিকিৰ প্ৰবন্ধই যিহেতু একতাৰহে পোষকতা কৰে, সেইবাবে ই পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত মতভেদ অনা উচিত নহয়। ৱিকিৰ সম্পাদকসকলক এই তিনি নীতিৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত কৰাবলৈ শক্তিশালীভাবে উদগনি দিয়া হয়।

এই নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনীয় নহয় আৰু যি [[#History|সিদ্ধান্তৰ]] ওপৰত ই আধাৰিত, তাক অন্যান্য নীতিৰ বা দিশানিৰ্দেশৰ দ্বাৰা নতুবা সম্পাদকসকলৰ সহমতৰ দ্বাৰা অৱদমন কৰিব নোৱাৰি।

==নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গী সম্পৰ্কে বাখ্যা&lt;span id=ASF&gt;==
{{Policy shortcut|WP:YESPOV|WP:WIKIVOICE}}
{{Seealso|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ}}
Achieving what the Wikipedia community understands as ''neutrality'' means carefully and critically analyzing a variety of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable sources]] and then attempting to convey to the reader the information contained in them fairly, proportionately, and as far as possible without editorial bias. Wikipedia aims to '''describe disputes, but not engage in them.''' Editors, while naturally having their own [[point of view (philosophy)|points of view]], should strive in good faith to provide complete information, and not to promote one particular point of view over another. As such, the neutral point of view does not mean exclusion of certain points of view, but including all verifiable points of view which have sufficient due [[#Due and undue weight|weight]]. Observe the following principles to achieve the level of neutrality that is appropriate for an encyclopedia:
*'''Avoid stating [[opinion]]s as [[fact]]s.''' Usually, articles will contain information about the significant [[Point of view (philosophy)|opinions]] that have been expressed about their subjects. However, these opinions should not be stated in Wikipedia's voice. Rather, they should be attributed in the text to particular sources, or where justified, described as widespread views, etc. For example, an article should not state that &quot;genocide is an evil action&quot;, but it may state that &quot;genocide has been described by John X as the epitome of human evil.&quot;
*'''Avoid stating seriously contested assertions as facts.''' If different reliable sources make conflicting assertions about a matter, treat these assertions as opinions rather than facts, and do not present them as direct statements.
*'''Avoid stating facts as opinions.''' Uncontested and uncontroversial factual assertions made by reliable sources should normally be directly stated in Wikipedia's voice. Unless a topic specifically deals with a disagreement over otherwise uncontested information, there is no need for specific attribution for the assertion, although it is helpful to add a reference link to the source in support of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]]. Further, the passage should not be worded in any way that makes it appear to be contested.
*'''Prefer nonjudgmental language.''' A neutral point of view neither sympathizes with nor disparages its subject (or what reliable sources say about the subject), although this must sometimes be balanced against clarity. Present opinions and conflicting findings in a disinterested tone. Do not editorialize. When editorial bias towards one particular point of view can be detected the article needs to be fixed.
*'''Indicate the relative prominence of opposing views.''' Ensure that the reporting of different views on a subject adequately reflects the relative levels of support for those views, and that it does not give a false impression of [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories#Parity of sources|parity]], or give [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] to a particular view. For example, to state that &quot;According to [[Simon Wiesenthal]], the Holocaust was a program of extermination of the Jewish people in Germany, but [[David Irving]] disputes this analysis&quot; would be to give apparent parity between the supermajority view and a tiny minority view by assigning each to a single activist in the field.

{{anchor|achieve|ACHIEVE}}

==Achieving neutrality==
{{shortcut|WP:NPOVHOW|WP:ACHIEVE NPOV}}
:''See the [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]] and [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Examples|NPOV examples]].''
As a general rule, [[WP:PRESERVE|do not remove sourced information from the encyclopedia]] solely on the grounds that it seems biased. Instead, try to rewrite the passage or section to achieve a more neutral tone. Biased information can usually be balanced with material cited to other sources to produce a more neutral perspective, so such problems should be fixed when possible through the [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|normal editing process]]. Remove material only where you have a good reason to believe it misinforms or misleads readers in ways that cannot be addressed by rewriting the passage. The sections below offer specific guidance on common problems.

===Naming===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:POVNAMING}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Neutrality in article titles}}
In some cases, the choice of name used for a topic can give an appearance of bias. While neutral terms are generally preferable, this must be balanced against clarity. If a name is widely used in reliable sources (particularly those written in English), and is therefore likely to be well recognized by readers, it may be used even though some may regard it as biased. For example, the widely used names &quot;[[Boston Massacre]]&quot;, &quot;[[Teapot Dome scandal]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Jack the Ripper]]&quot; are legitimate ways of referring to the subjects in question, even though they may appear to pass judgment. The best name to use for a topic may depend on the context in which it is mentioned; it may be appropriate to mention alternative names and the controversies over their use, particularly when the topic in question is the main topic being discussed.

This advice especially applies to article titles. Although multiple terms may be in common usage, a single name should be chosen as the article title, in line with the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article titling policy]] (and relevant guidelines such as on [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|geographical names]]). Article titles that combine alternative names are discouraged. For example, &quot;Derry/Londonderry&quot;, &quot;Aluminium/Aluminum&quot; or &quot;Flat Earth (Round Earth)&quot; should not be used. Instead, alternative names should be given due prominence within the article itself, and [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirects]] created as appropriate.

Some article titles are descriptive, rather than being a name. Descriptive titles should be worded neutrally, so as not to suggest a viewpoint ''for'' or ''against'' a topic, or to confine the content of the article to views on a particular side of an issue (for example, an article titled &quot;Criticisms of X&quot; might be better renamed &quot;Societal views on X&quot;). Neutral titles encourage multiple viewpoints and responsible article writing.

===Article structure===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:STRUCTURE}}
{{See|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}}

The internal structure of an article may require additional attention, to protect neutrality, and to avoid problems like ''[[#Point of view forks|POV forking]]'' and ''[[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]]''. Although specific article structures are not, as a rule, prohibited, care must be taken to ensure that the overall presentation is broadly neutral.

Segregation of text or other content into different regions or subsections, based solely on the apparent POV of the content itself, may result in an unencyclopedic structure, such as a back-and-forth dialogue between proponents and opponents.&lt;ref&gt;Article sections devoted solely to criticism, and pro-and-con sections within articles, are two commonly cited examples. There are varying views on whether and to what extent such structures are appropriate; see guidance on [[Wikipedia:Avoid thread mode|thread mode]], [[Wikipedia:Criticism|criticism]], [[Wikipedia:Pro and con lists|pro-and-con lists]], and the [[Template:Criticism-section|criticism template]].&lt;/ref&gt; It may also create an apparent hierarchy of fact where details in the main passage appear &quot;true&quot; and &quot;undisputed&quot;, whereas other, segregated material is deemed &quot;controversial&quot;, and therefore more likely to be false. Try to achieve a more neutral text by folding [[debate]]s into the narrative, rather than isolating them into sections that ignore or fight against each other.

Pay attention to headers, footnotes, or other formatting elements that might unduly favor one point of view, and watch out for structural or stylistic aspects that make it difficult for a reader to fairly and equally assess the credibility of all relevant and related viewpoints.&lt;ref&gt;Commonly cited examples include articles that read too much like a debate, and content structured like a resume. See also the [[Wikipedia:Guide to layout|guide to layout]], [[Wikipedia:Criticism#Formatting criticism|formatting of criticism]], [[Wikipedia:Edit war|edit warring]], [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Contradiction and confusion|cleanup templates]], and the [[Template:Lopsided|unbalanced-opinion template]].&lt;/ref&gt;

===উচিত গুৰুত্ব আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:UNDUE|WP:WEIGHT|WP:DUE}}{{anchor|Undue weight}}
​নিৰপেক্ষতাৰ বাবে আৱশ্যক যে মূল স্থানৰ (mainspace) প্ৰতিটো প্ৰবন্ধ বা অন্যান্য পৃষ্ঠাই প্ৰকাশিত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত সকলো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দৃষ্টিভংগীক সমভাৱে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিব লাগিব, আৰু ই প্ৰকাশিত, নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসসমূহত প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰাধান্যৰ অনুপাত অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব।&lt;ref&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকল বা সাধাৰণ ৰাইজৰ মাজত প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ আপেক্ষিক প্ৰাধান্য প্ৰাসংগিক নহয় আৰু ইয়াক বিবেচনা কৰা উচিত নহয়।&lt;/ref&gt; যথোচিত গুৰুত্ব (due weight) প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব (undue weight) পৰিহাৰ কৰাৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত '''সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ মতামত বা দিশসমূহক''' বহুলভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা মতামত বা ব্যাপকভাৱে সমৰ্থিত দিশসমূহৰ দৰে '''সমানেই বা বিশদভাৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰা উচিত নহয়।''' সাধাৰণতে, অতি ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যালঘুৰ মতামতসমূহক , হয়তো সেই নিৰ্দিষ্ট মতামতসমূহৰ বিষয়ে থকা এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ &quot;লগতে চাওক&quot; (see also) অংশৰ বাহিৰে একেবাৰেই অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা উচিত নহয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পৃথিৱী সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধটোত সমতল পৃথিৱীৰ (flat Earth) ধাৰণাটোৰ আধুনিক সমৰ্থনৰ কথা পোনপটীয়াকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, যিটো এটা স্পষ্ট (আৰু অতি নগণ্য) সংখ্যালঘুৰ মত; তেনে কৰিলে ইয়াক অযথা গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হ'ব।

Undue weight can be given in several ways, including but not limited to depth of detail, quantity of text, prominence of placement,  juxtaposition of statements and imagery. In articles specifically relating to a minority viewpoint, such views may receive more attention and space. However, these pages should still make appropriate reference to the majority viewpoint wherever relevant and must not represent content strictly from the perspective of the minority view. Specifically, it should always be clear which parts of the text describe the minority view. In addition, the majority view should be explained in sufficient detail that the reader can understand how the minority view differs from it, and controversies regarding aspects of the minority view should be clearly identified and explained. How much detail is required depends on the subject. For instance, articles on historical views such as Flat Earth, with few or no modern proponents, may briefly state the modern position, and then go on to discuss the history of the idea in great detail, neutrally presenting the history of a now-discredited belief. Other minority views may require much more extensive description of the majority view to avoid misleading the reader. See [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|fringe theories guideline]] and the [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]].

Wikipedia should not present a dispute as if a view held by a small minority deserves as much attention overall as the majority view. Views that are held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views (such as Flat Earth). To give undue weight to the view of a significant minority, or to include that of a tiny minority, might be misleading as to the shape of the dispute. Wikipedia aims to present competing views ''in proportion to their representation in reliable sources'' on the subject. This applies not only to article text, but to images, wikilinks, external links, categories, and all other material as well.

:Paraphrased from [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html September 2003 post on the WikiEN-l mailing list]:
:*If a viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
:*If a viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name ''[[Wiktionary:prominent|prominent]]'' adherents;
:*If a viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, it does not belong on Wikipedia, regardless of whether it is true or you can prove it, except perhaps in some ancillary article.

Keep in mind that, in determining proper weight, we consider a viewpoint's prevalence in reliable sources, ''not'' its prevalence among Wikipedia editors or the general public.

If you can prove a theory that few or none currently believe, Wikipedia is not the place to present such a proof. Once it has been presented and discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]], it may be appropriately included. See &quot;[[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]&quot; and &quot;[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]&quot;.

====Balancing aspects====
{{Policy shortcut|WP:BALASP|WP:PROPORTION}}
An article should not give undue weight to minor aspects of its subject, but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight proportional to its treatment in the body of reliable, published material on the subject. For example, discussion of isolated events, criticisms, or news reports about a subject may be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and impartial, but still disproportionate to their overall significance to the article topic. This is a concern especially in relation to [[Wikipedia:Recentism|recent events]] that may be in the [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a newspaper|news]].

===={{anchor|Giving_.22equal_validity.22}}Giving &quot;equal validity&quot; can create a false balance ====
{{Policy shortcut|WP:GEVAL|WP:VALID|WP:FALSEBALANCE}}
: ''See: [[False balance]]''
{{Quote box|quote=&quot;When considering 'due impartiality' ... [we are] careful when reporting on science to make a distinction between an opinion and a fact. When there is a consensus of opinion on scientific matters, providing an opposite view without consideration of 'due weight' can lead to 'false balance', meaning that viewers might perceive an issue to be more controversial than it actually is. This does not mean that scientists cannot be questioned or challenged, but that their contributions must be properly scrutinized. Including an opposite view may well be appropriate, but [we] must clearly communicate the degree of credibility that the view carries.&quot;|width=35%|source=—[[BBC Trust]]'s policy on science reporting 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Trust—BBC science coverage given &quot;vote of confidence&quot; by independent report. 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/news/press_releases/2011/science_impartiality.html|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;See updated report from 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trust Conclusions on the Executive Report on Science Impartiality Review Actions. 2014 |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/science_impartiality/trust_conclusions.pdf |date=July 2014 |accessdate=7 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; |salign=right}}
While it is important to account for all significant [[Point of view (philosophy)|viewpoints]] on any topic, Wikipedia policy does not state or imply that every [[WP:Fringe theories|minority view]] or [[Marcello Truzzi#&quot;Extraordinary claims&quot;|extraordinary claim]] needs to be presented along with commonly accepted [[mainstream]] scholarship as if they were of equal validity. There are many such beliefs in the world, some popular and some little-known: claims that the [[Modern flat Earth societies|Earth is flat]], that the [[Knights Templar]] possessed the [[Holy Grail]], that the [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|Apollo moon landings were a hoax]], and similar ones. [[Conspiracy theories]], [[pseudoscience]], [[pseudohistory|speculative history]], or plausible but currently unaccepted theories should not be legitimized through comparison to accepted academic scholarship. We do not take a stand on these issues as encyclopedia writers, for or against; we merely omit this information where including it would unduly legitimize it, and otherwise include and describe these ideas in their proper context with respect to established scholarship and the beliefs of the wider world.

===Good research===
{{policy shortcut|WP:BESTSOURCES}}
Good and unbiased research, based upon the [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|best and most reputable authoritative sources]] available, helps prevent NPOV disagreements. Try the library for reputable books and journal articles, and look online for the most reliable resources. If you need help finding high-quality sources, ask other editors on the [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] of the article you are working on, or ask at the [[Wikipedia:Reference desk|reference desk]].

===Balance===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:BALANCE|WP:BALANCED}}
Neutrality assigns [[#Due and undue weight|weight]] to viewpoints in proportion to their prominence. However, when reputable sources contradict one another and ''are'' relatively equal in prominence, describe both points of view and work for balance. This involves describing the opposing views clearly, drawing on secondary or tertiary sources that describe the disagreement from a disinterested viewpoint.

===Impartial tone===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:IMPARTIAL}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Information style and tone}}
Wikipedia ''describes'' disputes. Wikipedia does not ''engage'' in disputes. A neutral characterization of disputes requires presenting viewpoints with a consistently impartial tone; otherwise articles end up as partisan commentaries ''even while'' presenting all relevant points of view. Even where a topic is presented in terms of facts rather than opinions, inappropriate tone can be introduced through the way in which facts are selected, presented, or organized. Neutral articles are written with a tone that provides an unbiased, accurate, and proportionate representation of all positions included in the article.

The tone of Wikipedia articles should be impartial, neither endorsing nor rejecting a particular point of view. Try not to quote directly from participants engaged in a heated dispute; instead, summarize and present the arguments in an impartial tone.

===Describing aesthetic opinions===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:AESTHETIC|WP:SUBJECTIVE}}
Wikipedia articles about art and other creative topics (e.g., musicians, actors, books, etc.) have a tendency to become [[WP:PEACOCK|effusive]]. This is out of place in an encyclopedia. Aesthetic opinions are diverse and subjective—we might not all agree about who the world's greatest soprano is. However, it is appropriate to note how an artist or a work has been received by prominent experts and the general public. For instance, the article on Shakespeare should note that he is widely considered to be one of the greatest authors in the English language. Articles should provide an overview of the common interpretations of a creative work, preferably with citations to experts holding that interpretation. Verifiable public and scholarly critiques provide useful context for works of art.

===Words to watch===
{{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch}}
There are no forbidden words or expressions on Wikipedia, but certain expressions should be used with care, because they may introduce bias. For example, the word ''claim'', as in &quot;Jim ''claimed'' he paid for the sandwich&quot;, could [[WP:CLAIM|imply a lack of credibility]]. Using this or other [[WP:ALLEGED|expressions of doubt]] may make an article appear to promote one position over another. Try to state the facts more simply without using such [[loaded words]]; for example, &quot;Jim ''said'' that he paid for the sandwich&quot;. Strive to eliminate [[WP:PEACOCK|expressions that are flattering]], disparaging, vague, or clichéd, or that endorse a particular point of view (unless those expressions are part of a quote from a noteworthy source).

===Bias in sources===
{{See also|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources#Biased or opinionated sources|Wikipedia:Neutrality of sources}}
A common argument in a dispute about reliable sources is that one source is biased and so another source should be given preference.  Some editors argue that biased sources should not be used because they introduce improper POV to an article. However, biased sources are not inherently disallowed based on bias alone, although other aspects of the source may make it invalid.  Neutral point of view should be achieved by balancing the bias in sources based on the weight of the opinion in reliable sources and not by excluding sources that do not conform to the editor's point of view. This does not mean any biased source ''must'' be used; it may well serve an article better [[WP:ONUS|to exclude the material altogether]].

==Handling neutrality disputes==
===Attributing and specifying biased statements===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:SUBSTANTIATE|WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV}}
Biased statements of opinion can be presented only with [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|in-text attribution]]. For instance, &quot;John Doe is the best baseball player&quot; expresses an opinion and cannot be asserted in Wikipedia as if it were a fact. It can be included as a factual statement about the opinion: &quot;John Doe's baseball skills have been praised by baseball insiders such as Al Kaline and Joe Torre.&quot; Opinions must still be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and appropriately [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cited]].

Another approach is to ''specify'' or ''substantiate'' the statement, by giving those details that actually are factual. For example: &quot;John Doe had the highest batting average in the major leagues from 2003 through 2006.&quot; People may still argue over whether he was the best baseball player. But they will not argue over this.

Avoid the temptation to rephrase biased or opinion statements with [[WP:WEASEL|weasel words]], for example, &quot;Many people think John Doe is the best baseball player.&quot; But &quot;Who?&quot; and &quot;How many?&quot; are natural objections. An exception is a situation where a phrase such as &quot;Most people think&quot; can be supported by a reliable source, such as in the reporting of a survey of opinions within the group.

===Point-of-view forks===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:NPOVFACT|WP:NPOVVIEW}}{{Anchor|Point of view forks|reason=Old name of section.}}
:''See the [[Wikipedia:Content forking|content-fork]] guideline for clarification on the issues raised in this section.''
A ''POV fork'' is an attempt to evade the neutrality policy by creating a new article about a subject that is already treated in an article, often to avoid or highlight negative or positive viewpoints or facts. POV forks are not permitted in Wikipedia.

All facts and significant points of view on a given subject should be treated in one article except in the case of a [[WP:SPINOFF|spinoff sub-article]]. Some topics are so large that one article cannot reasonably cover all facets of the topic, so a spinoff sub-article is created. For example, [[Evolution as fact and theory]] is a sub-article of [[Evolution]], and [[Creation-evolution controversy]] is a sub-article of [[Creationism]]. This type of split is permissible only if written from a neutral point of view and must not be an attempt to evade the consensus process at another article.

===Making necessary assumptions===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:MNA}}
When writing articles, there may be cases where making some assumptions is necessary to get through a topic. For example, in writing about evolution, it is not helpful to hash out the creation-evolution controversy on every page. There are virtually no topics that could proceed without making some assumptions that ''someone'' would find controversial. This is true not only in evolutionary biology, but also in philosophy, history, physics, etc.

It is difficult to draw up a rule, but the following principle may help: there is probably not a good reason to discuss some assumption on a given page, if that assumption is best discussed in depth on some ''other'' page. However, a brief, unobtrusive pointer might be appropriate.

==Controversial subjects==
Wikipedia deals with numerous areas that are frequently subjects of intense debate both in the real world and among editors of the encyclopedia. A proper understanding and application of NPOV is sought in all areas of Wikipedia, but it is often needed most in these.

===Fringe theories and pseudoscience===
{{Anchor|Pseudoscience and related fringe theories}}
{{Shortcut|WP:PSCI}}
{{see|Wikipedia:Fringe theories|#Due and undue weight}}
[[Pseudoscience|Pseudoscientific]] theories are presented by proponents as science, but characteristically fail to adhere to [[scientific method|scientific standards and methods]]. Conversely, by its very nature, [[scientific consensus]] is the majority viewpoint of scientists towards a topic. Thus, when talking about [[:Category:Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific topics]], we should not describe these two opposing viewpoints as being equal to each other. While pseudoscience may in some cases be significant to an article, it should not [[Wiktionary:obfuscate#Verb|obfuscate]] the description of the mainstream views of the [[scientific community]]. Any inclusion of pseudoscientific views should not give them [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]]. The pseudoscientific view should be clearly described as such. An explanation of how scientists have reacted to pseudoscientific theories should be prominently included. This helps us to describe differing views fairly. This also applies to other fringe subjects, for instance, forms of [[Historical negationism|historical revisionism]] that are considered by [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|more reliable sources]] to either lack evidence or actively ignore evidence, such as claims that [[Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories|Pope John Paul I was murdered]], or that [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|the Apollo moon landing was faked]].

See Wikipedia's established [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories#Pseudoscience and other fringe theories|pseudoscience guidelines]] to help with deciding whether a topic is appropriately classified as pseudoscience.

===Religion===
{{Shortcut|WP:RNPOV}}
In the case of beliefs and practices, Wikipedia content should not only encompass what motivates individuals who hold these beliefs and practices, but also account for how such beliefs and practices developed. Wikipedia articles on history and religion draw from a religion's sacred texts as well as from modern archaeological, historical, and scientific sources.

Some adherents of a religion might object to a critical&lt;!--the use here of the word //critical// is referenced by the article itself, in the succeeding paragraph--&gt; historical treatment of their own faith because in their view such analysis discriminates against their religious beliefs. Their point of view can be mentioned if it can be documented by relevant, reliable sources, yet note that there is no contradiction. NPOV policy means that Wikipedia editors ought to try to write sentences like this: &quot;Certain Frisbeetarianists (such as the Rev. Goodcatch) believe This and That and consider those to  have been tenets of Frisbeetarianism from its earliest days. Certain sects who call themselves ''Ultimate Frisbeetarianists'' &amp;mdash;influenced by the findings of modern historians and archaeologists (such as Dr. Investigate's textual analysis and Prof. Iconoclast's carbon-dating work)&amp;mdash;still believe This, but no longer believe That, and instead believe Something Else.&quot;

Several words that have very specific meanings in studies of religion have different meanings in less formal contexts, e.g., ''[[fundamentalism]]'', ''[[mythology]]'', and (as in the prior paragraph) ''critical''. Wikipedia articles about religious topics should take care to use these words only in their formal senses to avoid causing unnecessary offence or misleading the reader. Conversely, editors should not avoid using terminology that has been established by the majority of the current reliable and relevant sources on a topic out of sympathy for a particular point of view, or concern that readers may confuse the formal and informal meanings. Details about particular terms can be found at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch]].

==Common objections and clarifications==
[[File:WikiConference India 2011 Jimmy Wales 4.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] talking about NPOV at [[WikiConference India]].]]
:''See the [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]] for answers and clarifications on the issues raised in this section.''
Common objections or concerns raised to Wikipedia's NPOV policy include the following.

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Being neutral|Being neutral]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#There's no such thing as objectivity|There's no such thing as objectivity]]''&lt;br /&gt;Everybody with any philosophical sophistication knows that we all have biases. So, how can we take the NPOV policy seriously?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete|Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete]]''&lt;br /&gt;The NPOV policy is used sometimes as an excuse to delete texts that are perceived as biased. Isn't this a problem?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Assert_facts, not opinions|A simple formulation—what does it mean?]]''&lt;br /&gt;A former section of this policy called &quot;A simple formulation&quot; said, &quot;Assert facts, including facts about opinions—but don't assert opinions themselves.&quot; What does this mean?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Balancing different views|Balancing different views]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Writing for the opponent|Writing for the opponent]]''&lt;br /&gt;I'm not convinced by what you say about &quot;writing for the opponent&quot;. I don't want to write for the opponents. Most of them rely on stating as fact many statements that are demonstrably false. Are you saying that, to be neutral in writing an article, I must {{em|lie}}, in order to represent the view I disagree with?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Morally offensive views|Morally offensive views]]''&lt;br /&gt;What about views that are morally offensive to most readers, such as Holocaust denial, that some people actually hold? Surely we are not to be neutral about {{em|them}}?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Editor disputes|Editor disputes]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Dealing with biased contributors|Dealing with biased contributors]]''&lt;br /&gt;I agree with the nonbias policy but there are some here who seem completely, irremediably biased. I have to go around and clean up after them. What do I do?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Avoiding constant disputes|Avoiding constant disputes]]''&lt;br /&gt;How can we avoid constant and endless warfare over neutrality issues?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Other objections|Other objections]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Anglo-American focus|Anglo-American focus]]''&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia seems to have an Anglo-American focus. Is this contrary to NPOV?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Not answered here|Not answered here]]''&lt;br /&gt;I have some other objection—where should I complain?

Since the NPOV policy is often unfamiliar to newcomers—and is so central to Wikipedia's approach—many issues surrounding it have been covered before very extensively. If you have some new contribution to make to the debate, you could try the [[Wikipedia talk:Neutral point of view|policy talk page]]. Before asking, please review the links below.

==History==
{{Main|Wikipedia:Core content policies}}
&quot;Neutral Point Of View&quot; is one of the oldest governing concepts on Wikipedia. Originally appearing within  [[Nupedia]] titled &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20001205000200/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml#III Non-bias policy]&quot;,  it was drafted by [[Larry Sanger]] in 2000. Sanger in 2001 suggested  that avoiding bias as one of Wikipedia's [https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider &quot;rules to consider&quot;]. This  [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/~reagle/wp-redux/NeutralPointOfView/982358834.html  was codified] with the objective of the NPOV policy to produce an unbiased encyclopedia.  The 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&amp;oldid=270453 original NPOV policy statement on Wikipedia] was added by Sanger on December 26, 2001. [[Jimmy Wales]] has qualified NPOV as &quot;non-negotiable&quot;, consistently, throughout various discussions: [https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035757/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/NeutralPointOfView  2001 statement],   [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-November/008096.html November 2003], [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-April/044386.html April 2006], [http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/foundation/123928#123928 March 2008]

[[WP:NOR|No original research]] (NOR) and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (V)  have their origins in the NPOV policy and the problem of dealing with [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] and [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|fringe theories]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&amp;oldid=2014449 NOR policy was established in 2003] to address problematic uses of sources. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Verifiability&amp;oldid=1339095 verifiability policy was established in 2003]  to ensure accuracy of articles by encouraging editors to cite sources. Development of the undue-weight section also started in 2003, for which a [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html mailing-list post] by  Wales in September was instrumental.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
=== Policies and guidelines ===
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of interest]]
* [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|Fringe theories]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch|Words to watch]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]
** [[Wikipedia:Avoid peacock terms|Avoid peacock terms]]
** [[Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words|Avoid weasel words]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]

=== Noticeboards ===
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard|NPOV noticeboard]]

=== Information pages ===
{{div col}}
* [[Wikipedia:Describing points of view|Describing points of view]]
* [[Wikipedia:List of controversial issues|List of controversial issues]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|NPOV dispute]]
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]]
* [[Wikipedia:Recentism|Recentism]]
* [[Meta:Positive tone|Positive tone]] (historical Meta policy)
* [[Meta:Responses to How to Build Wikipedia, Understand Bias|Understand bias]] (historical Meta policy)
{{div col end}}

=== Essays ===
{{div col}}
* [[Wikipedia:Academic bias|Academic bias]]
* [[Wikipedia:Be neutral in form|Be neutral in form]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cherrypicking|Cherrypicking]]
* [[Wikipedia:Civil POV pushing|Civil POV pushing]]
* [[Wikipedia:Coatrack|Coatrack]]
* [[Wikipedia:Controversial articles|Controversial articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Criticism|Criticism sections]]
* [[Wikipedia:Don't &quot;teach the controversy&quot;|Don't &quot;teach the controversy&quot;]]
* [[Wikipedia:Let the reader decide|Let the reader decide]]
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Examples|NPOV examples]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content|NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields|POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields]]
* [[Wikipedia:Presentism|Presentism]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific consensus|Scientific consensus]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific point of view|Scientific point of view]]
* [[Wikipedia:Systemic bias|Systemic bias]]
* [[Wikipedia:Why NPOV?|Why NPOV?]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia only reports what the sources say|Wikipedia only reports what the sources say]]
{{div col end}}

=== Articles ===
{{div col}}
*{{section link|Criticism of Wikipedia|Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest}}
*[[Consensus reality]]
*[[Objectivity (journalism)]]
*[[One-sided argument]]
{{div col end}}

=== Templates ===
*General NPOV templates:
**{{tl|POV}}—message used to attract other editors to assess and fix neutrality problems
**{{tl|POV-check}}—message used to request that an article be checked for neutrality
**{{tl|POV-section}}—message that tags only a single section as disputed
**{{tl|POV-lead}}—message when the article's introduction is questionable
**{{tl|POV-title}}—message when the article's title is questionable
**{{tl|POV-statement}}—message when only one sentence is questionable
**{{tl|NPOV language}}—message used when the neutrality of the style of writing is questioned
**{{tl|ASF}}—message when a sentence may or may not require in-text attribution (e.g., &quot;[[Jimmy Wales]] says&quot;)
**{{tl|Attribution needed}}{{mdash}}when in-text attribution should be added
*Undue-weight templates:
**{{tl|Undue weight}}—message used to warn that a part of an article lends undue weight to certain ideas relative to the article as a whole
**{{tl|Undue weight section}}—same as above but to tag a section only
**{{tl|Undue weight inline}}—same as above but to tag a sentence or paragraph only

{{Wikipedia principles}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view| ]]
[[Category:Wikipedia policies|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia content policies]]</text>
      <sha1>fa7th6n1ccblzrbtcjbunke5h7u5ycw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610965</id>
      <parentid>610964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* উচিত গুৰুত্ব আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব */</comment>
      <origin>610965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43320" sha1="4v1msvgeuun3wm6lq35cc4qs9ozm5c7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{pp-move-indef}}{{pp-semi-indef}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{policy|ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰপেক্ষ|WP:NPV|WP:POV|WP:NEUTRAL}}
{{nutshell|Articles must not ''take'' sides, but should ''explain'' the sides, fairly and without editorial [[bias]]. This applies to both what you say and how you say it.}}
{{Content policy list}}
[[File:Wikipedia scale of justice.svg|200px|right]]
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো বোৰ বিশ্বকোষীয় সমল এক '''নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গীৰে''' ('''NPOV''')  লিখা হ’ব লাগিব, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যথাযথ, সমানুপাতিক আৰু যথাসম্ভৱ [[Point of view (philosophy)| পক্ষপাতহীনতা]] আৰু  কোনো এক বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে প্ৰকাশিত সকলো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|তথ্যউৎসৰ]] উপস্থাপন।

NPOV হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়া' আৰু অন্যান্য ৱিকিমিডিয়া প্ৰকল্পৰ এক [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|মৌলিক নীতি]]। ই ৱিকিপেডিয়াৰ তিনিটা মূল সমল নীতিৰ এটা। আন দুটা হৈছে &quot;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]&quot; আৰু &quot;[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা|মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা]]&quot;। এই নীতিবোৰে সামগ্ৰিকভাবে নিৰ্দ্ধাৰণ কৰে যে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে কেনে ধৰণৰ আৰু মানৰ বিষয়বস্তু গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হয় আৰু ৱিকিৰ প্ৰবন্ধই যিহেতু একতাৰহে পোষকতা কৰে, সেইবাবে ই পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত মতভেদ অনা উচিত নহয়। ৱিকিৰ সম্পাদকসকলক এই তিনি নীতিৰ সৈতে পৰিচিত কৰাবলৈ শক্তিশালীভাবে উদগনি দিয়া হয়।

এই নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনীয় নহয় আৰু যি [[#History|সিদ্ধান্তৰ]] ওপৰত ই আধাৰিত, তাক অন্যান্য নীতিৰ বা দিশানিৰ্দেশৰ দ্বাৰা নতুবা সম্পাদকসকলৰ সহমতৰ দ্বাৰা অৱদমন কৰিব নোৱাৰি।

==নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গী সম্পৰ্কে বাখ্যা&lt;span id=ASF&gt;==
{{Policy shortcut|WP:YESPOV|WP:WIKIVOICE}}
{{Seealso|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ}}
Achieving what the Wikipedia community understands as ''neutrality'' means carefully and critically analyzing a variety of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable sources]] and then attempting to convey to the reader the information contained in them fairly, proportionately, and as far as possible without editorial bias. Wikipedia aims to '''describe disputes, but not engage in them.''' Editors, while naturally having their own [[point of view (philosophy)|points of view]], should strive in good faith to provide complete information, and not to promote one particular point of view over another. As such, the neutral point of view does not mean exclusion of certain points of view, but including all verifiable points of view which have sufficient due [[#Due and undue weight|weight]]. Observe the following principles to achieve the level of neutrality that is appropriate for an encyclopedia:
*'''Avoid stating [[opinion]]s as [[fact]]s.''' Usually, articles will contain information about the significant [[Point of view (philosophy)|opinions]] that have been expressed about their subjects. However, these opinions should not be stated in Wikipedia's voice. Rather, they should be attributed in the text to particular sources, or where justified, described as widespread views, etc. For example, an article should not state that &quot;genocide is an evil action&quot;, but it may state that &quot;genocide has been described by John X as the epitome of human evil.&quot;
*'''Avoid stating seriously contested assertions as facts.''' If different reliable sources make conflicting assertions about a matter, treat these assertions as opinions rather than facts, and do not present them as direct statements.
*'''Avoid stating facts as opinions.''' Uncontested and uncontroversial factual assertions made by reliable sources should normally be directly stated in Wikipedia's voice. Unless a topic specifically deals with a disagreement over otherwise uncontested information, there is no need for specific attribution for the assertion, although it is helpful to add a reference link to the source in support of [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]]. Further, the passage should not be worded in any way that makes it appear to be contested.
*'''Prefer nonjudgmental language.''' A neutral point of view neither sympathizes with nor disparages its subject (or what reliable sources say about the subject), although this must sometimes be balanced against clarity. Present opinions and conflicting findings in a disinterested tone. Do not editorialize. When editorial bias towards one particular point of view can be detected the article needs to be fixed.
*'''Indicate the relative prominence of opposing views.''' Ensure that the reporting of different views on a subject adequately reflects the relative levels of support for those views, and that it does not give a false impression of [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories#Parity of sources|parity]], or give [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] to a particular view. For example, to state that &quot;According to [[Simon Wiesenthal]], the Holocaust was a program of extermination of the Jewish people in Germany, but [[David Irving]] disputes this analysis&quot; would be to give apparent parity between the supermajority view and a tiny minority view by assigning each to a single activist in the field.

{{anchor|achieve|ACHIEVE}}

==Achieving neutrality==
{{shortcut|WP:NPOVHOW|WP:ACHIEVE NPOV}}
:''See the [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]] and [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Examples|NPOV examples]].''
As a general rule, [[WP:PRESERVE|do not remove sourced information from the encyclopedia]] solely on the grounds that it seems biased. Instead, try to rewrite the passage or section to achieve a more neutral tone. Biased information can usually be balanced with material cited to other sources to produce a more neutral perspective, so such problems should be fixed when possible through the [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|normal editing process]]. Remove material only where you have a good reason to believe it misinforms or misleads readers in ways that cannot be addressed by rewriting the passage. The sections below offer specific guidance on common problems.

===Naming===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:POVNAMING}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Neutrality in article titles}}
In some cases, the choice of name used for a topic can give an appearance of bias. While neutral terms are generally preferable, this must be balanced against clarity. If a name is widely used in reliable sources (particularly those written in English), and is therefore likely to be well recognized by readers, it may be used even though some may regard it as biased. For example, the widely used names &quot;[[Boston Massacre]]&quot;, &quot;[[Teapot Dome scandal]]&quot;, and &quot;[[Jack the Ripper]]&quot; are legitimate ways of referring to the subjects in question, even though they may appear to pass judgment. The best name to use for a topic may depend on the context in which it is mentioned; it may be appropriate to mention alternative names and the controversies over their use, particularly when the topic in question is the main topic being discussed.

This advice especially applies to article titles. Although multiple terms may be in common usage, a single name should be chosen as the article title, in line with the [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article titling policy]] (and relevant guidelines such as on [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)|geographical names]]). Article titles that combine alternative names are discouraged. For example, &quot;Derry/Londonderry&quot;, &quot;Aluminium/Aluminum&quot; or &quot;Flat Earth (Round Earth)&quot; should not be used. Instead, alternative names should be given due prominence within the article itself, and [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirects]] created as appropriate.

Some article titles are descriptive, rather than being a name. Descriptive titles should be worded neutrally, so as not to suggest a viewpoint ''for'' or ''against'' a topic, or to confine the content of the article to views on a particular side of an issue (for example, an article titled &quot;Criticisms of X&quot; might be better renamed &quot;Societal views on X&quot;). Neutral titles encourage multiple viewpoints and responsible article writing.

===Article structure===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:STRUCTURE}}
{{See|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout}}

The internal structure of an article may require additional attention, to protect neutrality, and to avoid problems like ''[[#Point of view forks|POV forking]]'' and ''[[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]]''. Although specific article structures are not, as a rule, prohibited, care must be taken to ensure that the overall presentation is broadly neutral.

Segregation of text or other content into different regions or subsections, based solely on the apparent POV of the content itself, may result in an unencyclopedic structure, such as a back-and-forth dialogue between proponents and opponents.&lt;ref&gt;Article sections devoted solely to criticism, and pro-and-con sections within articles, are two commonly cited examples. There are varying views on whether and to what extent such structures are appropriate; see guidance on [[Wikipedia:Avoid thread mode|thread mode]], [[Wikipedia:Criticism|criticism]], [[Wikipedia:Pro and con lists|pro-and-con lists]], and the [[Template:Criticism-section|criticism template]].&lt;/ref&gt; It may also create an apparent hierarchy of fact where details in the main passage appear &quot;true&quot; and &quot;undisputed&quot;, whereas other, segregated material is deemed &quot;controversial&quot;, and therefore more likely to be false. Try to achieve a more neutral text by folding [[debate]]s into the narrative, rather than isolating them into sections that ignore or fight against each other.

Pay attention to headers, footnotes, or other formatting elements that might unduly favor one point of view, and watch out for structural or stylistic aspects that make it difficult for a reader to fairly and equally assess the credibility of all relevant and related viewpoints.&lt;ref&gt;Commonly cited examples include articles that read too much like a debate, and content structured like a resume. See also the [[Wikipedia:Guide to layout|guide to layout]], [[Wikipedia:Criticism#Formatting criticism|formatting of criticism]], [[Wikipedia:Edit war|edit warring]], [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Contradiction and confusion|cleanup templates]], and the [[Template:Lopsided|unbalanced-opinion template]].&lt;/ref&gt;

===উচিত গুৰুত্ব আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:UNDUE|WP:WEIGHT|WP:DUE}}{{anchor|Undue weight}}
​{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত সকলো উল্লেখযোগ্য দৃষ্টিভংগী নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসত থকা প্ৰাধান্যৰ অনুপাত অনুসৰিহে উপস্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব। সংখ্যাগুৰুৰ মতামতক প্ৰধান গুৰুত্ব দিয়াৰ বিপৰীতে সংখ্যালঘুৰ ধাৰণাক অযথা গুৰুত্ব দি পাঠকক বিভ্ৰান্ত কৰা অনুচিত। কোনো ধাৰণাৰ গুৰুত্ব সম্পাদকৰ নিজা মতৰ ওপৰত নহয়, বৰং কেৱল প্ৰকাশিত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ প্ৰসাৰতাৰ ওপৰতহে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হয়।}}
নিৰপেক্ষতাৰ বাবে আৱশ্যক যে মূল স্থানৰ (mainspace) প্ৰতিটো প্ৰবন্ধ বা অন্যান্য পৃষ্ঠাই প্ৰকাশিত নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসসমূহৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত সকলো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দৃষ্টিভংগীক সমভাৱে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিব লাগিব, আৰু ই প্ৰকাশিত, নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসসমূহত প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ প্ৰাধান্যৰ অনুপাত অনুসৰি হ'ব লাগিব।&lt;ref&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকসকল বা সাধাৰণ ৰাইজৰ মাজত প্ৰতিটো দৃষ্টিভংগীৰ আপেক্ষিক প্ৰাধান্য প্ৰাসংগিক নহয় আৰু ইয়াক বিবেচনা কৰা উচিত নহয়।&lt;/ref&gt; যথোচিত গুৰুত্ব (due weight) প্ৰদান কৰা আৰু অযথা গুৰুত্ব (undue weight) পৰিহাৰ কৰাৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত '''সংখ্যালঘুসকলৰ মতামত বা দিশসমূহক''' বহুলভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা মতামত বা ব্যাপকভাৱে সমৰ্থিত দিশসমূহৰ দৰে '''সমানেই বা বিশদভাৱে বৰ্ণনা কৰা উচিত নহয়।''' সাধাৰণতে, অতি ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যালঘুৰ মতামতসমূহক , হয়তো সেই নিৰ্দিষ্ট মতামতসমূহৰ বিষয়ে থকা এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ &quot;লগতে চাওক&quot; (see also) অংশৰ বাহিৰে একেবাৰেই অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা উচিত নহয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পৃথিৱী সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবন্ধটোত সমতল পৃথিৱীৰ (flat Earth) ধাৰণাটোৰ আধুনিক সমৰ্থনৰ কথা পোনপটীয়াকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, যিটো এটা স্পষ্ট (আৰু অতি নগণ্য) সংখ্যালঘুৰ মত; তেনে কৰিলে ইয়াক অযথা গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হ'ব।

Undue weight can be given in several ways, including but not limited to depth of detail, quantity of text, prominence of placement,  juxtaposition of statements and imagery. In articles specifically relating to a minority viewpoint, such views may receive more attention and space. However, these pages should still make appropriate reference to the majority viewpoint wherever relevant and must not represent content strictly from the perspective of the minority view. Specifically, it should always be clear which parts of the text describe the minority view. In addition, the majority view should be explained in sufficient detail that the reader can understand how the minority view differs from it, and controversies regarding aspects of the minority view should be clearly identified and explained. How much detail is required depends on the subject. For instance, articles on historical views such as Flat Earth, with few or no modern proponents, may briefly state the modern position, and then go on to discuss the history of the idea in great detail, neutrally presenting the history of a now-discredited belief. Other minority views may require much more extensive description of the majority view to avoid misleading the reader. See [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|fringe theories guideline]] and the [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]].

Wikipedia should not present a dispute as if a view held by a small minority deserves as much attention overall as the majority view. Views that are held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views (such as Flat Earth). To give undue weight to the view of a significant minority, or to include that of a tiny minority, might be misleading as to the shape of the dispute. Wikipedia aims to present competing views ''in proportion to their representation in reliable sources'' on the subject. This applies not only to article text, but to images, wikilinks, external links, categories, and all other material as well.

:Paraphrased from [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html September 2003 post on the WikiEN-l mailing list]:
:*If a viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
:*If a viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name ''[[Wiktionary:prominent|prominent]]'' adherents;
:*If a viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, it does not belong on Wikipedia, regardless of whether it is true or you can prove it, except perhaps in some ancillary article.

Keep in mind that, in determining proper weight, we consider a viewpoint's prevalence in reliable sources, ''not'' its prevalence among Wikipedia editors or the general public.

If you can prove a theory that few or none currently believe, Wikipedia is not the place to present such a proof. Once it has been presented and discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]], it may be appropriately included. See &quot;[[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]&quot; and &quot;[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]&quot;.

====Balancing aspects====
{{Policy shortcut|WP:BALASP|WP:PROPORTION}}
An article should not give undue weight to minor aspects of its subject, but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight proportional to its treatment in the body of reliable, published material on the subject. For example, discussion of isolated events, criticisms, or news reports about a subject may be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and impartial, but still disproportionate to their overall significance to the article topic. This is a concern especially in relation to [[Wikipedia:Recentism|recent events]] that may be in the [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a newspaper|news]].

===={{anchor|Giving_.22equal_validity.22}}Giving &quot;equal validity&quot; can create a false balance ====
{{Policy shortcut|WP:GEVAL|WP:VALID|WP:FALSEBALANCE}}
: ''See: [[False balance]]''
{{Quote box|quote=&quot;When considering 'due impartiality' ... [we are] careful when reporting on science to make a distinction between an opinion and a fact. When there is a consensus of opinion on scientific matters, providing an opposite view without consideration of 'due weight' can lead to 'false balance', meaning that viewers might perceive an issue to be more controversial than it actually is. This does not mean that scientists cannot be questioned or challenged, but that their contributions must be properly scrutinized. Including an opposite view may well be appropriate, but [we] must clearly communicate the degree of credibility that the view carries.&quot;|width=35%|source=—[[BBC Trust]]'s policy on science reporting 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Trust—BBC science coverage given &quot;vote of confidence&quot; by independent report. 2011|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/news/press_releases/2011/science_impartiality.html|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=14 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;See updated report from 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trust Conclusions on the Executive Report on Science Impartiality Review Actions. 2014 |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/science_impartiality/trust_conclusions.pdf |date=July 2014 |accessdate=7 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; |salign=right}}
While it is important to account for all significant [[Point of view (philosophy)|viewpoints]] on any topic, Wikipedia policy does not state or imply that every [[WP:Fringe theories|minority view]] or [[Marcello Truzzi#&quot;Extraordinary claims&quot;|extraordinary claim]] needs to be presented along with commonly accepted [[mainstream]] scholarship as if they were of equal validity. There are many such beliefs in the world, some popular and some little-known: claims that the [[Modern flat Earth societies|Earth is flat]], that the [[Knights Templar]] possessed the [[Holy Grail]], that the [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|Apollo moon landings were a hoax]], and similar ones. [[Conspiracy theories]], [[pseudoscience]], [[pseudohistory|speculative history]], or plausible but currently unaccepted theories should not be legitimized through comparison to accepted academic scholarship. We do not take a stand on these issues as encyclopedia writers, for or against; we merely omit this information where including it would unduly legitimize it, and otherwise include and describe these ideas in their proper context with respect to established scholarship and the beliefs of the wider world.

===Good research===
{{policy shortcut|WP:BESTSOURCES}}
Good and unbiased research, based upon the [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|best and most reputable authoritative sources]] available, helps prevent NPOV disagreements. Try the library for reputable books and journal articles, and look online for the most reliable resources. If you need help finding high-quality sources, ask other editors on the [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] of the article you are working on, or ask at the [[Wikipedia:Reference desk|reference desk]].

===Balance===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:BALANCE|WP:BALANCED}}
Neutrality assigns [[#Due and undue weight|weight]] to viewpoints in proportion to their prominence. However, when reputable sources contradict one another and ''are'' relatively equal in prominence, describe both points of view and work for balance. This involves describing the opposing views clearly, drawing on secondary or tertiary sources that describe the disagreement from a disinterested viewpoint.

===Impartial tone===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:IMPARTIAL}}
{{See also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Information style and tone}}
Wikipedia ''describes'' disputes. Wikipedia does not ''engage'' in disputes. A neutral characterization of disputes requires presenting viewpoints with a consistently impartial tone; otherwise articles end up as partisan commentaries ''even while'' presenting all relevant points of view. Even where a topic is presented in terms of facts rather than opinions, inappropriate tone can be introduced through the way in which facts are selected, presented, or organized. Neutral articles are written with a tone that provides an unbiased, accurate, and proportionate representation of all positions included in the article.

The tone of Wikipedia articles should be impartial, neither endorsing nor rejecting a particular point of view. Try not to quote directly from participants engaged in a heated dispute; instead, summarize and present the arguments in an impartial tone.

===Describing aesthetic opinions===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:AESTHETIC|WP:SUBJECTIVE}}
Wikipedia articles about art and other creative topics (e.g., musicians, actors, books, etc.) have a tendency to become [[WP:PEACOCK|effusive]]. This is out of place in an encyclopedia. Aesthetic opinions are diverse and subjective—we might not all agree about who the world's greatest soprano is. However, it is appropriate to note how an artist or a work has been received by prominent experts and the general public. For instance, the article on Shakespeare should note that he is widely considered to be one of the greatest authors in the English language. Articles should provide an overview of the common interpretations of a creative work, preferably with citations to experts holding that interpretation. Verifiable public and scholarly critiques provide useful context for works of art.

===Words to watch===
{{Main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch}}
There are no forbidden words or expressions on Wikipedia, but certain expressions should be used with care, because they may introduce bias. For example, the word ''claim'', as in &quot;Jim ''claimed'' he paid for the sandwich&quot;, could [[WP:CLAIM|imply a lack of credibility]]. Using this or other [[WP:ALLEGED|expressions of doubt]] may make an article appear to promote one position over another. Try to state the facts more simply without using such [[loaded words]]; for example, &quot;Jim ''said'' that he paid for the sandwich&quot;. Strive to eliminate [[WP:PEACOCK|expressions that are flattering]], disparaging, vague, or clichéd, or that endorse a particular point of view (unless those expressions are part of a quote from a noteworthy source).

===Bias in sources===
{{See also|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources#Biased or opinionated sources|Wikipedia:Neutrality of sources}}
A common argument in a dispute about reliable sources is that one source is biased and so another source should be given preference.  Some editors argue that biased sources should not be used because they introduce improper POV to an article. However, biased sources are not inherently disallowed based on bias alone, although other aspects of the source may make it invalid.  Neutral point of view should be achieved by balancing the bias in sources based on the weight of the opinion in reliable sources and not by excluding sources that do not conform to the editor's point of view. This does not mean any biased source ''must'' be used; it may well serve an article better [[WP:ONUS|to exclude the material altogether]].

==Handling neutrality disputes==
===Attributing and specifying biased statements===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:SUBSTANTIATE|WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV}}
Biased statements of opinion can be presented only with [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|in-text attribution]]. For instance, &quot;John Doe is the best baseball player&quot; expresses an opinion and cannot be asserted in Wikipedia as if it were a fact. It can be included as a factual statement about the opinion: &quot;John Doe's baseball skills have been praised by baseball insiders such as Al Kaline and Joe Torre.&quot; Opinions must still be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] and appropriately [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|cited]].

Another approach is to ''specify'' or ''substantiate'' the statement, by giving those details that actually are factual. For example: &quot;John Doe had the highest batting average in the major leagues from 2003 through 2006.&quot; People may still argue over whether he was the best baseball player. But they will not argue over this.

Avoid the temptation to rephrase biased or opinion statements with [[WP:WEASEL|weasel words]], for example, &quot;Many people think John Doe is the best baseball player.&quot; But &quot;Who?&quot; and &quot;How many?&quot; are natural objections. An exception is a situation where a phrase such as &quot;Most people think&quot; can be supported by a reliable source, such as in the reporting of a survey of opinions within the group.

===Point-of-view forks===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:NPOVFACT|WP:NPOVVIEW}}{{Anchor|Point of view forks|reason=Old name of section.}}
:''See the [[Wikipedia:Content forking|content-fork]] guideline for clarification on the issues raised in this section.''
A ''POV fork'' is an attempt to evade the neutrality policy by creating a new article about a subject that is already treated in an article, often to avoid or highlight negative or positive viewpoints or facts. POV forks are not permitted in Wikipedia.

All facts and significant points of view on a given subject should be treated in one article except in the case of a [[WP:SPINOFF|spinoff sub-article]]. Some topics are so large that one article cannot reasonably cover all facets of the topic, so a spinoff sub-article is created. For example, [[Evolution as fact and theory]] is a sub-article of [[Evolution]], and [[Creation-evolution controversy]] is a sub-article of [[Creationism]]. This type of split is permissible only if written from a neutral point of view and must not be an attempt to evade the consensus process at another article.

===Making necessary assumptions===
{{Policy shortcut|WP:MNA}}
When writing articles, there may be cases where making some assumptions is necessary to get through a topic. For example, in writing about evolution, it is not helpful to hash out the creation-evolution controversy on every page. There are virtually no topics that could proceed without making some assumptions that ''someone'' would find controversial. This is true not only in evolutionary biology, but also in philosophy, history, physics, etc.

It is difficult to draw up a rule, but the following principle may help: there is probably not a good reason to discuss some assumption on a given page, if that assumption is best discussed in depth on some ''other'' page. However, a brief, unobtrusive pointer might be appropriate.

==Controversial subjects==
Wikipedia deals with numerous areas that are frequently subjects of intense debate both in the real world and among editors of the encyclopedia. A proper understanding and application of NPOV is sought in all areas of Wikipedia, but it is often needed most in these.

===Fringe theories and pseudoscience===
{{Anchor|Pseudoscience and related fringe theories}}
{{Shortcut|WP:PSCI}}
{{see|Wikipedia:Fringe theories|#Due and undue weight}}
[[Pseudoscience|Pseudoscientific]] theories are presented by proponents as science, but characteristically fail to adhere to [[scientific method|scientific standards and methods]]. Conversely, by its very nature, [[scientific consensus]] is the majority viewpoint of scientists towards a topic. Thus, when talking about [[:Category:Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific topics]], we should not describe these two opposing viewpoints as being equal to each other. While pseudoscience may in some cases be significant to an article, it should not [[Wiktionary:obfuscate#Verb|obfuscate]] the description of the mainstream views of the [[scientific community]]. Any inclusion of pseudoscientific views should not give them [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]]. The pseudoscientific view should be clearly described as such. An explanation of how scientists have reacted to pseudoscientific theories should be prominently included. This helps us to describe differing views fairly. This also applies to other fringe subjects, for instance, forms of [[Historical negationism|historical revisionism]] that are considered by [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|more reliable sources]] to either lack evidence or actively ignore evidence, such as claims that [[Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories|Pope John Paul I was murdered]], or that [[Moon landing conspiracy theories|the Apollo moon landing was faked]].

See Wikipedia's established [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories#Pseudoscience and other fringe theories|pseudoscience guidelines]] to help with deciding whether a topic is appropriately classified as pseudoscience.

===Religion===
{{Shortcut|WP:RNPOV}}
In the case of beliefs and practices, Wikipedia content should not only encompass what motivates individuals who hold these beliefs and practices, but also account for how such beliefs and practices developed. Wikipedia articles on history and religion draw from a religion's sacred texts as well as from modern archaeological, historical, and scientific sources.

Some adherents of a religion might object to a critical&lt;!--the use here of the word //critical// is referenced by the article itself, in the succeeding paragraph--&gt; historical treatment of their own faith because in their view such analysis discriminates against their religious beliefs. Their point of view can be mentioned if it can be documented by relevant, reliable sources, yet note that there is no contradiction. NPOV policy means that Wikipedia editors ought to try to write sentences like this: &quot;Certain Frisbeetarianists (such as the Rev. Goodcatch) believe This and That and consider those to  have been tenets of Frisbeetarianism from its earliest days. Certain sects who call themselves ''Ultimate Frisbeetarianists'' &amp;mdash;influenced by the findings of modern historians and archaeologists (such as Dr. Investigate's textual analysis and Prof. Iconoclast's carbon-dating work)&amp;mdash;still believe This, but no longer believe That, and instead believe Something Else.&quot;

Several words that have very specific meanings in studies of religion have different meanings in less formal contexts, e.g., ''[[fundamentalism]]'', ''[[mythology]]'', and (as in the prior paragraph) ''critical''. Wikipedia articles about religious topics should take care to use these words only in their formal senses to avoid causing unnecessary offence or misleading the reader. Conversely, editors should not avoid using terminology that has been established by the majority of the current reliable and relevant sources on a topic out of sympathy for a particular point of view, or concern that readers may confuse the formal and informal meanings. Details about particular terms can be found at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch]].

==Common objections and clarifications==
[[File:WikiConference India 2011 Jimmy Wales 4.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] talking about NPOV at [[WikiConference India]].]]
:''See the [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]] for answers and clarifications on the issues raised in this section.''
Common objections or concerns raised to Wikipedia's NPOV policy include the following.

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Being neutral|Being neutral]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#There's no such thing as objectivity|There's no such thing as objectivity]]''&lt;br /&gt;Everybody with any philosophical sophistication knows that we all have biases. So, how can we take the NPOV policy seriously?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete|Lack of neutrality as an excuse to delete]]''&lt;br /&gt;The NPOV policy is used sometimes as an excuse to delete texts that are perceived as biased. Isn't this a problem?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Assert_facts, not opinions|A simple formulation—what does it mean?]]''&lt;br /&gt;A former section of this policy called &quot;A simple formulation&quot; said, &quot;Assert facts, including facts about opinions—but don't assert opinions themselves.&quot; What does this mean?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Balancing different views|Balancing different views]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Writing for the opponent|Writing for the opponent]]''&lt;br /&gt;I'm not convinced by what you say about &quot;writing for the opponent&quot;. I don't want to write for the opponents. Most of them rely on stating as fact many statements that are demonstrably false. Are you saying that, to be neutral in writing an article, I must {{em|lie}}, in order to represent the view I disagree with?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Morally offensive views|Morally offensive views]]''&lt;br /&gt;What about views that are morally offensive to most readers, such as Holocaust denial, that some people actually hold? Surely we are not to be neutral about {{em|them}}?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Editor disputes|Editor disputes]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Dealing with biased contributors|Dealing with biased contributors]]''&lt;br /&gt;I agree with the nonbias policy but there are some here who seem completely, irremediably biased. I have to go around and clean up after them. What do I do?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Avoiding constant disputes|Avoiding constant disputes]]''&lt;br /&gt;How can we avoid constant and endless warfare over neutrality issues?

;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Other objections|Other objections]]:
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Anglo-American focus|Anglo-American focus]]''&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia seems to have an Anglo-American focus. Is this contrary to NPOV?
*''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ#Not answered here|Not answered here]]''&lt;br /&gt;I have some other objection—where should I complain?

Since the NPOV policy is often unfamiliar to newcomers—and is so central to Wikipedia's approach—many issues surrounding it have been covered before very extensively. If you have some new contribution to make to the debate, you could try the [[Wikipedia talk:Neutral point of view|policy talk page]]. Before asking, please review the links below.

==History==
{{Main|Wikipedia:Core content policies}}
&quot;Neutral Point Of View&quot; is one of the oldest governing concepts on Wikipedia. Originally appearing within  [[Nupedia]] titled &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20001205000200/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml#III Non-bias policy]&quot;,  it was drafted by [[Larry Sanger]] in 2000. Sanger in 2001 suggested  that avoiding bias as one of Wikipedia's [https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider &quot;rules to consider&quot;]. This  [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/~reagle/wp-redux/NeutralPointOfView/982358834.html  was codified] with the objective of the NPOV policy to produce an unbiased encyclopedia.  The 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&amp;oldid=270453 original NPOV policy statement on Wikipedia] was added by Sanger on December 26, 2001. [[Jimmy Wales]] has qualified NPOV as &quot;non-negotiable&quot;, consistently, throughout various discussions: [https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035757/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/NeutralPointOfView  2001 statement],   [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-November/008096.html November 2003], [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-April/044386.html April 2006], [http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/foundation/123928#123928 March 2008]

[[WP:NOR|No original research]] (NOR) and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (V)  have their origins in the NPOV policy and the problem of dealing with [[#Due and undue weight|undue weight]] and [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|fringe theories]]. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&amp;oldid=2014449 NOR policy was established in 2003] to address problematic uses of sources. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Verifiability&amp;oldid=1339095 verifiability policy was established in 2003]  to ensure accuracy of articles by encouraging editors to cite sources. Development of the undue-weight section also started in 2003, for which a [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html mailing-list post] by  Wales in September was instrumental.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
=== Policies and guidelines ===
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|Conflict of interest]]
* [[Wikipedia:Fringe theories|Fringe theories]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch|Words to watch]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]
** [[Wikipedia:Avoid peacock terms|Avoid peacock terms]]
** [[Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words|Avoid weasel words]]
* [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]

=== Noticeboards ===
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard|NPOV noticeboard]]

=== Information pages ===
{{div col}}
* [[Wikipedia:Describing points of view|Describing points of view]]
* [[Wikipedia:List of controversial issues|List of controversial issues]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|NPOV dispute]]
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ|NPOV FAQ]]
* [[Wikipedia:Recentism|Recentism]]
* [[Meta:Positive tone|Positive tone]] (historical Meta policy)
* [[Meta:Responses to How to Build Wikipedia, Understand Bias|Understand bias]] (historical Meta policy)
{{div col end}}

=== Essays ===
{{div col}}
* [[Wikipedia:Academic bias|Academic bias]]
* [[Wikipedia:Be neutral in form|Be neutral in form]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cherrypicking|Cherrypicking]]
* [[Wikipedia:Civil POV pushing|Civil POV pushing]]
* [[Wikipedia:Coatrack|Coatrack]]
* [[Wikipedia:Controversial articles|Controversial articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:Criticism|Criticism sections]]
* [[Wikipedia:Don't &quot;teach the controversy&quot;|Don't &quot;teach the controversy&quot;]]
* [[Wikipedia:Let the reader decide|Let the reader decide]]
* [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Examples|NPOV examples]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content|NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content]]
* [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields|POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields]]
* [[Wikipedia:Presentism|Presentism]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific consensus|Scientific consensus]]
* [[Wikipedia:Scientific point of view|Scientific point of view]]
* [[Wikipedia:Systemic bias|Systemic bias]]
* [[Wikipedia:Why NPOV?|Why NPOV?]]
* [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia only reports what the sources say|Wikipedia only reports what the sources say]]
{{div col end}}

=== Articles ===
{{div col}}
*{{section link|Criticism of Wikipedia|Neutral point of view and conflicts of interest}}
*[[Consensus reality]]
*[[Objectivity (journalism)]]
*[[One-sided argument]]
{{div col end}}

=== Templates ===
*General NPOV templates:
**{{tl|POV}}—message used to attract other editors to assess and fix neutrality problems
**{{tl|POV-check}}—message used to request that an article be checked for neutrality
**{{tl|POV-section}}—message that tags only a single section as disputed
**{{tl|POV-lead}}—message when the article's introduction is questionable
**{{tl|POV-title}}—message when the article's title is questionable
**{{tl|POV-statement}}—message when only one sentence is questionable
**{{tl|NPOV language}}—message used when the neutrality of the style of writing is questioned
**{{tl|ASF}}—message when a sentence may or may not require in-text attribution (e.g., &quot;[[Jimmy Wales]] says&quot;)
**{{tl|Attribution needed}}{{mdash}}when in-text attribution should be added
*Undue-weight templates:
**{{tl|Undue weight}}—message used to warn that a part of an article lends undue weight to certain ideas relative to the article as a whole
**{{tl|Undue weight section}}—same as above but to tag a section only
**{{tl|Undue weight inline}}—same as above but to tag a sentence or paragraph only

{{Wikipedia principles}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view| ]]
[[Category:Wikipedia policies|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Wikipedia content policies]]</text>
      <sha1>4v1msvgeuun3wm6lq35cc4qs9ozm5c7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>4581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610903</id>
      <parentid>191099</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:41:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব */</comment>
      <origin>610903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22769" sha1="jthsgo4yewjpyseg3yydzwiszmmxmu9" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|Wikipedia does [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|not]] publish original thought: all material in Wikipedia must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|attributable]] to a reliable, published source. Articles may not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not clearly advanced by the sources.}}
{{Content policy list}}

'''Wikipedia articles must not contain original research'''. The term &quot;original research&quot; (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories—for which no [[WP:V#Sources|reliable published source]] exists.&lt;ref name=Exists&gt;By &quot;exists&quot;, the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a ''reasonable expectation'' that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.&lt;/ref&gt;  That includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are both '''directly related''' to the topic of the article, and '''directly support''' the material as presented.

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. If one reliable source says A, and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C that is not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be a ''synthesis'' of published material to advance a new position, which is '''original research'''.&lt;ref&gt;Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: &quot;Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history.&quot; (Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], December 6, 2004)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;A and B, therefore C&quot; is acceptable ''only if'' a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] has published the same argument in relation to the topic of the article.

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>jthsgo4yewjpyseg3yydzwiszmmxmu9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610904</id>
      <parentid>610903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:45:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23678" sha1="qcd71scjzj29757bsgxshcxi4p1mt54" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।}}

ৱিকিপিডিয়াত  বা নতুন বিশ্লেষণ লিখিব নোৱাৰি। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।&quot;

{{Content policy list}}

'''Wikipedia articles must not contain original research'''. The term &quot;original research&quot; (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories—for which no [[WP:V#Sources|reliable published source]] exists.&lt;ref name=Exists&gt;By &quot;exists&quot;, the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a ''reasonable expectation'' that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.&lt;/ref&gt;  That includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are both '''directly related''' to the topic of the article, and '''directly support''' the material as presented.

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. If one reliable source says A, and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C that is not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be a ''synthesis'' of published material to advance a new position, which is '''original research'''.&lt;ref&gt;Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: &quot;Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history.&quot; (Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], December 6, 2004)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;A and B, therefore C&quot; is acceptable ''only if'' a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] has published the same argument in relation to the topic of the article.

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>qcd71scjzj29757bsgxshcxi4p1mt54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610905</id>
      <parentid>610904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:46:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23555" sha1="562vfwg1rvjpus3ushuhdznnrv2hcqc" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

'''Wikipedia articles must not contain original research'''. The term &quot;original research&quot; (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories—for which no [[WP:V#Sources|reliable published source]] exists.&lt;ref name=Exists&gt;By &quot;exists&quot;, the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a ''reasonable expectation'' that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.&lt;/ref&gt;  That includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are both '''directly related''' to the topic of the article, and '''directly support''' the material as presented.

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. If one reliable source says A, and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C that is not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be a ''synthesis'' of published material to advance a new position, which is '''original research'''.&lt;ref&gt;Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: &quot;Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history.&quot; (Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], December 6, 2004)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;A and B, therefore C&quot; is acceptable ''only if'' a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] has published the same argument in relation to the topic of the article.

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>562vfwg1rvjpus3ushuhdznnrv2hcqc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610906</id>
      <parentid>610905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:49:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব */</comment>
      <origin>610906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24840" sha1="afv0b8bz25rloheciiwqnkc8b8zci30" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

'''Wikipedia articles must not contain original research'''. The term &quot;original research&quot; (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories—for which no [[WP:V#Sources|reliable published source]] exists.&lt;ref name=Exists&gt;By &quot;exists&quot;, the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a ''reasonable expectation'' that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.&lt;/ref&gt;  That includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are both '''directly related''' to the topic of the article, and '''directly support''' the material as presented.

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>afv0b8bz25rloheciiwqnkc8b8zci30</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610908</id>
      <parentid>610906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:50:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24802" sha1="68crc1xqkh010trlq12id21q7x4ahat" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

'''Wikipedia articles must not contain original research'''. The term &quot;original research&quot; (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories—for which no [[WP:V#Sources|reliable published source]] exists.&lt;ref name=Exists&gt;By &quot;exists&quot;, the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a ''reasonable expectation'' that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.&lt;/ref&gt;  That includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are both '''directly related''' to the topic of the article, and '''directly support''' the material as presented.

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>68crc1xqkh010trlq12id21q7x4ahat</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610909</id>
      <parentid>610908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:51:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব */</comment>
      <origin>610909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25072" sha1="ilmw5mnoxga8bdvod4rvxy8hcbmr29l" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

'''Wikipedia articles must not contain original research'''. The term &quot;original research&quot; (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and stories—for which no [[WP:V#Sources|reliable published source]] exists.&lt;ref name=Exists&gt;By &quot;exists&quot;, the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a ''reasonable expectation'' that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.&lt;/ref&gt;  That includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are both '''directly related''' to the topic of the article, and '''directly support''' the material as presented.

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>ilmw5mnoxga8bdvod4rvxy8hcbmr29l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610912</id>
      <parentid>610909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:13:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25230" sha1="0qmg8tsd41xiw4xstfepcuk11hjuowy" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।

This means that all material added to articles must be ''attributable'' to a reliable published source, even if not actually attributed.&lt;ref name=Exists /&gt; The [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] policy says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything [[WP:CHALLENGED|challenged or likely to be challenged]]—but a source must ''exist'' even for material that is never challenged. (For example: a statement such as &quot;Paris is the capital of France&quot; can be supported by so ''many'' reliable sources that it is highly unlikely that it would ever be challenged. We know these sources exist, and any of them ''could'' be cited.  But in such an obvious case we do not require that they actually ''be'' cited. The statement is attribut'''able''', even though isn't attribut'''ed'''.)  

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>0qmg8tsd41xiw4xstfepcuk11hjuowy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610952</id>
      <parentid>610912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26392" sha1="ftbp708cji70yxcy16sfuyj9fz4uhws" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

=== Primary, secondary and tertiary sources ===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>ftbp708cji70yxcy16sfuyj9fz4uhws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610953</id>
      <parentid>610952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26465" sha1="bz7unnsjpvkzgaiyowoz9k7dsfpnls6" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published [[secondary sources]] and, to a lesser extent, on [[tertiary sources]]. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and to avoid novel interpretations of primary sources, though primary sources are permitted if used carefully. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about [[primary sources]] must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors.

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>bz7unnsjpvkzgaiyowoz9k7dsfpnls6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610954</id>
      <parentid>610953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27621" sha1="qn1d1yjyqnvty5v7e3cnizlzd2t0i8z" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত উইকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>qn1d1yjyqnvty5v7e3cnizlzd2t0i8z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610955</id>
      <parentid>610954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27621" sha1="k1eea1r6bprkozl2g8q2wu02r08ernd" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary or tertiary sources are appropriate on any given occasion is a matter of [[WP:COMMON|common sense]] and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on article talk pages. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html This University of Maryland library page] provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>k1eea1r6bprkozl2g8q2wu02r08ernd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610956</id>
      <parentid>610955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:21:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28701" sha1="je79za776onenybyrjypzrk3ju87vvf" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

সঠিক উৎসৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো এটা জটিল বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা নিয়মবোৰ সাধাৰণ নীতিহে। কোনো এটা বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ নে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো উপযুক্ত হ’ব, সেই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণ জ্ঞান (common sense) আৰু এজন ভাল সম্পাদকৰ দৰে সঠিক বিচাৰ-বুদ্ধি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা উচিত; আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ’লে এই বিষয়ে প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ ‘আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত’ (talk page) আলোচনা কৰা উচিত। এই নীতিৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰ বাবে, প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ সংজ্ঞা তলত দিয়া ধৰণে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html মেৰিলেণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পুথিভঁৰালৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাখনত] প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হৈছে।&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>je79za776onenybyrjypzrk3ju87vvf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610958</id>
      <parentid>610956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস */</comment>
      <origin>610958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28773" sha1="ayd0uib3w4kt4ivoq1okf6xaox75f7g" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

সঠিক উৎসৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো এটা জটিল বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা নিয়মবোৰ সাধাৰণ নীতিহে। কোনো এটা বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ নে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো উপযুক্ত হ’ব, সেই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণ জ্ঞান (common sense) আৰু এজন ভাল সম্পাদকৰ দৰে সঠিক বিচাৰ-বুদ্ধি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা উচিত; আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ’লে এই বিষয়ে প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ ‘আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত’ (talk page) আলোচনা কৰা উচিত। এই নীতিৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰ বাবে, প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ সংজ্ঞা তলত দিয়া ধৰণে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html মেৰিলেণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পুথিভঁৰালৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাখনত] প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হৈছে।&lt;/ref&gt;

====প্ৰাথমিক উৎস====
{{policy shortcut|WP:PRIMARY}}
'''[[Primary source]]s''' are very close to an event, often accounts written by people who are directly involved, offering an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. An account of a traffic accident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the accident; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment is a primary source on the outcome of that experiment. Historical documents such as diaries are primary sources.&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>ayd0uib3w4kt4ivoq1okf6xaox75f7g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610960</id>
      <parentid>610958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T10:52:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰাথমিক উৎস */</comment>
      <origin>610960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29789" sha1="nmtwaw59jz8ocosz8xs8g98cxlkic8r" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

সঠিক উৎসৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো এটা জটিল বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা নিয়মবোৰ সাধাৰণ নীতিহে। কোনো এটা বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ নে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো উপযুক্ত হ’ব, সেই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণ জ্ঞান (common sense) আৰু এজন ভাল সম্পাদকৰ দৰে সঠিক বিচাৰ-বুদ্ধি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা উচিত; আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ’লে এই বিষয়ে প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ ‘আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত’ (talk page) আলোচনা কৰা উচিত। এই নীতিৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰ বাবে, প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ সংজ্ঞা তলত দিয়া ধৰণে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html মেৰিলেণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পুথিভঁৰালৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাখনত] প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হৈছে।&lt;/ref&gt;

====প্ৰাথমিক উৎস====
{{policy shortcut|WP:PRIMARY}}
প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ কোনো এটা ঘটনাৰ অতি ওচৰৰ বা পোনপটীয়া সমল। এইবোৰ প্ৰায়ে ঘটনাটোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত ব্যক্তিৰ অনুভৱ বা বিৱৰণ, যিয়ে কোনো ঘটনা, ঐতিহাসিক সময়ছোৱা, শিল্পকৰ্ম বা ৰাজনৈতিক সিদ্ধান্ত আদিৰ এক ভিতৰুৱা বা বাস্তৱ ছবি দাঙি ধৰে।
উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এটা পথ দুৰ্ঘটনা প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰা কোনো প্ৰত্যক্ষদৰ্শীয়ে লিখা বিৱৰণ হ'ল সেই দুৰ্ঘটনাটোৰ তথ্যৰ এক প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। ঠিক তেনেদৰে, এটা নতুন পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি প্ৰস্তুত কৰা বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা প্ৰপত্ৰই হ'ল সেই পৰীক্ষাটোৰ ফলাফলৰ প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। দিনলিপি বা ডায়েৰীৰ দৰে ঐতিহাসিক নথিপত্ৰসমূহো প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ ভিতৰত পৰে।
&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Unless restricted by another policy, primary sources that have been reliably published may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them. Any interpretation of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements that any educated person, with access to the source but without specialist knowledge, will be able to verify are supported by the source. For example, an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source. '''Do not''' analyze, synthesize, interpret, or evaluate material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so. '''Do not''' base articles entirely on primary sources. '''Do not''' add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material. Use extra caution when handling primary sources about living people; see [[WP:BLPPRIMARY]], which is policy. 

* '''[[Secondary source]]s''' are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely on primary sources for their material, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] defines &quot;secondary source&quot; as &quot;a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.&lt;ref&gt;The [http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary Ithaca College Library] compares research articles to review articles.  Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.&lt;/ref&gt; Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but if it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source  about those experiences. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from secondary sources. Articles may make analytic or evaluative claims only if these have been published by a reliable secondary source.

* '''[[Tertiary source]]s''' are publications such as encyclopedias or other [[Compendium|compendia]] that mainly summarize secondary sources. Wikipedia is a tertiary source. Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. 

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''Policy'''''}}: Reliably published tertiary sources can be helpful in providing broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources, especially when those sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others, and within any given tertiary source, some articles may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself.

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>nmtwaw59jz8ocosz8xs8g98cxlkic8r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610961</id>
      <parentid>610960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰাথমিক উৎস */</comment>
      <origin>610961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30781" sha1="th4b5g07wry99dq4kozg6cz2kg23ym3" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

সঠিক উৎসৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো এটা জটিল বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা নিয়মবোৰ সাধাৰণ নীতিহে। কোনো এটা বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ নে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো উপযুক্ত হ’ব, সেই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণ জ্ঞান (common sense) আৰু এজন ভাল সম্পাদকৰ দৰে সঠিক বিচাৰ-বুদ্ধি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা উচিত; আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ’লে এই বিষয়ে প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ ‘আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত’ (talk page) আলোচনা কৰা উচিত। এই নীতিৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰ বাবে, প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ সংজ্ঞা তলত দিয়া ধৰণে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html মেৰিলেণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পুথিভঁৰালৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাখনত] প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হৈছে।&lt;/ref&gt;

====প্ৰাথমিক উৎস====
{{policy shortcut|WP:PRIMARY}}
প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ কোনো এটা ঘটনাৰ অতি ওচৰৰ বা পোনপটীয়া সমল। এইবোৰ প্ৰায়ে ঘটনাটোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত ব্যক্তিৰ অনুভৱ বা বিৱৰণ, যিয়ে কোনো ঘটনা, ঐতিহাসিক সময়ছোৱা, শিল্পকৰ্ম বা ৰাজনৈতিক সিদ্ধান্ত আদিৰ এক ভিতৰুৱা বা বাস্তৱ ছবি দাঙি ধৰে।
উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এটা পথ দুৰ্ঘটনা প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰা কোনো প্ৰত্যক্ষদৰ্শীয়ে লিখা বিৱৰণ হ'ল সেই দুৰ্ঘটনাটোৰ তথ্যৰ এক প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। ঠিক তেনেদৰে, এটা নতুন পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি প্ৰস্তুত কৰা বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা প্ৰপত্ৰই হ'ল সেই পৰীক্ষাটোৰ ফলাফলৰ প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। দিনলিপি বা ডায়েৰীৰ দৰে ঐতিহাসিক নথিপত্ৰসমূহো প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ ভিতৰত পৰে।
&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''নিয়মাৱলী'''''}}: কোনো অন্য নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বাধা আৰোপ নকৰিলে 
#কোনো স্বনামধন্য মাধ্যমেৰে প্ৰকাশিত প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বাবে বিশেষ সাৱধানতাৰ প্ৰয়োজন, কাৰণ এইবোৰৰ অপপ্ৰয়োগ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি থাকে।
#প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ যিকোনো ধৰণৰ বিশ্লেষণ বা ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ (secondary source) প্ৰয়োজন। যদিও কোনো এটা সমলৰ নিজস্ব বিষয়বস্তুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰাথমিক উৎসটোকেই আটাইতকৈ উৎকৃষ্ট বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় , তথাপিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়বস্তুক বা ইয়াৰ সাৰাংশকো অতিৰিক্ত বা [[wp:due|অযথা গুৰুত্ব]] দিব নালাগে।
#ৱিকিপিডিয়াত এটা '''প্ৰাথমিক উৎস কেৱল এনে কিছুমান পোনপটীয়া আৰু বৰ্ণনামূলক তথ্য দাঙি ধৰিবলৈহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি''', যিবোৰ কোনো বিশেষজ্ঞৰ জ্ঞান নোহোৱাকৈও, কেৱল সেই প্ৰাথমিক উৎসটো পঢ়ি যিকোনো শিক্ষিত ব্যক্তিয়েই বুজি পাব পাৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এজন সংগীতজ্ঞৰ বিষয়ে লিখা প্ৰবন্ধত ৰেকৰ্ড লেবেলে প্ৰকাশ কৰা গীতৰ তালিকা (discographies and track listings) উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি, অথবা এখন উপন্যাসৰ প্ৰবন্ধত তাৰ কাহিনীভাগ বৰ্ণনা কৰিবলৈ উপন্যাসখনৰ কিছু অংশ উদ্ধৃত কৰিব পাৰি; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ '''যিকোনো ধৰণৰ ব্যাখ্যা বা পৰ্যালোচনাৰ বাবে মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’ব।'''
#প্ৰাথমিক উৎসত পোৱা তথ্য বা সমলসমূহ আপুনি নিজে বিশ্লেষণ, মূল্যায়ন, বা [[WP:DUE|সংশ্লেষণ]] (synthesize) কৰিব নালাগে; ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তাৰ বাবে কোনো নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য গৌণ উৎসৰ সহায় লব লাগে।
#সম্পূৰ্ণ এটা প্ৰবন্ধ কেৱল প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ৰচনা নকৰিব, আৰু প্ৰবন্ধৰ এটা ডাঙৰ অংশ ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি লিখাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো সাৱধান হওক।
#আপোনাৰ ব্যক্তিগত অভিজ্ঞতাৰ পৰা কোনো তথ্য উৎস অবিহনে যোগ নকৰিব, কাৰণ তেনে কৰিলে ৱিকিপিডিয়া নিজেই সেই তথ্যৰ এক প্ৰাথমিক উৎস হৈ পৰিব।
#জীৱিত ব্যক্তিসকলৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰোঁতে অতিৰিক্ত সাৱধানতা অৱলম্বন কৰিব; এই বিষয়ে বিতংভাৱে জানিবলৈ [[WP:Biographies of living persons § Avoid misuse of primary sources]] চাওক।

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>th4b5g07wry99dq4kozg6cz2kg23ym3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610962</id>
      <parentid>610961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:09:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰাথমিক উৎস */</comment>
      <origin>610962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30783" sha1="oa1y0g4a6h4xziwfs3pajnolzkj29or" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|To raise issues with specific articles, see the [[Wikipedia:No original research/noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]}}
{{policy|WP:OR|WP:NOR|WP:ORIGINAL}}
{{nutshell|ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা কোনো নতুন কথা বা নিজা ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰা [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|নহয়]]: ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সকলো সমল বা তথ্য কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য, প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ সৈতে [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|মিলাই চাব পৰা]] (প্ৰমাণ কৰিব পৰা) হ'ব লাগিব। প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত তথ্যৰ এনে কোনো নতুন বিশ্লেষণ বা সংশ্লেষণ থাকিব নোৱাৰিব যিটো মূল উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই। যিখিনি কথা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসত ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ পাইছে, কেৱল সেইখিনি কথাহে প্ৰমাণসহকাৰে লিখিব পাৰি।}}

{{Content policy list}}

​ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা একো নতুন কথা বা গৱেষণা লিখিব নোৱাৰি। ইয়াত &quot;নিজা গৱেষণা&quot; মানে হৈছে এনেবোৰ কথা, তথ্য বা ধাৰণা যাৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ বা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎস নাই। কিতাপ বা ইণ্টাৰনেটত থকা পুৰণি তথ্যবোৰ একলগ কৰি তাৰ পৰা নিজাকৈ এটা নতুন অৰ্থ বা সিদ্ধান্ত উলিয়াই লিখাটোও এই নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে। আপুনি লিখা তথ্যখিনি যে সঁচা, সেয়া প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ আপুনি এনেকুৱা উৎস বা লিংক দিব লাগিব যিটো সেই বিষয়টোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত আৰু আপুনি লিখা কথাখিনিক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে সমৰ্থন কৰে।  

ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্ৰবন্ধসমূহত যোগ কৰা সকলো তথ্যৰ কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য প্ৰকাশিত উৎস থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক, যদিও প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে উৎসৰ উল্লেখ (cite) কৰা হোৱা নাই।পৰীক্ষণযোগ্যতা' (Verifiability) নীতি অনুসৰি, সকলো উদ্ধৃতি আৰু যিকোনো সন্দেহযুক্ত বা প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হ’ব পৰা তথ্যৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসৰ ইনলাইন উল্লেখ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আনকি কেতিয়াও প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন নোহোৱা সাধাৰণ তথ্যৰ বাবেও এটা উৎস থকাটো জৰুৰী। (উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: &quot;দিছপুৰ অসমৰ ৰাজধানী&quot; এই বাক্যশাৰী ইমানবোৰ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎসই সমৰ্থন কৰে যে ইয়াৰ সত্যতা লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উঠাৰ সম্ভাৱনা নাই। আমি জানো যে এনে উৎস উপলব্ধ আছে আৰু তাৰে যিকোনো এটা উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। কিন্তু এনে স্পষ্ট বিষয়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰকৃততে উৎসৰ লিংক দিয়াটো আমি বাধ্যতামূলক নকৰো। কথাখিনিৰ প্ৰমাণযোগ্যতা আছে, যদিও ইয়াত উৎসটো স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই।)

Despite the need to attribute content to reliable sources, '''you must not [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]]''' them. Articles should be written in your own words while substantially retaining the meaning of the source material. 

&quot;No original research&quot; (NOR) is one of three core content policies, along with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipedia:verifiability|Verifiability]], that jointly determine the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should try to familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the [[WP:NORN|NOR noticeboard]].

== Using sources ==
Research that consists of collecting and organizing material from existing sources within the provisions of this and other content policies is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia. Best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article attributable to a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what is expressed in the sources, or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, '''stick to the sources'''.

If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to premiere such a discovery. 

=== Reliable sources ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources}}
Any material that is challenged or [[WP:LIKELY|likely to be challenged]] must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to advance a position not '''directly and explicitly''' supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see [[WP:SYN|below]].
In general, the most reliable sources are: peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable, but see [[WP:SPS|self-published sources]] for exceptions.
Information in an article must be [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable]] in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages, or on passing comments. Passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. It is important that references be cited in context and on topic.

===প্ৰাথমিক, মাধ্যমিক আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস===
{{redirect|WP:PRIMARY|the article naming guideline|WP:PRIMARYTOPIC}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:PSTS|WP:PRIMARY|WP:SECONDARY}}
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ ঘাইকৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু প্ৰকাশিত মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ’ব লাগে, আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰো  ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি। কোনো এটা বিষয় ৱিকিপিডিয়াত স্থান পোৱাৰ যোগ্য হয়নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহৰ যাতে কোনো নতুন বা নিজস্ব ব্যাখ্যা দিয়া নহয় সেয়া নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ মাধ্যমিক বা তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অৱশ্যে, সাৱধানতাৰে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰো উল্লেখ কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ  ওপৰত আধাৰিত যিকোনো বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, ব্যাখ্যাধৰ্মী বা কেইবাটাও তথ্য একগোট কৰি কৰা নতুন দাবীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকজনৰ নিজস্ব বিশ্লেষণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে কোনো মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ উল্লেখ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।

সঠিক উৎসৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো এটা জটিল বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা নিয়মবোৰ সাধাৰণ নীতিহে। কোনো এটা বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ নে তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎস ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো উপযুক্ত হ’ব, সেই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণ জ্ঞান (common sense) আৰু এজন ভাল সম্পাদকৰ দৰে সঠিক বিচাৰ-বুদ্ধি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা উচিত; আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ’লে এই বিষয়ে প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ ‘আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত’ (talk page) আলোচনা কৰা উচিত। এই নীতিৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰ বাবে, প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ সংজ্ঞা তলত দিয়া ধৰণে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;2010-08-17_umd_lib&quot;&gt;[http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/primary-sources.html মেৰিলেণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পুথিভঁৰালৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাখনত] প্ৰাথমিক, গৌণ আৰু তৃতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ উৎসৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হৈছে।&lt;/ref&gt;

====প্ৰাথমিক উৎস====
{{policy shortcut|WP:PRIMARY}}
প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ কোনো এটা ঘটনাৰ অতি ওচৰৰ বা পোনপটীয়া সমল। এইবোৰ প্ৰায়ে ঘটনাটোৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াভাৱে জড়িত ব্যক্তিৰ অনুভৱ বা বিৱৰণ, যিয়ে কোনো ঘটনা, ঐতিহাসিক সময়ছোৱা, শিল্পকৰ্ম বা ৰাজনৈতিক সিদ্ধান্ত আদিৰ এক ভিতৰুৱা বা বাস্তৱ ছবি দাঙি ধৰে।
উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এটা পথ দুৰ্ঘটনা প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰা কোনো প্ৰত্যক্ষদৰ্শীয়ে লিখা বিৱৰণ হ'ল সেই দুৰ্ঘটনাটোৰ তথ্যৰ এক প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। ঠিক তেনেদৰে, এটা নতুন পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি প্ৰস্তুত কৰা বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা প্ৰপত্ৰই হ'ল সেই পৰীক্ষাটোৰ ফলাফলৰ প্ৰাথমিক উৎস। দিনলিপি বা ডায়েৰীৰ দৰে ঐতিহাসিক নথিপত্ৰসমূহো প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ ভিতৰত পৰে।
&lt;ref&gt;Further examples include archeological artifacts, census results, video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, trials, or interviews; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; ancient works, even if they cite earlier lost writings; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources:
* The [http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html University of Nevada, Reno Libraries] define primary sources as providing &quot;an inside view of a particular event&quot;. They offer as examples: '''original documents''', such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; '''creative works''', such as art, drama, films, music, novels, poetry; and '''relics or artifacts''', such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, pottery.
* The [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html University of California, Berkeley library] offers this definition: &quot;Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied, or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs) and they reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer.&quot;
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html Duke University, Libraries] offers this definition: &quot;A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

::{{fontcolor|maroon|'''''নিয়মাৱলী'''''}}: কোনো অন্য নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বাধা আৰোপ নকৰিলে 
#কোনো স্বনামধন্য মাধ্যমেৰে প্ৰকাশিত প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ বাবে বিশেষ সাৱধানতাৰ প্ৰয়োজন, কাৰণ এইবোৰৰ অপপ্ৰয়োগ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি থাকে।
#প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ যিকোনো ধৰণৰ বিশ্লেষণ বা ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ (secondary source) প্ৰয়োজন। যদিও কোনো এটা সমলৰ নিজস্ব বিষয়বস্তুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰাথমিক উৎসটোকেই আটাইতকৈ উৎকৃষ্ট বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় , তথাপিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়বস্তুক বা ইয়াৰ সাৰাংশকো অতিৰিক্ত বা [[WP:DUE|অযথা গুৰুত্ব]] দিব নালাগে।
#ৱিকিপিডিয়াত এটা '''প্ৰাথমিক উৎস কেৱল এনে কিছুমান পোনপটীয়া আৰু বৰ্ণনামূলক তথ্য দাঙি ধৰিবলৈহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি''', যিবোৰ কোনো বিশেষজ্ঞৰ জ্ঞান নোহোৱাকৈও, কেৱল সেই প্ৰাথমিক উৎসটো পঢ়ি যিকোনো শিক্ষিত ব্যক্তিয়েই বুজি পাব পাৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এজন সংগীতজ্ঞৰ বিষয়ে লিখা প্ৰবন্ধত ৰেকৰ্ড লেবেলে প্ৰকাশ কৰা গীতৰ তালিকা (discographies and track listings) উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি, অথবা এখন উপন্যাসৰ প্ৰবন্ধত তাৰ কাহিনীভাগ বৰ্ণনা কৰিবলৈ উপন্যাসখনৰ কিছু অংশ উদ্ধৃত কৰিব পাৰি; কিন্তু ইয়াৰ '''যিকোনো ধৰণৰ ব্যাখ্যা বা পৰ্যালোচনাৰ বাবে মাধ্যমিক উৎসৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’ব।'''
#প্ৰাথমিক উৎসত পোৱা তথ্য বা সমলসমূহ আপুনি নিজে বিশ্লেষণ, মূল্যায়ন, বা [[WP:SYNTH|সংশ্লেষণ]] (synthesize) কৰিব নালাগে; ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তাৰ বাবে কোনো নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য গৌণ উৎসৰ সহায় লব লাগে।
#সম্পূৰ্ণ এটা প্ৰবন্ধ কেৱল প্ৰাথমিক উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ৰচনা নকৰিব, আৰু প্ৰবন্ধৰ এটা ডাঙৰ অংশ ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি লিখাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো সাৱধান হওক।
#আপোনাৰ ব্যক্তিগত অভিজ্ঞতাৰ পৰা কোনো তথ্য উৎস অবিহনে যোগ নকৰিব, কাৰণ তেনে কৰিলে ৱিকিপিডিয়া নিজেই সেই তথ্যৰ এক প্ৰাথমিক উৎস হৈ পৰিব।
#জীৱিত ব্যক্তিসকলৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰাথমিক উৎসসমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰোঁতে অতিৰিক্ত সাৱধানতা অৱলম্বন কৰিব; এই বিষয়ে বিতংভাৱে জানিবলৈ [[WP:Biographies of living persons § Avoid misuse of primary sources]] চাওক।

==প্ৰকাশিত উৎসৰ নিজা সংশ্লেষণ নকৰিব==
&lt;!--Note: If this heading is changed, update [[Template:Syn]].--&gt;{{policy shortcut|WP:SYN|WP:SYNTH|WP:SYNTHESIS}}
{{Nutshell|উৎসত নথকা কোনো নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত বা কথা নিজৰ ফালৰ পৰা জোৰা-তাপলি মাৰি উলিয়াব নোৱাৰি।}}
কোনো এটা সিদ্ধান্ত প্ৰমাণ কৰিবলৈ একাধিক উৎসৰ তথ্য একগোট নকৰিব, যদিহে সেই সিদ্ধান্তটো সেই উৎসসমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ থকা নাই। একেদৰে, এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসৰে বিভিন্ন অংশ একলগ কৰি এনে এটা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত নহ’ব, যাৰ কথা সেই উৎসটোত স্পষ্টকৈ কোৱা হোৱা নাই।
​ধৰি লওক, এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'ক' আৰু আন এটা বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই কৈছে 'খ'। আপুনি 'ক' আৰু 'খ' একলগ কৰি এনে এটা নতুন সিদ্ধান্ত 'গ' উলিয়াব নোৱাৰিব, যাৰ উল্লেখ দুয়োটা উৎসৰ এটাতো নাই। এইটো প্ৰকাশিত সমল বা তথ্যৰ এক অনুচিত সংশ্লেষণ (improper synthesis) হ’ব, যাৰ অনুমতি নাই।
​&quot;ক আৰু খ, গতিকে গ&quot; — এই যুক্তিটো কেৱল তেতিয়াহে গ্ৰহণযোগ্য হ’ব, যদিহে কোনো বিশ্বাসযোগ্য উৎসই এই একেই বিষয়ৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এই যুক্তিটো ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। যদি এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট উৎসই এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;ক&quot; আৰু আন এটা প্ৰসংগত &quot;খ&quot; বুলি কৈছে, কিন্তু সেই দুয়োটাকে সংযোগ কৰা নাই আৰু &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি কোনো যুক্তি দিয়া নাই, তেন্তে আপুনিও কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত &quot;গতিকে গ&quot; বুলি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব।

*A simple example of original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Both parts of the sentence may be reliably sourced, but here they have been combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. ''If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.'' It would be a simple matter to imply the opposite using the same material, illustrating how easily material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''The UN's stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*The following is a more complex example of original synthesis, based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. The first paragraph is fine, because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to this dispute:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{tick}} '''Smith claimed that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

*Now comes the original synthesis:

{{Quote box4
 |quote  = {{cross}} '''If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard ''Writing with Sources'' manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule &quot;plagiarism&quot;. Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.'''
|source = 
|width  = 70%
|align  = center
}}

The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the second paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source would be needed that ''specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism''. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia.

== Original images ==
{{policy shortcut|WP:OI}}
:''See also [[WP:Images#Pertinence and encyclopedic nature]] and [[WP:Image use policy#Image titles and file names]].''
Because of copyright laws in a number of countries, there are relatively few images available for use in Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under the [[GFDL]], [[CC-BY-SA]], or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikipedian are not considered original research, ''so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments'', the core reason behind the NOR policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article.

It is not acceptable for an editor to use [[photo manipulation]] to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Images|Images of living persons]] must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light.

==Translations and transcriptions==
Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources]].

==Routine calculations==
{{policy shortcut|WP:CALC}}

This policy allows routine mathematical calculations, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, provided there is [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] among editors that the arithmetic and its application correctly reflect the [[WP:Verifiability#Reliable_sources|sources]]. See also [[:Category:Conversion templates]].

== Related policies ==
=== Verifiability ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability}}
The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is '''verifiability, not truth'''. The policy says that all material challenged or likely to be challenged, including quotations, needs a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described [[WP:SOURCES|here]].

=== Neutral point of view ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view}}
The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any one editor to research ''all'' points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, it is important that editors provide context for this point of view, by indicating how prevalent the position is, and whether it is held by a majority or minority.

The inclusion of a view that is held only by a tiny minority may constitute original research. [[Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]] has said of this:
* If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
* If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;
* If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then &amp;mdash; whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not &amp;mdash; it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.&lt;ref&gt;Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html &quot;WikiEN-l roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--&quot;], [[September 29]], [[2003]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Wikiversity|Wikiversity:Publishing original research}}
* {{tl|Original research}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of original research
* {{tl|Synthesis}} &amp;mdash; template used to warn of unpublished synthesis
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#Citing oneself]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/history]] &amp;mdash; origins of this policy
* [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes]]
* [[Wikipedia:These are not original research]]
* [[Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not]]
* [[Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in wikipedia articles]]
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Examples]]
* [[Observer effect (information technology)|Observer effect]] — Wikipedia's popularity means that documenting an obscure concept (e.g. an internet meme) in Wikipedia might increase its visibility, generating artificial notability as other sources cover it due to the additional exposure obtained from Wikipedia
* [[Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard|No original research noticeboard]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html Crackpot articles], mailing list, July 12, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006653.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003.
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006663.html &quot;NPOV and 'new physics'&quot;], mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017557.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 3, 2004
* Wales, Jimmy. [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-December/017591.html &quot;Original research&quot;], mailing list, December 6, 2004
{{refend}}
&lt;br/&gt;
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]</text>
      <sha1>oa1y0g4a6h4xziwfs3pajnolzkj29or</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐকমত্য</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>4636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610851</id>
      <parentid>523155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>পৃষ্ঠা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐক্যমত]]ৰ পৰা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐকমত্য]]লৈ দিব্য দত্তয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে</comment>
      <origin>282477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23633" sha1="gzry6k1hggd3unk37upkze7y3ed9awo" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|&quot;WP:CON&quot; পৃষ্ঠাই ইয়ালৈ পুনঃনিৰ্দেশিত কৰিছে; আপুনি [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আদৰ্শৰ সংঘাত]] নাইবা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব]] সম্পৰ্কেও পঢ়ি চাব পাৰে।}}
{{policy|WP:CON|WP:CONS}}
{{nutshell|ঐক্যমত হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকীয় সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ মৌলিক আৰ্হি।}}
{{conduct policy list}}

ৱিকিপিডিয়াত '''ঐক্যমত''' বোলোতে সম্পাদকসকলে [[সহযোগিতামূলক সম্পাদনা|সমিলমিলৰ মাজত সম্পাদনা কৰা]]কে বুজায়। তেওঁলোকে মতভেদৰ সময়ত আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত আলোচনা কৰি বা ইজনে সিজনক ভদ্ৰভাৱে ফোন ক'ৰি বা মেইল বা ৱিকিৰে সদস্যজনৰ 'আলোচনা' পৃষ্ঠাত বা ফে'চবুকত মেচেজ ক'ৰি সমস্যাটো নিজৰ মাজতে সমাধান কৰি লোৱা উচিত। ডাঙৰ বিষয় যেনে 'এডমিন' নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা বা নতুন বেটুপাত প্ৰকাশ কৰা আদিৰ বাবে  [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সমজুৱা_পৃষ্ঠা|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ 'ৱিকিচ'ৰাত']]ত আলোচনা কৰি আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ'লে ভোট লৈ ল'ব লাগে।
&lt;!--
'''Consensus''' refers to the primary way in which editorial decisions are made on Wikipedia. There is no single definition of what 'consensus' means for these purposes, but consensus seems to offer the best method to establish and ensure neutrality and verifiability. Editors usually reach consensus as a natural and inherent product of editing; generally someone makes a change or addition to a page, then everyone who reads it has an opportunity to leave the page as it is or change it. When editors cannot reach agreement by editing, the process of finding a consensus is continued by discussion on the relevant [[talk page]]s.
--&gt;
== What consensus is ==
Decision by consensus takes account of all the legitimate concerns raised. All editors are expected to make a [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|good-faith]] effort to reach a consensus that is aligned with Wikipedia's principles.

Consensus is not necessarily [[unanimity]]. Ideally, it arrives with an absence of objections, but if this proves impossible, a majority decision must be taken. More than a simple majority is generally required for major changes. 

=== Process ===
{{further|[[Wikipedia:Editing policy#Talking and editing|Editing policy—Talking and editing]], [[Wikipedia:BOLD]], [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]] and [[Wikipedia:Editing policy]]}}
[[File:Consensus Flowchart as.svg|thumb|right|300px|When an edit is made, other editors have these options: accept the edit, change the edit, or [[Help:Reverting|revert]] the edit. These options may be discussed if necessary.]]

Consensus is a normal and usually implicit and invisible process across Wikipedia.  Any edit that is not disputed or reverted by another editor [[Wikipedia:Silence_and_consensus|can be assumed to have consensus]].  Should that edit later be revised by another editor without dispute, it can be assumed that a new consensus has been reached.  In this way the encyclopedia is gradually added to and improved over time without any special effort or any needless, bureaucratic procedures.  Even if there is a dispute, often all that is required is a simple rewording of the edit to make it more neutral or incorporate the other editor's concerns.  Clear communication in edit summaries can make this process easier.

It is not necessary for editors to seek written permission in advance to make such changes, and the absence of a prior discussion does not prove that the change is not supported by consensus.  However, sometimes you might believe that a recent change is not an improvement.  When reverting an edit you disagree with, it helps to [[Wikipedia:Don't_revert_due_to_&quot;no_consensus&quot;|state the actual disagreement rather than citing &quot;no consensus&quot;]] or &quot;not discussed&quot;.  This provides greater transparency for all concerned, and likewise acts as a guide so that consensus can be determined through continued editing.

When there is a more serious dispute over an edit, the consensus process becomes more explicit.  Editors open a section on the talk page and try to work out the dispute through discussion.  Consensus discussion has a particular form: editors try to ''persuade others'', using ''reasons'' based in policy, sources, and common sense.  The goal of a consensus discussion is to reach an agreement about page content, one which may not satisfy anyone completely but which all editors involved recognize as a reasonable exposition of the topic.  It is useful to remember that consensus is an ongoing process on Wikipedia.  It is often better to accept a less-than-perfect compromise – with the understanding that the page is gradually improving – than to try to fight to implement a particular 'perfect' version immediately. The quality of articles with combative editors is, as a rule, far lower than that of articles where editors take a longer view.

Some articles go through extensive editing and discussion to achieve a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral]] and a readable product.  Similarly, other articles are periodically challenged and/or revised.  This is a normal function of the ongoing process of consensus.  It is useful to examine the article's talk page archives and read through past discussions before re-raising an issue in talk – there is no sense in forcing everyone to rehash old discussions without need. 

When editors have a particularly difficult time reaching a consensus, there are a number of processes available for consensus-building ([[wp:3O|Third opinions]], [[WP:RFC|requests for comment]], informal mediation at the [[wp:MEDCAB|Mediation Cabal]]), and even some more extreme processes that will take authoritative steps to end the dispute ([[wp:ANI|administrator intervention]], [[wp:mediation|formal mediation]], and [[wp:arbitration|arbitration]]).  Keep in mind, however, that administrators are primarily concerned with policy and editor behavior and will not decide content issues authoritatively.  They may block editors for behaviors that interfere with the consensus process (such as [[wp:edit war|edit war]]ring, [[wp:sock|sock]]ing, or a lack of [[wp:civility|civility]]).  They may also make decisions about whether edits are or are not allowable under policy, but will not usually go beyond such actions.

=== Level of consensus ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CONLIMITED|WP:LOCALCONSENSUS}}

Consensus among a limited group of editors, at one place and time, cannot override community consensus on a wider scale. For instance,  unless they can convince the broader community that such action is right,  participants in a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] cannot decide that some generally accepted [[WP:POLICY|policy or guideline]] does not apply to articles within its scope.

[[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]] reflect established consensus, and their stability and consistency are important to the community. As a result, Wikipedia has a higher standard of participation and consensus for changes to policy than on other kinds of pages. Substantive changes should be proposed on the talk page first, and sufficient time should be allowed for thorough discussion before being implemented.  Minor changes may be edited in, but are subject to a higher level of scrutiny.  The community is more likely to accept edits to policy if they are made slowly and conservatively, with active efforts to seek out input and agreement from others.

=== Consensus can change ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CCC|WP:TALKEDABOUTIT}}

Consensus is not immutable. Past decisions are open to challenge and are not binding.  Moreover, such changes are often reasonable. Thus, &quot;according to consensus&quot; and &quot;violates consensus&quot; are not valid rationales for accepting or rejecting proposals or actions.  While past &quot;extensive discussions&quot; can guide editors on what influenced a past consensus, editors need to re-examine each proposal on its own merits, and determine afresh whether consensus either has or has not changed.

Wikipedia remains flexible because new people may bring fresh ideas, growing may evolve new needs, people may change their minds over time when new things come up, and we may find a better way to do things.

A representative group might make a decision on behalf of the community as a whole. More often, people [[WP:PGLIFE|document changes to existing procedures]] at some arbitrary time after the fact. But in all these cases, nothing is permanently fixed. The world changes, and Wikipedia must change with it. It is reasonable and indeed often desirable to make further changes to things at a later date, even if the last change was years ago.

=== Exceptions ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CONEXCEPT}}
Some exceptions supersede consensus decisions on a page.

*Declarations from [[m:Board of Trustees|the Wikimedia Foundation Board]], or [[m:Developers|the Developers]], particularly for copyright, legal issues, or server load, have policy status.
*[[Wikipedia:Office actions|Office actions]] are outside the policies of the English Wikipedia.
*Some actions, such as removal of [[WP:copyright violations|copyright violations]] and certain types of material about [[wp:BLP|living persons]], do not normally require debate or consensus, primarily because of the risk of real harm inherent in them.
*A decision of the Arbitration Committee may introduce a process which results in temporary binding consensus. For example, [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Ireland_article_names#Binding_resolution|Ireland article names]].

== Consensus-building ==
{{see|Wikipedia:Resolving disputes}}

Editors who maintain a neutral, detached and civil attitude can usually reach consensus on an article through the process described above. However, editors occasionally find themselves at an impasse, either because they cannot find rational grounds to settle a dispute or because they become emotionally or ideologically invested in 'winning' an argument. What follows are suggestions for resolving intractable disputes, along with descriptions of several formal and informal processes that may help.

=== Consensus-building in talk pages ===
{{See also|Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:TALKDONTREVERT}}
Be '''[[WP:BOLD|bold]]''', but not foolish. In most cases, the first thing to try is an edit to the article, and sometimes making such an edit will resolve a dispute.  Use clear edit summaries that explain the purpose of the edit. If the edit is reverted, try making a compromise edit that addresses the other editors' concerns.  Edit summaries are useful, but do not try to discuss disputes across multiple edit summaries—that is generally viewed as [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit warring]] and may incur sanctions.  If an edit is reverted and further edits seem likely to meet the same fate, create a new section on the article's talk page to discuss the issue.

In determining consensus, consider the quality of the arguments, the history of how they came about, the objections of those who disagree, and existing documentation in the project namespace. The quality of an argument is more important than whether it represents a minority or a majority view. The argument &quot;I just don't like it&quot;, and its counterpart &quot;I just like it&quot;, usually carry no weight whatsoever.

Limit talk page discussions to discussion of sources, article focus, and policy.  The obligation on talk pages is to explain why an addition/change/removal improves the article, and hence the encyclopedia. Other considerations are secondary.  This obligation applies to all editors: consensus can be assumed if editors stop responding to talk page discussions, and editors who ignore talk page discussions yet continue to edit in or revert disputed material may be guilty of [[Wikipedia:disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] and incur sanctions.

Your goal in a consensus-building discussion is to persuade other people to ''voluntarily'' agree with the change you want to make.  People who employ [[Wikipedia:Competence is required|good social skills]] and [[Wikipedia:Negotiation|good negotiation skills]] are more likely to be successful than people who are unfriendly, rude, unable to see the other person's perspective, or unwilling to compromise.

=== Consensus-building by soliciting outside opinions ===

When talk page discussions fail—generally because two editors (or two groups of editors) simply cannot see eye to eye on an issue—Wikipedia has several established processes to attract outside editors to offer opinions.  This is often useful to break simple, good-faith deadlocks, because uninvolved editors can bring in fresh perspectives, and can help involved editors see middle ground that they cannot see for themselves.  The main resources for this are as follows:

;[[wp:Third Opinion|Third Opinion]]s: 3O is reserved for cases where exactly two editors are in dispute.  The editors in question agree to allow a third (uninvolved) volunteer to review the discussion and make a decision, and agree to abide by that decision.
;[[Wikipedia:Noticeboards|Noticeboards]]: Most policy and guideline pages, and many Wikipedia projects, have noticeboards for interested editors.  If a dispute is in a particular topic area or concerns the application of a particular policy or guideline, posting a request to the noticeboard may attract people with some experience in that area.
;[[wp:RfC|Requests for Comment]]: A formal system for inviting other editors to comment on a particular dispute, thus allowing for greater participation and a broader basis for consensus.  This is particularly useful for disputes that are too complex for 3O but not so entrenched that they need mediation.
;[[Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal|Informal Mediation by the (purported) Cabal]]: More complex disputes involving multiple editors can seek out mediation.  This is a voluntary process that creates a structured, moderated discussion - no different than an article talk page discussion, except that the mediator helps keep the conversation on focus and moving forward, and prevents it from degenerating into the type of heated conflicts that can occur of unmoderated pages.
;[[wp:PUMP|Village pump]]: For disputes that have far-reaching implications - mostly ones centered on policy or guideline changes - placing a notification at the pump can bring in a large number of interested editors.  This ensures broad consensus across the project.

Many of these broader discussions will involve [[WP:POLLING|polls]] of one sort or another, but polls should always be regarded as structured discussions rather than [[WP:!VOTE|voting]]. Consensus is ultimately determined by the quality of the arguments given for and against an issue, as viewed through the lens of Wikipedia policy, not by a simple counted majority.  Responding ''YES/NO/AGREE/DISAGREE'' is not useful except for moral support.  responding ''(DIS)AGREE per user X's argument'' is better, presenting a novel explanation of your own for your opinion is best. The goal is to generate a ''convincing reason'' for making one choice or another, not to decide on the mere weight of public expressions of support.

=== Administrative or community intervention ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CONADMIN}}
In some cases, disputes are personal or ideological rather than mere disagreements about content, and these may require the intervention of administrators or the community as a whole. Sysops will not rule on content, but may intervene to enforce policy (such as [[wp:BLP]]) or to impose sanctions on editors who are disrupting the consensus process inappropriately.  Sometimes merely asking for an administrator's attention on a talk page will suffice - as a rule, sysops have large numbers of pages watchlisted, and there is a likelihood that someone will see it and respond.  However, there are established resources for working with intransigent editors, as follows:

;[[wp:Wikiquette alerts|Wikiquette alerts]]: Wikiquette is a voluntary, informal discussion forum that can be used to help an editor recognize that they have misunderstood some aspect of Wikipedia standards.  Rudeness, inappropriate reasoning, POV-pushing, collusion, or any other mild irregularity that interferes with the smooth operating of the consensus process are appropriate reasons for turning to Wikiquette. The process can be double-edged - expect Wikiquette respondents to be painfully objective about the nature of the problem - but can serve to clear up personal disputes.
; Noticeboards: As noted above, policy pages generally have noticeboards, and many administrators watch them.
;[[wp:ANI|Administrator's intervention noticeboard]] and [[wp:AN|Administrator's noticeboard]]: These are noticeboards for administrators - they are high-volume noticeboards and should be used sparingly.  Use AN for for issues that need eyes but may not need immediate action; use ANI for more pressing issues.  Do not use either except at need.
;[[wp:RFC/U|Requests for comment on users]]: A more formal system designed to critique a long-term failure of an editor to live up to community standards.
;[[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration|Requests for arbitration]]: The final terminus of intractable disputes.  Arbiters make rulings designed to eliminate behavior that is disrupting the progression of the article, up to and including banning or restricting editors.

=== Consensus-building pitfalls and errors ===

The following are common mistakes made by editors when trying to build consensus:
*{{anchor|COOKS}} '''Too many cooks.''' Try not to attract too many editors into a discussion.  Fruitful discussions usually contain less than ten active participants; more than that strains the limits of effective communication on an online forum of this sort.  Where large-scale consensus is needed then it should be sought out, otherwise the input of one or two independent editors will give far better results.
*'''Off-wiki discussions.''' Discussions on other websites, web forums, [[IRC]], by email, or otherwise off the project are generally discouraged.  They are not taken into account when determining consensus &quot;on-wiki&quot;, and may generate suspicion and mistrust if they are discovered.  While there is an occasional need for privacy on some issues, most Wikipedia-related discussions should be held on Wikipedia where they can be viewed by all participants.
*'''[[WP:Canvassing|Canvassing]], [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|Sock puppetry]], and [[WP:MEAT|Meatpuppetry]].''' Any effort to gather participants to a community discussion that has the effect of biasing that discussion is unacceptable. While it is [[Wikipedia:Canvassing#Friendly notices|perfectly fine]] - even encouraged - to invite people into a discussion to obtain new insights and arguments, it is [[Wikipedia:Canvassing#Inappropriate notification|not acceptable]] to invite only people favorable to a particular point of view, or to invite people in a way that will prejudice their opinions on the matter, and it is surely objectionable to ''pretend'' to gather people by simply using other accounts on your own.  Neutral, informative messages to Wikipedia noticeboards, WikiProjects, or editors are permitted, but actions that could reasonably be interpreted as an attempt to &quot;stuff the ballot box&quot; or otherwise compromise the consensus building process would be considered disruptive editing.
*'''[[Wikipedia:Tendentious editing|Tendentious editing]].''' The continuous, aggressive pursuit of an editorial goal is considered disruptive, and should be avoided.  The consensus process works when editors listen, respond, and cooperate to build a better article.  Editors who refuse to allow any consensus except the one they have decided on, and are willing to [[filibuster]] indefinitely to attain that goal, destroy the consensus process.  Issues that are settled by stubbornness never last, because someone more pigheaded will eventually arrive; only pages that have the support of the community survive in the long run.
{{shortcut|WP:FORUMSHOP|WP:ADMINSHOP}}
*{{anchor|FORUMSHOP}}'''Forum shopping, admin shopping, and spin-doctoring.''' Raising the same issue repeatedly on different pages or with different wording is confusing and disruptive.  It doesn't help to seek out a forum where you get the answer you ''want'', or to play with the wording to try and trick different editors into agreeing with you, since sooner or later someone will notice all of the different threads.  You can obviously draw attention to the issue on noticeboards or other talk pages if you are careful to add links to keep all the ongoing discussions together, but best practice is to choose one appropriate forum for the consensus  discussion, and give (as much as possible) a single neutral, clear, and objective statement of the issue. See also [[Wikipedia:Policy shopping]].
*'''There can be unanimity that some change is needed without consensus to make any particular change'''.  Even if every editor at an article unanimously hates an aspect of the article (for good-faith policy-based reasons), nevertheless changing that aspect of the article may be disruptive if there is no consensus about ''how'' to change it.  Some editors may want to completely delete that aspect, whereas other editors might oppose deletion but disagree among themselves about what modification would improve the article.

== See also ==
{{Wikipedia glossary}}
[[WP:ESSAY|Wikipedia essays]] and information pages concerning consensus:
* [[Wikipedia:What is consensus?]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance]]
* [[Wikipedia:Don't revert due to &quot;no consensus&quot;]]
* [[Wikipedia:IPs are human too]] &lt;!-- unregistered contributors in consensus processes--&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:No consensus]]
* [[Wikipedia:Silence and consensus]]; ''cf''. [[Wikipedia:Silence means nothing]]
* [[Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot]]
* [[Wikipedia:Method for consensus building]]
* [[Wikipedia:Closing discussions]]
* [[Wikipedia:Compromise]]
* [[Wikipedia:Consensus doesn't have to change]]

Articles concerning consensus:
* [[Truth by consensus]]
* [[Consensus decision-making]]
* [[False consensus effect]]

== External links ==
* [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-July/026513.html WikiEN-l mailing list July 2005]
* [http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?back=CategoryConflict Conflict] and [http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?back=CategoryConsensus Consensus] categories on MeatBall Wiki. 

== Related information == &lt;!-- see [[wp:NAVHEAD]] --&gt;
{{Wikipedia principles}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া আচৰণ নীতি]]</text>
      <sha1>gzry6k1hggd3unk37upkze7y3ed9awo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610853</id>
      <parentid>610851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:49:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23633" sha1="qqnkji59mh4b08t136ian3xrjhk24pv" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া অনুবাদ}}
{{dablink|&quot;WP:CON&quot; পৃষ্ঠাই ইয়ালৈ পুনঃনিৰ্দেশিত কৰিছে; আপুনি [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আদৰ্শৰ সংঘাত]] নাইবা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব]] সম্পৰ্কেও পঢ়ি চাব পাৰে।}}
{{policy|WP:CON|WP:CONS}}
{{nutshell|ঐকমত্য হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদকীয় সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ মৌলিক আৰ্হি।}}
{{conduct policy list}}

ৱিকিপিডিয়াত '''ঐকমত্য''' বোলোতে সম্পাদকসকলে [[সহযোগিতামূলক সম্পাদনা|সমিলমিলৰ মাজত সম্পাদনা কৰা]]কে বুজায়। তেওঁলোকে মতভেদৰ সময়ত আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত আলোচনা কৰি বা ইজনে সিজনক ভদ্ৰভাৱে ফোন ক'ৰি বা মেইল বা ৱিকিৰে সদস্যজনৰ 'আলোচনা' পৃষ্ঠাত বা ফে'চবুকত মেচেজ ক'ৰি সমস্যাটো নিজৰ মাজতে সমাধান কৰি লোৱা উচিত। ডাঙৰ বিষয় যেনে 'এডমিন' নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা বা নতুন বেটুপাত প্ৰকাশ কৰা আদিৰ বাবে  [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সমজুৱা_পৃষ্ঠা|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ 'ৱিকিচ'ৰাত']]ত আলোচনা কৰি আৰু প্ৰয়োজন হ'লে ভোট লৈ ল'ব লাগে।
&lt;!--
'''Consensus''' refers to the primary way in which editorial decisions are made on Wikipedia. There is no single definition of what 'consensus' means for these purposes, but consensus seems to offer the best method to establish and ensure neutrality and verifiability. Editors usually reach consensus as a natural and inherent product of editing; generally someone makes a change or addition to a page, then everyone who reads it has an opportunity to leave the page as it is or change it. When editors cannot reach agreement by editing, the process of finding a consensus is continued by discussion on the relevant [[talk page]]s.
--&gt;
== What consensus is ==
Decision by consensus takes account of all the legitimate concerns raised. All editors are expected to make a [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|good-faith]] effort to reach a consensus that is aligned with Wikipedia's principles.

Consensus is not necessarily [[unanimity]]. Ideally, it arrives with an absence of objections, but if this proves impossible, a majority decision must be taken. More than a simple majority is generally required for major changes. 

=== Process ===
{{further|[[Wikipedia:Editing policy#Talking and editing|Editing policy—Talking and editing]], [[Wikipedia:BOLD]], [[Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle]] and [[Wikipedia:Editing policy]]}}
[[File:Consensus Flowchart as.svg|thumb|right|300px|When an edit is made, other editors have these options: accept the edit, change the edit, or [[Help:Reverting|revert]] the edit. These options may be discussed if necessary.]]

Consensus is a normal and usually implicit and invisible process across Wikipedia.  Any edit that is not disputed or reverted by another editor [[Wikipedia:Silence_and_consensus|can be assumed to have consensus]].  Should that edit later be revised by another editor without dispute, it can be assumed that a new consensus has been reached.  In this way the encyclopedia is gradually added to and improved over time without any special effort or any needless, bureaucratic procedures.  Even if there is a dispute, often all that is required is a simple rewording of the edit to make it more neutral or incorporate the other editor's concerns.  Clear communication in edit summaries can make this process easier.

It is not necessary for editors to seek written permission in advance to make such changes, and the absence of a prior discussion does not prove that the change is not supported by consensus.  However, sometimes you might believe that a recent change is not an improvement.  When reverting an edit you disagree with, it helps to [[Wikipedia:Don't_revert_due_to_&quot;no_consensus&quot;|state the actual disagreement rather than citing &quot;no consensus&quot;]] or &quot;not discussed&quot;.  This provides greater transparency for all concerned, and likewise acts as a guide so that consensus can be determined through continued editing.

When there is a more serious dispute over an edit, the consensus process becomes more explicit.  Editors open a section on the talk page and try to work out the dispute through discussion.  Consensus discussion has a particular form: editors try to ''persuade others'', using ''reasons'' based in policy, sources, and common sense.  The goal of a consensus discussion is to reach an agreement about page content, one which may not satisfy anyone completely but which all editors involved recognize as a reasonable exposition of the topic.  It is useful to remember that consensus is an ongoing process on Wikipedia.  It is often better to accept a less-than-perfect compromise – with the understanding that the page is gradually improving – than to try to fight to implement a particular 'perfect' version immediately. The quality of articles with combative editors is, as a rule, far lower than that of articles where editors take a longer view.

Some articles go through extensive editing and discussion to achieve a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral]] and a readable product.  Similarly, other articles are periodically challenged and/or revised.  This is a normal function of the ongoing process of consensus.  It is useful to examine the article's talk page archives and read through past discussions before re-raising an issue in talk – there is no sense in forcing everyone to rehash old discussions without need. 

When editors have a particularly difficult time reaching a consensus, there are a number of processes available for consensus-building ([[wp:3O|Third opinions]], [[WP:RFC|requests for comment]], informal mediation at the [[wp:MEDCAB|Mediation Cabal]]), and even some more extreme processes that will take authoritative steps to end the dispute ([[wp:ANI|administrator intervention]], [[wp:mediation|formal mediation]], and [[wp:arbitration|arbitration]]).  Keep in mind, however, that administrators are primarily concerned with policy and editor behavior and will not decide content issues authoritatively.  They may block editors for behaviors that interfere with the consensus process (such as [[wp:edit war|edit war]]ring, [[wp:sock|sock]]ing, or a lack of [[wp:civility|civility]]).  They may also make decisions about whether edits are or are not allowable under policy, but will not usually go beyond such actions.

=== Level of consensus ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CONLIMITED|WP:LOCALCONSENSUS}}

Consensus among a limited group of editors, at one place and time, cannot override community consensus on a wider scale. For instance,  unless they can convince the broader community that such action is right,  participants in a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] cannot decide that some generally accepted [[WP:POLICY|policy or guideline]] does not apply to articles within its scope.

[[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]] reflect established consensus, and their stability and consistency are important to the community. As a result, Wikipedia has a higher standard of participation and consensus for changes to policy than on other kinds of pages. Substantive changes should be proposed on the talk page first, and sufficient time should be allowed for thorough discussion before being implemented.  Minor changes may be edited in, but are subject to a higher level of scrutiny.  The community is more likely to accept edits to policy if they are made slowly and conservatively, with active efforts to seek out input and agreement from others.

=== Consensus can change ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CCC|WP:TALKEDABOUTIT}}

Consensus is not immutable. Past decisions are open to challenge and are not binding.  Moreover, such changes are often reasonable. Thus, &quot;according to consensus&quot; and &quot;violates consensus&quot; are not valid rationales for accepting or rejecting proposals or actions.  While past &quot;extensive discussions&quot; can guide editors on what influenced a past consensus, editors need to re-examine each proposal on its own merits, and determine afresh whether consensus either has or has not changed.

Wikipedia remains flexible because new people may bring fresh ideas, growing may evolve new needs, people may change their minds over time when new things come up, and we may find a better way to do things.

A representative group might make a decision on behalf of the community as a whole. More often, people [[WP:PGLIFE|document changes to existing procedures]] at some arbitrary time after the fact. But in all these cases, nothing is permanently fixed. The world changes, and Wikipedia must change with it. It is reasonable and indeed often desirable to make further changes to things at a later date, even if the last change was years ago.

=== Exceptions ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CONEXCEPT}}
Some exceptions supersede consensus decisions on a page.

*Declarations from [[m:Board of Trustees|the Wikimedia Foundation Board]], or [[m:Developers|the Developers]], particularly for copyright, legal issues, or server load, have policy status.
*[[Wikipedia:Office actions|Office actions]] are outside the policies of the English Wikipedia.
*Some actions, such as removal of [[WP:copyright violations|copyright violations]] and certain types of material about [[wp:BLP|living persons]], do not normally require debate or consensus, primarily because of the risk of real harm inherent in them.
*A decision of the Arbitration Committee may introduce a process which results in temporary binding consensus. For example, [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Ireland_article_names#Binding_resolution|Ireland article names]].

== Consensus-building ==
{{see|Wikipedia:Resolving disputes}}

Editors who maintain a neutral, detached and civil attitude can usually reach consensus on an article through the process described above. However, editors occasionally find themselves at an impasse, either because they cannot find rational grounds to settle a dispute or because they become emotionally or ideologically invested in 'winning' an argument. What follows are suggestions for resolving intractable disputes, along with descriptions of several formal and informal processes that may help.

=== Consensus-building in talk pages ===
{{See also|Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines}}
{{policy shortcut|WP:TALKDONTREVERT}}
Be '''[[WP:BOLD|bold]]''', but not foolish. In most cases, the first thing to try is an edit to the article, and sometimes making such an edit will resolve a dispute.  Use clear edit summaries that explain the purpose of the edit. If the edit is reverted, try making a compromise edit that addresses the other editors' concerns.  Edit summaries are useful, but do not try to discuss disputes across multiple edit summaries—that is generally viewed as [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit warring]] and may incur sanctions.  If an edit is reverted and further edits seem likely to meet the same fate, create a new section on the article's talk page to discuss the issue.

In determining consensus, consider the quality of the arguments, the history of how they came about, the objections of those who disagree, and existing documentation in the project namespace. The quality of an argument is more important than whether it represents a minority or a majority view. The argument &quot;I just don't like it&quot;, and its counterpart &quot;I just like it&quot;, usually carry no weight whatsoever.

Limit talk page discussions to discussion of sources, article focus, and policy.  The obligation on talk pages is to explain why an addition/change/removal improves the article, and hence the encyclopedia. Other considerations are secondary.  This obligation applies to all editors: consensus can be assumed if editors stop responding to talk page discussions, and editors who ignore talk page discussions yet continue to edit in or revert disputed material may be guilty of [[Wikipedia:disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] and incur sanctions.

Your goal in a consensus-building discussion is to persuade other people to ''voluntarily'' agree with the change you want to make.  People who employ [[Wikipedia:Competence is required|good social skills]] and [[Wikipedia:Negotiation|good negotiation skills]] are more likely to be successful than people who are unfriendly, rude, unable to see the other person's perspective, or unwilling to compromise.

=== Consensus-building by soliciting outside opinions ===

When talk page discussions fail—generally because two editors (or two groups of editors) simply cannot see eye to eye on an issue—Wikipedia has several established processes to attract outside editors to offer opinions.  This is often useful to break simple, good-faith deadlocks, because uninvolved editors can bring in fresh perspectives, and can help involved editors see middle ground that they cannot see for themselves.  The main resources for this are as follows:

;[[wp:Third Opinion|Third Opinion]]s: 3O is reserved for cases where exactly two editors are in dispute.  The editors in question agree to allow a third (uninvolved) volunteer to review the discussion and make a decision, and agree to abide by that decision.
;[[Wikipedia:Noticeboards|Noticeboards]]: Most policy and guideline pages, and many Wikipedia projects, have noticeboards for interested editors.  If a dispute is in a particular topic area or concerns the application of a particular policy or guideline, posting a request to the noticeboard may attract people with some experience in that area.
;[[wp:RfC|Requests for Comment]]: A formal system for inviting other editors to comment on a particular dispute, thus allowing for greater participation and a broader basis for consensus.  This is particularly useful for disputes that are too complex for 3O but not so entrenched that they need mediation.
;[[Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal|Informal Mediation by the (purported) Cabal]]: More complex disputes involving multiple editors can seek out mediation.  This is a voluntary process that creates a structured, moderated discussion - no different than an article talk page discussion, except that the mediator helps keep the conversation on focus and moving forward, and prevents it from degenerating into the type of heated conflicts that can occur of unmoderated pages.
;[[wp:PUMP|Village pump]]: For disputes that have far-reaching implications - mostly ones centered on policy or guideline changes - placing a notification at the pump can bring in a large number of interested editors.  This ensures broad consensus across the project.

Many of these broader discussions will involve [[WP:POLLING|polls]] of one sort or another, but polls should always be regarded as structured discussions rather than [[WP:!VOTE|voting]]. Consensus is ultimately determined by the quality of the arguments given for and against an issue, as viewed through the lens of Wikipedia policy, not by a simple counted majority.  Responding ''YES/NO/AGREE/DISAGREE'' is not useful except for moral support.  responding ''(DIS)AGREE per user X's argument'' is better, presenting a novel explanation of your own for your opinion is best. The goal is to generate a ''convincing reason'' for making one choice or another, not to decide on the mere weight of public expressions of support.

=== Administrative or community intervention ===
{{policy shortcut|WP:CONADMIN}}
In some cases, disputes are personal or ideological rather than mere disagreements about content, and these may require the intervention of administrators or the community as a whole. Sysops will not rule on content, but may intervene to enforce policy (such as [[wp:BLP]]) or to impose sanctions on editors who are disrupting the consensus process inappropriately.  Sometimes merely asking for an administrator's attention on a talk page will suffice - as a rule, sysops have large numbers of pages watchlisted, and there is a likelihood that someone will see it and respond.  However, there are established resources for working with intransigent editors, as follows:

;[[wp:Wikiquette alerts|Wikiquette alerts]]: Wikiquette is a voluntary, informal discussion forum that can be used to help an editor recognize that they have misunderstood some aspect of Wikipedia standards.  Rudeness, inappropriate reasoning, POV-pushing, collusion, or any other mild irregularity that interferes with the smooth operating of the consensus process are appropriate reasons for turning to Wikiquette. The process can be double-edged - expect Wikiquette respondents to be painfully objective about the nature of the problem - but can serve to clear up personal disputes.
; Noticeboards: As noted above, policy pages generally have noticeboards, and many administrators watch them.
;[[wp:ANI|Administrator's intervention noticeboard]] and [[wp:AN|Administrator's noticeboard]]: These are noticeboards for administrators - they are high-volume noticeboards and should be used sparingly.  Use AN for for issues that need eyes but may not need immediate action; use ANI for more pressing issues.  Do not use either except at need.
;[[wp:RFC/U|Requests for comment on users]]: A more formal system designed to critique a long-term failure of an editor to live up to community standards.
;[[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration|Requests for arbitration]]: The final terminus of intractable disputes.  Arbiters make rulings designed to eliminate behavior that is disrupting the progression of the article, up to and including banning or restricting editors.

=== Consensus-building pitfalls and errors ===

The following are common mistakes made by editors when trying to build consensus:
*{{anchor|COOKS}} '''Too many cooks.''' Try not to attract too many editors into a discussion.  Fruitful discussions usually contain less than ten active participants; more than that strains the limits of effective communication on an online forum of this sort.  Where large-scale consensus is needed then it should be sought out, otherwise the input of one or two independent editors will give far better results.
*'''Off-wiki discussions.''' Discussions on other websites, web forums, [[IRC]], by email, or otherwise off the project are generally discouraged.  They are not taken into account when determining consensus &quot;on-wiki&quot;, and may generate suspicion and mistrust if they are discovered.  While there is an occasional need for privacy on some issues, most Wikipedia-related discussions should be held on Wikipedia where they can be viewed by all participants.
*'''[[WP:Canvassing|Canvassing]], [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|Sock puppetry]], and [[WP:MEAT|Meatpuppetry]].''' Any effort to gather participants to a community discussion that has the effect of biasing that discussion is unacceptable. While it is [[Wikipedia:Canvassing#Friendly notices|perfectly fine]] - even encouraged - to invite people into a discussion to obtain new insights and arguments, it is [[Wikipedia:Canvassing#Inappropriate notification|not acceptable]] to invite only people favorable to a particular point of view, or to invite people in a way that will prejudice their opinions on the matter, and it is surely objectionable to ''pretend'' to gather people by simply using other accounts on your own.  Neutral, informative messages to Wikipedia noticeboards, WikiProjects, or editors are permitted, but actions that could reasonably be interpreted as an attempt to &quot;stuff the ballot box&quot; or otherwise compromise the consensus building process would be considered disruptive editing.
*'''[[Wikipedia:Tendentious editing|Tendentious editing]].''' The continuous, aggressive pursuit of an editorial goal is considered disruptive, and should be avoided.  The consensus process works when editors listen, respond, and cooperate to build a better article.  Editors who refuse to allow any consensus except the one they have decided on, and are willing to [[filibuster]] indefinitely to attain that goal, destroy the consensus process.  Issues that are settled by stubbornness never last, because someone more pigheaded will eventually arrive; only pages that have the support of the community survive in the long run.
{{shortcut|WP:FORUMSHOP|WP:ADMINSHOP}}
*{{anchor|FORUMSHOP}}'''Forum shopping, admin shopping, and spin-doctoring.''' Raising the same issue repeatedly on different pages or with different wording is confusing and disruptive.  It doesn't help to seek out a forum where you get the answer you ''want'', or to play with the wording to try and trick different editors into agreeing with you, since sooner or later someone will notice all of the different threads.  You can obviously draw attention to the issue on noticeboards or other talk pages if you are careful to add links to keep all the ongoing discussions together, but best practice is to choose one appropriate forum for the consensus  discussion, and give (as much as possible) a single neutral, clear, and objective statement of the issue. See also [[Wikipedia:Policy shopping]].
*'''There can be unanimity that some change is needed without consensus to make any particular change'''.  Even if every editor at an article unanimously hates an aspect of the article (for good-faith policy-based reasons), nevertheless changing that aspect of the article may be disruptive if there is no consensus about ''how'' to change it.  Some editors may want to completely delete that aspect, whereas other editors might oppose deletion but disagree among themselves about what modification would improve the article.

== See also ==
{{Wikipedia glossary}}
[[WP:ESSAY|Wikipedia essays]] and information pages concerning consensus:
* [[Wikipedia:What is consensus?]]
* [[Wikipedia:How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance]]
* [[Wikipedia:Don't revert due to &quot;no consensus&quot;]]
* [[Wikipedia:IPs are human too]] &lt;!-- unregistered contributors in consensus processes--&gt;
* [[Wikipedia:No consensus]]
* [[Wikipedia:Silence and consensus]]; ''cf''. [[Wikipedia:Silence means nothing]]
* [[Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot]]
* [[Wikipedia:Method for consensus building]]
* [[Wikipedia:Closing discussions]]
* [[Wikipedia:Compromise]]
* [[Wikipedia:Consensus doesn't have to change]]

Articles concerning consensus:
* [[Truth by consensus]]
* [[Consensus decision-making]]
* [[False consensus effect]]

== External links ==
* [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-July/026513.html WikiEN-l mailing list July 2005]
* [http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?back=CategoryConflict Conflict] and [http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?back=CategoryConsensus Consensus] categories on MeatBall Wiki. 

== Related information == &lt;!-- see [[wp:NAVHEAD]] --&gt;
{{Wikipedia principles}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া নীতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া আচৰণ নীতি]]</text>
      <sha1>qqnkji59mh4b08t136ian3xrjhk24pv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610830</id>
      <parentid>599827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>তুলতুল বাইলুং</username>
        <id>47340</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ সমীক্ষাত্মক ইতিবৃত্ত গ্ৰন্থখনৰ প্ৰকাশৰ চনটো ভুল হৈ আছিল, ১৯৮১ হ'ব লাগে আছে ১৯৮৩ ।</comment>
      <origin>610830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11949" sha1="kzd1od7onyin005jtdxftffkszyo07s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer 
| name = সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা
| image = satyendranathsharma.jpg 
| image_size = 200px
| alt = 
| caption = 
| pseudonym = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = ১০ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ, ১৯১৭
| birth_place = [[জাঁজী]], [[শিৱসাগৰ]]
| death_date = ১১ আগষ্ট, ১৯৯৯
| death_place = 
| resting_place = 
| occupation = সহিত্যিক, শিক্ষাবিদ, বুৰঞ্জীবিদ
| language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]]
| nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]]
| citizenship = {{flag|ভাৰত}}
| education = ডক্টৰেট, স্নাতকোত্তৰ
| period = 
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement = 
| notableworks = 
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 
| relatives = 
| awards = [[দুৰ্গাধৰ বৰকটকী বঁটা]]&lt;br&gt; [[মোহনচন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা বঁটা]]&lt;br&gt;[[অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ বঁটা]](১৯৮৭) 
}}

'''সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা''' ({{lang-en|Satyendranath Sarma}}; ১৯১৭ - ১৯৯৯) [[অসম]]ৰ এগৰাকী সাহিত্যিক, শিক্ষাবিদ, গৱেষক, সমালোচক আৰু বুৰঞ্জীবিদ। তেখেতে [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ ১৯৭৫ চনৰ [[তিতাবৰ]] অধিবেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল। [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] নাট, কাব্যসাহিত্য আৰু উপন্যাসৰ মূল্যাঙ্কনত তেখেতে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াই গৈছে&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&amp;pg=PA70&amp;lpg=PA70&amp;dq=satyendranath+sarma&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uomeZU6CzM&amp;sig=B4qC8rZx8tP4ZCXDPHLPr40ZGQM&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=19pwTsOKCIq8rAfd2ZmHBw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=8&amp;ved=0CEoQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&amp;q=satyendranath%20sarma&amp;f=false] Modern Indian literature, an anthology, Volume 3
 By K. M. George, Sāhitya Akādemī&lt;/ref&gt;। 

==চমু জীৱনী==
===জন্ম===
সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মাৰ ১৯১৭ চনৰ ভাদ মাহৰ পূৰ্ণিমা তিথিত [[শিৱসাগৰ]]ৰ [[জাঁজী]]ত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম '''গোলাপচন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা''' আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম '''চেনেহী দেৱী'''।&lt;ref name=&quot;সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা&quot;/&gt;


===শিক্ষা===
১৯২২ চনত শৰ্মাই যোৰহাট নৰ্মাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ সৈতে সংলগ্ন ১ নং প্ৰেকটিছিং বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়াশলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ১৯৩৪ চনত জাঁজী হাইস্কুলৰ পৰা প্ৰথম বিভাগত প্ৰৱেশিকা পৰীক্ষাত উৰ্ত্তীণ হয়। ১৯৩৬ চনত [[কটন কলেজ]]ৰ পৰা আই এ আৰু ১৯৩৯ চনত ডিষ্টিংচন সহ বি এ পাছ কৰে। ১৯৪১ চনত শৰ্মাই [[কলিকতা় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা অসমীয়া বিষয়ত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণী হৈ স্নাতকোত্তৰ সন্মান লাভ কৰে। একে সময়তে তেওঁ [[আইন]]ৰো শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল যদিও ১৯৪২ চনত কটন মহাবিদ্যালয়ত প্ৰবক্তাৰ পদত মকৰল হোৱাত আইন পঢ়া সমাপ্ত কৰে। ১৯৫৫ চনত শৰ্মাই অসমৰ [[সত্]]ৰ অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ বিষয়ে গৱেষণা কৰি '''ডক্টৰেট''' উপাধি লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা&quot;/&gt;

===কৰ্মজীৱন===
১৯৪২ চনত শৰ্মাই [[কটন মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ত প্ৰবক্তা পদত যোগদান কৰি কৰ্মজীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলে। ১৯৪৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৫৬ চনলৈকে [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ প্ৰবক্তা, ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬৬ চনলৈ ৰীডাৰ আৰু ১৯৬৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮০ চনলৈ আধুনিক ভাৰতীয় ভাষা বিভাগত ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আসনৰ প্ৰাধ্যাপক হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিবাহ কৰিছিল। শৰ্মাদেৱে ১৯৮০ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত কৰ্মজীৱনৰ পৰা অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞি বৰুৱাৰ পৰা ৰংবং তেৰাঙলৈ | publisher=অনন্ত হাজৰিকা, বনলতা প্ৰকাশণ| author=ত্ৰিদিপ গোস্বামী | pages=১২৪, ১২৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;


===মৃত্যু===
সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মাৰ ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ১১ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে মৃত্যু হয়। 
 

==সাহিত্য কৰ্ম==
অসমৰ সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ লগত ওতপ্ৰোতভাবে জড়িত শৰ্মাদেৱে ১৯৫৫ চনত [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ কোষাধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে নিযুক্ত হয়। তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]]ৰ সম্পাদক আছিল। ১৯৭৫ চনত শৰ্মাক তেওঁৰ অসমীয়া সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে [[তিতাবৰ]]ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা বাৰ্ষিক অধিবেশনৰ সভাপতি হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asamsahityasabha.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=46&amp;Itemid=56 ১৯১৭ চনৰ পৰা অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিসকলৰ তালিকা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129233721/http://www.asamsahityasabha.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=46&amp;Itemid=56 |date=2013-01-29 }} [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ ৱেবছাইট, আহৰণ: ১৮ নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১২।&lt;/ref&gt;। শৰ্মাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ সদস্য হিচাপে ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮৭ চনলৈকে আছিল। ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬৭ চনলৈকে সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ কাৰ্যনিবাহকৰ সদস্য আছিল। [[কলিকতা]]ৰ &quot;ইন্সটিটিউট অব্ হিষ্টৰিকেল ষ্টাডিজ&quot;ৰ এজন সদস্য হোৱাৰ উপৰি অসম অকাডেমি প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সদস্য, উপ-সভাপতি আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮৩ চনলৈকে সভাপতি হৈ আছিল। তেওঁ '''ৰামায়ণী সাহিত্যৰ ইতিবৃত্ত''' গ্ৰন্থৰ বাবে ১৯৮৭ চনত '''অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ বঁটা''' লাভ কৰে। ১৯৮৮ চনত তেওঁ '''অসম সাহিত্য সভা''' প্ৰদত্ত '''সাহিত্যাচাৰ্য''' আৰু ১৯৯৪ চনত সভাৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সন্মান '''সদস্য মহীয়ান''' লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা&quot;/&gt;

==সাহিত্যক অৱদান&lt;ref&gt;http://enajori.com/literature/authors/authorsS.html{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;==
{{multicol}}
'''ৰচনা সংকলন'''
*অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ ইতিবৃত্ত (১৯৫৯),
*অসমীয়া নাট্য সাহিত্য (১৯৬২)
*বাণী দীপ(১৯৬২)
*সাহিত্যৰ আভাস (১৯৬৩)
*অসমীয়া উপন্যাসৰ ভূমিকা (১৯৬৫)
*অসমীয়া উপন্যাসৰ গতিধাৰা (১৯৭৭)
*শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শঙ্কৰদেৱ-মাধৱদেৱৰ বাণী (১৯৮৬)
*হেমচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী (১৯৯৪)
*অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ সমীক্ষাত্মক ইতিবৃত্ত (১৯৮১)
*ৰামায়ণৰ ইতিবৃত্ত (১৯৮৪)
*পাৰ্থসাৰথি,

{{col-break}}

*পম্পৰাগত প্ৰাচ্য নাট্যাভিনয় (১৯৬৭),
*অসমীয়া কাহিনী কাব্যৰ প্ৰবাহ (১৯৭১),
*সাহিত্য চয়ন (১৯৭৯),
*কাব্য মঞ্জুসা (১৯৬৩),
*ঊষাপৰিণয় (১৯৫১),
*গীতাকথা (১৯৬০),
*মনসা কাব্য,
*মধুমালতী (১৯৫৯),
*অংকমালা (১৯৭৪),
*শিশু জ্ঞানকোষ,
*বৈদিক যুগ,
*দাৰ্শনিক পৰিচয়,
*মৌ,
*মাটিৰ মানুহ,
*আকবৰ,
*পুৰণি সাহিত্যৰ অধ্যয়ন,

{{col-break}}

'''ৰচনা সংকলন(ইংৰাজী)'''
*The Neo-Vaisnative Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam (১৯৬৬)&lt;ref name=&quot;ইণ্টাৰনেট আৰ্কাইভ&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://ia801402.us.archive.org/12/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.461471/2015.461471.The-Neo-vaisnavite.pdf | title=ইণ্টাৰনেট আৰ্কাইভত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থকা গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পিডিএফ ৰূপ | accessdate=16 April 2024 | author=সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Epics And Purans in Early Assamese Literature (১৯৭২)
*Assamese Literature (১৯৭৭)
*Madhavadeva (১৯৮৮)
*Studies in the Literature and Culture of Assam,
*A socio-economic &amp; cultural history of medieval Assam, 1200 A.D.-1800 A.D. (১৯৮৯)
*Education and Learning in Early Assam 

{{col-end}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{reflist}}

{{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}}


[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া শিক্ষাবিদ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা বিজয়ী]]</text>
      <sha1>kzd1od7onyin005jtdxftffkszyo07s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>5475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610848</id>
      <parentid>610779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* বেটুপাতৰ নতুন শিতান */</comment>
      <origin>610848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28085" sha1="tsq6trm67bfwu6c31e4yigna7rse4ff" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Village pump pages|প্ৰস্তাৱ|alpha=yes|start=85|ৰাইজৰ চ’ৰাৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাত নতুন ভাব আৰু প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ আপুনিও যোগ কৰিব পাৰে। &lt;br/&gt;ইয়াৰ বাহিৰে অন্য ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নীতি বিষয়ক পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ নৱ-প্ৰস্তাৱিত আৰু প্ৰচলিত নীতি-নিৰ্দেশনাসমূহৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ কৰিবলৈ অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি ''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ’ৰা (নীতি)|নীতি]]'' বিভাগৰ পৃষ্ঠা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।&lt;br/&gt;কোনো নীতি-নিৰ্দেশনাৰ প্ৰয়োগ বা ব্যৱহাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় সন্দেহ মৰিষণৰ কাৰণে বিভিন্ন [[:en:Wikipedia:Noticeboards|জাননী ফলক]]সমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে। যদি আপোনাৰ কাৰিকৰী জ্ঞান আছে তেন্তে উপযুক্তভাৱে অৱদান/আলোচনা/সহায় আগবঢ়াওক।&lt;br/&gt;
সততে উদয় হোৱা প্ৰশ্নসমূহৰ এখন সূচী '''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত হোৱা প্ৰশ্নসমূহ|এই FAQ পৃষ্ঠাত]]''' (FAQ: '''F'''requently '''A'''sked '''Q'''uestions) আছে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি প্ৰথমে তাত চাই লয় যেন। |WP:VPP}}

{{cent}}
__TOC__
&lt;span id=&quot;below_toc&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{archive box|
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/0|সবাতোকৈ পুৰণি]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/1|সংৰক্ষণ ১]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/2|সংৰক্ষণ ২]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/3|সংৰক্ষণ ৩ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১২-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১২)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/4|সংৰক্ষণ ৪ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১৩-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৩)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/5|সংৰক্ষণ ৫ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১৪-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৮)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/6|সংৰক্ষণ ৬ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১৯-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২১)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/7|সংৰক্ষণ ৭ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২২-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২২)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/8|সংৰক্ষণ ৮ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২৩-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/9|সংৰক্ষণ ৯ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২৪-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৪)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/10|সংৰক্ষণ ১০ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫)]]
}}

==ৱিকি-জন্মদিন, ২০২৬ উদ্‌যাপন==
সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকল, আমি জানো যে, অহা ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ২৫বছৰীয়া জন্মদিন। বিগত ২৪ বছৰ ধৰি ৱিকিপিডিয়াই আমাক এখন গোলকীয় গাঁৱৰ অনুভৱ আনি দিছে। ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হৈ ব্যক্তিগতভাৱে মই তৃপ্ত। সেয়ে, উক্ত শুভ দিনটোত মই '''২৫টা পৃষ্ঠা''' সৃষ্টিৰে উদ্‌যাপন কৰিম বুলি থিৰাং কৰিছোঁ। ১৪ জানুৱাৰীৰ ৰাতি ১২ বজাৰ পিছৰপৰা ১৫ জানুৱাৰী ৰাতি ১২ বজালৈ মোৰ এই উদ্‌যাপন চলিব। 

সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকলৰ কোনোবাই যদি সহযোগ কৰে ইয়াতেই সংযুক্ত হৈ কিবা সংকল্প ল’ব পাৰে বা মোৰ দৰে আপোনালোকেও নিজা নিজা সংকল্প লৈ একোটা পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰি ৱিকি-জন্মদিন উদ্‌যাপন কৰিব পাৰে। 

আহক আমি সকলোৱে মিলি গৌৰৱেৰে মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ এই যাত্ৰাক উদ্‌যাপন কৰোঁ। -[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:06, 12 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===মতামত===
* যিমানটা পাৰোঁ নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিম। — &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 14:36, 13 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*:অশেষ ধন্যবাদ। [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 17:14, 13 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সামৰণি===
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ জন্মদিন উপলক্ষ্য্যে তলৰ লিংকটোত দিয়া পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ’ল। 
*https://w.wiki/HUBc
==সতীৰ্থ-মিলন==
সন্মানীয় সতীৰ্থ, অহা ইং ৩১ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৬ তাৰিখে গুৱাহাটীৰ শংকৰদেৱ কলাক্ষেত্ৰত দিনৰ ১১:০০ বজাৰপৰা ০১:০০ বজাৰ ভিতৰত সম্ভৱপৰ সকলোৱে মুখা-মুখি হোৱাৰ মানস কৰিছোঁ। সকলোৰে উপস্থিতিয়ে আমাৰ মনৰ উদ্যম বৃদ্ধি কৰিব বুলি ভবা হৈছে। যাতায়াত আৰু অন্যান্য খৰচ নিজৰ। সহমত হ’লে তলত সন্মতি দি ৱিকি-স্ৱাক্ষৰ কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰিলোঁ।[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 14:35, 23 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সহমত===
* একো অসুবিধা নহ'লে থাকিম। -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]])
* [[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:দিম্পল দাস|বাৰ্তা]]) 17:24, 25 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
* [[সদস্য:JonaliB|জোনালী বৰুৱা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JonaliB|বাৰ্তা]]) 08:55, 26 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===উপস্থিতিৰ স্বাক্ষৰ===
[[File:Wiki-Adda (cropped).jpg|thumb|সতীৰ্থ মিলন- ৱিকি সদস্যৰ মুখা-মুখি অনুষ্ঠান]]
*[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:21, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:33, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
* [[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:দিম্পল দাস|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:35, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*[[সদস্য:পাপৰি বৰা|পাপৰি বৰা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:পাপৰি বৰা|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:49, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

==নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬==
১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২৬ৰপৰা আৰম্ভ হ'ব [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন-২০২৬]] প্ৰবন্ধ লিখন প্ৰতিযোগিতা। এই প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আয়োজক হিচাপে মই প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ বিচাৰকৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিবলৈ সদস্য [[User:JonaliB|জোনালী বৰুৱা]], [[User:Pranamikaadhikary|প্ৰণামিকা অধিকাৰী]] আৰু [[User:-chanakyakdas|চাণক্য কুমাৰ দাস]] অনুৰোধ জনাইছোঁ। লগতে সদস্যসকলক এই প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছোঁ। অংশগ্ৰহণৰ বাবে ইয়াত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|ক্লিক কৰক]]। -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 11:07, 31 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===মতামত===
প্ৰস্তাৱটো মই দেখাই নাছিলোঁ। সদস্যসকলৰ আপত্তি নাথাকিলে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিলোঁ।[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:11, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

==ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ফেজ-২==
প্ৰিয় সতীৰ্থসকল,

ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ বাবে খৰধৰকৈ লিখাৰ বাবে কোনো কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত কিছু খুঁটি-নাটি ৰৈ যায়, এই খুঁটি-নাটি সমূহ নাইকিয়া কৰি ইতিমধ্যে লেখা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ফেজ-২ অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা নহয়, ইতিমধ্যে ৱিকিত থকা এছীয় বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ বিচাৰি উলিয়াই সেইসমূহ সংশোধন আৰু পৰিৱৰ্ধন কৰা হ'ব। এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ ১৫ তাৰিখৰপৰা মে' মাহৰ ১ তাৰিখলৈ অনুষ্ঠিত হ'ব লগা ১৫ দিনীয়া এই সংশোধনী মেলাৰ বাবে মই আয়োজক ৰূপে [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫]]-ৰ বিজয়ী [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] আৰু [[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোলৰ]] নাম প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিলোঁ আৰু আপোনালোকৰ সমৰ্থন আৰু সহযোগিতা আশা কৰিলোঁ। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলক অৱদান অনুসৰি একোটিকৈ '''ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ''' টি-চাৰ্ট প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব। সমান্তৰালকৈ যোৰহাটত এখন অফলাইন কৰ্মশালাৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে।

বিনয়েৰে, [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:28, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===সমৰ্থন===
# [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:28, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 08:40, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|বাৰ্তা]]) 09:40, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===মন্তব্য===

==চন্দন চিৰিং ফুকন সোঁৱৰণী উদ্ধৃতি সংযোগ মেলা==
*https://w.wiki/KNRd
সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকল, অহা ২৭ এপ্ৰিল, '''চন্দন বিয়োগ'''ৰ দিনটোৰ সৈতে সংগতি ৰাখি এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে। অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি লিংকত গৈ মতামত দিব বুলি আশা কৰিলোঁ।[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:43, 26 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

== বড়ো ভাষা আৰু সংস্কৃতি দৃশ্যমানতা প্ৰকল্প ==
আমি অসমৰ জনগণে ইয়াৰ সকলো জাতি-জনগোষ্ঠীৰ মাজত এক ভাতৃত্ববোধ আৰু সৌহাৰ্দ্যৰে বসবাস কৰি গৌৰৱ অনুভৱ কৰি আহিছোঁ। বড়ো জনগোষ্ঠী ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আমাৰ অন্যতম গৌৰৱৰ উৎস, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ সমৃদ্ধ সংস্কৃতি আৰু ঐতিহ্য সংৰক্ষণ আৰু প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে আমি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিবদ্ধ। সাম্প্ৰতিক সময়ত বড়ো সমাজে ৱিকিমিডিয়া প্লেটফৰ্মসমূহত নিজৰ দৃশ্যমানতা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে কাম কৰি আছে। 

দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ অংশীদাৰিত্ব ব্যৱস্থাপক, Wikimedia Foundationৰ প্ৰবীণ দাসৰ সৈতে এক দীঘলীয়া আলোচনা আৰু তেখেতৰ পৰামৰ্শৰ পাছত, মই &quot;Bodo Language &amp; Culture Visibility Project&quot; নামৰ এটা প্ৰকল্প পৰিচালনাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছোঁ। 

অসমীয়া ৱিকিসমাজৰ এজন সদস্য হিচাপে, এই পৰিকল্পনাটোৰ বাবে আপোনালোকৰ সমৰ্থন, পৰামৰ্শ আৰু মূল্যৱান মতামত আন্তৰিকতাৰে আশা কৰিছোঁ। -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:31, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সমৰ্থন===
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:AjayDas|AjayDas]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:AjayDas|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:34, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:39, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:হানিফ আলী|হানিফ আলী]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:হানিফ আলী|বাৰ্তা]]) 14:51, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:Rakesh Modak|Rakesh Modak]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rakesh Modak|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:28, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} কৰিছোঁ৷ -[[User:Kuldhar Rabha|&lt;font color=&quot;#cc0099&quot;&gt;𝒦𝓊𝓁𝒹𝒽𝒶𝓇 ℛ𝒶𝒷𝒽𝒶&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User Talk:Kuldhar Rabha|&lt;font color=&quot;#6600cc&quot;&gt;(𝒯𝒶𝓁𝓀)&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:05, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} -[[সদস্য:চন্দ্ৰিমা ৰাভা|চন্দ্ৰিমা ৰাভা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা: চন্দ্ৰিমা ৰাভা|বাৰ্তা]]) 22:47, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} -[[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|Rumi Borah~aswiki]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rumi Borah~aswiki|বাৰ্তা]]) 12:21, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} -&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 13:00, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
* {{support}}[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 05:15, 6 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
====মতামত====

==পাঠ্যক্ৰমত ৱিকিপিডিয়া==

সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকলৰ জ্ঞাতাৰ্থে জনাওঁ যে [[:meta:Wikimedia as a curriculum subject at Nagaon University|নগাঁও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰমত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভূক্তি]]ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ পৰা পোৱা গৈছে৷ এই সংক্ৰান্তত আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ জৰুৰীভাৱে আমি মিলিত হোৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজন৷ সেয়ে আজি নিশা ৯ বজাৰ পৰা আধাঘণ্টামানৰ এখনি গুগল মিটৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে৷ আশাকৰোঁ সৰহসংখ্যক সদস্যই আলোচনাটিত সহযোগ কৰিব৷ -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:10, 11 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

মিটিঙৰ লিংক- [https://calendar.app.google/1A5Sve84Jc3Psxv26 meet.google.com/1A5Sve84Jc3Psxv26]

====উপস্থিত সদস্যৰ স্বাক্ষৰ====
# [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:17, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#  [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:20, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:21, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#[[সদস্য:BabulB|বাবুল বৈশ্য]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:BabulB|বাৰ্তা]]) 05:54, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===পাঠ্যক্ৰম সম্বন্ধীয় বিশেষ সভা===
সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকলৰ জ্ঞাতাৰ্থে জনাব খোজোঁ যে, যোৱা ১১ মে, ২০২৬ তাৰিখৰ নিশা ৯ বজাত এখন বিশেষ জৰুৰী সভা আহ্বান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাত ভালেকেইগৰাকীমান সদস্যৰ উপস্থিতিত নগাঁও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে “ৱিকিমিডিয়া’’ক এক পাঠ্য বিষয় হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভূক্ত কৰিবলৈ কৰা ইচ্ছাৰ ওপৰত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছিল। সভাত নীতেশ গীলকো আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁ উপস্থিত থাকি বিষয়টোত আগবঢ়াত উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল। সেইমৰ্মে, আমি নগাঁও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সৈতে কথা-বতৰা কিছু আগুৱাই নিয়া হৈছে। এইটো বিষয়কে পুনৰ আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ অহা '''৩১ মে’ ২০২৬ তাৰিখৰ সন্ধিয়া ৮ বজাৰ পৰা ৯ বজালৈ এখনি গুগল মিট'''ৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। সন্মানীয় সকলো সদস্যই এই সভাখনত উপস্থিত থাকি নিজ নিজ মতামত ব্যক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰিলোঁ।

সভাৰ লিংক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত দিয়া হ’ব।-[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:05, 29 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

* সভাৰ লিংক: https://meet.google.com/gna-wprg-hsh
===উপস্থিত সদস্যৰ স্বাক্ষৰ===
# [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:17, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:20, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:21, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:17, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# [[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|Rumi Borah~aswiki]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rumi Borah~aswiki|বাৰ্তা]]) 08:42, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

==বেটুপাতৰ নতুন শিতান==
অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বেটুপাতত “নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া” নামৰ এটা নতুন শিতান সংযোগ কৰিব বিচৰা হৈছে৷ তাৰ বাবে আপোনালোকৰ সমৰ্থন আশা কৰিলোঁ৷ &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 14:04, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সমৰ্থন===
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:Rajdweep nlb|Rajdweep nlb]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rajdweep nlb|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:05, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:28, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:45, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|Rumi Borah~aswiki]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rumi Borah~aswiki|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:04, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:BabulB|বাবুল বৈশ্য]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:BabulB|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:15, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:23, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}-[[সদস্য:AjayDas|AjayDas]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:AjayDas|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:43, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 04:11, 24 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}- [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 06:39, 24 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
====মতামত====
* সৰ্বসন্মতিমৰ্মে সংযোগ কৰা হ’ল৷ &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:22, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>tsq6trm67bfwu6c31e4yigna7rse4ff</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610849</id>
      <parentid>610848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* বেটুপাতৰ নতুন শিতান */</comment>
      <origin>610849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28134" sha1="l71hnk2lef5whzyrmehekx02utoccpk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Village pump pages|প্ৰস্তাৱ|alpha=yes|start=85|ৰাইজৰ চ’ৰাৰ এই পৃষ্ঠাত নতুন ভাব আৰু প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ আপুনিও যোগ কৰিব পাৰে। &lt;br/&gt;ইয়াৰ বাহিৰে অন্য ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নীতি বিষয়ক পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ নৱ-প্ৰস্তাৱিত আৰু প্ৰচলিত নীতি-নিৰ্দেশনাসমূহৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ কৰিবলৈ অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি ''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ’ৰা (নীতি)|নীতি]]'' বিভাগৰ পৃষ্ঠা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।&lt;br/&gt;কোনো নীতি-নিৰ্দেশনাৰ প্ৰয়োগ বা ব্যৱহাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় সন্দেহ মৰিষণৰ কাৰণে বিভিন্ন [[:en:Wikipedia:Noticeboards|জাননী ফলক]]সমূহ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে। যদি আপোনাৰ কাৰিকৰী জ্ঞান আছে তেন্তে উপযুক্তভাৱে অৱদান/আলোচনা/সহায় আগবঢ়াওক।&lt;br/&gt;
সততে উদয় হোৱা প্ৰশ্নসমূহৰ এখন সূচী '''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত হোৱা প্ৰশ্নসমূহ|এই FAQ পৃষ্ঠাত]]''' (FAQ: '''F'''requently '''A'''sked '''Q'''uestions) আছে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি প্ৰথমে তাত চাই লয় যেন। |WP:VPP}}

{{cent}}
__TOC__
&lt;span id=&quot;below_toc&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{archive box|
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/0|সবাতোকৈ পুৰণি]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/1|সংৰক্ষণ ১]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/2|সংৰক্ষণ ২]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/3|সংৰক্ষণ ৩ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১২-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১২)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/4|সংৰক্ষণ ৪ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১৩-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৩)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/5|সংৰক্ষণ ৫ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১৪-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০১৮)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/6|সংৰক্ষণ ৬ (জানুৱাৰী ২০১৯-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২১)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/7|সংৰক্ষণ ৭ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২২-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২২)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/8|সংৰক্ষণ ৮ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২৩-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/9|সংৰক্ষণ ৯ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২৪-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৪)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰাইজৰ চ'ৰা (প্ৰস্তাৱসমূহ)/Archive/10|সংৰক্ষণ ১০ (জানুৱাৰী ২০২৫-ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৫)]]
}}

==ৱিকি-জন্মদিন, ২০২৬ উদ্‌যাপন==
সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকল, আমি জানো যে, অহা ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ২৫বছৰীয়া জন্মদিন। বিগত ২৪ বছৰ ধৰি ৱিকিপিডিয়াই আমাক এখন গোলকীয় গাঁৱৰ অনুভৱ আনি দিছে। ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হৈ ব্যক্তিগতভাৱে মই তৃপ্ত। সেয়ে, উক্ত শুভ দিনটোত মই '''২৫টা পৃষ্ঠা''' সৃষ্টিৰে উদ্‌যাপন কৰিম বুলি থিৰাং কৰিছোঁ। ১৪ জানুৱাৰীৰ ৰাতি ১২ বজাৰ পিছৰপৰা ১৫ জানুৱাৰী ৰাতি ১২ বজালৈ মোৰ এই উদ্‌যাপন চলিব। 

সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকলৰ কোনোবাই যদি সহযোগ কৰে ইয়াতেই সংযুক্ত হৈ কিবা সংকল্প ল’ব পাৰে বা মোৰ দৰে আপোনালোকেও নিজা নিজা সংকল্প লৈ একোটা পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰি ৱিকি-জন্মদিন উদ্‌যাপন কৰিব পাৰে। 

আহক আমি সকলোৱে মিলি গৌৰৱেৰে মুক্ত জ্ঞানৰ এই যাত্ৰাক উদ্‌যাপন কৰোঁ। -[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:06, 12 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===মতামত===
* যিমানটা পাৰোঁ নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিম। — &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 14:36, 13 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*:অশেষ ধন্যবাদ। [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 17:14, 13 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সামৰণি===
ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ জন্মদিন উপলক্ষ্য্যে তলৰ লিংকটোত দিয়া পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ’ল। 
*https://w.wiki/HUBc
==সতীৰ্থ-মিলন==
সন্মানীয় সতীৰ্থ, অহা ইং ৩১ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৬ তাৰিখে গুৱাহাটীৰ শংকৰদেৱ কলাক্ষেত্ৰত দিনৰ ১১:০০ বজাৰপৰা ০১:০০ বজাৰ ভিতৰত সম্ভৱপৰ সকলোৱে মুখা-মুখি হোৱাৰ মানস কৰিছোঁ। সকলোৰে উপস্থিতিয়ে আমাৰ মনৰ উদ্যম বৃদ্ধি কৰিব বুলি ভবা হৈছে। যাতায়াত আৰু অন্যান্য খৰচ নিজৰ। সহমত হ’লে তলত সন্মতি দি ৱিকি-স্ৱাক্ষৰ কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰিলোঁ।[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 14:35, 23 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সহমত===
* একো অসুবিধা নহ'লে থাকিম। -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]])
* [[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:দিম্পল দাস|বাৰ্তা]]) 17:24, 25 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
* [[সদস্য:JonaliB|জোনালী বৰুৱা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JonaliB|বাৰ্তা]]) 08:55, 26 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===উপস্থিতিৰ স্বাক্ষৰ===
[[File:Wiki-Adda (cropped).jpg|thumb|সতীৰ্থ মিলন- ৱিকি সদস্যৰ মুখা-মুখি অনুষ্ঠান]]
*[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:21, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:33, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
* [[সদস্য:দিম্পল দাস|দিম্পল দাস]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:দিম্পল দাস|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:35, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*[[সদস্য:পাপৰি বৰা|পাপৰি বৰা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:পাপৰি বৰা|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:49, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

==নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬==
১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২৬ৰপৰা আৰম্ভ হ'ব [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন-২০২৬]] প্ৰবন্ধ লিখন প্ৰতিযোগিতা। এই প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আয়োজক হিচাপে মই প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ বিচাৰকৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিবলৈ সদস্য [[User:JonaliB|জোনালী বৰুৱা]], [[User:Pranamikaadhikary|প্ৰণামিকা অধিকাৰী]] আৰু [[User:-chanakyakdas|চাণক্য কুমাৰ দাস]] অনুৰোধ জনাইছোঁ। লগতে সদস্যসকলক এই প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছোঁ। অংশগ্ৰহণৰ বাবে ইয়াত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|ক্লিক কৰক]]। -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 11:07, 31 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===মতামত===
প্ৰস্তাৱটো মই দেখাই নাছিলোঁ। সদস্যসকলৰ আপত্তি নাথাকিলে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিলোঁ।[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:11, 1 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

==ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ফেজ-২==
প্ৰিয় সতীৰ্থসকল,

ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ বাবে খৰধৰকৈ লিখাৰ বাবে কোনো কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত কিছু খুঁটি-নাটি ৰৈ যায়, এই খুঁটি-নাটি সমূহ নাইকিয়া কৰি ইতিমধ্যে লেখা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উন্নত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ফেজ-২ অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। এই সম্পাদনা মেলাত নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা নহয়, ইতিমধ্যে ৱিকিত থকা এছীয় বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ বিচাৰি উলিয়াই সেইসমূহ সংশোধন আৰু পৰিৱৰ্ধন কৰা হ'ব। এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ ১৫ তাৰিখৰপৰা মে' মাহৰ ১ তাৰিখলৈ অনুষ্ঠিত হ'ব লগা ১৫ দিনীয়া এই সংশোধনী মেলাৰ বাবে মই আয়োজক ৰূপে [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫|ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৫]]-ৰ বিজয়ী [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] আৰু [[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোলৰ]] নাম প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিলোঁ আৰু আপোনালোকৰ সমৰ্থন আৰু সহযোগিতা আশা কৰিলোঁ। অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলক অৱদান অনুসৰি একোটিকৈ '''ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ''' টি-চাৰ্ট প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ব। সমান্তৰালকৈ যোৰহাটত এখন অফলাইন কৰ্মশালাৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে।

বিনয়েৰে, [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:28, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===সমৰ্থন===
# [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:28, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 08:40, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# [[সদস্য:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|নৰুনা বৰুৱা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:নৰুনা বৰুৱা|বাৰ্তা]]) 09:40, 13 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===মন্তব্য===

==চন্দন চিৰিং ফুকন সোঁৱৰণী উদ্ধৃতি সংযোগ মেলা==
*https://w.wiki/KNRd
সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকল, অহা ২৭ এপ্ৰিল, '''চন্দন বিয়োগ'''ৰ দিনটোৰ সৈতে সংগতি ৰাখি এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে। অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি লিংকত গৈ মতামত দিব বুলি আশা কৰিলোঁ।[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:43, 26 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

== বড়ো ভাষা আৰু সংস্কৃতি দৃশ্যমানতা প্ৰকল্প ==
আমি অসমৰ জনগণে ইয়াৰ সকলো জাতি-জনগোষ্ঠীৰ মাজত এক ভাতৃত্ববোধ আৰু সৌহাৰ্দ্যৰে বসবাস কৰি গৌৰৱ অনুভৱ কৰি আহিছোঁ। বড়ো জনগোষ্ঠী ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আমাৰ অন্যতম গৌৰৱৰ উৎস, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ সমৃদ্ধ সংস্কৃতি আৰু ঐতিহ্য সংৰক্ষণ আৰু প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে আমি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিবদ্ধ। সাম্প্ৰতিক সময়ত বড়ো সমাজে ৱিকিমিডিয়া প্লেটফৰ্মসমূহত নিজৰ দৃশ্যমানতা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে কাম কৰি আছে। 

দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ অংশীদাৰিত্ব ব্যৱস্থাপক, Wikimedia Foundationৰ প্ৰবীণ দাসৰ সৈতে এক দীঘলীয়া আলোচনা আৰু তেখেতৰ পৰামৰ্শৰ পাছত, মই &quot;Bodo Language &amp; Culture Visibility Project&quot; নামৰ এটা প্ৰকল্প পৰিচালনাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছোঁ। 

অসমীয়া ৱিকিসমাজৰ এজন সদস্য হিচাপে, এই পৰিকল্পনাটোৰ বাবে আপোনালোকৰ সমৰ্থন, পৰামৰ্শ আৰু মূল্যৱান মতামত আন্তৰিকতাৰে আশা কৰিছোঁ। -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:31, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সমৰ্থন===
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:AjayDas|AjayDas]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:AjayDas|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:34, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:39, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:হানিফ আলী|হানিফ আলী]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:হানিফ আলী|বাৰ্তা]]) 14:51, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:Rakesh Modak|Rakesh Modak]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rakesh Modak|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:28, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} কৰিছোঁ৷ -[[User:Kuldhar Rabha|&lt;font color=&quot;#cc0099&quot;&gt;𝒦𝓊𝓁𝒹𝒽𝒶𝓇 ℛ𝒶𝒷𝒽𝒶&lt;/font&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User Talk:Kuldhar Rabha|&lt;font color=&quot;#6600cc&quot;&gt;(𝒯𝒶𝓁𝓀)&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:05, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} -[[সদস্য:চন্দ্ৰিমা ৰাভা|চন্দ্ৰিমা ৰাভা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা: চন্দ্ৰিমা ৰাভা|বাৰ্তা]]) 22:47, 29 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} -[[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|Rumi Borah~aswiki]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rumi Borah~aswiki|বাৰ্তা]]) 12:21, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{Support}} -&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 13:00, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
* {{support}}[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 05:15, 6 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
====মতামত====

==পাঠ্যক্ৰমত ৱিকিপিডিয়া==

সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকলৰ জ্ঞাতাৰ্থে জনাওঁ যে [[:meta:Wikimedia as a curriculum subject at Nagaon University|নগাঁও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰমত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভূক্তি]]ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ পৰা পোৱা গৈছে৷ এই সংক্ৰান্তত আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ জৰুৰীভাৱে আমি মিলিত হোৱাৰ প্ৰয়োজন৷ সেয়ে আজি নিশা ৯ বজাৰ পৰা আধাঘণ্টামানৰ এখনি গুগল মিটৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে৷ আশাকৰোঁ সৰহসংখ্যক সদস্যই আলোচনাটিত সহযোগ কৰিব৷ -[[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:10, 11 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

মিটিঙৰ লিংক- [https://calendar.app.google/1A5Sve84Jc3Psxv26 meet.google.com/1A5Sve84Jc3Psxv26]

====উপস্থিত সদস্যৰ স্বাক্ষৰ====
# [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:17, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#  [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:20, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:21, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#[[সদস্য:BabulB|বাবুল বৈশ্য]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:BabulB|বাৰ্তা]]) 05:54, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===পাঠ্যক্ৰম সম্বন্ধীয় বিশেষ সভা===
সন্মানীয় সদস্যসকলৰ জ্ঞাতাৰ্থে জনাব খোজোঁ যে, যোৱা ১১ মে, ২০২৬ তাৰিখৰ নিশা ৯ বজাত এখন বিশেষ জৰুৰী সভা আহ্বান কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাত ভালেকেইগৰাকীমান সদস্যৰ উপস্থিতিত নগাঁও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে “ৱিকিমিডিয়া’’ক এক পাঠ্য বিষয় হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভূক্ত কৰিবলৈ কৰা ইচ্ছাৰ ওপৰত আলোচনা কৰা হৈছিল। সভাত নীতেশ গীলকো আমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁ উপস্থিত থাকি বিষয়টোত আগবঢ়াত উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল। সেইমৰ্মে, আমি নগাঁও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সৈতে কথা-বতৰা কিছু আগুৱাই নিয়া হৈছে। এইটো বিষয়কে পুনৰ আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ অহা '''৩১ মে’ ২০২৬ তাৰিখৰ সন্ধিয়া ৮ বজাৰ পৰা ৯ বজালৈ এখনি গুগল মিট'''ৰ আয়োজন কৰা হৈছে। সন্মানীয় সকলো সদস্যই এই সভাখনত উপস্থিত থাকি নিজ নিজ মতামত ব্যক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰিলোঁ।

সভাৰ লিংক পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত দিয়া হ’ব।-[[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:05, 29 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

* সভাৰ লিংক: https://meet.google.com/gna-wprg-hsh
===উপস্থিত সদস্যৰ স্বাক্ষৰ===
# [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:17, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:20, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:21, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
#[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:17, 31 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
# [[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|Rumi Borah~aswiki]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rumi Borah~aswiki|বাৰ্তা]]) 08:42, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

==বেটুপাতৰ নতুন শিতান==
{{আলোচনা সমাপ্ত}}
অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বেটুপাতত “নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া” নামৰ এটা নতুন শিতান সংযোগ কৰিব বিচৰা হৈছে৷ তাৰ বাবে আপোনালোকৰ সমৰ্থন আশা কৰিলোঁ৷ &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 14:04, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
===সমৰ্থন===
*{{support}}-[[সদস্য:Rajdweep nlb|Rajdweep nlb]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rajdweep nlb|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:05, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}[[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:28, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:45, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|Rumi Borah~aswiki]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Rumi Borah~aswiki|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:04, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:BabulB|বাবুল বৈশ্য]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:BabulB|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:15, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}} [[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:23, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}-[[সদস্য:AjayDas|AjayDas]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:AjayDas|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:43, 23 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}- &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 04:11, 24 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
*{{সমৰ্থন}}- [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 06:39, 24 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
====মতামত====
* সৰ্বসন্মতিমৰ্মে সংযোগ কৰা হ’ল৷ &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 16:22, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l71hnk2lef5whzyrmehekx02utoccpk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সাঁচ:বেটুপাত জানিবলগীয়া কথা</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>22951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610850</id>
      <parentid>283874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:47:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3409" sha1="j2jpng4pvonxbtzm66nx4dvagdu2kx4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 130%; &quot;&gt;সাহায্য&lt;/span&gt;
----
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আদৰণি|আদৰণি]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ইতিবৃত্ত|পাতনি]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পৰিচয়|পৰিচয়]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সহায়িকা|সহায়িকা]] · [[সহায়:সমল|সমল]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সাহায্য কেন্দ্ৰ|সাহায্য কেন্দ্ৰ]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ|প্ৰশ্নসমূহ]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অৰ্থকোষ|অৰ্থকোষ]] · [[সহায়:নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ আৰম্ভ কৰক|নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি]] · [[সহায়:টাইপিং|টাইপিং]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নকলৰ পুৰীয়া|পুৰীয়া]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top: 5px; font-size: 130%; &quot;&gt;নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশাৱলী&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশনাসমূহ|নীতি আৰু নিৰ্দেশাৱলী]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পাঁচটা স্তম্ভ|পঞ্চস্তম্ভ]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী|নিৰপেক্ষ দৃষ্টিভংগী]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উল্লেখযোগ্যতা|উল্লেখযোগ্যতা]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা|মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:কপিৰাইট|কপিৰাইট]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা|বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সম্পাদনা নীতি|সম্পাদনা নীতি]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সাধাৰণ দায়লুপ্তি|দায়লুপ্তি]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top: 5px; font-size: 130%; &quot;&gt;আচৰণবিধি&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:শিষ্টাচাৰ|শিষ্টাচাৰ]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ব্যক্তিগত আক্ৰমণ নকৰিব|ব্যক্তিগত আক্ৰমণ নকৰিব]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:হাৰাশাস্তি|হাৰাশাস্তি]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব|সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মতবিৰোধ সমাধান|মতবিৰোধ সমাধান]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐক্যমত|ঐকমত্য]] · [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা|ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা]]</text>
      <sha1>j2jpng4pvonxbtzm66nx4dvagdu2kx4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>কনচেং বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610880</id>
      <parentid>375516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T22:33:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ananya Taye</username>
        <id>28065</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5658" sha1="syrot3bhktb7xb5djkyl3pz7pxcxf8e" xml:space="preserve">{{Assam bio stub}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = কনচেং বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই
| battles = তুৰ্বকৰ অসম আক্ৰমণ
| allegiance = [[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]
| rank = [[বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঞি]]
| birth_date =
| death_date = ১৪৭৯ শক
| death_place = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]]
| birth_place = 
| image = 
| caption = 
| Religion = [[ফুৰালুং]]
}}
'''কনচেং বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই''' ({{lang-en|Kan Chyeng Bar Patra Gohain}}) আছিল [[আহোম ৰাজ্য|আহোম শাসনতন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ''বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই'' পদবী লাভ কৰা প্ৰথমজন বিষয়া। স্বৰ্গদেৱ [[চুপিম্‌ফা]]ৰ (১৪৯৩-১৪৯৭ খ্ৰী:) নক্টে খুনবাও (নগাৰজা) কাৰঙ্গপাৰৰে মিত্ৰতা আছিল। এদিন চমুৱা কুঁৱৰী এগৰাকীয়ে &quot;নগা খুনবাওটো দেখিবলৈ ভাল&quot; বুলি কোৱাত খং উঠি ৰজাই চাৰিমহীয়া গৰ্ভৱতী কুঁৱৰীক কাৰঙ্গপাক দিলে।&lt;ref name=&quot;অসম&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=অসম দেশৰ বুৰঞ্জী | publisher=এল বি এছ পাব্লিকেশ্যন | author=ড: লক্ষ্মী দেৱী | year=১৯৮৭ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=১৩৯, ১৯৫, ১৯৯, ২০০, ২০৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; নগাৰজাই &quot;তেওঁ যে দেৱতাই দিবলৈ পালে মঞো আই বুলি ৰাখিম&quot;, এইবুলি নিলে। নগাচাঙতে কুঁৱৰীৰ ল'ৰা জন্মে।&lt;ref name=&quot;সাতসৰী&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=সাতসৰী অসম বুৰঞ্জী | publisher=গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্ৰকাশন বিভাগ | author=ড: সূৰ্য্যকুমাৰ ভূঞা সম্পাদিত | year=১৯৬৪ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৬৭, ৬৮}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
ইয়াৰ পাছত ১৪৯৭ খৃষ্টাব্দত [[চুহুংমুং]] বা দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজা আহোম সিংহাসনত আৰোহণ কৰে। এই গৰাকী স্বৰ্গদেউৰ দিনত নগা চাঙৰ পৰা চমুৱা কুঁৱৰীৰ পুতেকে আহোম ৰাজধানীলৈ কৰ সোধাবলৈ আহোঁতে দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাই এই ল’ৰাটিৰ গাত ৰাজকীয় তেজ দেখি তাৰ আতি-গুৰি জানিব পাৰি তেওঁ বুঢ়াগোঁহাই আৰু বৰগোঁহাইৰ লগত আলোচনা কৰি ভবিষ্যতে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বিপদৰ আশংকা কৰি এই ল’ৰাটিক কনচেং নাম দি বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাইৰ বাব দিলে। বুঢ়াগোঁহাই আৰু বৰগোঁহাইৰ সৈতে এওঁৰ সমান মৰ্যাদা হ’ল। 

স্বৰ্গদেউ খোৰা ৰজাৰ দিনত ১৪৭৯ শকত তেখেতৰ মৃত্যু হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;;-)&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=শৰাইঘাটৰ সুবচনী | publisher=অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ | author=ড° সূৰ্য্যকুমাৰ ভূঞা | authorlink=শৰাইঘাট যুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী কালৰ সুবচনী; তিনি উধান হ'লেহে থালী থিত হৈ বহে | year=২০২৩ | pages=২}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==উল্লেখনীয় ঘটনা==
* ৰাজ্যৰ সীমা বিস্তাৰ: কনচেং বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই নেতৃত্বত বল প্ৰয়োগ আৰু ছলেৰে [[দেৰগাঁও]] আৰু মৰঙ্গীলৈকে আহোম সৈন্যই ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিমৰ সীমা বৃদ্ধি কৰে। 
* তুৰ্বকৰ অসম আক্ৰমণ: [[চুহুংমুং]]ৰ দিনতে তুৰ্বকৰ নেতৃত্বত ১৫৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত মোগলে অসম আক্ৰমণ কৰে। আহোম সেনাপতি কনচেঙৰ হাতত তুৰ্বকৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত আহোম সৈন্যই মোগল সৈন্যক কৰতোৱা নদী পাৰ কৰি থৈ আহে।&lt;ref name=&quot;অসম&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=অসম দেশৰ বুৰঞ্জী | publisher=এল বি এছ পাব্লিকেশ্যন | author=ড: লক্ষ্মী দেৱী | year=১৯৮৭ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=১৩৯, ১৯৫, ১৯৯, ২০০, ২০৪}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;সাতসৰী&quot;/&gt;
==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{reflist}}

{{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:আহোম ৰাজ্য]]</text>
      <sha1>syrot3bhktb7xb5djkyl3pz7pxcxf8e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610877</id>
      <parentid>610715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ananya Taye</username>
        <id>28065</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* দক্ষিণ কূলৰ অঞ্চল */</comment>
      <origin>610877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="154177" sha1="dyazdnd55zuslmfzxwz8yuon0pqk5ay" xml:space="preserve">{{under construction}}

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = সধয়া/স্বধয়া
|conventional_long_name = চুতীয়া সাম্ৰাজ্য
|common_name= স্বধয়া, সধয়া
|year_start  =  ১১৮৭ 
|date_start  =  
|event1      = 
|date_event1 = 
|event_end   = 
|year_end    =  ১৫২৪
|date_end    = ৭ বহাগ
|p1          = কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য
|flag_p1     = Copper Plate Seal of Kamarupa Kings.jpg
|s1          = আহোম ৰাজ্য
|flag_s1     = 
|image_flag  = 
|flag_type   = 
|image_map = Chutia kingdom Map.png
|image_map_caption = চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ মানচিত্ৰ
| image_coat = Chutia royal Insignia.png
| coat_alt = ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক
|capital = [[শদিয়া|সধয়াপুৰ/স্বধয়াপুৰ]]
|common_languages = চুতীয়া ভাষা (ৰাজকীয়)&lt;/br&gt;[[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] (ৰাজ্যিক)
|religion = জনজাতীয় তান্ত্ৰিক (ৰাজকীয় আৰু প্ৰজা)&lt;/br&gt; হিন্দু (একাংশ প্ৰজা)
|government_type = ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
|leader1 = বীৰপাল/গয়াপাল
|year_leader1 = ১১৮৭-১২২০
|leader2 = [[ৰত্নধ্বজপাল]]/গৌৰী নাৰায়ণ
|year_leader2 = ১২৩০-১২৬০
|leader3 = ধৰ্মধ্বজপাল/[[ধীৰনাৰায়ণ]]
|year_leader3 = ১৫২০-১৫২২
|leader4 = নীতিপাল/চন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ(অন্তিম)
|year_leader4 = ১৫২২-১৫২৪
|title_leader = সধেয়াধিপতি (নাৰায়ণ/পাল)
|legislature = 
|today = [[অসম]], [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]], [[ভাৰত]]
|}}

'''চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-en|Sutiya kingdom}}) আছিল ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ]]ৰ উত্তৰ পাৰে দিকাৰাই নদী&lt;ref&gt;Acharya,N.N.,&quot;The history of Medieval Assam&quot;,p.232&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Robinson, &quot;A descriptive account of Assam&quot;,p.323.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Sristidhar, &quot;The Mataks and their kingdom,p.28&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু দক্ষিণ পাৰে [[দিচাং নদী]]ৰ মাজত গঠন হোৱা এক বিশাল সাম্ৰাজ্য&lt;ref name=&quot;চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MdjO3XVk0MAC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=chutia+kingdom+disang&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiKlpXszLqUAxWgUGwGHemuBhUQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=chutia%20kingdom%20disang&amp;f=false Pathak, Guptajit, Assam's History and it's Graphics, p.84}}&lt;/ref&gt;। এই ৰাজ্য বৰ্তমানৰ [[অসম]]ৰ [[ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলা|ডিব্ৰুগড়]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[ধেমাজি জিলা|ধেমাজি]], [[তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা|তিনিচুকীয়া]], [[বিশ্বনাথ জিলা|বিশ্বনাথ]], [[মাজুলী জিলা|মাজুলী]] জিলাকে ধৰি‌ [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা]]ৰ এটা অংশ আৰু [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ ভৈয়াম আৰু দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত বিয়পি আছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ সকলৰ মতে উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ মধ্যযুগৰ সকলো ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যখনে আটাইতকৈ উন্নত আৰু প্ৰগতিশীল ৰাজ্য আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Guha, Amalendu (December 1983), &quot;The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)&quot;, p.5, &quot;The period from the 13th to the 16th century saw the emergence and development of a large number of tribal political formations in north-east India. The Chutiya, the Tai-Ahom, the Koch, the Dimasa (Kachari), the Tripuri, the Meithei (Manipuri), the Khasi (Khyriem) and the Pamar (Jaintia)—all these tribes crystallised into rudimentary state formations by the 15th century. The most developed of the tribes in the 15th century were the Chutiyas.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

১১৮৭ চনত বীৰপালে শদিয়াক ৰাজধানী পাতি উত্তৰ-পূব অসম আৰু অৰুণাচলৰ কিছু অঞ্চল লয় চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গৌৰী নাৰায়ণে সকলো চুতীয়াক একত্ৰিত কৰি এখন বৃহৎ ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল। উজনি অসমৰ শিৱসাগৰ(দক্ষিণ পাৰ) আৰু বিশ্বনাথ(উত্তৰ পাৰ) জিলাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পূব দিশত অৰুণাচলৰ পাহাৰৰ লৈকে এসময়ত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰায় সোতৰজন ৰজাই এই সাম্ৰাজ্য চলাইছিল। [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য]] ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ লগে লগে অসমৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত চুতীয়াসকল, পশ্চিম দিশে বাৰভূঞা আৰু কমতা ৰাজ্য ক্ষমতালৈ আহিছিল&lt;ref name=&quot;চুতীয়া ৰজা&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaChutiyas.htm | title=চুতীয়া ৰজা | accessdate=August 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;। 

১৪ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে চুতীয়া ৰজা সত্যনাৰায়ণে কামৰূপ আক্ৰমণ কৰা মুচলমান সকলক (সম্ভৱতঃ ১৩৮৯ত কামৰূপ দখল কৰা ঘিয়াছুদ্দিন শাহ) পৰাস্ত কৰি [[কমতা ৰাজ্য|কমতাপুৰত]] ৰজা হৈছিল আৰু কামৰূপ ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পাছত পোণপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে [[শদিয়া]]ৰ পৰা [[বংগ|উত্তৰ বংগ]]ৰ [[কৰতোৱা নদী|কৰতয়া]] নৈ লৈকে এখন বৃহৎ [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য|বৰ-কামৰূপ]] ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions&quot;{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অসমৰ স্থানীয় জনজাতিসকলৰ মাজত চুতীয়াসকল অন্যতম। চুতীয়া সকল কছাৰী গোষ্ঠীৰ লোক আছিল আৰু এটা সময়ত তিব্বত-বাৰ্মীজ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজকীয় তথা ধৰ্মীয় ভাষা বৰ্তমানৰ [[দেউৰী ভাষা]]। বৃটিছৰ দিনত এই ভাষাক ''দেউৰী-চুতীয়া'' ভাষা বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত, চুতীয়াসকলে [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।‌

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অঞ্চল সমূহ==

===ৰাজধানী অঞ্চল===

[[File:Brick with king Pratyakshnarayan's name.jpg|thumb|ভীষ্মক নগৰ আৰু শদিয়াৰ পদুম পুখুৰীত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা নৃপতি শ্ৰী শ্ৰী প্ৰত্যক্ষ নাৰায়ৰণ নাম খোদিত থকা ইটা। এই ৰজা জনৰ নাম ঘিলামৰাত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সধয়াধিপতি সত্যনাৰায়ণৰ ফলিতো উল্লেখ কৰা আছে।]]

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰাণকেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ৰাজধানী আছিল শদিয়া বা সধয়াপুৰ। চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে নিজকে সধয়াপুৰেশ্বৰ বা সধয়াধিপতি বুলি চিনাকি দিছিল। &lt;ref&gt;Shin, Jae-eun, Descending from Demons, Ascending to Kshatriyas, p.5.&lt;/ref&gt; শদিয়াৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন সমূহতো চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নাম খোদিত আছে। এতিয়ালৈকে শদিয়া অঞ্চলত চুতীয়া যুগৰ তিনিখন নগৰ চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে: ভৈয়ামৰ বৰ-নগৰ আৰু দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ ৰূক্মীনী নগৰ (সম্ভৱতঃ বুৰঞ্জীৰ চন্দনগিৰি) আৰু ভীষ্মক নগৰ (সম্ভৱতঃ বুৰঞ্জীৰ থাঙগিৰি)। তাৰেই ভীষ্মক নগৰ আৰু ৰুক্মিণী নগৰৰ ইটাত চুতীয়া ৰজা লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণ আৰু প্ৰত্যক্ষ নাৰায়ণৰ নাম খোদিত আছে&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh, p.814&lt;/ref&gt;। তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী শালৰ ইটাৰ দেৱালখন চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্ত-ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল &lt;ref&gt;A Sircar, D.C, Journal of Ancient Indian History, p. 21&lt;/ref&gt;। 

===উত্তৰ কূলৰ অঞ্চল===

ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ সীমাৰ কথা বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত পোনপটীয়াকৈ উল্লেখ পোৱা নাযায়। তথাপিটো ঐতিহাসিক তথ্যৰ অনুসৰি ইতিহাসবিদ সকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য ভৰালী বা দিকৰাই নৈ লৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Acharya,N.N.,&quot;The history of Medieval Assam&quot;,p.232&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Robinson, &quot;A descriptive account of Assam&quot;,p.323.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Sristidhar, &quot;The Mataks and their kingdom,p.28&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত উল্লেখ কৰা আছে যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে ভৰালী‌ নৈ পাৰ হৈ ৰাউতা-তেমনীৰ (আজিৰ দিনৰ দৰং-নগাঁৱৰ অঞ্চল) ভূঞা সকলক বস কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;According to ''Purani Assam Buranji'', p.27. the twelve Bara Bhuyans of Rowta-Temani (mid-Assam, on either banks of the Brahmaputra) namely Utai, Tamai, Rai, Sakai, Kausika, Uzir, Laskar, Comdar, Sanatana, Keho, Rambhat and Bhakat with four sub-Bhuyans each, were transported and settled in various places of Uttara-kula (Biswanath, Lakhimpur districts). The Lacam Kalita Bhuyan family was placed at Bahbari(Lakhimpur), while one of them was settled on the river Sonari(Dhakuakhana), and another on the hills. As per ''Satsari Buranji'', p.16, Suhungmung suppressed the Baro-Bhuyans in Rowta. The people of the region were placed under the leadership of the Baro-Bhuyans and re-settled at different places of the kingdom.&lt;/ref&gt;। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ভৰালী নদীৰ লৈকে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য বিয়পি আছিল। ৰজা সত্যনাৰায়ণৰ দিনত বা‌ তাৰো পাছৰ লৈকে এই পশ্চিম সীমা কমতাপুৰৰ লৈকে পাইছিল গৈ। 

* লখিমপুৰ জিলা: বৰ্তমান লখিমপুৰৰ সোৱনশিৰি অঞ্চলতো চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল। চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে সোৱণশিৰিৰ দুয়োপাৰে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমিদান কৰিছিল। এই অঞ্চল পুৰণি কালত হাবুং বুলি জনা গৈছিল। শদিয়াৰ চেপাখোৱা তামৰ ফলিত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে চুতীয়া ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ আদেশত ১৪২৮ চনত হাবুঙাধিপতি বৃহৎ পাত্ৰয়েই ব্ৰাক্ষ্মণক ভূমিদান কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh, p.818.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Guha, Amalendu, Pre-Ahom Roots and the Medieval State in Assam: A Reply, p. 73, “Habung was a Chutiya dependency; that still earlier it was an autonomous principality of Brahmins; and that the latter's origins could be traced back to a circa 10th-century copper-plate and grant issued by king Ratnapala”.&lt;/ref&gt;। চুতীয়া ৰজা লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণে ১৪০২ চনত সোৱণশিৰিৰ পশ্চিম দিশত(বৰ্তমান লক্ষিমপুৰ নগৰৰ ওচৰত) আৰু ১৩৯২ চনত সত্যনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ধৱলী(বগীনদী) নৈৰ পাৰত ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমি দান কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.583&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৫২২ চনত ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ঢকুৱাখনাত ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমি দান কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.590&lt;/ref&gt;। এই সকলো কথাৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে বৰ্তমানৰ লখিমপুৰ জিলাখন সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাবে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। 

* ধেমাজি জিলা: ধেমাজি জিলাৰ চিচিবৰগাঁও-বৰদলনি অঞ্চলত বহুতো পুৰণি চুতীয়া যুগৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.439&lt;/ref&gt;। জোনাইৰ ৰজাখনা অঞ্চলত ১৩-১৪ শতিকাৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ইটাৰ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.441; Indian Archaeology 1986-87, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt;। বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে সোৱণশিৰি পশ্চিম পিনৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত ১৬৭২ চনত দফলা জনজাতিৰ লোকে আক্ৰমণ কৰি মানুহ ধৰি নিছিল। মানুহ খিনিক মুক্ত কৰাই আনিবলৈ ৰজাই বৰবৰুৱাৰ লগতে চুতীয়া হাজৰিকা আৰু চুতীয়া কাঁড়ী বৰুৱাক পঠিয়াইছিল। এই কথাৰ পৰা ধৰিব পৰা যায় যে চুতীয়া সকলৰ বসতি লক্ষিমপুৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ লৈকে আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p.220&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barbarua, Hiteswar, &quot;Ahomar Din&quot;, p.190&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীৰ আন এটা খণ্ডত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে ডিক্ৰং অঞ্চলৰ‌ মিৰি লোক সকল এটা সময়ত চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ &quot;হাতী-ঘাহী&quot; লোক আছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পাছত এই সকলে আহোম ৰজাক বছৰি কৰ-ভাৰ দিছিল। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা ধৰিব পৰা যায় যে এই অঞ্চলো এসয়মত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল।&lt;ref name= &quot;devi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Devi|first1=Lakshmi|title=Ahom-tribal Relations: A Political Study|date=1968|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVdXAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Assam Book Depot, [Calcutta], Gauhati|OCLC=578753}}&lt;/ref&gt; সোৱণশিৰি আৰু চিয়াং নৈৰ মাজত বসবাস কৰা মিচিং লোক সকলক আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙৰ দিনত &quot;চুতীয়া-মিৰি&quot; বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল কাৰণ এই সকল চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰজা আছিল।&lt;ref name= &quot;devi&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

* বিশ্বনাথ জিলা: বিশ্বনাথ জিলা যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল, সেই কথা চুতীয়া যুগৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন সমূহৰ পৰা পুহৰলৈ আহে। চুতীয়া যুগৰ খনিকৰ সকলে কিবা উল্লেখযোগ্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিলে এক বিশেষ ধৰণৰ চিহ্ন কিছুমান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বিশ্বনাথ জিলাৰ অৰুণাচল সীমান্তৰ ৰামঘাট দুৰ্গ, নক্সাপৰ্বত দুৰ্গ, বালিজানৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ পাৰৰ উমাতুমনি দ্বিপ তাৰে প্ৰমাণ। এই সকলো অঞ্চলত দেখা পোৱা হুবহু একেই খনিকৰ চিহ্ন শদিয়াৰ তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী মন্দিৰ, বুঢ়াবুঢ়ী শাল, ইটা পুখুৰী, ইত্যাদি জেগাত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা গৈছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে তাম্ৰেশ্বৰীৰ যিখন শিল-ইটাৰ দেৱালত এই চিহ্ন সমূহ খোদিত আছিল, সেই খন চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণে ১৪৪২ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;A Sircar, D.C, Journal of Ancient Indian History, p. 21; Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.589; Journal of the Asiatic Soceity of Bengal, 1848, p.467&lt;/ref&gt; জনা মতে নক্সাপৰ্বত (১৪০০-১৫০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)&lt;ref&gt;Tada, Tage, Archaeological remains of Arunachal Pradesh up to 16th century, p.183&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু বুঢ়ৈ দুৰ্গ&lt;ref&gt; Barua, Kanaklal, Early History of Kamrupa, p.271&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰায় একে যুগৰে সৃষ্টি হয়। শদিয়াৰ ৰুক্মিণীনগৰ, গম্চি দূৰ্গ আৰু ভীষ্মক নগৰৰ দৰে বালিজান আৰু নক্সা পৰ্বত দুৰ্গতো শিল ইটাৰ ঘৰৰ ভেটি পোৱা গৈছে। নক্সা পৰ্বত, ইটা দুৰ্গ আৰু ৰামঘাট দুৰ্গৰ শিলৰ ভেটিৰ ওপৰত ইটা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শৈলী ৰুক্মিণী নগৰ, তাম্ৰেশ্বৰীৰ সীমাৰ দেৱাল আৰু শদিয়াৰ বৰনগৰৰ পুখুৰীত দেখা গৈছে। এই সমূহ তথ্যৰ ভিথিত কনকলাল বৰুৱা আৰু মহেশ্বৰ নেওগ লেখীয়া বিশিষ্ট ইতিহাস বিধে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বিশ্বনাথ জিলা লৈকে থকা কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt; Barua, Kanaklal, Early History of Kamrupa, p.271-272, &quot;The probability is that these ruins are the traces of a Hindu or Hinduised dynasty of local rulers who ruled over a kingdom to the north of Brahmaputra and extending from the Burai river on the west to Sadiya on the east. The dynasty is evidently the line of Chutia kings who assumed the surname Pala.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, &quot;Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh&quot;, p. 218, &quot;If architectural continuity is admitted between the fortifications in the Sadiya region and the Burai river ruin site, it would be possible to believe that the kingdom of these rulers(Chutia) extended as far as the outer limit of Darrang district, in the western most extent of which Ahom conquerors settled the vanquished Chutias in the early part of the sixteenth century.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ ওপৰিও জনা যায় যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছতেই (অৰ্থাৎ ১৫২৫ চনতে) আহোম ৰজাই উত্তৰ পাৰৰ শদিয়া, ভাটি অঞ্চল (বিশ্বনাথ), হাবুং(লখিমপুৰ) আৰু বানলুং(ধেমাজি) অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিবলৈ নতুনকৈ পদবী সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, Ahom Buranji, p.59-61; Gait, Edward, A history of Assam, p. 86&lt;/ref&gt;। গতিকে এই সমূহ অঞ্চল চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল বুলি গ'ম পোৱা যায়।

===দক্ষিণ কূলৰ অঞ্চল===

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নৈৰ দক্ষিণ পাৰৰ সীমা দিহিং নৈ আছিল। এই কথা বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji(SM), p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Satsari Buranji, p.56&lt;/ref&gt; সেই সময়ত মাজুলী দ্বীপ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল আৰু দিহিং নৈ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ কাষে কাষে বৈ গৈ বৰ্তমান মাজুলীৰ পশ্চিমত লগ হৈছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী চাৰাগুৱা আৰু বকতা&lt;ref&gt;Ahmed, Nasir, Assam-Bengal Trade in the Medieval Period: A Numismatic Perspective, p.170, &quot;they made Bakata(on the banks of Dihing) their capital in the reign of their king Suhungmung Svarga Narayan.&quot;; Guha, Amalendu, The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714), p.19.&lt;/ref&gt; দিহিং নৈৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। গতিকে এই সকলো কথাৰ পৰা ধৰিব পাৰি যে বৰ্তমানৰ শিৱসাগৰ অঞ্চলৰো এটা অংশ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৫২২ চনত দিহিং মুখৰ যুদ্ধত নীতিপালৰ সৈন্য বাহিনীক পৰাস্ত কৰি আহোম সেণা চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যত প্ৰবেশ কৰিছিল। চুহুংমুঙৰ সৈন্যয়ে চুতীয়া নৌ সেনাক খেদি ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰয়ে দি উজাই আহি ডিব্ৰুমুখত গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ডিব্ৰু মুখ, চেচামুখ, লাৰুপাৰা আৰু সোণাৰীত (তিনিচুকীয়া) পুণৰ ৰণ হৈছিল। গতিকে এই সকলো অঞ্চলতে চুতীয়া সকলৰ বসতি আছিল বুলি ক’ব পৰা যায়। দক্ষিণ সীমান্তত এলেকা তিপাম-নামৰূপ-বৰহাট অঞ্চল আছিল। 

[[File:Stone inscription of Chutia king Muktadharmanarayana.jpg|thumb|চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ ১৪৪২ চনৰ শিলৰ লিপি]]

* [[মাজুলী জিলা]]: বৰ্তমানৰ মাজুলী জিলাখন পূৰ্বতে দিহিং অঞ্চল আছিল। এই‌ মাজুলী জিলাৰ পুব পিনৰ দিহিং নৈৰ মাছক লয় হোৱা বিবাদৰ পৰাই চুতীয়া-আহোমৰ যুদ্ধৰ পাতনি মেলে।‌ ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই মাজুলীৰ দিহিং মুখ, চেৰুৱাকতা আৰু চিৰা-আটি অঞ্চলত আহোমৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰে। শেষত ১৫২৩ চনত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে এই অঞ্চল চুতীয়াৰ পৰা দখল কৰে।

* [[ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলা]]: বৰ্তমানৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলাৰ প্ৰায় ভাগ ভূমি সেই সময়ত দিহিং নৈৰ উত্তৰত আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা জনা যায় হে দিহিঙৰ আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমাৰ ওচৰতো চুতীয়া লোকৰ বসতি আছিল। আহোমৰ চোম-চিৰিং, খাতোৱাল চেতিয়া, চাংচাই, ইত্যাদি বংশৰ ওপৰি পুৰুষ সকলক‌ চুকাফাই‌ ওচৰৰ চুতীয়া গাঁও মাৰি অনা লোক। আহোম ৰজা চুতুফাকো চাফ্ৰাই নৈৰ ওচৰত চুতীয়া লোক এইখিনিয়ে বধ কৰিছিল।‌ ১৫২৩ চনত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ডিব্ৰু অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি আহোম সেনাই গড় সাজিছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখৰ‌ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৫২৬ চনত দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই পদবী সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলত ডিব্ৰুগড়ত নতুন এখন প্ৰদেশ(''মৌঙ-তিফাও'') গঠন কৰি ১৫২৭ত চাওলুং চুলিঙক শাসনকৰ্তা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। Thermo luminescence (TL) পদ্ধতিৰে ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ মৌৰামৰা দৌলৰ ওপৰত কৰা datingৰ অনুসৰি ইটাৰ দৌলটো ১৩-১৪ শতিকাৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দিনত নিৰ্মিত&lt;ref&gt;Saikia, R.R,&quot;Chronological and Archaeometric Evaluation of Bricks from Archaeological Sites of Upper Assam, Northeast India: Estimation of the Firing Temperature and Civilization History&quot;, p.17&lt;/ref&gt;। গতিকে এই সকলো তথ্যৰ ভিত্তিত গম পোৱা যায় যে প্ৰায় গোটেই খন ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলাই চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল।

* [[তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা]]: তিনিচুকীয়া জিলাৰ অধিকাংশ ভূমি চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল যদিও পূব দিশৰ এটা অংশ মৰাণ মুখিয়াল আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দিহিং নৈৰ পশ্চিম পাৰে বিস্তৃত আছিল বুলি জনা যায়। সেই সময়ত দিহিং নৈ বৰ্তমানৰ সুতিতকৈ কেই কিলোমিটাৰমান পশ্চিমলৈ বৈ গৈছিল। পেঙেৰী, ডিগবৈ, জয়পুৰ, তিপাম, ইত্যাদি অঞ্চল দিহিঙৰ পূবত আছিল। এই অঞ্চল সমূহ বৃটিছৰ দিনৰ লৈকে হাবি অৰণ্যৰে ভৰি আছিল য'ত মৰাণ লোক সকলে হাবি কাটি ঝুম খেতি কৰিছিল আৰু সময়ে সময়ে আহোম ৰজা সকলক অৰণ্যৰ সামগ্ৰী যোগান ধৰিছিল। তিনিচুকীয়াৰ শদিয়া সেই সময়ত &quot;সধয়াপুৰ&quot; বুলি জনাজাত আছিল আৰু সধয়া বা চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। আহোম বুৰঞ্জীৰ মতে শদিয়াৰ দক্ষিণৰ অঞ্চলতো চুতীয়া সেনাপতি বুঢ়া বৰুৱা (আহোম ভাষাত &quot;থাওমান&quot;) বোলা এজনে শাসন কৰিছিল যিজনে‌ আহোমৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ১৫২৩ চনৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় ৰণত ভাগ লৈছিল। ১৫২৪ত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতন হয় আৰু তিনিচুকীয়া জিলাৰ সমগ্ৰ ভূমি আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। আহোমৰ শদিয়া খোৱা গোহাঁয়ে (আহোম ভাষাত &quot;থাওমুঙ বʼঙেন&quot;) শদিয়া অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিবলৈ লয়। শদিয়াৰ দক্ষিণৰ বৰডোমছা অঞ্চলত আহোমৰ হাটখোৱা গোহাঁই (আহোম ভাষাত &quot;থাওমুঙ বʼক্লাং&quot;) বিষয়াই লোণৰ হাটৰ অধিকাৰী হয়।

* [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ-]][[চৰাইদেউ জিলা]]: যিহেতু দিহিং নৈ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দক্ষিণ পাৰৰ সীমা আছিল,‌ সেই সময়ৰ দিহিং নৈৰ সুঁতিৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ ভূমি‌ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যতে আছিল। সেই অঞ্চলত আজিৰ দিনৰ শিৱসাগৰ আৰু চৰাইদেউ জিলাৰ উত্তৰ অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে চুতীয়া ৰজা এজনে আহোম ৰজা‌ চুতুফাক নাওখেল চাবলৈ চাফ্ৰাই নৈ লৈ আমন্ত্ৰিত কৰিছিল, গতিকে চাফ্ৰাই নৈ অঞ্চলতো হয়টো দুয়ো ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত অঞ্চল আছিল। চাফ্ৰাই নৈ বৰ্তমান চৰাইদেউ জিলাৰ উত্তৰ অংশত অৱস্থিত।

===অৰুণাচলৰ ভয়াম আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চল===

টাই ভাষাৰ &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot; গ্ৰন্থ খনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৰ অঞ্চলৰ খামজাং প্ৰদেশৰ নঙাখাম নামৰ নৰা মুখিয়াল এজনে ১৭৭৫ চনত চুতীয়া সকলক লগত লয় হাটখোৱা গোহাঁইৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰাস্ত হৈ দিহিং/নামজিন নৈ পাৰ হৈ পূৰবৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, Ahom Buranji, p.331&lt;/ref&gt;। বুৰঞ্জীৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে খামজাং প্ৰদেশ পাটকাই পৰ্বতৰ‌ নং-খেও-য়ং(Lake of no return) অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত আছিল। গতিকে ধৰিব পাৰি যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য এসময়ত সেই অঞ্চলৰ লৈকে বিয়পি আছিল।

===নামনি অসমৰ‌ অঞ্চল===

ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰৰ তথ্য ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ শদিয়া-চেপাখোৱা তামৰ ফলিত(১৫২৮ চনৰ) পোৱা যায়। এই ফলিত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ পিতৃ আছিল ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ আৰু ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পিতৃ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণে এসময়ত কমতাপুৰৰ লৈকে নিজৰ ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছিল। ভূমিদানৰ ফলিখনত উল্লেখ আছে&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.587&lt;/ref&gt;,
{{Quote|text=&quot;একোহভূ্ৎ কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিতঃ &lt;br /&gt;
কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণঃ।।&quot;}}

অৰ্থাৎ এজন হৈছিল (একোহভূৎ) কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা (কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি), যি জন আছিল &quot;ভূপাল সমূহৰদ্বাৰা অৰ্চিত&quot;(ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিত) আৰু &quot;কামদেৱৰ(আন এটা নাম কন্দৰ্প) শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিজয়ী&quot; (কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী) শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ।&lt;ref&gt;ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণো আছিল। এই কথা ঘিলামৰা অঞ্চলৰ বৰমূৰ্তিয়া বিলৰ তাম্ৰপত্ৰৰ পৰা জানিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ফলিখনৰ মতে ১৩৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সুৰ-ৰিপু(অসুৰ) বংশৰ সধয়াপুৰৰ ৰজা নন্দিশ্বৰৰ পুত্ৰ সত্যনায়াণে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ২০০ পুৰা(৮০০ বিঘা) মাটি দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ(আত্মজ) ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ফলিখনৰ নবীকৰণ কৰিছিল। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ পিতৃ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণ আছিল। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে ১৫০ বছৰ আগতে গৌৰীনায়াৰণ/ৰত্নধ্বজপালেও নিজৰ পুত্ৰ শিৱনাৰায়ণৰ লগত কমতেশ্বৰ ৰজা সন্ধয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰীক বিয়া কৰাই কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সম্ভৱতঃ এই কমতা ৰাজবংশ নাইকীয়া বা দুৰ্বল হৈ যোৱা ফলতে চুতীয়া ৰজা সত্যনাৰায়ণে কমতা ৰাজ্য নিজৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল।&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Another section of the palace.jpg|thumb|চুতীয়া দুৰ্গ ভীষ্মক নগৰৰ ইটাৰ গড়ৰ এক অংশ]]

==যোগিনী তন্ত্ৰত উল্লেখ==

১৬ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত লিখা‌ যোগিনী তন্ত্ৰত কামৰূপৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চল আৰু ৰাজকীয় শক্তিসমূহৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াত “সৌমাৰ”, “কূবাচ”, “যৱন” আৰু “প্লৱ” নাম উল্লেখ আছে—

{{quote|পূৰ্বভাগে চ সৌমাৰঃ কূবাচ‌ পশ্চিমে‌তথা ।&lt;br&gt;দক্ষিণে যৱনসদ্ উত্তৰে প্লৱ এব চ ॥&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;এবমেব মহাদেৱি তে সৰ্বে কামৰূপকাঃ ।&lt;br&gt;
এবং তে কথিতং দেবি সৌমাৰচৰিতং হি তৎ ॥}}

অৰ্থাৎ পূৰ্বে সৌমাৰ, পশ্চিমে কূবাচ, দক্ষিণে যৱন আৰু উত্তৰে প্লৱ — এইসকল কামৰূপ অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পাচৰ অংশ সমূহত &quot;কুবাচ&quot;ক [[কোচ ৰাজ্য|কোচ]], &quot;সৌমাৰ&quot;ক [[আহোম ৰাজ্য|আহোম]] আৰু &quot;যৱন&quot;ক [[বংগ চুলতানী|মুছলমান]]/[[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য|মোগল]] বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই অনুসৰি ইতিহাসবিদ সকলে “প্লৱ/প্লব” শব্দটোৱে সেই সময়ৰ  উত্তৰ ভাগত ৰাজত্ব কৰি থকা পাল বংশীয় চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।

==ইতিহাস==

===ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা===

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু পতনৰ কথা কেইবাখনো বুৰঞ্জীত পোৱা যায় যেনে দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী, অসম বুৰঞ্জী (SM), ইত্যাদি। সকলো বুৰঞ্জীৰ তথ্য সসূহ প্ৰায় একেই। বৃটিছ বিষয়া ''ET Dalton‌'' আৰু ''W.B.Brown''ৰ অনুসৰি একেবোৰ আখ্যান কিম্বদন্তি ৰূপত [[মিচিং জনগোষ্ঠী|মিচিং]] আৰু [[দেউৰী জনগোষ্ঠী|দেউৰী]] লোকৰ মাজতো প্ৰচলিত আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Brown
 |first=W.B.
 |title=An Outline Grammar Of The Deori Chutiya Language
 |publisher= Assam Secretariat Printing Office
 |location=Shillong
 |year=1895
 |pages=75, 84
 |quote=&quot;..as it agrees in all particulars with the traditions,I have elsewhere met with, it may merely be a compilation from them..These traditions are preserved among the Miris, the Deoris, who were the Chutiya priests (and amongst whom alone remnants of the ancient language and customs of the race are still preserved), and by some few of the Chutiyas who now call themselves Hindu Chutiyas... I have heard from them(Deoris) the story of how the Chutiya princess Sadhuni was won by the young archer (Niti Pal)... Probably enquiry would show that the other incidents of the chronicle are preserved as traditions among the Deoris in a similar modified form.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; দেউধাই বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে আনুমানিক ১১৮৭ চনত চুতীয়া সকলে বিভিন্ন সৰু সৰু ৰাজ্য(বা বৃহৎ গাঁও) গঠন কৰি বাস কৰি আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.193&lt;/ref&gt; তাৰ ভিতৰতে স্বৰ্ণগিৰি নামৰ ৰাজ্য খনত বীৰপাল নামৰ এজন লোক ৰজা হৈ আছিল। বীৰপালৰ ৰাজ্যত ৬০ টা যৌথ পৰিয়ালৰ লোকে বাস কৰিছিল, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰায় ৬০০০ লোক।&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Sristidhar, &quot;The Mataks and their kingdom&quot;, p.45. &quot;Morans, Borahis, Kacharis and Chutias were the main tribes in the Matak community. As all of them were Bodos in origin, they had a common living pattern too. They lived in joint families. The number of members in a joint family sometimes exceeded one hundred.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ পিছত চুবুৰীয়া চুতীয়া লোকসলক পৰাস্ত কৰি তেওঁ 'গয়াপাল' নাম লৈছিল। শদিয়াক তেওঁ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পাতিছিল। তেওঁক খুন্ত ৰজা বুলিও জনা‌ গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.202&lt;/ref&gt;

ত্ৰয়োবিংশ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত [[আহোম]]সকলে অসমত তেওঁলোকৰ ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰিবৰ সময়ত উজনি অসমত চুতীয়াসকলেই আটাইতকৈ শক্তিশালী আছিল। চুতীয়া সকলৰ মাজত বুৰঞ্জী লিখাৰ প্ৰথা নথকাৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকৰ আটাইবোৰ ৰজাৰ নাম জনা নাযায়। দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জীৰ মতে বাৰ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ষোল্ল শতিকাৰ আগভাগলৈকে মুঠ দহজন চুতীয়া ৰজাই ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। নোই ইলিয়াছ চাহাবৰ &quot;হিষ্ট্ৰী অৱ দা শ্বান্‌ছ&quot; গ্ৰন্থৰ মতে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক [[চুকাফা]]ৰ সমসাময়িক চুতীয়া ৰজা কোছীৰ আগতে তেওঁৰ বংশৰ চৌত্ৰিশজন ৰজাই ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। তালৈ চাই কোনো কোনো পণ্ডিতে চুতীয়াসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকামানতে ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;বুৰঞ্জী&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=মাধ্যমিক অসম বুৰঞ্জী | author=ড: স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰা | pages=১৮৪-১৯০ | isbn=81-85905-11-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ===

বীৰপালৰ পুত্ৰ আছিল ৰত্নধ্বজপাল বা গৌৰীনাৰায়ণ। তেওঁ নিজৰ বাহু বলেৰে উজনি অসমৰ সকলো চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য (যেনে ৰঙ্গালগিৰি, স্বেতাগিৰি, চন্দ্ৰগিৰি, ধৱলগিৰি, নীলগিৰি, ইত্যাদি) একত্ৰিত কৰি বৃহৎ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.194&lt;/ref&gt;। সেই সময়ত প্ৰায়বোৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পাহাৰীয়া বা পাহাৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত পতা হৈছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে আহোমৰ চৰাইদেউ পৰ্বত, কছাৰীৰ ডিমাপুৰ/মাইবাং, কোচৰ চিকণা পৰ্বত, ইত্যাদি। পাছলৈ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ নগৰ যেনে চন্দনগিৰি(আজিৰ দিনৰ ৰুক্মিণীনগৰ), ভীষ্মকনগৰ, ইটানগৰ, ইত্যাদি সকলো পাহাৰৰ‌ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ওপৰিও জনা যায় যে আগৰ দিনত‌ উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বহুতো জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকে পাহাৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া বা‌ ওখ অঞ্চলত স্থায়ী ভাৱে থাকি ভৈয়ামত খেতি কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বহুতো জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকে খেতিৰ অনুসৰি ভৈয়াম আৰু পাহাৰ দুয়ো অঞ্চলতে জীৱন নিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।‌ প্ৰায়বোৰ লোকে তেতিয়াৰ দিনত আহু আৰু বাও ধানৰ খেতি কৰিছিল। শালি‌ কৰিলেও বেছি পৰিমাণে কৰা‌ নাছিল। বছৰৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আহু ধানৰ খেতি কৰি চপাই মেলি, বাও বা শালি খেতি কৰি বাৰিষাৰ বানৰ পৰা ৰোধ পাবলৈ বা বাৰিষাৰ বেমাৰ আজাৰ নহ'বলৈ পাহাৰৰ দাতিৰ‌ স্থায়ী অঞ্চল বোৰলৈ ঘূৰি গৈছিল। বৰাহী সকলে সেইবাবেই হয়টো চুকাফাক চৰাইদেউ পৰ্বতত থাকিবলৈ উপদেশ দিছিল। কালিকা পুৰাণৰ মতে দিক্কৰবাসিনী পীঠও বছৰৰ কেইবামাহ ধৰি পানীৰ তলত ডুব গৈছিল। কিছু লোকে হয়টো সেই সময়ত ভৈয়ামত স্থায়ী ৰুপে থাকি খেতি কৰিছিল আৰু সময়ত পাছলৈ বাকী লোকেও ভৈয়ামত স্থায়ী গাঁৱ পাতি থাকিবলৈ লৈছিল। বৰাহী চুতীয়া সকলৰ দুই শ্ৰেণী: চাং আৰু বাম বৰাহী হয়টো ইয়াৰে চিন। চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমিদানো‌ সম্ভৱতঃ এই কাৰণতে কৰিছিল যাতে চুতীয়া লোক সকলে ভৈয়ামত হিন্দু ধৰ্মত দিক্ষিত হৈ স্থায়ীভাৱে থাকিবলৈ লয়। পাছলৈ চুতীয়া  ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ ফলত পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত বসতি নোহোৱাৰ বাবে বা সুৰক্ষাৰ ব্যৱস্থা/দূৰ্গ নোহোৱাৰ বাবে সেইবোৰ অঞ্চল পাহাৰীয়া জনজাতি সকলৰ হাতলৈ যায়। সেই কাৰণতে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ দিনত পাহাৰীয়া জনজাতি বোৰে সঘনে ভৈয়ামৰ গাঁৱ লুণ্ঠন কৰিবলৈ ধৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে আহোম সকলে পছা প্ৰথা আৰম্ভ কৰে।&lt;/ref&gt; গতিকে এই সকলো কথাৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে পাহাৰীয়া দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত থাকি ভৈয়ামত খেতি কৰা চুতীয়া সকলে মধ্যযুগৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পাছৰে পৰা ক্ৰমান্বয়ে সুসংগঠিত ভাৱে ভৈয়ামতো‌ স্থায়ী ভাৱে থাকিবলৈ লয়। 

দেউধাই বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা &quot;চুতীয়াৰ কথা&quot;ৰ দ্বিতীয় আখ্যানৰ&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.201-202&lt;/ref&gt; মতে বীৰপালে কিৰাতনী দেৱীৰ আশীৰ্বাদত দুটা সোণৰ মেকুৰী আৰু দণ্ড-খাট লাভ কৰি চোট-হিন্দুৱান খুন্তৱান(চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ) ৰজা হৈছিল আৰু শদিয়াত আছিল (&quot;পৰদিনা চৰুৰ ঢাকন গুচাই চালে, সোণৰ বিড়ালী দুটী পালে, দণ্ড-খাট পালে। সেইদিন ধৰি সকলৰে সোধ-পোছ দিন দিন ধৰি পালে। ছোট হিন্দুৱানৰ খুন্তৱানৰ ৰজা হ'ল। শদিয়াত সিটো ৰজা অবাক ৰূপে থাকে।&quot;)। ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে বীৰপালৰ বসতি(স্বৰ্ণগিৰি চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য) শদিয়া অঞ্চলতে আছিল। দেউধাই বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নামৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য খনো বৰ্তমান শদিয়াতে অৱস্থিত আছিল। এইখন পাছলৈ স্বৰ্ণগিৰিৰ চুতীয়া ৰজা ৰত্নধ্বজপালে নিজৰ অধীনলৈ আনি বৃহৎ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল। চন্দ্ৰগিৰি অঞ্চলতে নীতিপালে আহোম ৰজাৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁক &quot;চন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.200&lt;/ref&gt;। গোপাল চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ টাই ভাষাৰ বুৰঞ্জীত এই অঞ্চলটোক &quot;দৈ-চন্দন&quot;(টাই ভাষাত দৈ=পাহাৰ) কোৱা হৈছে। ৰানী সাধনীয়ে এই অঞ্চলতে প্ৰাণ ত্যোগ কৰিছিল। ৰত্নধ্বজপালে বস কৰা ৰাজ্য স্বেতাগিৰি সম্ভৱত বৰ্তমান লখিমপুৰ জিলাত আছিল কাৰণ এই ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছতে তেওঁ বৰ্তমান মাজুলীত নিজৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে &quot;ৰতনপুৰ&quot; নামৰ এখন নগৰ গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.193&lt;/ref&gt; । &quot;ঢোল বাই ক'ত? ৰতনপুৰত। খোল বাই ক'ত? ৰতনপুৰত&quot;, এই বিখ্যাত পুৰণি গীতটো চুতীয়া ৰাজধানী ৰতনপুৰক লৈয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। এই ৰতনপুৰতে পাছলৈ নৱ-বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সত্ৰ এখনো স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পৰবৰ্তী কালত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী শদিয়াত স্থায়ী ৰূপে গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.193&lt;/ref&gt;। ইয়াৰ পাছত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে মধ্য অসমৰ পিনৰ ন্যায়পাল নাম এজন ৰজাক লগত যুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ মন কৰিলে, কিন্তু ৰজা জনে নিজৰ জীয়ৰী ৰত্নপাললৈ দি মিত্ৰ কৰিলে। E.T.Daltonয়ে পোৱা বুৰঞ্জীৰ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ পাছত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে ৰাজ্যৰ পাহাৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চল সমূহত একেই শাৰীতে কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, ডাঙৰ পুখুৰী খন্দাইছিল আৰু মন্দিৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Brown
 |first=W.B.
 |title=An Outline Grammar Of The Deori Chutiya Language
 |publisher= Assam Secretariat Printing Office
 |location=Shillong
 |year=1895
 |pages=75, 84
 |quote=&quot;Returning with his bride to his chosen seat of government, he sought no further extension of his dominions, bur directed his whole attention to the improvement of what he had acquired and to the consolidation of his power. He built a line of forts along the foot of the hills, probably rk restrain the hungry barbarians, his former countrymen; made large tanks and founded temples.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; বাৰ-ভূঞাৰ ইতিহাসৰ মতে ৰত্নধ্বজপাল আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিজয়ধ্বজপালৰ মধ্যঅসমৰ ৰৌতা-তেমনীৰ বাৰ-ভুঞা সকলৰ লগত যুদ্ধ হয়। ফলত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে বাৰভূঞা সকলক কৰা শোধাইছিল। পাছলৈ বিজয়ধ্বজপালৰ দিনত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, Nakul Chandra, &quot;Bara-Bhuyan&quot;,p.7&lt;/ref&gt;

আহোম সকলৰ বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে চুকাফা ৰাজকুমাৰ মাও-লুং দেশত থাকোতে অসমত পাছখন ৰাজ্য আছিল: চুতীয়া, কমতেশ্বৰ, কছাৰী, বৰাহী আৰু মৰাণ। চুকাফাই চৰাইদেউত ৰাজধানী পতাৰ আগতে বাটত বহুতো চুতীয়াক লগ পাইছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Satsari Buranji, p.4&lt;/ref&gt;। যিহেতু চুকাফাই চৰাইদেউত নগৰ গঢ়া আগতে নামৰুপ, তিপাম, অভয়পুৰ, হাবুং, শিমলুগুৰি আৰু চনটক বাস কৰি আহিছিল। গতিকে এইবোৰ অঞ্চলৰে কিছুমান জেগাত চুতীয়া সকলৰ বসতি আছিল বুলি ধৰিব পৰা যায়। বহুতো চুতীয়া পৰিয়াল (যেনে চোম-চিৰিং, চাংচাই, খাতুৱাল চেতিয়া, ইত্যাদি) চুকাফাৰ দিনতে আহোম জাতিত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ বিলীন হৈ গৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, Purani Asam Buranji, p. 23, 25&lt;/ref&gt;। এই সকলো তথ্যৰ পৰা ধৰিব পাৰি যে ১২-১৩ শতিকাত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সেই সময়ত লখিমপুৰ, ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলৰ পৰা শদিয়া আৰু অৰুণাচলৰ সীমান্ত অঞ্চলৰ লৈকে বিয়পি আছিল। 

===কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বৈবাহিক সম্পৰ্ক===
ৰত্নধ্বজপালৰ পুত্ৰ বিজয়ধব্বজ ডাঙৰ হোৱাত ৰজাই চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিমৰ কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা লৈ কটকী পঠিয়াই কন্যা এজনী বিচাৰে। কিন্তু ৰত্নধ্বজপালৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ গ্ৰহণ নকৰি কমতা ৰজাই কটকী মন্ত্ৰী বিজয় সেনৰ আগত ৰত্নধ্বজলৈ‌ কৈ‌ পঠালে-&quot;যদি ৰজা‌ আহি নিয়ে তেহে দিব পাৰো&quot;। কমতেশ্বৰৰ‌ এই বাৰ্তাত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে অপমান বোধ কৰি পাত্ৰ-মন্ত্ৰীসকলৰ লগত আলোচনা কৰি কমতা ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। এই আক্ৰমণৰ পূৰ্ব প্ৰস্তুতি হিচাবে সৈন্য-সামন্ত, ৰচদ-পাতি‌ সংগ্ৰহৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰাৰ উপৰিও বত্নধ্বজপালে তেওঁৰ ৰাজধানীৰ পৰা কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ এটা আলিবাটৰ বান্ধিবলৈ আৰু এই বাটৰ‌কষত এদিনৰ অন্তৰে অন্তৰে তেওঁৰ সৈন্য‌বাহিনীয়ে জিৰণি ল'বলৈ একো একোখন নগৰ/কোঠ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ বিজয়সেন মন্ত্ৰীক আদেশ দিয়ে। বিজয়সেনে কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰি ৰজাক জনাই আৰু ৰজাই জয়ধ্বজ মন্ত্ৰীক শাসনৰ দায়িত্বত‌ থৈ নিজে কমতা ৰাজ্যলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়। চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ এই অভিযানৰ কথা গম পাই কমতেশ্বৰ শঙ্কিত হয় আৰু পাত্ৰমন্ত্ৰী সকলৰ লগত আলোচনা কৰি সন্ধিৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ালে আৰু নিজৰ সকলোতকৈ সুন্দৰী কন্যাক ৰাজযোগ্য যৌতুকেৰে সৈতে ৰত্নধ্বজৰ‌ পুত্ৰ বিজয়ধ্বজলৈ বিয়া দিলে।

===গৌড় ৰাজ্যৰ লগত মিত্ৰতা===

কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বৈবাহিক সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰাৰ পিছত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে গৌড় ৰজাৰ লগত সখি সম্বন্ধ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ মন মেলিলে। সেই সময়ত গৌড় তুৰ্কী মুছলমান সকলৰ শাসনাধীন আছিল। চুতীয়া বুৰঞ্জীত গৌড় ৰজাক পাৎসা আৰু তেওঁৰ মন্ত্ৰীক বৰ উজিৰ কৈছে কিন্তু এইখিনি লেখক জনে লগাই দিয়া গৌড় অঞ্চলৰ পাছৰ দিনত প্ৰচলিত উপাধিও হ'ব পাৰে। গৌড় ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন কৰি পৰবৰ্তী কালছোৱাত গৌড়েশ্বৰে ৰত্নধ্বজপাললৈ গঙ্গাজল আৰু ৰত্নধ্বজপালে গৌড়েশ্বৰলৈ পৰশুৰাম কুণ্ডৰ জল আদান-প্ৰদান কৰি থাকিবলৈ এটা বুজাপৰালৈ আহিছিল। তদুপৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই এটি পুত্ৰ শিক্ষা লাভৰ অৰ্থে গৌড় ৰাজ্যত ৰাখিছিল আৰু গৌড়েশ্বৰৰ পুত্ৰ ও চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যলৈ আহিছিল। কিন্তু দূৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ পুত্ৰ জনৰ মৃত্যু ঘটিছিল।

===চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ কমতাপুৰ বিজয়===
১৩-১৪ শতিকাত গৌড়ৰ মুচলমান ৰজাসকলে কেইবা বাৰো কমতা ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত ৰাজ্যখন দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৪ শতিকাৰ অন্তিমটো দশকত ঘিয়াছুদ্দিন আজম শ্বাহে কামৰূপ-কমতা অঞ্চল আক্ৰমণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ কামৰুপ অঞ্চললৈ পূৰ্বমুখী সামৰিক অভিযানৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা বʼকুৰ এখন শিলালিপিত পোৱা যায়&lt;ref&gt;Owahedur Zaman, &quot;Study on the Persian Inscriptions discovered in Assam,p.5, &quot;This stone slab inscription is from the time of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (ruled from 1389 A.D. to 1410 A.D). It was discovered in Boko of Kamrup district which was issued by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in 1389 A.D. It seems that he extended his sovereignty through Guwahati upto Boko area.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;। এই আক্ফৰমণৰ ফলত পশ্চিম অসমত ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতা সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। 

সেইসময়তে পূব দিশত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যখন শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। ফল স্বৰূপত চুতীয়া ৰাজশক্তিয়ে পশ্চিম পিনে পাতনি মেলে। চুতীয়া ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ ১৪২৮ চনৰ সত্যনাৰায়ণৰ (আন‌ এটা নাম ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ) তাম্ৰলিপিত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁৰ‌ ককাক সত্যনাৰায়ণে (আন‌ এটা নাম ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ&lt;ref&gt;ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণো আছিল। এই কথা ঘিলামৰা অঞ্চলৰ বৰমূৰ্তিয়া বিলৰ তাম্ৰপত্ৰৰ পৰা জানিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ফলিখনৰ মতে ১৩৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সুৰ-ৰিপু(অসুৰ) বংশৰ সধয়াপুৰৰ ৰজা নন্দিশ্বৰৰ পুত্ৰ সত্যনায়াণে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ২০০ পুৰা(৮০০ বিঘা) মাটি দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ(আত্মজ) ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ফলিখনৰ নবীকৰণ কৰিছিল। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ পিতৃ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণ আছিল।&lt;/ref&gt;) সেই একে সময়ছোৱাতে (১৩৯০-১৪০০) “কমৰুপৰ শত্রু”ক পৰাস্ত কৰি কমতাপুৰত‌ নিজৰ শাসন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। ভূমিদানৰ ফলিখনত উল্লেখ আছে,

{{blockquote|&quot;একোহভূ্ৎ কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিতঃ&lt;/br&gt;
কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণঃ।।&quot;&lt;/br&gt;}}

অৰ্থাৎ এজন হৈছিল (একোহভূৎ) কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা (কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি), যি জন আছিল &quot;ভূপাল সমূহৰদ্বাৰা অৰ্চিত&quot;(ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিত) আৰু &quot;কামদেৱৰ(আন এটা নাম কন্দৰ্প) শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিজয়ী&quot; (কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী) শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ। যদিও এই “শত্রু”ৰ স্পষ্ট পৰিচয় উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, তথাপিও ইতিহাসবিদসকলে সাধাৰণতে ধাৰণা কৰে যে ই গৌড়ৰ মুচলমান সেনাবাহিনী অথবা কমৰুপৰ সিংহাসনৰ বাবে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰা কোনো স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক শক্তি হ’ব পাৰে, যাক চুতীয়া ৰজাই পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। একেখন ফলিৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ শাৰীত ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ পুত্ৰ ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ আৰু তেখেতৰ পুত্ৰ দুৰ্লভ নাৰায়ণৰ বিষয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। পাছৰ অংশত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে ১৪২৮ খৃষ্টাব্দত (১৩৫০ শক) ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ আদেশত হাবুঙাধিপতি শ্ৰী বৃহৎ পাত্ৰয়ে ব্ৰাক্ষণক ৪০০ পুৰা(১৬০০ বিঘা) মাটি দান কৰিছিল।

এইদৰে গৌড়ৰ সামৰিক চাপ আৰু কমৰুপ-কমতা অঞ্চলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা অস্থিৰতাৰ সুযোগ লৈ চুতীয়া শক্তিয়ে পশ্চিমলৈ বিস্তাৰ কৰি কমতাপুৰত নিজৰ আধিপত্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল বুলি বুজা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions&quot;{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ ৰজাই আনুমানিক ১৩০০‌ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ভাগত কমতা ৰাজ্য দখল কৰি পুণৰ পুৰ্বৰ কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল। 

====দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ পৰিচয় আৰু বিতৰ্ক====

ঐতিহাসিক তথ্যৰ অনুসৰি কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ &quot;দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ&quot; নামৰ এজন ৰজাই অসমীয়া কবি [[হেম সৰস্বতী]], [[হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ]], আদি বহু লেখকক পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা আগবঢ়াইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;হেম সৰস্বতীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰহ্লাদ চৰিত গ্ৰন্থত দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ প্ৰশংসা কৰি লিখিছে—“কামতামণ্ডল দুৰ্লভ নাৰায়ণ নৃপবৰ অনুপাম”। এই শাৰীকেইটাৰ পৰা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণক কমতা মণ্ডলৰ অধিপতি আৰু সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক ৰজা হিচাপে বুজা যায়।&lt;/ref&gt; গুৰু চৰিতৰ বৰ্ণনা অনুসৰি কমতা-কামৰূপৰ ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণে কানৌজৰ পৰা অহা বহু ব্ৰাহ্মণ আৰু কায়স্থ ভুঞা পৰিয়ালক নিজৰ ৰাজ্যত আশ্ৰয় দি পূৰ্বাঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপনৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। [[শঙ্কৰদেৱ|শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ]] পূৰ্বপুৰুষ সকলও এই স্থানান্তৰিত পৰিয়ালসমূহৰ মাজৰে এটা পৰিয়াল আছিল। এই পৰিয়ালসমূহক প্ৰথমতে উত্তৰ গুৱাহাটীৰ ওচয়ৰ লেঙামাগুৰি আৰু পাছলৈ নগাঁৱৰ তেম্বুৱানী-বান্ধা(ঢেমনী) অঞ্চলত বসতি দিয়া হৈছিল বুলি গুৰু চৰিতত উল্লেখ আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Baniprasanna Misra, ''Srimanta Sankara and His Times: Some Further Historical Probings'', Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University, 2016, pp. 27–29.&lt;/ref&gt;

ইতিহাসবিদ মহেশ্বৰ নেওগে পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ চৰিত-পুথি আৰু বৈষ্ণৱ পৰম্পৰাৰ ভিত্তিত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ জন্ম-চন ১৪৪৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ বুলি গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু এই অনুসৰি দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ ৰাজত্ব কাল ১৪ শতিকাৰ মধ্যভাগ বুলি অনুমান কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ২০১৬ চনত লিখা গৱেষণামূলক প্ৰবন্ধত ইতিহাসবিদ বাণীপ্ৰশন্ন মীশ্ৰই উপলব্ধ তথ্যসমূহ পুনৰ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি এই গণনাক নাকচ কৰে আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ জন্ম সম্ভৱতঃ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৪৭৯–১৪৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত হৈছিল বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;Baniprasanna Misra, ''Srimanta Sankara and His Times: Some Further Historical Probings'', Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University, 2016, pp. 19-20.&lt;/ref&gt; সেই অনুসৰি তেওঁ দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ শাসনকালো পুনৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰি চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগৰ পৰা পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম ভাগৰ মাজত হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;Baniprasanna Misra, ''Srimanta Sankara and His Times: Some Further Historical Probings'', Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University, 2016, pp.23&lt;/ref&gt;  

হেম সৰস্বতীয়ে দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণক ‘‘কমতামণ্ডল’’ৰ ৰজা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;''প্ৰহ্লাদ চৰিত্ৰ''' উল্লেখ কৰিছে- &quot;কমতামণ্ডল দুলৰ্ভনাৰায়ণ নৃপবৰ অনুপম৷ তাহান ৰাজ্যত ৰুদ্ৰসৰস্বতী দেৱযানী কন্যা নাম৷৷ তাহান তনয় হেমসৰস্বতী ধ্ৰুৱৰ অনুজ ভাই৷&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sarma&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ সমীক্ষাত্মক ইতিবৃত্ত | publisher=প্ৰতিমা দেৱী | author=ড: [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]] | authorlink=| year=১৯৯৬ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৫৩-৫৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰাচীন কামৰূপৰ তাম্ৰশাসন আৰু সংস্কৃত ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিভাষাত ‘‘মণ্ডল’’ শব্দটো এক আঞ্চলিক বা ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিসৰ বুজাবলৈহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আনহাতে, চুতীয়া তামৰ ফলিত দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰে ‘‘সাধয়াপতি’’ বা সদিয়াৰ ৰজা বুলি পৰিচয় দিয়া দেখা নাযায়; তাৰ বিপৰীতে তেওঁৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ ‘‘কমতাপুৰ’’ৰ ৰজা হৈছিল বুলিহে উল্লেখ কৰিছে। 

দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণে পৃষ্ঠাপোষকতা আগ বঢ়োৱা আন এজন কবি হৈছে &quot;হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ&quot;। ইতিহাসবিদ মহেশ্বৰ নেওগে এইজন কবিকে ৰামানন্দ দ্বিজৰ &quot;শ্ৰী শ্ৰী বংশী গোপালদেৱ চৰিত&quot;ত উল্লেখ কৰা বংশীগোপালদেৱৰ ককাক হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ভৰালী&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=এহেজাৰ বছৰৰ এশগৰাকী অসমীয়া | publisher=চিত্ৰলেখা পাব্লিকেশ্বন্‌ছ | author=ভৰালী, হেমন্ত কুমাৰ | year=২০০১ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=২৯৮-২৯৯}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰচনাখনত হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰক ''&quot;কুণ্ডিল গোষ্ঠীত জাত পুৰুষ সুন্দৰ / ব্যাঘ্ৰপিণ্ডা গ্ৰামেশ্বৰ মুখ্য পণ্ডিতৰ&quot;'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, অৰ্থাৎ তেওঁক কুণ্ডিল বা চুতীয়া ৰাজধানী [[শদিয়া]] অঞ্চলৰ লোক আৰু ব্যাঘ্ৰপিণ্ডা গাঁৱৰ গ্ৰামেশ্বৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Harivara Vipra’s Babrubahnar Yuddha and Tamradhwajar Yuddha |editor=Birinchi Kumar Barua; Maheswar Neog |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1960 |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt; মহেশ্বৰ নেওগৰ মতে হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰৰ ৰচনাত ‘‘চেতিয়া’’ শব্দৰ উল্লেখো পোৱা যায়। এই শব্দ কিছু ইতিহাসবিদে আহোম যুগৰ পৰৱৰ্তী সংস্কৰণত যোগ হোৱা বুলি ক'ব খোজে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |title=Aspects of Early Assamese Literature |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1953 |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা দেখা যে এই ''চেতিয়া'' পদবী চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যতো আছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, &quot;Deodhai Buranji, p.16&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু চুহুংমুঙে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰাৰ পাছৰ পৰাহে আহোম ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;S.K, &quot;Satsari Buranji, p.16&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;কবিৰত্ন সৰস্বতী&quot;ৰ ৰচনাৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে তেওঁক দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ পুত্ৰ ইন্দ্ৰনাৰায়ণয়ে পৃষ্ঠা পোষকতা আগ বঢ়াইছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ বাণীপ্ৰশন্ন মীশ্ৰৰ মতে মাধৱদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীয়ে দহ বছৰ বয়সত (১৫২৬ শতিকাত)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book 
|last=Misra 
|first=Baniprasanna 
|title=Deprovincialising Srimanta Sankaradeva 
|publisher=Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University 
|year=2015 
|pages=24–25
}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কবিজনৰ বংশৰ ৰামদাস আতাক বিয়া কৰাইছিল। ৰামদাস ৰত্ন সৰস্বতীৰ পাছৰ ষষ্ঠ প্ৰজন্মৰ পুৰুষ আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |title=Aspects of Early Assamese Literature |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1953 |page=44}}&lt;/ref&gt; সেই অনুসৰি ইন্দ্ৰনাৰায়ণৰ শাসনকালও পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধৰ মাজভাগত (প্ৰায় ১৪২০–১৪৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) আছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি।

এই সকলো তথ্যসমূহৰ ভিত্তিত কিছু গৱেষকে কমতা, কামৰূপ আৰু শদিয়া একেই ৰাজ শক্তিয়ে পৰিচালিত কৰিছিল বুলি ক'ব খোজে।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions&quot;{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}&lt;/ref&gt; তথাপিটো কমতাপুৰৰ এই দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ আৰু চুতীয়া বংশৰ দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ‌ একে ব্যক্তি আছিল নে নাই, সেই বিষয়ে ইতিহাসবিদ সকলৰ মাজত বৰ্তমানেও একমত পোৱা নাযায়।

===ঘাৰমৰা সত্ৰ স্থাপন===

===চীনৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক===

===চুতীয়া-আহোম যুদ্ধ===

১৫১২ চনত চুতীয়াৰ হাবুঙৰ প্ৰদেশৰ পানবাৰী অঞ্চলত চুহুংমুঙে প্ৰৱেশ কৰে আৰু আগতে বামুণীয়া কোঁৱৰক তূলি লোৱা বামুণ পৰিয়ালটোক নিজৰ লগত লয়। বামুণ জনক সোণৰ লগুণ উপহাৰ দি হাতী-ঘাহী অধিকাৰী পাতি নিজৰ লগত লয়। পানবাৰীত থকাৰ সময়ত আহোম ৰজাই সেনা বাহিনীৰ কিছুমানক দিহিং নৈত মাছ ধৰিবলৈ পঠিয়াই। দিহিঙত ডাঙৰ বৰালী ধৰিবলৈ লওঁতে চুতীয়াই আহোম সেনাক দেখে। দিহিং নৈ চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমা আছিল, উত্তৰত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য আৰু দক্ষিণত আহোম ৰাজ্য। চুতীয়াৰ পানীত মাছ ধৰিছে বুলি গম পাই মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাই (সম্ভৱতঃ এইজন দিহিং উপত্যকাৰ শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল) মানু্হ পঠিয়াই। কিন্তু আহোম সকলে মাছৰ লগতে চুতীয়া মানু্হকো ধৰি নিয়ে। এই কথা মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাই ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ জোৱাঁই নিতাইক জনাই। নীতিপালৰ পৰা ধীৰনাৰায়ণে খবৰ পাই যে আহোম সেনাই দিহিঙৰ সীমা নামানি উত্তৰ পাৰৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ হাবুঙ অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

* দিখৌ-মুখৰ ৰণ

ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই এই কথা গম পাই যুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ মন কৰে আৰু ১৫১৩ চনত লুইতে দি আহি দিখৌমুখত কোঠ পাতে। সেই সময়ত দিখৌ মুখ আজিৰ দিনৰ কাজিৰঙা‌ ওচৰত আছিল। চুতীয়া সেনাই দিখৌ মুখ অঞ্চলত পচলা গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। তাৰ পৰা আগ বাঢ়ি আহি চেৰুৱাকটা অঞ্চলৰ নঙকামুঙ বিলৰ পাৰত কোঠ পাতে। চেৰুৱাকটাৰ পৰা এখিনি সেনা বৰনাঁৱত উঠি চিৰা আটি অঞ্চললৈ যায়। চুহুংমুঙে চাও-চুখ্ৰিং আৰু ৰাইলুঙীয়া গোহাঁইক সৈন্য দি চুতীয়াৰ বৰনাঁৱ ধৰিবলৈ সেনা পঠিয়াই। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ চেৰুৱাকটাৰ চুতীয়া সেনাক আক্ৰমণ কৰে। চুতীয়া সেনাই শত্ৰুৰ শক্তিৰ অনুমান নাপায় যুদ্ধত পৰাজয় হব লগিয়া হয়। এই যুদ্ধত ৪ হাজাৰ চুতীয়া সৈনিক স্বহীদ হয় আৰু ৩ হাজাৰ বন্দী হয়। বন্দী সকলৰ মূৰ কাটি আহোম ৰজাই মুণ্ডমালা বান্ধিলে।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji, p.57&lt;/ref&gt; সাতসৰী বুৰঞ্জীৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া সেনা দিখৌমুখৰ পৰা উজাই আহিছিল আৰু ডিব্ৰুমুখৰ তিনিমুণি অঞ্চলত ৫ দিন পুণৰ এখন ৰণ হৈছিল, য'ত মাণিকচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা, ৰজাৰ ভায়েক ঢেলা আৰু বৰহুলৈ বৰুৱাই ভাগ লৈছিল। যুদ্ধত মাণিকচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ গাত কাড় লাগিছিল আৰু বৰহুলৈ বৰুৱাকে প্ৰমুখ কৰি চুতীয়া সেনা পিছ হুঁহকি শদিয়ালৈ আহিলে। ডিব্ৰুমুখৰ এই যুদ্ধৰ কথা কিন্তু অন্য বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, গতিকে এয়া পাছত হোৱা দিহিংমুখৰ দ্বিতীয়খন ৰণৰ বৰ্ণনাও হ'ব পাৰে যিখনত চুতীয়া সেনা পৰাস্ত হোৱাৰ পাছত আহোম সেনাই ডিব্ৰুমুখত গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পৰাজয়ৰ ফলত দিখৌ মুখত বাকী থকা চুতীয়া সেনা সেই অঞ্চলৰ পৰা ঘূৰি আহে আৰু পানবাৰী আহোমৰ হাতলৈ যায়। তাৰ পাছত ১৫১৯ চনত চুহুংমুঙ হাবুঙৰ পৰা দিহিংমুখ অঞ্চল লৈ আহে আৰু তাত এটা কোঠ/দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। তেতিয়াৰ দিহিংমুখ আজিৰ দিনৰ পশ্চিম মাজুলী অঞ্চল হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji, p.57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, Purani Assam Buranji, p.40&lt;/ref&gt;

* দিহিং-মুখৰ প্ৰথম ৰণ

১৫২০ চনত চুতীয়া সেনাই এইবাৰ আকৌ ভটিয়াই আহি আহোমৰ নতুনকৈ নিৰ্মিত দিহিংমুখৰ দুৰ্গ(মৌঙখ্ৰাঙ) আক্ৰমণ কৰে। যুদ্ধত চুতীয়া সেনা জয়ী হয় আৰু আহোম সেনাপতি খেনমোঙক মাৰি আহোম সেনাক সেই অঞ্চলৰ পৰা খেদি পঠিয়াই। ফলত দিহিংমুখৰ কোঠ চুতীয়াৰ হাতলৈ যায়।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji, p.57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Purani Assam Buranji, p.40&lt;/ref&gt;

===চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতন===

* নীতিপালৰ ৰাজত্ব

ইয়াৰ পাছতে ১৫২২ চনত ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই [[হাবুং]] অঞ্চলৰ (বৰ্তমান ঢকুৱাখনা) ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমি দান কৰি সাধনী আৰু নিতাই ৰাজ্য ভাৰ দিয়ে। ৰজা হৈ নিতায়ে নীতিপাল নাম লয়। ৰজা ধীৰনাৰায়ণে ৰাজ্য ভাৰ এৰি জামাতাক যুৱৰাজ পাতি, আপোন পুত্ৰ তিনি বছৰৰ শিশু সাধক নাৰায়ণক নীতিপালৰ হাতত সমৰ্পন কৰি দেশান্তৰিত হয়। সামান্য ‌চুতীয়া ল'ৰা ৰজা হোৱাত ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজপাট দাবীদাৰ কোঁৱৰসকল স্বাভাৱিকতে ক্ষুণ্ণ ‌হৈ পৰে। এই লোক সকলে নিত্যপালক সিংহাসনচ্যুত কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰত নামে। এই ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ মূল নায়ক ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ ভায়েক সুৰজিৎ ওৰফে সুৰধ্বজপাল আছিল। ষড়যন্ত্ৰ সফল নহ'ল। নীতিপালে তেওঁৰ বিশ্বাসী চোৰাংচোৱাৰ পৰা সকলো কথা জানিব পাৰি ষড়যন্ত্ৰত লিপ্ত বিষয়াক ভাঙি নতুন মন্ত্ৰী বিষয়া নিয়োগ কৰে। পূৰ্ব্বৰ পাত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী গুচাই সামান্য পাত্ৰ-মন্ত্ৰী পাতি লʼলে। সূৰধ্বজপালক ধৰি আনিবৰ বাবে কাচিতৰা সেনাপতিক পঠায়। কিন্তু সুৰধ্বজ দেশ এৰি পলাই যোৱাত সেই কাম সম্ভৱ নহ'ল। নীতিপালৰ দিনত নাৰায়ণ নামৰ এজন বৰসেনাপতি আৰু ৰঘূবীৰ তথা কাচিতৰা সহসেনাপতি আছিল বুলি জনা যায়। কিন্তু সময়ত নীতিপালৰ শাসন দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰে। পূৰ্বৰ সাধাৰণ বংশৰ লগৰীয়া সকলক ৰাজ্যৰ বিষয়-বাব দিবলৈ ধৰাৰ ফলত সম্ভ্ৰান্ত বংশৰ লোকৰ বিশ্বাস আৰু আনুগত্য হেৰুৱাব লগা হয়। দোষ গুণৰ সুবিচাৰ নকৰি হকে-বিহকে প্ৰজাৰ ওপৰত উৎপীড়ন চলোৱাৰ বাবেই‌ [[নীতিপাল]] প্ৰজাৰ মাজত অনীতিপাল বুলি খ্যাত হৈ পৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, &quot;Chutia jatir Buranji, p.594.&lt;/ref&gt;

* দিহিং-মুখৰ দ্বিতীয় ৰণ

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দুৰৱস্থাৰ বাতৰি আহোম ৰজা [[চুহুন্মুং]]ৰ কাণত পৰিল। ফলত সেই বছৰৰ শেষৰ পিনে(১৫২২ চন) তেওঁ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰে। প্ৰথমতে মাজুলীৰ নঙকঙমোঙ বীলৰ ওচৰলৈ আহি তেওঁ দিহিঙমুখত(বৰ্তমানৰ পশ্চিম মাজুলী অঞ্চল) কোঠ দি থকা চুতীয়াক আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ সেনা পঠায়। যুদ্ধৰ নেতৃত্বত থকা বৰগোহাঁয়ে চুতীয়া সেনাক দিহিং মুখৰ পৰা পুবলৈ ঠেলি নিয়ে আৰু লাচাই-টাই নামৰ এজনক চুতীয়াৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা বৰ-নাঁৱত উঠাই ৰজাৰ ওচৰলৈ পঠায়। সেই সময়ত ৰজা বীলৰ পৰা আগ বাঢ়ি আহি চেৰুৱাকতা নামৰ অঞ্চল এটাত আছিল। চুহুংমুঙে লাচাই-টাইক যুদ্ধৰ খবৰ লয়। লাচাই-টাই ৰজাক জনাই যে চুতীয়া সৈন্য লুইত(টিলাও) নৈ‌ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলৰ লগতে ডিব্ৰুমুখৰ(চোপ-নাম-টিফাও) পানীত কোঠ পাতি আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ পাছতে হয়টো আগতে উল্লেখ কৰি অহা ডিব্ৰুগড় ৰণখন সংঘটিত হয়।

* ডিব্ৰু-মুখ/ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ ৰণ

১৫২৩ চনৰ কাতি মাহত চুহুংমুঙৰ আদেশত ফ্ৰাচেনমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই আৰু কিঙলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁই ৰাজমন্ত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ সমস্ত সৈন্য বাহিনী লয় ডিব্ৰুমুখলৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহি তাত এটা গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। চুহুংমুঙে চৰাইদেউ লৈ আহি ভগৱানৰ ওচৰত বলি আগ বঢ়ায়। ১৫২৩ চনৰ আঘোণ মাহত চুহুংমুঙে সৈন্য বাহিনী লয় আগ বাঢ়ি চেঁচামুখত কোঠ দিয়ে। নীতিপালে গড় বন্ধাৰ খবৰ পাই শদিয়াৰ পৰা লাৰুপাৰা(বৰ্তমান চাবুৱাৰ ওচৰৰ) লৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহে। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ শত্ৰুক দেশৰ পৰা খেদিবলৈ বুঢ়া বৰুৱাৰ নেতৃত্বত ডিব্ৰুমুখ লৈ সৈন্য বাহিনী পঠিয়ায়। সম্ভৱতঃ এজন ডিব্ৰু উপত্যকাৰ শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল। চুতীয়া সেনাপতি জনে ৰজাৰ আদেশ মতে ডিব্ৰুগড় আক্ৰমণ কৰে। আনপিনে চুহুংমুঙেও ডিব্ৰুমুখলৈ আহি যুদ্ধত ভাগ লয়। ফ্ৰাচেনমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই আৰু কিঙলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁই ৰাজমন্ত্ৰীয়ে একলগ হৈ পথে দি আগ বাঢ়ি চুতীয়াৰ নৌ বাহিনীক আক্ৰমণ কৰে। চুতীয়াৰ নৌ সেনাৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল কাচিতৰা, চুলুকী চেতিয়া (GC Baruaৰ বুৰঞ্জীত এলেঙী চেতিয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছে) আৰু বৰপাত্ৰ নামৰ তিনিজন সেনাপতি। বৰপাত্ৰ জন সম্ভৱতঃ সোৱণশিৰি উপত্যকাৰ তথা হাবুঙৰ শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল, যিজনক তামৰ ফলিত হাবুঙাধিপতি বৃহৎ পাত্ৰ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। কাচিতৰা আছিল লুইত উপত্যকাৰ শাসনকৰ্তা। যুদ্ধত চুতীয়া সেনা পৰাস্ত হয়। পিছ দিনা চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই গড়ত থকা সকলো মন্ত্ৰী ডাঙৰীয়া আৰু সেনাক লগত লৈ আগ বাঢ়ি সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমান কাকপথাৰ অঞ্চল) সোমায়। &lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;

* নীতিপালৰ সন্ধি প্ৰস্তাৱ

ইয়াকে দেখি নীতিপালে আহোম ৰজা লৈ কটকীৰ সৈতে কিছুমান উপহাৰ পঠায়। উপহাৰ সমূহৰ মাজত আছিল সোণৰ কাণফুলী/কেৰু(তং-ৰু-খাম), সোণোৱালী‌ মেখেলা(চিন-খাম), কপাহী কাপোৰ(ফ্ৰা-নোন), ৰূপৰ বিচনা(থা-কা-ঙেন), পাটি, ইত্যাদি। সকলো উপহাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰিও চুহুংমুঙে চুতীয়া ৰাজ সম্পদ(সোণ-ৰুপৰ মেকুৰী, সোণ-ৰুপৰ ছত্ৰ, ৰাজকীয় খাট আৰু ৰাজ দণ্ড), ১০টা দতাল হাতী, এজনী মাখুন্দী হাতী আৰু এজনী ছোৱালী বিচাৰি পঠায়। নীতিপালে ছোৱালী আৰু হাতী দিবলৈ মান্তি হয় যদিও ৰাজকীয় সম্পদ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ সম্পত্তি বুলি দিবলৈ নিবিচাৰে। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে এক মাহৰ পাছত সোণ-ৰুপৰ জাপি(কোপ-খাম-ঙেন), সোণৰ  তেমি(খোপ-খাম), সোণৰ তোম(লিউ-খাম), সোণৰ ছত্ৰ (চাং-খাম), সোণৰ খাৰু(মাউ-খাম), সোণৰ ভৰিৰ খাৰু(খু-টিন-খাম), হাতী, ঘোঁৰা, হাতীৰ দাতৰ পাটি, কটাৰী আৰু পানীকমলী কাপোৰ দি পঠায়। সমান্তৰাল ভাৱে নীতিপালে লুইতৰ পাৰত এটা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু তাতে থাকে। দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কথা শুনি, ৰাজসম্পদ নাপায় আৰু লগতে উপহাৰৰ মাজত কটাৰী দেখি চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই শদিয়াপুৰ আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্ণয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

* শদিয়াৰ ৰণ

১৫২৪ চনৰ বহাগত লুইত নৈ পাৰ হৈ শদিয়া(সধয়াপুৰ) আক্ৰমণ কৰে। [[ব'হাগ বিহু|ব'হাগ মাহৰ বিহুৰ দিনা]] [[শদিয়া]] আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। বিহুৰ দিনা শদিয়াৰ চাৰি শালত বৰ-বলি আয়োজন কৰা হয়, যʼত [[দেউৰী জনগোষ্ঠী|দেউৰী]] পূজাৰীৰ বাহিৰে অন্য লোকে হাতত অস্ত্ৰ লোৱাতো বৰ্জিত আছিল। আজিও এই বৰবলিৰ নিয়ম শদিয়া অঞ্চলৰ থান সমূহত পালন কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত সৌমাৰ খণ্ডত একমাত্ৰ চুতীয়া সকলৰ মাজত হে খাৰ-বাৰুদ বা হিলৈ-বৰটোপৰ প্ৰচলন আছিল। সেই বাবে হয়তো আক্ৰমণকাৰী সকলে বিহুৰ বতৰত আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্ণয় কৰি লৈছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে সেই সময়ত নীতিপালে পুখুৰী এটাও খন্দাই আছিল। শদিয়াৰ দুৰ্গত কৰা আক্ৰমণ সহিব নোৱাৰি নীতিপাল চন্দনগিৰি লৈ গুচি আহে আৰু কাচিতৰা দৈথাং পৰ্বতত উঠে।&lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

* চন্দনগিৰি আৰু দৈথাং পৰ্বতৰ ৰণ

চুহুংমুঙে শদিয়াৰ বৰনগৰত থাকি ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই আৰু কিঙলুন ৰাজমন্ত্ৰীক(বুঢ়াগোহাঁই) চন্দনগিৰি লৈ আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ পঠায়। আনহাতে কনচেং ধনুদাৰী গোহাঁইক (চাও-চঙ কুঙ-ৰিণ) কাচিতৰাৰ লগত যুঁজিবলৈ দৈথাং পৰ্বতলৈ পঠায়। ইফালে চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ তামুলী গজৰাই বৰুৱা আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালক আহোম বাহিনীয়ে বন্দী কৰে‌ আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজা ৰাণীৰ আত্মগোপন স্থান প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি সেহি সময় চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ তামুলী গজৰায় বৰুৱা হাবিত পলাই আছিল। তাৰে ল'ৰাৰ কান্দন শুনি ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙৰ পুত্ৰ ঘৰ সন্দিকৈয়ে
বেঢ়ি ধৰিলে‌ বোলে-&quot;ৰজাৰ কথা ক নকলে‌ কাটিম।&quot; এই বুলি তাৰ ল'ৰা তিৰোতাক বন্দী কৰি তাক পঠাই দিলে। বহু প্ৰচেষ্টা সত্ত্বেও গজৰায়ে ৰজাক বিচাৰি নাপাইছিল। শেষত ৰাণীৰ ভোক লাগিলত জুৰি‌ এখনৰ কাষত ভাত ৰান্ধোতে উঠা ধোঁৱা দেখিহে গম পালে আৰু সেইমতে আহোম বিষয়াসকলক জনালেহি যে চুতীয়া ৰজা ৰাণীয়ে চন্দনগিৰিৰ এখন পাহাৰীয়া জুৰিৰ ওচৰত আশ্ৰয় লৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K.,''Assam Buranji(SM)'',p.10&lt;/ref&gt; চন্দনগিৰি পৰ্বতত উঠিবৰ কাৰণে আহোম সেনাই আপ্ৰাণ চেষ্টা চলাইও সফল নহয়। চুতীয়া সেনাই ওপৰৰ পৰা শিল বগৰাই আৰু দলিয়াই বহুতো আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বধ কৰে। সাতসৰী আৰু অসম বুৰঞ্জীৰ (SM)ৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে সেই সময়ত [[সতী সাধনী|সাধনী ৰাণী]]‌ গৰ্ভৱতী আছিল। GC Baruaৰ আহোম ভাষাৰ বুৰঞ্জীত ৰাণী/কোঁৱৰী গৰাকীক‌ নাঙ-লুং কোৱা হৈছে। লগতে উল্লেখ আছে ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ। যিহেতু নাঙ-লুঙৰ অৰ্থ ৰাণী নে‌ কোঁৱৰী সঠিক কয় ক'ব নোৱাৰি গতিকে এই তিনি গৰাকী লোক নাইবা ধীৰনাৰায়ণ, সাধনী আৰু নীতিপাল/সাধকনাৰায়ণ বা নীতিপাল, সাধনী আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হ'ব পাৰে। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে নীতিপাল সাধনীৰ বিয়া ১৫১২ৰ আগতেই হৈ গৈছিল কাৰণ অসম বুৰঞ্জী(SM)ৰ অনুসৰি ১৫১৩ চনত ধীৰনাৰায়ণক আহোমৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁৰ জোঁৱায়েকে খবৰ দিছিল। সাধনী আৰু নীতিপালৰ‌ লগতে ১২০ গৰাকী কোঁৱৰীয়েও শিলা কুচাই বিৰোধী পক্ষৰ সৈনিকক মাৰে। আহোম সৈন্য চন্দনগিৰি পৰ্বতত উঠিবলৈ সক্ষম নহৈ পিছুৱাই আহিব লগাত পৰে আৰু এজন চুতীয়া সৈনিকক লগত ধৰি আনে। ইয়াৰ পাছত আক্ৰমণকাৰী সকলে ৰননীতি কৰি পৰ্বতৰ তিনিফালে বেৰি ধৰিব লয়। চাও ৰু-পক আৰু কিছু লোক ঘিলা গছৰ সহায়ত চন্দনগিৰি পাহাৰত উঠিল, কিন্তু মানুহ নেদেখিলে। আগ বাঢ়ি গৈ এখন গাঁও পালে আৰু তাত দুকুৰিমান মানুহ দেখিলে। চুতীয়া বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই কিছু লোকক ঘিলা গছত উঠি [[ঢোল]] বজাবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। হয়তো এই সকল আগতে ধৰি অনা‌ চুতীয়া বন্দী আছিল। আগৰ দিনত ঢোল বজোৱাটো যুদ্ধত জয়ৰ প্ৰতীক আছিল। ঢোল বজাই বিজয়ৰ কথা জনাই দিয়া হয়। সেই বাবে পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত উঠি থকা ৰজা ৰাণীয়ে বিহুৰ বতৰত ঢোলৰ মাত শুনি বাহিৰলৈ উলাই আহে আৰু তিনিও ফালৰ পৰা শত্ৰুৰ আক্ৰমণৰ বলি হয়। নীতিপালক আহোম সেনাই বৰদ্বাৰত দেখিলে। 

তথাপিও চুতীয়া সেনানী যি সকল আছিলে সেই সকলে আকৌ শিল দলিয়াই কিছু শত্ৰুক মাৰিলে।নীতিপালে শত্ৰুৰ গালৈ কাড় মাৰিবলৈ লয় যদিও বিৰোধী পক্ষৰ জানমোঙখাম হাতীবৰুৱাৰ (ফু-কে-চং) কাড় লাগি মৃত্যু বৰণ কৰে। সাধনীয়ে নিজৰ মহিলা সৈন্য বাহিনীক লগত লয় যুঁজ দিয়ে যদিও শেষত পৰাস্ত হৈ চন্দনগিৰিৰ পৰা জাপ মাৰে। প্ৰায় সংখ্যক বুৰঞ্জীত সাধনীয়ে আত্মবলিদান কৰিছিল বুলি আছে যদিও গোপাল চন্দ্ৰ বৰবৰুৱাৰ টাই ভাষাৰ বুৰঞ্জীত ৰাণীৰ (নাঙ-লুং) গাত যাঠি লাগিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। যিকি নহওক এই তথ্য পৰাও ৰানী সাধনীয়ে আত্মসমৰ্পণ নকৰি শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়াৰ কথাহে পোহৰলৈ আনে, কাৰণ আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰা হ'লে তেওঁক যাঠি মাৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰা নহ'ল হয়। আনপিনে কাচিতৰাক কনচেঙে দৈথাং পৰ্বতত পৰাস্ত কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰাজ্য পতনৰ পৰবৰ্তী পৰিস্থিতি===

চুতীয়া ৰজা নীতিপাল, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কাচিতৰা তিনিওৰে মূৰ চন্দগিৰি আৰু দৈথাঙৰ পৰা কাটি আনি শদিয়াত থকা চুহুংমুঙৰ আগত প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়। দেওধাই বুৰঞ্জীৰ মতে সাধনীৰ মূৰটো কাটি অনা হৈছিল। ৰজা আৰু পুত্ৰৰ মূৰ কেইটা নচোৱাই পৰ্বতত মুণ্ডামালা বান্ধি শেষত চৰাইদেউৰ শালৰ খটখটিত পোতি থোৱা হয়। অসম বুৰঞ্জী(SM)ৰ মতে আহোম সেনাই সাধনীৰ মৃত শৰীৰৰ পৰা কঁকালত পিন্ধা সোণৰ কঙ্কালি লয় আনি শদিয়াৰ থানলৈ আনিছিল, কিন্তু তাত কিছুমান চুতীয়াই আক্ৰমণ কৰি লাপিত ফাংত্যাং দেওধাই নামৰ এজনক বধ কৰিছিল। Edward Gaitৰ‌ A History of Assamত উল্লেখ কৰা‌ মতে ৰাণীৰ মৃত্যু যাঠী লাগ হৈছিল। GC Baruaৰ Ahom Buranjiত ৰাণীৰ(নাঙ-লুং) বিষয়ে দিয়া আছে যদিও এই অংশৰ অনুবাদ দিয়া হোৱা নাই। অংশটোত &quot;টিং&quot; শব্দৰ উল্লেখ চাই ক'ব পাৰি যে ইয়াতো ৰাণীৰ গাত &quot;যাঠী&quot; লগাৰ কথাই উল্লেখ আছে। &quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জীৰ অনুসৰি কোঁৱৰী কিছুমানক কাটিছিল আৰু কিছুমানক ধৰি আনিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra,&quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p. 42&lt;/ref&gt;। অন্য বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত এই অংশত ৰানী সাধনীৰ(নাঙ-লুং) কথ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই। 

===চুতীয়া ভূমিৰ বিতৰণ===

শদিয়া ৰাজধানী শাসন কৰিবলৈ ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁইক তিনিশ সৈনিক দিয়া হৈছিল। শদিয়া আৰু দিহিং অঞ্চলত নতুনকৈ আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ মানুহ আনি থাকিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। ‌চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰদেশ সমূহ ভাল দৰে শাসন কৰিবলৈ বহুতো নতুন পদবী সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ১৫২৬ চনত চাওচেং কুঙৰিন (ধনুধৰিয়া গোহাঁই)‌ কনচেঙক থাওমৌঙ মৌঙ-তেও (ভটিয়লীয়া গোহাঁই বা নামনিয়াল সন্দিকৈ&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Buranji, p.62&lt;/ref&gt;) পতা হয়। এইজনক হাবুঙ অঞ্চলত ৰখা হয় আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ বিশ্বনাথৰ, লখিমপুৰ আৰু ধেমাজি শাসন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়।‌ একেই বছৰতে থাওমৌঙ বানলুং (বানলুঙীয়া গোহাঁই) খেওখেনক থাওমৌঙ লৌঙ-ক্লং (দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই)‌ পতা‌ হয়। সেই‌ সময়ত দিহিং নৈ পাটকাইৰ পৰা ডিগবৈ, দিহিং-পাটকাই অৰণ্য, তিপাম,‌ নাহৰকটীয়া, মৰাণহাট, চেপন, বকতা, চৰগুৱা হৈ ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰৰ সমান্তৰাল ভাৱে বৈ গৈ পশ্চিম মাজুলী/বোকাখাত অঞ্চলত ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰত পাৰিছিল। এইজন গোহাঁইক দিহিং প্ৰদেশ অৰ্থাৎ মাজুলী, উত্তৰ শিৱসাগৰ, ডিব্ৰুগড় আৰু দক্ষিণ তিনিচুকীয়া লৈকে শাসন‌ কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। সাতসৰী বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে প্ৰথমতে ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁইক শদিয়াৰ ৰাজ আৰু কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক দিহিং ৰাজ দিয়া হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Buranji, p.68&lt;/ref&gt;

১৫২৬ চনত হোৱা চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলত ডিব্ৰুগড়ত নতুন এখন প্ৰদেশ গঠন কৰি ১৫২৭ত চাওলুং চুলিঙক শাসনকৰ্তা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়, যাতে ১৫২৬ৰ দৰে শদিয়া অঞ্চলত পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ হ'লে ডিব্ৰু প্ৰদেশৰ সেনাই শদিয়া বাহিনীৰ সহযোগ কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও একেই‌ সময়তে কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক &quot;থাও-মুঙ-বঙেন&quot; পাতি তিনিচুকীয়া অঞ্চল শাসন(সোণাৰীৰ পৰা লুইতৰ লৈকে) কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। শদিয়াৰ মহং (নগা পাহাৰৰ মহঙতকৈ পৃথক) অঞ্চলৰ লোণৰ খাট ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ &quot;থাও-মুঙ-বক্লাঙ&quot; বা‌ হাটখোৱা গোহাঁই নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। বুৰঞ্জীৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে ১৫২৯ চনত হোৱা চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহত দুয়োজন গোহাঁই (ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোঁহাই আৰু কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁই) একেলগে শদিয়া-তিনিচুকীয়া অঞ্চলতে শাসন কৰি আছিল। একেই বছৰৰে(১৫২৭) শেষৰ পিনে কনচেঙক ভটিয়লীয়া গোহাঁইৰ পৰা নতুন পদবী‌ &quot;চাও-চেঙলুং&quot;‌(ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী) দিয়া হয়&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p.61&lt;/ref&gt;। পূৰ্বতে ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী পদবীটো বৰগোঁহাই বা বুঢ়াগোহাঁই এজনক দিয়া হৈছিল। ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী পাতি চুহুংমুঙে কনচেঙক দুয়োজন‌ গোহাঁইৰ লগত একেই শাৰিতে ৰাখি সমমৰ্যাদা দিছিল। 

চুতীয়াৰ বৰপাত্ৰ পদবীটো চুহুংমুঙৰ‌ দিনটো অব্যাহত আছিল। চুক্লেংমুঙ(চুহুংমুঙৰ পুত্ৰ) ৰজাৰ দিনত চুতীয়াৰ বৰপাত্ৰ এজনৰ সমৰ্থন পাই হাবুঙৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ মুখিয়াল এজনে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰে। ফলত যুদ্ধ এখন হয় য'ত বৰপাত্ৰ জনৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু ব্ৰাহ্মণজন বেহাৰলৈ পলাই যায়&lt;ref&gt; সুকুমাৰ মহন্তৰ ঘৰত পোৱা অসম বুৰঞ্জী, ২৫ পৃষ্ঠাত আছে-&quot;সেই সময়ত ৰজা দাই ধৰিলে, বোলে-'চুটিয়া মাৰি ভূঞা বিলাকক মাৰি-কাটি বুপা ৰজায়ে ময়েহে ৰাজ্য লৈছো। বামুণে যে ৰজা‌ হয় চুটিয়াৰ বৰপাত্ৰকনো কিহলৈ থৈছোঁ?' এহি বুলি বৰপাত্ৰক মাৰিলে, বামুণকো ‌মাৰিব চালে, সপুত্ৰবান্ধৱে বেহাৰলৈ পলাই গেʼল। &quot; &lt;/ref&gt;। এই বৰপাত্ৰ জন হয়টো পুৰণি চুতীয়া বৰপাত্ৰ জনেই আছিল (ডিব্ৰাৰুগড় ৰণত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিব পাৰে) বা‌ একেই পৰিয়ালৰ লোক আছিল‌‌। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছতে হয়টো &quot;চাও-চেঙলুং&quot; আৰু &quot;বৰপাত্ৰ&quot; উপাধি দুটা মিলি &quot;বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই&quot; হিচাপে জনাজাত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516963?read-now=1&amp;seq=18#page_scan_tab_contents Guha, Amalendu, ''The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)'',p. 20,''It appears that the noble designation of Barpatragohain was borrowed from the civil list of Habung where the local ruler, a dependent of the Chutia king, had the title of Vrihatpatra''.]&lt;/ref&gt;

এই‌ সকলো কথাৰ পৰা সহজে ধৰিব পাৰি যে চুহুংমুঙে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া বিষয়া সকলৰ ঠাইতেই একো একোটা নতুন পদবী গঠন কৰিছিল। চুতীয়া বৰপাত্ৰৰ ঠাইত প্ৰথমতে ভটিয়লীয়া গোহাঁই আৰু পাছলৈ বৰপাত্ৰ গোহাঁই, মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ ঠাইত দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই, ডিব্ৰুৰ বুঢ়া বৰুৱাৰ ঠাইত চাওলুং চুলিঙ আৰু শদিয়া-তিনিচুকীয়াত কাচিতৰা বৰুৱা বা ৰজাৰ ঠাইত দুয়ো প্ৰমুখ গোহাঁই। ইয়াৰ পাছত দিহিঙৰ পাৰৰ বকতাত নতুন ৰাজধানী এখন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.64&lt;/ref&gt;

==ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰশাসনিক আৰু সামৰিক ব্যৱস্থা==

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন==

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যত পোৱা সম্পদ==

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা কমাৰ, সোণাৰি, কমাৰ, কুমাৰ, কহাৰ, তাতি, খনিকৰ, বাঢ়ৈ, বামুণ, কায়স্থ, গণক, কলিতা, ইত্যাদি বহুতো ভিন্ন ভিন্ন‌‌ বৃক্তিকৰ লোক পোৱা‌ গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ বহুতো লোকক ৰজাই নিজৰ ৰাজধানী লৈ লয় আনে।‌ চুতীয়াৰ বাহিৰে মিচিং‌,‌ দেউৰী, কিছু মৰাণ আৰু কোচ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ নাগৰিক আছিল। তাৰে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ মিচিং সকলক &quot;চুতীয়া মিৰি&quot; কোৱা‌ হৈছিল যি‌ সকল আজিৰ দিনৰ বাৰগাম মিচিং যেনে দলে, পেগু, পায়েং, টাইদ, ইত্যাদি। চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ শুকান মাংসৰ ভৰালী জন কোচ লোক আছিল। তিনি হাজাৰ চুতীয়া কমাৰক চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই যোৰহাট জিলাৰ বছাৰ পিনে আৰু তাৰে উজনি অঞ্চলত বহুৱাইছিল&lt;ref&gt;Sarma, Benudhar, ''Maniram Dewan, p.287&lt;/ref&gt;। বন্দী হোৱা লোকৰ পৰা বিভিন্ন &quot;চেতিয়া&quot; খেল/বংশও সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰে শদিয়াত বহুতো সম্পদ যেনে সোণৰ মাইহাং, কেকুৰা দোলা,‌‌ কলাই খাৰ,‌‌ সোণৰ তিনিচুকীয়া সিংহাসন, খাট, ভোগজৰা, বেলা, জাপি, পিকদান, আৰোৱান, দবা, কালি, হিলৈ, বৰটোপ (মিঠাহুলোং),‌ হিলৈ-তোলা চৰা নাও, চুতীয়া ধেনু, বৰধেনু, বাৰু-বৰ্চা, ইত্যাদি পোৱা গৈছিল। বহুতো ঘোৰা, গৰু-মʼহ আৰু হাতীও লাভ কৰা হৈছিল। সম্পদ সমূহ শদিয়াৰ পৰা দিহিং নৈয়ে দি ৰাজধানী‌ লৈ অনা হয় ‌আৰু পাছলৈ চাৰিং অঞ্চলত ৰখা হয়। এখিনি চুতীয়া লোকক চাৰিঙত পাতি নাওবৈচা খেল সৃষ্টি কৰে,‌ য'ৰ পৰা পাছলৈ শেনচোৱা, তাঙোন ধৰা, বচোৱাল বোৱা, ইত্যাদি খেলৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। এই নাওবৈচা সকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা পোৱা চৰানাও চলাই। একেধৰণে এখিনি লোকক লয় হিলৈধাৰী ফৈদ গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছত আহোম সকলে প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে মিৰি, মিচিমি, আবৰ, দফলা, ইত্যাদি পাহাৰীয়া জাতিৰ সম্পৰ্কত আহে।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji,p.14, 61&lt;/ref&gt;

==ৰজা সকলৰ তালিকা==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''ৰজাৰ তালিকাত'''
|-
! #
! বছৰ
! ৰাজত্ব কাল
! নাম
! অন্য নাম
|----
| ১.
| ১১৮৭ - ১২২০
| ৩৩ ব 
| বীৰপাল
| গয়াপাল
|----
| ২.
| ১২২০ - ১২৫৫
| ৩৫ ব
| [[ৰত্নধ্বজপাল]]
| গৌৰীনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৩.
| ১২৫৫ - ১২৭০
| ১৫ ব 
| বিজয়ধ্বজপাল
| শিৱনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৪.
| ১২৭০ - ১২৮৫
| ১৫ ব
| বিক্ৰমধ্বজপাল
| জগতনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৫.
| ১২৮৫ - ১৩০৫
| ২০ ব
| গৌৰধ্বজপাল
| প্ৰমত্তনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৬.
| ১৩০৫ - ১৩২৫
| ২০ ব 
| শঙ্খধ্বজপাল
| হৰিনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৭.
| ১৩২৫ - ১৩৪৩
| ১৮ ব
| ময়ূৰধ্বজপাল
| গোলোকনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৮.
| ১৩৪৩ - ১৩৬০
|১৭ ব
| জয়ধ্বজপাল
| বজ্ৰনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৯.
| ১৩৬০ - ১৩৮০
| ২০ ব 
| কৰ্মধ্বজপাল
| নন্দেশ্বৰ/নন্দিনৃপ
|----
| ১০.
| ১৩৮০ - ১৪০০
| ২০ ব
| সত্যনাৰায়ণ
| ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ
|----
| ১১.
| ১৪০০ - ১৪১৫
| ১৫ ব
| লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণ
| ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ১২.
| ১৪১৫ - ১৪৩০
| ১৫ ব
| দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ
|
|----
| ১৩.
| ১৪৩০- ১৪৪৫
| ১৫ ব
| মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ
| 
|----
| ১৪.
| ১৪৪৫ - ১৪৬৫
| ২০ ব
| প্ৰত্যক্ষনাৰায়ণ/প্ৰতাপনাৰায়ণ
|
|----
| ১৫.
| ১৪৬৫ - ১৪৮০
| ১৫ ব
| যশনাৰায়ণ
| 
|----
| ১৬.
| ১৪৮০- ১৫০০
| ২০ ব
| পুৰন্দৰধ্বজপাল
| পুৰন্দৰনাৰায়ণ
|---- 
| ১৭.
| ১৫০০ - ১৫২২
| ২২ ব
| ধৰ্মধ্বজপাল
| [[ধীৰনাৰায়ণ]]
|---- 
| ১৮.
| ১৫২২ - ১৫২৪
| ২ ব
| নীতিপাল/নিত্যপাল
| চন্দ্ৰনাৰায়ণ
|}

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ হিলৈ-বৰতোপৰ প্ৰচলন==

হিলৈ-বৰতোপ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ এক মূল্যৱান উন্নত অস্ত্ৰ আছিল। এই ৰাজ্যৰ হিলৈ-বৰতোপৰ প্ৰচলনৰ কথা বহুতো ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য পোৱা যায়। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে আহোম ৰজাই চুতীয়া ৰাজধানী শদিয়াৰ পৰা আন সম্পদৰ লগতে হিলৈ&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K,&quot;Deodhai Assam Buranji&quot;, p. 126&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K,&quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p.10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;হিতেশ্বৰ বৰবৰুৱা, আহোমৰ দিন, p.49&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু হিলৈ তোলা চ'ৰানাও উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Phukan, Kasinath Tamuli, &quot;Assam Buranji&quot;,p.17-18&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan,S.K,&quot;Satsari Buranji,p.135&lt;/ref&gt; মনিৰাম‌ দেৱানৰ লেখনীৰ মতে &quot;মিঠা হুলং&quot; বৰটোপ টো চুতীয়া সকলৰ পৰা লোৱা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Benudhar.''Maniram Dewan, p.289.''&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ লিখিছে, ''&quot;ওপৰত যিকেইটা তোপৰ নাম দিয়া হৈছে তাৰ ভিতৰত মিঠাহোলোং বোলাবিধ পোন-প্ৰথমতে দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাই চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ পৰা পায়।&quot;'' চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাই ৩০০০ চুতীয়া কমাৰক গোলাঘাট-যোৰহাট জিলাত সংস্থাপিত কৰি বৰটোপ-হিলৈ, ইত্যাদি বনাবলৈ আদেশ দিছিল। মনিৰাম দেৱানে উল্লেখ কৰিছে,‌ {{blockquote|&quot;তেওঁ বিলাকৰ(চুতীয়াৰ) পৰা ভালেমান দোলা, কালী,...,হিলৈ আৰু কলাই খাৰৰ(gunpowder) বাদেও অসংখ্য কমাৰ কাম কৰা মানুহ বন্দী কৰি আনে। ৰজাই তেওঁবিলাকৰ কিছুমানক বচাৰ পিনে আৰু কিছুমানক উজনিৰ পিনে বহুৱালে আৰু কমাৰ শাল পতাই লো-দা-কটাৰী, হিলৈ, বৰতোপ আদি গঢ়িবলৈ আহিলাপাতি যতাই দিলে। তেওঁ বিলাকৰ ভিতৰত কামৰ ভাল-বেয়া চাবলৈ হাজৰিকা, শইকীয়াও পাতি দিলে।‌ দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাৰ দিনৰ পৰাহে অসম ৰাজ্যত(আহোম ৰাজ্যত) কমাৰৰ খেল আৰু ব্যৱসায় চলন্তি হয়। দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাৰ দিনত অসমত ৩০০০ কমাৰ আছিল।&quot;}}

[[File:Ahom cannons.jpg|thumb|আহোম যুগৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা মিঠাহুলং বৰটোপ]]

ইতিহাসবিদ হিতেশ্বৰ বৰবৰুৱাই নিজৰ গ্ৰন্থ &quot;আহোমৰ দিন&quot;ত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে চুহুংমুঙৰ দিনত চুতীয়াৰ পৰা বৰতোপ-হিলৈ অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ পাছৰপৰাহে আহোম ৰজাসকলে অসমত আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ধৰে।&lt;ref&gt;হিতেশ্বৰ বৰবৰুৱা, আহোমৰ দিন, p.451&lt;/ref&gt; চুতীয়াৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পাছত গৌড় ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই ১৫২৭ আৰু ১৫৩২ত দুবাৰকৈ অসম আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। এই যুদ্ধত গৌড় সেনাই হিলৈ-বৰটোপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল যদিও আহোম সেনাই কেৱল ধেনু কাঁড় হে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে এই যুদ্ধতো আহোম সেনাই বহুতো হিলৈ-বৰটোপ উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল‌।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;, p. 61-68&lt;/ref&gt; ১৫৩৬ চনত নগা বিৰুদ্ধে হোৱা ৰণত প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে আহোম সৈন্যৰ হাতত বৰটোপ থকা কথা উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;, p. 75&lt;/ref&gt; তদুপৰি আহোম সেনাই ১৬১৭ চনত মোগলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হে প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে হিলৈ-বৰটোপ ব্যবহাৰ কৰিব লৈছিল বুলি জনা যায়&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;, p. 75&lt;/ref&gt;।

নাওবৈচা ফুকনৰ বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে খোৰা ৰজাৰ দিনত(১৫৫২-১৬০৩) প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে চুতীয়া লোকক নিযুক্তি দি হিলৈদাৰী ফৈদ গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;নাওবৈচা ফুকনৰ বুৰঞ্জী, p.55&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Chutiyas being expert warrior knew the use of matchlocks. After their subjugation, the Chutiyas were, therefore engaged in manufacturing matchlocks and they became prominent in the ''Hiloidhari-Khel'' (guild for manufacturing matchlocks)&quot;{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; হেমকোষ অভিধানত চুতীয়া সকলৰ হিলৈক &quot;চুতীয়া হিলৈ&quot; বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। বৃটিছৰ ১৮৯১ চনৰ লোকপিয়লত &quot;হিলেদাৰী&quot;ৰ বাহিৰেও &quot;চুতীয়া-হিলৈদাৰী&quot; বুলি এটা পৃথক খেল/শ্ৰেণীৰ উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই সকলে হয়টো ৰণত &quot;চুতীয়া হিলৈ&quot; ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YvV-VI_2YRkC&amp;pg=PR67&amp;dq=sutiyahilaidari&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiiqITCufiRAxXdwTgGHeU5KJcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Census of India 1891, p. 17]&lt;/ref&gt;

==চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ==

১৫২৪ চনত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতন হৈছিল যদিও চুতীয়া সকলৰ মনৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা আৰু স্বৰাজৰ আশা নাইকিয়া হৈ যোৱা নাছিল। চিৰদিন স্বাধীন হৈ থকা চুতীয়া সকলে বীৰাঙ্গণা ৰাণী সাধনীৰ আত্মোৎসৰ্গৰ কথা সোঁৱৰি পুনৰ জাগ্ৰত হৈ উঠিল আৰু বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰিলে। এই বিদ্ৰোহ ১৫২৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৭০০ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগৰ লৈকে চলিছিল। ১৭৭০ দখকৰ মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহে জাতিটোৰ শেষ বিদ্ৰোহ বুলি কব পাৰি যাৰ ফলত সকলো নহলেও এটা অংশয়ে স্বাধীন হৈ নিজৰ ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী শদিয়া ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ ফলত বহুতো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ আৰু সম্ভ্ৰান্ত পৰিয়ালৰ লোকে পাহাৰীয়া মিচিং, মিচিমি জাতিৰ লোক সকলৰ মাজত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল আৰু প্ৰথম বিদ্ৰোহ এই সকল লোকে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই কথা কোচ ৰজা সকলৰ দৰং ৰাজ বংশাৱলীতো উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। 
&lt;poem&gt;&quot;পূৰ্বে চুটিয়াৰ ৰজা সিঠাৱে আছিল। 
অন্যায়ে অসম ছল কৰিয়া মাৰিলে॥
যিমতে মাৰিল তাৰ শুনিয়ো কাহিনী। 
বলে নপাৰিয়া স্বৰ্গী ৰাজা মনে গুণি॥ ৩৬৪
...
তাৰ পুত্ৰ ভাই যত সকলে পলাইল। 
মিৰি মিচিমিত পশি প্ৰাণক ৰাখিলা॥
চুটিয়াৰ ৰাজাক মাৰিয়া ছলে বলে। 
লৈলা সেহি ৰাজ্যক অসমে কৌতূহলে॥ ৩৭১&lt;/poem&gt;

* ১৫২৬ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

চুতীয়া সকলে প্ৰথম বিদ্ৰোহ ১৫২৬ চনৰ ফাগুন মাহত ৰাজধানী শদিয়াত ঘোষণা কৰিছিল, অৰ্থাৎ ৰাজ্য পতনৰ ৩ বছৰৰ পাছত। বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ আৰু ফ্ৰাচেংমুং বৰগোহাঁইক সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁইক পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধত বিদ্ৰোহী সকলৰ হাতত ফ্ৰাচেংমুং বৰগোহাঁইৰ হাতী প্লাইপাম আৰু দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই মৰা পৰিছিল। কিন্তু শেষ পৰ্যায়ত বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হৈ উভতি যাবলৈ বাধ্য হ'ল। এই বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলত চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই বহুতো প্ৰশাসনীয় পৰিবৰ্তন কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। ১৫২৭ চনৰ জেঠ মাহত, ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলত নতুন এখন প্ৰদেশ গঠন কৰি তাত চাওলুং চুলিঙক শাসনকৰ্তা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল, যাতে শদিয়া অঞ্চলত পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ হ'লে ডিব্ৰু প্ৰদেশৰ সেনাই শদিয়া বাহিনীৰ সহযোগ কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক &quot;থাও-মুঙ-বঙেন&quot; পাতি পশ্চিম শদিয়া অঞ্চলত (তিনিচুকীয়াৰ সোণাৰিৰ(কাংখাম) পৰা লুহিত নদীৰ গুৰি লৈকে) শাসন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হ'ল।

* ১৫২৯ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

প্ৰথম বিদ্ৰোহৰ দুবছৰ পাছতে ১৫২৯ চনৰ পুহ মাহত শদিয়াৰ চুতীয়া সকলে আকৌ মুৰ দাঙি উঠিলে। এইবাৰ চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙক সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ চাও চুক্লান (তিপামৰ পৰা) আৰু কিংলুনক সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ চাওলুং চুলিঙক (ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ পৰা) পঠিয়ালে। ইয়াৰ পাছত চুহুংমুঙে চুক্লেংমুঙ ৰাজকোঁৱৰক ৰাজধানীত ৰাখি সকলো বিষয়ববীয়াৰ সৈতে নিজে শদিয়া আহি উপস্থিত হয়। লুহিতৰ পাৰত, ডিবাং নৈৰ পাৰত, মাৰানকাও, চন্দনগিৰি পৰ্বত, দৈথাং পৰ্বত, ইত্যাদি বিভিন্ন ঠাইত কেইবাখনো যুদ্ধ হয়। প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ত বিদ্ৰোহী সকলে চাও চুলিঙক ধৰি নিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল কিন্তু পাছৰ পৰ্যায়ত এৰি দিলে। বহু মাহ যুদ্ধ লগা পাছত শেষত বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হ'ল। যুদ্ধত লাভ কৰা সকলো ধন আৰু সম্পত্তি ৰজা আৰু মন্ত্ৰী সকলে নিজৰ মাজতে ভাগ কৰি ল'লে আৰু ৰজাই বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক শদিয়াত ৰাখি নিজে ৰাজধানী লৈ ঘূৰি গ'ল। 

* ১৫৪২ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, দিচাং নৈৰ পাৰত

চুতীয়া সকলে পুনৰ বাৰ ১৫৪২ চনত ৰজা চুক্লেংমুঙৰ দিনত বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰে কৰিছিল। এইবাৰ ১৫৪২ চনৰ বহাগ মাহত ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে শিৱসাগৰৰ দিচাং নৈৰ ওচৰত আহোম মন্ত্ৰী চেং-হাননক পৰাস্ত কৰি স্বৰাজ ঘোষণা কৰে। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ পাছতে চুক্লেংমুঙে চাওলুং তিমাক বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ পঠিয়াই আৰু দুবছৰ লৈকে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰে যাতে কোনো চুতীয়া সকলে পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ কৰিবলৈ সাহস নকৰে। 

* ১৫৫০ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

১৫৫০ চনত শদিয়াখোৱা গোহাঁইৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, কংসপাত্ৰ নামৰ চুতীয়া নায়ক এজনে শদিয়াত বিদ্ৰোহ কৰি নিজকে ৰজা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বহুতো ৰাজকোঁৱৰে তেওঁক সহযোগ কৰিছিল আৰু শদিয়াত উপস্থিত হৈ আহোম ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ সাজু হৈছিল। এই যুদ্ধ ৩ বছৰ লৈকে চলিছিল আৰু শেষত কংসপাত্ৰৰ লগতে বহুতো চুতীয়াই মৃত্যু বৰণ কৰিছিল। ৰাজকোঁৱৰ সকলৰ ভিতৰত কিছুমানৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল আৰু বাকী থকা সকলক বন্দী বনাই পাছলৈ চাৰিঙত থাকিবলৈ দিয়া হৈছিল। 

* ১৫৬৫ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, নামৰূপ আৰু খেৰাম

১৫৬৫ চনৰ মাঘ মাহত ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰি নামৰূপ আৰু খেৰাম(বৰ্তমান ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰৰ খেৰেমীয়া) অঞ্চলৰ আহোম গাঁও সমূহ আক্ৰমণ কৰি লুণ্ঠন কৰিছিল। ৰজাই বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ চাওলুং তিপামক পঠিয়াইছিল। বিদ্ৰোহী সকলৰ লগত হোৱা যুদ্ধত চাওলুং তিমাৰ হাতী আহত হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ যুদ্ধ এৰি দিহিং পাৰ হৈ উভতি আহে। ইয়াৰ পাছত বিদ্ৰোহৰ কি পৰিণতি হ'ল গম পোৱা নাযায়। সম্ভৱতঃ পাছলৈ বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰা হৈছিল। 

* ১৫৭২ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

১৫৭২ চনত পুনৰ বাব চুতীয়া সেনাপতি এজনৰ নেতৃত্বত শদিয়া অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে মুৰ দাঙি উঠে। বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ চাওলুং চাৰিং, চাওফ্ৰাংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই, শদিয়া খোৱা গোঁহাই, ইত্যাদি বহুতো বিষয়ববীয়াক পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। আহোম সেনাৰ তুলনাত বিদ্ৰোহী সকলৰ সংখ্যা কম থকাৰ বাবে বিদ্ৰোহী সকল কানচাই আৰু পুখুৰীখনা নামৰ অঞ্চল লৈ আতঁৰি আহিছিল আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলৰ সহযোগত পুনৰ ৰণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু দুৰ্ভাগ্যবশতঃ বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হৈছিল। চুতীয়া সেনাপতি, কানচাইৰ মুখিয়াল আৰু অন্য বহুতো চুতীয়া সৈন্যক বন্দী বনাই ৰাজধানী লৈ লয় অনা হৈছিল। 

* ১৬৬৫ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, উত্তৰ পাৰ

১৬৬৫ চনত আহোম সেনা নগা সকলৰ লগত হোৱা যুদ্ধত ব্যস্ত আছিল। এই সুযোগ লয়, উত্তৰ পাৰৰ লখিমপুৰৰ এখিনি চুতীয়া লোকে মিৰি আৰু দফলা লোকৰ লগত মিলি বিদ্ৰোহ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহ সফল নহ'ল। 

* ১৬৭৩ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, উত্তৰ পাৰ

১৬৭৩ চনত ধেমাজি অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰি ৰূপা(বৰ্তমানৰ ৰূপহী) আৰু ডিমৌ(বৰ্তমানৰ ধেমাজিৰ ডিমৌ) মিৰি সকলে আহোম ৰজাক কৰ হিচাপে দিয়া মাৰ নাও তোলাই লৈ গৈছিল। এই কথা শুনি আহোম ৰজাই চুতীয়া অঞ্চললৈ কটকী পঠিয়াই নাও সমূহ ঘূৰাই দিবলৈ আদেশ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু চুতীয়া সকলে আদেশ নামানিলে। ইয়াৰ পাছত সকলো চুতীয়া দেউলীয়া নামৰ গাঁৱ এখনত একগোট হৈছিল। কটকীৰ খবৰ পাই আহোম ৰজাই তিনিমুখিয়া অঞ্চলত থকা নাৰাই নামৰ চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহী নেতা জনক ধৰি আনিবলৈ সৈনিক পঠিয়ালে। ইয়াৰ পাছত ৰজাই শদিয়াখোৱা গোঁহাই আৰু মৰঙ্গীখোৱা গোহাঁইক চেঁচামুখত গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰি যুদ্ধৰ বাবে সাজু হ'বলৈ আদেশ দিলে। দিহিং নদীৰ পাৰত আন এটা গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'ল। তাৰ পাছত আহোম সেনাই দিহিং পাৰ হৈ মাজুলী হৈ চুতীয়া গাঁৱলৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহিল। চুতীয়া সকলেও হাতত ধেনু-কাড় লয় দেউলীয়া গাঁৱৰ পৰা মিৰি গাঁৱ এখনলৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহিলে। আহোম ৰজাই পুনৰ চুতীয়া সকলৰ ওচৰলৈ কটকী পঠিয়াইলে। চুতীয়া বৰুৱা জনে অৱশেষত বশ্যতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে, কিন্তু নিজৰ গৰু-ছাগলী, হাঁহ-কুকুৰ, ইত্যাদি সকলো হেৰুৱালে। নাৰাই আৰু অন্য চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহী নেতা সকলক মদ্যপান কৰোৱাই পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ নকৰিবলৈ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰালে। সবল আৰু শক্তিশালী চুতীয়া সৈনিক সকলৰ বন্দী বনোৱা হ'ল আৰু অন্য চুতীয়া সকলক প্ৰতি বছৰে কৰ হিচাপে নাও দিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়া হ'ল। 

* ১৭৬৯-১৮০৫ চনৰ মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহ

মায়ামৰা ধৰ্মীয় চুতীয়া সকলে ১৭৬৯ চনত আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰি ১৭৯১ লৈকে বেংমৰা নামৰ পৃথক ৰাজ্য এখন গঠন কৰিছিল। মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহত ভাগ লোৱা জনগোষ্ঠী সমূহৰ মাজত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক লোক চুতীয়া জনগোষ্ঠীৰ আছিল। বেংমৰা ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা সৰ্বানন্দ সিংহ বীৰপালৰ বংশৰ বুৰুক চুতীয়া ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ লোক আছিল। হয়তো ১৫২৫ চনত ৰাজ্য হেৰুৱা চুতীয়া ৰাজপৰিয়াল টোৱে সৰুকৈ হ'লেও পুনৰ বাৰ ৰাজ্য ৰাজত্ব কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। 

* ১৭৭৫ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, ডিব্ৰু-দিহিং অঞ্চল

মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহ হৈ থাকোঁতে ডিব্ৰু-দিহিংৰ মাজৰ অঞ্চলৰ একাংশ চুতীয়াই বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। টাই ভাষাৰ &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot; নামৰ গ্ৰন্থত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত অঞ্চলৰ খামজাং প্ৰদেশৰ পৰা নঙাখাম নামৰ নৰা মুখিয়ালৰ লগত ধৰা সকলে আহি বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।  এই বিদ্ৰোহত চুতীয়া সকলে নৰা সকলক সহযোগ কৰিছিল। নৰা মুখিয়াল জনে ১৭৭৫ চনত চুতীয়া সকলৰ সহযোগত হাটখোৱা গোহাঁইক পৰাস্ত কৰি নিজকে ডিব্ৰু নৈৰ কাষৰ অঞ্চলৰ ৰজা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। ৰজা হৈ নঙাখামে চুতীয়া আৰু বাৰেচিৰিঙীয়া সকলৰ মাজৰ পৰাই ফুকন আৰু বৰুৱা নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। আহোম ৰজাই নঙাখাম আৰু চুতীয়া সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বুঢ়াগোহাঁইৰ নেতৃত্বত ৪০ হাজাৰ সৈন্য পঠিয়াইছিল। সেনা সকলে আহি ৰঙাগড়াত(বৰ্তমানৰ ডিব্ৰু-চৈখোৱাৰ দক্ষিণত) উপস্থিত হৈছিল। ইয়াত পাছত তেজী আৰু দিহিং নৈৰ পাৰত যুদ্ধ হৈছিল। বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হৈ আতৰি গৈছিল। নৰা সকলে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত আশ্ৰয় লয় আৰু চুতীয়া সকলে ধূনাগুৰি নামৰ ঠাই এদখৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়। বহুতো চুতীয়া, বাৰেচিৰিং আৰু নৰা বিদ্ৰোহীক ৰাজধানী ৰংপুৰলৈ লয় অনা হয়। তাৰে কিছুমানক মৃত্যু দণ্ড দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু আন সকলক বন্দী হিচাপে ৰখা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, G.C, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p. 331-333&lt;/ref&gt;

==অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰভাব==

==আৰু চাওক==
* [[চুতীয়া জনগোষ্ঠী]]
* [[সতী সাধনী]]

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Gait
 | first = Edward
 | title = A History of Assam
 | publisher = Thacker, Spink &amp; Co.
 | date = 1906
 | location = Calcutta
 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|title=Light on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries|date=1977|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=58/59|pages=813–820|jstor=41691751|issn=0378-1143}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==

{{অসম বুৰঞ্জী}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ইতিহাস]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু ৰাজ্য]]</text>
      <sha1>dyazdnd55zuslmfzxwz8yuon0pqk5ay</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610881</id>
      <parentid>610877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T22:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ananya Taye</username>
        <id>28065</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* উত্তৰ কূলৰ অঞ্চল */</comment>
      <origin>610881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="154805" sha1="43s3cbnbb4rhispkorxtvla56epyvko" xml:space="preserve">{{under construction}}

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = সধয়া/স্বধয়া
|conventional_long_name = চুতীয়া সাম্ৰাজ্য
|common_name= স্বধয়া, সধয়া
|year_start  =  ১১৮৭ 
|date_start  =  
|event1      = 
|date_event1 = 
|event_end   = 
|year_end    =  ১৫২৪
|date_end    = ৭ বহাগ
|p1          = কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য
|flag_p1     = Copper Plate Seal of Kamarupa Kings.jpg
|s1          = আহোম ৰাজ্য
|flag_s1     = 
|image_flag  = 
|flag_type   = 
|image_map = Chutia kingdom Map.png
|image_map_caption = চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ মানচিত্ৰ
| image_coat = Chutia royal Insignia.png
| coat_alt = ৰাজকীয় প্ৰতীক
|capital = [[শদিয়া|সধয়াপুৰ/স্বধয়াপুৰ]]
|common_languages = চুতীয়া ভাষা (ৰাজকীয়)&lt;/br&gt;[[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] (ৰাজ্যিক)
|religion = জনজাতীয় তান্ত্ৰিক (ৰাজকীয় আৰু প্ৰজা)&lt;/br&gt; হিন্দু (একাংশ প্ৰজা)
|government_type = ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
|leader1 = বীৰপাল/গয়াপাল
|year_leader1 = ১১৮৭-১২২০
|leader2 = [[ৰত্নধ্বজপাল]]/গৌৰী নাৰায়ণ
|year_leader2 = ১২৩০-১২৬০
|leader3 = ধৰ্মধ্বজপাল/[[ধীৰনাৰায়ণ]]
|year_leader3 = ১৫২০-১৫২২
|leader4 = নীতিপাল/চন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ(অন্তিম)
|year_leader4 = ১৫২২-১৫২৪
|title_leader = সধেয়াধিপতি (নাৰায়ণ/পাল)
|legislature = 
|today = [[অসম]], [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]], [[ভাৰত]]
|}}

'''চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-en|Sutiya kingdom}}) আছিল ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ]]ৰ উত্তৰ পাৰে দিকাৰাই নদী&lt;ref&gt;Acharya,N.N.,&quot;The history of Medieval Assam&quot;,p.232&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Robinson, &quot;A descriptive account of Assam&quot;,p.323.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Sristidhar, &quot;The Mataks and their kingdom,p.28&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু দক্ষিণ পাৰে [[দিচাং নদী]]ৰ মাজত গঠন হোৱা এক বিশাল সাম্ৰাজ্য&lt;ref name=&quot;চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MdjO3XVk0MAC&amp;pg=PA84&amp;dq=chutia+kingdom+disang&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiKlpXszLqUAxWgUGwGHemuBhUQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&amp;q=chutia%20kingdom%20disang&amp;f=false Pathak, Guptajit, Assam's History and it's Graphics, p.84}}&lt;/ref&gt;। এই ৰাজ্য বৰ্তমানৰ [[অসম]]ৰ [[ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলা|ডিব্ৰুগড়]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[ধেমাজি জিলা|ধেমাজি]], [[তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা|তিনিচুকীয়া]], [[বিশ্বনাথ জিলা|বিশ্বনাথ]], [[মাজুলী জিলা|মাজুলী]] জিলাকে ধৰি‌ [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা]]ৰ এটা অংশ আৰু [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ ভৈয়াম আৰু দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত বিয়পি আছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ সকলৰ মতে উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ মধ্যযুগৰ সকলো ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যখনে আটাইতকৈ উন্নত আৰু প্ৰগতিশীল ৰাজ্য আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Guha, Amalendu (December 1983), &quot;The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)&quot;, p.5, &quot;The period from the 13th to the 16th century saw the emergence and development of a large number of tribal political formations in north-east India. The Chutiya, the Tai-Ahom, the Koch, the Dimasa (Kachari), the Tripuri, the Meithei (Manipuri), the Khasi (Khyriem) and the Pamar (Jaintia)—all these tribes crystallised into rudimentary state formations by the 15th century. The most developed of the tribes in the 15th century were the Chutiyas.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 

১১৮৭ চনত বীৰপালে শদিয়াক ৰাজধানী পাতি উত্তৰ-পূব অসম আৰু অৰুণাচলৰ কিছু অঞ্চল লয় চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গৌৰী নাৰায়ণে সকলো চুতীয়াক একত্ৰিত কৰি এখন বৃহৎ ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল। উজনি অসমৰ শিৱসাগৰ(দক্ষিণ পাৰ) আৰু বিশ্বনাথ(উত্তৰ পাৰ) জিলাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পূব দিশত অৰুণাচলৰ পাহাৰৰ লৈকে এসময়ত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰায় সোতৰজন ৰজাই এই সাম্ৰাজ্য চলাইছিল। [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য]] ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ লগে লগে অসমৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত চুতীয়াসকল, পশ্চিম দিশে বাৰভূঞা আৰু কমতা ৰাজ্য ক্ষমতালৈ আহিছিল&lt;ref name=&quot;চুতীয়া ৰজা&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaChutiyas.htm | title=চুতীয়া ৰজা | accessdate=August 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;। 

১৪ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে চুতীয়া ৰজা সত্যনাৰায়ণে কামৰূপ আক্ৰমণ কৰা মুচলমান সকলক (সম্ভৱতঃ ১৩৮৯ত কামৰূপ দখল কৰা ঘিয়াছুদ্দিন শাহ) পৰাস্ত কৰি [[কমতা ৰাজ্য|কমতাপুৰত]] ৰজা হৈছিল আৰু কামৰূপ ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পাছত পোণপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে [[শদিয়া]]ৰ পৰা [[বংগ|উত্তৰ বংগ]]ৰ [[কৰতোৱা নদী|কৰতয়া]] নৈ লৈকে এখন বৃহৎ [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য|বৰ-কামৰূপ]] ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions&quot;{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}&lt;/ref&gt;

অসমৰ স্থানীয় জনজাতিসকলৰ মাজত চুতীয়াসকল অন্যতম। চুতীয়া সকল কছাৰী গোষ্ঠীৰ লোক আছিল আৰু এটা সময়ত তিব্বত-বাৰ্মীজ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজকীয় তথা ধৰ্মীয় ভাষা বৰ্তমানৰ [[দেউৰী ভাষা]]। বৃটিছৰ দিনত এই ভাষাক ''দেউৰী-চুতীয়া'' ভাষা বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। সাম্প্ৰতিক কালত, চুতীয়াসকলে [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।‌

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অঞ্চল সমূহ==

===ৰাজধানী অঞ্চল===

[[File:Brick with king Pratyakshnarayan's name.jpg|thumb|ভীষ্মক নগৰ আৰু শদিয়াৰ পদুম পুখুৰীত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা নৃপতি শ্ৰী শ্ৰী প্ৰত্যক্ষ নাৰায়ৰণ নাম খোদিত থকা ইটা। এই ৰজা জনৰ নাম ঘিলামৰাত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা সধয়াধিপতি সত্যনাৰায়ণৰ ফলিতো উল্লেখ কৰা আছে।]]

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰাণকেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ৰাজধানী আছিল শদিয়া বা সধয়াপুৰ। চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে নিজকে সধয়াপুৰেশ্বৰ বা সধয়াধিপতি বুলি চিনাকি দিছিল। &lt;ref&gt;Shin, Jae-eun, Descending from Demons, Ascending to Kshatriyas, p.5.&lt;/ref&gt; শদিয়াৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন সমূহতো চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নাম খোদিত আছে। এতিয়ালৈকে শদিয়া অঞ্চলত চুতীয়া যুগৰ তিনিখন নগৰ চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে: ভৈয়ামৰ বৰ-নগৰ আৰু দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ ৰূক্মীনী নগৰ (সম্ভৱতঃ বুৰঞ্জীৰ চন্দনগিৰি) আৰু ভীষ্মক নগৰ (সম্ভৱতঃ বুৰঞ্জীৰ থাঙগিৰি)। তাৰেই ভীষ্মক নগৰ আৰু ৰুক্মিণী নগৰৰ ইটাত চুতীয়া ৰজা লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণ আৰু প্ৰত্যক্ষ নাৰায়ণৰ নাম খোদিত আছে&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh, p.814&lt;/ref&gt;। তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী শালৰ ইটাৰ দেৱালখন চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্ত-ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল &lt;ref&gt;A Sircar, D.C, Journal of Ancient Indian History, p. 21&lt;/ref&gt;। 

===উত্তৰ কূলৰ অঞ্চল===

ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ সীমাৰ কথা বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত পোনপটীয়াকৈ উল্লেখ পোৱা নাযায়। তথাপিটো ঐতিহাসিক তথ্যৰ অনুসৰি ইতিহাসবিদ সকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য ভৰালী বা দিকৰাই নৈ লৈকে বিস্তৃত আছিল বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Acharya,N.N.,&quot;The history of Medieval Assam&quot;,p.232&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Robinson, &quot;A descriptive account of Assam&quot;,p.323.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Sristidhar, &quot;The Mataks and their kingdom,p.28&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত উল্লেখ কৰা আছে যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে ভৰালী‌ নৈ পাৰ হৈ ৰাউতা-তেমনীৰ (আজিৰ দিনৰ দৰং-নগাঁৱৰ অঞ্চল) ভূঞা সকলক বস কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;According to ''Purani Assam Buranji'', p.27. the twelve Bara Bhuyans of Rowta-Temani (mid-Assam, on either banks of the Brahmaputra) namely Utai, Tamai, Rai, Sakai, Kausika, Uzir, Laskar, Comdar, Sanatana, Keho, Rambhat and Bhakat with four sub-Bhuyans each, were transported and settled in various places of Uttara-kula (Biswanath, Lakhimpur districts). The Lacam Kalita Bhuyan family was placed at Bahbari(Lakhimpur), while one of them was settled on the river Sonari(Dhakuakhana), and another on the hills. As per ''Satsari Buranji'', p.16, Suhungmung suppressed the Baro-Bhuyans in Rowta. The people of the region were placed under the leadership of the Baro-Bhuyans and re-settled at different places of the kingdom.&lt;/ref&gt;। এই অঞ্চলত শাসন কৰিবলৈ আহোম ৰজাই প্ৰথমতে কনচেং ধনুধৰিয়া গোহাঁইক ভটিয়লিয়া গোহাঁই বা নামনিয়াল সন্দিকৈ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু পাছলৈ‌ পুৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া বৰপাত্ৰ পদবীৰ অনুকৰণ কৰি বৰপাত্ৰ গোহাঁই পদবী দিয়ে। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ভৰালী নদীৰ লৈকে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য বিয়পি আছিল। ৰজা সত্যনাৰায়ণৰ দিনত বা‌ তাৰো পাছৰ লৈকে এই পশ্চিম সীমা কমতাপুৰৰ লৈকে পাইছিল গৈ। 

* [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা]]: বৰ্তমান লখিমপুৰৰ সোৱনশিৰি অঞ্চলতো চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল। চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে সোৱণশিৰিৰ দুয়োপাৰে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমিদান কৰিছিল। এই অঞ্চল পুৰণি কালত হাবুং বুলি জনা গৈছিল। শদিয়াৰ চেপাখোৱা তামৰ ফলিত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে চুতীয়া ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ আদেশত ১৪২৮ চনত হাবুঙাধিপতি বৃহৎ পাত্ৰয়েই ব্ৰাক্ষ্মণক ভূমিদান কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh, p.818.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Guha, Amalendu, Pre-Ahom Roots and the Medieval State in Assam: A Reply, p. 73, “Habung was a Chutiya dependency; that still earlier it was an autonomous principality of Brahmins; and that the latter's origins could be traced back to a circa 10th-century copper-plate and grant issued by king Ratnapala”.&lt;/ref&gt;। চুতীয়া ৰজা লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণে ১৪০২ চনত সোৱণশিৰিৰ পশ্চিম দিশত(বৰ্তমান লক্ষিমপুৰ নগৰৰ ওচৰত) আৰু ১৩৯২ চনত সত্যনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ধৱলী(বগীনদী) নৈৰ পাৰত ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমি দান কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.583&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৫২২ চনত ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ঢকুৱাখনাত ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমি দান কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.590&lt;/ref&gt;। বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে সোৱণশিৰি পশ্চিম পিনৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত ১৬৭২ চনত দফলা জনজাতিৰ লোকে আক্ৰমণ কৰি মানুহ ধৰি নিছিল। মানুহ খিনিক মুক্ত কৰাই আনিবলৈ ৰজাই বৰবৰুৱাৰ লগতে চুতীয়া হাজৰিকা আৰু চুতীয়া কাঁড়ী বৰুৱাক পঠিয়াইছিল। এই কথাৰ পৰা ধৰিব পৰা যায় যে চুতীয়া সকলৰ বসতি লক্ষিমপুৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলৰ লৈকে আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p.220&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barbarua, Hiteswar, &quot;Ahomar Din&quot;, p.190&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীৰ আন এটা খণ্ডত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে ডিক্ৰং অঞ্চলৰ‌ মিৰি লোক সকল এটা সময়ত চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ &quot;হাতী-ঘাহী&quot; লোক আছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পাছত এই সকলে আহোম ৰজাক বছৰি কৰ-ভাৰ দিছিল। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা ধৰিব পৰা যায় যে এই অঞ্চলো এসয়মত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল।&lt;ref name= &quot;devi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Devi|first1=Lakshmi|title=Ahom-tribal Relations: A Political Study|date=1968|pages=202–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVdXAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Assam Book Depot, [Calcutta], Gauhati|OCLC=578753}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সকলো কথাৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে বৰ্তমানৰ লখিমপুৰ জিলাখন সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাবে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল।

* [[ধেমাজি জিলা]]: ধেমাজি জিলাৰ চিচিবৰগাঁও-বৰদলনি অঞ্চলত বহুতো পুৰণি চুতীয়া যুগৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.439&lt;/ref&gt;। জোনাইৰ ৰজাখনা অঞ্চলত ১৩-১৪ শতিকাৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ইটাৰ দুৰ্গৰ অৱশেষ পোৱা গৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.441; Indian Archaeology 1986-87, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt;। সোৱণশিৰি আৰু চিয়াং নৈৰ মাজত বসবাস কৰা মিচিং লোক সকলক আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙৰ দিনত &quot;চুতীয়া-মিৰি&quot; বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল কাৰণ এই সকল চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰজা আছিল।&lt;ref name= &quot;devi&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

* [[বিশ্বনাথ জিলা]]: বিশ্বনাথ জিলা যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল, সেই কথা চুতীয়া যুগৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন সমূহৰ পৰা পুহৰলৈ আহে। চুতীয়া যুগৰ খনিকৰ সকলে কিবা উল্লেখযোগ্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিলে এক বিশেষ ধৰণৰ চিহ্ন কিছুমান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বিশ্বনাথ জিলাৰ অৰুণাচল সীমান্তৰ ১৩-১৫ শতিকাৰ মাজত নিৰ্মিত ৰামঘাট দুৰ্গ, নক্সাপৰ্বত দুৰ্গ, বালিজানৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ পাৰৰ উমাতুমনি দ্বিপ তাৰে প্ৰমাণ। এই সকলো অঞ্চলত দেখা পোৱা হুবহু একেই খনিকৰ চিহ্ন শদিয়াৰ তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী মন্দিৰ, বুঢ়াবুঢ়ী শাল, ইটা পুখুৰী, ইত্যাদি জেগাত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা গৈছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে তাম্ৰেশ্বৰীৰ যিখন শিল-ইটাৰ দেৱালত এই চিহ্ন সমূহ খোদিত আছিল, সেই খন চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণে ১৪৪২ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;A Sircar, D.C, Journal of Ancient Indian History, p. 21; Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.589; Journal of the Asiatic Soceity of Bengal, 1848, p.467&lt;/ref&gt; জনা মতে নক্সাপৰ্বত (১৪০০-১৫০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)&lt;ref&gt;Tada, Tage, Archaeological remains of Arunachal Pradesh up to 16th century, p.183&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু বুঢ়ৈ দুৰ্গ&lt;ref&gt; Barua, Kanaklal, Early History of Kamrupa, p.271&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰায় একে যুগৰে সৃষ্টি হয়। শদিয়াৰ ৰুক্মিণীনগৰ, গম্চি দূৰ্গ আৰু ভীষ্মক নগৰৰ দৰে বালিজান আৰু নক্সা পৰ্বত দুৰ্গতো শিল ইটাৰ ঘৰৰ ভেটি পোৱা গৈছে। নক্সা পৰ্বত, ইটা দুৰ্গ আৰু ৰামঘাট দুৰ্গৰ শিলৰ ভেটিৰ ওপৰত ইটা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শৈলী ৰুক্মিণী নগৰ, তাম্ৰেশ্বৰীৰ সীমাৰ দেৱাল আৰু শদিয়াৰ বৰনগৰৰ পুখুৰীত দেখা গৈছে। এই সমূহ তথ্যৰ ভিথিত কনকলাল বৰুৱা আৰু মহেশ্বৰ নেওগ লেখীয়া বিশিষ্ট ইতিহাস বিধে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বিশ্বনাথ জিলা লৈকে থকা কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt; Barua, Kanaklal, Early History of Kamrupa, p.271-272, &quot;The probability is that these ruins are the traces of a Hindu or Hinduised dynasty of local rulers who ruled over a kingdom to the north of Brahmaputra and extending from the Burai river on the west to Sadiya on the east. The dynasty is evidently the line of Chutia kings who assumed the surname Pala.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, &quot;Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh&quot;, p. 218, &quot;If architectural continuity is admitted between the fortifications in the Sadiya region and the Burai river ruin site, it would be possible to believe that the kingdom of these rulers(Chutia) extended as far as the outer limit of Darrang district, in the western most extent of which Ahom conquerors settled the vanquished Chutias in the early part of the sixteenth century.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ ওপৰিও জনা যায় যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছতেই (অৰ্থাৎ ১৫২৫ চনতে) আহোম ৰজাই উত্তৰ পাৰৰ শদিয়া, ভাটি অঞ্চল (বিশ্বনাথ), হাবুং(লখিমপুৰ) আৰু বানলুং(ধেমাজি) অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিবলৈ নতুনকৈ পদবী সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, Ahom Buranji, p.59-61; Gait, Edward, A history of Assam, p. 86&lt;/ref&gt;। গতিকে এই সমূহ অঞ্চল চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল বুলি গ'ম পোৱা যায়।

===দক্ষিণ কূলৰ অঞ্চল===

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নৈৰ দক্ষিণ পাৰৰ সীমা দিহিং নৈ আছিল। এই কথা বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji(SM), p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Satsari Buranji, p.56&lt;/ref&gt; সেই সময়ত মাজুলী দ্বীপ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল আৰু দিহিং নৈ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ কাষে কাষে বৈ গৈ বৰ্তমান মাজুলীৰ পশ্চিমত লগ হৈছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী চাৰাগুৱা আৰু বকতা&lt;ref&gt;Ahmed, Nasir, Assam-Bengal Trade in the Medieval Period: A Numismatic Perspective, p.170, &quot;they made Bakata(on the banks of Dihing) their capital in the reign of their king Suhungmung Svarga Narayan.&quot;; Guha, Amalendu, The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714), p.19.&lt;/ref&gt; দিহিং নৈৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল। গতিকে এই সকলো কথাৰ পৰা ধৰিব পাৰি যে বৰ্তমানৰ শিৱসাগৰ অঞ্চলৰো এটা অংশ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল। ১৫২২ চনত দিহিং মুখৰ যুদ্ধত নীতিপালৰ সৈন্য বাহিনীক পৰাস্ত কৰি আহোম সেণা চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যত প্ৰবেশ কৰিছিল। চুহুংমুঙৰ সৈন্যয়ে চুতীয়া নৌ সেনাক খেদি ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰয়ে দি উজাই আহি ডিব্ৰুমুখত গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। ডিব্ৰু মুখ, চেচামুখ, লাৰুপাৰা আৰু সোণাৰীত (তিনিচুকীয়া) পুণৰ ৰণ হৈছিল। গতিকে এই সকলো অঞ্চলতে চুতীয়া সকলৰ বসতি আছিল বুলি ক’ব পৰা যায়। দক্ষিণ সীমান্তত এলেকা তিপাম-নামৰূপ-বৰহাট অঞ্চল আছিল। 

[[File:Stone inscription of Chutia king Muktadharmanarayana.jpg|thumb|চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ ১৪৪২ চনৰ শিলৰ লিপি]]

* [[মাজুলী জিলা]]: বৰ্তমানৰ মাজুলী জিলাখন পূৰ্বতে দিহিং অঞ্চল আছিল। এই‌ মাজুলী জিলাৰ পুব পিনৰ দিহিং নৈৰ মাছক লয় হোৱা বিবাদৰ পৰাই চুতীয়া-আহোমৰ যুদ্ধৰ পাতনি মেলে।‌ ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই মাজুলীৰ দিহিং মুখ, চেৰুৱাকতা আৰু চিৰা-আটি অঞ্চলত আহোমৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰে। শেষত ১৫২৩ চনত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে এই অঞ্চল চুতীয়াৰ পৰা দখল কৰে।

* [[ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলা]]: বৰ্তমানৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলাৰ প্ৰায় ভাগ ভূমি সেই সময়ত দিহিং নৈৰ উত্তৰত আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা জনা যায় হে দিহিঙৰ আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমাৰ ওচৰতো চুতীয়া লোকৰ বসতি আছিল। আহোমৰ চোম-চিৰিং, খাতোৱাল চেতিয়া, চাংচাই, ইত্যাদি বংশৰ ওপৰি পুৰুষ সকলক‌ চুকাফাই‌ ওচৰৰ চুতীয়া গাঁও মাৰি অনা লোক। আহোম ৰজা চুতুফাকো চাফ্ৰাই নৈৰ ওচৰত চুতীয়া লোক এইখিনিয়ে বধ কৰিছিল।‌ ১৫২৩ চনত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ডিব্ৰু অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি আহোম সেনাই গড় সাজিছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখৰ‌ কৰাৰ পাছত ১৫২৬ চনত দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই পদবী সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলত ডিব্ৰুগড়ত নতুন এখন প্ৰদেশ(''মৌঙ-তিফাও'') গঠন কৰি ১৫২৭ত চাওলুং চুলিঙক শাসনকৰ্তা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। Thermo luminescence (TL) পদ্ধতিৰে ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ মৌৰামৰা দৌলৰ ওপৰত কৰা datingৰ অনুসৰি ইটাৰ দৌলটো ১৩-১৪ শতিকাৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দিনত নিৰ্মিত&lt;ref&gt;Saikia, R.R,&quot;Chronological and Archaeometric Evaluation of Bricks from Archaeological Sites of Upper Assam, Northeast India: Estimation of the Firing Temperature and Civilization History&quot;, p.17&lt;/ref&gt;। গতিকে এই সকলো তথ্যৰ ভিত্তিত গম পোৱা যায় যে প্ৰায় গোটেই খন ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলাই চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল।

* [[তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা]]: তিনিচুকীয়া জিলাৰ অধিকাংশ ভূমি চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল যদিও পূব দিশৰ এটা অংশ মৰাণ মুখিয়াল আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত আছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দিহিং নৈৰ পশ্চিম পাৰে বিস্তৃত আছিল বুলি জনা যায়। সেই সময়ত দিহিং নৈ বৰ্তমানৰ সুতিতকৈ কেই কিলোমিটাৰমান পশ্চিমলৈ বৈ গৈছিল। পেঙেৰী, ডিগবৈ, জয়পুৰ, তিপাম, ইত্যাদি অঞ্চল দিহিঙৰ পূবত আছিল। এই অঞ্চল সমূহ বৃটিছৰ দিনৰ লৈকে হাবি অৰণ্যৰে ভৰি আছিল য'ত মৰাণ লোক সকলে হাবি কাটি ঝুম খেতি কৰিছিল আৰু সময়ে সময়ে আহোম ৰজা সকলক অৰণ্যৰ সামগ্ৰী যোগান ধৰিছিল। তিনিচুকীয়াৰ শদিয়া সেই সময়ত &quot;সধয়াপুৰ&quot; বুলি জনাজাত আছিল আৰু সধয়া বা চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। আহোম বুৰঞ্জীৰ মতে শদিয়াৰ দক্ষিণৰ অঞ্চলতো চুতীয়া সেনাপতি বুঢ়া বৰুৱা (আহোম ভাষাত &quot;থাওমান&quot;) বোলা এজনে শাসন কৰিছিল যিজনে‌ আহোমৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ১৫২৩ চনৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় ৰণত ভাগ লৈছিল। ১৫২৪ত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতন হয় আৰু তিনিচুকীয়া জিলাৰ সমগ্ৰ ভূমি আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনলৈ আহে। আহোমৰ শদিয়া খোৱা গোহাঁয়ে (আহোম ভাষাত &quot;থাওমুঙ বʼঙেন&quot;) শদিয়া অঞ্চল শাসন কৰিবলৈ লয়। শদিয়াৰ দক্ষিণৰ বৰডোমছা অঞ্চলত আহোমৰ হাটখোৱা গোহাঁই (আহোম ভাষাত &quot;থাওমুঙ বʼক্লাং&quot;) বিষয়াই লোণৰ হাটৰ অধিকাৰী হয়।

* [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ-]][[চৰাইদেউ জিলা]]: যিহেতু দিহিং নৈ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দক্ষিণ পাৰৰ সীমা আছিল,‌ সেই সময়ৰ দিহিং নৈৰ সুঁতিৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ ভূমি‌ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যতে আছিল। সেই অঞ্চলত আজিৰ দিনৰ শিৱসাগৰ আৰু চৰাইদেউ জিলাৰ উত্তৰ অংশ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে চুতীয়া ৰজা এজনে আহোম ৰজা‌ চুতুফাক নাওখেল চাবলৈ চাফ্ৰাই নৈ লৈ আমন্ত্ৰিত কৰিছিল, গতিকে চাফ্ৰাই নৈ অঞ্চলতো হয়টো দুয়ো ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত অঞ্চল আছিল। চাফ্ৰাই নৈ বৰ্তমান চৰাইদেউ জিলাৰ উত্তৰ অংশত অৱস্থিত।

===অৰুণাচলৰ ভয়াম আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চল===

টাই ভাষাৰ &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot; গ্ৰন্থ খনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্তৰ অঞ্চলৰ খামজাং প্ৰদেশৰ নঙাখাম নামৰ নৰা মুখিয়াল এজনে ১৭৭৫ চনত চুতীয়া সকলক লগত লয় হাটখোৱা গোহাঁইৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰিছিল আৰু পৰাস্ত হৈ দিহিং/নামজিন নৈ পাৰ হৈ পূৰবৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, Ahom Buranji, p.331&lt;/ref&gt;। বুৰঞ্জীৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে খামজাং প্ৰদেশ পাটকাই পৰ্বতৰ‌ নং-খেও-য়ং(Lake of no return) অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত আছিল। গতিকে ধৰিব পাৰি যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য এসময়ত সেই অঞ্চলৰ লৈকে বিয়পি আছিল।

===নামনি অসমৰ‌ অঞ্চল===

ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰৰ তথ্য ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ শদিয়া-চেপাখোৱা তামৰ ফলিত(১৫২৮ চনৰ) পোৱা যায়। এই ফলিত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ পিতৃ আছিল ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ আৰু ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পিতৃ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণে এসময়ত কমতাপুৰৰ লৈকে নিজৰ ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছিল। ভূমিদানৰ ফলিখনত উল্লেখ আছে&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, Chutia Jatir Buranji, p.587&lt;/ref&gt;,
{{Quote|text=&quot;একোহভূ্ৎ কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিতঃ &lt;br /&gt;
কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণঃ।।&quot;}}

অৰ্থাৎ এজন হৈছিল (একোহভূৎ) কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা (কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি), যি জন আছিল &quot;ভূপাল সমূহৰদ্বাৰা অৰ্চিত&quot;(ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিত) আৰু &quot;কামদেৱৰ(আন এটা নাম কন্দৰ্প) শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিজয়ী&quot; (কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী) শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ।&lt;ref&gt;ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণো আছিল। এই কথা ঘিলামৰা অঞ্চলৰ বৰমূৰ্তিয়া বিলৰ তাম্ৰপত্ৰৰ পৰা জানিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ফলিখনৰ মতে ১৩৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সুৰ-ৰিপু(অসুৰ) বংশৰ সধয়াপুৰৰ ৰজা নন্দিশ্বৰৰ পুত্ৰ সত্যনায়াণে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ২০০ পুৰা(৮০০ বিঘা) মাটি দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ(আত্মজ) ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ফলিখনৰ নবীকৰণ কৰিছিল। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ পিতৃ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণ আছিল। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে ১৫০ বছৰ আগতে গৌৰীনায়াৰণ/ৰত্নধ্বজপালেও নিজৰ পুত্ৰ শিৱনাৰায়ণৰ লগত কমতেশ্বৰ ৰজা সন্ধয়াৰ ৰাজকুমাৰীক বিয়া কৰাই কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সম্ভৱতঃ এই কমতা ৰাজবংশ নাইকীয়া বা দুৰ্বল হৈ যোৱা ফলতে চুতীয়া ৰজা সত্যনাৰায়ণে কমতা ৰাজ্য নিজৰ অধীনলৈ আনিছিল।&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Another section of the palace.jpg|thumb|চুতীয়া দুৰ্গ ভীষ্মক নগৰৰ ইটাৰ গড়ৰ এক অংশ]]

==যোগিনী তন্ত্ৰত উল্লেখ==

১৬ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত লিখা‌ যোগিনী তন্ত্ৰত কামৰূপৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চল আৰু ৰাজকীয় শক্তিসমূহৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াত “সৌমাৰ”, “কূবাচ”, “যৱন” আৰু “প্লৱ” নাম উল্লেখ আছে—

{{quote|পূৰ্বভাগে চ সৌমাৰঃ কূবাচ‌ পশ্চিমে‌তথা ।&lt;br&gt;দক্ষিণে যৱনসদ্ উত্তৰে প্লৱ এব চ ॥&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;এবমেব মহাদেৱি তে সৰ্বে কামৰূপকাঃ ।&lt;br&gt;
এবং তে কথিতং দেবি সৌমাৰচৰিতং হি তৎ ॥}}

অৰ্থাৎ পূৰ্বে সৌমাৰ, পশ্চিমে কূবাচ, দক্ষিণে যৱন আৰু উত্তৰে প্লৱ — এইসকল কামৰূপ অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পাচৰ অংশ সমূহত &quot;কুবাচ&quot;ক [[কোচ ৰাজ্য|কোচ]], &quot;সৌমাৰ&quot;ক [[আহোম ৰাজ্য|আহোম]] আৰু &quot;যৱন&quot;ক [[বংগ চুলতানী|মুছলমান]]/[[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য|মোগল]] বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই অনুসৰি ইতিহাসবিদ সকলে “প্লৱ/প্লব” শব্দটোৱে সেই সময়ৰ  উত্তৰ ভাগত ৰাজত্ব কৰি থকা পাল বংশীয় চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।

==ইতিহাস==

===ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা===

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু পতনৰ কথা কেইবাখনো বুৰঞ্জীত পোৱা যায় যেনে দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী, অসম বুৰঞ্জী (SM), ইত্যাদি। সকলো বুৰঞ্জীৰ তথ্য সসূহ প্ৰায় একেই। বৃটিছ বিষয়া ''ET Dalton‌'' আৰু ''W.B.Brown''ৰ অনুসৰি একেবোৰ আখ্যান কিম্বদন্তি ৰূপত [[মিচিং জনগোষ্ঠী|মিচিং]] আৰু [[দেউৰী জনগোষ্ঠী|দেউৰী]] লোকৰ মাজতো প্ৰচলিত আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Brown
 |first=W.B.
 |title=An Outline Grammar Of The Deori Chutiya Language
 |publisher= Assam Secretariat Printing Office
 |location=Shillong
 |year=1895
 |pages=75, 84
 |quote=&quot;..as it agrees in all particulars with the traditions,I have elsewhere met with, it may merely be a compilation from them..These traditions are preserved among the Miris, the Deoris, who were the Chutiya priests (and amongst whom alone remnants of the ancient language and customs of the race are still preserved), and by some few of the Chutiyas who now call themselves Hindu Chutiyas... I have heard from them(Deoris) the story of how the Chutiya princess Sadhuni was won by the young archer (Niti Pal)... Probably enquiry would show that the other incidents of the chronicle are preserved as traditions among the Deoris in a similar modified form.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; দেউধাই বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে আনুমানিক ১১৮৭ চনত চুতীয়া সকলে বিভিন্ন সৰু সৰু ৰাজ্য(বা বৃহৎ গাঁও) গঠন কৰি বাস কৰি আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.193&lt;/ref&gt; তাৰ ভিতৰতে স্বৰ্ণগিৰি নামৰ ৰাজ্য খনত বীৰপাল নামৰ এজন লোক ৰজা হৈ আছিল। বীৰপালৰ ৰাজ্যত ৬০ টা যৌথ পৰিয়ালৰ লোকে বাস কৰিছিল, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰায় ৬০০০ লোক।&lt;ref&gt;Dutta, Sristidhar, &quot;The Mataks and their kingdom&quot;, p.45. &quot;Morans, Borahis, Kacharis and Chutias were the main tribes in the Matak community. As all of them were Bodos in origin, they had a common living pattern too. They lived in joint families. The number of members in a joint family sometimes exceeded one hundred.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ পিছত চুবুৰীয়া চুতীয়া লোকসলক পৰাস্ত কৰি তেওঁ 'গয়াপাল' নাম লৈছিল। শদিয়াক তেওঁ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পাতিছিল। তেওঁক খুন্ত ৰজা বুলিও জনা‌ গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.202&lt;/ref&gt;

ত্ৰয়োবিংশ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত [[আহোম]]সকলে অসমত তেওঁলোকৰ ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰিবৰ সময়ত উজনি অসমত চুতীয়াসকলেই আটাইতকৈ শক্তিশালী আছিল। চুতীয়া সকলৰ মাজত বুৰঞ্জী লিখাৰ প্ৰথা নথকাৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকৰ আটাইবোৰ ৰজাৰ নাম জনা নাযায়। দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জীৰ মতে বাৰ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা ষোল্ল শতিকাৰ আগভাগলৈকে মুঠ দহজন চুতীয়া ৰজাই ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। নোই ইলিয়াছ চাহাবৰ &quot;হিষ্ট্ৰী অৱ দা শ্বান্‌ছ&quot; গ্ৰন্থৰ মতে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক [[চুকাফা]]ৰ সমসাময়িক চুতীয়া ৰজা কোছীৰ আগতে তেওঁৰ বংশৰ চৌত্ৰিশজন ৰজাই ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। তালৈ চাই কোনো কোনো পণ্ডিতে চুতীয়াসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় সপ্তম শতিকামানতে ৰাজ্য স্থাপন কৰিছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;বুৰঞ্জী&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=মাধ্যমিক অসম বুৰঞ্জী | author=ড: স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰা | pages=১৮৪-১৯০ | isbn=81-85905-11-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ===

বীৰপালৰ পুত্ৰ আছিল ৰত্নধ্বজপাল বা গৌৰীনাৰায়ণ। তেওঁ নিজৰ বাহু বলেৰে উজনি অসমৰ সকলো চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য (যেনে ৰঙ্গালগিৰি, স্বেতাগিৰি, চন্দ্ৰগিৰি, ধৱলগিৰি, নীলগিৰি, ইত্যাদি) একত্ৰিত কৰি বৃহৎ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.194&lt;/ref&gt;। সেই সময়ত প্ৰায়বোৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পাহাৰীয়া বা পাহাৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত পতা হৈছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে আহোমৰ চৰাইদেউ পৰ্বত, কছাৰীৰ ডিমাপুৰ/মাইবাং, কোচৰ চিকণা পৰ্বত, ইত্যাদি। পাছলৈ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ নগৰ যেনে চন্দনগিৰি(আজিৰ দিনৰ ৰুক্মিণীনগৰ), ভীষ্মকনগৰ, ইটানগৰ, ইত্যাদি সকলো পাহাৰৰ‌ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ওপৰিও জনা যায় যে আগৰ দিনত‌ উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বহুতো জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকে পাহাৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া বা‌ ওখ অঞ্চলত স্থায়ী ভাৱে থাকি ভৈয়ামত খেতি কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বহুতো জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকে খেতিৰ অনুসৰি ভৈয়াম আৰু পাহাৰ দুয়ো অঞ্চলতে জীৱন নিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।‌ প্ৰায়বোৰ লোকে তেতিয়াৰ দিনত আহু আৰু বাও ধানৰ খেতি কৰিছিল। শালি‌ কৰিলেও বেছি পৰিমাণে কৰা‌ নাছিল। বছৰৰ আৰম্ভণিতে আহু ধানৰ খেতি কৰি চপাই মেলি, বাও বা শালি খেতি কৰি বাৰিষাৰ বানৰ পৰা ৰোধ পাবলৈ বা বাৰিষাৰ বেমাৰ আজাৰ নহ'বলৈ পাহাৰৰ দাতিৰ‌ স্থায়ী অঞ্চল বোৰলৈ ঘূৰি গৈছিল। বৰাহী সকলে সেইবাবেই হয়টো চুকাফাক চৰাইদেউ পৰ্বতত থাকিবলৈ উপদেশ দিছিল। কালিকা পুৰাণৰ মতে দিক্কৰবাসিনী পীঠও বছৰৰ কেইবামাহ ধৰি পানীৰ তলত ডুব গৈছিল। কিছু লোকে হয়টো সেই সময়ত ভৈয়ামত স্থায়ী ৰুপে থাকি খেতি কৰিছিল আৰু সময়ত পাছলৈ বাকী লোকেও ভৈয়ামত স্থায়ী গাঁৱ পাতি থাকিবলৈ লৈছিল। বৰাহী চুতীয়া সকলৰ দুই শ্ৰেণী: চাং আৰু বাম বৰাহী হয়টো ইয়াৰে চিন। চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমিদানো‌ সম্ভৱতঃ এই কাৰণতে কৰিছিল যাতে চুতীয়া লোক সকলে ভৈয়ামত হিন্দু ধৰ্মত দিক্ষিত হৈ স্থায়ীভাৱে থাকিবলৈ লয়। পাছলৈ চুতীয়া  ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ ফলত পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত বসতি নোহোৱাৰ বাবে বা সুৰক্ষাৰ ব্যৱস্থা/দূৰ্গ নোহোৱাৰ বাবে সেইবোৰ অঞ্চল পাহাৰীয়া জনজাতি সকলৰ হাতলৈ যায়। সেই কাৰণতে আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ দিনত পাহাৰীয়া জনজাতি বোৰে সঘনে ভৈয়ামৰ গাঁৱ লুণ্ঠন কৰিবলৈ ধৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে আহোম সকলে পছা প্ৰথা আৰম্ভ কৰে।&lt;/ref&gt; গতিকে এই সকলো কথাৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে পাহাৰীয়া দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চলত থাকি ভৈয়ামত খেতি কৰা চুতীয়া সকলে মধ্যযুগৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পাছৰে পৰা ক্ৰমান্বয়ে সুসংগঠিত ভাৱে ভৈয়ামতো‌ স্থায়ী ভাৱে থাকিবলৈ লয়। 

দেউধাই বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা &quot;চুতীয়াৰ কথা&quot;ৰ দ্বিতীয় আখ্যানৰ&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.201-202&lt;/ref&gt; মতে বীৰপালে কিৰাতনী দেৱীৰ আশীৰ্বাদত দুটা সোণৰ মেকুৰী আৰু দণ্ড-খাট লাভ কৰি চোট-হিন্দুৱান খুন্তৱান(চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ) ৰজা হৈছিল আৰু শদিয়াত আছিল (&quot;পৰদিনা চৰুৰ ঢাকন গুচাই চালে, সোণৰ বিড়ালী দুটী পালে, দণ্ড-খাট পালে। সেইদিন ধৰি সকলৰে সোধ-পোছ দিন দিন ধৰি পালে। ছোট হিন্দুৱানৰ খুন্তৱানৰ ৰজা হ'ল। শদিয়াত সিটো ৰজা অবাক ৰূপে থাকে।&quot;)। ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে বীৰপালৰ বসতি(স্বৰ্ণগিৰি চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য) শদিয়া অঞ্চলতে আছিল। দেউধাই বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা চন্দ্ৰগিৰি নামৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য খনো বৰ্তমান শদিয়াতে অৱস্থিত আছিল। এইখন পাছলৈ স্বৰ্ণগিৰিৰ চুতীয়া ৰজা ৰত্নধ্বজপালে নিজৰ অধীনলৈ আনি বৃহৎ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল। চন্দ্ৰগিৰি অঞ্চলতে নীতিপালে আহোম ৰজাৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁক &quot;চন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.200&lt;/ref&gt;। গোপাল চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ টাই ভাষাৰ বুৰঞ্জীত এই অঞ্চলটোক &quot;দৈ-চন্দন&quot;(টাই ভাষাত দৈ=পাহাৰ) কোৱা হৈছে। ৰানী সাধনীয়ে এই অঞ্চলতে প্ৰাণ ত্যোগ কৰিছিল। ৰত্নধ্বজপালে বস কৰা ৰাজ্য স্বেতাগিৰি সম্ভৱত বৰ্তমান লখিমপুৰ জিলাত আছিল কাৰণ এই ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছতে তেওঁ বৰ্তমান মাজুলীত নিজৰ ৰাজধানী হিচাপে &quot;ৰতনপুৰ&quot; নামৰ এখন নগৰ গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.193&lt;/ref&gt; । &quot;ঢোল বাই ক'ত? ৰতনপুৰত। খোল বাই ক'ত? ৰতনপুৰত&quot;, এই বিখ্যাত পুৰণি গীতটো চুতীয়া ৰাজধানী ৰতনপুৰক লৈয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। এই ৰতনপুৰতে পাছলৈ নৱ-বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সত্ৰ এখনো স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। পৰবৰ্তী কালত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী শদিয়াত স্থায়ী ৰূপে গঠন কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Deodhai Buranji, p.193&lt;/ref&gt;। ইয়াৰ পাছত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে মধ্য অসমৰ পিনৰ ন্যায়পাল নাম এজন ৰজাক লগত যুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ মন কৰিলে, কিন্তু ৰজা জনে নিজৰ জীয়ৰী ৰত্নপাললৈ দি মিত্ৰ কৰিলে। E.T.Daltonয়ে পোৱা বুৰঞ্জীৰ অনুসৰি ইয়াৰ পাছত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে ৰাজ্যৰ পাহাৰৰ দাতিকাষৰীয়া অঞ্চল সমূহত একেই শাৰীতে কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, ডাঙৰ পুখুৰী খন্দাইছিল আৰু মন্দিৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last=Brown
 |first=W.B.
 |title=An Outline Grammar Of The Deori Chutiya Language
 |publisher= Assam Secretariat Printing Office
 |location=Shillong
 |year=1895
 |pages=75, 84
 |quote=&quot;Returning with his bride to his chosen seat of government, he sought no further extension of his dominions, bur directed his whole attention to the improvement of what he had acquired and to the consolidation of his power. He built a line of forts along the foot of the hills, probably rk restrain the hungry barbarians, his former countrymen; made large tanks and founded temples.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; বাৰ-ভূঞাৰ ইতিহাসৰ মতে ৰত্নধ্বজপাল আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিজয়ধ্বজপালৰ মধ্যঅসমৰ ৰৌতা-তেমনীৰ বাৰ-ভুঞা সকলৰ লগত যুদ্ধ হয়। ফলত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে বাৰভূঞা সকলক কৰা শোধাইছিল। পাছলৈ বিজয়ধ্বজপালৰ দিনত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, Nakul Chandra, &quot;Bara-Bhuyan&quot;,p.7&lt;/ref&gt;

আহোম সকলৰ বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে চুকাফা ৰাজকুমাৰ মাও-লুং দেশত থাকোতে অসমত পাছখন ৰাজ্য আছিল: চুতীয়া, কমতেশ্বৰ, কছাৰী, বৰাহী আৰু মৰাণ। চুকাফাই চৰাইদেউত ৰাজধানী পতাৰ আগতে বাটত বহুতো চুতীয়াক লগ পাইছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., Satsari Buranji, p.4&lt;/ref&gt;। যিহেতু চুকাফাই চৰাইদেউত নগৰ গঢ়া আগতে নামৰুপ, তিপাম, অভয়পুৰ, হাবুং, শিমলুগুৰি আৰু চনটক বাস কৰি আহিছিল। গতিকে এইবোৰ অঞ্চলৰে কিছুমান জেগাত চুতীয়া সকলৰ বসতি আছিল বুলি ধৰিব পৰা যায়। বহুতো চুতীয়া পৰিয়াল (যেনে চোম-চিৰিং, চাংচাই, খাতুৱাল চেতিয়া, ইত্যাদি) চুকাফাৰ দিনতে আহোম জাতিত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ বিলীন হৈ গৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, Purani Asam Buranji, p. 23, 25&lt;/ref&gt;। এই সকলো তথ্যৰ পৰা ধৰিব পাৰি যে ১২-১৩ শতিকাত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সেই সময়ত লখিমপুৰ, ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলৰ পৰা শদিয়া আৰু অৰুণাচলৰ সীমান্ত অঞ্চলৰ লৈকে বিয়পি আছিল। 

===কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বৈবাহিক সম্পৰ্ক===
ৰত্নধ্বজপালৰ পুত্ৰ বিজয়ধব্বজ ডাঙৰ হোৱাত ৰজাই চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিমৰ কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা লৈ কটকী পঠিয়াই কন্যা এজনী বিচাৰে। কিন্তু ৰত্নধ্বজপালৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ গ্ৰহণ নকৰি কমতা ৰজাই কটকী মন্ত্ৰী বিজয় সেনৰ আগত ৰত্নধ্বজলৈ‌ কৈ‌ পঠালে-&quot;যদি ৰজা‌ আহি নিয়ে তেহে দিব পাৰো&quot;। কমতেশ্বৰৰ‌ এই বাৰ্তাত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে অপমান বোধ কৰি পাত্ৰ-মন্ত্ৰীসকলৰ লগত আলোচনা কৰি কমতা ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। এই আক্ৰমণৰ পূৰ্ব প্ৰস্তুতি হিচাবে সৈন্য-সামন্ত, ৰচদ-পাতি‌ সংগ্ৰহৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰাৰ উপৰিও বত্নধ্বজপালে তেওঁৰ ৰাজধানীৰ পৰা কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ এটা আলিবাটৰ বান্ধিবলৈ আৰু এই বাটৰ‌কষত এদিনৰ অন্তৰে অন্তৰে তেওঁৰ সৈন্য‌বাহিনীয়ে জিৰণি ল'বলৈ একো একোখন নগৰ/কোঠ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ বিজয়সেন মন্ত্ৰীক আদেশ দিয়ে। বিজয়সেনে কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰি ৰজাক জনাই আৰু ৰজাই জয়ধ্বজ মন্ত্ৰীক শাসনৰ দায়িত্বত‌ থৈ নিজে কমতা ৰাজ্যলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়। চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ এই অভিযানৰ কথা গম পাই কমতেশ্বৰ শঙ্কিত হয় আৰু পাত্ৰমন্ত্ৰী সকলৰ লগত আলোচনা কৰি সন্ধিৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ালে আৰু নিজৰ সকলোতকৈ সুন্দৰী কন্যাক ৰাজযোগ্য যৌতুকেৰে সৈতে ৰত্নধ্বজৰ‌ পুত্ৰ বিজয়ধ্বজলৈ বিয়া দিলে।

===গৌড় ৰাজ্যৰ লগত মিত্ৰতা===

কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বৈবাহিক সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰাৰ পিছত ৰত্নধ্বজপালে গৌড় ৰজাৰ লগত সখি সম্বন্ধ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ মন মেলিলে। সেই সময়ত গৌড় তুৰ্কী মুছলমান সকলৰ শাসনাধীন আছিল। চুতীয়া বুৰঞ্জীত গৌড় ৰজাক পাৎসা আৰু তেওঁৰ মন্ত্ৰীক বৰ উজিৰ কৈছে কিন্তু এইখিনি লেখক জনে লগাই দিয়া গৌড় অঞ্চলৰ পাছৰ দিনত প্ৰচলিত উপাধিও হ'ব পাৰে। গৌড় ৰাজ্যৰ লগত বন্ধুত্ব স্থাপন কৰি পৰবৰ্তী কালছোৱাত গৌড়েশ্বৰে ৰত্নধ্বজপাললৈ গঙ্গাজল আৰু ৰত্নধ্বজপালে গৌড়েশ্বৰলৈ পৰশুৰাম কুণ্ডৰ জল আদান-প্ৰদান কৰি থাকিবলৈ এটা বুজাপৰালৈ আহিছিল। তদুপৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই এটি পুত্ৰ শিক্ষা লাভৰ অৰ্থে গৌড় ৰাজ্যত ৰাখিছিল আৰু গৌড়েশ্বৰৰ পুত্ৰ ও চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যলৈ আহিছিল। কিন্তু দূৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ পুত্ৰ জনৰ মৃত্যু ঘটিছিল।

===চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ কমতাপুৰ বিজয়===
১৩-১৪ শতিকাত গৌড়ৰ মুচলমান ৰজাসকলে কেইবা বাৰো কমতা ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত ৰাজ্যখন দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৪ শতিকাৰ অন্তিমটো দশকত ঘিয়াছুদ্দিন আজম শ্বাহে কামৰূপ-কমতা অঞ্চল আক্ৰমণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ কামৰুপ অঞ্চললৈ পূৰ্বমুখী সামৰিক অভিযানৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা বʼকুৰ এখন শিলালিপিত পোৱা যায়&lt;ref&gt;Owahedur Zaman, &quot;Study on the Persian Inscriptions discovered in Assam,p.5, &quot;This stone slab inscription is from the time of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (ruled from 1389 A.D. to 1410 A.D). It was discovered in Boko of Kamrup district which was issued by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in 1389 A.D. It seems that he extended his sovereignty through Guwahati upto Boko area.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;। এই আক্ফৰমণৰ ফলত পশ্চিম অসমত ৰাজনৈতিক অস্থিৰতা সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। 

সেইসময়তে পূব দিশত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যখন শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল। ফল স্বৰূপত চুতীয়া ৰাজশক্তিয়ে পশ্চিম পিনে পাতনি মেলে। চুতীয়া ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ ১৪২৮ চনৰ সত্যনাৰায়ণৰ (আন‌ এটা নাম ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ) তাম্ৰলিপিত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁৰ‌ ককাক সত্যনাৰায়ণে (আন‌ এটা নাম ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ&lt;ref&gt;ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণো আছিল। এই কথা ঘিলামৰা অঞ্চলৰ বৰমূৰ্তিয়া বিলৰ তাম্ৰপত্ৰৰ পৰা জানিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ফলিখনৰ মতে ১৩৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সুৰ-ৰিপু(অসুৰ) বংশৰ সধয়াপুৰৰ ৰজা নন্দিশ্বৰৰ পুত্ৰ সত্যনায়াণে ব্ৰাহ্মণক ২০০ পুৰা(৮০০ বিঘা) মাটি দান কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ(আত্মজ) ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই ফলিখনৰ নবীকৰণ কৰিছিল। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ পিতৃ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ আন এটা নাম সত্যনাৰায়ণ আছিল।&lt;/ref&gt;) সেই একে সময়ছোৱাতে (১৩৯০-১৪০০) “কমৰুপৰ শত্রু”ক পৰাস্ত কৰি কমতাপুৰত‌ নিজৰ শাসন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। ভূমিদানৰ ফলিখনত উল্লেখ আছে,

{{blockquote|&quot;একোহভূ্ৎ কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিতঃ&lt;/br&gt;
কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণঃ।।&quot;&lt;/br&gt;}}

অৰ্থাৎ এজন হৈছিল (একোহভূৎ) কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা (কমতাপুৰে নৰপতি), যি জন আছিল &quot;ভূপাল সমূহৰদ্বাৰা অৰ্চিত&quot;(ভূপাল-ৱাৰাৰ্চ্চিত) আৰু &quot;কামদেৱৰ(আন এটা নাম কন্দৰ্প) শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিজয়ী&quot; (কন্দৰ্প-প্ৰতিপক্ষ-লক্ষ-ৱিজয়ী) শ্ৰী ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ। যদিও এই “শত্রু”ৰ স্পষ্ট পৰিচয় উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, তথাপিও ইতিহাসবিদসকলে সাধাৰণতে ধাৰণা কৰে যে ই গৌড়ৰ মুচলমান সেনাবাহিনী অথবা কমৰুপৰ সিংহাসনৰ বাবে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰা কোনো স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক শক্তি হ’ব পাৰে, যাক চুতীয়া ৰজাই পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। একেখন ফলিৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ শাৰীত ৰত্ননাৰায়ণৰ পুত্ৰ ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ আৰু তেখেতৰ পুত্ৰ দুৰ্লভ নাৰায়ণৰ বিষয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। পাছৰ অংশত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে ১৪২৮ খৃষ্টাব্দত (১৩৫০ শক) ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ আদেশত হাবুঙাধিপতি শ্ৰী বৃহৎ পাত্ৰয়ে ব্ৰাক্ষণক ৪০০ পুৰা(১৬০০ বিঘা) মাটি দান কৰিছিল।

এইদৰে গৌড়ৰ সামৰিক চাপ আৰু কমৰুপ-কমতা অঞ্চলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা অস্থিৰতাৰ সুযোগ লৈ চুতীয়া শক্তিয়ে পশ্চিমলৈ বিস্তাৰ কৰি কমতাপুৰত নিজৰ আধিপত্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল বুলি বুজা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions&quot;{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ ৰজাই আনুমানিক ১৩০০‌ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ভাগত কমতা ৰাজ্য দখল কৰি পুণৰ পুৰ্বৰ কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল। 

====দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ পৰিচয় আৰু বিতৰ্ক====

ঐতিহাসিক তথ্যৰ অনুসৰি কমতা ৰাজ্যৰ &quot;দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ&quot; নামৰ এজন ৰজাই অসমীয়া কবি [[হেম সৰস্বতী]], [[হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ]], আদি বহু লেখকক পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা আগবঢ়াইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;হেম সৰস্বতীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰহ্লাদ চৰিত গ্ৰন্থত দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ প্ৰশংসা কৰি লিখিছে—“কামতামণ্ডল দুৰ্লভ নাৰায়ণ নৃপবৰ অনুপাম”। এই শাৰীকেইটাৰ পৰা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণক কমতা মণ্ডলৰ অধিপতি আৰু সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক ৰজা হিচাপে বুজা যায়।&lt;/ref&gt; গুৰু চৰিতৰ বৰ্ণনা অনুসৰি কমতা-কামৰূপৰ ৰজা দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণে কানৌজৰ পৰা অহা বহু ব্ৰাহ্মণ আৰু কায়স্থ ভুঞা পৰিয়ালক নিজৰ ৰাজ্যত আশ্ৰয় দি পূৰ্বাঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপনৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। [[শঙ্কৰদেৱ|শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ]] পূৰ্বপুৰুষ সকলও এই স্থানান্তৰিত পৰিয়ালসমূহৰ মাজৰে এটা পৰিয়াল আছিল। এই পৰিয়ালসমূহক প্ৰথমতে উত্তৰ গুৱাহাটীৰ ওচয়ৰ লেঙামাগুৰি আৰু পাছলৈ নগাঁৱৰ তেম্বুৱানী-বান্ধা(ঢেমনী) অঞ্চলত বসতি দিয়া হৈছিল বুলি গুৰু চৰিতত উল্লেখ আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Baniprasanna Misra, ''Srimanta Sankara and His Times: Some Further Historical Probings'', Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University, 2016, pp. 27–29.&lt;/ref&gt;

ইতিহাসবিদ মহেশ্বৰ নেওগে পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ চৰিত-পুথি আৰু বৈষ্ণৱ পৰম্পৰাৰ ভিত্তিত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ জন্ম-চন ১৪৪৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ বুলি গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু এই অনুসৰি দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ ৰাজত্ব কাল ১৪ শতিকাৰ মধ্যভাগ বুলি অনুমান কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ২০১৬ চনত লিখা গৱেষণামূলক প্ৰবন্ধত ইতিহাসবিদ বাণীপ্ৰশন্ন মীশ্ৰই উপলব্ধ তথ্যসমূহ পুনৰ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি এই গণনাক নাকচ কৰে আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ জন্ম সম্ভৱতঃ খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৪৭৯–১৪৮৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত হৈছিল বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;Baniprasanna Misra, ''Srimanta Sankara and His Times: Some Further Historical Probings'', Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University, 2016, pp. 19-20.&lt;/ref&gt; সেই অনুসৰি তেওঁ দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ শাসনকালো পুনৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰি চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগৰ পৰা পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম ভাগৰ মাজত হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;Baniprasanna Misra, ''Srimanta Sankara and His Times: Some Further Historical Probings'', Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University, 2016, pp.23&lt;/ref&gt;  

হেম সৰস্বতীয়ে দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণক ‘‘কমতামণ্ডল’’ৰ ৰজা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;''প্ৰহ্লাদ চৰিত্ৰ''' উল্লেখ কৰিছে- &quot;কমতামণ্ডল দুলৰ্ভনাৰায়ণ নৃপবৰ অনুপম৷ তাহান ৰাজ্যত ৰুদ্ৰসৰস্বতী দেৱযানী কন্যা নাম৷৷ তাহান তনয় হেমসৰস্বতী ধ্ৰুৱৰ অনুজ ভাই৷&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sarma&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ সমীক্ষাত্মক ইতিবৃত্ত | publisher=প্ৰতিমা দেৱী | author=ড: [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]] | authorlink=| year=১৯৯৬ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৫৩-৫৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰাচীন কামৰূপৰ তাম্ৰশাসন আৰু সংস্কৃত ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিভাষাত ‘‘মণ্ডল’’ শব্দটো এক আঞ্চলিক বা ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিসৰ বুজাবলৈহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। আনহাতে, চুতীয়া তামৰ ফলিত দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰে ‘‘সাধয়াপতি’’ বা সদিয়াৰ ৰজা বুলি পৰিচয় দিয়া দেখা নাযায়; তাৰ বিপৰীতে তেওঁৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ ‘‘কমতাপুৰ’’ৰ ৰজা হৈছিল বুলিহে উল্লেখ কৰিছে। 

দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণে পৃষ্ঠাপোষকতা আগ বঢ়োৱা আন এজন কবি হৈছে &quot;হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ&quot;। ইতিহাসবিদ মহেশ্বৰ নেওগে এইজন কবিকে ৰামানন্দ দ্বিজৰ &quot;শ্ৰী শ্ৰী বংশী গোপালদেৱ চৰিত&quot;ত উল্লেখ কৰা বংশীগোপালদেৱৰ ককাক হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰ বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ভৰালী&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=এহেজাৰ বছৰৰ এশগৰাকী অসমীয়া | publisher=চিত্ৰলেখা পাব্লিকেশ্বন্‌ছ | author=ভৰালী, হেমন্ত কুমাৰ | year=২০০১ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=২৯৮-২৯৯}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰচনাখনত হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰক ''&quot;কুণ্ডিল গোষ্ঠীত জাত পুৰুষ সুন্দৰ / ব্যাঘ্ৰপিণ্ডা গ্ৰামেশ্বৰ মুখ্য পণ্ডিতৰ&quot;'' বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, অৰ্থাৎ তেওঁক কুণ্ডিল বা চুতীয়া ৰাজধানী [[শদিয়া]] অঞ্চলৰ লোক আৰু ব্যাঘ্ৰপিণ্ডা গাঁৱৰ গ্ৰামেশ্বৰ বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Harivara Vipra’s Babrubahnar Yuddha and Tamradhwajar Yuddha |editor=Birinchi Kumar Barua; Maheswar Neog |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1960 |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt; মহেশ্বৰ নেওগৰ মতে হৰিবৰ বিপ্ৰৰ ৰচনাত ‘‘চেতিয়া’’ শব্দৰ উল্লেখো পোৱা যায়। এই শব্দ কিছু ইতিহাসবিদে আহোম যুগৰ পৰৱৰ্তী সংস্কৰণত যোগ হোৱা বুলি ক'ব খোজে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |title=Aspects of Early Assamese Literature |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1953 |page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ পৰা দেখা যে এই ''চেতিয়া'' পদবী চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যতো আছিল&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, &quot;Deodhai Buranji, p.16&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু চুহুংমুঙে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰাৰ পাছৰ পৰাহে আহোম ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;S.K, &quot;Satsari Buranji, p.16&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;কবিৰত্ন সৰস্বতী&quot;ৰ ৰচনাৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে তেওঁক দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণৰ পুত্ৰ ইন্দ্ৰনাৰায়ণয়ে পৃষ্ঠা পোষকতা আগ বঢ়াইছিল। ইতিহাসবিদ বাণীপ্ৰশন্ন মীশ্ৰৰ মতে মাধৱদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীয়ে দহ বছৰ বয়সত (১৫২৬ শতিকাত)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book 
|last=Misra 
|first=Baniprasanna 
|title=Deprovincialising Srimanta Sankaradeva 
|publisher=Centre for Assamese Studies, Tezpur University 
|year=2015 
|pages=24–25
}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কবিজনৰ বংশৰ ৰামদাস আতাক বিয়া কৰাইছিল। ৰামদাস ৰত্ন সৰস্বতীৰ পাছৰ ষষ্ঠ প্ৰজন্মৰ পুৰুষ আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kakati |first=Banikanta |title=Aspects of Early Assamese Literature |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1953 |page=44}}&lt;/ref&gt; সেই অনুসৰি ইন্দ্ৰনাৰায়ণৰ শাসনকালও পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধৰ মাজভাগত (প্ৰায় ১৪২০–১৪৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) আছিল বুলি অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি।

এই সকলো তথ্যসমূহৰ ভিত্তিত কিছু গৱেষকে কমতা, কামৰূপ আৰু শদিয়া একেই ৰাজ শক্তিয়ে পৰিচালিত কৰিছিল বুলি ক'ব খোজে।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The eastern region, whether it is called Sadhaya or Svadhaya as in the plates or Sadhiya or Sadiya as in Assamese chronicles and the western region of Kamatapura seems to be politically connected and the same Satyanarayana/Ratnanarayana might have held sway over both regions&quot;{{harvcol|Neog|1977|p=818}}&lt;/ref&gt; তথাপিটো কমতাপুৰৰ এই দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ আৰু চুতীয়া বংশৰ দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ‌ একে ব্যক্তি আছিল নে নাই, সেই বিষয়ে ইতিহাসবিদ সকলৰ মাজত বৰ্তমানেও একমত পোৱা নাযায়।

===ঘাৰমৰা সত্ৰ স্থাপন===

===চীনৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক===

===চুতীয়া-আহোম যুদ্ধ===

১৫১২ চনত চুতীয়াৰ হাবুঙৰ প্ৰদেশৰ পানবাৰী অঞ্চলত চুহুংমুঙে প্ৰৱেশ কৰে আৰু আগতে বামুণীয়া কোঁৱৰক তূলি লোৱা বামুণ পৰিয়ালটোক নিজৰ লগত লয়। বামুণ জনক সোণৰ লগুণ উপহাৰ দি হাতী-ঘাহী অধিকাৰী পাতি নিজৰ লগত লয়। পানবাৰীত থকাৰ সময়ত আহোম ৰজাই সেনা বাহিনীৰ কিছুমানক দিহিং নৈত মাছ ধৰিবলৈ পঠিয়াই। দিহিঙত ডাঙৰ বৰালী ধৰিবলৈ লওঁতে চুতীয়াই আহোম সেনাক দেখে। দিহিং নৈ চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমা আছিল, উত্তৰত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য আৰু দক্ষিণত আহোম ৰাজ্য। চুতীয়াৰ পানীত মাছ ধৰিছে বুলি গম পাই মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাই (সম্ভৱতঃ এইজন দিহিং উপত্যকাৰ শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল) মানু্হ পঠিয়াই। কিন্তু আহোম সকলে মাছৰ লগতে চুতীয়া মানু্হকো ধৰি নিয়ে। এই কথা মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাই ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ জোৱাঁই নিতাইক জনাই। নীতিপালৰ পৰা ধীৰনাৰায়ণে খবৰ পাই যে আহোম সেনাই দিহিঙৰ সীমা নামানি উত্তৰ পাৰৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ হাবুঙ অঞ্চলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

* দিখৌ-মুখৰ ৰণ

ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই এই কথা গম পাই যুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ মন কৰে আৰু ১৫১৩ চনত লুইতে দি আহি দিখৌমুখত কোঠ পাতে। সেই সময়ত দিখৌ মুখ আজিৰ দিনৰ কাজিৰঙা‌ ওচৰত আছিল। চুতীয়া সেনাই দিখৌ মুখ অঞ্চলত পচলা গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। তাৰ পৰা আগ বাঢ়ি আহি চেৰুৱাকটা অঞ্চলৰ নঙকামুঙ বিলৰ পাৰত কোঠ পাতে। চেৰুৱাকটাৰ পৰা এখিনি সেনা বৰনাঁৱত উঠি চিৰা আটি অঞ্চললৈ যায়। চুহুংমুঙে চাও-চুখ্ৰিং আৰু ৰাইলুঙীয়া গোহাঁইক সৈন্য দি চুতীয়াৰ বৰনাঁৱ ধৰিবলৈ সেনা পঠিয়াই। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ চেৰুৱাকটাৰ চুতীয়া সেনাক আক্ৰমণ কৰে। চুতীয়া সেনাই শত্ৰুৰ শক্তিৰ অনুমান নাপায় যুদ্ধত পৰাজয় হব লগিয়া হয়। এই যুদ্ধত ৪ হাজাৰ চুতীয়া সৈনিক স্বহীদ হয় আৰু ৩ হাজাৰ বন্দী হয়। বন্দী সকলৰ মূৰ কাটি আহোম ৰজাই মুণ্ডমালা বান্ধিলে।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji, p.57&lt;/ref&gt; সাতসৰী বুৰঞ্জীৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া সেনা দিখৌমুখৰ পৰা উজাই আহিছিল আৰু ডিব্ৰুমুখৰ তিনিমুণি অঞ্চলত ৫ দিন পুণৰ এখন ৰণ হৈছিল, য'ত মাণিকচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা, ৰজাৰ ভায়েক ঢেলা আৰু বৰহুলৈ বৰুৱাই ভাগ লৈছিল। যুদ্ধত মাণিকচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ গাত কাড় লাগিছিল আৰু বৰহুলৈ বৰুৱাকে প্ৰমুখ কৰি চুতীয়া সেনা পিছ হুঁহকি শদিয়ালৈ আহিলে। ডিব্ৰুমুখৰ এই যুদ্ধৰ কথা কিন্তু অন্য বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই, গতিকে এয়া পাছত হোৱা দিহিংমুখৰ দ্বিতীয়খন ৰণৰ বৰ্ণনাও হ'ব পাৰে যিখনত চুতীয়া সেনা পৰাস্ত হোৱাৰ পাছত আহোম সেনাই ডিব্ৰুমুখত গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পৰাজয়ৰ ফলত দিখৌ মুখত বাকী থকা চুতীয়া সেনা সেই অঞ্চলৰ পৰা ঘূৰি আহে আৰু পানবাৰী আহোমৰ হাতলৈ যায়। তাৰ পাছত ১৫১৯ চনত চুহুংমুঙ হাবুঙৰ পৰা দিহিংমুখ অঞ্চল লৈ আহে আৰু তাত এটা কোঠ/দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। তেতিয়াৰ দিহিংমুখ আজিৰ দিনৰ পশ্চিম মাজুলী অঞ্চল হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji, p.57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, Purani Assam Buranji, p.40&lt;/ref&gt;

* দিহিং-মুখৰ প্ৰথম ৰণ

১৫২০ চনত চুতীয়া সেনাই এইবাৰ আকৌ ভটিয়াই আহি আহোমৰ নতুনকৈ নিৰ্মিত দিহিংমুখৰ দুৰ্গ(মৌঙখ্ৰাঙ) আক্ৰমণ কৰে। যুদ্ধত চুতীয়া সেনা জয়ী হয় আৰু আহোম সেনাপতি খেনমোঙক মাৰি আহোম সেনাক সেই অঞ্চলৰ পৰা খেদি পঠিয়াই। ফলত দিহিংমুখৰ কোঠ চুতীয়াৰ হাতলৈ যায়।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji, p.57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Purani Assam Buranji, p.40&lt;/ref&gt;

===চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতন===

* নীতিপালৰ ৰাজত্ব

ইয়াৰ পাছতে ১৫২২ চনত ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই [[হাবুং]] অঞ্চলৰ (বৰ্তমান ঢকুৱাখনা) ব্ৰাহ্মণক ভূমি দান কৰি সাধনী আৰু নিতাই ৰাজ্য ভাৰ দিয়ে। ৰজা হৈ নিতায়ে নীতিপাল নাম লয়। ৰজা ধীৰনাৰায়ণে ৰাজ্য ভাৰ এৰি জামাতাক যুৱৰাজ পাতি, আপোন পুত্ৰ তিনি বছৰৰ শিশু সাধক নাৰায়ণক নীতিপালৰ হাতত সমৰ্পন কৰি দেশান্তৰিত হয়। সামান্য ‌চুতীয়া ল'ৰা ৰজা হোৱাত ৰাজবংশৰ ৰাজপাট দাবীদাৰ কোঁৱৰসকল স্বাভাৱিকতে ক্ষুণ্ণ ‌হৈ পৰে। এই লোক সকলে নিত্যপালক সিংহাসনচ্যুত কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰত নামে। এই ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ মূল নায়ক ধীৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাৰ ভায়েক সুৰজিৎ ওৰফে সুৰধ্বজপাল আছিল। ষড়যন্ত্ৰ সফল নহ'ল। নীতিপালে তেওঁৰ বিশ্বাসী চোৰাংচোৱাৰ পৰা সকলো কথা জানিব পাৰি ষড়যন্ত্ৰত লিপ্ত বিষয়াক ভাঙি নতুন মন্ত্ৰী বিষয়া নিয়োগ কৰে। পূৰ্ব্বৰ পাত্ৰ মন্ত্ৰী গুচাই সামান্য পাত্ৰ-মন্ত্ৰী পাতি লʼলে। সূৰধ্বজপালক ধৰি আনিবৰ বাবে কাচিতৰা সেনাপতিক পঠায়। কিন্তু সুৰধ্বজ দেশ এৰি পলাই যোৱাত সেই কাম সম্ভৱ নহ'ল। নীতিপালৰ দিনত নাৰায়ণ নামৰ এজন বৰসেনাপতি আৰু ৰঘূবীৰ তথা কাচিতৰা সহসেনাপতি আছিল বুলি জনা যায়। কিন্তু সময়ত নীতিপালৰ শাসন দুৰ্বল হৈ পৰে। পূৰ্বৰ সাধাৰণ বংশৰ লগৰীয়া সকলক ৰাজ্যৰ বিষয়-বাব দিবলৈ ধৰাৰ ফলত সম্ভ্ৰান্ত বংশৰ লোকৰ বিশ্বাস আৰু আনুগত্য হেৰুৱাব লগা হয়। দোষ গুণৰ সুবিচাৰ নকৰি হকে-বিহকে প্ৰজাৰ ওপৰত উৎপীড়ন চলোৱাৰ বাবেই‌ [[নীতিপাল]] প্ৰজাৰ মাজত অনীতিপাল বুলি খ্যাত হৈ পৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Swarnalata, &quot;Chutia jatir Buranji, p.594.&lt;/ref&gt;

* দিহিং-মুখৰ দ্বিতীয় ৰণ

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দুৰৱস্থাৰ বাতৰি আহোম ৰজা [[চুহুন্মুং]]ৰ কাণত পৰিল। ফলত সেই বছৰৰ শেষৰ পিনে(১৫২২ চন) তেওঁ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰে। প্ৰথমতে মাজুলীৰ নঙকঙমোঙ বীলৰ ওচৰলৈ আহি তেওঁ দিহিঙমুখত(বৰ্তমানৰ পশ্চিম মাজুলী অঞ্চল) কোঠ দি থকা চুতীয়াক আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ সেনা পঠায়। যুদ্ধৰ নেতৃত্বত থকা বৰগোহাঁয়ে চুতীয়া সেনাক দিহিং মুখৰ পৰা পুবলৈ ঠেলি নিয়ে আৰু লাচাই-টাই নামৰ এজনক চুতীয়াৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা বৰ-নাঁৱত উঠাই ৰজাৰ ওচৰলৈ পঠায়। সেই সময়ত ৰজা বীলৰ পৰা আগ বাঢ়ি আহি চেৰুৱাকতা নামৰ অঞ্চল এটাত আছিল। চুহুংমুঙে লাচাই-টাইক যুদ্ধৰ খবৰ লয়। লাচাই-টাই ৰজাক জনাই যে চুতীয়া সৈন্য লুইত(টিলাও) নৈ‌ ওচৰৰ অঞ্চলৰ লগতে ডিব্ৰুমুখৰ(চোপ-নাম-টিফাও) পানীত কোঠ পাতি আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ পাছতে হয়টো আগতে উল্লেখ কৰি অহা ডিব্ৰুগড় ৰণখন সংঘটিত হয়।

* ডিব্ৰু-মুখ/ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ ৰণ

১৫২৩ চনৰ কাতি মাহত চুহুংমুঙৰ আদেশত ফ্ৰাচেনমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই আৰু কিঙলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁই ৰাজমন্ত্ৰীয়ে নিজৰ সমস্ত সৈন্য বাহিনী লয় ডিব্ৰুমুখলৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহি তাত এটা গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। চুহুংমুঙে চৰাইদেউ লৈ আহি ভগৱানৰ ওচৰত বলি আগ বঢ়ায়। ১৫২৩ চনৰ আঘোণ মাহত চুহুংমুঙে সৈন্য বাহিনী লয় আগ বাঢ়ি চেঁচামুখত কোঠ দিয়ে। নীতিপালে গড় বন্ধাৰ খবৰ পাই শদিয়াৰ পৰা লাৰুপাৰা(বৰ্তমান চাবুৱাৰ ওচৰৰ) লৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহে। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ শত্ৰুক দেশৰ পৰা খেদিবলৈ বুঢ়া বৰুৱাৰ নেতৃত্বত ডিব্ৰুমুখ লৈ সৈন্য বাহিনী পঠিয়ায়। সম্ভৱতঃ এজন ডিব্ৰু উপত্যকাৰ শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল। চুতীয়া সেনাপতি জনে ৰজাৰ আদেশ মতে ডিব্ৰুগড় আক্ৰমণ কৰে। আনপিনে চুহুংমুঙেও ডিব্ৰুমুখলৈ আহি যুদ্ধত ভাগ লয়। ফ্ৰাচেনমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই আৰু কিঙলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁই ৰাজমন্ত্ৰীয়ে একলগ হৈ পথে দি আগ বাঢ়ি চুতীয়াৰ নৌ বাহিনীক আক্ৰমণ কৰে। চুতীয়াৰ নৌ সেনাৰ নেতৃত্বত আছিল কাচিতৰা, চুলুকী চেতিয়া (GC Baruaৰ বুৰঞ্জীত এলেঙী চেতিয়া বুলি কোৱা হৈছে) আৰু বৰপাত্ৰ নামৰ তিনিজন সেনাপতি। বৰপাত্ৰ জন সম্ভৱতঃ সোৱণশিৰি উপত্যকাৰ তথা হাবুঙৰ শাসনকৰ্তা আছিল, যিজনক তামৰ ফলিত হাবুঙাধিপতি বৃহৎ পাত্ৰ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। কাচিতৰা আছিল লুইত উপত্যকাৰ শাসনকৰ্তা। যুদ্ধত চুতীয়া সেনা পৰাস্ত হয়। পিছ দিনা চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই গড়ত থকা সকলো মন্ত্ৰী ডাঙৰীয়া আৰু সেনাক লগত লৈ আগ বাঢ়ি সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমান কাকপথাৰ অঞ্চল) সোমায়। &lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;

* নীতিপালৰ সন্ধি প্ৰস্তাৱ

ইয়াকে দেখি নীতিপালে আহোম ৰজা লৈ কটকীৰ সৈতে কিছুমান উপহাৰ পঠায়। উপহাৰ সমূহৰ মাজত আছিল সোণৰ কাণফুলী/কেৰু(তং-ৰু-খাম), সোণোৱালী‌ মেখেলা(চিন-খাম), কপাহী কাপোৰ(ফ্ৰা-নোন), ৰূপৰ বিচনা(থা-কা-ঙেন), পাটি, ইত্যাদি। সকলো উপহাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰিও চুহুংমুঙে চুতীয়া ৰাজ সম্পদ(সোণ-ৰুপৰ মেকুৰী, সোণ-ৰুপৰ ছত্ৰ, ৰাজকীয় খাট আৰু ৰাজ দণ্ড), ১০টা দতাল হাতী, এজনী মাখুন্দী হাতী আৰু এজনী ছোৱালী বিচাৰি পঠায়। নীতিপালে ছোৱালী আৰু হাতী দিবলৈ মান্তি হয় যদিও ৰাজকীয় সম্পদ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ সম্পত্তি বুলি দিবলৈ নিবিচাৰে। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে এক মাহৰ পাছত সোণ-ৰুপৰ জাপি(কোপ-খাম-ঙেন), সোণৰ  তেমি(খোপ-খাম), সোণৰ তোম(লিউ-খাম), সোণৰ ছত্ৰ (চাং-খাম), সোণৰ খাৰু(মাউ-খাম), সোণৰ ভৰিৰ খাৰু(খু-টিন-খাম), হাতী, ঘোঁৰা, হাতীৰ দাতৰ পাটি, কটাৰী আৰু পানীকমলী কাপোৰ দি পঠায়। সমান্তৰাল ভাৱে নীতিপালে লুইতৰ পাৰত এটা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু তাতে থাকে। দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কথা শুনি, ৰাজসম্পদ নাপায় আৰু লগতে উপহাৰৰ মাজত কটাৰী দেখি চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই শদিয়াপুৰ আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্ণয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

* শদিয়াৰ ৰণ

১৫২৪ চনৰ বহাগত লুইত নৈ পাৰ হৈ শদিয়া(সধয়াপুৰ) আক্ৰমণ কৰে। [[ব'হাগ বিহু|ব'হাগ মাহৰ বিহুৰ দিনা]] [[শদিয়া]] আক্ৰমণ কৰা হৈছিল। বিহুৰ দিনা শদিয়াৰ চাৰি শালত বৰ-বলি আয়োজন কৰা হয়, যʼত [[দেউৰী জনগোষ্ঠী|দেউৰী]] পূজাৰীৰ বাহিৰে অন্য লোকে হাতত অস্ত্ৰ লোৱাতো বৰ্জিত আছিল। আজিও এই বৰবলিৰ নিয়ম শদিয়া অঞ্চলৰ থান সমূহত পালন কৰা হয়। সেই সময়ত সৌমাৰ খণ্ডত একমাত্ৰ চুতীয়া সকলৰ মাজত হে খাৰ-বাৰুদ বা হিলৈ-বৰটোপৰ প্ৰচলন আছিল। সেই বাবে হয়তো আক্ৰমণকাৰী সকলে বিহুৰ বতৰত আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্ণয় কৰি লৈছিল। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে সেই সময়ত নীতিপালে পুখুৰী এটাও খন্দাই আছিল। শদিয়াৰ দুৰ্গত কৰা আক্ৰমণ সহিব নোৱাৰি নীতিপাল চন্দনগিৰি লৈ গুচি আহে আৰু কাচিতৰা দৈথাং পৰ্বতত উঠে।&lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

* চন্দনগিৰি আৰু দৈথাং পৰ্বতৰ ৰণ

চুহুংমুঙে শদিয়াৰ বৰনগৰত থাকি ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই আৰু কিঙলুন ৰাজমন্ত্ৰীক(বুঢ়াগোহাঁই) চন্দনগিৰি লৈ আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ পঠায়। আনহাতে কনচেং ধনুদাৰী গোহাঁইক (চাও-চঙ কুঙ-ৰিণ) কাচিতৰাৰ লগত যুঁজিবলৈ দৈথাং পৰ্বতলৈ পঠায়। ইফালে চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ তামুলী গজৰাই বৰুৱা আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালক আহোম বাহিনীয়ে বন্দী কৰে‌ আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজা ৰাণীৰ আত্মগোপন স্থান প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি সেহি সময় চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ তামুলী গজৰায় বৰুৱা হাবিত পলাই আছিল। তাৰে ল'ৰাৰ কান্দন শুনি ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙৰ পুত্ৰ ঘৰ সন্দিকৈয়ে
বেঢ়ি ধৰিলে‌ বোলে-&quot;ৰজাৰ কথা ক নকলে‌ কাটিম।&quot; এই বুলি তাৰ ল'ৰা তিৰোতাক বন্দী কৰি তাক পঠাই দিলে। বহু প্ৰচেষ্টা সত্ত্বেও গজৰায়ে ৰজাক বিচাৰি নাপাইছিল। শেষত ৰাণীৰ ভোক লাগিলত জুৰি‌ এখনৰ কাষত ভাত ৰান্ধোতে উঠা ধোঁৱা দেখিহে গম পালে আৰু সেইমতে আহোম বিষয়াসকলক জনালেহি যে চুতীয়া ৰজা ৰাণীয়ে চন্দনগিৰিৰ এখন পাহাৰীয়া জুৰিৰ ওচৰত আশ্ৰয় লৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K.,''Assam Buranji(SM)'',p.10&lt;/ref&gt; চন্দনগিৰি পৰ্বতত উঠিবৰ কাৰণে আহোম সেনাই আপ্ৰাণ চেষ্টা চলাইও সফল নহয়। চুতীয়া সেনাই ওপৰৰ পৰা শিল বগৰাই আৰু দলিয়াই বহুতো আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বধ কৰে। সাতসৰী আৰু অসম বুৰঞ্জীৰ (SM)ৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে সেই সময়ত [[সতী সাধনী|সাধনী ৰাণী]]‌ গৰ্ভৱতী আছিল। GC Baruaৰ আহোম ভাষাৰ বুৰঞ্জীত ৰাণী/কোঁৱৰী গৰাকীক‌ নাঙ-লুং কোৱা হৈছে। লগতে উল্লেখ আছে ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ। যিহেতু নাঙ-লুঙৰ অৰ্থ ৰাণী নে‌ কোঁৱৰী সঠিক কয় ক'ব নোৱাৰি গতিকে এই তিনি গৰাকী লোক নাইবা ধীৰনাৰায়ণ, সাধনী আৰু নীতিপাল/সাধকনাৰায়ণ বা নীতিপাল, সাধনী আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হ'ব পাৰে। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে নীতিপাল সাধনীৰ বিয়া ১৫১২ৰ আগতেই হৈ গৈছিল কাৰণ অসম বুৰঞ্জী(SM)ৰ অনুসৰি ১৫১৩ চনত ধীৰনাৰায়ণক আহোমৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁৰ জোঁৱায়েকে খবৰ দিছিল। সাধনী আৰু নীতিপালৰ‌ লগতে ১২০ গৰাকী কোঁৱৰীয়েও শিলা কুচাই বিৰোধী পক্ষৰ সৈনিকক মাৰে। আহোম সৈন্য চন্দনগিৰি পৰ্বতত উঠিবলৈ সক্ষম নহৈ পিছুৱাই আহিব লগাত পৰে আৰু এজন চুতীয়া সৈনিকক লগত ধৰি আনে। ইয়াৰ পাছত আক্ৰমণকাৰী সকলে ৰননীতি কৰি পৰ্বতৰ তিনিফালে বেৰি ধৰিব লয়। চাও ৰু-পক আৰু কিছু লোক ঘিলা গছৰ সহায়ত চন্দনগিৰি পাহাৰত উঠিল, কিন্তু মানুহ নেদেখিলে। আগ বাঢ়ি গৈ এখন গাঁও পালে আৰু তাত দুকুৰিমান মানুহ দেখিলে। চুতীয়া বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই কিছু লোকক ঘিলা গছত উঠি [[ঢোল]] বজাবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। হয়তো এই সকল আগতে ধৰি অনা‌ চুতীয়া বন্দী আছিল। আগৰ দিনত ঢোল বজোৱাটো যুদ্ধত জয়ৰ প্ৰতীক আছিল। ঢোল বজাই বিজয়ৰ কথা জনাই দিয়া হয়। সেই বাবে পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত উঠি থকা ৰজা ৰাণীয়ে বিহুৰ বতৰত ঢোলৰ মাত শুনি বাহিৰলৈ উলাই আহে আৰু তিনিও ফালৰ পৰা শত্ৰুৰ আক্ৰমণৰ বলি হয়। নীতিপালক আহোম সেনাই বৰদ্বাৰত দেখিলে। 

তথাপিও চুতীয়া সেনানী যি সকল আছিলে সেই সকলে আকৌ শিল দলিয়াই কিছু শত্ৰুক মাৰিলে।নীতিপালে শত্ৰুৰ গালৈ কাড় মাৰিবলৈ লয় যদিও বিৰোধী পক্ষৰ জানমোঙখাম হাতীবৰুৱাৰ (ফু-কে-চং) কাড় লাগি মৃত্যু বৰণ কৰে। সাধনীয়ে নিজৰ মহিলা সৈন্য বাহিনীক লগত লয় যুঁজ দিয়ে যদিও শেষত পৰাস্ত হৈ চন্দনগিৰিৰ পৰা জাপ মাৰে। প্ৰায় সংখ্যক বুৰঞ্জীত সাধনীয়ে আত্মবলিদান কৰিছিল বুলি আছে যদিও গোপাল চন্দ্ৰ বৰবৰুৱাৰ টাই ভাষাৰ বুৰঞ্জীত ৰাণীৰ (নাঙ-লুং) গাত যাঠি লাগিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। যিকি নহওক এই তথ্য পৰাও ৰানী সাধনীয়ে আত্মসমৰ্পণ নকৰি শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়াৰ কথাহে পোহৰলৈ আনে, কাৰণ আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰা হ'লে তেওঁক যাঠি মাৰি আক্ৰমণ কৰা নহ'ল হয়। আনপিনে কাচিতৰাক কনচেঙে দৈথাং পৰ্বতত পৰাস্ত কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;Deodhai Assam Buranji, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰাজ্য পতনৰ পৰবৰ্তী পৰিস্থিতি===

চুতীয়া ৰজা নীতিপাল, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কাচিতৰা তিনিওৰে মূৰ চন্দগিৰি আৰু দৈথাঙৰ পৰা কাটি আনি শদিয়াত থকা চুহুংমুঙৰ আগত প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়। দেওধাই বুৰঞ্জীৰ মতে সাধনীৰ মূৰটো কাটি অনা হৈছিল। ৰজা আৰু পুত্ৰৰ মূৰ কেইটা নচোৱাই পৰ্বতত মুণ্ডামালা বান্ধি শেষত চৰাইদেউৰ শালৰ খটখটিত পোতি থোৱা হয়। অসম বুৰঞ্জী(SM)ৰ মতে আহোম সেনাই সাধনীৰ মৃত শৰীৰৰ পৰা কঁকালত পিন্ধা সোণৰ কঙ্কালি লয় আনি শদিয়াৰ থানলৈ আনিছিল, কিন্তু তাত কিছুমান চুতীয়াই আক্ৰমণ কৰি লাপিত ফাংত্যাং দেওধাই নামৰ এজনক বধ কৰিছিল। Edward Gaitৰ‌ A History of Assamত উল্লেখ কৰা‌ মতে ৰাণীৰ মৃত্যু যাঠী লাগ হৈছিল। GC Baruaৰ Ahom Buranjiত ৰাণীৰ(নাঙ-লুং) বিষয়ে দিয়া আছে যদিও এই অংশৰ অনুবাদ দিয়া হোৱা নাই। অংশটোত &quot;টিং&quot; শব্দৰ উল্লেখ চাই ক'ব পাৰি যে ইয়াতো ৰাণীৰ গাত &quot;যাঠী&quot; লগাৰ কথাই উল্লেখ আছে। &quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জীৰ অনুসৰি কোঁৱৰী কিছুমানক কাটিছিল আৰু কিছুমানক ধৰি আনিছিল&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra,&quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p. 42&lt;/ref&gt;। অন্য বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত এই অংশত ৰানী সাধনীৰ(নাঙ-লুং) কথ উল্লেখ কৰা হোৱা নাই। 

===চুতীয়া ভূমিৰ বিতৰণ===

শদিয়া ৰাজধানী শাসন কৰিবলৈ ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁইক তিনিশ সৈনিক দিয়া হৈছিল। শদিয়া আৰু দিহিং অঞ্চলত নতুনকৈ আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ মানুহ আনি থাকিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। ‌চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰদেশ সমূহ ভাল দৰে শাসন কৰিবলৈ বহুতো নতুন পদবী সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ১৫২৬ চনত চাওচেং কুঙৰিন (ধনুধৰিয়া গোহাঁই)‌ কনচেঙক থাওমৌঙ মৌঙ-তেও (ভটিয়লীয়া গোহাঁই বা নামনিয়াল সন্দিকৈ&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Buranji, p.62&lt;/ref&gt;) পতা হয়। এইজনক হাবুঙ অঞ্চলত ৰখা হয় আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ বিশ্বনাথৰ, লখিমপুৰ আৰু ধেমাজি শাসন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়।‌ একেই বছৰতে থাওমৌঙ বানলুং (বানলুঙীয়া গোহাঁই) খেওখেনক থাওমৌঙ লৌঙ-ক্লং (দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই)‌ পতা‌ হয়। সেই‌ সময়ত দিহিং নৈ পাটকাইৰ পৰা ডিগবৈ, দিহিং-পাটকাই অৰণ্য, তিপাম,‌ নাহৰকটীয়া, মৰাণহাট, চেপন, বকতা, চৰগুৱা হৈ ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰৰ সমান্তৰাল ভাৱে বৈ গৈ পশ্চিম মাজুলী/বোকাখাত অঞ্চলত ব্ৰক্ষ্মপুত্ৰত পাৰিছিল। এইজন গোহাঁইক দিহিং প্ৰদেশ অৰ্থাৎ মাজুলী, উত্তৰ শিৱসাগৰ, ডিব্ৰুগড় আৰু দক্ষিণ তিনিচুকীয়া লৈকে শাসন‌ কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। সাতসৰী বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে প্ৰথমতে ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁইক শদিয়াৰ ৰাজ আৰু কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক দিহিং ৰাজ দিয়া হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Buranji, p.68&lt;/ref&gt;

১৫২৬ চনত হোৱা চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলত ডিব্ৰুগড়ত নতুন এখন প্ৰদেশ গঠন কৰি ১৫২৭ত চাওলুং চুলিঙক শাসনকৰ্তা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়, যাতে ১৫২৬ৰ দৰে শদিয়া অঞ্চলত পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ হ'লে ডিব্ৰু প্ৰদেশৰ সেনাই শদিয়া বাহিনীৰ সহযোগ কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও একেই‌ সময়তে কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক &quot;থাও-মুঙ-বঙেন&quot; পাতি তিনিচুকীয়া অঞ্চল শাসন(সোণাৰীৰ পৰা লুইতৰ লৈকে) কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। শদিয়াৰ মহং (নগা পাহাৰৰ মহঙতকৈ পৃথক) অঞ্চলৰ লোণৰ খাট ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ &quot;থাও-মুঙ-বক্লাঙ&quot; বা‌ হাটখোৱা গোহাঁই নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। বুৰঞ্জীৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে ১৫২৯ চনত হোৱা চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহত দুয়োজন গোহাঁই (ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙ বৰগোঁহাই আৰু কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁই) একেলগে শদিয়া-তিনিচুকীয়া অঞ্চলতে শাসন কৰি আছিল। একেই বছৰৰে(১৫২৭) শেষৰ পিনে কনচেঙক ভটিয়লীয়া গোহাঁইৰ পৰা নতুন পদবী‌ &quot;চাও-চেঙলুং&quot;‌(ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী) দিয়া হয়&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p.61&lt;/ref&gt;। পূৰ্বতে ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী পদবীটো বৰগোঁহাই বা বুঢ়াগোহাঁই এজনক দিয়া হৈছিল। ৰাজমন্ত্ৰী পাতি চুহুংমুঙে কনচেঙক দুয়োজন‌ গোহাঁইৰ লগত একেই শাৰিতে ৰাখি সমমৰ্যাদা দিছিল। 

চুতীয়াৰ বৰপাত্ৰ পদবীটো চুহুংমুঙৰ‌ দিনটো অব্যাহত আছিল। চুক্লেংমুঙ(চুহুংমুঙৰ পুত্ৰ) ৰজাৰ দিনত চুতীয়াৰ বৰপাত্ৰ এজনৰ সমৰ্থন পাই হাবুঙৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণ মুখিয়াল এজনে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰে। ফলত যুদ্ধ এখন হয় য'ত বৰপাত্ৰ জনৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু ব্ৰাহ্মণজন বেহাৰলৈ পলাই যায়&lt;ref&gt; সুকুমাৰ মহন্তৰ ঘৰত পোৱা অসম বুৰঞ্জী, ২৫ পৃষ্ঠাত আছে-&quot;সেই সময়ত ৰজা দাই ধৰিলে, বোলে-'চুটিয়া মাৰি ভূঞা বিলাকক মাৰি-কাটি বুপা ৰজায়ে ময়েহে ৰাজ্য লৈছো। বামুণে যে ৰজা‌ হয় চুটিয়াৰ বৰপাত্ৰকনো কিহলৈ থৈছোঁ?' এহি বুলি বৰপাত্ৰক মাৰিলে, বামুণকো ‌মাৰিব চালে, সপুত্ৰবান্ধৱে বেহাৰলৈ পলাই গেʼল। &quot; &lt;/ref&gt;। এই বৰপাত্ৰ জন হয়টো পুৰণি চুতীয়া বৰপাত্ৰ জনেই আছিল (ডিব্ৰাৰুগড় ৰণত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰিব পাৰে) বা‌ একেই পৰিয়ালৰ লোক আছিল‌‌। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছতে হয়টো &quot;চাও-চেঙলুং&quot; আৰু &quot;বৰপাত্ৰ&quot; উপাধি দুটা মিলি &quot;বৰপাত্ৰগোঁহাই&quot; হিচাপে জনাজাত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516963?read-now=1&amp;seq=18#page_scan_tab_contents Guha, Amalendu, ''The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)'',p. 20,''It appears that the noble designation of Barpatragohain was borrowed from the civil list of Habung where the local ruler, a dependent of the Chutia king, had the title of Vrihatpatra''.]&lt;/ref&gt;

এই‌ সকলো কথাৰ পৰা সহজে ধৰিব পাৰি যে চুহুংমুঙে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া বিষয়া সকলৰ ঠাইতেই একো একোটা নতুন পদবী গঠন কৰিছিল। চুতীয়া বৰপাত্ৰৰ ঠাইত প্ৰথমতে ভটিয়লীয়া গোহাঁই আৰু পাছলৈ বৰপাত্ৰ গোহাঁই, মাণিক চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ ঠাইত দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই, ডিব্ৰুৰ বুঢ়া বৰুৱাৰ ঠাইত চাওলুং চুলিঙ আৰু শদিয়া-তিনিচুকীয়াত কাচিতৰা বৰুৱা বা ৰজাৰ ঠাইত দুয়ো প্ৰমুখ গোহাঁই। ইয়াৰ পাছত দিহিঙৰ পাৰৰ বকতাত নতুন ৰাজধানী এখন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Ahom Buranji(GC Barua), p.64&lt;/ref&gt;

==ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰশাসনিক আৰু সামৰিক ব্যৱস্থা==

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ স্থাপত্য আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন==

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যত পোৱা সম্পদ==

চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা কমাৰ, সোণাৰি, কমাৰ, কুমাৰ, কহাৰ, তাতি, খনিকৰ, বাঢ়ৈ, বামুণ, কায়স্থ, গণক, কলিতা, ইত্যাদি বহুতো ভিন্ন ভিন্ন‌‌ বৃক্তিকৰ লোক পোৱা‌ গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ বহুতো লোকক ৰজাই নিজৰ ৰাজধানী লৈ লয় আনে।‌ চুতীয়াৰ বাহিৰে মিচিং‌,‌ দেউৰী, কিছু মৰাণ আৰু কোচ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ নাগৰিক আছিল। তাৰে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ মিচিং সকলক &quot;চুতীয়া মিৰি&quot; কোৱা‌ হৈছিল যি‌ সকল আজিৰ দিনৰ বাৰগাম মিচিং যেনে দলে, পেগু, পায়েং, টাইদ, ইত্যাদি। চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ শুকান মাংসৰ ভৰালী জন কোচ লোক আছিল। তিনি হাজাৰ চুতীয়া কমাৰক চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই যোৰহাট জিলাৰ বছাৰ পিনে আৰু তাৰে উজনি অঞ্চলত বহুৱাইছিল&lt;ref&gt;Sarma, Benudhar, ''Maniram Dewan, p.287&lt;/ref&gt;। বন্দী হোৱা লোকৰ পৰা বিভিন্ন &quot;চেতিয়া&quot; খেল/বংশও সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰে শদিয়াত বহুতো সম্পদ যেনে সোণৰ মাইহাং, কেকুৰা দোলা,‌‌ কলাই খাৰ,‌‌ সোণৰ তিনিচুকীয়া সিংহাসন, খাট, ভোগজৰা, বেলা, জাপি, পিকদান, আৰোৱান, দবা, কালি, হিলৈ, বৰটোপ (মিঠাহুলোং),‌ হিলৈ-তোলা চৰা নাও, চুতীয়া ধেনু, বৰধেনু, বাৰু-বৰ্চা, ইত্যাদি পোৱা গৈছিল। বহুতো ঘোৰা, গৰু-মʼহ আৰু হাতীও লাভ কৰা হৈছিল। সম্পদ সমূহ শদিয়াৰ পৰা দিহিং নৈয়ে দি ৰাজধানী‌ লৈ অনা হয় ‌আৰু পাছলৈ চাৰিং অঞ্চলত ৰখা হয়। এখিনি চুতীয়া লোকক চাৰিঙত পাতি নাওবৈচা খেল সৃষ্টি কৰে,‌ য'ৰ পৰা পাছলৈ শেনচোৱা, তাঙোন ধৰা, বচোৱাল বোৱা, ইত্যাদি খেলৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। এই নাওবৈচা সকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা পোৱা চৰানাও চলাই। একেধৰণে এখিনি লোকক লয় হিলৈধাৰী ফৈদ গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছত আহোম সকলে প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে মিৰি, মিচিমি, আবৰ, দফলা, ইত্যাদি পাহাৰীয়া জাতিৰ সম্পৰ্কত আহে।&lt;ref&gt;Satsari Assam Buranji,p.14, 61&lt;/ref&gt;

==ৰজা সকলৰ তালিকা==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ '''ৰজাৰ তালিকাত'''
|-
! #
! বছৰ
! ৰাজত্ব কাল
! নাম
! অন্য নাম
|----
| ১.
| ১১৮৭ - ১২২০
| ৩৩ ব 
| বীৰপাল
| গয়াপাল
|----
| ২.
| ১২২০ - ১২৫৫
| ৩৫ ব
| [[ৰত্নধ্বজপাল]]
| গৌৰীনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৩.
| ১২৫৫ - ১২৭০
| ১৫ ব 
| বিজয়ধ্বজপাল
| শিৱনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৪.
| ১২৭০ - ১২৮৫
| ১৫ ব
| বিক্ৰমধ্বজপাল
| জগতনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৫.
| ১২৮৫ - ১৩০৫
| ২০ ব
| গৌৰধ্বজপাল
| প্ৰমত্তনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৬.
| ১৩০৫ - ১৩২৫
| ২০ ব 
| শঙ্খধ্বজপাল
| হৰিনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৭.
| ১৩২৫ - ১৩৪৩
| ১৮ ব
| ময়ূৰধ্বজপাল
| গোলোকনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৮.
| ১৩৪৩ - ১৩৬০
|১৭ ব
| জয়ধ্বজপাল
| বজ্ৰনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ৯.
| ১৩৬০ - ১৩৮০
| ২০ ব 
| কৰ্মধ্বজপাল
| নন্দেশ্বৰ/নন্দিনৃপ
|----
| ১০.
| ১৩৮০ - ১৪০০
| ২০ ব
| সত্যনাৰায়ণ
| ৰত্ননাৰায়ণ
|----
| ১১.
| ১৪০০ - ১৪১৫
| ১৫ ব
| লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণ
| ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ
|----
| ১২.
| ১৪১৫ - ১৪৩০
| ১৫ ব
| দুৰ্লভনাৰায়ণ
|
|----
| ১৩.
| ১৪৩০- ১৪৪৫
| ১৫ ব
| মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণ
| 
|----
| ১৪.
| ১৪৪৫ - ১৪৬৫
| ২০ ব
| প্ৰত্যক্ষনাৰায়ণ/প্ৰতাপনাৰায়ণ
|
|----
| ১৫.
| ১৪৬৫ - ১৪৮০
| ১৫ ব
| যশনাৰায়ণ
| 
|----
| ১৬.
| ১৪৮০- ১৫০০
| ২০ ব
| পুৰন্দৰধ্বজপাল
| পুৰন্দৰনাৰায়ণ
|---- 
| ১৭.
| ১৫০০ - ১৫২২
| ২২ ব
| ধৰ্মধ্বজপাল
| [[ধীৰনাৰায়ণ]]
|---- 
| ১৮.
| ১৫২২ - ১৫২৪
| ২ ব
| নীতিপাল/নিত্যপাল
| চন্দ্ৰনাৰায়ণ
|}

==চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ হিলৈ-বৰতোপৰ প্ৰচলন==

হিলৈ-বৰতোপ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ এক মূল্যৱান উন্নত অস্ত্ৰ আছিল। এই ৰাজ্যৰ হিলৈ-বৰতোপৰ প্ৰচলনৰ কথা বহুতো ঐতিহাসিক তথ্য পোৱা যায়। বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে আহোম ৰজাই চুতীয়া ৰাজধানী শদিয়াৰ পৰা আন সম্পদৰ লগতে হিলৈ&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K,&quot;Deodhai Assam Buranji&quot;, p. 126&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K,&quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p.10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;হিতেশ্বৰ বৰবৰুৱা, আহোমৰ দিন, p.49&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু হিলৈ তোলা চ'ৰানাও উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Phukan, Kasinath Tamuli, &quot;Assam Buranji&quot;,p.17-18&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan,S.K,&quot;Satsari Buranji,p.135&lt;/ref&gt; মনিৰাম‌ দেৱানৰ লেখনীৰ মতে &quot;মিঠা হুলং&quot; বৰটোপ টো চুতীয়া সকলৰ পৰা লোৱা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Benudhar.''Maniram Dewan, p.289.''&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ লিখিছে, ''&quot;ওপৰত যিকেইটা তোপৰ নাম দিয়া হৈছে তাৰ ভিতৰত মিঠাহোলোং বোলাবিধ পোন-প্ৰথমতে দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাই চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ পৰা পায়।&quot;'' চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাই ৩০০০ চুতীয়া কমাৰক গোলাঘাট-যোৰহাট জিলাত সংস্থাপিত কৰি বৰটোপ-হিলৈ, ইত্যাদি বনাবলৈ আদেশ দিছিল। মনিৰাম দেৱানে উল্লেখ কৰিছে,‌ {{blockquote|&quot;তেওঁ বিলাকৰ(চুতীয়াৰ) পৰা ভালেমান দোলা, কালী,...,হিলৈ আৰু কলাই খাৰৰ(gunpowder) বাদেও অসংখ্য কমাৰ কাম কৰা মানুহ বন্দী কৰি আনে। ৰজাই তেওঁবিলাকৰ কিছুমানক বচাৰ পিনে আৰু কিছুমানক উজনিৰ পিনে বহুৱালে আৰু কমাৰ শাল পতাই লো-দা-কটাৰী, হিলৈ, বৰতোপ আদি গঢ়িবলৈ আহিলাপাতি যতাই দিলে। তেওঁ বিলাকৰ ভিতৰত কামৰ ভাল-বেয়া চাবলৈ হাজৰিকা, শইকীয়াও পাতি দিলে।‌ দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাৰ দিনৰ পৰাহে অসম ৰাজ্যত(আহোম ৰাজ্যত) কমাৰৰ খেল আৰু ব্যৱসায় চলন্তি হয়। দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাৰ দিনত অসমত ৩০০০ কমাৰ আছিল।&quot;}}

[[File:Ahom cannons.jpg|thumb|আহোম যুগৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা মিঠাহুলং বৰটোপ]]

ইতিহাসবিদ হিতেশ্বৰ বৰবৰুৱাই নিজৰ গ্ৰন্থ &quot;আহোমৰ দিন&quot;ত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে চুহুংমুঙৰ দিনত চুতীয়াৰ পৰা বৰতোপ-হিলৈ অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ পাছৰপৰাহে আহোম ৰজাসকলে অসমত আগ্নেয় অস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ ধৰে।&lt;ref&gt;হিতেশ্বৰ বৰবৰুৱা, আহোমৰ দিন, p.451&lt;/ref&gt; চুতীয়াৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পাছত গৌড় ৰাজ্যৰ সেনাই ১৫২৭ আৰু ১৫৩২ত দুবাৰকৈ অসম আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। এই যুদ্ধত গৌড় সেনাই হিলৈ-বৰটোপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল যদিও আহোম সেনাই কেৱল ধেনু কাঁড় হে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে এই যুদ্ধতো আহোম সেনাই বহুতো হিলৈ-বৰটোপ উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল‌।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;, p. 61-68&lt;/ref&gt; ১৫৩৬ চনত নগা বিৰুদ্ধে হোৱা ৰণত প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে আহোম সৈন্যৰ হাতত বৰটোপ থকা কথা উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;, p. 75&lt;/ref&gt; তদুপৰি আহোম সেনাই ১৬১৭ চনত মোগলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হে প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে হিলৈ-বৰটোপ ব্যবহাৰ কৰিব লৈছিল বুলি জনা যায়&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;, p. 75&lt;/ref&gt;।

নাওবৈচা ফুকনৰ বুৰঞ্জীত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে খোৰা ৰজাৰ দিনত(১৫৫২-১৬০৩) প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে চুতীয়া লোকক নিযুক্তি দি হিলৈদাৰী ফৈদ গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;নাওবৈচা ফুকনৰ বুৰঞ্জী, p.55&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Chutiyas being expert warrior knew the use of matchlocks. After their subjugation, the Chutiyas were, therefore engaged in manufacturing matchlocks and they became prominent in the ''Hiloidhari-Khel'' (guild for manufacturing matchlocks)&quot;{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; হেমকোষ অভিধানত চুতীয়া সকলৰ হিলৈক &quot;চুতীয়া হিলৈ&quot; বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। বৃটিছৰ ১৮৯১ চনৰ লোকপিয়লত &quot;হিলেদাৰী&quot;ৰ বাহিৰেও &quot;চুতীয়া-হিলৈদাৰী&quot; বুলি এটা পৃথক খেল/শ্ৰেণীৰ উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই সকলে হয়টো ৰণত &quot;চুতীয়া হিলৈ&quot; ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YvV-VI_2YRkC&amp;pg=PR67&amp;dq=sutiyahilaidari&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiiqITCufiRAxXdwTgGHeU5KJcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Census of India 1891, p. 17]&lt;/ref&gt;

==চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ==

১৫২৪ চনত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতন হৈছিল যদিও চুতীয়া সকলৰ মনৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা আৰু স্বৰাজৰ আশা নাইকিয়া হৈ যোৱা নাছিল। চিৰদিন স্বাধীন হৈ থকা চুতীয়া সকলে বীৰাঙ্গণা ৰাণী সাধনীৰ আত্মোৎসৰ্গৰ কথা সোঁৱৰি পুনৰ জাগ্ৰত হৈ উঠিল আৰু বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰিলে। এই বিদ্ৰোহ ১৫২৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৭০০ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগৰ লৈকে চলিছিল। ১৭৭০ দখকৰ মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহে জাতিটোৰ শেষ বিদ্ৰোহ বুলি কব পাৰি যাৰ ফলত সকলো নহলেও এটা অংশয়ে স্বাধীন হৈ নিজৰ ৰাজ্য গঠন কৰিছিল। চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী শদিয়া ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ ফলত বহুতো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ আৰু সম্ভ্ৰান্ত পৰিয়ালৰ লোকে পাহাৰীয়া মিচিং, মিচিমি জাতিৰ লোক সকলৰ মাজত আশ্ৰয় লৈছিল আৰু প্ৰথম বিদ্ৰোহ এই সকল লোকে আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। এই কথা কোচ ৰজা সকলৰ দৰং ৰাজ বংশাৱলীতো উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। 
&lt;poem&gt;&quot;পূৰ্বে চুটিয়াৰ ৰজা সিঠাৱে আছিল। 
অন্যায়ে অসম ছল কৰিয়া মাৰিলে॥
যিমতে মাৰিল তাৰ শুনিয়ো কাহিনী। 
বলে নপাৰিয়া স্বৰ্গী ৰাজা মনে গুণি॥ ৩৬৪
...
তাৰ পুত্ৰ ভাই যত সকলে পলাইল। 
মিৰি মিচিমিত পশি প্ৰাণক ৰাখিলা॥
চুটিয়াৰ ৰাজাক মাৰিয়া ছলে বলে। 
লৈলা সেহি ৰাজ্যক অসমে কৌতূহলে॥ ৩৭১&lt;/poem&gt;

* ১৫২৬ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

চুতীয়া সকলে প্ৰথম বিদ্ৰোহ ১৫২৬ চনৰ ফাগুন মাহত ৰাজধানী শদিয়াত ঘোষণা কৰিছিল, অৰ্থাৎ ৰাজ্য পতনৰ ৩ বছৰৰ পাছত। বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ আৰু ফ্ৰাচেংমুং বৰগোহাঁইক সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁইক পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধত বিদ্ৰোহী সকলৰ হাতত ফ্ৰাচেংমুং বৰগোহাঁইৰ হাতী প্লাইপাম আৰু দিহিঙীয়া গোহাঁই মৰা পৰিছিল। কিন্তু শেষ পৰ্যায়ত বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হৈ উভতি যাবলৈ বাধ্য হ'ল। এই বিদ্ৰোহৰ ফলত চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই বহুতো প্ৰশাসনীয় পৰিবৰ্তন কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। ১৫২৭ চনৰ জেঠ মাহত, ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলত নতুন এখন প্ৰদেশ গঠন কৰি তাত চাওলুং চুলিঙক শাসনকৰ্তা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল, যাতে শদিয়া অঞ্চলত পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ হ'লে ডিব্ৰু প্ৰদেশৰ সেনাই শদিয়া বাহিনীৰ সহযোগ কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও কিংলুন বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক &quot;থাও-মুঙ-বঙেন&quot; পাতি পশ্চিম শদিয়া অঞ্চলত (তিনিচুকীয়াৰ সোণাৰিৰ(কাংখাম) পৰা লুহিত নদীৰ গুৰি লৈকে) শাসন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হ'ল।

* ১৫২৯ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

প্ৰথম বিদ্ৰোহৰ দুবছৰ পাছতে ১৫২৯ চনৰ পুহ মাহত শদিয়াৰ চুতীয়া সকলে আকৌ মুৰ দাঙি উঠিলে। এইবাৰ চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙক সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ চাও চুক্লান (তিপামৰ পৰা) আৰু কিংলুনক সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ চাওলুং চুলিঙক (ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ পৰা) পঠিয়ালে। ইয়াৰ পাছত চুহুংমুঙে চুক্লেংমুঙ ৰাজকোঁৱৰক ৰাজধানীত ৰাখি সকলো বিষয়ববীয়াৰ সৈতে নিজে শদিয়া আহি উপস্থিত হয়। লুহিতৰ পাৰত, ডিবাং নৈৰ পাৰত, মাৰানকাও, চন্দনগিৰি পৰ্বত, দৈথাং পৰ্বত, ইত্যাদি বিভিন্ন ঠাইত কেইবাখনো যুদ্ধ হয়। প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ত বিদ্ৰোহী সকলে চাও চুলিঙক ধৰি নিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল কিন্তু পাছৰ পৰ্যায়ত এৰি দিলে। বহু মাহ যুদ্ধ লগা পাছত শেষত বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হ'ল। যুদ্ধত লাভ কৰা সকলো ধন আৰু সম্পত্তি ৰজা আৰু মন্ত্ৰী সকলে নিজৰ মাজতে ভাগ কৰি ল'লে আৰু ৰজাই বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁইক শদিয়াত ৰাখি নিজে ৰাজধানী লৈ ঘূৰি গ'ল। 

* ১৫৪২ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, দিচাং নৈৰ পাৰত

চুতীয়া সকলে পুনৰ বাৰ ১৫৪২ চনত ৰজা চুক্লেংমুঙৰ দিনত বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰে কৰিছিল। এইবাৰ ১৫৪২ চনৰ বহাগ মাহত ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে শিৱসাগৰৰ দিচাং নৈৰ ওচৰত আহোম মন্ত্ৰী চেং-হাননক পৰাস্ত কৰি স্বৰাজ ঘোষণা কৰে। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ পাছতে চুক্লেংমুঙে চাওলুং তিমাক বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ পঠিয়াই আৰু দুবছৰ লৈকে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰে যাতে কোনো চুতীয়া সকলে পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ কৰিবলৈ সাহস নকৰে। 

* ১৫৫০ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

১৫৫০ চনত শদিয়াখোৱা গোহাঁইৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, কংসপাত্ৰ নামৰ চুতীয়া নায়ক এজনে শদিয়াত বিদ্ৰোহ কৰি নিজকে ৰজা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বহুতো ৰাজকোঁৱৰে তেওঁক সহযোগ কৰিছিল আৰু শদিয়াত উপস্থিত হৈ আহোম ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ সাজু হৈছিল। এই যুদ্ধ ৩ বছৰ লৈকে চলিছিল আৰু শেষত কংসপাত্ৰৰ লগতে বহুতো চুতীয়াই মৃত্যু বৰণ কৰিছিল। ৰাজকোঁৱৰ সকলৰ ভিতৰত কিছুমানৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল আৰু বাকী থকা সকলক বন্দী বনাই পাছলৈ চাৰিঙত থাকিবলৈ দিয়া হৈছিল। 

* ১৫৬৫ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, নামৰূপ আৰু খেৰাম

১৫৬৫ চনৰ মাঘ মাহত ডিব্ৰুগড় অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰি নামৰূপ আৰু খেৰাম(বৰ্তমান ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰৰ খেৰেমীয়া) অঞ্চলৰ আহোম গাঁও সমূহ আক্ৰমণ কৰি লুণ্ঠন কৰিছিল। ৰজাই বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ চাওলুং তিপামক পঠিয়াইছিল। বিদ্ৰোহী সকলৰ লগত হোৱা যুদ্ধত চাওলুং তিমাৰ হাতী আহত হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ যুদ্ধ এৰি দিহিং পাৰ হৈ উভতি আহে। ইয়াৰ পাছত বিদ্ৰোহৰ কি পৰিণতি হ'ল গম পোৱা নাযায়। সম্ভৱতঃ পাছলৈ বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰা হৈছিল। 

* ১৫৭২ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, শদিয়া

১৫৭২ চনত পুনৰ বাব চুতীয়া সেনাপতি এজনৰ নেতৃত্বত শদিয়া অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে মুৰ দাঙি উঠে। বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ চাওলুং চাৰিং, চাওফ্ৰাংমুঙ বৰগোহাঁই, শদিয়া খোৱা গোঁহাই, ইত্যাদি বহুতো বিষয়ববীয়াক পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। আহোম সেনাৰ তুলনাত বিদ্ৰোহী সকলৰ সংখ্যা কম থকাৰ বাবে বিদ্ৰোহী সকল কানচাই আৰু পুখুৰীখনা নামৰ অঞ্চল লৈ আতঁৰি আহিছিল আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলৰ সহযোগত পুনৰ ৰণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু দুৰ্ভাগ্যবশতঃ বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হৈছিল। চুতীয়া সেনাপতি, কানচাইৰ মুখিয়াল আৰু অন্য বহুতো চুতীয়া সৈন্যক বন্দী বনাই ৰাজধানী লৈ লয় অনা হৈছিল। 

* ১৬৬৫ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, উত্তৰ পাৰ

১৬৬৫ চনত আহোম সেনা নগা সকলৰ লগত হোৱা যুদ্ধত ব্যস্ত আছিল। এই সুযোগ লয়, উত্তৰ পাৰৰ লখিমপুৰৰ এখিনি চুতীয়া লোকে মিৰি আৰু দফলা লোকৰ লগত মিলি বিদ্ৰোহ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু বিদ্ৰোহ সফল নহ'ল। 

* ১৬৭৩ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, উত্তৰ পাৰ

১৬৭৩ চনত ধেমাজি অঞ্চলৰ চুতীয়া সকলে বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰি ৰূপা(বৰ্তমানৰ ৰূপহী) আৰু ডিমৌ(বৰ্তমানৰ ধেমাজিৰ ডিমৌ) মিৰি সকলে আহোম ৰজাক কৰ হিচাপে দিয়া মাৰ নাও তোলাই লৈ গৈছিল। এই কথা শুনি আহোম ৰজাই চুতীয়া অঞ্চললৈ কটকী পঠিয়াই নাও সমূহ ঘূৰাই দিবলৈ আদেশ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু চুতীয়া সকলে আদেশ নামানিলে। ইয়াৰ পাছত সকলো চুতীয়া দেউলীয়া নামৰ গাঁৱ এখনত একগোট হৈছিল। কটকীৰ খবৰ পাই আহোম ৰজাই তিনিমুখিয়া অঞ্চলত থকা নাৰাই নামৰ চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহী নেতা জনক ধৰি আনিবলৈ সৈনিক পঠিয়ালে। ইয়াৰ পাছত ৰজাই শদিয়াখোৱা গোঁহাই আৰু মৰঙ্গীখোৱা গোহাঁইক চেঁচামুখত গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰি যুদ্ধৰ বাবে সাজু হ'বলৈ আদেশ দিলে। দিহিং নদীৰ পাৰত আন এটা গড় নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ'ল। তাৰ পাছত আহোম সেনাই দিহিং পাৰ হৈ মাজুলী হৈ চুতীয়া গাঁৱলৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহিল। চুতীয়া সকলেও হাতত ধেনু-কাড় লয় দেউলীয়া গাঁৱৰ পৰা মিৰি গাঁৱ এখনলৈ আগ বাঢ়ি আহিলে। আহোম ৰজাই পুনৰ চুতীয়া সকলৰ ওচৰলৈ কটকী পঠিয়াইলে। চুতীয়া বৰুৱা জনে অৱশেষত বশ্যতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে, কিন্তু নিজৰ গৰু-ছাগলী, হাঁহ-কুকুৰ, ইত্যাদি সকলো হেৰুৱালে। নাৰাই আৰু অন্য চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহী নেতা সকলক মদ্যপান কৰোৱাই পুনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ নকৰিবলৈ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰালে। সবল আৰু শক্তিশালী চুতীয়া সৈনিক সকলৰ বন্দী বনোৱা হ'ল আৰু অন্য চুতীয়া সকলক প্ৰতি বছৰে কৰ হিচাপে নাও দিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়া হ'ল। 

* ১৭৬৯-১৮০৫ চনৰ মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহ

মায়ামৰা ধৰ্মীয় চুতীয়া সকলে ১৭৬৯ চনত আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰি ১৭৯১ লৈকে বেংমৰা নামৰ পৃথক ৰাজ্য এখন গঠন কৰিছিল। মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহত ভাগ লোৱা জনগোষ্ঠী সমূহৰ মাজত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বাধিক লোক চুতীয়া জনগোষ্ঠীৰ আছিল। বেংমৰা ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা সৰ্বানন্দ সিংহ বীৰপালৰ বংশৰ বুৰুক চুতীয়া ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ লোক আছিল। হয়তো ১৫২৫ চনত ৰাজ্য হেৰুৱা চুতীয়া ৰাজপৰিয়াল টোৱে সৰুকৈ হ'লেও পুনৰ বাৰ ৰাজ্য ৰাজত্ব কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। 

* ১৭৭৫ চনৰ বিদ্ৰোহ, ডিব্ৰু-দিহিং অঞ্চল

মায়ামৰা বিদ্ৰোহ হৈ থাকোঁতে ডিব্ৰু-দিহিংৰ মাজৰ অঞ্চলৰ একাংশ চুতীয়াই বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। টাই ভাষাৰ &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot; নামৰ গ্ৰন্থত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত অঞ্চলৰ খামজাং প্ৰদেশৰ পৰা নঙাখাম নামৰ নৰা মুখিয়ালৰ লগত ধৰা সকলে আহি বিদ্ৰোহ ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।  এই বিদ্ৰোহত চুতীয়া সকলে নৰা সকলক সহযোগ কৰিছিল। নৰা মুখিয়াল জনে ১৭৭৫ চনত চুতীয়া সকলৰ সহযোগত হাটখোৱা গোহাঁইক পৰাস্ত কৰি নিজকে ডিব্ৰু নৈৰ কাষৰ অঞ্চলৰ ৰজা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। ৰজা হৈ নঙাখামে চুতীয়া আৰু বাৰেচিৰিঙীয়া সকলৰ মাজৰ পৰাই ফুকন আৰু বৰুৱা নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। আহোম ৰজাই নঙাখাম আৰু চুতীয়া সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বুঢ়াগোহাঁইৰ নেতৃত্বত ৪০ হাজাৰ সৈন্য পঠিয়াইছিল। সেনা সকলে আহি ৰঙাগড়াত(বৰ্তমানৰ ডিব্ৰু-চৈখোৱাৰ দক্ষিণত) উপস্থিত হৈছিল। ইয়াত পাছত তেজী আৰু দিহিং নৈৰ পাৰত যুদ্ধ হৈছিল। বিদ্ৰোহী সকল পৰাজিত হৈ আতৰি গৈছিল। নৰা সকলে পূৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত আশ্ৰয় লয় আৰু চুতীয়া সকলে ধূনাগুৰি নামৰ ঠাই এদখৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়। বহুতো চুতীয়া, বাৰেচিৰিং আৰু নৰা বিদ্ৰোহীক ৰাজধানী ৰংপুৰলৈ লয় অনা হয়। তাৰে কিছুমানক মৃত্যু দণ্ড দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু আন সকলক বন্দী হিচাপে ৰখা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, G.C, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p. 331-333&lt;/ref&gt;

==অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিত চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰভাব==

==আৰু চাওক==
* [[চুতীয়া জনগোষ্ঠী]]
* [[সতী সাধনী]]

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Gait
 | first = Edward
 | title = A History of Assam
 | publisher = Thacker, Spink &amp; Co.
 | date = 1906
 | location = Calcutta
 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=w-6kr1IyHJkC}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Neog|first=Maheswar|title=Light on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries|date=1977|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=58/59|pages=813–820|jstor=41691751|issn=0378-1143}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==

{{অসম বুৰঞ্জী}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ইতিহাস]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু ৰাজ্য]]</text>
      <sha1>43s3cbnbb4rhispkorxtvla56epyvko</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:Lead section</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>29122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610916</id>
      <parentid>202545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49806" sha1="il0vwgsy5js5akfg5spgofo20v672au" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{style-guideline|MOS:LEAD|WP:LEAD|WP:MOSLEAD}}
{{nutshell|The lead should identify the topic and summarize the body of the article with appropriate weight.}}
{{style}}
The '''lead section''' (also known as the '''lead''' or '''introduction'''&lt;!--&quot;Lede&quot; is omitted here by consensus; see WP:NOTALEDE.--&gt;) of a Wikipedia article is the [[Help:Section|section]] before the [[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]] and the first [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|heading]]. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. It is {{em|not}} a news-style [[Lead paragraph|lead or &quot;lede&quot; paragraph]].

The average Wikipedia visit is a few minutes.&lt;ref&gt;Alexa reports the average Wikipedia user spends 4 minutes 15 seconds on the site.  [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org &quot;wikipedia.org Traffic Statistics&quot;]  See also [https://sites.google.com/site/thefamilyentertainmentnetwork/home/top-100-websites &quot;Top 100 Websites&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; The lead is the first thing most people will read upon arriving at an article. It gives the basics in a nutshell and cultivates interest in reading on{{snd}}though not by teasing the reader or hinting at what follows. It should be written in a clear, accessible style with a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]].

The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies.&lt;ref&gt;Do not violate [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|WP:Neutral point of view]] by giving undue attention to less important controversies in the lead section.&lt;/ref&gt; The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. As in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly [[WP:DUE|reflect its importance to the topic]], according to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable, published sources]]. Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article. 

As a general [[rule of thumb]], a lead section should contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate.

==Elements of the lead==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADELEMENTS|MOS:LEADORDER}}
{{see also|WP:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements}}
The lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: disambiguation links (dablinks/hatnotes), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.

{{Quote|
'''Structure of lead section:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
{{Hatnote}}
{{Short description}}

{{Article for deletion}}
{{Copy edit}}

{{Use American English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox rocket|name=...}}

{{Contains special characters}}

[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]]
{{Rocket Navigation}}

A '''rocket''' is a ...

&lt;!--Unless suppressed or modified via special syntax, or the article has fewer than four section headings, the table of contents is automatically generated at this point.--&gt;

==First section==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

*''[[Wikipedia:Template messages/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Disambiguation links]]'' should be the first elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox, or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they will want to know that first. Text-only browsers and [[screen reader]]s present the page sequentially. A &quot;for topics of the same name ...&quot; disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using [[Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|hatnote templates]]. Do not make this initial link a section. {{crossref|See also [[WP:Hatnote]].}}
*''Short description'' is a concise explanation of the scope of the page. See [[Wikipedia:Short description]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Short descriptions]] for more information.
*''Deletion tags'' ([[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]], [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] notices).
*''[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Maintenance|Maintenance tags]]'' should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article and should be presented to the user before the article itself.
*''[[WP:ENGVAR|English variety]]'' and ''[[Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines|date style]]'' tags help editors maintain consistency in articles as they are developed.
*''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]]'' contain summary information or an overview relating to the subject of the article, and therefore should be put before any text (though in actuality they will generally appear to the side of the text of the lead). The primary difference between an infobox and a navigational box is the presence of parameters: a navigational box is exactly the same in all articles of the same topic, while an infobox has different contents in each article.
*''[[:Category:Foreign character warning boxes|Foreign character warning boxes]]'' alert readers that the article contains foreign characters which may not be supported by their platform. If required, the warning should be sufficiently near any text using the foreign characters that scrolling is not required to see the warning. This is generally after short infoboxes, but before long ones.
*''[[Wikipedia:Images|Images]].'' As with all images, but particularly the lead, the image used should be relevant and technically well-produced. It is also common for the lead image to be representative because it provides a visual association for the topic, and allow readers to quickly assess if they have arrived at the right page. Image captions are part of the article text. If the article has disambiguation links (dablinks), then the introductory image should appear just before the introductory text. Otherwise a screen reader would first read the image's caption, which is part of the article's contents, then &quot;jump&quot; outside the article to read the dablink, and then return to the lead section, which is an illogical sequence.
*''[[Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates#Navigation templates|Sidebars]]'' are a collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. Sidebars are sometimes placed in the lead, especially when no infobox is present. If an infobox is present, the navigation sidebar may be moved to either the top or bottom of any other section in the article.&lt;!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.--&gt;
*All but the shortest articles should start with ''[[#Introductory text|introductory text]]'' (the &quot;lead&quot;), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more. The lead has no heading; its length should be commensurate with that of the article, but is normally no more than four paragraphs. ''See also''  {{slink|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Lead section}}.
*The ''[[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]]'' (ToC) automatically appears on pages with at least four headings. Avoid [[Help:Section #Floating the TOC|floating the ToC]] if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of [[screen reader]]s expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they will also miss any text placed between the TOC and the first heading.

==Citations==
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADCITE|MOS:CITELEAD}}
The lead must conform to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]], [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons]], and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and direct quotations, should be supported by an [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|inline citation]]. Any statements about living persons that are challenged or likely to be challenged must have an inline citation ''every'' time they are mentioned, including within the lead.

Because the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. Leads are usually written at a greater level of generality than the body, and information in the lead section of non-controversial subjects is less likely to be challenged and less likely to require a source; there is not, however, an exception to citation requirements specific to leads. The necessity for citations in a lead should be determined on a case-by-case basis by editorial [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations; others, few or none. The presence of citations in the introduction is neither required in every article nor prohibited in any article.

==Introductory text==
{{anchor|Intro}}
{{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}}
===Provide an accessible overview===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Summary style}}
The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using subjective &quot;[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|peacock terms]]&quot; such as &quot;acclaimed&quot; or &quot;award-winning&quot; or &quot;hit&quot;). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and overly specific descriptions{{snd}}greater detail is saved for the body of the article. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article, but do not hint at startling facts without describing them. 

In general, introduce useful abbreviations, but avoid difficult-to-understand [[terminology]] and symbols. Mathematical equations and formulas should be avoided when they conflict with the goal of making the lead section accessible to as broad an audience as possible. Where uncommon terms are essential, they should be placed in context, linked and briefly defined. The subject should be placed in a context familiar to a normal reader. For example, it is better to describe the location of a town with reference to an area or larger place than with coordinates. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.

===Relative emphasis===
{{anchor|Rel}}
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADREL|MOS:LEADNO}}
According to [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|the policy on due weight]], emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable sources]]. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.

===Opening paragraph===
{{anchor|Establish context}}
{{shortcut|MOS:BEGIN|MOS:BEGINNING|MOS:LEADPARAGRAPH}}
The first paragraph should [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|define]] or identify the topic with a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article [[List of environmental issues]] succinctly states that the list covers &quot;harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment&quot;.

====First sentence====
{{anchor|First sentence format}}
{{redirect|WP:REDUNDANCY|redundant articles|WP:REDUNDANT}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Use of &quot;refers to&quot;|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Fixing the introductory sentence: removing &quot;refers to&quot;}}
{{shortcut|MOS:FIRST|MOS:LEADSENTENCE|MOS:REDUNDANCY}}
The first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what, or who, the subject is.  It should be in [[plain English]]. Be wary of cluttering the first sentence with a long parenthesis containing alternative spellings, pronunciations, etc, which can make the sentence difficult to actually ''read''; this information can be placed elsewhere.
*If possible, the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|page title]] should be the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of the first sentence.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|This '''Manual of Style''' is a [[style guide]] containing&amp;nbsp;...}}
not
{{block indent|This [[style guide]], known as the '''Manual of Style''', contains&amp;nbsp;...}}
&lt;/ref&gt; However, if the article title is merely descriptive—such as [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.
*Similarly, if the page is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|list]], do {{strong|not}} introduce the list as &quot;This is a '''list of X'''&quot; or &quot;This '''list of Xs'''...&quot;. A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than verbatim repetition of the title. A good example of this is the [[List of Benet Academy alumni]]. ''(See also [[#Format of the first sentence|Format of the first sentence]] below).''
*When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including [[synonym]]s.&lt;ref&gt;For example, in the article &quot;[[United Kingdom]]&quot;:
{{block indent|The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''', the '''UK''', or '''Britain''', is a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[island country]] located off the north-western coast of [[continental Europe]].}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, if the title has a [[Wikipedia:Consistency_in_article_titles#Use_consistent_disambiguators_for_similar_kinds_of_topics|parenthetical disambiguator]], such as [[Egg (food)]], &quot;(food)&quot; should be omitted in the text.&lt;ref&gt;
For example, use:
{{block indent|An '''egg''' is an ovum produced by&amp;nbsp;...}}
not:
{{block indent|An '''egg (food)''' is an ovum produced by&amp;nbsp;...}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a [[technical terminology|specialised term]], provide the context as early as possible.&lt;ref&gt;For example, instead of:
{{block indent|A '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.}}
write:
{{block indent|In [[cryptography]], a '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
*Keep [[Redundancy (linguistics)|redundancy]] to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information that is {{strong|not}} already given by the title of the article. The title of the article need not appear verbatim in the lead.&lt;ref&gt;For example, instead of
{{block indent|1='''Pakistani–Iraqi relations''' are the relations between [[Pakistan]] and [[Iraq]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&amp;oldid=365198749]}}
consider:
{{block indent|1=[[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]] established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1947.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&amp;oldid=381034647]}}
Remember that the title {{strong|need not}} always appear in the lead if the article title is descriptive, and in any case the statement '''''relations''' are relations'' does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of ''diplomatic relations''. In this case, the editor of the second version sensibly opted to include {{strong|new}} information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.

Sometimes a little redundancy is unavoidable. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' has to be called by its proper name in its article, and cannot be called anything other than a ''dictionary'' in the first sentence. Even in these cases, the first sentence {{strong|must}} provide information not given in the title. But try to rephrase whenever possible. Instead of:
{{block indent|1=The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&amp;oldid=196628190]}}
consider:
{{block indent|1=The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is the premier dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&amp;oldid=414242839]}}
Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's ''most respected'' dictionary of English. Again, someone who knows what the word ''dictionary'' means will probably assume that any dictionary is ''comprehensive'', so they do not need to be told that.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Keep the first sentence focused on the subject by avoiding constructions like &quot;[Subject] [[WP:REFERS|refers to]]...&quot; or &quot;...[[WP:ISAWORDFOR|is a word for]]...&quot;{{snd}} the article is about the subject, not a term {{em|for}} the subject.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''Camping''' is an [[outdoor activity]] involving overnight stays away from home in a shelter&amp;nbsp;...}}not
{{block indent|'''Camping''' refers to an [[outdoor activity]] involving overnight stays&amp;nbsp;...}}
&lt;/ref&gt; For articles that are actually about terms, [[WP:WORDSASWORDS|italicize the term]] to indicate the [[use–mention distinction]].&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''''Irregardless''''' is a word sometimes used in place of ''regardless'' or ''irrespective''&amp;nbsp;...}}
not
{{block indent|'''Irregardless''' is a word sometimes used&amp;nbsp;...}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
*For topics [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA-de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 March 1882&amp;nbsp;– 14 April 1935) was a German [[mathematician]] known for her groundbreaking contributions to [[abstract algebra]] and her contributions to [[theoretical physics]].}}
This example not only tells the reader that the subject was a mathematician, it also indicates her field of expertise and work she did outside of it. The years of her birth and death provide time context. The reader who goes no further in this article already knows when she lived, what work she did, and why she is notable. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] has more on the specific format for biography articles.)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject. Instead use the first sentence to introduce the topic, and then spread the relevant information out over the entire lead.
*While a commonly recognisable form of name will be used as the title of biographical articles, fuller forms of name may be used in the introduction to the lead. For instance, in the article [[Paul McCartney]], the text of the lead begins: &quot;'''Sir James Paul McCartney''' ...&quot;.
*If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''Homer Simpson''' is a fictional character in ''The Simpsons''.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

====Format of the first sentence====
{{Anchor|Bold title}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDLEAD|MOS:BOLDTITLE}}
{{See also|WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|WP:Superfluous bolding explained}}
If an [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article's title]] is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence.

This is also done, at the first occurrence in running text, of a term  (commonly a synonym in the lead) that is [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirected]] to the article or one of its subsections, whether the term appears in the lead or not:

{{block indent|The '''electron''' is a [[subatomic particle]] with a negative [[elementary charge|elementary]] [[electric charge]]. ([[Electron]])}}
Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in a natural way:
{{block indent|The '''United States presidential line of succession''' is the order in which officials of the United States{{nbsp}}... ([[United States presidential line of succession]])}}
{{anchor|MOSBOLDSYN|Abbreviations and synonyms}}{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDSYN}}
Only the first occurrence of the title and significant [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|alternative titles]] (which should usually also [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirect]] to the article)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Usually&quot; here can account for cases like &quot;'''Foo''', also known as '''Bar''', '''Baz''', or '''Quux'''&quot;, where the &quot;Baz&quot; item is actually not a redirect from &quot;Baz&quot;, but maybe &quot;Baz (chemistry)&quot;, and so it wouldn't fit an absolute redirect requirement, but would be visually confusing if de-boldfaced between the other two.  &quot;Usually&quot; isn't blanket license to [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use boldface|boldface things for emphasis]].&lt;/ref&gt; are placed in bold:

{{block indent|'''Mumbai''', also known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])}}
Common abbreviations (in parentheses) are considered significant [[#Alternative names|alternative names]] in this sense:
{{block indent|The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), also known as the '''Petrucci Music Library''' after publisher [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], is a&amp;nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])}}

If an article is about an event involving a subject about which there is no main article, especially if the article is the [[Wikipedia:Redirect#What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?|target of a redirect]], the subject should be in bold:
{{block indent| '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 June – 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby girl who was killed by a dingo on the night of 17 August 1980{{nbsp}}... ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], redirected from Azaria Chamberlain)}}

=====Avoid these common mistakes=====
{{shortcut|MOS:BOLDAVOID}}
Links should not be placed in the [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|boldface]] reiteration of the title in the opening sentence of a lead:&lt;ref&gt;Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces '''boldface text'''; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking {{em|part}} of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Disambiguation pages are navigational aides rather than articles and where there is a primary topic for a term, the introductory line for that term's disambiguation page does typically have that term both linked and bolded; see [[MOS:DABPRIMARY]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''[[Babe Ruth]] Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. }}
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The '''Babe Ruth Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. The award, created  in honor of [[Babe Ruth]], was first awarded in 1949 to the MVP of the [[World Series]], one year after Ruth's death.}}

{{shortcut|MOS:AVOIDBOLD}}
If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the opening sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it. Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding redundancy.
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''2011 Mississippi River floods''' were a series of [[flood]]s affecting the [[Mississippi River]] in April and May 2011, which were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])}}
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The [[Mississippi River]] floods in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])}}

{{anchor|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD|MOSBEATLESINUS|BEATLES}}{{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD|MOS:BEATLES}}
In general, if the article's title is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that {{em|does}} appear:
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] '''The Beatles'''' rise to prominence '''in the United States''' on February 7, 1964, was a significant development in the history of the [[The Beatles|band's]] commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])}}  
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] [[The Beatles]]' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band's commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])}}

Disambiguation pages use bolding for [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|the link to the primary topic]], if there is one.

=====Proper names and titles=====
If the title of the page is normally [[Wikipedia:ITALICS|italicized]] (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text:
{{block indent|'''''Las Meninas''''' (Spanish for '''''The Maids of Honour''''') is a 1656 painting by [[Diego Velázquez]],&amp;nbsp;...
{{pb}}
'''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' ({{lang-it|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo}}) is a 1966 Italian [[epic film|epic]] [[Spaghetti western]] film&amp;nbsp;...
}}
Adhering to [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Special_characters|Wikipedia:Article titles § Special characters]], if the mention of the article's title is surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not be, except if the quotation marks are part of the proper title of the article:
{{block indent|&quot;'''Yesterday'''&quot; is a [[pop music|pop]] song originally recorded by [[the Beatles]] for their 1965 album ''[[Help!]]''
{{pb}}
'''Alfred Matthew''' &quot;'''Weird Al'''&quot; '''Yankovic''' ({{IPAc-en|'|j|æ|ŋ|k|ə|v|ɪ|k}} {{respell|YANG|kə|vik}}; born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter,&amp;nbsp;...
{{pb}}
'''''&quot;A&quot; Is for Alibi''''' is crime writer [[Sue Grafton]]'s debut [[mystery novel]] in the [[Kinsey Millhone]] &quot;Alphabet mystery&quot; series,&amp;nbsp;...
}}

=====Foreign language=====
{{shortcut|MOS:FORLANG}}
If the subject of the article is closely associated with a non-English language, a single foreign language equivalent name can be included in the lead sentence, usually in parentheses. For example, an article about a location in a non-English-speaking country will typically include the local language equivalent:
{{block indent|'''Chernivtsi Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Чернівецька область}}, ''{{transl|uk|Chernivets’ka oblast’}}'') is an [[administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblast]] (province) in western [[Ukraine]], bordering on [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]].}}

Do not include foreign equivalents in the lead sentence just to show etymology.

Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English. Some foreign terms should be italicized. These cases are described in the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Manual of Style for text formatting]].
{{block indent|The '''Inuit''' (plural; pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|nj|u|ɪ|t}}; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]: {{lang|iu|{{linktext|ᐃᓄᐃᑦ}}}}, &quot;the people&quot;) are a group of culturally similar [[indigenous peoples]] inhabiting the [[Arctic]] regions of [[Greenland]], [[Canada]] and [[Alaska]]&amp;nbsp;...}}

=====Pronunciation=====
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADPRON}}
{{details|topic=the formatting of pronunciation in the first sentence|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation}}
If the name of the article has a pronunciation that is not apparent from its spelling, include its [[Help:IPA|pronunciation]] in parentheses after the first occurrence of the name. Most such terms are foreign words or phrases (''[[Mate (drink)|mate]],'' ''[[coup d'état]]''), proper nouns ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]), or very unusual English words ([[synecdoche]], [[atlatl]]). Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English ([[France]], [[Poland]]).  Do not include them for common English words with pronunciations that are merely counterintuitive for learners ([[laughter]], [[sword]]). If the name of the article is more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it unless all are foreign (all of [[Jean van Heijenoort]] but only ''Cholmondeley'' in [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). A fuller discussion of pronunciation can come later in the article.

=====Contextual links=====
{{shortcut|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}}
The opening sentence should provide links to the broader or more elementary topics that are important to the article's topic or place it into the [[context (language use)|context]] where it is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]].

For example, an article about a building or location should include a link to the broader geographical area of which it is a part.
{{block indent|'''Arugam Bay''' is a [[bay]] on the [[Indian Ocean]] in the dry zone of [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka's]] southeast coast.}}

In an article about a technical or jargon term, the opening sentence or paragraph should normally contain a link to the [[field of study]] that the term comes from.
{{block indent|In [[heraldry]], '''tinctures''' are the colours used to [[blazon|emblazon]] a [[coat of arms]].}}

The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Opening paragraph|first sentence of an article about a person]] should link to the page or pages about the topic where the person achieved prominence.
{{block indent|'''Harvey Lavan''' &quot;'''Van'''&quot; '''Cliburn Jr.''' (July 12, 1934 – February 27, 2013) was an American [[pianist]] who achieved worldwide recognition in 1958 at age 23, when he won the first quadrennial [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition]] in Moscow, at the height of the [[Cold War]].}}

Exactly what provides the context needed to understand a given topic varies greatly from topic to topic.
{{block indent|The '''Gemara''' is the component of the [[Talmud]] comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the [[Mishnah]].}}

Do not, however, add contextual links that don't relate directly to the topic's definition or reason for notability. For example, [[Van Cliburn|Van Cliburn's]] opening sentence links to [[Cold War]] because his fame came partly from his Tchaikovsky Competition victory being used as a Cold War symbol. The first sentence of a page about someone who rose to fame in the 1950s for reasons unrelated to the Cold War should not mention the Cold War at all, even though the Cold War is part of the broader historical context of that person's life. By the same token, [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Linking month-and-day or year|do not link to years]] unless the year has some special salience to the topic.

Links appearing ahead of the bolded term distract from the topic if not necessary to establish context, and should be omitted even if they might be appropriate elsewhere in the text. For example, a person's title or office, such as colonel, naturally appears ahead of their name, but the word &quot;Colonel&quot; should not have a link, since it doesn't establish context. Do not, however, reword a sentence awkwardly just to keep a needed contextual link from getting ahead of the bolded term.
{{block indent|Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (died 1738) was a special [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|British envoy]] entrusted by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] with the task of negotiating a double marriage between the [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] and [[Hohenzollern]] dynasties.}}

=====Biographies=====
{{details|topic=the formatting of the first sentence of biographical articles|WP:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section}}

=====Organisms=====
{{hatnote|See also {{slink|WP:Manual of Style|Animals, plants, and other organisms}} for capitalization rules; and [[WP:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[WP:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}}
When a common (vernacular) name is used as the article title, the boldfaced common name is followed by the italic un-boldfaced scientific name in round parentheses in the opening sentence of the lead. Alternative names should be mentioned and reliably sourced in the text where applicable, with bold type in the lead if they are in wide use, or elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type, per editorial discretion) if they are less used. It is not necessary to include non-English common names, unless they are also commonly used in English, e.g. regionally; if included, they should be italicized as non-English.
{{block indent|'''Thomson's gazelle''' (''Eudorcas thomsonii'') is the most common gazelle of [[East Africa]]{{nbsp}}...
}}

When the article title is the scientific name, reverse the order of the scientific and common name(s) (if any of the latter are given), and boldface as well as italicize the scientific name. Avoid putting the most common name in parentheses (this will suppress its display in some views of Wikipedia, including [[Wikipedia:Pop-ups]] and [[Google Knowledge Graph]]).
{{block indent|'''''Vitis vinifera''''', the '''common grape vine''', is a species of ''[[Vitis]]'', native to the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean region]], central Europe, and southwestern Asia{{nbsp}}...
{{pb}}
'''''Brassica oleracea''''' is the [[species]] of plant that includes many common foods as [[cultivar]]s, including [[cabbage]], [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], [[kale]], [[Brussels sprouts]], [[Savoy cabbage|savoy]], and [[Chinese kale]]{{nbsp}}...
}}

===Scope of article===
In some cases the definition of the article topic in the opening paragraph may be insufficient to fully constrain the scope of the article. In particular, it may be necessary to identify material that is {{em|not}} within scope. For instance, the article on [[fever]] notes that an elevated core body temperature due to [[hyperthermia]] is not within scope. These explanations may best be done at the end of the lead to avoid cluttering and confusing the first paragraph. This information and other meta material in the lead is not expected to appear in the body of the article.

==Biographies of living persons==
{{anchor|LEADBIO}}
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons}}

A summary of the key points in [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|the main guideline]] on this:
* Reliably sourced material about encyclopedically relevant controversies is neither suppressed in the lead nor allowed to overwhelm; the lead must correctly summarize the article as a whole.
* Recent events affecting a subject are kept in historical perspective; most recent is not necessarily most notable.  Balance new information with old, giving all information [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|due weight]].
* [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site|Wikipedia is not a memorial site]]; when a subject dies, the lead should not radically change, nor dwell on the death.
* [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|Do not use primary sources]] for private details about living persons, including birth dates.

{{crossref|For more information on biographical leads in general, see the main guideline: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]}}

==Alternative names==
{{anchor|LEADALT}}&lt;!-- Wikipedia:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here --&gt;
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|MOS:ALTNAME}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names}}
[[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|The [[Wikipedia:Article titles|'''article title''']] appears at the top of a reader's browser window and as a large level 1 heading above the editable text of an article, circled here in dark red. The name or names given in the first sentence does not always match the article title. This page gives advice on the contents of the first sentence, not the article title.]]

By the design of Wikipedia's software, an article can have only one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article, usually in the first sentence or paragraph. These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, and significant names in other languages. Indeed, alternative names can be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called &quot;[[Gdańsk]]&quot; can be referred to as &quot;Danzig&quot; in suitable historical contexts. The editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability.

===Non-English titles===
Although Wikipedia's naming conventions [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Foreign names and anglicization|recommend the use of English]], there are instances where the subject of an article is best known in English-language sources by its non-English name. In this case, the non-English title may be appropriate for the article.

===Usage in first sentence===
The title can be followed in the first line by one or two alternative names in [[parentheses]] (but see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)]] for special guidelines for place names). The following are examples of names that may be included parenthetically, although inclusion should reflect [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]].
*[[Archaism|Archaic names]], including names used before the [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|standardization of English orthography]] should be clearly marked as such, i.e., ([[archaism|archaic:]] name).
*{{em|Relevant}} foreign-language names, such as in an article on a person who does not themselves write their name in English, are encouraged. Separate languages should be divided by [[semicolon]]s, and [[romanization]]s of non-Latin scripts by [[comma]]s.

{{anchor|Clutter}}{{shortcut|MOS:LEADCLUTTER}}
Consider footnoting foreign-language and archaic names if they would otherwise clutter the opening sentence.&lt;ref&gt;For example, an excessive lead at [[Genghis Khan]] at one time read:
:'''Genghis Khan''' (English pronunciation:{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]&lt;/sup&gt;; [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA-mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; probably May 31, 1162&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]&lt;/sup&gt; – August 25, 1227), born '''Temujin''' (English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; ''{{lang-xng|Temüjin}}'';&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]&lt;/sup&gt; {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) and also known by the [[temple name]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest]] contiguous empire in history after his death.

This was later reduced to the following:
:'''Genghis Khan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}, often pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}; ''{{lang-mn|Чингис хаан, Çingis hán}}''; {{IPA-mn|t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ| Mongol:|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}, c. 1162{{spaced ndash}} August 18, 1227), born '''Temüjin''', was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (Emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest contiguous empire]] in history after his death.
&lt;/ref&gt;

====Biographical====
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names}}
The basic instructions for biographical names are summarized below; [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names|the main guideline]] on this provides additional detail.

* The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on [[Calvin Coolidge]] gives his name as {{xt|'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''}}
* If a [[hypocorism]] (diminutive) that is common in English is often used for the subject in lieu of a given name, it is {{em|not}} inserted into the name or given after it. E.g., [[Tom Hopper]] has simply {{xt|'''Thomas Edward Hopper'''}}.
** Also acceptable are formulations like {{xt|'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', known as '''Sandro Botticelli'''}}, when applicable.  Hypocorisms are {{em|not}} put in quotation marks.
* If a person is commonly known by a [[nickname]] (other than a hypocorism), it is presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for [[Bunny Berigan]], which has {{xt|'''Roland Bernard '''&quot;'''Bunny'''&quot;''' Berigan'''}}. The quotation marks are not boldfaced.
&lt;!--This summary should be checked periodically to ensure it accurately summarizes the relevant material at MOS:BIO.--&gt;

===Separate section usage===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)}}
If there are three or more alternative names, or if there is something notable about the names themselves, they may be moved to and discussed in a separate section with a title such as &quot;Names&quot; or &quot;Etymology&quot;. Once such a section or paragraph is created, the alternative English or foreign names should not be moved back to the first line. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.

==Stubs==
Where the article is a [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]] and has no section headings, a lead may not be necessary. Although Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, this may be impossible if reliably sourced information is not available. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings and removing the stub classification.

==Length==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADLENGTH}}
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total [[Wikipedia:Article size|length of the article]]. As a general guideline—but not absolute rule—the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs. The length of the lead should conform to readers' expectations of a short, but useful and complete, summary of the topic. A lead that is too short leaves the reader unsatisfied; a lead that is too long is intimidating, difficult to read, and may cause the reader to lose interest halfway. The following suggestions about lead length may be useful (&quot;article length&quot; refers to [[Wikipedia:Article size|readable prose size]]):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Article length
! Lead length
|-
| Fewer than 15,000 characters
| One or two paragraphs
|-
| 15,000–30,000 characters
| Two or three paragraphs
|-
| More than 30,000 characters
| Three or four paragraphs
|}

Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at [[Wikipedia:Summary style|Summary style]]. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at [[News style]].

==Editing the lead section==
All users can edit the lead by clicking the edit link of the whole article. By default, there is no edit link just for the lead section, but registered users can get it by enabling one or both of the following [[Help:Preferences|preferences]] (both require JavaScript):
*{{myprefs|Gadgets|Appearance|check=Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page}}
*{{myprefs|Editing|General options|check=Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles}}

==Comparison to the news-style lead==
{{anchor|Comparison to news style|reason=old section name}}
Wikipedia leads are not written in [[news style]]. Although there are some similarities, such as putting the most important information first and making it possible for any reader to understand the subject even if they only read the lead, there are some important differences. The [[lead paragraph]] (sometimes spelled &quot;[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;See [[WP:NOTALEDE]] for previous discussion of why &quot;lede&quot; is avoided in this guideline; in summary: it gives a false impression about the purpose, nature, and style of Wikipedia leads.&lt;/ref&gt; of newspaper journalism is a very compressed summary of only the most important facts about a story. These basic facts are sometimes referred to as the &quot;[[five Ws]]&quot;: ''who'', ''what'', ''when'', ''where'', and ''why''. Journalistic leads normally are only one or two sentences long. By contrast, in Wikipedia articles, the first sentence is usually more similar to a definition, the lead is longer, and it ultimately provides far more information, as its purpose is to summarize the article, not just introduce it.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of journalistic and encyclopedic leads
|-
!Journalistic lead
!Encyclopedic lead
|-
|width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|&quot;Toxic gas leaking from an American-owned insecticide plant in central India killed at least 410 people overnight, many as they slept, officials said today. At least 12,000 were reported injured in the disaster in the city of Bhopal, 2,000 of whom were hospitalized.&quot; &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 December 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html &quot;Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal&quot;] ''The New York Times''&lt;/small&gt;
|width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|The '''Bhopal disaster''', also referred to as the '''Bhopal gas tragedy''', was a [[gas leak]] incident in India, considered [[list of accidents and disasters by death toll#Industrial disasters|the world's worst]] [[list of industrial disasters|industrial disaster]]. It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the [[Union Carbide India Limited]] (UCIL) [[pesticide]] plant in [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to [[methyl isocyanate|methyl isocyanate (MIC)]] gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around the [[shanty town]]s located near the plant. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. The [[government of Madhya Pradesh]] confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.
|}

===No teasers===
{{shortcut|MOS:DONTTEASE}}
Tabloid, magazine, and broadcast news leads may have &quot;teasers&quot; that intentionally omit some crucial details to entice readers to read or watch the full story. They may even &quot;[[wikt:bury the lede|bury the lead]]&quot; by hiding the most important facts. This style should never be used on Wikipedia.

==Cleanup==
For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Introduction]]. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tag them.

==See also==
*[[Help:Section]]
*[[Wikipedia:How to create and manage a good lead section]]
*[[Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence content]]
*[[Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence format]]
*[[Wikipedia:Lead section TT text]]
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|Wikipedia's Good definition policy]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Lead Improvement Team]]
*{{Section link|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Lead section}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Style wide}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)]]</text>
      <sha1>il0vwgsy5js5akfg5spgofo20v672au</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610918</id>
      <parentid>610916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:34:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Page protection template + Nut shell translation</comment>
      <origin>610918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50056" sha1="dqjvdsaingwz52lan52r49teitru42x" xml:space="preserve">{{style-guideline|MOS:LEAD|WP:LEAD|WP:MOSLEAD}}
{{nutshell|প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ অংশটোৱে বিষয়টো কি আছিল সেয়া বুজাই দিব লাগে আৰু গোটেই প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ এটা চমু সাৰাংশ সঠিক গুৰুত্বসহকাৰে দাঙি ধৰিব লাগে।}}
{{style}}
The '''lead section''' (also known as the '''lead''' or '''introduction'''&lt;!--&quot;Lede&quot; is omitted here by consensus; see WP:NOTALEDE.--&gt;) of a Wikipedia article is the [[Help:Section|section]] before the [[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]] and the first [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|heading]]. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. It is {{em|not}} a news-style [[Lead paragraph|lead or &quot;lede&quot; paragraph]].

The average Wikipedia visit is a few minutes.&lt;ref&gt;Alexa reports the average Wikipedia user spends 4 minutes 15 seconds on the site.  [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org &quot;wikipedia.org Traffic Statistics&quot;]  See also [https://sites.google.com/site/thefamilyentertainmentnetwork/home/top-100-websites &quot;Top 100 Websites&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; The lead is the first thing most people will read upon arriving at an article. It gives the basics in a nutshell and cultivates interest in reading on{{snd}}though not by teasing the reader or hinting at what follows. It should be written in a clear, accessible style with a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]].

The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies.&lt;ref&gt;Do not violate [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|WP:Neutral point of view]] by giving undue attention to less important controversies in the lead section.&lt;/ref&gt; The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. As in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly [[WP:DUE|reflect its importance to the topic]], according to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable, published sources]]. Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article. 

As a general [[rule of thumb]], a lead section should contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate.

==Elements of the lead==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADELEMENTS|MOS:LEADORDER}}
{{see also|WP:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements}}
The lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: disambiguation links (dablinks/hatnotes), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes (navigational templates), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.

{{Quote|
'''Structure of lead section:'''
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;
{{Hatnote}}
{{Short description}}

{{Article for deletion}}
{{Copy edit}}

{{Use American English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox rocket|name=...}}

{{Contains special characters}}

[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]]
{{Rocket Navigation}}

A '''rocket''' is a ...

&lt;!--Unless suppressed or modified via special syntax, or the article has fewer than four section headings, the table of contents is automatically generated at this point.--&gt;

==First section==
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
}}

*''[[Wikipedia:Template messages/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Disambiguation links]]'' should be the first elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox, or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they will want to know that first. Text-only browsers and [[screen reader]]s present the page sequentially. A &quot;for topics of the same name ...&quot; disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using [[Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|hatnote templates]]. Do not make this initial link a section. {{crossref|See also [[WP:Hatnote]].}}
*''Short description'' is a concise explanation of the scope of the page. See [[Wikipedia:Short description]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Short descriptions]] for more information.
*''Deletion tags'' ([[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]], [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] notices).
*''[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Maintenance|Maintenance tags]]'' should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article and should be presented to the user before the article itself.
*''[[WP:ENGVAR|English variety]]'' and ''[[Wikipedia:Overview of date formatting guidelines|date style]]'' tags help editors maintain consistency in articles as they are developed.
*''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]]'' contain summary information or an overview relating to the subject of the article, and therefore should be put before any text (though in actuality they will generally appear to the side of the text of the lead). The primary difference between an infobox and a navigational box is the presence of parameters: a navigational box is exactly the same in all articles of the same topic, while an infobox has different contents in each article.
*''[[:Category:Foreign character warning boxes|Foreign character warning boxes]]'' alert readers that the article contains foreign characters which may not be supported by their platform. If required, the warning should be sufficiently near any text using the foreign characters that scrolling is not required to see the warning. This is generally after short infoboxes, but before long ones.
*''[[Wikipedia:Images|Images]].'' As with all images, but particularly the lead, the image used should be relevant and technically well-produced. It is also common for the lead image to be representative because it provides a visual association for the topic, and allow readers to quickly assess if they have arrived at the right page. Image captions are part of the article text. If the article has disambiguation links (dablinks), then the introductory image should appear just before the introductory text. Otherwise a screen reader would first read the image's caption, which is part of the article's contents, then &quot;jump&quot; outside the article to read the dablink, and then return to the lead section, which is an illogical sequence.
*''[[Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates#Navigation templates|Sidebars]]'' are a collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. Sidebars are sometimes placed in the lead, especially when no infobox is present. If an infobox is present, the navigation sidebar may be moved to either the top or bottom of any other section in the article.&lt;!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.--&gt;
*All but the shortest articles should start with ''[[#Introductory text|introductory text]]'' (the &quot;lead&quot;), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more. The lead has no heading; its length should be commensurate with that of the article, but is normally no more than four paragraphs. ''See also''  {{slink|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Lead section}}.
*The ''[[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]]'' (ToC) automatically appears on pages with at least four headings. Avoid [[Help:Section #Floating the TOC|floating the ToC]] if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of [[screen reader]]s expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they will also miss any text placed between the TOC and the first heading.

==Citations==
{{see|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Wikipedia:Citing sources}}
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADCITE|MOS:CITELEAD}}
The lead must conform to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]], [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons]], and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and direct quotations, should be supported by an [[Wikipedia:Inline citation|inline citation]]. Any statements about living persons that are challenged or likely to be challenged must have an inline citation ''every'' time they are mentioned, including within the lead.

Because the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. Leads are usually written at a greater level of generality than the body, and information in the lead section of non-controversial subjects is less likely to be challenged and less likely to require a source; there is not, however, an exception to citation requirements specific to leads. The necessity for citations in a lead should be determined on a case-by-case basis by editorial [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations; others, few or none. The presence of citations in the introduction is neither required in every article nor prohibited in any article.

==Introductory text==
{{anchor|Intro}}
{{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}}
===Provide an accessible overview===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Summary style}}
The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using subjective &quot;[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|peacock terms]]&quot; such as &quot;acclaimed&quot; or &quot;award-winning&quot; or &quot;hit&quot;). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and overly specific descriptions{{snd}}greater detail is saved for the body of the article. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article, but do not hint at startling facts without describing them. 

In general, introduce useful abbreviations, but avoid difficult-to-understand [[terminology]] and symbols. Mathematical equations and formulas should be avoided when they conflict with the goal of making the lead section accessible to as broad an audience as possible. Where uncommon terms are essential, they should be placed in context, linked and briefly defined. The subject should be placed in a context familiar to a normal reader. For example, it is better to describe the location of a town with reference to an area or larger place than with coordinates. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.

===Relative emphasis===
{{anchor|Rel}}
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADREL|MOS:LEADNO}}
According to [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|the policy on due weight]], emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable sources]]. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.

===Opening paragraph===
{{anchor|Establish context}}
{{shortcut|MOS:BEGIN|MOS:BEGINNING|MOS:LEADPARAGRAPH}}
The first paragraph should [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|define]] or identify the topic with a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article [[List of environmental issues]] succinctly states that the list covers &quot;harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment&quot;.

====First sentence====
{{anchor|First sentence format}}
{{redirect|WP:REDUNDANCY|redundant articles|WP:REDUNDANT}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Use of &quot;refers to&quot;|Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Fixing the introductory sentence: removing &quot;refers to&quot;}}
{{shortcut|MOS:FIRST|MOS:LEADSENTENCE|MOS:REDUNDANCY}}
The first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what, or who, the subject is.  It should be in [[plain English]]. Be wary of cluttering the first sentence with a long parenthesis containing alternative spellings, pronunciations, etc, which can make the sentence difficult to actually ''read''; this information can be placed elsewhere.
*If possible, the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Article titles|page title]] should be the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of the first sentence.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|This '''Manual of Style''' is a [[style guide]] containing&amp;nbsp;...}}
not
{{block indent|This [[style guide]], known as the '''Manual of Style''', contains&amp;nbsp;...}}
&lt;/ref&gt; However, if the article title is merely descriptive—such as [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.
*Similarly, if the page is a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists|list]], do {{strong|not}} introduce the list as &quot;This is a '''list of X'''&quot; or &quot;This '''list of Xs'''...&quot;. A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than verbatim repetition of the title. A good example of this is the [[List of Benet Academy alumni]]. ''(See also [[#Format of the first sentence|Format of the first sentence]] below).''
*When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including [[synonym]]s.&lt;ref&gt;For example, in the article &quot;[[United Kingdom]]&quot;:
{{block indent|The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''', the '''UK''', or '''Britain''', is a [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[island country]] located off the north-western coast of [[continental Europe]].}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, if the title has a [[Wikipedia:Consistency_in_article_titles#Use_consistent_disambiguators_for_similar_kinds_of_topics|parenthetical disambiguator]], such as [[Egg (food)]], &quot;(food)&quot; should be omitted in the text.&lt;ref&gt;
For example, use:
{{block indent|An '''egg''' is an ovum produced by&amp;nbsp;...}}
not:
{{block indent|An '''egg (food)''' is an ovum produced by&amp;nbsp;...}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a [[technical terminology|specialised term]], provide the context as early as possible.&lt;ref&gt;For example, instead of:
{{block indent|A '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.}}
write:
{{block indent|In [[cryptography]], a '''trusted third party''' is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
*Keep [[Redundancy (linguistics)|redundancy]] to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information that is {{strong|not}} already given by the title of the article. The title of the article need not appear verbatim in the lead.&lt;ref&gt;For example, instead of
{{block indent|1='''Pakistani–Iraqi relations''' are the relations between [[Pakistan]] and [[Iraq]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&amp;oldid=365198749]}}
consider:
{{block indent|1=[[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]] established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1947.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&amp;oldid=381034647]}}
Remember that the title {{strong|need not}} always appear in the lead if the article title is descriptive, and in any case the statement '''''relations''' are relations'' does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of ''diplomatic relations''. In this case, the editor of the second version sensibly opted to include {{strong|new}} information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.

Sometimes a little redundancy is unavoidable. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' has to be called by its proper name in its article, and cannot be called anything other than a ''dictionary'' in the first sentence. Even in these cases, the first sentence {{strong|must}} provide information not given in the title. But try to rephrase whenever possible. Instead of:
{{block indent|1=The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&amp;oldid=196628190]}}
consider:
{{block indent|1=The '''Oxford English Dictionary''' [...] is the premier dictionary of the English language.[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&amp;oldid=414242839]}}
Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's ''most respected'' dictionary of English. Again, someone who knows what the word ''dictionary'' means will probably assume that any dictionary is ''comprehensive'', so they do not need to be told that.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Keep the first sentence focused on the subject by avoiding constructions like &quot;[Subject] [[WP:REFERS|refers to]]...&quot; or &quot;...[[WP:ISAWORDFOR|is a word for]]...&quot;{{snd}} the article is about the subject, not a term {{em|for}} the subject.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''Camping''' is an [[outdoor activity]] involving overnight stays away from home in a shelter&amp;nbsp;...}}not
{{block indent|'''Camping''' refers to an [[outdoor activity]] involving overnight stays&amp;nbsp;...}}
&lt;/ref&gt; For articles that are actually about terms, [[WP:WORDSASWORDS|italicize the term]] to indicate the [[use–mention distinction]].&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''''Irregardless''''' is a word sometimes used in place of ''regardless'' or ''irrespective''&amp;nbsp;...}}
not
{{block indent|'''Irregardless''' is a word sometimes used&amp;nbsp;...}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
*For topics [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]] for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''Amalie Emmy Noether''' {{IPA-de|ˈnøːtɐ|}} (23 March 1882&amp;nbsp;– 14 April 1935) was a German [[mathematician]] known for her groundbreaking contributions to [[abstract algebra]] and her contributions to [[theoretical physics]].}}
This example not only tells the reader that the subject was a mathematician, it also indicates her field of expertise and work she did outside of it. The years of her birth and death provide time context. The reader who goes no further in this article already knows when she lived, what work she did, and why she is notable. ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]] has more on the specific format for biography articles.)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject. Instead use the first sentence to introduce the topic, and then spread the relevant information out over the entire lead.
*While a commonly recognisable form of name will be used as the title of biographical articles, fuller forms of name may be used in the introduction to the lead. For instance, in the article [[Paul McCartney]], the text of the lead begins: &quot;'''Sir James Paul McCartney''' ...&quot;.
*If the article is about a fictional character or place, say so.&lt;ref&gt;For example:
{{block indent|'''Homer Simpson''' is a fictional character in ''The Simpsons''.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

====Format of the first sentence====
{{Anchor|Bold title}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDLEAD|MOS:BOLDTITLE}}
{{See also|WP:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|WP:Superfluous bolding explained}}
If an [[Wikipedia:Article titles|article's title]] is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence.

This is also done, at the first occurrence in running text, of a term  (commonly a synonym in the lead) that is [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirected]] to the article or one of its subsections, whether the term appears in the lead or not:

{{block indent|The '''electron''' is a [[subatomic particle]] with a negative [[elementary charge|elementary]] [[electric charge]]. ([[Electron]])}}
Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in a natural way:
{{block indent|The '''United States presidential line of succession''' is the order in which officials of the United States{{nbsp}}... ([[United States presidential line of succession]])}}
{{anchor|MOSBOLDSYN|Abbreviations and synonyms}}{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDSYN}}
Only the first occurrence of the title and significant [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|alternative titles]] (which should usually also [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirect]] to the article)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Usually&quot; here can account for cases like &quot;'''Foo''', also known as '''Bar''', '''Baz''', or '''Quux'''&quot;, where the &quot;Baz&quot; item is actually not a redirect from &quot;Baz&quot;, but maybe &quot;Baz (chemistry)&quot;, and so it wouldn't fit an absolute redirect requirement, but would be visually confusing if de-boldfaced between the other two.  &quot;Usually&quot; isn't blanket license to [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#When not to use boldface|boldface things for emphasis]].&lt;/ref&gt; are placed in bold:

{{block indent|'''Mumbai''', also known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])}}
Common abbreviations (in parentheses) are considered significant [[#Alternative names|alternative names]] in this sense:
{{block indent|The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), also known as the '''Petrucci Music Library''' after publisher [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], is a&amp;nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])}}

If an article is about an event involving a subject about which there is no main article, especially if the article is the [[Wikipedia:Redirect#What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?|target of a redirect]], the subject should be in bold:
{{block indent| '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 June – 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby girl who was killed by a dingo on the night of 17 August 1980{{nbsp}}... ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], redirected from Azaria Chamberlain)}}

=====Avoid these common mistakes=====
{{shortcut|MOS:BOLDAVOID}}
Links should not be placed in the [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|boldface]] reiteration of the title in the opening sentence of a lead:&lt;ref&gt;Many, but not all, articles repeat the article title in bold face in the first line of the article. Linking the article to itself produces '''boldface text'''; this practice is discouraged as page moves will result in a useless circular link through a redirect. Linking {{em|part}} of the bolded text is also discouraged because it changes the visual effect of bolding; some readers will miss the visual cue which is the purpose of using bold face in the first place.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Disambiguation pages are navigational aides rather than articles and where there is a primary topic for a term, the introductory line for that term's disambiguation page does typically have that term both linked and bolded; see [[MOS:DABPRIMARY]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''[[Babe Ruth]] Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. }}
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The '''Babe Ruth Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. The award, created  in honor of [[Babe Ruth]], was first awarded in 1949 to the MVP of the [[World Series]], one year after Ruth's death.}}

{{shortcut|MOS:AVOIDBOLD}}
If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the opening sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it. Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding redundancy.
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''2011 Mississippi River floods''' were a series of [[flood]]s affecting the [[Mississippi River]] in April and May 2011, which were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])}}
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The [[Mississippi River]] floods in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century. ([[2011 Mississippi River floods]])}}

{{anchor|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD|MOSBEATLESINUS|BEATLES}}{{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD|MOS:BEATLES}}
In general, if the article's title is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that {{em|does}} appear:
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] '''The Beatles'''' rise to prominence '''in the United States''' on February 7, 1964, was a significant development in the history of the [[The Beatles|band's]] commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])}}  
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] [[The Beatles]]' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band's commercial success. ([[The Beatles in the United States]])}}

Disambiguation pages use bolding for [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|the link to the primary topic]], if there is one.

=====Proper names and titles=====
If the title of the page is normally [[Wikipedia:ITALICS|italicized]] (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text:
{{block indent|'''''Las Meninas''''' (Spanish for '''''The Maids of Honour''''') is a 1656 painting by [[Diego Velázquez]],&amp;nbsp;...
{{pb}}
'''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''''' ({{lang-it|Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo}}) is a 1966 Italian [[epic film|epic]] [[Spaghetti western]] film&amp;nbsp;...
}}
Adhering to [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Special_characters|Wikipedia:Article titles § Special characters]], if the mention of the article's title is surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not be, except if the quotation marks are part of the proper title of the article:
{{block indent|&quot;'''Yesterday'''&quot; is a [[pop music|pop]] song originally recorded by [[the Beatles]] for their 1965 album ''[[Help!]]''
{{pb}}
'''Alfred Matthew''' &quot;'''Weird Al'''&quot; '''Yankovic''' ({{IPAc-en|'|j|æ|ŋ|k|ə|v|ɪ|k}} {{respell|YANG|kə|vik}}; born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter,&amp;nbsp;...
{{pb}}
'''''&quot;A&quot; Is for Alibi''''' is crime writer [[Sue Grafton]]'s debut [[mystery novel]] in the [[Kinsey Millhone]] &quot;Alphabet mystery&quot; series,&amp;nbsp;...
}}

=====Foreign language=====
{{shortcut|MOS:FORLANG}}
If the subject of the article is closely associated with a non-English language, a single foreign language equivalent name can be included in the lead sentence, usually in parentheses. For example, an article about a location in a non-English-speaking country will typically include the local language equivalent:
{{block indent|'''Chernivtsi Oblast''' ({{lang-uk|Чернівецька область}}, ''{{transl|uk|Chernivets’ka oblast’}}'') is an [[administrative divisions of Ukraine|oblast]] (province) in western [[Ukraine]], bordering on [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]].}}

Do not include foreign equivalents in the lead sentence just to show etymology.

Do not boldface foreign names not normally used in English. Some foreign terms should be italicized. These cases are described in the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms|Manual of Style for text formatting]].
{{block indent|The '''Inuit''' (plural; pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|nj|u|ɪ|t}}; [[Inuktitut language|Inuktitut]]: {{lang|iu|{{linktext|ᐃᓄᐃᑦ}}}}, &quot;the people&quot;) are a group of culturally similar [[indigenous peoples]] inhabiting the [[Arctic]] regions of [[Greenland]], [[Canada]] and [[Alaska]]&amp;nbsp;...}}

=====Pronunciation=====
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADPRON}}
{{details|topic=the formatting of pronunciation in the first sentence|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation}}
If the name of the article has a pronunciation that is not apparent from its spelling, include its [[Help:IPA|pronunciation]] in parentheses after the first occurrence of the name. Most such terms are foreign words or phrases (''[[Mate (drink)|mate]],'' ''[[coup d'état]]''), proper nouns ([[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Tuolumne River]], [[Tao Te Ching]]), or very unusual English words ([[synecdoche]], [[atlatl]]). Do not include pronunciations for names of foreign countries whose pronunciations are well known in English ([[France]], [[Poland]]).  Do not include them for common English words with pronunciations that are merely counterintuitive for learners ([[laughter]], [[sword]]). If the name of the article is more than one word, include pronunciation only for the words that need it unless all are foreign (all of [[Jean van Heijenoort]] but only ''Cholmondeley'' in [[Thomas P. G. Cholmondeley]]). A fuller discussion of pronunciation can come later in the article.

=====Contextual links=====
{{shortcut|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}}
The opening sentence should provide links to the broader or more elementary topics that are important to the article's topic or place it into the [[context (language use)|context]] where it is [[Wikipedia:Notability|notable]].

For example, an article about a building or location should include a link to the broader geographical area of which it is a part.
{{block indent|'''Arugam Bay''' is a [[bay]] on the [[Indian Ocean]] in the dry zone of [[Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka's]] southeast coast.}}

In an article about a technical or jargon term, the opening sentence or paragraph should normally contain a link to the [[field of study]] that the term comes from.
{{block indent|In [[heraldry]], '''tinctures''' are the colours used to [[blazon|emblazon]] a [[coat of arms]].}}

The [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Opening paragraph|first sentence of an article about a person]] should link to the page or pages about the topic where the person achieved prominence.
{{block indent|'''Harvey Lavan''' &quot;'''Van'''&quot; '''Cliburn Jr.''' (July 12, 1934 – February 27, 2013) was an American [[pianist]] who achieved worldwide recognition in 1958 at age 23, when he won the first quadrennial [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition]] in Moscow, at the height of the [[Cold War]].}}

Exactly what provides the context needed to understand a given topic varies greatly from topic to topic.
{{block indent|The '''Gemara''' is the component of the [[Talmud]] comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the [[Mishnah]].}}

Do not, however, add contextual links that don't relate directly to the topic's definition or reason for notability. For example, [[Van Cliburn|Van Cliburn's]] opening sentence links to [[Cold War]] because his fame came partly from his Tchaikovsky Competition victory being used as a Cold War symbol. The first sentence of a page about someone who rose to fame in the 1950s for reasons unrelated to the Cold War should not mention the Cold War at all, even though the Cold War is part of the broader historical context of that person's life. By the same token, [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Linking month-and-day or year|do not link to years]] unless the year has some special salience to the topic.

Links appearing ahead of the bolded term distract from the topic if not necessary to establish context, and should be omitted even if they might be appropriate elsewhere in the text. For example, a person's title or office, such as colonel, naturally appears ahead of their name, but the word &quot;Colonel&quot; should not have a link, since it doesn't establish context. Do not, however, reword a sentence awkwardly just to keep a needed contextual link from getting ahead of the bolded term.
{{block indent|Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (died 1738) was a special [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|British envoy]] entrusted by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] with the task of negotiating a double marriage between the [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] and [[Hohenzollern]] dynasties.}}

=====Biographies=====
{{details|topic=the formatting of the first sentence of biographical articles|WP:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section}}

=====Organisms=====
{{hatnote|See also {{slink|WP:Manual of Style|Animals, plants, and other organisms}} for capitalization rules; and [[WP:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[WP:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}}
When a common (vernacular) name is used as the article title, the boldfaced common name is followed by the italic un-boldfaced scientific name in round parentheses in the opening sentence of the lead. Alternative names should be mentioned and reliably sourced in the text where applicable, with bold type in the lead if they are in wide use, or elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type, per editorial discretion) if they are less used. It is not necessary to include non-English common names, unless they are also commonly used in English, e.g. regionally; if included, they should be italicized as non-English.
{{block indent|'''Thomson's gazelle''' (''Eudorcas thomsonii'') is the most common gazelle of [[East Africa]]{{nbsp}}...
}}

When the article title is the scientific name, reverse the order of the scientific and common name(s) (if any of the latter are given), and boldface as well as italicize the scientific name. Avoid putting the most common name in parentheses (this will suppress its display in some views of Wikipedia, including [[Wikipedia:Pop-ups]] and [[Google Knowledge Graph]]).
{{block indent|'''''Vitis vinifera''''', the '''common grape vine''', is a species of ''[[Vitis]]'', native to the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean region]], central Europe, and southwestern Asia{{nbsp}}...
{{pb}}
'''''Brassica oleracea''''' is the [[species]] of plant that includes many common foods as [[cultivar]]s, including [[cabbage]], [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], [[kale]], [[Brussels sprouts]], [[Savoy cabbage|savoy]], and [[Chinese kale]]{{nbsp}}...
}}

===Scope of article===
In some cases the definition of the article topic in the opening paragraph may be insufficient to fully constrain the scope of the article. In particular, it may be necessary to identify material that is {{em|not}} within scope. For instance, the article on [[fever]] notes that an elevated core body temperature due to [[hyperthermia]] is not within scope. These explanations may best be done at the end of the lead to avoid cluttering and confusing the first paragraph. This information and other meta material in the lead is not expected to appear in the body of the article.

==Biographies of living persons==
{{anchor|LEADBIO}}
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons}}

A summary of the key points in [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|the main guideline]] on this:
* Reliably sourced material about encyclopedically relevant controversies is neither suppressed in the lead nor allowed to overwhelm; the lead must correctly summarize the article as a whole.
* Recent events affecting a subject are kept in historical perspective; most recent is not necessarily most notable.  Balance new information with old, giving all information [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|due weight]].
* [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a blog, web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site|Wikipedia is not a memorial site]]; when a subject dies, the lead should not radically change, nor dwell on the death.
* [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|Do not use primary sources]] for private details about living persons, including birth dates.

{{crossref|For more information on biographical leads in general, see the main guideline: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography]]}}

==Alternative names==
{{anchor|LEADALT}}&lt;!-- Wikipedia:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here --&gt;
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|MOS:ALTNAME}}
{{see also|Wikipedia:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names}}
[[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|The [[Wikipedia:Article titles|'''article title''']] appears at the top of a reader's browser window and as a large level 1 heading above the editable text of an article, circled here in dark red. The name or names given in the first sentence does not always match the article title. This page gives advice on the contents of the first sentence, not the article title.]]

By the design of Wikipedia's software, an article can have only one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article, usually in the first sentence or paragraph. These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, and significant names in other languages. Indeed, alternative names can be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called &quot;[[Gdańsk]]&quot; can be referred to as &quot;Danzig&quot; in suitable historical contexts. The editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability.

===Non-English titles===
Although Wikipedia's naming conventions [[Wikipedia:Article titles#Foreign names and anglicization|recommend the use of English]], there are instances where the subject of an article is best known in English-language sources by its non-English name. In this case, the non-English title may be appropriate for the article.

===Usage in first sentence===
The title can be followed in the first line by one or two alternative names in [[parentheses]] (but see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)]] for special guidelines for place names). The following are examples of names that may be included parenthetically, although inclusion should reflect [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]].
*[[Archaism|Archaic names]], including names used before the [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|standardization of English orthography]] should be clearly marked as such, i.e., ([[archaism|archaic:]] name).
*{{em|Relevant}} foreign-language names, such as in an article on a person who does not themselves write their name in English, are encouraged. Separate languages should be divided by [[semicolon]]s, and [[romanization]]s of non-Latin scripts by [[comma]]s.

{{anchor|Clutter}}{{shortcut|MOS:LEADCLUTTER}}
Consider footnoting foreign-language and archaic names if they would otherwise clutter the opening sentence.&lt;ref&gt;For example, an excessive lead at [[Genghis Khan]] at one time read:
:'''Genghis Khan''' (English pronunciation:{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-6|[1]]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-7|[2]]]&lt;/sup&gt;; [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan'', {{IPA-mn|tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ|IPA|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}; [[Mongol script]]: [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|18px]], ''Činggis Qaɣan''; {{zh|t=成吉思汗|s=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}; probably May 31, 1162&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan##cite_note-birth-4|[3]]]&lt;/sup&gt; – August 25, 1227), born '''Temujin''' (English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; {{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}}, ''Temüjin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ|IPA|Temujin.ogg}}; ''{{lang-xng|Temüjin}}'';&lt;sup&gt;[[Genghis Khan#cite_note-3|[4]]]&lt;/sup&gt; {{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}) and also known by the [[temple name]] '''Taizu''' ({{zh|t=元太祖|s=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|w=T'ai-Tsu|first=t}}), was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest]] contiguous empire in history after his death.

This was later reduced to the following:
:'''Genghis Khan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}, often pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|ŋ|ɡ|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}}; ''{{lang-mn|Чингис хаан, Çingis hán}}''; {{IPA-mn|t͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋ| Mongol:|GenghisKhan01.ogg}}, c. 1162{{spaced ndash}} August 18, 1227), born '''Temüjin''', was the founder and [[Khagan|Great Khan]] (Emperor) of the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the [[World's largest empires|largest contiguous empire]] in history after his death.
&lt;/ref&gt;

====Biographical====
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names}}
The basic instructions for biographical names are summarized below; [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies#Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names|the main guideline]] on this provides additional detail.

* The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on [[Calvin Coolidge]] gives his name as {{xt|'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''}}
* If a [[hypocorism]] (diminutive) that is common in English is often used for the subject in lieu of a given name, it is {{em|not}} inserted into the name or given after it. E.g., [[Tom Hopper]] has simply {{xt|'''Thomas Edward Hopper'''}}.
** Also acceptable are formulations like {{xt|'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', known as '''Sandro Botticelli'''}}, when applicable.  Hypocorisms are {{em|not}} put in quotation marks.
* If a person is commonly known by a [[nickname]] (other than a hypocorism), it is presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for [[Bunny Berigan]], which has {{xt|'''Roland Bernard '''&quot;'''Bunny'''&quot;''' Berigan'''}}. The quotation marks are not boldfaced.
&lt;!--This summary should be checked periodically to ensure it accurately summarizes the relevant material at MOS:BIO.--&gt;

===Separate section usage===
{{see also|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)}}
If there are three or more alternative names, or if there is something notable about the names themselves, they may be moved to and discussed in a separate section with a title such as &quot;Names&quot; or &quot;Etymology&quot;. Once such a section or paragraph is created, the alternative English or foreign names should not be moved back to the first line. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.

==Stubs==
Where the article is a [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]] and has no section headings, a lead may not be necessary. Although Wikipedia encourages expanding stubs, this may be impossible if reliably sourced information is not available. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings and removing the stub classification.

==Length==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADLENGTH}}
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total [[Wikipedia:Article size|length of the article]]. As a general guideline—but not absolute rule—the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs. The length of the lead should conform to readers' expectations of a short, but useful and complete, summary of the topic. A lead that is too short leaves the reader unsatisfied; a lead that is too long is intimidating, difficult to read, and may cause the reader to lose interest halfway. The following suggestions about lead length may be useful (&quot;article length&quot; refers to [[Wikipedia:Article size|readable prose size]]):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Article length
! Lead length
|-
| Fewer than 15,000 characters
| One or two paragraphs
|-
| 15,000–30,000 characters
| Two or three paragraphs
|-
| More than 30,000 characters
| Three or four paragraphs
|}

Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at [[Wikipedia:Summary style|Summary style]]. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at [[News style]].

==Editing the lead section==
All users can edit the lead by clicking the edit link of the whole article. By default, there is no edit link just for the lead section, but registered users can get it by enabling one or both of the following [[Help:Preferences|preferences]] (both require JavaScript):
*{{myprefs|Gadgets|Appearance|check=Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page}}
*{{myprefs|Editing|General options|check=Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles}}

==Comparison to the news-style lead==
{{anchor|Comparison to news style|reason=old section name}}
Wikipedia leads are not written in [[news style]]. Although there are some similarities, such as putting the most important information first and making it possible for any reader to understand the subject even if they only read the lead, there are some important differences. The [[lead paragraph]] (sometimes spelled &quot;[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;See [[WP:NOTALEDE]] for previous discussion of why &quot;lede&quot; is avoided in this guideline; in summary: it gives a false impression about the purpose, nature, and style of Wikipedia leads.&lt;/ref&gt; of newspaper journalism is a very compressed summary of only the most important facts about a story. These basic facts are sometimes referred to as the &quot;[[five Ws]]&quot;: ''who'', ''what'', ''when'', ''where'', and ''why''. Journalistic leads normally are only one or two sentences long. By contrast, in Wikipedia articles, the first sentence is usually more similar to a definition, the lead is longer, and it ultimately provides far more information, as its purpose is to summarize the article, not just introduce it.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparison of journalistic and encyclopedic leads
|-
!Journalistic lead
!Encyclopedic lead
|-
|width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|&quot;Toxic gas leaking from an American-owned insecticide plant in central India killed at least 410 people overnight, many as they slept, officials said today. At least 12,000 were reported injured in the disaster in the city of Bhopal, 2,000 of whom were hospitalized.&quot; &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 December 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html &quot;Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal&quot;] ''The New York Times''&lt;/small&gt;
|width=&quot;50%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;|The '''Bhopal disaster''', also referred to as the '''Bhopal gas tragedy''', was a [[gas leak]] incident in India, considered [[list of accidents and disasters by death toll#Industrial disasters|the world's worst]] [[list of industrial disasters|industrial disaster]]. It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the [[Union Carbide India Limited]] (UCIL) [[pesticide]] plant in [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to [[methyl isocyanate|methyl isocyanate (MIC)]] gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around the [[shanty town]]s located near the plant. Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. The [[government of Madhya Pradesh]] confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.
|}

===No teasers===
{{shortcut|MOS:DONTTEASE}}
Tabloid, magazine, and broadcast news leads may have &quot;teasers&quot; that intentionally omit some crucial details to entice readers to read or watch the full story. They may even &quot;[[wikt:bury the lede|bury the lead]]&quot; by hiding the most important facts. This style should never be used on Wikipedia.

==Cleanup==
For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup#Introduction]]. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tag them.

==See also==
*[[Help:Section]]
*[[Wikipedia:How to create and manage a good lead section]]
*[[Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence content]]
*[[Wikipedia:Lead section TT first sentence format]]
*[[Wikipedia:Lead section TT text]]
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility]]
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary#Good definitions|Wikipedia's Good definition policy]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Lead Improvement Team]]
*{{Section link|Wikipedia:Writing better articles|Lead section}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Style wide}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)]]</text>
      <sha1>dqjvdsaingwz52lan52r49teitru42x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইভানা লিঞ্চ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>29710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610907</id>
      <parentid>609664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:50:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38046" sha1="9uzso550ffv0xzzqag66ol24246bb7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name=ইভানা লিঞ্চ
|image=Evanna Lynch 2009.jpg
|alt=A caucasian female with light blonde hair, wearing a creamy white dress.
|caption= ২০০৯ চনত ইভানা লিঞ্চ
|birth_name= ইভানা পেট্ৰিচিয়া লিঞ্চ ([[ইংৰাজী]] :Evanna Patricia Lynch)&lt;!--EDITORS: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE, Evanna Lynch middle name is Patricia, Evanna lynch has confirmed this on her official facebook profile&lt;ref&gt;http://www.facebook.com/pages/Evanna-Lynch/238235589546563?sk=info Evanna Lynch official Facebook&lt;/ref&gt; Evanna's official facebook account is link from Evanna's verfied Twitter account.&lt;ref&gt;http://twitter.com/#!/evy_lynch&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1991|8|16|df=yes}}
|birth_place=টাৰ্মনফেকিন,কাউণ্ট্ৰী লাউথ,আয়াৰলেণ্ড
|occupation=অভিনেত্ৰী
|years_active=২০০৭-বৰ্তমানলৈকে
|website=
}}
'''ইভানা পেট্ৰিচিয়া লিঞ্চ''' ({{lang-en|Evanna Lynch}} জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৯১) এগৰাকী আইৰিছ অভিনেত্ৰী। লিঞ্চক মূলতঃ [[হেৰী পটাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ শৃংখলা]]ত তেওঁ ৰূপায়ণ কৰা [[লুনা লাভগুড]] ([[ইংৰাজী]] : Luna Lovegood) চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ১৪ বছৰ। ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০১১ চনলৈকে লিঞ্চে শৃংখলাটোৰ চাৰিখন চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ চলচ্চিত্ৰকেইখনৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ভিডিঅ' গেমসমূহতো একেই ভূমিকাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হয়।

লিঞ্চে ফেশ্বনৰ আনুষঙ্গিক সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্যতো জড়িত হোৱাৰ লগতে এখন অডিঅ'বুকো বাণীবদ্ধ কৰিছে। তেওঁ দা হেৰী পটাৰ এলায়েঞ্চ (The Harry Potter Alliance) নামৰ অলাভকাৰী এক অনুষ্ঠানৰ উপদেষ্টামণ্ডলীৰো সদস্য। 
 
==শৈশৱ আৰু শিক্ষা==
[[আয়াৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ কাউণ্টি লাউথৰ নগৰাঞ্চল টাৰ্মনফেকিনত ইভানাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ আৰু পিতৃ হৈছে ক্ৰমে মাৰ্গাৰেট ([[ইংৰাজী]] : Marguerite) আৰু ডনেল লিঞ্চ ([[ইংৰাজী]] : Donal Lynch)। ছজনীয়া পৰিয়ালটোত&lt;ref name=&quot;The Insider: Evanna Lynch&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nylonmag.com/?section=article&amp;parid=5287|title=The Insider: Evanna Lynch|first=Steve|last=Cummins|date=12 October 2010|publisher=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]|accessdate=27 January 2011|archivedate=17 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017023104/http://nylonmag.com/?section=article&amp;parid=5287|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিঞ্চৰ এমিলি আৰু মেইৰেড নামৰ দুই ভগ্নী আৰু পেট্ৰিক&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna goes Potty as big screen wins over her dad&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/evanna-goes-potty-as-big-screen-wins-over-her-dad-995614.html|title=Evanna goes Potty as big screen wins over her dad|first=Louise|last=Hogan|date=9 July 2007|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=23 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; নামৰ এক ভাতৃও আছে। শৈশৱতে হেৰী পটাৰ শৃংখলাৰ অনুৰাগী&lt;ref name=&quot;Luna Lovegood actress talks Potter&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6900391.stm|title=Luna Lovegood actress talks Potter|date=16 July 2007|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=16 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিঞ্চে শৃংখলাটোৰ লেখিকা [[জে. কে. ৰাউলিং]]লৈ পত্ৰও প্ৰেৰণ কৰিছিল। এঘাৰ বছৰ বয়সৰ পৰা প্ৰায় দুবছৰ ধৰি লিঞ্চ এন'ৰেক্সিয়া ৰোগত ভুগিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত ৰাউলিঙে পত্ৰযোগে লিঞ্চক উৎসাহ যোগাই আহিছিল। এই সম্পৰ্কত লিঞ্চে ৰাউলিঙক এক পৰামৰ্শদাতা সদৃশ বুলি বৰ্ণাইছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;JK Rowling a life-saver for Luna&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3239243/Actress-reveals-Harry-Potter-author-saved-her-from-anorexia.html|title=JK Rowling a life-saver for Luna|first=Gordon|last=Smart|authorlink=Gordon Smart|date=22 November 2010|work=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|publisher=[[News International]]|accessdate=27 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

লিঞ্চে কাৰ্ট'উন নেচনেল স্কুলত ২০০৪ চনলৈকে শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত কাউণ্টী লাউথৰে ড্ৰ'গেডা নামৰ ঠাইৰ আৱাৰ লেডী কলেজ নামে এখন কেথ'লিক মহিলা শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানত নামভৰ্ত্তি কৰে। উক্ত শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানতে লিঞ্চৰ পিতৃয়েও উপাধ্যক্ষ হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna casts a spell as stars step out for Potter&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/film-cinema/evanna-casts-a-spell-as-stars-step-out-for-potter-1820362.html|title=Evanna casts a spell as stars step out for Potter|first=Allison|last=Bray|date=14 July 2009|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=23 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna wins art prize to add to Potter magic&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/evanna-wins-art-prize-to-add-to-potter-magic-2218384.html|title=Evanna wins art prize to add to Potter magic|last=O'Toole|first=Sascha|date=12 June 2010|work=[[Evening Herald]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=12 July 2010|archivedate=4 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120804111953/http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/evanna-wins-art-prize-to-add-to-potter-magic-2218384.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০০৮ চনত লিঞ্চে ডাবলিনৰ গ্লাচনেভিন নামৰ ঠাইত অৱস্থিত চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ দা টেলেণ্টেড য়ুথ অফ আয়াৰলেণ্ড নামৰ শিল্প-প্ৰতিভাৱান কিশোৰ-কিশোৰীসকলৰ এক শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানত কল্পনাশীল গল্প আৰু নাটকৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Luna Lovegood's a wizard with words&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/luna-lovegoods-a-wizard-with-words-1043541.html|title=Luna Lovegood's a wizard with words|first=Patricia|last=McDonagh|date=25 July 2007|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=16 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dcu.ie/news/2011/mar/s0311v.shtml |title=News - headlines |publisher=Dcu.ie |date=2011-03-22 |accessdate=2011-04-04 |archivedate=2012-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402143215/http://www.dcu.ie/news/2011/mar/s0311v.shtml |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; হেৰী পটাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ ছেটতো তেওঁক দৈনিক অন্ততঃ তিনিঘণ্টা সময় ধৰি শিকোৱা-বুজোৱা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;The Tubridy Show&quot;&gt;{{cite episode|title=Evanna Lynch|url=http://www.rte.ie/podcasts/2009/pc/pod-v-230409-28m27s-tts.mp3|series=[[The Tubridy Show]]|network=[[RTÉ Radio 1]]|airdate=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১০ চনৰ পৰা লিঞ্চে পুনৰাই নিজৰ শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে ইনষ্টিটিউট অফ এডুকেচনতো উপস্থিত আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Moving from Hogwarts to the Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/film-cinema/moving-from-hogwarts-to-the-institute-2439279.html|title=Moving from Hogwarts to the Institute|first=Andrea|last=Byrne|date=28 November 2010|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=5 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==কৰ্মজীৱন==
===হেৰী পটাৰ===
[[File:Evanna Lynch at HBP signing in London - Dec 09 cropped.jpg|thumb|২০০৯ চনত [[লণ্ডন]]ত &quot;[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স (film)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স]]&quot;ৰ বাবে চুক্তিবদ্ধ হোৱাৰ সময়ত লিঞ্চ|alt=A caucasian female with light blonde hair, wearing a blue short sleeve shirt.]]

====হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স====
২০০৬ চনত লিঞ্চে [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ এক অভিনয় শিল্পী বাছনি অনুষ্ঠানত [[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স]] ছবিৰ [[লুনা লাভগুড]] চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে বাছনি পৰীক্ষা অৰ্থাৎ অডিচনত অৱতীৰ্ণ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Luna Lovegood role has been cast&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4670000/newsid_4672700/4672798.stm|title=Luna Lovegood role has been cast|date=2 February 2006|work=[[Newsround|CBBC Newsround]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=29 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Overview of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allmovie.com/work/harry-potter-and-the-order-of-the-phoenix-289458|title=Overview of ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''|last=Buchanan|first=Jason|year=2007|publisher=[[Allmovie]]|accessdate=14 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- The character is a socially isolated fourth-year witch at [[Hogwarts]] who forms a strong friendship with the [[Harry Potter (character)|title character]] and joins the student organisation [[Dumbledore's Army]] that Harry formed, fighting alongside Harry and his friends against [[Death Eater]]s. --&gt; অন্য ১৫০০০ কিশোৰীৰ বিপৰীতে&lt;ref name=&quot;Luna Lovegood role has been cast&quot;/&gt; বাছনি পৰীক্ষা দিয়াৰ পিছতেই তেওঁ ছবিৰ মুখ্য অভিনেতা [[ডেনিয়েল ৰেডক্লিফ]]ৰ সৈতে এক স্ক্ৰীণ টেষ্টতো অৱতীৰ্ণ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;The Tubridy Show&quot;/&gt; চৰিত্ৰটোৰ সৈতে থকা ইভানাৰ সাদৃশ্যত প্ৰযোজকসকল মুগ্ধ হয়। ডেভিদ হেইমেনে কয়, &quot;আনে লুনাক ৰূপায়ণ কৰিব পাৰিব; ইভানা লিঞ্চ লুনা। &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/harry-potter-and-the-class-of-hogwarts-2000-2128472.html|title=Harry Potter and the class of Hogwarts 2000|last=Battersby|first=Matilda|date=9 November 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|publisher=Independent Print Limited|accessdate=10 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাউলিঙ নিজে শিল্পী বাছনিত জড়িত নাছিল যদিও তেওঁ এই চৰিত্ৰটোৰ বাবে লিঞ্চ যথোপযুক্ত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowling bemoans paper 'shortage'&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4882230.stm|title=Rowling bemoans paper 'shortage'|date=6 April 2006|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=29 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; হেৰী পটাৰ শৃংখলাৰ আগলৈকে লিঞ্চৰ অভিনয়ৰ কোনো বৃত্তিগত অভিজ্ঞতা নাছিল আৰু ই বিদ্যালয়ৰ নাটসমূহতে সীমাৱদ্ধ আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Accio interview! - We chat to Bonnie Ginny Wright and Evanna Luna Lynch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/switch/slink/features/dumbledores_army_2.shtml|title=Accio interview! – We chat to Bonnie &quot;Ginny&quot; Wright and Evanna &quot;Luna&quot; Lynch|date=|work=BBC Slink|publisher=BBC|accessdate=23 July 2010}}{{dead link|date=January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০০৭ চনৰ হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স ৰূপালী পৰ্দাত লিঞ্চৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শন আছিল। বিশ্বজুৰি ৯৩৮ মিলিয়ন ইউ এছ ডলাৰ উপাৰ্জনেৰে এই ছবিখন বক্স অফিচত হিট হয়। ইয়াত কৰা সু-অভিনয়ৰ বাবে লিঞ্চ বিশেষভাৱে সমালোচকসকলৰদ্বাৰা উচ্চ প্ৰশংসিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&amp;id=harrypotter5.htm|title=Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=20 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/harry-potter-and-the-order-of-the-phoenix/|title=Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007): Reviews|date=11 July 2007|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=14 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; এ. অ'. স্কট আৰু দা নিউয়ৰ্ক টাইমছে তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ক 'বিমুগ্ধকাৰী' আখ্যা দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Hogwarts Under Siege&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/movies/10harr.html|title=Hogwarts Under Siege|last=Scott|first=Anthony|authorlink=A. O. Scott|date=10 July 2007|work=[[New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=29 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; কাণ্ট্ৰি লাইফৰ জেন ৱাটকিনছে ইয়াকো কয়, &quot;তেওঁ চৰিত্ৰটোৰ মাজলৈ এক মিঠা আকৰ্ষণ আনে যি গ্ৰন্থকেইখনতো ভালদৰে ফুটি উঠা নাই। &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harry Potter reviewed&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/guides/article/128012/Harry-Potter-reviewed.html|title=Harry Potter reviewed|last=Watkins|first=Jane|date=5 July 2007|work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]|publisher=[[IPC Media]]|accessdate=29 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ছবিখনৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত ভিডিঅ' গেমতো লিঞ্চে লুনাৰ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Order of the Phoenix (video game) instruction manual&quot;&gt;{{cite manual|title=[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)|''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'']], Instruction manual|author=[[Electronic Arts]]|date=25 June 2007|publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দ্য হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স====
ইয়াৰ দুবছৰ পাছত লিঞ্চে শৃংখলাৰ ষষ্ট ছবি হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দ্য হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্সত পুনৰবাৰ লুনাৰ চৰিত্ৰ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে। ছবিখনে সমালোচনা আৰু আৰ্থিক দিশৰ পৰা সাফল্য অৰ্জন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/harry-potter-and-the-half-blood-prince/|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009): Reviews|date=15 July 2009|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=14 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=harrypotter6.htm|title=Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=14 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[#Wesley Morris|ৱেছলি মৰিছ]] আৰু [[#The Boston Globe|দ্য বষ্টন গ্ল'বৰ]] মতে লুনাৰ ৰূপত লিঞ্চে &quot;ছবিখনৰ মাজে মাজে আহি পৰা স্থবিৰ গতিক নিজা [লুনাৰ] আমোদজনক স্থবিৰতাৰে প্ৰতিহত কৰে। &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;'Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince' movie review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/07/15/suspense_in_8216half_blood_prince8217_lays_groundwork_for_big_finale/|title='Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince' movie review|last=Morris|first=Wesley|authorlink=Wesley Morris|date=16 July 2009|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=29 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; দ্য আইৰিছ টাইমছৰ মাইকেল ডয়াৰে ছবিখনত কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বাবে তেওঁক ২০০৯ বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ট আইৰিছ অভিনেত্ৰী বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;A year in film&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/theticket/2009/1211/1224260465255.html|title=A year in film|last=Clarke|first=Donald|author2=Dwyer, Michael|date=11 December 2009|work=[[The Irish Times]]|publisher=Irish Times Trust|accessdate=13 July 2010|authorlink2=Michael Dwyer|archiveurl=https://archive.is/FEjEX|archivedate=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই প্ৰদৰ্শনে তেওঁলৈ 'স্ক্ৰীম বঁটা' আৰু যুৱ শিল্পী বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন কঢ়িয়াই আনে&lt;ref name=&quot;Best Supporting Actress - Scream 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spike.com/event/scream2009/page/vote/category/33654|title=Best Supporting Actress – Scream 2009|publisher=[[Spike (TV channel)|Spike]]|accessdate=8 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123093707/http://www.spike.com/event/scream2009/page/vote/category/33654|archivedate=23 January 2010|deadurl=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thirty-first Annual Young Artist Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms31.html|title=Thirty-first Annual Young Artist Awards|publisher=[[Young Artist Award|The Young Artists Foundation]]|accessdate=8 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰূ তেওঁ পুনৰবাৰ ছবিখনৰ সৈতে যুক্ত ভিডিঅ' গেমছত লুনাক ৰূপায়িত কৰি যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Half-Blood Prince (video game) instruction manual&quot;&gt;{{cite manual|title=[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)|''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'']], Instruction manual|author=[[Electronic Arts]]|date=30 June 2009|publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দ্য ডেথ্লী হেল'জ====
২০১০ চনত গ্ৰন্থ শৃংখলাটোৰ অন্তিম গ্ৰন্থখনৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ হ'ব লগা দুখন ছবিৰ প্ৰথমখন ছবি হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দ্য ডেথ্লী হেল'জ -প্ৰথম খণ্ড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। বক্স অফিছত সফল হোৱাৰ লগতে ই সমালোচকসমলৰদ্বাৰা সমাদৃত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/harry-potter-and-the-deathly-hallows-part-i/|title=Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I (2010): Reviews|date=19 November 2010|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=5 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=harrypotter7.htm|title=Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 (2010)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=5 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; দা বষ্টন হেৰল্ডৰ জেমছ ভাৰ্নিয়েৰে লুনাৰ বিষয়ে &quot;এতিয়াও চন্দ্ৰমুখ&quot; বুলি মন্তব্য কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Hollow ‘Hallows’&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/view.bg?articleid=1297190|title=Hollow ‘Hallows’|last=Verniere|first=James|date=20 November 2010|work=[[The Boston Herald]]|publisher=Herald Media Inc|accessdate=5 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; কুইকফিক্স আলোচনীত ছাইমন মিৰেড'ৱে মন্তব্য কৰে, &quot;উন্মাদপ্ৰায় লুনা লাভগুডৰ ৰূপত ইভানা লিঞ্চক বেয়াকৈ কমকৈ উপযোগ কৰা হৈছে। &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nothing by half-measures – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part One review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.quickflix.com.au/2010/11/18/nothing-by-half-measures-harry-potter-and-the-deathly-hallows-part-one-review/|title=Nothing by half-measures – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part One review|last=Miraudo|first=Simon|date=18 November 2010|publisher=[[Quickflix]]|accessdate=13 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ছবিখনৰে সংযুক্ত ভিডিঅ' গেমছতো লিঞ্চে আগৰদৰেই কাম কৰি যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;More voices confirmed for new game&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://harrypotter.ea.com/UK/?p=741|title=More voices confirmed for new game|last=|first=|date=26 August 2010|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=[[EA.com]]|publisher=[[Electronic Arts, Inc.]]|archivedate=31 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831093739/http://harrypotter.ea.com/UK/?p=741|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১১ চনত লিঞ্চে শৃংখলাৰ অন্তিম ছবি হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দ্য ডেথ্লী হেল'জ - দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডতো লুনাৰ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। ছবিখনে ১.৩২৮ ইউ এছ ডলাৰ মুঠ আয়েৰে সৰ্বকালৰ চতুৰ্থ সৰ্বোচ্চ মুঠ আয় অৰ্জনকাৰী ছবি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/harry-potter-and-the-deathly-hallows-part-2|title=Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011): Reviews|date=15 July 2011|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=harrypotter72.htm|title=Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=8 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; দ্য অ'ৰলেণ্ড' ছেণ্টিনেলৰ ৰ'জাৰ মূৰেই লিঞ্চক সমাপ্তিৰ এক প্ৰিয় চৰিত্ৰ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Potter at the Oscars? The speculation begins&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_movies_blog/2011/07/potter-at-the-oscars-the-speculation-begins.html|title=Potter at the Oscars? The speculation begins…|last=Moore|first=Roger|date=19 July 2011|work=[[Orlando Sentinel|The Orlando Sentinel]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|accessdate=1 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ ভিডিঅ' গেমসমূহতো আগৰদৰেই কাম কৰি যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game) instruction manual&quot;&gt;{{cite manual|title=[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game)|''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2'']], Instruction manual|author=[[Electronic Arts]]|date=12 July 2011|publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১২ চনৰ আগষ্টত তৃতীয় হেৰী পটাৰ মিউজিকেলত লুনা লাভগুডৰ ভূমিকাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হ'বলৈ লিঞ্চে চিকাগোৰ [[#Leakycon|লিকিক'নত]] ষ্টাৰকিডত যোগদান কৰে।

[[File:Evanna Lynch 2011.jpg|right|thumb|২০১১ চনত লিঞ্চ]]
===ভৱিষ্যত প্ৰকল্প===
লিঞ্চে স্কাই ওৱান টেলিভিছন চেনেলযোগে প্ৰচাৰিত হ'বলগা ধাৰাবাহিক ছিনবাদত ৰাজকুমাৰী এলেনাৰ চৰিত্ৰ ৰূপায়ণ কৰিব।&lt;ref name=&quot;'Harry Potter' Actress Cast In 'Monster Butler'&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2012/06/06/harry-potter-monster-butler|title='Harry Potter' Acctress Cast In 'Monster Butler'|last=Prinzivalli|first=Fallon|date=6 June 2012|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=10 June 2012|archivedate=11 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111154009/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2012/06/06/harry-potter-monster-butler|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna moves in with 'Glee' cast to launch LA career&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/evanna-moves-in-with-glee-cast-to-make-magic-in-la-2995279.html|title=Evanna moves in with 'Glee' cast to launch LA career|last=|first=|date=20 January 2012|work=[[Evening Herald]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=22 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123083446/http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/evanna-moves-in-with-glee-cast-to-make-magic-in-la-2995279.html|archivedate=23 January 2012|deadurl=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৩ চনত তেওঁ হেৰী পটাৰ শৃংখলাত একলগে অভিনয় কৰা গেৰী অল্ডমেনৰ সৈতে অপৰাধ নাট্যমূলক ছবি মনষ্টাৰ বাটলাৰতো ফিয়'না কেৰিক-স্মিথৰ ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰাৰ কথা আছিল। এই ছবিখন ইংৰাজ ধাৰাবাহিক হত্যাকাৰী আৰু চোৰ আৰ্কিবল্ড হলৰ ([[:en: Archibald Hall|Archibald Hall]]) জীৱনৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হ'বলগা আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;'Harry Potter' Actress Cast In 'Monster Butler'&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna Lynch joins cast of Monster Butler&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/evanna-moves-in-with-glee-cast-to-make-magic-in-la-2995279.html|title=Evanna Lynch joins cast of Monster Butler|last=|first=|date=7 June 2012|work=RTÉ Ten|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|accessdate=10 June 2012|archivedate=23 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123083446/http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/evanna-moves-in-with-glee-cast-to-make-magic-in-la-2995279.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; পিছে অৰ্থৰ অভাৱত ছবিখনৰ নিৰ্মাণ বাতিল কৰা হয়।

==অন্যান্য কৰ্ম==
লিঞ্চে হেৰী পটাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহৰ বাবে ভালেসংখ্যক ফেশ্বনৰ আনুষঙ্গিক সামগ্ৰীৰো নিৰ্মাণ তথা ডিজাইন তৈয়াৰ কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;The Insider: Evanna Lynch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna wins art prize to add to Potter magic&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;'Half-Blood Prince' Featurette&quot;&gt;{{cite video |people=Evanna, Lynch; Temime, Jany |title=[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]], Costume Designs with Evanna Lynch|medium=DVD |publisher=Warner Bros. Pictures |date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harry Potter Film Wizardry&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sibley, Brian|author-link=Brian Sibley|title=Harry Potter Film Wizardry|page=127|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2010|isbn=0-06-199781-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰোপৰি তেওঁ কেটৰিন থমাছ আৰু চিয়েৰান চুইনিৰ বাবে মডেলিঙো কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;katrinthomas.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.katrinthomas.com/photography/fashion/index.php?ProjectID=13&amp;PhotoID=1 |title=Ponytail_2/Audition starring Evanna Lynch 001 |publisher=KatrinThomas.com |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312004034/http://www.katrinthomas.com/photography/fashion/index.php?ProjectID=13 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ciaransweeney.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ciaransweeney.com/about.htm |title=About Ciarán |publisher=CiaranSweeney.com |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archivedate=8 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708153455/http://www.ciaransweeney.com/about.htm |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amber breaks down in tears over secret struggle with hair loss&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/amber-breaks-down-in-tears-over-secret-struggle-with-hair-loss-1742955.html?start=2|title=Amber breaks down in tears over secret struggle with hair loss|last=Nolan|first=Lorna|date=18 May 2009|work=[[Evening Herald]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|accessdate=12 July 2010|archivedate=4 September 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120904141803/http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/amber-breaks-down-in-tears-over-secret-struggle-with-hair-loss-1742955.html?start=2|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিঞ্চে [[#Claire Keegan|ক্লেয়াৰ কিগানৰ]] চুটি গল্পৰ এক অডিঅ'বুকো বাণীবদ্ধ কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Afternoon Reading: Foster&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tj84p|title=Afternoon Reading: Foster|date=|work=[[BBC Radio 4]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=23 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; লিঞ্চ [[আয়াৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ মাল্টিপল শ্লেৰ'ছিছ চ'ছাইটীৰ সৈতেও জড়িত য'ত তেওঁ ২০১০ চনত [[#MS Readathon|এম এছ ৰিডএথন]] নামে বৰঙনি সংগ্ৰহকাৰী প্ৰকল্পৰ শুভাৰম্ভ কৰে। লিঞ্চ অলাভকাৰী অনুষ্ঠান 'হেৰী পটাৰ এলায়েঞ্চ'ৰ উপদেষ্টামণ্ডলীৰো অন্যতম। অনুষ্ঠানটোৰ সৈতে তেওঁ সমলিংগ-বিবাহৰ প্ৰতি সমৰ্থন আগবঢ়াই&lt;ref name=&quot;Evanna works her magic for Harry Potter Alliance&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Richie|last=Taylor|url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/evanna-works-her-magic-for-harry-potter-alliance-1923464.html|work=[[Irish Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media]]|title=Evanna works her magic for Harry Potter Alliance|date=24 October 2009|accessdate=3 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু এক 'ৱেবকাষ্ট' অনুষ্ঠানত অংশ লোৱাৰ&lt;ref name=&quot;JK Rowling and Helping Haiti Heal!&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehpalliance.org/2010/06/jk-rowling-and-helping-haiti-heal/|title=JK Rowling and Helping Haiti Heal!|last=Slack|first=Andrew|date=26 June 2010|work=The Harry Potter Alliance|accessdate=9 September 2010|archivedate=6 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906110153/http://www.thehpalliance.org/2010/06/jk-rowling-and-helping-haiti-heal/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; লগতে এক বৰঙনি গোটোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্য প্ৰকাশিত গ্ৰন্থলৈ&lt;ref name=&quot;Dear Mr. Potter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thehpalliance.org/dearmrpotter/|title=Dear Mr. Potter|last=|first=|date=|work=The Harry Potter Alliance|accessdate=27 April 2011|archivedate=26 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426024032/http://thehpalliance.org/dearmrpotter/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; এক প্ৰবন্ধও আগবঢ়ায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Why the Body Bind is My Nightmare&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thehpalliance.org/2011/01/why-the-body-bind-is-my-nightmare/|title=Why the Body Bind is My Nightmare|last=Lynch|first=Evanna|date=18 January 2011|work=The Harry Potter Alliance|accessdate=27 January 2011|archivedate=24 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324094422/http://thehpalliance.org/2011/01/why-the-body-bind-is-my-nightmare/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==চলচ্চিত্ৰপঞ্জী==
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু দূৰদৰ্শন
|-
! বৰ্ষ
! শিৰোনাম
! চৰিত্ৰ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | টোকা
|-
| ২০০৭
| ''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স (film)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স]]''
| [[লুনা লাভগুড]]
|
|-
| ২০০৯
| ''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স (film)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স]]''
| লুনা লাভগুড
|
|-
| ২০১০
|''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা ডেথ্লী হেল'জ – প্ৰথম খণ্ড]]''
| লুনা লাভগুড
|
|-
| ২০১১
|''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা ডেথ্লী হেল'জ – দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]]''
| লুনা লাভগুড
|
|-
| ২০১২
|''ছিনবাদ''
| আলেহনা
|টেলিভিছন ছিৰিজ; পৌনঃ পুনিক ভূমিকা 
|-
| ২০১২
|''এপেক্স''
| ৰেগান 
| চুটি ছবি
|
|-
| ২০১৩
|[[মনষ্টাৰ বাটলাৰ]]
|ফিয়'না চেৰিক-স্মিথ
|অৰ্থাভাৱৰ বাবে বাতিল 
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ভিডিঅ' গেম
|-
! বৰ্ষ
! গেম
! চৰিত্ৰ
|-
| ২০০৭
| ''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স (ভিডিঅ' গেম)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দি অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ফিনিক্স]]''
| [[লুনা লাভগুড]]
|-
| ২০০৯
| ''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স (ভিডিঅ' গেম)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স]]''
| [[লুনা লাভগুড]]
|-
| ২০১০
| ''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা ডেথ্লী হেল'জ – প্ৰথম খণ্ড (ভিডিঅ' গেম)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা ডেথ্লী হেল'জ – প্ৰথম খণ্ড]]''
| [[লুনা লাভগুড]]
|-
| ২০১১
| ''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা ডেথ্লী হেল'জ – দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড (ভিডিঅ' গেম)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা ডেথ্লী হেল'জ – দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]]''
| [[লুনা লাভগুড]]
|}

==বঁটা আৰু মনোনয়নসমূহ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু মনোনয়ন
|-
! বৰ্ষ
! বঁটা
! শিতান
! ছবি
! ফলাফল
|-
|২০০৯
|[[স্ক্ৰীম এৱাৰ্ড]]
|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহঃ অভিনেত্ৰী
|''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স (film)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স]]''
|{{মনোনীত}}
|-
|২০০৯
|[[যুৱ শিল্পী বঁটা]]
|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহঃ অভিনেত্ৰী
|''[[হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স (film)|হেৰী পটাৰ এণ্ড দা হাফ-ব্লাড প্ৰিন্স]]''
|{{মনোনীত}}
|-
|}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
&lt;!-- EDITORS: PLEASE DO ''not'' put links to fan sites here. [[WP:RS]] and [[WP:EL]] apply. --&gt;
{{Commons category|ইভানা লিঞ্চ }}
*{{IMDb name|2121541}}
*{{amg name|460864}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:হলিউড অভিনেত্ৰী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:আয়াৰলেণ্ডৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>9uzso550ffv0xzzqag66ol24246bb7k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610920</id>
      <parentid>593612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T04:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64766" sha1="kuw68luqqxnarer91awu2tim4pshmq0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Myris fragr Fr 080112-3294 ltn.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Image of ripe nutmeg fruit split open to show red aril|''[[Myristica fragrans]]''ৰ ফল, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ এটা স্থানীয় প্ৰজাতি। ]]

'''উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান''', {{En|Botany|'''plant science'''('''s''') বা '''plant biology''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। }} [[উদ্ভিদ]]ৰ জীৱন বিজ্ঞান, [[জীৱবিজ্ঞান]]ৰ এটা শাখা। এই শাখাৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰা বিজ্ঞানী সকলক '''উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞানী''' বা '''উদ্ভিদবিদ''' বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে, উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান বুলিলে, [[ভেঁকুৰ]] আৰু [[শেলাই]]ৰ অধ্যয়নকো সাঙুৰি লোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমান, উদ্ভিদবিদসকলে প্ৰায় ৪,০০,০০০ বিধ জীৱিত [[প্ৰজাতি]]ৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰে{{sfn|Bold|1977|p = 7}} ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬০,০০০ বিধ [[সংবহনী উদ্ভিদ]] আৰু প্ৰায় ২,৪৮,০০০ বিধ [[সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ]]। {{sfn|Judd|Campbell|Kellogg|Stevens|2002|p = 2}}

উনবিংশ আৰু বিংশ শতিকাত, উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাত [[পোহৰ অণুবীক্ষণবিদ্যা]] আৰু [[জীৱন্ত কোষৰ চিত্ৰায়ন]], [[বিদ্যুৎ অণুবীক্ষণবিদ্যা]], [[ক্ৰ'ম'জমৰ সংখ্যা]]ৰ বিশ্লেষণ, [[উদ্ভিদ ৰসায়ন]] আৰু [[উৎসেচক]] আৰু অন্য [[প্ৰ'টিন]]ৰ গঠন আৰু কাৰ্য আদিৰ দৰে নতুন কৌশল উদ্ভাৱন হৈছিল। 

আধুনিক উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিৰ অন্য বহু ক্ষেত্ৰক সাঙুৰি লোৱা এটা বহুধাবিভক্ত বিষয়। উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাত [[উদ্ভিদৰ গঠন]], [[কোষৰ বিকাশ|বিকাশ]] আৰু ভিন্নতা, [[উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰজনন|প্ৰজনন]], [[জৈৱৰসায়ন]] আৰু [[পৰিপাক ক্ৰিয়া]], [[ৰাসায়নিক উৎপাদ]], [[বিকাশ]], [[ৰোগ]], [[বংশগতি]], শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন, আৰু [[বৰ্গীকৰণ]] আদি বিষয়বস্তুৰ গৱেষণা কৰা হয়। একবিংশ শতিকাত উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাৰ সৰ্বাধিক অধ্যয়ন কৰা বিষয়বস্তু আছিল [[আনবিক বংশগতি]] আৰু [[এপিজেনেটিক্স]]। উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা অধ্যয়নৰ কিছুমান প্ৰধান প্ৰয়োগক্ষেত্ৰ হৈছে [[প্ৰমুখ্য ভোজন]] আৰু [[ৰেছম]], আধুনিক উদ্যানকৃষি, কৃষি আৰু [[বনাঞ্চল]], [[উদ্ভিদৰ বিস্তাৰ]], [[উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজনন]] আৰু [[জিনীয় উৎপৰিবৰ্তন]], ৰসায়নৰ সংশ্লেষণ, নিৰ্মাণ আৰু শক্তি আহৰণৰ কেঁচামাল, [[প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিচালনা]], [[জৈৱবিচিত্ৰতা]]ৰ সংৰক্ষণ।

==পৰিসৰ আৰু গুৰুত্ব==

মানুহ বা অন্য জীৱৰ শ্বসন আৰু শক্তি আহৰণৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় অক্সিজেন আৰু খাদ্যৰ সিংহভাগেই উদ্ভিদে প্ৰদান কৰে বাবে উদ্ভদবিদ্যা এটা অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিষয়। উদ্ভিদ, [[শেলাই]] আৰু [[চাইনবেক্টেৰিয়া]]বোৰে [[সালোক সংশ্লেষণ]]ৰ যোগেদি, সৌৰ শক্তিৰ সহায়ত পানী আৰু [[কাৰ্বন ডাইঅক্সাইড]]ক ৰাসায়নিক শক্তিলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰি{{sfn|Campbell|Reece|Urry|Cain|2008|pp = 186–187}} শৰ্কৰাত আবদ্ধ কৰে। এই শৰ্কৰা ৰাসায়নিক শক্তি আৰু কোষৰ গাঠনৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় জৈৱ যৌগৰ উৎস হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। {{sfn|Campbell|Reece|Urry|Cain|2008|p = 1240}} সালোক সংশ্লেষণৰ অৱশিষ্ট উৎপাদ হিচাপে, প্ৰায় সকলো জীৱৰ কোষীয় শ্বসনৰ বাবে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় গেছ, [[অক্সিজেন]] বায়ুমণ্ডলত মুক্ত কৰে। ইয়াৰোপৰি, উদ্ভিদে গোলকীয় [[কাৰ্বন চক্ৰ|কাৰ্বন]] আৰু [[জল চক্ৰ|জল]] চক্ৰত অৰিহনা যোগাই উদ্ভিদৰ শিপাই ভু-ক্ষয় প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰি ভূমি সংৰক্ষণ কৰে। {{sfn|Gust|1996}} উদ্ভিদ মানৱ জাতিৰ ভৱিষ্যতৰ বাবে অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিয়নো উদ্ভিদে খাদ্য, অক্সিজেন, ভেষজ, আৰু অন্য উৎপাদ উপলব্দ কৰাৰ লগতে মাটিৰ সৃষ্টি আৰু সংৰক্ষণ কৰে। {{sfn|Missouri Botanical Garden|2009}}

ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে, সকলো জীৱক হয় প্ৰাণী নহয় উদ্ভিদ বুলি কোৱা হয়{{sfn|Chapman et al.|2001|p = 56}} আৰু উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাত প্ৰাণী হিচাপে গণ্য নকৰা সকলো জীৱৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰা হয়। {{sfn|Braselton|2013}} উদ্ভিদবিদসকলে উদ্ভিদ [[অংগানু]], কোষ, কলা, উদ্ভিদ, উদ্ভিদ জনসংখ্যা আৰু উদ্ভিদ সমাজৰ আভ্যন্তৰিণ কাৰ্য আৰু প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্পৰ্কে অধ্যয়ন কৰে। দুয়ো ক্ষেত্ৰতে, উদ্ভিদবিদজন শ্ৰেণাবিভাজন ([[বৰ্গীকৰণ]]), [[উদ্ভিদ বংশগতি]] আৰু [[বিৱৰ্তন]], গঠন ([[শৰীৰ ৰচনা]] আৰু [[উদ্ভিদৰ বাহ্যিক গঠন|বাহ্যিক গঠনবিদ্যা]]), বা উদ্ভিদৰ কাৰ্য ([[ভৌতিক ক্ৰিয়া]])ৰ সৈতে জড়িত থাকে। {{sfn|Ben-Menahem|2009|p = 5368}}


===মানৱ পুষ্টি===
[[File:Brown rice.jpg|right|thumb|250px|alt=grains of brown rice, a staple food|আমি খোৱা সকলো খাদ্য প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষভাৱে উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা হয়, যেনে- চাউল। ]]
{{further|মানৱ পুষ্টি}}
সকলো প্ৰমুখ্য খাদ্য উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে [[প্ৰাথমিক উৎপাদন]]ৰূপে, বা উদ্ভিদক খাদ্যৰূপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা জীৱৰূপে পৰোক্ষভাৱে আহৰণ কৰা হয়। {{sfn|Ben-Menahem|2009|pp = 5367–5368}} উদ্ভিদ বা অন্য সালোকসংশ্লেশী জীৱবোৰ সদায়ে [[খাদ্য শৃংখল]]ৰ একেবাৰে তলত অৱস্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰে কাৰণ ইহঁতে সূৰ্যৰ পৰা শক্তি আহৰণ কৰে আৰু মাটি আৰু বায়ুমণ্ডলৰ পৰা খাদ্য প্ৰস্তুত কৰে আৰু অন্য জীৱই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা ৰূপলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰে। সেইবাবে পৰিস্থিতিবিদসকলে ইহঁতক প্ৰথম [[পোষক স্তৰ]] বুলি কয়। {{sfn|Butz|2007|pp = 534–553}}

==উদ্ভিদ জৈৱৰসায়ন==

উদ্ভিদে কেনেদৰে ৰাসায়নিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সংঘটিত কৰে, উদ্ভিদ জৈৱৰসায়নত সেয়া অধ্যয়ন কৰা হয়। এনে কিছুমান প্ৰক্ৰিয়া [[প্ৰাথমিক পৰিপাকক্ৰিয়া]]ত সংঘটিত হয়, যেনে- সালোকসংশ্লেষীয় [[কেলভিন চক্ৰ]]। {{sfn|Lüttge|2006|pp = 7–25}} অন্য কিছুমান বিশেষ পদাৰ্থ গঠনত সংঘটিত হয়, যেনে- [[চেলুলজ]] আৰু [[লিগনিন]]ৰ গঠন, আৰু [[ৰেজিন]]ৰ দৰে গৌণ উংপাদৰ গঠন। 

===ঔষধ আৰু পদাৰ্থ===

[[File:Tapping a rubber tree in Thailand.JPG|thumb|240px|left|alt=Plantation worker tapping a rubber tree|ৰবৰৰ গছ। ]]
উদ্ভিদে বহুতো পদাৰ্থৰ উৎপাদন কৰে। {{sfn|Benderoth|Textor|Windsor|Mitchell-Olds|2006|pp = 9118–9123}} ইয়াৰে কিছুমান বিষাক্ত আৰু কিছুমান অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। বহু উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা সুগন্ধি, মছলা আৰু ঔষধ আহৰণ কৰা হয়। বহু ঔষধ, যেনে- [[টেট্ৰাহাইড্ৰকেনাবিনল]] ([[কেনবিছ]]ৰ সক্ৰিয় উপাদান), [[কেফেইন]], [[মৰফিন]] আৰু [[নিকটাইন]] উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে আহৰণ কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অন্য কিছুমান পৰোক্ষভাৱে আহৰণ কৰা হয়, যেনে- [[এছপিৰিণ]] বেদনানাশকবিধ প্ৰকৃততে ছেলিচাইক্লিক এচিডৰ এচিটাইল [[এষ্টাৰ]], যিটো [[ৱিল্লৌ]] গছৰ বাকলিৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা হয়। {{sfn|Jeffreys|2005|pp = 38–40}} অধিকাংশ সূৰাজাতীয় পদাৰ্থ [[শৰ্কৰা]]-সমৃদ্ধ উদ্ভিদজাত সামগ্ৰী, যেনে- [[বাৰ্লি]] (বিয়েৰ), চাউল ([[ছেক]]) আৰু আঙুৰ (মদ) আদিৰ পৰা [[কিন্বন]] পদ্ধতিৰে আহৰণ কৰা হয়। {{sfn|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}}

উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা ৰঙীন ডাই আৰু ৰঞ্জক আহৰণ কৰা হয়। 

চেনি, [[স্বেতসাৰ]], কপাহ, [[লিনেন]], [[hemp]], কিছুমান [[ৰছী]], কাঠ আৰু [[তক্তা]], কাগজ, [[উদ্ভিদজাত তেল]], [[মম]], আৰু [[ৰবৰ]] প্ৰকৃতৰে উদ্ভিদৰে গৌণ উৎপাদ। [[কয়লা]], উদ্ভিদৰে অৱদান। [[চেলুলজ]], এবিধ জৈৱিক বহুযোগী,{{sfn|Klemm|Heublein|Fink|Bohn|2005}} ইয়াক শক্তি, ইন্ধন, অন্য পদাৰ্থ, যেনে- [[ৰেয়ন]] আদিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়।

==উদ্ভিদ হৰম'ন==
কিছুমান উদ্ভিদ হৰম'নৰ নাম হৈছে:
*অক্সিন, [[ইণ্ডল-৩-এচিটিক এচিড]] (IAA): কোষ বৃদ্ধিৰ লগত জড়িত। 
*[[চাইটকাইনিন]]: কোষ বিভাজনৰ লগত জড়িত। 
**[[জিয়াটিন]]: কোষ বিভাজন, মুকুলৰ বিকাশ আদি। 
**[[জিবাৰেলিন]], যেনে- [[জিবাৰলিক এচিড]]: অংকুৰণত সহায় কৰে। 
**[[এচকৰ্বিক এচিড]] (ABA): বীজৰ গঠন। 
**[[ইথিলিন]]: ফল পকাত সহায় কৰে। 
*[[জেছমনেট]]: প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ লগত জড়িত। 

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

==প্ৰসংগ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Acharya | first1 = Deepak | last2 = Anshu | first2 = Shrivastava | title = Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices | year = 2008 | isbn = 81-7910-252-1 | publisher = Aavishkar Publishers | location = Jaipur, India}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Addelson|2003}} | last = Addelson | first = Barbara | url = http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414/ | title = Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers | publisher = Botanical Gardens Conservation International | date = December 2003 | accessdate = June 8, 2013 | archivedate = May 23, 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523155525/http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414 | deadurl = yes }}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |year=2001 |title=The Cactus Family |publication-place=Pentland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-498-5}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Armstrong|first1=G. A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J. E. |title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and Molecular Biology of Carotenoid Pigment Biosynthesis |journal=FASEB J. |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1996 |pmid=8641556|pages=228–37}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Becker | first1 = Burkhard | last2 = Marin| first2 = Birger | title = Streptophyte Algae and the Origin of Embryophytes|journal=Annals of Botany | url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/103/7/999.abstract | year = 2009| publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | accessdate = June 16, 2013 |doi= 10.1093/aob/mcp044 | volume = 103 | issue = 7| pmid = 19273476 | pmc = 2707909 | pages = 999–1004}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv |last1=Beerling|first1= D. J.|authorlink = David Beerling|last2= Osborne|first2= C. P.|last3= Chaloner|first3= W. G. |year=2001|title=Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era|journal=Nature|volume=410 |issue=6826|doi=10.1038/35066546|pmid= 11268207 | pages = 352–4}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Benderoth| first1 = Markus | last2 = Textor| first2 = Susanne| last3 = Windsor| first3 = Aaron J.| last4 = Mitchell-Olds| first4 = Thomas| last5 = Gershenzon | first5 = Jonathan | last6 = Kroymann| first6 = Juergen | title = Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism |date=June 2006|volume=103|issue=24 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | location = Washington, D.C.| jstor= 30051907| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601738103| pmid = 16754868| pmc = 1482576|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9118B| pages = 9118–23 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Ben-Menahem | first = Ari | title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | year = 2009 | isbn = 3-540-68831-5 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin|volume=1}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Charles E. | last2 = Hammond | first2 = William A. | title = The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR30 | year = 1902 | publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. | location = London | accessdate = June 27, 2012 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv|last1=Bennett|first1=K. D.|last2=Willis|first2= K. J.|chapter=Pollen|year=2001|title=Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments|volume= 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators |editor-last=Smol|editor-first=John P.|editor2-last=Birks|editor2-first=H. John B.|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|place=Dordrecht, Germany}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv | last = Bird |first=Adrian | title = Perceptions of Epigenetics | journal = Nature| volume = 447 | issue = 7143 |date=May 2007 | pmid = 17522671 | doi = 10.1038/nature05913|bibcode = 2007Natur.447..396B |pages=396–8 }}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Björn| first1 = L. O. | last2 = Callaghan| first2 = T. V.| last3 = Gehrke| first3 = C.| last4 = Johanson| first4 = U.| last5 = Sonesson| first5 = M. | title = Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life|journal=Chemosphere - Global Change Science | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997299000380 |volume=1|issue=4|date=November 1999| publisher = Elsevier Ltd. | location = Philadelphia| accessdate = June 16, 2013|doi=10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00038-0| pages = 449–454}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Bold | first = H. C. | title = The Plant Kingdom | edition = 4th | year = 1977| isbn = 0-13-680389-X | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Braselton|2013}} | last = Braselton | first = J. P. | url = http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | title = What is Plant Biology? | year = 2013 | publisher = Ohio University | accessdate = June 3, 2013 | archivedate = September 24, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071530/http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Burger|2013}} | last = Burger | first = William C. | title = Angiosperm Origins: A Monocots-First Scenario | url = http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/angiosperm-origins-monocots-first-scenario | year = 2013 | publisher = The Field Museum | location = Chicago | access-date = 2015-08-08 | archivedate = 2012-10-23 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131822/http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/angiosperm-origins-monocots-first-scenario | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Burrows | first = W. J. | title = Processes of Vegetation Change | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-04-580013-8| publisher = Unwin Hyman | location = London}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Butz | first = Stephen D. | title = Science of Earth Systems | year = 2007 | isbn = 1-4180-4122-X | publisher = Delmar Cengage Learning | edition = 2 | location = Clifton Park, NY }}
* {{cite book| ref = harv |last1=Campbell|first1=Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|last3=Urry|first3=Lisa Andrea|last4=Cain|first4=Michael L.|last5=Wasserman |first5 =Steven Alexander | last6 = Minorsky | first6 =Peter V. | last7 = Jackson | first7 =Robert Bradley
|title=Biology|edition=8|year=2008|publisher=Pearson - Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-321-54325-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv |last=de Candolle |first=Alphonse |author-link=Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle |year=2006 |title=Origin of Cultivated Plants |location=Glacier National Park, MT |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4286-0946-4}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Capon | first = Brian | title = Botany for Gardeners | year = 2005 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-88192-655-8 | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portland, OR}}
* {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Cavalier-Smith|2004}} | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = Thomas | year = 2004 | title = Only Six Kingdoms of Life |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B |volume=271 |pages=1251–1262 | url = http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2004.2705 | pmid = 15306349 | pmc = 1691724 | issue = 1545}}
* {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Chaffey|2007}} | last = Chaffey| first = Nigel| year = 2007| title = Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=99|issue=4 | url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/4/785.2.full | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcm015 | pages = 785–786}}
* {{cite book | ref = {{harvid|Chapman et al.|2001}} | last1 = Chapman | first1 = Jasmin | last2 = Horsfall | first2 = Peter | last3 = O'Brien | first3 = Pat | last4 = Murphy | first4 = Jan | last5 = MacDonald | first5 = Averil | title = Science Web | year = 2001 | publisher = Nelson Thornes | location = Cheltenham, GB | isbn = 0-17-438746-6 }}
* {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Chase et al.|2003}} | title = An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II | year = 2003 | last1 = Chase | first1 = Mark W. | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | publisher = The Linnean Society of London | volume = 141 | pages = 399–436 | url = http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | format = PDF | last2 = Bremer | first2 = Birgitta | last3 = Bremer | first3 = Kåre | last4 = Reveal | first4 = James L. | last5 = Soltis | first5 = Douglas E. | last6 = Soltis | first6 = Pamela S. | last7 = Stevens | first7 = Peter S. | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x | issue = 4 | access-date = 2015-08-08 | archivedate = 2016-03-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181438/http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv |last1 =Chini|first1=A.|last2 =Fonseca|first2=S.|last3 =Fernández|first3=G.|last4 =Adie|first4=B.|last5 =Chico|first5=J. M.|last6 =Lorenzo|first6=O.|last7 =García-Casado|first7=G.|last8 =López-Vidriero|first8=I.|last9 =Lozano|first9=F. M.|last10 =Ponce|first10=M. R.|last11 =Micol|first11=J. L.|last12 =Solano|first12=R.|year=2007|title=The JAZ Family of Repressors is the Missing Link in Jasmonate Signaling|journal=Nature|volume=448|issue=7154|doi=10.1038/nature06006|pmid=17637675|bibcode = 2007Natur.448..666C | pages = 666–71 }}
* {{cite news| ref = harv| last=Cocking | first=Edward C. |title=Obituary: Professor F. C. Steward| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-f-c-steward-1511531.html | location=London | work=The Independent | date=October 18, 1993|accessdate=July 5, 2013}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv |last = Copeland | first = Herbert Faulkner | title = The Kingdoms of Organisms | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 13 | pages = 383–420 | year = 1938 | doi = 10.1086/394568 | issue = 4}}
* {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Costa|Shaw|2007}} | last1 = Costa | first1 = Silvia | last2 = Shaw | first2 = Peter | title = 'Open Minded' Cells: How Cells Can Change Fate | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17194589 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.005 | url = http://cromatina.icb.ufmg.br/biomol/seminarios/outros/grupo_open.pdf | format = PDF) | pages = 101–6 | access-date = 2015-08-08 | archivedate = 2013-12-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131215042638/http://cromatina.icb.ufmg.br/biomol/seminarios/outros/grupo_open.pdf | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite book| ref = harv |last1= Cousens|first1=Roger|last2= Mortimer|first2=Martin|title=Dynamics of Weed Populations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qw24PtWGQAC&amp;pg=PA243|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-49969-9}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Dallal | first = Ahmad | title = Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History | year = 2010 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT | isbn = 978-0-300-15911-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=97l0L7zKagkC&amp;lpg=PT197&amp;dq=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&amp;pg=PT197#v=onepage&amp;q=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&amp;f=false}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Darwin| first = Charles | title = The Power of Movement in Plants | year = 1880 | publisher = Murray | location = London|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1880_Movement_F1325.pdf|format=PDF}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv|last1= Demole|first1=E.|last2= Lederer|first2=E.|last3=Mercier|first3=D.|year=1962|title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasminIsolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal= Helvetica Chimica Acta |volume=45|issue=2|doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 | pages = 675–685}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv| last1= Devos | first1 = Katrien M.| last2 = Gale | first2 = M. D. | title = Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research |date=May 2000 | journal = The Plant Cell | publisher = American Society of Plant Physiologists | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–646 | url = http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/full/12/5/637 | pmid = 10810140 | pmc = 139917 | jstor = 3870991| doi = 10.2307/3870991}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv |last1 = Ehrhardt|first1=D. W.|last2= Frommer|first2=W. B.|title=New Technologies for 21st Century Plant Science|journal=The Plant Cell|date=February 2012|url=http://www.plantcell.org/content/early/2012/02/21/tpc.111.093302.full.pdf+html|format=PDF | doi = 10.1105/tpc.111.093302 | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pmid = 22366161 | pmc = 3315222 | pages = 374–94}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv | last = Ereshefsky | first = Marc | year = 1997 | title = The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy |journal=Biology and Philosophy | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=12 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006556627052 | issue = 4|pages=493–519}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ferro|first1=Myriam|last2=Salvi|first2=Daniel|last3=Rivière-Rolland|first3=Hélène |last4=Vermat|first4=Thierry |last5=Seigneurin-Berny|first5=Daphné|last6=Grunwald|first6=Didier |last7=Garin|first7=Jérôme|last8=Joyard|first8=Jacques|last9=Rolland|first9=Norbert|display-authors=4|title=Integral Membrane Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope: Identification and Subcellular Localization of New Transporters|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (of the USA)|date=20 August 2002|volume=99|issue=17|doi=10.1073/pnas.172390399|bibcode = 2002PNAS...9911487F|pages=11487–11492 }}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Fairon-Demaret | first = Muriel| doi = 10.1016/0034-6667(95)00127-1 | title = ''Dorinnotheca streelii'' Fairon-Demaret, ''gen. et sp. nov.'', a New Early Seed Plant From the Upper Famennian of Belgium| journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology| volume = 93 |date=October 1996 | pages = 217–233}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Finney | first1 = D. J. | authorlink = D. J. Finney| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1995.0033 | title = Frank Yates 12 May 1902&amp;nbsp;– 17 June 1994| journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society| volume = 41 |date=November 1995| jstor = 770162 | pages = 554–573}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Floros|Newsome|Fisher|2010}} | url = http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | format = PDF | last1 = Floros | first1 = John D. | last2 = Newsome | first2 = Rosetta | last3 = Fisher | first3 = William | year = 2010 | title = Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology | publisher = Institute of Food Technologists | accessdate = March 1, 2012 | archivedate = February 16, 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216152705/http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Fry|first=S. C.|year=1989|title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|publisher=The Company of Biologists|location=Cambridge|volume=40}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv| last1 = Gordh| first1 = Gordon | last2 = Headrick | first2 = D. H. | url = https://books.google.com/?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&amp;pg=PA134&amp;lpg=PA134&amp;dq=botane+boskein+botany#v=onepage&amp;q=botane%20boskein%20botany&amp;f=false | title = A Dictionary of Entomology | publisher = CABI Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-85199-291-4}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Gray | first1 = Asa |authorlink1=Asa Gray | last2 = Sargent | first2 = Charles | title = Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent | year = 1889 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | location = Boston, MA | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_48KAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA292 | accessdate = February 26, 2012 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Greene | first = Edward Lee | title = Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c6DPAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA140 | year = 1909 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | location = Washington, D.C.}}
* {{cite journal|ref = harv |last1=Glynn|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Miyagishima|first2=Shin-ya|last3=Yoder|first3=David W.|last4=Osteryoung|first4=Katherine W.|last5=Vitha|first5=Stanislav|title=Chloroplast Division|journal=Traffic|date= May 1, 2007|volume=8|issue=5|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00545.x|pmid=17451550|pages = 451–61}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|doi=10.1104/pp.110.165308|title=The Path from C3 to C4 Photosynthesis|year=2010 |last1=Gowik|first1=U.|last2=Westhoff|first2=P. |journal=Plant Physiology|volume=155|pmid=20940348|issue=1|pmc=3075750|pages=56–63}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Grime | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = J. G. | title = Botanical Contributions to Contemporary Ecological Theory | year = 1987 | journal = The New Phytologist | volume = 106 |jstor = 2433023}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Gust|1996}} | url = http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | last = Gust | first = Devens | year = 1996 | title = Why Study Photosynthesis? | publisher = Arizona State University | accessdate = February 26, 2012 | archivedate = February 9, 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225717/http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite book|ref = harv |last=Hancock|first=James F. |year=2004|title= Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species|publisher=CABI Publishing| location = Cambridge, MA |isbn= 0-85199-685-X}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv|last=Haberlandt|first=G. |year=1902|title= Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen|publisher=Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Sitzungsberichte|location=Vienna|language=German|journal= Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche|issue=1|volume= 111|pages=69–92}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Harris | first = Henry | title = The Birth of the Cell | year = 2000 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT | isbn = 0-300-08295-9}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Heinhorst|first1=S.|last2=Cannon|first2=G. C. |title=DNA Replication in Chloroplasts|journal=Journal of Cell Science|date=January 1993|issue=104|url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/104/1/1/23430/DNA-replication-in-chloroplasts|accessdate=July 2, 2013| volume = 104| pages = 1}}
* {{cite book|ref = harv |last1=Herrera|first1=C. M.|last2=Pellmyr|first2=O. |year=2002|title= Plant Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach|publisher=Blackwell Science | location = Hoboken, NJ |isbn= 978-0-632-05267-7}}
* {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Hill | first=Arthur W. | year=1915 | title=The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens | journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume=2 | pages=185–240 | doi=10.2307/2990033 | issue=1/2 | jstor=2990033 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Hoek | first1 = Christiaan | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = H. M. | year = 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC&amp;printsec=frontcover | title = Algae: An Introduction to Phycology | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-30419-9}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 |title=The Origin of Plastids |year=2008 |last1=Howe |first1=C. J. |last2=Barbrook |first2=A. C. |last3=Nisbet |first3=R. E. R |last4=Lockhart |first4=P. J. |last5=Larkum |first5=A. W. D. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1504 |pmid=18468982 |pmc=2606771|pages=2675–85}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Hunter|2008}} |url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10140 |title=What Genes Remember |first=Philip |last=Hunter |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=May 2008 |issue=146 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094940/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10140 |archivedate=May 1, 2008 |accessdate=August 24, 2013 |deadurl=yes }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Iyer | first = Meena | title = Faith &amp; Philosophy of Zoroastrianism | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-7835-724-9 | publisher = Kalpaz Publications | location = Delhi, India}}
* {{Cite journal|ref={{sfnRef|Janzen|Forrest|Spouge|Hajibabaei|2009}}| title = A DNA Barcode for Land Plants |last1=Janzen|first1=Daniel H. with the CBOL Plant Working Group|last2=Forrest|first2=L. L.|last3=Spouge|first3=J. L.|last4=Hajibabaei|first4=M.|last5=Ratnasingham|first5=S.|last6=Van Der Bank|first6=M.|last7=Chase|first7=M. W.|last8=Cowan|first8=R. S.|last9=Erickson|first9=D. L.|display-authors=4|journal = Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)| date = August 4, 2009 | volume = 106 | issue = 31 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0905845106 | pmc = 2722355 | pmid = 19666622|bibcode = 2009PNAS..10612794H|last10=Fazekas|first10=A. J.|last11=Graham|first11=S. W.|last12=James|first12=K. E.|last13=Kim|first13=K.-J.|last14=Kress|first14=W. J.|last15=Schneider|first15=H.|last16=Van Alphenstahl|first16=J.|last17=Barrett|first17=S. C.H.|last18=Van Den Berg|first18=C.|last19=Bogarin|first19=D.|last20=Burgess|first20=K. S.|last21=Cameron|first21=K. M.|last22=Carine|first22=M.|last23=Chacon|first23=J.|last24=Clark|first24=A.|last25=Clarkson|first25=J. J.|last26=Conrad|first26=F.|last27=Devey|first27=D. S.|last28=Ford|first28=C. S.|last29=Hedderson|first29=T. A.J.|last30=Hollingsworth|first30=M. L.|pages=12794–7 }}
* {{cite journal|ref={{sfnRef|Jasechko|Sharp|Gibson|Birks|2013}}|last1=Jasechko|first1=Scott|last2=Sharp|first2=Zachary D.|last3=Gibson|first3=John J.|last4=Birks|first4=S. Jean|last5= Yi|first5= Yi |last6=Fawcett|first6=Peter J. |title=Terrestrial Water Fluxes Dominated by Transpiration|journal=Nature|date=April 3, 2013|doi=10.1038/nature11983|bibcode = 2013Natur.496..347J|volume=496|issue=7445|pages=347–50|pmid=23552893 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv |last = Jeffreys |first=Diarmuid | year = 2005 | publisher = Bloomsbury | location = New York| title = Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug| url = https://books.google.com/?id=x-sL4iNQOgcC&amp;pg=PA38 | isbn = 978-1-58234-600-7}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Judd| first1 = W. S.| last2 = Campbell| first2 = C. S.| last3 = Kellogg| first3 = E. A.| last4 = Stevens| first4 = P. F.| last5 = Donoghue| first5 = M. J.| year = 2002 | title = Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach| publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA| isbn = 0-87893-403-0}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Karp | first = Gerald| year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=arRGYE0GxRQC&amp;pg=PA382&amp;lpg=PA382&amp;dq=august+weismann+gametes#v=onepage&amp;q=august%20weismann%20gametes&amp;f=false | title = Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments| publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | location = Hoboken, NJ| isbn = 978-0-470-48337-4}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Kenrick|first1= Paul|last2=Crane|first2= Peter R.|title= The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land|journal=Nature|volume=389 |date=September 1997|doi=10.1038/37918|bibcode = 1997Natur.389...33K|issue=6646|pages=33–39 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1 |chapter=Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes |title=The Chloroplast |series=Plant Cell Monographs |year=2009 |last1=Kim |first1=E. |last2=Archibald |first2=J. M. |isbn=978-3-540-68692-7 |volume=13 |editor1-first=Anna Stina |editor1-last=Sandelius |editor2-first=Henrik |editor2-last=Aronsson}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv |last=Klemm|first=Dieter|last2=Heublein|first2=Brigitte|last3=Fink|first3=Hans-Peter|last4= Bohn|first4= Andreas|title=Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material|journal=ChemInform|date=September 6, 2005|volume=36|issue=36|publisher= John Wiley &amp; Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|doi=10.1002/chin.200536238}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kolattukudy|first=Pappachan E.|editor-last=Kerstiens|editor-first=G.|year= 1996|series=Environmental Plant Biology Series|chapter=3|title=Plant Cuticles|publisher=BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85996-130-4}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Kress|first1= W. J.|last2= Wurdack|first2= K. J.|last3=Zimmer|first3=E. A.|last4= Weigt|first4=L. A.|last5=Janzen|first5=D. H. |title=Use of DNA Barcodes to Identify Flowering Plants |journal=Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) |volume=102 |issue=23 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15928076 |pmc=1142120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503123102|bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8369K|pages=8369–74 }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0503123102/DC1 Supporting Information]
* {{cite journal| ref =harv|last1=Lee|first1= Ernest K.|last2= Cibrian-Jaramillo|first2= Angelica|last3= Kolokotronis|first3= Sergios-Orestis|last4= Katari|first4= Manpreet S.|last5= Stamatakis|first5= Alexandros|last6= Ott|first6= Michael|last7=Chiu|first7=Joanna C.|last8= Little|first8= Damon P.|last9=Stevenson|first9= Dennis W.|last10= McCombie|first10= W. Richard|last11= Martienssen|first11= Robert A.|last12= Coruzzi|first12= Gloria|last13= Desalle|first13= Rob|year=2011|title=A Functional Phylogenomic View of the Seed Plants|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=12|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002411| editor1-last =Sanderson| editor1-first =Michael J| pages =e1002411| pmid =22194700| pmc =3240601}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Leonelli|first1=Sabina|last2= Charnley|first2=Berris |last3=Webb|first3=Alex|last4= Bastow|first4=Ruth|title=Under One Leaf, A Historical Perspective on the UK Plant Science Federation |journal=New Phytologist|year=2012 |url=http://academia.edu/3314509/Under_One_Leaf._A_Historical_Perspective_on_the_UK_Plant_Science_Federation|pmid=22530650|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.4168.x|last5=Janzen|first5=DH|volume=102|issue=23|pages=8369–74|pmc=}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Lepp|2012}}| last = Lepp| first = Heino | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/life-cycle-sporophyte-dev-mosses.html | year = 2012 | title = Mosses | publisher = Australian National Botanic Gardens | accessdate = July 14, 2013}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Levey | first = Martin | title = Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources | year = 1973 | publisher = Brill Archive | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-03796-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ&amp;lpg=PA116&amp;dq=%22Ibn%20al-Baitar%22&amp;pg=PA116#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Lewis|first1=Louise A.|last2=McCourt|first2=Richard M.|year=2004|title=Green Algae and the Origin of Land Plants|journal= American Journal of Botany|location=St. Louis, MO|volume=91| doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535| issue = 10| pmid = 21652308| pages = 1535–56}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh | title = Botane (βοτάνη) | last1 = Liddell | first1 = Henry George | last2 = Scott | first2 = Robert | publisher = Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University | location = Oxford | year = 1940}}
* {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Lilburn |first=Timothy G. |last2=Harrison |first2=Scott H. |last3=Cole |first3=James R. |last4=Garrity |first4=George M. |year=2006 |title=Computational aspects of systematic biology |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=186–195 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbl005 |pmid=16772262 }}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Lin|first1= Z.|last2=Zhong|first2=S.|last3=Grierson|first3=D.|year=2009|title=Recent Advances in Ethylene Research|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|location=Oxford|volume= 60|issue=12|doi=10.1093/jxb/erp204|pmid=19567479| pages = 3311–36}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv |last1=López-Bautista|first1=J. M.|last2= Waters|first2=D.A.|last3=Chapman|first3=R.L.|year=2003|title= Phragmoplastin, Green Algae and the Evolution of Cytokinesis|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|location=Reading, UK|volume=53| doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02561-0| issue = 6| pages = 1715–1718}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|doi=10.1104/pp.010898|title=Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis|year=2002|last1=Lunn|first1=J. E.|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=128|issue=4|pmid=11950997|pmc=154276|pages=1490–500}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv | last = Lüttge| first = Ulrich | title = Photosynthetic Flexibility and Ecophysiological Plasticity: Questions and Lessons from Clusia, the Only CAM Tree, in the Neotropics | journal = New Phytologist|volume=171|issue=1 | year = 2006| location = Hoboken, NJ| jstor = 3694480| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x| pmid = 16771979| pages = 7–25}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mann | first = J. | title = Secondary Metabolism, 2nd ed. | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1987 | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-855529-6}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 3rd | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7637-2134-4 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA}}
** {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 5th | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4496-6580-7 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA}}
* {{cite book| ref = harv |last1=McNeill|first1= J.|last2= Barrie|first2= F. R.|last3= Buck|first3= W. R.|last4= Demoulin|first4= V.|last5= Greuter|first5= W.|last6= Hawksworth|first6= D. L.|last7= Herendeen|first7= P. S.|last8= Knapp|first8= S.|last9= Marhold|first9= K.|last10= Prado|first10= J.|last11= Prud'homme Van Reine|first11= W. F.|last12= Smith|first12= G. F.|last13= Wiersema|first13= J. H.|last14= Turland|first14= N. J. |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |year=2011|publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}}
* {{cite web|ref=harv|last=Medbury|first=Scot|year=1993|title=Taxonomy and Arboreturm Design|url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-taxonomy-and-arboretum-design.pdf|publisher=Harvard University|format=PDF|accessdate=July 26, 2013|archivedate=June 9, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609153849/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-taxonomy-and-arboretum-design.pdf|deadurl=yes}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Mithila|first1=J.|last2=Hall|first2=J. C.|last3= Victor|first3= J. M.|last4= Saxena|first4=P. K.|title=Thidiazuron Induces Shoot Organogenesis at Low Concentrations and Somatic Embryogenesis at High Concentrations on Leaf and Petiole Explants of African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl)|journal=Plant Cell Reports|date=January 2003|pmid=12789442| volume = 21| issue = 5| doi = 10.1007/s00299-002-0544-y| pages = 408–14|doi_brokendate=2015-01-10}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv |last=Morgensen|first=H. L.|year=1996|title= The Hows and Whys of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Seed Plants|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume=83|issue=3|jstor=2446172}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Morton | first = Alan G. | year = 1981 | title = History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day | publisher = Academic Press|location=London | isbn =978-0-12-508380-5 }}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Needham |first=Joseph |last2=Lu |first2=Gwei-djen |last3=Huang |first3=Hsing-Tsung |year=1986 |title=Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6 Part 1 Botany |publication-place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Nobel |first=P. S. |year=1983 |title=Biophysical Plant Physiology and Ecology |location=San Francisco |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=0-7167-1447-7}}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas |year=1998 |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |publication-place=Wien |publisher=Sammlung De Nobili |isbn=978-3-900271-31-2 |language=German}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |title=All Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity |year=2010 |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Meenu S. |last2=Dinesh-Kumar |first2=S. P. |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |publisher= The American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, MN|volume=23 |issue=11 |doi=10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113 |pmid=20923348|pages=1368–80}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Panaino | first = Antonio | title = Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, 2000 | publisher = Mimesis Edizioni | location = Bologna | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hUNFLpQSqbkC&amp;lpg=PA93&amp;dq=%22First%2C%20the%20books%20of%20the%20Nabatean%20corpus%20themselves%20claim%20to%20be%20translations%20from&amp;pg=PA93#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | isbn = 978-88-8483-107-1}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Porley| first1 = Ron | last2 = Hodgetts| first2 = Nick | title = Mosses and Liverworts | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-00-220212-1|work=New Naturalist series No.97 | publisher = HarperCollins UK| location = London}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Possingham|first1=J. V.|last2=Rose|first2=R. J.|title=Chloroplast Replication and Chloroplast DNA Synthesis in Spinach Leaves|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=May 18, 1976|volume=193|issue=1112|doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0047|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/193/1112/295.full.pdf|format=PDF|bibcode = 1976RSPSB.193..295P| pages = 295–305 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Proctor | first1 = M. |last2 = Yeo | first2 = P. | title = The Pollination of Flowers, New Naturalist series| year = 1973| publisher = Harper Collins | location = London|isbn=0-00-219504-6}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Raven | first1 = Peter H. | last2 = Evert | first2 = Ray H. | last3 = Eichhorn | first3 = Susan E. | title = Biology of Plants | edition = 7th | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7167-1007-2 | publisher = W. H. Freeman | location = New York}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv |last=Reed |first=Howard S. |year=1942 |title=A Short History of the Plant Sciences |location=New York |publisher=Ronald Press}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv | last= Reik|first= Wolf | title = Stability and Flexibility of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Mammalian Development | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7143 |date=May 2007 | pmid = 17522676 | doi = 10.1038/nature05918|bibcode = 2007Natur.447..425R|pages=425–32 }}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Renner|first1=S. S.|last2=Ricklefs|first2=R. E.|year=1995|title=Dioecy and its Correlates in the Flowering Plants|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=82|jstor=2445418| doi = 10.2307/2445418| issue = 5| pages = 596}}
* {{cite book| ref = harv |last1= Rochaix|first1= J. D.|last2= Goldschmidt-Clermont|first2=M.|last3= Merchant|first3= Sabeeha|title=The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas|year=1998|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=Dordrecht, Germany|isbn=978-0-7923-5174-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apv1hktfq_8C&amp;pg=PA550#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Roux|first= Stanley J.|title=Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Phytochrome Action in Plants|journal=BioScience|location=Berkeley, CA|year=1984|volume=34|issue=1|jstor=1309422 | doi = 10.2307/1309422| pmid = 11540810 | pages = 25–9}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Russin|first1=William A.|last2=Evert|first2=Ray F.|last3=Vanderveer|first3= Peter J.|last4=Sharkey|first4=Thomas D.|last5=Briggs|first5=Steven P.|title=Modification of a Specific Class of Plasmodesmata and Loss of Sucrose Export Ability in the ''sucrose export defective1'' Maize Mutant|journal=The Plant Cell|year=1996|volume=8|issue=4|format=PDF|pmc=161126| pages = 645–658|doi=10.1105/tpc.8.4.645|pmid=12239395}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Sattler|first= R.|year=1992|title= Process morphology: structural dynamics in development and evolution|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|volume=70| issue = 4|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/5/577.full.pdf|format=PDF| pages = 708–714| doi=10.1139/b92-091}} 
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Sattler | first = R. | last2 = Jeune | first2 = B. |year = 1992| title = Multivariate analysis confirms the continuum view of plant form| journal = Annals of Botany| volume = 69| pages = 249–262}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Savidan|first= Y. H.|year=2000|title= Apomixis: Genetics and Breeding|journal=Plant Breeding Reviews|volume=18|doi=10.1002/9780470650158.ch2 | isbn = 978-0-470-65015-8 | pages = 13–86}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Scharf | first = Sara T. | year = 2009 | title = Identification Keys, the &quot;Natural Method,&quot; and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals|journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=42 | issue = 1|pages=73–117 | doi = 10.1007/s10739-008-9161-0 | pmid = 19831202}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv| last1= Scharlemann | first1 = J. P. W. | last2 = Laurance | first2 = W. F. | title = How Green are Biofuels? | year=2008|journal = Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science| volume = 319 | doi = 10.1126/science.1153103 | issue = 5859| pmid = 18174426 | pages = 43–4}}
* {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Schell|Van Montagu|1977}}|last1=Schell |first1=J.|last2=Van Montagu |first2=M.|title= The Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a Natural Vector for the Introduction of Nif Genes in Plants?|journal= Basic Life Sciences|year=1977|volume=9|pmid=336023 | pages = 159–79 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12|isbn=978-1-4684-0882-9 }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Schoening|2005}}| last = Schoening | first = Steve | url = http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2005 | title = California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan | publisher = California Department of Food and Agriculture | accessdate = March 1, 2012}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv |title=Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis |year=2002 |last1=Schnurr |first1=J. A. |last2=Shockey |first2=J. M. |last3=De Boer |first3=G. J. |last4=Browse |first4=J. A.|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=1700–9 |pmid=12177483 |pmc=166758|doi=10.1104/pp.003251 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Silyn-Roberts | first = Heather | url = https://books.google.com/?id=hVUU7Gq8QskC&amp;lpg=PA198&amp;dq=species%20epithet%20capitalize&amp;pg=PA198#v=onepage&amp;q=species%20epithet%20capitalize | title = Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-7506-4636-5 | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | location = Oxford }}
* {{cite book| ref = harv |last=Small|first=Michael |title=Dynamics of Biological Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2ueAopatF0C&amp;pg=PA118|year=2012|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-1-4398-5336-8}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv| last1= Sobotka|first1=Roman|last2= Sáková|first2=Lenka|last3= Curn|first3= Vladislav |year=2000|title= Molecular Mechanisms of Self-incompatibility in Brassica|journal=Current Issues in Molecular Biology|volume=2|issue=4|pmid=11471754 | pages = 103–12}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last= Spector |first= Tim |year= 2012 |title= Identically Different: Why You Can Change Your Genes |location= London |publisher= Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson|isbn=978-0-297-86631-2}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv| last= Sprague | first = T. A.| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | year=1939| journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341|doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x | first2 = M. S. | pages = 1–113| last2 = Sprague }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |year=2010a |title=Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists? |journal=Watsonia |volume=28 |url=http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |accessdate=2013-07-06 |ref=harv |archivedate=2011-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104027/https://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |deadurl=yes }}
* {{Cite book| ref = harv |last=Stace |first=Clive |year=2010b |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Starr|first=Cecie|title=The Unity and Diversity of Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA299|year=2009|edition=AP|publisher=Brooks/Cole, Cenpage Learning|location=Belmomt, CA|isbn=978-1-111-58097-1}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book| ref = harv |last1=Stewart |first1=Wilson Nichols|last2=Rothwell|first2=Gar W. |year=1993 |title=Paleobiology and the Evolution of Plants |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38294-6}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv |last1=Stover|first1=R. H.|last2=Simmonds|first2=N. W. |title=Bananas |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, England |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-582-46357-8}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv |last=Sumner|first= Judith|title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants|publisher=Timber Press|location=New York|year=2000|isbn=0-88192-483-0}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Sun|first1=Yuh-Ju|last2=Forouhar|first2=Farhad|last3=Li Hm|first3=Hsou-min|last4=Tu|first4=Shuh-Long|last5=Yeh|first5=Yi-Hong|last6=Kao|first6=Sen|last7=Shr|first7=Hui-Lin|last8=Chou|first8=Chia-Cheng|last9=Chen|first9=Chinpan |last10=Hsiao|first10=Chwan-Deng|title=Crystal Structure of Pea Toc34, a Novel GTPase of the Chloroplast Protein Translocon|journal=Nature Structural Biology|year=2002|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1038/nsb744|pmid=11753431| pages = 95–100}}
* {{cite journal| ref = harv |last=Sussex|first= I. |year= 2008 |title= The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology |journal= The Plant Cell |volume= 20|issue=5|doi=10.1105/tpc.108.058735 |url= http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/5/1189.full.pdf+html|format=PDF| pmid = 18515500| pmc = 2438469| pages = 1189–98}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | edition = 3rd | title = Plant Physiology | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-87893-823-0 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA}}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Takaichi|first=Shinichi|title=Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions|journal=Marine Drugs|date=June 2011|volume=9|issue=12|doi=10.3390/md9061101|pmc=3131562|pages=1101–1118|pmid=21747749}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Tansley| first1 = A. G.| title =The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts | journal = Ecology|publisher=Ecological Society of America |location=Washington, D.C. | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 284| year = 1935|doi = 10.2307/1930070|jstor=1930070}}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Taylor |first=T.N. |last2=Taylor |first2=E.L. |last3=Krings |first3=M. |year=2009 |title=Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |edition=2nd |publication-place=Amsterdam; Boston |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373972-8 }}
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Thompson|first1=James E.|last2=Fry|first2=Stephen C.|year=2001|title=Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells|journal=The Plant Journal |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons| location = West Sussex, England|volume=26 |issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x|pmid=11359607|pages=23–34}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Waggoner|2001}} | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | last = Waggoner | first = Ben | year = 2001 | title = University of California Museum of Paleontology | publisher = University of California-Berkeley | accessdate = February 27, 2012}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Went|first1=F. W. |last2=Thimann|first2=K. V.|year=1937|title=Phytohormones|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|url=http://ia700408.us.archive.org/33/items/phytohormones00went/phytohormones00went.pdf|format=PDF}}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Willis| first1 = A. J.| title =The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically | journal =Functional Ecology|publisher=British Ecological Society|location=London| volume = 11 | issue =2 | year = 1997|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x | pages = 268–271}}
* {{cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Woese et al.|1977}} | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Magrum | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Fox | first3 = L. J. | last4=Wolfe | first4 = G. E. | last5 = Woese | first5 = R. S. | title = An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 9 | pages = 305–311 | issue = 4 |date = August 1977 | pmid = 408502 | doi = 10.1007/BF01796092}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Yaniv | first1 = Zohara | last2 = Bachrach | first2 = Uriel | title = Handbook of Medicinal Plants | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-56022-994-2 | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghampton, NY}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 =Yates|first1= F.|last2= Mather|first2= K. |year=1963|title=Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=9|jstor=769423}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Hopf | first2 = Maria | title = Domestication of Plants in the Old World | year = 2000 |edition=3rd| isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | publisher =Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}
* {{cite journal| ref = {{sfnRef|Arabidopsis Genome Initiative|2000}}| author=The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative| title=Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana| journal=Nature|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|location=London| year=2000| volume=408| doi=10.1038/35048692 | pmid=11130711| issue=6814| pages = 796–815}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Plant Hormones|2013}} | url = https://agrikaido.com/plant-hormones/auxins/| title = Auxins | publisher = Plant Hormones, Long Ashton Research Station, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council| accessdate = July 15, 2013 }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Center for Biotechnology Information|2004}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html | title = A Basic Introduction to the Science Underlying NCBI Resources | date = March 30, 2004 | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate = March 5, 2012}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Online Etymology Dictionary|2012}} | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=botany&amp;searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | year = 2012 | accessdate = February 24, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Museum of Wales|2007}} | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = July 4, 2007 | accessdate = February 19, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Science Foundation|1989}} | url = http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=120 | title = Katherine Esau | publisher = National Science Foundation | year = 1989 | accessdate = June 26, 2013 }}
* {{cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Botanical Society of America|2013}}|url=http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|title=Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems|publisher=Botanical Society of America|accessdate=June 25, 2013|archivedate=January 31, 1998|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980131020409/http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|deadurl=yes}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = March 2, 2012 | archivedate = March 2, 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Cleveland Museum of Natural History|2012}} | url = https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | title = Paleobotany | publisher = Cleveland Museum of Natural History | accessdate = July 30, 2014 | archivedate = August 11, 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074831/https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of California-Davis|2012}} | url = http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | title = Physical Map of ''Brachypodium'' | publisher = University of California-Davis | accessdate = February 26, 2012 | archivedate = August 24, 2011 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105534/http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | deadurl = yes }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Missouri Botanical Garden|2009}} | url = http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/earth.html | title = Plants and Life on Earth | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden | year = 2009 | accessdate = March 10, 2012}}
{{refend}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Wikibooks|Botany}}
{{Commons category|Botany}}
{{Wikisource portal|Botany}}
{{WVD}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Botany/|Botany}}
* [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
* [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&amp;lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&amp;lang=en%2F |date=2012-01-31 }} from Catholic University of Leuven
* [http://wildflower.utexas.edu/ Native Plant Information Network]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA plant database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091149/http://plants.usda.gov/index.html |date=2010-12-02 }}
* [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany]
* [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/loc Larry Oglesby Collection] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
{{refend}}


[[শ্ৰেণী:উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান| ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:উদ্ভিদ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱবিজ্ঞান]]</text>
      <sha1>kuw68luqqxnarer91awu2tim4pshmq0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Sajidmahamud835</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>40580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610876</id>
      <parentid>608731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T21:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>8079</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-23 */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ</comment>
      <origin>610876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1523561" sha1="cn6p6iuy0odz5furwd350il8089tngo" xml:space="preserve">== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Tech News: 2015-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translations]] are available.
 
'''Recent changes'''
* You can now mention up to 50 users in a post and they will get a notification. Previously you could notify up to 20 users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110306]
* A new version of the [[:m:mw:Wikidata Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] has been released. It now has Wikibase API support. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/006999.html]
* You can now use Wikidata to find all good or featured articles in a Wikipedia version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72209]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with [http://tools.wmflabs.org/ Tool Labs] due to [[:w:en:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] issues. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110827] 
* The Content Translation tool published some pages with the same reference repeated several times. This has been fixed. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/03/september-3-update-fixed-duplicated-references-issues-with-norwegian-and-publishing-errors/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110007]

'''Changes this week'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 9. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The maximum character length when you search for something on the Wikimedia wikis is now 300 characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107947]
* The notifications list has been split into two lists. As a first step, notifications about messages on your user talk page will be placed in the second list. Feedback is requested at [[mw:Topic:Sobaaiky57zs7py7|the Echo talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108190][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108760] 

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=08&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 8 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* You can join the Wikitech ambassadors mailing list. The list is for Wikimedians interested in spreading information about Wikimedia technology news. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikitech-ambassadors See how to join].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia mailing lists will be moved to a new server and the software will be upgraded. This will happen on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=09&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 9 at 14:00 (UTC)]. The mailing lists will not be working during the move. It can take up to four hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110133]
* Wikidata will soon be able to store measurements, such as a mountain's height or the distance between two places. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T77977][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-August/006982.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W37&quot;/&gt; 17:29, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13509330 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Tech News: 2015-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*You can now use the [[mw:Wikidata query service|Wikidata query service]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html]
*Belarusian-Taraškievica Wikipedia was moved from be-x-old.wikipedia.org to be-tarask.wikipedia.org. This caused some issues, but most of them were resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11823]
*Language preferences might not be changed immediately when you adjust them. Language selection might work slower. Please [[:mw:How to report a bug|report any problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92357][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46649]

'''Problems'''
*There was a problem when editing [[:w:en:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Numbers]] in Visual Editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63558]
*The Wikimedia mailing lists should have been upgraded on September 9. It didn't work as planned and will now happen later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083162.html]
'''Changes this week'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 16. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=15&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 15 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*ContentTranslation will show more data on the Special:ContentTranslationStats page. For example, it will show translation trends and information about deleted translations. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/]
*The first version of the translation suggestions feature will be deployed soon. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W38&quot;/&gt; 16:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13595243 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Tech News: 2015-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is now an experimental Wikimedia [https://maps.wikimedia.org maps service]. You can [[:mw:Talk:Maps|give feedback here]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083277.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Maps]
* Last week a few issues with UploadWizard were fixed. Before this was done, UploadWizard would stop you from uploading your files if something went wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42921][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48741][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T61646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106968]
* More Wikipedias can now use information from any Wikidata item in any Wikipedia article. Previously they could only use the Wikidata item that matched the subject of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100788]
* The VisualEditor welcome dialogue has been changed. The intention is to make it more helpful for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112354]

'''Problems'''
* Wikimedia Labs' [[:w:en:HTTPS|HTTPS certificate]] expired for most of Tuesday 15 September. To reach Wikimedia Labs and Tool Labs securely you had to ignore your browser's security error message. There was no risk to data security during this time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112608]
* Last week the notification system was split into two parts. This was temporarily undone because of a bug and performance concerns. It will return to two parts this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112552][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-September/001260.html]
* UploadWizard couldn't upload files larger than 5 MB when using [[:m:commons:Commons:Chunked uploads|chunked uploads]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111908]

'''Changes this week'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 22. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 23. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 24 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The page move tool has been switched over to the new standard look for forms. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86865]
* You can now choose whether to extend a link or not when editing one in VisualEditor. This means it is easier to choose how much of what you type before and after the link is part of it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91285]
* Wikibooks can now use data from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107999]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=22&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 22 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* You can join a meeting with the Wikidata team. It will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=23&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 23 at 17:00 (UTC)]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007052.html See how to join].
* You can register to the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016]] in San Francisco 4–6 January 2016. Gadget, template, bot, and tool developers are welcome as well. [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016#Call for participation|Call for participation]] and travel sponsorship requests are open until 2 October.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W39&quot;/&gt; 18:29, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13726015 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Tech News: 2015-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translations]] are available.
 
'''Recent changes'''
*In UploadWizard, the dialog to see an image preview has been removed. You already see the images in the thumbnails when you upload them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112907]
*UploadWizard dialogs look a bit different now. They have been updated to the new [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]] look. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112117]
*You can now edit music scores in VisualEditor. You can add new sheet music scores and get live updates when you edit one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112925]
*When you send an e-mail to another editor using [[:mw:Extension:EmailUsers|Special:EmailUser]], that user will now get a notification on the wiki as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56130]
*You can now see 500 images when you upload images from Flickr with UploadWizard. Before this change the limit was 50. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T44979]
*The Wikimedia mailing lists have been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110140]
*MediaWiki developers spent a day looking at proposed code changes in [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]]. The goal was to clean up the backlog and give feedback to volunteer developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88531]

'''Problems'''
*Some visitors had problems reaching the Wikimedia sites for an hour on September 24. [http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/156486/Static-assets-(CSS/JS)][http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/163388/Wiki-platform-%5B%5Bw%3Afi%3AMain-Page%5D%5D-(s2)]

'''Changes this week'''
*The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 29. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 30. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 1 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* There will be a new beta feature that allows editors to use Flow on their user talkpage if they want to. Each wiki [[mw:Flow/Request Flow on a page|can decide]] if they want to enable it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98270]
* The Content Translation tool can give translation suggestions. This feature will now be available in more languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, and Catalan. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/september-24-cx-update-suggestions-in-new-languages-fixes-in-statistics-and-link-adaptation-and-more/]

'''Meetings'''
*You can join the [[mw:Reading/Strategy/Strategy Process|strategy process]] of the [[mw:Reading|Reading department]] of Wikimedia Engineering.  [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083316.html]
*You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=29&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 29 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation developers want the community to decide who can use [[:mw:Help:OAuth|OAuth]] in the future. You [[:m:Requests for comment/OAuth handover|can discuss it]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W40&quot;/&gt; 15:15, 28 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13829249 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Tech News: 2015-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The link editor in the visual editor now shows results below the search box. This improves the usability on desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101169]
*The description at [[Special:ChangeEmail]] now clearly explains that the page can also be used to remove your email. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98799]

'''Changes this week'''
*The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 6. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 7. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 8 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*UploadWizard will remind users to add a category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51710]
*UploadWizard's category selectors will be easier to use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112764]
*A new [[mw:Help:Extension:Cite|Cite]] error will be shown if a named reference is defined more than once in the same article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85386]

'''Meetings'''
*You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=6&amp;month=10&amp;year=2015 6 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*Wikidata requests your input on [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|how to improve the editing of Wikidata's data in other locations]], such as Wikipedias.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W41&quot;/&gt; 18:32, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13953365 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Tech News: 2015-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The database size lists have been updated. These control special page update frequency and which wikis use global abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114613]

'''Changes this week'''
*The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 13. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 14. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 15 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*You will be able to upload images to Wikimedia Commons using the visual editor. When the image is uploaded it will be added to the article you're editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40030]
*Pages that show citation error messages will automatically be placed in a hidden category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104792]

'''Meetings'''
*You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=13&amp;month=10&amp;year=2015 13 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
 
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W42&quot;/&gt; 16:28, 12 October 2015 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=14074906 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625]
* [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html]
* Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860]

'''Problems'''
* You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W23&quot;/&gt; 21:54, 4 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18103288 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension]
*[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html]

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]

* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W24&quot;/&gt; 21:55, 11 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18115892 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W25&quot;/&gt; 21:47, 18 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18136222 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html]

'''Problems'''
* Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W27&quot;/&gt; 00:46, 3 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18169586 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F]

'''Problems'''
* When you rolled back an edit it could get both the &lt;code&gt;Rollback&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Undo&lt;/code&gt; tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374]
* Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305]
* On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581]
* When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W28&quot;/&gt; 23:10, 9 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18194890 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950]
* You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331]
* You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]].
* You can use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;inputbox&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:Page name&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W29&quot;/&gt; 16:01, 16 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18215334 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947]
* Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023]
* Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W30&quot;/&gt; 09:44, 24 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18233172 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737]

'''Problems'''
* Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html]
*  Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. &quot;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]&quot; will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W31&quot;/&gt; 14:05, 30 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18237696 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available.
 
'''Recent changes'''
* [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739]

'''Problems'''
* The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W32&quot;/&gt; 19:39, 6 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18277179 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*&lt;span title=&quot;Advanced item&quot;&gt;[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt; [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W33&quot;/&gt; 17:53, 13 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18292380 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
*[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on &quot;group0&quot; wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W34&quot;/&gt; 16:46, 20 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18310555 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800]
* Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298]

'''Problems'''
* Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302]
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding &lt;code&gt;using AWB&lt;/code&gt; in the edit summary.  Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says &lt;code&gt;AWB&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says &lt;code&gt;Deprecated. Use ... instead&lt;/code&gt;. An example is &lt;code&gt;article_text&lt;/code&gt; which is now &lt;code&gt;page_title&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is &lt;code&gt;page_age&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].
'''Future changes'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=12&amp;month=09&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W35&quot;/&gt; 16:16, 27 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18330273 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176]
* There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues]
* You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617]
* &lt;code&gt;wp10&lt;/code&gt; in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called &lt;code&gt;articlequality&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240]
* When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845]

'''Problems'''
* [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760]
* You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W36&quot;/&gt; 16:48, 3 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18344596 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834]

'''Problems'''
* Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157]
* Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930]
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;maplink&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427]
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583]
* When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=12&amp;month=09&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]].
* Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W37&quot;/&gt; 22:36, 10 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18369657 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192]

'''Problems'''
* You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475]

'''Changes later this week'''
*[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W38&quot;/&gt; 21:58, 17 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18389264 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781]
*[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W39&quot;/&gt; 15:23, 24 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18408633 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?﻿action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript&lt;/code&gt; in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html]

'''Problems'''
* New and updated translations from [[en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].
* You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions.

'''Future changes'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=10&amp;month=10&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W40&quot;/&gt; 17:35, 1 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18433392 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add &lt;code&gt;href&lt;/code&gt; where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=10&amp;month=10&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]].
* Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W41&quot;/&gt; 23:38, 8 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18453674 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743]
* Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W42&quot;/&gt; 22:41, 15 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18470532 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W43&quot;/&gt; 23:12, 22 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18491932 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html]

'''Problems'''
* Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W44&quot;/&gt; 20:09, 29 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18519160 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]].
* When you edit with the visual editor you can use the &quot;Automatic&quot; citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W45&quot;/&gt; 17:29, 5 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18540415 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893]

'''Problems'''
* You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W46&quot;/&gt; 19:22, 12 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18568837 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for &lt;code&gt;sameAs&lt;/code&gt; data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated.  [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W47&quot;/&gt; 23:29, 19 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18611020 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt; to create a new page: &lt;code&gt;/wiki/Page/Subpage&lt;/code&gt;. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182]
* [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;mw.util.jsMessage()&lt;/code&gt; function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] &lt;code&gt;Use of &quot;mw.util.jsMessage&quot; is deprecated&lt;/code&gt; in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains &lt;code&gt;mw.util.jsMessage&lt;/code&gt;. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use &lt;code&gt;mw.notify&lt;/code&gt; instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W48&quot;/&gt; 22:22, 26 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18638702 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826]
* Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237]
* You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189]
* When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
 
'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W49&quot;/&gt; 16:13, 3 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18671340 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy]
* When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W50&quot;/&gt; 17:34, 10 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18699559 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553]
* Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]].

'''Problems'''
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags can use parameters such as &quot;name&quot; or &quot;group&quot;. For example &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;adams&quot; group=&quot;books&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. If a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;tiles.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wma.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W51&quot;/&gt; 20:35, 17 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18718987 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available.

''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.''

'''Recent changes'''
* RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named &quot;{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}&quot; has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the &quot;{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}&quot; action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W02&quot;/&gt; 18:30, 7 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18759682 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/]
* You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup.
* Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; has a new &lt;code&gt;wrapper&lt;/code&gt; parameter now. You can use it for selectors like &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;.mw-parser-output &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;wrapper parameter value&gt; &lt;selector from CSS page&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441]

'''Problems'''
* When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703]

'''Changes later this week'''
*You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]].
* Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable &lt;code&gt;minor_edit&lt;/code&gt; has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W03&quot;/&gt; 17:55, 14 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18781471 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942]

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category &lt;code&gt;{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}&lt;/code&gt; to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in &lt;code&gt;Special:TrackingCategories&lt;/code&gt; on Wikipedias.
* [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages.

'''Problems'''
* When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380]
* Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the &lt;code&gt;Module&lt;/code&gt; namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W04&quot;/&gt; 20:37, 21 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/8&amp;oldid=18802332 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems.

'''Problems'''
* When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W05&quot;/&gt; 18:16, 28 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18821217 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W06&quot;/&gt; 17:12, 4 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18846213 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]&lt;/code&gt; [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use &lt;code&gt;ambox&lt;/code&gt; there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W07&quot;/&gt; 18:46, 11 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18862544 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W08&quot;/&gt; 23:14, 18 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18883065 --&gt;

== Talk to us about talking ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt=&quot;￼icon depicting two speech Bubbles&quot;|frameless|right|120px]]
The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication.

We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices.

We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives.

We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help.

'''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.'''

You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do:  
# First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]]  
# Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group.  This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback.  
# Then ask people what they think about communication processes.  We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki.  Please consider asking these five questions:
## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you?
## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them?
## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages?
## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations?
## What are the important aspects of a &quot;wiki discussion&quot;?
# Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group.  Please include links if the discussion is available to the public.

'''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.'''

Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]].

You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer.

Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you.
&lt;/div&gt; [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:09, 21 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/Sandbox&amp;oldid=18890731 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&amp;mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W09&quot;/&gt; 21:17, 25 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18898106 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages.
* The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W10&quot;/&gt; 16:38, 4 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18912959 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the &lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements&lt;/code&gt; [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the &lt;code&gt;#statements&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#&lt;maplink&gt;|a Kartographer &lt;code&gt;&lt;maplink&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]].
* There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]].

'''Problems'''
* Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis.
* Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976]
* Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W11&quot;/&gt; 19:30, 11 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18925338 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W12&quot;/&gt; 19:44, 18 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18939566 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352]
* The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414]
* Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W13&quot;/&gt; 18:05, 25 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18947493 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W14&quot;/&gt; 16:29, 1 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18980992 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]].
* Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on  [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html]
* A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087]
* Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274]
* The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{REVISIONID}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (empty string). When you read a page it will return &lt;code&gt;&quot;-&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W15&quot;/&gt; 18:25, 8 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18988936 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called &lt;code&gt; suggestion&lt;/code&gt;. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the &lt;code&gt;WikibaseQualityConstraints&lt;/code&gt; constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439]
* You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|&lt;code&gt;depicts&lt;/code&gt; property]] for structured data on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W16&quot;/&gt; 23:00, 15 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19011282 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446]
* The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikipedia articles will have the &lt;code&gt;[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]&lt;/code&gt; [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W17&quot;/&gt; 19:08, 23 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19030007 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125]

'''Problems'''
* Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353]
* When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]&lt;/code&gt;. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612]
* You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata &lt;code&gt;wb_terms&lt;/code&gt; table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W18&quot;/&gt; 22:28, 29 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19046269 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W19&quot;/&gt; 16:28, 6 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19073915 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W20&quot;/&gt; 00:49, 14 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19091659 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis.   

'''Problems'''
* File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954]
* Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata &lt;code&gt;wbeditentity&lt;/code&gt; [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html]


'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W21&quot;/&gt; 13:04, 20 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19108030 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W22&quot;/&gt; 15:34, 27 May 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19120221 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/]
* There is now a field called &lt;code&gt;[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]&lt;/code&gt; on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts]
* Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W23&quot;/&gt; 15:25, 3 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19133752 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748]
* The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891]

'''Problems'''
* Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W24&quot;/&gt; 17:07, 10 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19143311 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Filename.midi]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Later &lt;code&gt;override_midi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;override_audio&lt;/code&gt; will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597]
* A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old &lt;code&gt;wgEnableAPI&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wgEnableWriteAPI&lt;/code&gt; values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W25&quot;/&gt; 20:38, 17 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19152213 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html]
* Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W26&quot;/&gt; 17:30, 24 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19168431 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html]

'''Problems'''
* Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048]
* Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358]
* There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W27&quot;/&gt; 21:23, 1 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19175317 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583]
* Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W28&quot;/&gt; 20:13, 8 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19192465 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] 

'''Changes later this week'''
*  [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called &lt;code&gt;{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}&lt;/code&gt; and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W29&quot;/&gt; 15:30, 15 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19199404 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]].
* The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html]

'''Problems'''
* The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247]
* With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525]
* Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable &lt;code&gt;user_wpzero&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W30&quot;/&gt; 13:08, 22 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19224936 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W31&quot;/&gt; 21:42, 29 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19235136 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Problems'''
*A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W32&quot;/&gt; 13:25, 5 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19263690 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916]
* Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The &quot;Wikidata item&quot; link will be moved from &quot;Tools&quot; to &quot;In other projects&quot; section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W33&quot;/&gt; 18:20, 12 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19280448 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters.
* Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]].
* &lt;code&gt;Special:Contributions/newbies&lt;/code&gt; will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W34&quot;/&gt; 15:21, 19 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19310286 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week.
* The previously announced change of positions of the &quot;Wikidata item&quot; link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632]
* The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] 
* The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for &quot;All contents&quot; and &quot;All discussions&quot;. They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the &quot;All discussions&quot; filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]
* You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]
* You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]
*  You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W36&quot;/&gt; 09:08, 4 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19350205 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]].
* [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other &lt;code&gt;Special:&lt;/code&gt; pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W40&quot;/&gt; 16:51, 30 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19425409 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095]

'''Problems'''
* There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489]
 
'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).
 
'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]].
* The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example &lt;code&gt;https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page&lt;/code&gt; would be &lt;code&gt;https://www.wikidata.org/&lt;/code&gt; instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki.
* There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W41&quot;/&gt; 15:36, 7 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19425409 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563]  
* In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W42&quot;/&gt; 23:55, 14 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19459969 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as &lt;code&gt;internal&lt;/code&gt;. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508]

'''Problems'''
* There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027]
* The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W43&quot;/&gt; 14:44, 21 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&amp;oldid=19479668 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year.
* Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414]
* You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using &lt;code&gt;px&lt;/code&gt; (pixels) instead of &lt;code&gt;em&lt;/code&gt; ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;mw.config&lt;/code&gt;. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W44&quot;/&gt; 16:26, 28 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19459969 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450]

'''Changes later this week'''
* &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry&lt;/code&gt; can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip&lt;/code&gt; to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W45&quot;/&gt; 16:48, 4 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W46&quot;/&gt; 22:04, 11 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
*  You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]&lt;/code&gt; database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year.
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W47&quot;/&gt; 20:17, 18 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290]
* [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W48&quot;/&gt; 16:52, 25 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{REVISIONID}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (empty string). When you read a page it returns &lt;code&gt;&quot;-&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W49&quot;/&gt; 16:59, 2 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19605481 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W50&quot;/&gt; 16:39, 9 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19605481 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057]
* [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W51&quot;/&gt; 00:18, 17 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19643564 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020.

'''Recent changes'''
* All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the &quot;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]&quot;.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can use &lt;code&gt;setlang&lt;/code&gt; in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W52&quot;/&gt; 20:08, 23 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19658611 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January.  It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W02&quot;/&gt; 21:23, 6 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19686133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038]
* [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the &quot;{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}&quot; section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the &quot;{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}&quot; section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146]

'''Changes later this week'''
*[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html]
* You can use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref follow=&quot;…&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; was shown outside the &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W03&quot;/&gt; [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:41, 13 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19686133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the &lt;code&gt;python2&lt;/code&gt; tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W04&quot;/&gt; 19:42, 20 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19732098 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235]
* Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the &quot;Shift&quot; key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W05&quot;/&gt; 18:53, 27 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19751689 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W06&quot;/&gt; 20:05, 3 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19771613 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W07&quot;/&gt; 19:12, 10 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19795497 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W08&quot;/&gt; 16:18, 17 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19816101 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W09&quot;/&gt; 21:00, 24 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19816101 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071]

'''Changes later this week'''
* If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update]
* When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update]
* On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231]
* There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage&lt;/code&gt; was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W10&quot;/&gt; 00:36, 3 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19816101 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new search word called &lt;code&gt;articletopic&lt;/code&gt;. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W11&quot;/&gt; 17:15, 9 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19881740 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use &lt;code&gt;action=changecontentmodel&lt;/code&gt; to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863]
* You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W12&quot;/&gt; 21:13, 16 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19899639 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable.
* There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W13&quot;/&gt; 17:08, 23 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19899639 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
*  The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W14&quot;/&gt; 17:26, 30 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19939500 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user &lt;code&gt;Maintenance script&lt;/code&gt;. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W15&quot;/&gt; 19:03, 6 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19961136 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use the &lt;code&gt;[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]&lt;/code&gt; search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559]
* You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April]
* You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard].
* When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578]
* There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&amp;oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085]
*  The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]].
* For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;source&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag, as well as the use of the deprecated &lt;code&gt;enclose&lt;/code&gt; parameter, will add tracking categories.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W16&quot;/&gt; 15:31, 13 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19979862 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. &lt;code&gt;div#content&lt;/code&gt; is now &lt;code&gt;.mw-body&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;div.portal&lt;/code&gt; is now &lt;code&gt;.portal&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;div#footer&lt;/code&gt; is now &lt;code&gt;#footer&lt;/code&gt;. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061]
* The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W17&quot;/&gt; 18:46, 20 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20001327 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153]
* [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W19&quot;/&gt; 17:00, 4 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20041699 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004]

'''Problems'''
* [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502]
* [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via &lt;code&gt;mw.config.exists()&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;mw.user.tokens.exists()&lt;/code&gt;. You can use &lt;code&gt;exists()&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;get()&lt;/code&gt; to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W20&quot;/&gt; 20:42, 11 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20078394 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html]

'''Problems'''
* There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223]
* [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)]
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects &lt;code&gt;div#p-personal&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-navigation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-interaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-tb&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-lang&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-variants&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;div#footer&lt;/code&gt;. They will have to remove &lt;code&gt;div&lt;/code&gt;. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects &lt;code&gt;#p-variants&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;#p-personal&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;#p-views&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;#p-cactions&lt;/code&gt;. They can no longer use &lt;code&gt;&gt; ul&lt;/code&gt;. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W21&quot;/&gt; 17:20, 18 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20078394 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W22&quot;/&gt; 14:18, 25 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20114992 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W23&quot;/&gt; 22:32, 1 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20114992 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. &lt;code&gt;area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr&lt;/code&gt; can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423]
* There is a banner called &lt;code&gt;WikidataPageBanner&lt;/code&gt;. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Sitenotice&lt;/code&gt; so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W24&quot;/&gt; 21:12, 8 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20156271 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]].

'''Problems'''
* There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485]
* Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html]
* The selectors &lt;code&gt;.menu&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.vectorMenu&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. &lt;code&gt;.menu&lt;/code&gt;  should be replaced by &lt;code&gt;ul&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;.vectorMenu&lt;/code&gt; should be replaced by &lt;code&gt;.vector-menu&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W25&quot;/&gt; 21:38, 15 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20156271 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. &lt;code&gt;.vectorTabs&lt;/code&gt; should be replaced with &lt;code&gt;.vector-menu-tabs&lt;/code&gt; to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W26&quot;/&gt; 18:49, 22 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20156271 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html]
* Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID &lt;code&gt;searchGoButton&lt;/code&gt; for the go button. This is &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt; for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt; in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt;. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W27&quot;/&gt; 16:31, 29 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20228133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html]
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]].
* Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W28&quot;/&gt; 20:19, 6 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20228133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226]

'''Problems'''
* Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a &lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#fdd&quot;&gt;pink background&lt;/span&gt;. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using &lt;code&gt;&lt;translate nowrap&gt;&lt;/translate&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W29&quot;/&gt; 16:30, 13 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20228133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]].

'''Problems'''
* There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625]
* Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714]
* Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is a &lt;code&gt;{{int:printableversion}}&lt;/code&gt; link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W30&quot;/&gt; 19:06, 20 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20228133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html]
* The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]].

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969]
* Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780]
* Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W31&quot;/&gt; 13:53, 27 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20228133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage]
* Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625]
* There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the &quot;{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}&quot; option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493]
* A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the &quot;move&quot; and &quot;create&quot; types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* Users' &lt;code&gt;global.js&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;global.css&lt;/code&gt; pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the &lt;code&gt;searchGoButton&lt;/code&gt; identifier is now &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt;. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses &lt;code&gt;counter&lt;/code&gt; to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W32&quot;/&gt; 15:43, 3 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20336426 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462]

'''Problems'''
* The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W33&quot;/&gt; 16:06, 10 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20353642 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an &lt;code&gt;undo&lt;/code&gt; tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W34&quot;/&gt; 20:41, 17 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20366028 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt; 17:59, 24 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20389773 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt; 11:12, 26 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20389773 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808]

'''Changes later this week'''
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W36&quot;/&gt; 20:12, 31 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20411995 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use &lt;code&gt;watchlist&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;watch&lt;/code&gt;. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984]
* The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a &lt;code&gt;.menu&lt;/code&gt; class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use &lt;code&gt;nav ul&lt;/code&gt; instead. &lt;code&gt;.vectorTabs&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.vectorMenu&lt;/code&gt; will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W37&quot;/&gt; 16:00, 7 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20427670 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt; 16:19, 14 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20446737 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt; 00:19, 15 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20446737 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W39&quot;/&gt; 21:28, 21 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20461072 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630]
* Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756]
 
'''Problems'''
* [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]].
* The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]].
* In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see &lt;code&gt;Apps&lt;/code&gt; as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936]
* You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]].
* You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W40&quot;/&gt; 21:24, 28 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20483264 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis.
* You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992]

'''Problems'''
* There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177]
* Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Child]]ren&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266]

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt; 16:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20515061 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis.
* You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992]

'''Problems'''
* There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177]
* Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Child]]ren&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266]

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt; 17:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20515061 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W42&quot;/&gt; 15:25, 12 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20528295 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the &quot;space&quot; character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmwhitespace()&lt;/code&gt; wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024]
* Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;#jump-to-nav&lt;/code&gt;. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#siteSub&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;#mw-content-text&lt;/code&gt;. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W43&quot;/&gt; 16:32, 19 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20550811 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]
* Last week, links to &quot;diffs&quot; from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989]
* There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the &quot;{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt; 17:39, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20574890 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]
* Last week, links to &quot;diffs&quot; from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989]
* There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the &quot;{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt; 19:23, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20574890 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Note that &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum:123,456}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be &lt;u&gt;unformatted&lt;/u&gt; so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&amp;group=core&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303]

'''Future changes'''
* A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327]
* In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W45&quot;/&gt; 16:10, 2 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20604769 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html]
* From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W46&quot;/&gt; 15:50, 9 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20634159 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W47&quot;/&gt; 15:37, 16 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20669023 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W48&quot;/&gt; 17:19, 23 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20698111 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W49&quot;/&gt; 17:45, 30 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20728523 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W50&quot;/&gt; 16:15, 7 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20754641 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W51&quot;/&gt; 21:34, 14 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20803489 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{citation needed}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things.
* Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;langconvert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082]
*  Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W52&quot;/&gt; 20:54, 21 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20833836 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729]
* You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761]
* Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week:
** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686]
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904]
** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is &quot;throttled&quot;. The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this &quot;throttle&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the &lt;code&gt;watchlist&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;watch&lt;/code&gt; will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W02&quot;/&gt; 15:42, 11 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20950047 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=ext-growthexperiments&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translating the interface].
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W03&quot;/&gt; 16:10, 18 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20974628 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt; 18:31, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21007423 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt; 20:48, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21007423 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332]
* Often editors use a &quot;non-breaking space&quot; to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like &lt;code&gt;1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55&lt;/code&gt; as well as the &lt;code&gt;1.2.3.4/27&lt;/code&gt; syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be &lt;code&gt;185.15.56.1&lt;/code&gt;. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W05&quot;/&gt; 22:39, 1 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21033195 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792]
* Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W06&quot;/&gt; 17:42, 8 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21082948 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki.  Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html]
* Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W07&quot;/&gt; 17:56, 15 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21105437 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741]

'''Problems'''
* Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;

----

00:18, 23 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21134058 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes.
* A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437]
* Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;

----

19:08, 1 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21161722 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293]
* When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185]

'''Problems'''
* Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257]

'''Future changes'''
* There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]].
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W10&quot;/&gt; 17:51, 8 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21175593 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&amp;orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296]

'''Problems'''
* Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322]
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W11&quot;/&gt; 23:23, 15 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21226057 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting]

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like &quot;tone&quot; or &quot;depth&quot;. It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.config&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W12&quot;/&gt; 16:53, 22 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21244806 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to &lt;code&gt;irc.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579]

'''Problems'''
* When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350]
* Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:31, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21267131 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to &lt;code&gt;irc.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579]

'''Problems'''
* When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350]
* Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:39, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21267131 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example &lt;code&gt;2010-12-XX&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;2010-12&lt;/code&gt; for dates with a month but no days. This is because &lt;code&gt;2010-12&lt;/code&gt; could be confused with &lt;code&gt;2010-2012&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;December 2010&lt;/code&gt;. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:41, 5 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21287348 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294]
* If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use &lt;code&gt;mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')&lt;/code&gt; to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898]
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week.

'''Changes later this week'''
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:49, 19 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21356080 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:25, 26 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21391118 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346]
* Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.error&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.warning&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.success&lt;/code&gt; do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:44, 3 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21418010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346]
* Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.error&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.warning&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.success&lt;/code&gt; do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

12:57, 4 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21418010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:10, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21428676 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:26, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21428676 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021]
* Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;utf8mb3&lt;/code&gt;. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist&lt;/code&gt;. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

13:50, 17 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21464279 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:08, 24 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21477606 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:06, 31 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21516076 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980]
* Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for &lt;code&gt;Bedusz&lt;/code&gt; doesn't find &lt;code&gt;Będusz&lt;/code&gt; on German Wikipedia. The character &lt;code&gt;ę&lt;/code&gt; isn't used in German so many would write &lt;code&gt;e&lt;/code&gt; instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:03, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21551759 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980]
* Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for &lt;code&gt;Bedusz&lt;/code&gt; doesn't find &lt;code&gt;Będusz&lt;/code&gt; on German Wikipedia. The character &lt;code&gt;ę&lt;/code&gt; isn't used in German so many would write &lt;code&gt;e&lt;/code&gt; instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:35, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21551759 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763]
* Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work.
* German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:26, 14 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21587625 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;otrs-member&lt;/code&gt; group name is now &lt;code&gt;vrt-permissions&lt;/code&gt;. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:50, 21 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21593987 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page &lt;code&gt;Special:EditGrowthConfig&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423]
* Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the &quot;extract text&quot; button on Wikisource you can add &lt;code&gt;.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311]

'''Problems'''
*You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* &lt;code&gt;Threshold for stub link formatting&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;thumbnail size&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;auto-number headings&lt;/code&gt; can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]].
* A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:32, 28 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21653312 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage&lt;/code&gt; has moved to &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version&lt;/code&gt; has moved to &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON&lt;/code&gt;. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from &lt;code&gt;archive.is&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;web.archive.org&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:34, 5 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21694636 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553]
* [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:32, 19 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21755027 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If &lt;code&gt;{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}&lt;/code&gt; is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] &lt;code&gt;{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}&lt;/code&gt;. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:11, 26 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21771634 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-rtl&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without the required &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;dir&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-rtl&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;he&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as &lt;code&gt;span&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;code&lt;/code&gt;. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]].
* Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this.
* The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks.  You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis.  You can test this now by adding &lt;code&gt;?dtenable=1&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:48, 2 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21818289 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;visualClear&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:21, 9 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21856726 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719]

'''Changes later this week'''
* A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549]
*Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for &quot;Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition&quot;|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions.
* In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:28, 16 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21889213 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;score&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in &quot;safe mode&quot;. The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]].

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:59, 23 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21923254 --&gt;

== Read-only reminder ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;MassMessage&quot;/&gt;
A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes.

This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. 

Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes).

For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]].

A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation.

Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}&lt;section end=&quot;MassMessage&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:35, 24 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21927201 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors.

'''Problems'''
* Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance.
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:02, 30 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21954810 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/]
* Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.&amp;nbsp; The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:20, 6 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21981010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more.

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664]
* You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;golang&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;output&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:36, 13 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22009517 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021.
* MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which &quot;stubs&quot; would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917]
* A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;piprop&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter has been renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prpiprop&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks.  It is currently part of &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:33, 20 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22043415 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752]
* A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]].
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:24, 27 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22077885 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hidden&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property will no longer say an entry is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;implicit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718]
* A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgExtraSignatureNamespaces&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgLegalTitleChars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgIllegalFileChars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will soon be removed from &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. These are not part of the &quot;stable&quot; variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookiePrefix&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookieDomain&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookiePath&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookieExpiration&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; from the &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:33, 4 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22101208 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

* The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|&quot;auto-number headings&quot; preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering.

'''Meetings'''
* You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:31, 11 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22152137 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development.
* 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=22&amp;month=10&amp;year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:54, 18 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22176877 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526]
* The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:08, 25 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22232718 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:28, 1 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22269406 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:37, 8 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22311003 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;stashfailed&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; or &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;DBQueryError&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available.

'''Problems'''
* Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525]
* There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:07, 15 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22338097 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
*The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:03, 22 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22366010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:15, 29 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22375666 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MentorDashboard&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=ajax&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;jquery.jStorage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.storage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:59, 6 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22413926 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the &quot;Project:&quot; namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[WB:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will go to the local language default for the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Project:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:28, 13 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22441074 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022.

'''Recent changes'''
* Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;DynamicPageList&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:06, 20 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22465395 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;oauth_consumer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|actions=edit,history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withgadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withJS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withCSS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966]
* The heading on the main page can now be configured using &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]&lt;/span&gt; for logged-in users and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]&lt;/span&gt; for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715]
* Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W02&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:24, 11 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22562156 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages.  If you click &quot;{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}&quot; in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item.
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]].  You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies.  This is available at most wikis.  Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819]
* When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|&quot;preloaded&quot; with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:55, 17 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22620285 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO.
* You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619]

'''Events'''
* You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year.
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:38, 24 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22644148 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?withgadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;supportsUrlLoad&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead:
** The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki.

'''Events'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:42, 31 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22721804 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]).
* Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823]

'''Problems'''
* A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; should be updated to also check for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector-2022&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:16, 7 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22765948 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; function has been updated so that it does not remove the &quot;space&quot; character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmwhitespace()&lt;/code&gt; wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:19, 14 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22821788 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020]
* At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820]
* You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. For example, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator.

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system.  There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/]
* Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated &quot;talk&quot; page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:12, 21 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22847768 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909]
* Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; was renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]].

'''Problems'''
* The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features.
* If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox&lt;/code&gt;), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:00, 28 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22902593 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:16, 7 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22958074 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]].
* There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;uselang=qqx&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as &quot;{{int:vector-view-history}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deletelogentry&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deletedhistory&lt;/code&gt; rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deleterevision&lt;/code&gt; right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928]
* On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114]

'''Future changes'''
*  The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617]

'''Events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:08, 14 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22993074 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available.

'''New code release schedule for this week'''
* There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]].

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043]

'''Future changes'''
* Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:01, 21 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23034693 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:55, 28 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23073711 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Tech News: 2022-14&lt;/code&gt; anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920]
* Over the next few months, the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where &quot;Link recommendation&quot; is already available]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 4 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23097604 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new public status page at &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]&lt;/span&gt;. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project].
* On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:45, 11 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23124108 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated &quot;Talk&quot; page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;successbox&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;errorbox&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;warningbox&lt;/code&gt;. The styles for those classes and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;messagebox&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:12, 18 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23167004 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:56, 25 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23187115 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese.
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967]
* If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#mw-anon-edit-warning&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#mw-undelete-revision&lt;/code&gt; and 3 others.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:34, 2 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23232924 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586]
* Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966]
*  [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022).

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:23, 9 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23256717 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:58, 16 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23291515 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341]
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629]

'''Problems'''
* The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915]
* Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

00:21, 24 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23317250 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ip_in_ranges()&lt;/code&gt; function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ip_in_range()&lt;/code&gt; expressions joined by &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the &lt;code&gt;uciprange&lt;/code&gt; parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150]
* A new parser function will be introduced: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. It will replace existing templates named &quot;=&quot;. It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:29, 30 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23340178 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;str_replace_regexp()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

02:46, 7 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23366979 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July.

'''Future changes'''
* By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:59, 13 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23389956 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;site_stats&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;user_global_editcount&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]&lt;/span&gt; to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910]

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;typeof&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute values, and instead use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:File&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Image&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Audio&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Video&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:18, 20 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23425855 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps &amp; Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033]
*  Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472]
* Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:03, 27 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23453785 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;proofreadpage_source_href&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be removed from &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and be replaced with the variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpSourceIndexPage&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:32, 4 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23466250 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&amp;compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932]
*The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:25, 11 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23502519 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;TDFSupport@wikimedia.org&lt;/span&gt; before 12 August.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:00, 18 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23517957 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179]

'''Problems'''
*  Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391]
* Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for &quot;{{int:changeblockip}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:unblockip}}&quot; instead of just &quot;{{int:blockip}}&quot; if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:27, 25 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23545370 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Phantom&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].

'''Future meetings'''
* This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:22, 1 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23615613 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future meetings'''
* The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:50, 8 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23627807 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:09, 15 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23658001 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778]

'''Future changes'''
* The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]].  The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere.  You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

00:13, 23 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23675501 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets.

'''Problems'''
* In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]].  If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]&lt;/span&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:06, 29 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23725814 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; should be updated to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#p-associated-pages&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:22, 5 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23757743 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:50, 13 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23787318 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;templatelinks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table are now being dropped: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_namespace&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_title&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_target_id&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T299417|T299417]]&lt;/span&gt; for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available.  Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons]

'''Future changes'''
* In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/span&gt; 22:16, 19 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23826293 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;rel&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute of links. Further details are in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T315209|T315209]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.  They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile]
* In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.json&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:30, 27 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23860085 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.  They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;scribunto-console&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:24, 4 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23885489 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

14:09, 10 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23912412 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements]
* A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( &quot;strict&quot; )]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces &quot;[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]&quot; on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The &quot;{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}&quot; button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 17 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23943992 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]].
* On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]].

'''Problems'''
* Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] 
* Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list]
* Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]].
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:23, 24 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23975411 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997]
* In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for &quot;{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818]
* It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817]
* It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815]
* It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:16, 31 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23977539 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592]

'''Problems'''
* Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:32, 8 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24001035 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962]
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* There will be a new link to directly &quot;Edit template data&quot; on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&amp;oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309]
* Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:55, 14 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24071290 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 21 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24071290 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327]
* On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:03, 28 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24114342 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:41, 6 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24151590 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]].  Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961]
* The character &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714]

'''Events'''
* The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:35, 12 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24216570 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023.

'''Recent changes'''
* On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
* The word &quot;{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; is very short in some languages, such as Arabic (&quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;ردّ&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537]

'''Future changes'''
* Edits can be automatically &quot;tagged&quot; by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063]
* The Trust &amp; Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. 
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021.

'''Events'''
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:00, 20 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24258101 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-02&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349]
* [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]].
* You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541]
* A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use &lt;code&gt;matrix:&lt;/code&gt; to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021]
* You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W02&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 10 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24342971 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:11, 17 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24381020 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24418874 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 31 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24455949 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24491749 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:49, 14 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24540832 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:58, 21 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24570514 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24634242 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 6 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24676916 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24700189 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 21 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24732558 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 28 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24780854 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 3 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24820268 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24851886 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:55, 18 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24881071 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 24 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24933592 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24966974 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24998636 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25011501 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25028325 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 29 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25079963 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:52, 12 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25133779 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 19 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25159510 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 26 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25202311 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25231546 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25278797 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25289122 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25332248 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25362228 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 7 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25420038 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:00, 15 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25497111 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25510866 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 4 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25566983 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 11 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 18 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:27, 3 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25712895 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25745824 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25782286 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25801989 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:06, 6 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25838105 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25859263 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 27 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:13, 12 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 18 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-02&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:20, 9 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:04, 23 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26096197 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26137870 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26180971 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:49, 13 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26223994 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:37, 19 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26254282 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 18 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 25 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26446209 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26462933 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 8 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26647188 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:34, 30 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26689057 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 6 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26729363 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 13 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26762074 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26786311 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26844397 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26893898 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26911987 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:33, 24 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26989424 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27038456 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:32, 8 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27080357 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27124561 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 23 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27142915 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:11, 29 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27164109 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 5 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27233905 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 12 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27253654 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 20 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27307284 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:34, 26 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27341211 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 3 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27390268 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27424457 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:03, 17 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27460876 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 23 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27493779 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:21, 30 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27530062 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 7 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27557422 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 21 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27634672 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:57, 28 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27668811 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27693917 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:08, 12 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27732268 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:01, 19 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27806858 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27847039 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:23, 2 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27919424 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:25, 16 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27942374 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28048614 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:37, 21 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28129769 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 27 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28149374 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28203495 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28231022 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 17 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28275610 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:42, 25 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28296129 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:31, 4 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28334563 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 10 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28372257 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28412594 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:43, 24 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28443127 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 1 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28473566 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]&amp;nbsp; are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 7 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28507470 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:25, 15 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28540654 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:01, 21 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 28 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 6 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28665011 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:38, 12 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28714188 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:13, 19 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28724712 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 26 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28788673 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28819186 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:17, 10 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28846858 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:39, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001]
* Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519]
* A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;all_links&lt;/code&gt; variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;new_links&lt;/code&gt; for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the &quot;Add a Link&quot; Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 23 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28870688 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599]
* Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's &quot;Find in page&quot; function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special &quot;favourite list&quot;. The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:41, 30 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28917415 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]].
* Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22]
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]].
* Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]].
* It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of &quot;Connecting People through Linked Open Data&quot;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 8 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28930584 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the &quot;featured&quot; tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now!
* [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:10, 14 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28980963 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the &quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=fi#/ ... More]&quot; category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new &quot;{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}&quot; filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257]
* Administrators can now limit &quot;Add a Link&quot; to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot;]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test &amp; &quot;Add a Link&quot; Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 &amp; 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;beta.wmcloud.org&lt;/code&gt;. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 21 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29005283 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598]
* On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:27, 29 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29051727 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439]
* Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035]
* Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account&lt;/code&gt; and use a value defined in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Ipboptions&lt;/code&gt;. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets can now include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.vue&lt;/code&gt; files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099]
* Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918]
* Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task.
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the &quot;no camera&quot; icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as:
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience]
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:41, 5 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29083927 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]].
* The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an &quot;X&quot; to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other &quot;X&quot; button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944]
* Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for &quot;Group results by page&quot; on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of &quot;One common data source, multiple local wikis&quot;. Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons]
* Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.addWarning()&lt;/code&gt; function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:30, 11 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29106516 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to &quot;Thank&quot; individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849]
* An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716]
* An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227]
* Five new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|&lt;code&gt;s:tl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|&lt;code&gt;s:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|&lt;code&gt;w:rki:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|&lt;code&gt;b:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:39, 19 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29127690 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: &lt;code&gt;width: fit-content&lt;/code&gt;; &lt;code&gt;ruby-align&lt;/code&gt;; relative units such as &lt;code&gt;lh&lt;/code&gt;; and custom strings in &lt;code&gt;list-style-type&lt;/code&gt;. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619]
* On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455]
* Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240]
* Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. &lt;code&gt;rc_new&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;rc_type&lt;/code&gt; are being removed in favor of &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt;. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use &lt;code&gt;rc_source&lt;/code&gt; instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 26 August 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29175124 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki]
* The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as &quot;Templates used on this page,&quot; will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066]
* On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the &lt;code&gt;Special:RecentChanges&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Special:Watchlist&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Special:RelatedChanges&lt;/code&gt; pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789]
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions now has a new capability called &quot;lightweight enumeration types&quot;, an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more.
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions:
** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&amp;t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these].
** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 1 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29196010 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] 
* Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698]
* Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:15, 9 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29238161 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* References lists that are made using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941]
* Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]].
* Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including:
** for the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;^&lt;/code&gt;) and end-of-line (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599]
** for both &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;intitle:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;insource:&lt;/code&gt; keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\d&lt;/code&gt;), whitespace (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\s&lt;/code&gt;), and word characters (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\w&lt;/code&gt;); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\r&lt;/code&gt;), newline (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\n&lt;/code&gt;), tab (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\t&lt;/code&gt;), and unicode (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;\uHHHH&lt;/code&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212]
* When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]].
* Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288]
* The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets.
* Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. 
* A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:08, 15 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29263921 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ &quot;Listen to Wikipedia&quot;] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator.
* A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#contentmodel}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254]
* Adding or editing a &lt;code&gt;DISPLAYTITLE&lt;/code&gt; for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would no longer have the literal text &quot;DISPLAYTITLE&quot; or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. 
* Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:56, 22 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29305556 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]].
* As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]].
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]].
* On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563]
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test.
* The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with &lt;code&gt;sp-contributions-blocked-notice&lt;/code&gt;] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with &lt;code&gt;blocked-notice-logextract&lt;/code&gt;] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed.
* There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[ ] |&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; after the fragment identifier (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|&lt;code&gt;q:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]&lt;/code&gt; function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once.
* A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:54, 29 September 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29355230 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects.
'''Updates for editors'''
* Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;), instead of via a redirect to an &quot;m&quot; domain (like &lt;code&gt;en.m.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt;). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the &quot;Desktop view&quot; opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998]
* New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;creationdate:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;lasteditdate:&lt;/code&gt;, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&gt;2024&lt;/code&gt;) and relative dates (e.g. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;today-1d&lt;/code&gt;), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593]
* [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402]
* An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The field &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rev_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the revision database table is being removed in favor of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;content_sha1&lt;/code&gt; in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the &lt;code&gt;rest.php&lt;/code&gt; path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:24, 6 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29400897 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. 

'''Updates for editors'''

* Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579]
* This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095]
* Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:00, 13 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29434481 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;rest.php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]].
* Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:37, 20 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29478670 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]].
* Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]].
* The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/]
* Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures.
* A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]].
* Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 27 October 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29513638 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958]
* For users with &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools &quot;{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778]
* Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861]
* Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628]
* Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as &quot;Get shortened URL&quot;. There are 30 wikis that also install an older &quot;ShortUrl&quot; extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;class=&quot;title-shortlink&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;/s/&lt;/code&gt; URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188]
* On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board.
* MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 3 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29552512 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264]
* MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347]
* Using the &quot;{{int:showpreview}}&quot; or &quot;{{int:showdiff}}&quot; buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097]
* Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454]
* The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment]
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called &quot;Image browsing&quot; to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28.
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://meta.wikimedia.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from &lt;code&gt;&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;mw:&lt;identity type&gt;:&lt;user id&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;&lt;identity type&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is typically &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;CentralAuth:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;!-- not a typo --&gt; (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;local:&lt;wiki id&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the &lt;code&gt;sessionJwt&lt;/code&gt; cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199]
* MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or emailing other users &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;$&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;10&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612]
* A &lt;code&gt;REL1_45&lt;/code&gt; branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/]
* The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:38, 10 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29606150 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November.
* Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]]&amp;nbsp;initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in.&amp;nbsp;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]].
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|&lt;code&gt;s:min:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''&quot;Report Visual Bug&quot;'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
* Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;hackathon@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:27, 17 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29627455 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the &quot;DWIM&quot; (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;und&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;cxfcnmt&lt;/span&gt;'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''&lt;span lang=&quot;ru&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;счастье&lt;/span&gt;'' (&quot;happiness&quot;) that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734]
* Later this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}&quot; preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
*  Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;format=xml'''&amp;xlst={stylesheet}'''&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/]
* The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Main graph or &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:57, 24 November 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29702226 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]].
* The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476]
* Two new wikis have been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|&lt;code&gt;w:tok:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|&lt;code&gt;q:pcm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:58, 1 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29732328 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Latn&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''bedniereba''&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka-Cyrl&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''бедниереба''&lt;/bdi&gt; will now suggest the existing article about &lt;bdi lang=&quot;ka&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ბედნიერება&lt;/bdi&gt; (&quot;happiness&quot;). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development.
* Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project.
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025.
* A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting this week, users of the &quot;{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711]
* Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:46, 8 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29738112 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 15 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29796010 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-52&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324]
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping &quot;First Steps&quot; in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, to avoid potential conflicts with other &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-mw&lt;/code&gt; attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W52&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 22 December 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29831856 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:34, 12 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29907192 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:30, 19 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29943403 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:18, 26 January 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29969530 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:44, 2 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:31, 9 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:17, 16 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:04, 23 February 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:52, 2 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:36, 16 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 23 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:26, 30 March 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 6 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30362761 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[w:en:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]].
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example &quot;WP&quot; for the &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 04:41, 7 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30362761 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature.
'''Updates for editors'''
* On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:19, 13 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30380527 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest &quot;Liquid Glass&quot; visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias.
* An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]].
* On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; directly, please update them to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:01, 20 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the &quot;automatically enable most beta features&quot; option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:06, 27 April 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available.
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]].
* The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909]
* From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the &quot;Translate to English&quot; dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] 
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as &quot;changes 3&quot; instead of &quot;3 changes&quot; in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 4 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30498077 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks.
* The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui.input&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:21, 11 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30524429 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions.
* To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the &quot;Tools &gt; Action&quot; menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''

* On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]].
* The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for &quot;Who Wrote That&quot; and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:22, 18 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30539262 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] 

'''Updates for editors'''
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis.
* After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The legacy CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; have been replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatleft&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;floatright&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:52, 25 May 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30584502 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month.
* The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed &quot;Community&quot; tab and a personalized &quot;For You&quot; tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:09, 1 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

(This message was sent to [[:সদস্য বাৰ্তা:মো: সাজিদ মাহামুদ]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30613639 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cn6p6iuy0odz5furwd350il8089tngo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইমেইল</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610910</id>
      <parentid>593535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:55:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33460" sha1="0jqm7r3gtosoyt1ncxxl2hsb2zz9fa2" xml:space="preserve">
[[File: Evolution 36 mail.png|thumb|right|এই এটা স্ক্ৰীণশ্বটটোৱে ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীৰ &quot;ইনবক্স&quot; এটা পৃষ্ঠা দেখুৱাইছে; ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীসকলে নতুন ইমেইলসমূহ চাব পাৰে আৰু কাৰ্য্যসমূহ ল'ব পাৰে, যেনে এই বাৰ্তাসমূহ পঢ়া, মচি পেলোৱা, সংৰক্ষণ কৰা, বা সঁহাৰি দিয়া। ]]
[[File:E-post från Wikipedia - 2019.jpg|thumb|যেতিয়া [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]] ৰ কোনো &quot;ৰবটে&quot; ছবি ফাইলত পৰিবৰ্তন কৰে, আপলোডাৰে কৰা পৰিবৰ্তনৰ বিষয়ে এটা ইমেইল লাভ কৰে। ]]
[[File:(at).svg|thumb|150px|ইমেইল ঠিকনাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা &quot;এট চিহ্ন&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.11|title=RFC 5321 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|accessdate=19 January 2015|work=Network Working Group }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''ইমেইল''' বা '''ই-মেইল''' বা '''ইলেক্‌ট্ৰনিক মেইল''' (প্ৰায় ১৯৯৩ চনৰ পৰা)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+mail%2Ce-mail&amp;year_start=1980&amp;year_end=1995&amp;corpus=15&amp;smoothing=0&amp;share= |title=Google Ngram Viewer |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=2013-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক যন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বাৰ্তা প্ৰেৰণ আৰু গ্ৰহণৰ এক পদ্ধতি। কুৰি শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইয়াক মেইল ​​(সেয়েহে ই-+ মেইল)ৰ ডিজিটেল সংস্কৰণ বা সমকক্ষ হিচাপে কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল। ইমেইল হৈছে সৰ্বব্যাপী আৰু অতি ব্যাপক যোগাযোগৰ মাধ্যম; বৰ্তমান ব্যৱহাৰত, ইমেইল ঠিকনাক প্ৰায়ে বেছিভাগ দেশতে ব্যৱসায়, বাণিজ্য, চৰকাৰ, শিক্ষা, মনোৰঞ্জন আৰু দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্ৰত বহুতো প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মৌলিক আৰু প্ৰয়োজনীয় অংশ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। 

ইমেইল কম্পিউটাৰ নেটৱৰ্ক, প্ৰধানকৈ ইণ্টাৰনেট আৰু স্থানীয় এলেকাৰ নেটৱৰ্কত কাম কৰে। বৰ্তমানৰ ইমেইল ব্যৱস্থাসমূহ ষ্ট’ৰ-এণ্ড-ফৰৱাৰ্ড মডেলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ইমেইল চাৰ্ভাৰসমূহে বাৰ্তাসমূহ গ্ৰহণ, আগবঢ়ায়, প্ৰদান আৰু সংৰক্ষণ কৰে। ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী বা তেওঁলোকৰ কম্পিউটাৰ দুয়োটা একেলগে অনলাইন হোৱাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়; সাধাৰণতে এটা মেইল ​​চাৰ্ভাৰ বা এটা ৱেবমেইল আন্তঃপৃষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বাৰ্তা প্ৰেৰণ বা গ্ৰহণ বা ইয়াক ডাউনলোড কৰিবলৈ ইণ্টাৰনেট সংযোগ কৰিব লাগিব। 

মূলতঃ এটা ASCII কেৱল লিখনী-সংলগ্ন যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম, ইণ্টাৰনেট ইমেইলক বহুমুখী ইণ্টাৰনেট মেইল ​​সম্প্ৰসাৰণ (MIME) দ্বাৰা অন্য আখৰৰ গোট আৰু মাল্টিমিডিয়া বিষয়বস্তু সংলগ্নসমূহত লিখনী কঢ়িয়াই নিবলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। আন্তৰ্জাতিক ইমেইল, UTF-8 ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক ইমেইল ঠিকনাৰ সৈতে, প্ৰামাণিককৃত কিন্তু ব্যাপকভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হোৱা নাই।&lt;ref name=&quot;১&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/datamail-worlds-first-free-linguistic-email-service-supports-eight-india-languages/articleshow/54923001.cms | title=ই-মেইল | accessdate=4 July 2024 | archivedate=22 October 2016 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022080739/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/datamail-worlds-first-free-linguistic-email-service-supports-eight-india-languages/articleshow/54923001.cms | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==পৰিভাষা==
''ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক মেইল'' ​​শব্দটো ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ইয়াৰ আধুনিক অৰ্থৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে আৰু বিভিন্ন চুটি ই-মেইল ১৯৭৯ চনৰ পৰা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford English Dictionary 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=email noun earlier than 1979 | website=Oxford English Dictionary | date=2012-10-25 | url=https://public.oed.com/appeals/email/ | access-date=2020-05-14 | archive-date=April 6, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100025/https://public.oed.com/appeals/email/ | url-status=live | archivedate=2023-04-06 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100025/https://public.oed.com/appeals/email/ | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ohlheiser 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last=Ohlheiser | first=Abby | title=Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2015-07-28 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/07/28/why-the-first-use-of-the-word-e-mail-may-be-lost-forever/ | access-date=2020-05-14 | archive-date=April 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131904/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/07/28/why-the-first-use-of-the-word-e-mail-may-be-lost-forever/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

*ইমেইল এতিয়া সাধাৰণ ৰূপ আৰু শৈলীr গাইডসমূহে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://styleguide.yahoo.com/word-list/e|title=Yahoo style guide|publisher=Styleguide.yahoo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509154006/https://styleguide.yahoo.com/word-list/e|archive-date=May 9, 2013|access-date=2014-01-09|archivedate=2013-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509154006/https://styleguide.yahoo.com/word-list/e|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aces2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/18/ap-removes-hyphen-from-em_n_837833.html|title=AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide|website=[[Huffington Post]]|location=New York City|date=March 18, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512055628/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/18/ap-removes-hyphen-from-em_n_837833.html |archive-date=May 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ই আই ই টি এফ ৰিকুৱেষ্টছ ফৰ কমেণ্ট (আৰ এফ চি) আৰু কৰ্মগোটসমূহৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰপত্ৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt|publisher=IETF|title=RFC Editor Terms List|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152111/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt|archive-date=2013-12-28|access-date=2024-07-04|archivedate=2013-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152111/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt|deadurl=yes}} This is suggested by the [https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/rfc-style-manual-08.txt RFC Document Style Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424002009/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/rfc-style-manual-08.txt |date=2015-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; এই বানান বেছিভাগ অভিধানতো দেখা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;AskOxford Language Query team&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/email | title=What is the correct way to spell 'e' words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'? | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | work=FAQ | access-date=4 September 2009 | author=AskOxford Language Query team | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701194047/https://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/email?view=uk | quote=We recommend email, this is the common form | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 1, 2008 | archivedate=1 July 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701194047/https://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/email?view=uk | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reference.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/email |title=Reference.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2014-01-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216094405/https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/email |archive-date=2013-12-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Princeton University WordNet 3.0&quot;&gt;Princeton University WordNet 3.0&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;The American Heritage Science Dictionary, 2002&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Merriam-Webster Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite dictionary|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/email|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=9 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221444/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/email|archive-date=12 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''&quot;RFC Style Guide&quot;'', Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC |url=https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152111/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt |archive-date=2013-12-28 |access-date=2014-01-09 |archivedate=2013-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152111/https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-style-guide/terms-online.txt |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*ই-মেইল সম্পাদিত আৰু প্ৰকাশিত আমেৰিকান ইংৰাজী আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ ইংৰাজী লেখাৰ অনুকূল ৰূপ, যিটো কৰ্পাছ অৱ কন্টেম্পৰেৰী আমেৰিকান ইংৰাজী তথ্যত প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/1925/email-or-e-mail|title=&quot;Email&quot; or &quot;e-mail&quot;|work=English Language &amp; Usage – Stack Exchange|date=August 25, 2010|access-date=September 26, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831185446/https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/1925/email-or-e-mail|archive-date=August 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু কিছুমান শৈলী নিৰ্দেশনাত ইয়াৰ অনুকূলতা নাই।&lt;ref name=&quot;aces2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=AP Stylebook editors share big changes|url=https://www.aces2011.org/sessions/18/the-ap-stylebook-editors-visit-aces-2011/|work=15th National Conference of the American Copy Editors Society (2011, Phoenix)|access-date=23 March 2011|author=Gerri Berendzen|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322142235/https://www.aces2011.org/sessions/18/the-ap-stylebook-editors-visit-aces-2011/|archive-date=22 March 2011|archivedate=22 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322142235/https://www.aces2011.org/sessions/18/the-ap-stylebook-editors-visit-aces-2011/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*ই-মেইল কেতিয়াবা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxhowdoy.html |title=How do you spell &quot;e-mail&quot;? |first1=Mark |last1=Israel |publisher=Alt-usage-english.org |access-date=2014-01-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403084841/https://www.alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxhowdoy.html |archive-date=2012-04-03 |archivedate=2012-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403084841/https://www.alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxhowdoy.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ১৯৭৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক্স আলোচনীত ই-কম নামৰ আমেৰিকাৰ ডাক সেৱাৰ পদক্ষেপৰ উল্লেখ কৰি মূল ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল, যিটো ১৯৭০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৮০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পৰিচালিত হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Oxford English Dictionary 2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ohlheiser 2015&quot; /&gt;
*ইমেইলও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
*১৯৮১ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ পৰা কম্পিউচাৰ্ভে ইমেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত এই শব্দটো জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email? |website= SIGCIS |author1=thaigh |date=2015 |url=https://www.sigcis.org/ayyadurai |access-date=2020-09-05 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417130400/https://www.sigcis.org/Ayyadurai |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Masnick |first=Mike |title=Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email |url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190518/23370542236/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml |access-date=2020-09-05 |website=Techdirt. |date=May 22, 2019 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127173452/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190518/23370542236/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*ইমেইল হৈছে &quot;লেখকৰ ঠিকনা&quot;ৰ বাবে RFCসমূহত ব্যৱহৃত এটা পৰম্পৰাগত প্ৰপত্ৰ।
*এই সেৱাক প্ৰায়ে কেৱল মেইল ​​বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক মেইলৰ এটা টুকুৰাক বাৰ্তা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ইমেইলৰ ভিতৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহৰ বাবে নিয়মসমূহ—&quot;To&quot;, &quot;From&quot;, &quot;CC&quot;, &quot;BCC&quot; ইত্যাদি—১৯৭৫ চনত RFC-680 ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pexton |first=Patrick B. |date=2012-03-01 |title=Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/omblog/post/origins-of-e-mail-my-mea-culpa/2012/03/01/gIQAiOD5kR_blog.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-04-18 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519192857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/omblog/post/origins-of-e-mail-my-mea-culpa/2012/03/01/gIQAiOD5kR_blog.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;


ইণ্টাৰনেট ইমেইল এটা খাম আৰু বিষয়বস্তুৰে গঠিত;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ietf
 |       title = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 |         rfc = 5321
 |     section = 2.3.1
 | sectionname = Mail Objects
 |       quote = SMTP transports a mail object.  A mail object contains an envelope and content.
 |   publisher = [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিষয়বস্তু এটা হেডাৰ আৰু এটা মূখ্য অংশৰে গঠিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite ietf
 |       title = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 |         rfc = 5321
 |     section = 2.3.1
 | sectionname = Mail Objects
 |       quote = The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body.  If the content conforms to other contemporary standards, the header section is a collection of header fields, each consisting of a header name, a colon, and data, structured as in the message format specification
 |   publisher = [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==ইতিহাস==
১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সময়-ভাগ-বাটোৱাৰা (Time-sharing) আগমনৰ পিছত একেটা ব্যৱস্থাৰ ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীৰ মাজত কম্পিউটাৰ ভিত্তিক বাৰ্তা প্ৰেৰণ সম্ভৱ হৈ উঠে; ১৯৬৫ চনত এম আই টিৰ চিটিএছএছ প্ৰকল্পৰ দ্বাৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য ৰূপায়ণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;thvv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html|title=The History of Electronic Mail|author=Tom Van Vleck|access-date=March 23, 2005|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202025034/http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মেইনফ্ৰেম আৰু মিনি কম্পিউটাৰৰ বেছিভাগ ডেভেলপাৰে একেধৰণৰ, কিন্তু সাধাৰণতে অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ মেইল ​​এপ্লিকেচন বিকশিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৭১ চনত প্ৰথম ARPANET নেটৱৰ্ক মেইল ​​প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হয়, ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীৰ চিষ্টেম ঠিকনা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা '@' চিহ্নৰ সৈতে বৰ্তমান চিনাকি ঠিকনা বাক্যবিন্যাস প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Ray Tomlinson |url=https://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html |title=The First Network Email |publisher=Openmap.bbn.com |access-date=2019-10-05 |archive-date=May 6, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506003539/https://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; RFC সমূহৰ এটা শৃংখলাৰ ওপৰত, নথিপত্ৰ স্থানান্তৰ প্ৰটোকলৰ ওপৰত মেইল ​​বাৰ্তা প্ৰেৰণৰ বাবে নিয়মসমূহ পৰিশোধন কৰা হৈছিল।

অতি সোনকালেই মালিকানাধীন ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক মেইল ​​ব্যৱস্থাৰ উত্থান হ’বলৈ ধৰিলে। আই বি এম, কম্পিউচাৰ্ভ আৰু জেৰক্সে ১৯৭০ চনত ইন-হাউছ মেইল ​​চিষ্টেম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল; কম্পিউচাৰ্ভে ১৯৭৮ চনত আই বি এম আৰু ১৯৮১ চনৰ পৰা জেৰক্সক এটা বাণিজ্যিক ইন্ট্ৰাঅফিচ মেইল ​​প্ৰডাক্ট বিক্ৰী কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner1981&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gardner |first1=P. C. |year=1981 |title=A system for the automated office environment |journal=IBM Systems Journal |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=321–345 |doi=10.1147/sj.203.0321 |issn=0018-8670 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=2020-08-02 |title=IBM100 - The Networked Business Place |website=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/networkbus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802211021/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/networkbus/ |archive-date=2020-08-02 |access-date=2020-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |author=Connie Winkler |date=October 22, 1979 |title=CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET, InfoPlex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChMAmfS1nEkC&amp;dq=compuserve+Infoplex+1979&amp;pg=PA69 |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |volume=13 |issue=42 |page=69 |postscript=none}}; {{cite magazine |author=Dylan Tweney |date=September 24, 1979 |title=Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/09/0924compuserve-launches/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Ollig |first=Mark |date=October 31, 2011 |title=They could have owned the computer industry |work=Herald Journal |url=http://www.herald-journal.com/archives/2011/columns/mo103111.html |access-date=2021-02-26 |postscript=none |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062954/http://www.herald-journal.com/archives/2011/columns/mo103111.html |url-status=live |archivedate=February 27, 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062954/http://www.herald-journal.com/archives/2011/columns/mo103111.html |deadurl=yes }}; {{Cite web |last= |date=15 February 2012 |title=Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting Star computer |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328521-800-tech-before-its-time-xeroxs-shooting-star-computer/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |postscript=none |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418181102/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328521-800-tech-before-its-time-xeroxs-shooting-star-computer/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web |title=The Xerox Star |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=toastytech.com |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030555/http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

DEC ৰ ALL-IN-1 আৰু Hewlett-Packard ৰ HPMAIL (পিছলৈ HP DeskManager) ১৯৮২ চনত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল; ১৯৭০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে প্ৰথমটোৰ উন্নয়নৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু দ্বিতীয়টো বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক বিক্ৰী হোৱা ইমেইল ব্যৱস্থাত পৰিণত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://merit.edu/research/nsfnet_article.php &quot;Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025735/https://merit.edu/research/nsfnet_article.php |date=2016-01-01 }}, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, ''ConneXions'', Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= https://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html | title= A Brief History of the Internet | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150811053448/https://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html | archive-date= 2015-08-11 | bibcode= 1999cs........1011L | last1= Leiner | first1= Barry M. | last2= Cerf | first2= Vinton G. | last3= Clark | first3= David D. | last4= Kahn | first4= Robert E. | last5= Kleinrock | first5= Leonard | last6= Lynch | first6= Daniel C. | last7= Postel | first7= Jon | last8= Roberts | first8= Larry G. | last9= Wolf | first9= Stephen | year= 1999 | arxiv= cs/9901011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 


''সৰল মেইল ​​স্থানান্তৰ প্ৰটোকল'' (SMTP) বিধি ১৯৮৩ চনত ARPANET ত প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত LAN ইমেইল ব্যৱস্থা-প্ৰণালীৰ উত্থান ঘটে। ১৯৮০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ১৯৯০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে এনে লাগিছিল যে, হয় এটা মালিকানাধীন বাণিজ্যিক ব্যৱস্থা বা চৰকাৰী মুক্ত ব্যৱস্থা আন্তঃসংযোগ প্ৰফাইলৰ (GOSIP) অংশ X.400 ইমেইল ব্যৱস্থাই প্ৰধান হ'ব। কিন্তু ১৯৯৫ চনত ইণ্টাৰনেটৰ জৰিয়তে বাণিজ্যিক ট্ৰেফিক কঢ়িয়াই নিয়াৰ চূড়ান্ত নিষেধাজ্ঞা শেষ হোৱাৰ পিছত,&lt;ref&gt;[https://merit.edu/research/nsfnet_article.php &quot;Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025735/https://merit.edu/research/nsfnet_article.php |date=2016-01-01 }}, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich, ''ConneXions'', Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= https://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html | title= A Brief History of the Internet | url-status= live | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150811053448/https://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html | archive-date= 2015-08-11 | bibcode= 1999cs........1011L | last1= Leiner | first1= Barry M. | last2= Cerf | first2= Vinton G. | last3= Clark | first3= David D. | last4= Kahn | first4= Robert E. | last5= Kleinrock | first5= Leonard | last6= Lynch | first6= Daniel C. | last7= Postel | first7= Jon | last8= Roberts | first8= Larry G. | last9= Wolf | first9= Stephen | year= 1999 | arxiv= cs/9901011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; কাৰকৰ সংমিশ্ৰণে বৰ্তমানৰ SMTP, POP3 আৰু IMAP ইমেইল প্ৰট'কলৰ ইণ্টাৰনেট চুইটক প্ৰামাণিক কৰি তুলিলে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Rutter |first=Dorian |title=From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995 |date=2005 |degree=Computer Science |publisher=The University of Warwick |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf |access-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |last2=Garcia-Swartz |first2=Daniel D |date=2013 |title=The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=867087 |journal=Journal of Information Technology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=18–33 |doi=10.1057/jit.2013.4 |ssrn=867087 |s2cid=41013 |issn=0268-3962}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==ব্যৱহাৰ==
তলত প্ৰেৰক এলিছে প্ৰাপকৰ ইমেইল ঠিকনালৈ ঠিকনা দিয়া মেইল ​​ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী এজেণ্ট (MUA) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এটা বাৰ্তা প্ৰেৰণ কৰাৰ সময়ত সংঘটিত হোৱা এটা সাধাৰণ ক্ৰম।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video|title=How E-mail Works|publisher=howstuffworks.com|year=2008|url=https://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611181852/https://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/email.htm|archive-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:email.svg|thumb|ইমেইল ব্যৱহাৰ]]
# MUA এ বাৰ্তাক ইমেইল বিন্যাসক ফৰ্মেট কৰে আৰু জমা প্ৰটোকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, প্ৰফাইল এটা সৰল মেইল ​​স্থানান্তৰ প্ৰটোকল(SMTP), বাৰ্তাৰ বিষয়বস্তু স্থানীয় মেইল ​​দাখিল এজেন্ট(MSA) লৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত smtp.a.org ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়৷
# MSA এ SMTP প্ৰটোকলত প্ৰদান কৰা গন্তব্যস্থানৰ ঠিকনা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে (বাৰ্তা হেডাৰৰ পৰা নহয়)—এই ক্ষেত্ৰত, bob@b.org—যি এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ যোগ্য ডমেইন ঠিকনা (FQDA) । @ চিহ্নৰ আগৰ অংশটো ঠিকনাৰ স্থানীয় অংশ, প্ৰায়ে প্ৰাপকৰ ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীৰ নাম, আৰু @ চিহ্নৰ পিছৰ অংশটো এটা ডমেইন নাম। MSA এ ডমেইন নাম ব্যৱস্থাপ্ৰণালী (DNS) ত মেইল ​​চাৰ্ভাৰৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ যোগ্য ডমেইন নাম নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলে এটা ডমেইন নাম সমাধান কৰে।
# ডমেইন b.org (ns.b.org) ৰ বাবে DNS চাৰ্ভাৰে সেই ডমেইনৰ বাবে মেইল ​​বিনিময় চাৰ্ভাৰসমূহ তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা যিকোনো MX ৰেকৰ্ডসমূহৰ সৈতে সঁহাৰি দিয়ে, এই ক্ষেত্ৰত mx.b.org, গ্ৰাহকৰ আই-এছ-পিৰ এটা বাৰ্তা স্থানান্তৰ এজেন্ট (MTA) চাৰ্ভাৰে পৰিচালনা কৰে৷&lt;ref&gt;[https://dnsdb.cit.cornell.edu/explain_mx.html &quot;MX Record Explanation&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117204846/https://dnsdb.cit.cornell.edu/explain_mx.html |date=2015-01-17 }}, it.cornell.edu&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যউৎস==
{{Reflist}}

==অতিৰিক্ত পঠন==
{{refbegin}}
* Cemil Betanov, ''Introduction to X.400'', Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-597-7.
* Marsha Egan, &quot;[http://www.inboxdetox.com Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence]&quot;, Acanthus Publishing ISBN 978-0-9815589-8-1
* Lawrence Hughes, ''Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation'', Artech House Publishers, ISBN 0-89006-939-5.
* Kevin Johnson, ''Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide'', Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN 0-201-43288-9.
* Pete Loshin, ''Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, ISBN 0-471-34597-0.
* {{Cite journal|last=Partridge|first=Craig|title=The Technical Development of Internet Email|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|volume=30|issue=2|publisher=IEEE Computer Society|location=Berlin|date=April–June 2008|url=http://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/email.pdf|format=PDF|issn=1934-1547|ref=harv|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}|doi=10.1109/mahc.2008.32|pages=3–29|access-date=2015-12-21|archivedate=2011-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512165437/http://www.ir.bbn.com/~craig/email.pdf|deadurl=yes}}
* Sara Radicati, ''Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards'', Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-051104-7.
* John Rhoton, ''Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP'', Elsevier, ISBN 1-55558-212-5.
* John Rhoton, ''X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols'', Elsevier, ISBN 1-55558-165-X.
* David Wood, ''Programming Internet Mail'', O'Reilly, ISBN 1-56592-479-7.
{{refend}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Wiktionary|email|outbox}}
* {{dmoz|Computers/Internet/E-mail/|E-mail}}
* [http://www.iana.org/assignments/message-headers/perm-headers.html IANA's list of standard header fields]
* [http://emailhistory.org/ The History of Email] is Dave Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort that also cites this page.
* [http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html The History of Electronic Mail] is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system
* [http://www.circleid.com/posts/20140903_a_look_at_the_origins_of_network_email/ A Look at the Origins of Network Email] is a short, yet vivid recap of the key historical facts
* [https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/august/business-e-mail-compromise Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat]

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্টাৰনেট]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সংযোগ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰিভাষা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:কম্পিউটাৰ বিজ্ঞান]]</text>
      <sha1>0jqm7r3gtosoyt1ncxxl2hsb2zz9fa2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>উভকামিতা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610922</id>
      <parentid>524597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T04:46:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15556" sha1="80d0ier4hvul5rdv1kxrjjbehdey4tc" xml:space="preserve">{{সাঁচ:এলজিবিটি}}
[[File:Bisexual Pride Flag.svg|thumb|220px|উভকামী বা বাইচেক্সুৱেল গৌৰৱ পতাকা]]
'''উভকামিতা''' ({{Lang-en|Bisexuality}}) মানে হ'ল একে বা বিপৰীত দুয়ো লিংগৰ ব্যক্তিৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰেম, আৱেগ, শাৰীৰিক আৰু যৌন আকৰ্ষণ। &lt;!-- SOURCING: As discussed on the talk page, there are two definitions of bisexuality, but the one used by authoritative sources and dictionary/other encyclopedic sources only mentions two sexes/two genders (male/female and man/woman), not &quot;all sexes/genders,&quot; &quot;more than one gender&quot; or &quot;irrespective of gender.&quot; Initially stating &quot;males and females&quot; is following the Wikipedia WP:Due weight policy and keeps things simple without delving into the complex issues of sex and gender, which are broached in the rest of the paragraph (and lower in the article) with the second definition of bisexuality and how that may be termed &quot;pansexuality.&quot; --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmPsycholAssn-whatis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|accessdate=21 April 2014|url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx|archivedate=8 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;healthyminds.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sexual Orientation|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archivedate=26 July 2011|accessdate=3 December 2012|url=http://healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726144306/http://healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glaad&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide|accessdate=14 March 2012 |publisher=[[GLAAD]]|url=http://www.glaad.org/document.doc?id=99|archivedate=1 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101043203/http://www.glaad.org/document.doc?id=99}}&lt;/ref&gt;
উভকামিতা শব্দটো নাৰী আৰু পুৰুষ উভয়ৰ প্ৰতি যৌন বা প্ৰেম আৰু আৱেগিক অনুভূতি নিৰ্দেশক মানৱ আকৰ্ষণক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু প্ৰায় ক্ষেত্ৰত কোনোবা এটা লিংগৰ প্ৰতি অধিক আকৰ্ষণ থাকে আৰু আনটো লিংগৰ প্ৰতি কম আকৰ্ষণ থকা দেখা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;AmPsycholAssn-whatis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;healthyminds.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glaad&quot;/&gt; এই ধাৰণামতে [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]] আৰু [[সমকামিতা]]ৰ লগত উভকামিতা [[যৌন অভিমুখিতা]]ৰ প্ৰধান তিনিটা ভাগৰ অন্যতম। ই সমান্তৰাল যৌনপ্ৰবৃত্তিৰ অংশ। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে যিসকল ব্যক্তি নাৰী বা পুৰুষ কোনো লিংগৰ প্ৰতিয়ে যৌন আকৰ্ষণবোধ নকৰে, তেওঁলোকক [[নিষ্কামী]] বোলা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056387?ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&amp;linkpos=3&amp;log$=relatedarticles&amp;logdbfrom=pubmed A study of the married bisexual male: paradox and resolution]&lt;/ref&gt; উভকামী যৌন পৰিচয়ত উভয় লিংগৰ প্ৰতি সমান যৌন আকৰ্ষণবোধৰ প্ৰয়োজন নপৰে। সাধাৰণভাবে যিসকলে এটা লিংগতকৈ আনটো লিংগৰ প্ৰতি অধিক যৌন পছন্দনীয়তা আছে তেওঁলোকে নিজক উভকামী হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosario&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Rosario | first1 = M. | last2 = Schrimshaw | first2 = E. | last3 = Hunter | first3 = J. | last4 = Braun | first4 = L. | year = 2006 | title = Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time | url = | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 46–58 | doi=10.1080/00224490609552298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মানৱ সভ্যতাৰ বিভিন্ন সমাজ ব্যৱস্থায়ত&lt;ref name=&quot;Homosexuality and Civilization&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Crompton |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Crompton |title=Homosexuality and Civilization |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] |year=2003 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=067401197X }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু প্ৰাণীৰাজ্যত উভকামিতাৰ উপস্থিতি লক্ষ্য কৰিব পাৰি। কিন্তু ''Heterosexuality'' আৰু ''Homosexuality'' শব্দ দুটাৰ নিচিনা ''Bisexuality'' শব্দটো মূলত ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ পৰা ব্যৱহৃত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Bisexuality etymonline.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bisexuality |title=Bisexuality |accessdate=2007-02-16 |author=Harper, Douglas |year=2001 |month=11 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণা==
মনোবিজ্ঞানী চিগমুণ্ড ফ্ৰয়েড বিশ্বাস কৰে যে &quot;পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো মানুহেই আচলতে উভকামী... আৰু তেওঁলোক দুই লিংগৰ পৰিসীমাত আৱদ্ধ...। &quot;&lt;ref&gt;Steven Angelides, A History of Bisexuality, University Of Chicago Press; 1 edition,September 15, 2001&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৪০ চনত বিজ্ঞানী ছান্দৰ ৰাড'য়ে আৰু তেওঁক দেখি আন বহুতো বিজ্ঞানীয়ে মনোবিশ্লেষক ফ্ৰয়েডৰ জন্মগত উভকামিতাৰ মতবাদক প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰে। তেওঁ দাবী কৰে যে, মানুহৰ কোনো জৈৱিক উভকামিতা নাই।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ruse, Michael |authorlink=Michael Ruse |title=Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry |publisher=Basil Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=1988 |isbn=0 631 15275 X |pages=22, 25, 45, 46}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমানে [[সমকামিতা]]ৰ লগতে উভকামিতাৰো কোনো কাৰণ স্পষ্টকৈ জানিবলৈ পোৱা হোৱা নাই। কিন্তু মনোবিজ্ঞানী সকলৰ মতে ই সম্পূৰ্ণ স্বাভাৱিক। 

=== কিন্সে স্কেল ===
বিংশ শতিকাৰ মাজ ভাগত বিজ্ঞানী আলফ্ৰেড কিন্সে মানৱ যৌনতা সংক্ৰান্ত এটি সমীক্ষা চলায়। সেই সমীক্ষাৰ পৰা জানা যায় যে অনেক ব্যক্তি বিপৰীতকামী বা সমকামী শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনৰ আওতাভুক্ত নহয়। বৰং তেওঁলোকৰ যৌন অৱস্থান এই দুই শ্ৰেণীৰ মাজত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title={{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726194522/ |date=2010-07-26 }} The Kinsey Institute - Kinsey Study Data &amp;#91;Research Program&amp;#93; &lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-data.html |access-date=2016-09-24 |archivedate=2018-06-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627155605/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/research/ak-data.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্সে স্কেল অনুসৰি যৌন আকৰ্ষণ আৰু আচৰণ স্কেলটিত ০ (একান্ত বিপৰীতকামী)ৰ পৰা ৬ (একান্ত সমকামী) সাতটা দাগ বিদ্যমান। কিন্সেৰ গৱেষণা অনুযায়ী, অধিকাংশ মানুহ এই স্কেলত ১ৰ পৰা ৫ (অৰ্থাৎ, বিপৰীতকামীৰ পৰা সমকামী) দাগৰ মাজত পৰে। কিন্সেৰ পদ্ধতি সমালোচিত হলেও মানৱ যৌনতাৱ অনৱচ্ছেদ ব্যৱস্থাত এই পদ্ধতিৰ ব্যাপক প্ৰয়োগ হৈছে। উভকামী সকলে সমকামী আৰু বিষমকামী – এই দুই ভাগৰ পৰাই বঞ্চনাৰ পাত্ৰ হয়। বিষমকামী আৰু সমকামীৰ বদ্ধমূল ধাৰণা যে বিপৰীতকামিতাৰ বাদে 'সমান্তৰাল যৌনপ্ৰবৃত্তি' বা বিপৰীতকামী-সমকামী অনৱচ্ছেদ বুলিলে কেৱল সমকামিতাকেই বুজায়। [[বেংগালুৰু]]ৰ 'পিপলছ ইউনিয়ন অৱ চিভিল লিৱাৰটি'ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ-সমীক্ষাৰ পৰা দেখা গৈছে যে সমকামীসকলে উভকামীসকলক কেৱল প্ৰত্যাখ্যানই নকৰে, ঘৃণাও কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=অভিজিৎ ৰায়, সমকামিতা: একটি বৈজ্ঞানিক এবং সমাজ-মনস্তাত্ত্বিক অনুসন্ধান, শুদ্ধস্বৰ, ২০১০ |url=http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/avijit/shomokamita/index.htm |access-date=2016-09-24 |archivedate=2016-10-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015002937/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/avijit/shomokamita/index.htm |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ ফলত সংখ্যালঘু যৌন প্ৰবৃত্তিৰ সদস্য সকলৰ মাজতো উভকামী সকলে প্ৰান্তিক হিচাপে চিহ্নিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;অভিজিৎ ৰায়, পৃষ্ঠা ৪০-৪১&lt;/ref&gt;
==তথ্য উৎস==
{{reflist}}
== গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জি ==
=== সাধাৰণ ===
* Louis Crompton. ''Homosexuality and Civilization'', Cambridge, Mass. and London, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01197-X
* Michel Larivière. ''Homosexuels et bisexuels célèbres'', Delétraz Editions, 1997. ISBN 2-911110-19-6
* Sigmund Freud. ''Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex''. ISBN 0-486-41603-8

=== প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ ===
* Kenneth J. Dover. ''Greek Homosexuality'', New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-74224-9
* Thomas K. Hubbard. ''Homosexuality in Greece and Rome'', U. of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23430-8
* Herald Patzer. ''Die Griechische Knabenliebe Greek Pederasty,'' Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. In: Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Vol. 19 No. 1.
* [[William Armstrong Percy, III|W. A. Percy III]]. ''Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece,'' University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-02209-2

=== দেশভিত্তিক ===
* [[Stephen O. Murray]] and [[Will Roscoe]], et al. ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature,'' New York: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8147-7468-7
* J. Wright &amp; Everett Rowson. ''Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature''. 1998. ISBN 0-231-10507-X (pbbk)/ ISBN 0-231-10506-1 (hdbk)
* [[Gary Leupp]]. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan,'' Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-20900-1
* [[Tsuneo Watanabe]] &amp; [[Jun'ichi Iwata]]. ''The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality,'' London: GMP Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-85449-115-5

=== আধুনিক পশ্চিম ===
* ''Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out'' by [[Loraine Hutchins]], Editor &amp; [[Lani Ka'ahumanu]], Editor ISBN 1-55583-174-5
* ''Getting Bi : Voices of Bisexuals Around the World'' by [[Robyn Ochs]], Editor &amp; [[Sarah Rowley]], Editor ISBN 0-9653881-4-X
* ''The Bisexual Option'' by [[Fritz Klein|Fritz Klein, MD]] ISBN 1-56023-033-9 
* ''Bi Men : Coming Out Every Which Way'' by [[Ron Suresha]] and Pete Chvany, Editors ISBN 978-1-56023-615-9
* ''Bi America : Myths, Truths, And Struggles Of An Invisible Community'' by [[William E. Burleson]] ISBN 978-1-56023-478-4 
* ''Bisexuality in the United States : A Social Science Reader'' by [[Paula C. Rodriguez Rust]], Editor ISBN 0-231-10226-7 
* ''Bisexuality : The Psychology and Politics of an Invisible Minority'' by [[Beth A. Firestein]], Editor ISBN 0-8039-7274-1 
* ''Current Research on Bisexuality'' by [[Ronald C. Fox PhD]], Editor ISBN 978-1-56023-288-5 
* [http://www.beyondbarriers.org.uk/docs/Bisexual_Participatory_Appraisal_Research.pdf Exploring Biphobia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223143051/http://www.beyondbarriers.org.uk/docs/Bisexual_Participatory_Appraisal_Research.pdf |date=2005-12-23 }}. (144 KB [[PDF]]). Report on the problems caused by stereotyping of bisexuals.
* http://xoomer.alice.it/letteraturadamore/Orlando.html{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (&quot;Orlando&quot;, a Virginia Woolf's novel focused on sexual ambiguity)

=== চলচ্চিত্ৰ===
* Bryant, Wayne M.. ''Bisexual Characters in Film: From Anais to Zee''. Haworth Gay &amp; Lesbian Studies, 1997. ISBN 1-56023-894-1
== বহিঃসংযোগ ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{dmoz|/Society/Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual/Bisexual|Bisexual}}
* [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEXOR4.HTM &quot;Bisexuality&quot; at the Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073922/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEXOR4.HTM |date=2008-10-04 }}
* [http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/index.php The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507050934/http://kinseyinstitute.org/ccies/index.php |date=2016-05-07 }}
* [http://out.ucr.edu/pdf/BiBasics.pdf Bisexuality Basics, UC Riverside LGBT Resource Center, Riverside, CA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701174350/http://out.ucr.edu/pdf/BiBasics.pdf |date=2010-07-01 }}
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/avijit/shomokamita/shomokamita_chap2.pdf ৰূপান্তৰকামিতা আৰু উভকামিতাৰ জগৎ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531174606/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/avijit/shomokamita/shomokamita_chap2.pdf |date=2016-05-31 }}

[[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:গে' সমাজ]]</text>
      <sha1>80d0ier4hvul5rdv1kxrjjbehdey4tc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>চুতুফা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610896</id>
      <parentid>609122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ WP:LEAD</comment>
      <origin>610896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17273" sha1="nrppcy1gjnap718pni0x8zcdzy0jdzg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|||name='''চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা&lt;br&gt;𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡'''|title=[[চাওলুং]]|titletext=([[টাই-আহোম ভাষা]])|more=|image=|imgw=|alt=|caption=|succession=[[Kingdom of Assam|অসমৰ ৰজা]]|moretext=|reign={{CE|১৩৬৯ – ১৩৭৬}}|reign-type=শাসন কাল|consort=|coronation={{CE|১৩৬৯}}|cor-type=খেউন ৰোণ মাই ক'|predecessor=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|pre-type=পূৰ্বৰ চাওফা|successor=[[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]|suc-type=পৰৱৰ্তী চাওফা|regent=|reg-type=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|coronation1=|cor-type1=|predecessor1=|pre-type1=|successor1=|suc-type1=|regent1=|reg-type1=|succession2=|moretext2=|reign2=|reign-type2=|coronation2=|cor-type2=|predecessor2=|pre-type2=|successor2=|suc-type2=|regent2=|reg-type2=|succession3=|moretext3=|reign3=|reign-type3=|coronation3=|cor-type3=|predecessor3=|pre-type3=|successor3=|suc-type3=|regent3=|reg-type3=|spouse=|spouse-type=|type=|spouses=|spouses-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা|era dates=|era name=[[আহোম যুগ]]|posthumous name=|temple name=|dynasty=ছ্যু ফৈদ, [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]]|mother=|father=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|date of birth=|place of birth=[[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]|date of death={{CE|১৩৭৬}}|place of death=চফ্ৰাই নদী (চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত)| death_cause= চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ দ্বাৰা নাওখেলৰ সময়ত হত্যা|date of burial=|place of burial=|occupation=|signature=|signature_alt=|religion=[[ফুৰালুং ধৰ্ম]]}}{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''চাওলুং চু'-তু-ফা''' ({{lang-aho|𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡}}) অসমৰ ষষ্ঠজন [[চাওফা]] আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}} লৈ আৰু কিছু বুৰঞ্জীবিদ অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}}লৈ তেওঁ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|ফুকন,বৰুৱা|১৯৬৪|p=১৩৯}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt; ককায়েক [[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকা বাবে তেঁওক অসমৰ পৰৱৰ্তী [[চাওফা]] হিচাপে বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল। {{CE|১৩৭৬}}ত চুতীয়া ৰজা জয়ধ্বজপালে চুতুফাক চাফ্ৰাই নদীৰ কাষত এখন বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাই অংগৰক্ষী নোহোৱাকৈ  নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত নাওখনলৈ মাতি হত্যা কৰিছিল। চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী চাওঁফা [[ত্যাও খামটি]]য়ে শাসনভাৰ লৈয়ে প্ৰথম পদক্ষেপ হিছাপে প্ৰতিশোধ গ্ৰহণৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;..his firstmission was against the 
Chutiyas to take avenging action for the death of Ahom king Sutupha..&quot;{{cite web|title=Status of Women under the Ahoms: A Historical Study (1228–1826 A.D.)|page=44|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/5252374a-1365-4b40-a721-37b369fdc567/content|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতেই দুয়োখন ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত দশক দশক ধৰি তীব্ৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু অৰাজকতাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই সংঘাৰ ফল স্বৰূপে ১৬ শতিকাত আহোমে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আৰু সিংহাৰোহণ==
চুতুফা আছিল আহোম ৰজা [[চুখাংফা]]ৰ দ্বিতীয় পুত্ৰ। দেউতাকৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]] স্বৰ্গদেউ হৈছিল। ৩২ বছৰ শাসন কৰাৰ পাছত ১৩৬৪ চনত চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফাৰ মৃত্যু হয়। এইখিনিতে বুৰঞ্জীবিদসকলৰ মতভেদ দেখা যায়। কোনো কোনোৰ মতে চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফাৰ মৃত্যুত তেখেতৰ ভায়েক চুতুফা ১৩৬৪ চনৰ ৰাজপাটত বহে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীবিদ পদ্মেশ্বৰ গগৈ আৰু স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৬৯ চনলৈ কোনো স্বৰ্গদেউ নাছিল। 

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==ৰাজত্বকাল আৰু হত্যা==
বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে চুকাফাৰ‌ পুত্ৰৰ সময়ৰ পৰা চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে আহোমসকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে আন্তৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Satsari Assam Buranji'',p.9, &quot;Previously, since the time of one of Sukapha’s sons, there was alliance and coordial relations with the Chutia king&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;

চুতুফাই আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বঢ়াব বিচাৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কাষৰীয়া [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ লগত সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ১৩৭৬ চনত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চাপাগুৰিত চুতুফাক লগ কৰে আৰু মিত্ৰতাৰ ভাও জুৰি তেখেতক চফ্ৰাই নদীৰ নাওখেললৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। বিবৰণৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক নিজৰ নাওত উঠাই প্ৰলোভিত কৰি বিশ্বাসঘাতকতাৰে হত্যা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1926 |publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co. |location=Calcutta |page=81 |quote=&quot;...the Chutia king lured Sutuphaa onto his barge without attendants and treacherously murdered him...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Gunaviram |title=Assam Buranji or A History of Assam |date=2008 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati |pages=55–56 |quote=&quot;...Sutuphaa's rule ended abruptly when he was treacherously assassinated by the Sutiya king...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Acharya1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Nagendra Nath |title=The History of Medieval Assam (From the 13th to the 17th Century) |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |location=Gauhati |page=74 |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/34/items/dli.pahar.3309/1966%20The%20History%20of%20Medieval%20Assam%20from%20the%2013th%20to%20the%2017th%20century%20by%20Acharya%20s.pdf |access-date=2026-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীসমূহত কিন্তু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ ধৰণ সম্পৰ্কে একে মত পোৱা নাযায়। কিছুমান বিৱৰণত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁক এটা বলধ গৰুৱে গছকাই হত্যা কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S K, Satsari Buranji,p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;বাঁহগৰীয়া বৰগোহাঁই বুৰঞ্জী: দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;,p.90&lt;/ref&gt;, আন কিছুমানত আকৌ কোৱা হৈছে যে তেওঁক নাওতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p.7&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ লগত যোৱা সৈন্যবোৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ ঘূৰি আহি এই কথা সদৰি কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt; [[আহোম ভাষা]]ত লিখা &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;ত চুতীয়াসকলে (''তিউৰা'' হিচাপে) চুতুফাক লৈ গৈ বধ কৰিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে যদিও কোনো চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ কথা‌ (ৰজা‌ বুজোৱা ''খুন'' শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নাই) উল্লেখ কৰা নাই।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p.48&lt;/ref&gt;

কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে এই খণ্ডটোৰ সত্যতাক লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰে। সৰ্বেশ্বৰ বৰুৱাই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু পৰিকল্পিত ভাৱে হোৱা নাছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নিমন্ত্ৰণত সংঘটিত হোৱা নাও খেলত চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ বাবে চুতীয়া ৰজাক ভুলকৈ দোষাৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Sarbeswar,&quot;Manideep&quot;(1965), p.300&lt;/ref&gt; স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাই (২০০৭) লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে বিদেশী দেশত ৰজাক হত্যা কৰিলে নিশ্চয়কৈ তাৎক্ষণিক সামৰিক সঁহাৰিৰ সূচনা হ’লহেঁতেন, তথাপিও এনে কোনো সংঘাতৰ লিপিবদ্ধ হোৱা নাই। তদুপৰি চুতুফাৰ লগত থকা আহোম বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক ৰক্ষা কৰা বা প্রত্যাক্রমণ কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ নাই৷&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barua|2007|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৩৭৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৮০ চললৈ আহোম ৰাজ্য অৰাজক হৈ‌ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra,&quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;,p.49, &quot;After the death of Sutuphaa, the country was in interregnum for four years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁই শাসনকাল==
চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত আহোম ডাঙৰীয়াসকলে স্বৰ্গদেউৰ উপযোগী কোনো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ বিচাৰি নাপালে আৰু সেই বাবে চাৰি বছৰ (১৩৭৬-১৩৮০ চন) চাও ফ্ৰংদাম বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু চাও তাপ্ৰিখিন বৰগোহাঁইয়ে নিজে প্ৰশাসনৰ ভাৰ চম্ভালে।&lt;ref&gt;Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt; ৰজা অবিহনে ৰাজ্য চলোৱা টান দেখি ১৩৮০ চনত তেওঁলোকে চুতুফাৰ ভায়েক আৰু চুখাংফাৰ তৃতীয় পুত্ৰ [[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]ক স্বৰ্গদেউ পাতে।&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
*ফুকন,বৰুৱা (১৯৬৪) (আহোম ভাষা, ইংৰাজী, অসমীয়া ভাষাত). আহোম লেগজিকন, ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ
* বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ আহোমৰ-দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam fourth edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta
* {{cite book|last=Barua|first=Swarnalata|title=Chutia Jatir Buranji|year=2007|place=Guwahati}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:টাই-আহোম শাসক]]</text>
      <sha1>nrppcy1gjnap718pni0x8zcdzy0jdzg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610897</id>
      <parentid>610896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Name wasn't clear</comment>
      <origin>610897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17242" sha1="jet16yk2qdyeip6jnkp7jlymtjyozea" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|||name='''চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা&lt;br&gt;𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡'''|title=[[চাওলুং]]|titletext=([[টাই-আহোম ভাষা]])|more=|image=|imgw=|alt=|caption=|succession=[[Kingdom of Assam|অসমৰ ৰজা]]|moretext=|reign={{CE|১৩৬৯ – ১৩৭৬}}|reign-type=শাসন কাল|consort=|coronation={{CE|১৩৬৯}}|cor-type=খেউন ৰোণ মাই ক'|predecessor=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|pre-type=পূৰ্বৰ চাওফা|successor=[[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]|suc-type=পৰৱৰ্তী চাওফা|regent=|reg-type=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|coronation1=|cor-type1=|predecessor1=|pre-type1=|successor1=|suc-type1=|regent1=|reg-type1=|succession2=|moretext2=|reign2=|reign-type2=|coronation2=|cor-type2=|predecessor2=|pre-type2=|successor2=|suc-type2=|regent2=|reg-type2=|succession3=|moretext3=|reign3=|reign-type3=|coronation3=|cor-type3=|predecessor3=|pre-type3=|successor3=|suc-type3=|regent3=|reg-type3=|spouse=|spouse-type=|type=|spouses=|spouses-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা|era dates=|era name=[[আহোম যুগ]]|posthumous name=|temple name=|dynasty=ছ্যু ফৈদ, [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]]|mother=|father=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|date of birth=|place of birth=[[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]|date of death={{CE|১৩৭৬}}|place of death=চফ্ৰাই নদী (চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত)| death_cause= চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ দ্বাৰা নাওখেলৰ সময়ত হত্যা|date of burial=|place of burial=|occupation=|signature=|signature_alt=|religion=[[ফুৰালুং ধৰ্ম]]}}{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''চাওলুং চু'-তু-ফা''' ({{lang-aho|𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡}}) অসমৰ ষষ্ঠজন [[চাওফা]] আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}} লৈ আৰু কিছু বুৰঞ্জীবিদ অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}}লৈ তেওঁ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|ফুকন,বৰুৱা|১৯৬৪|p=১৩৯}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt; ককায়েক [[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকা বাবে তেঁওক অসমৰ পৰৱৰ্তী [[চাওফা]] হিচাপে বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল। {{CE|১৩৭৬}}ত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক চাফ্ৰাই নদীৰ কাষত এখন বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাই অংগৰক্ষী নোহোৱাকৈ  নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত নাওখনলৈ মাতি হত্যা কৰিছিল। চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী চাওঁফা [[ত্যাও খামটি]]য়ে শাসনভাৰ লৈয়ে প্ৰথম পদক্ষেপ হিছাপে প্ৰতিশোধ গ্ৰহণৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;..his firstmission was against the 
Chutiyas to take avenging action for the death of Ahom king Sutupha..&quot;{{cite web|title=Status of Women under the Ahoms: A Historical Study (1228–1826 A.D.)|page=44|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/5252374a-1365-4b40-a721-37b369fdc567/content|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতেই দুয়োখন ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত দশক দশক ধৰি তীব্ৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু অৰাজকতাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই সংঘাৰ ফল স্বৰূপে ১৬ শতিকাত আহোমে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আৰু সিংহাৰোহণ==
চুতুফা আছিল আহোম ৰজা [[চুখাংফা]]ৰ দ্বিতীয় পুত্ৰ। দেউতাকৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]] স্বৰ্গদেউ হৈছিল। ৩২ বছৰ শাসন কৰাৰ পাছত ১৩৬৪ চনত চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফাৰ মৃত্যু হয়। এইখিনিতে বুৰঞ্জীবিদসকলৰ মতভেদ দেখা যায়। কোনো কোনোৰ মতে চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফাৰ মৃত্যুত তেখেতৰ ভায়েক চুতুফা ১৩৬৪ চনৰ ৰাজপাটত বহে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীবিদ পদ্মেশ্বৰ গগৈ আৰু স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৬৯ চনলৈ কোনো স্বৰ্গদেউ নাছিল। 

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==ৰাজত্বকাল আৰু হত্যা==
বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে চুকাফাৰ‌ পুত্ৰৰ সময়ৰ পৰা চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে আহোমসকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে আন্তৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Satsari Assam Buranji'',p.9, &quot;Previously, since the time of one of Sukapha’s sons, there was alliance and coordial relations with the Chutia king&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;

চুতুফাই আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বঢ়াব বিচাৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কাষৰীয়া [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ লগত সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ১৩৭৬ চনত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চাপাগুৰিত চুতুফাক লগ কৰে আৰু মিত্ৰতাৰ ভাও জুৰি তেখেতক চফ্ৰাই নদীৰ নাওখেললৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। বিবৰণৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক নিজৰ নাওত উঠাই প্ৰলোভিত কৰি বিশ্বাসঘাতকতাৰে হত্যা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1926 |publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co. |location=Calcutta |page=81 |quote=&quot;...the Chutia king lured Sutuphaa onto his barge without attendants and treacherously murdered him...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Gunaviram |title=Assam Buranji or A History of Assam |date=2008 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati |pages=55–56 |quote=&quot;...Sutuphaa's rule ended abruptly when he was treacherously assassinated by the Sutiya king...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Acharya1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Nagendra Nath |title=The History of Medieval Assam (From the 13th to the 17th Century) |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |location=Gauhati |page=74 |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/34/items/dli.pahar.3309/1966%20The%20History%20of%20Medieval%20Assam%20from%20the%2013th%20to%20the%2017th%20century%20by%20Acharya%20s.pdf |access-date=2026-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীসমূহত কিন্তু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ ধৰণ সম্পৰ্কে একে মত পোৱা নাযায়। কিছুমান বিৱৰণত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁক এটা বলধ গৰুৱে গছকাই হত্যা কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S K, Satsari Buranji,p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;বাঁহগৰীয়া বৰগোহাঁই বুৰঞ্জী: দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;,p.90&lt;/ref&gt;, আন কিছুমানত আকৌ কোৱা হৈছে যে তেওঁক নাওতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p.7&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ লগত যোৱা সৈন্যবোৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ ঘূৰি আহি এই কথা সদৰি কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt; [[আহোম ভাষা]]ত লিখা &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;ত চুতীয়াসকলে (''তিউৰা'' হিচাপে) চুতুফাক লৈ গৈ বধ কৰিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে যদিও কোনো চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ কথা‌ (ৰজা‌ বুজোৱা ''খুন'' শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নাই) উল্লেখ কৰা নাই।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p.48&lt;/ref&gt;

কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে এই খণ্ডটোৰ সত্যতাক লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰে। সৰ্বেশ্বৰ বৰুৱাই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু পৰিকল্পিত ভাৱে হোৱা নাছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নিমন্ত্ৰণত সংঘটিত হোৱা নাও খেলত চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ বাবে চুতীয়া ৰজাক ভুলকৈ দোষাৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Sarbeswar,&quot;Manideep&quot;(1965), p.300&lt;/ref&gt; স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাই (২০০৭) লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে বিদেশী দেশত ৰজাক হত্যা কৰিলে নিশ্চয়কৈ তাৎক্ষণিক সামৰিক সঁহাৰিৰ সূচনা হ’লহেঁতেন, তথাপিও এনে কোনো সংঘাতৰ লিপিবদ্ধ হোৱা নাই। তদুপৰি চুতুফাৰ লগত থকা আহোম বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক ৰক্ষা কৰা বা প্রত্যাক্রমণ কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ নাই৷&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barua|2007|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৩৭৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৮০ চললৈ আহোম ৰাজ্য অৰাজক হৈ‌ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra,&quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;,p.49, &quot;After the death of Sutuphaa, the country was in interregnum for four years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁই শাসনকাল==
চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত আহোম ডাঙৰীয়াসকলে স্বৰ্গদেউৰ উপযোগী কোনো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ বিচাৰি নাপালে আৰু সেই বাবে চাৰি বছৰ (১৩৭৬-১৩৮০ চন) চাও ফ্ৰংদাম বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু চাও তাপ্ৰিখিন বৰগোহাঁইয়ে নিজে প্ৰশাসনৰ ভাৰ চম্ভালে।&lt;ref&gt;Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt; ৰজা অবিহনে ৰাজ্য চলোৱা টান দেখি ১৩৮০ চনত তেওঁলোকে চুতুফাৰ ভায়েক আৰু চুখাংফাৰ তৃতীয় পুত্ৰ [[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]ক স্বৰ্গদেউ পাতে।&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
*ফুকন,বৰুৱা (১৯৬৪) (আহোম ভাষা, ইংৰাজী, অসমীয়া ভাষাত). আহোম লেগজিকন, ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ
* বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ আহোমৰ-দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam fourth edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta
* {{cite book|last=Barua|first=Swarnalata|title=Chutia Jatir Buranji|year=2007|place=Guwahati}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:টাই-আহোম শাসক]]</text>
      <sha1>jet16yk2qdyeip6jnkp7jlymtjyozea</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610898</id>
      <parentid>610897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:24:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* শাসন গ্ৰহণ */ Coronation details</comment>
      <origin>610898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18140" sha1="89ikm1ixvg0hu1xoscptans08unvoz7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|||name='''চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা&lt;br&gt;𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡'''|title=[[চাওলুং]]|titletext=([[টাই-আহোম ভাষা]])|more=|image=|imgw=|alt=|caption=|succession=[[Kingdom of Assam|অসমৰ ৰজা]]|moretext=|reign={{CE|১৩৬৯ – ১৩৭৬}}|reign-type=শাসন কাল|consort=|coronation={{CE|১৩৬৯}}|cor-type=খেউন ৰোণ মাই ক'|predecessor=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|pre-type=পূৰ্বৰ চাওফা|successor=[[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]|suc-type=পৰৱৰ্তী চাওফা|regent=|reg-type=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|coronation1=|cor-type1=|predecessor1=|pre-type1=|successor1=|suc-type1=|regent1=|reg-type1=|succession2=|moretext2=|reign2=|reign-type2=|coronation2=|cor-type2=|predecessor2=|pre-type2=|successor2=|suc-type2=|regent2=|reg-type2=|succession3=|moretext3=|reign3=|reign-type3=|coronation3=|cor-type3=|predecessor3=|pre-type3=|successor3=|suc-type3=|regent3=|reg-type3=|spouse=|spouse-type=|type=|spouses=|spouses-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা|era dates=|era name=[[আহোম যুগ]]|posthumous name=|temple name=|dynasty=ছ্যু ফৈদ, [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]]|mother=|father=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|date of birth=|place of birth=[[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]|date of death={{CE|১৩৭৬}}|place of death=চফ্ৰাই নদী (চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত)| death_cause= চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ দ্বাৰা নাওখেলৰ সময়ত হত্যা|date of burial=|place of burial=|occupation=|signature=|signature_alt=|religion=[[ফুৰালুং ধৰ্ম]]}}{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''চাওলুং চু'-তু-ফা''' ({{lang-aho|𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡}}) অসমৰ ষষ্ঠজন [[চাওফা]] আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}} লৈ আৰু কিছু বুৰঞ্জীবিদ অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}}লৈ তেওঁ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|ফুকন,বৰুৱা|১৯৬৪|p=১৩৯}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt; ককায়েক [[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকা বাবে তেঁওক অসমৰ পৰৱৰ্তী [[চাওফা]] হিচাপে বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল। {{CE|১৩৭৬}}ত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক চাফ্ৰাই নদীৰ কাষত এখন বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাই অংগৰক্ষী নোহোৱাকৈ  নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত নাওখনলৈ মাতি হত্যা কৰিছিল। চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী চাওঁফা [[ত্যাও খামটি]]য়ে শাসনভাৰ লৈয়ে প্ৰথম পদক্ষেপ হিছাপে প্ৰতিশোধ গ্ৰহণৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;..his firstmission was against the 
Chutiyas to take avenging action for the death of Ahom king Sutupha..&quot;{{cite web|title=Status of Women under the Ahoms: A Historical Study (1228–1826 A.D.)|page=44|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/5252374a-1365-4b40-a721-37b369fdc567/content|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতেই দুয়োখন ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত দশক দশক ধৰি তীব্ৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু অৰাজকতাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই সংঘাৰ ফল স্বৰূপে ১৬ শতিকাত আহোমে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==ৰাজত্বকাল আৰু হত্যা==
বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে চুকাফাৰ‌ পুত্ৰৰ সময়ৰ পৰা চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে আহোমসকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে আন্তৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Satsari Assam Buranji'',p.9, &quot;Previously, since the time of one of Sukapha’s sons, there was alliance and coordial relations with the Chutia king&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;

চুতুফাই আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বঢ়াব বিচাৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কাষৰীয়া [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ লগত সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ১৩৭৬ চনত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চাপাগুৰিত চুতুফাক লগ কৰে আৰু মিত্ৰতাৰ ভাও জুৰি তেখেতক চফ্ৰাই নদীৰ নাওখেললৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। বিবৰণৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক নিজৰ নাওত উঠাই প্ৰলোভিত কৰি বিশ্বাসঘাতকতাৰে হত্যা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1926 |publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co. |location=Calcutta |page=81 |quote=&quot;...the Chutia king lured Sutuphaa onto his barge without attendants and treacherously murdered him...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Gunaviram |title=Assam Buranji or A History of Assam |date=2008 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati |pages=55–56 |quote=&quot;...Sutuphaa's rule ended abruptly when he was treacherously assassinated by the Sutiya king...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Acharya1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Nagendra Nath |title=The History of Medieval Assam (From the 13th to the 17th Century) |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |location=Gauhati |page=74 |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/34/items/dli.pahar.3309/1966%20The%20History%20of%20Medieval%20Assam%20from%20the%2013th%20to%20the%2017th%20century%20by%20Acharya%20s.pdf |access-date=2026-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীসমূহত কিন্তু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ ধৰণ সম্পৰ্কে একে মত পোৱা নাযায়। কিছুমান বিৱৰণত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁক এটা বলধ গৰুৱে গছকাই হত্যা কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S K, Satsari Buranji,p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;বাঁহগৰীয়া বৰগোহাঁই বুৰঞ্জী: দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;,p.90&lt;/ref&gt;, আন কিছুমানত আকৌ কোৱা হৈছে যে তেওঁক নাওতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p.7&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ লগত যোৱা সৈন্যবোৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ ঘূৰি আহি এই কথা সদৰি কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt; [[আহোম ভাষা]]ত লিখা &quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;ত চুতীয়াসকলে (''তিউৰা'' হিচাপে) চুতুফাক লৈ গৈ বধ কৰিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে যদিও কোনো চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ কথা‌ (ৰজা‌ বুজোৱা ''খুন'' শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নাই) উল্লেখ কৰা নাই।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra, &quot;Ahom Buranji, p.48&lt;/ref&gt;

কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে এই খণ্ডটোৰ সত্যতাক লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰে। সৰ্বেশ্বৰ বৰুৱাই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু পৰিকল্পিত ভাৱে হোৱা নাছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নিমন্ত্ৰণত সংঘটিত হোৱা নাও খেলত চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ বাবে চুতীয়া ৰজাক ভুলকৈ দোষাৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Sarbeswar,&quot;Manideep&quot;(1965), p.300&lt;/ref&gt; স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাই (২০০৭) লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে বিদেশী দেশত ৰজাক হত্যা কৰিলে নিশ্চয়কৈ তাৎক্ষণিক সামৰিক সঁহাৰিৰ সূচনা হ’লহেঁতেন, তথাপিও এনে কোনো সংঘাতৰ লিপিবদ্ধ হোৱা নাই। তদুপৰি চুতুফাৰ লগত থকা আহোম বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক ৰক্ষা কৰা বা প্রত্যাক্রমণ কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ নাই৷&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barua|2007|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৩৭৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৮০ চললৈ আহোম ৰাজ্য অৰাজক হৈ‌ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra,&quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;,p.49, &quot;After the death of Sutuphaa, the country was in interregnum for four years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁই শাসনকাল==
চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত আহোম ডাঙৰীয়াসকলে স্বৰ্গদেউৰ উপযোগী কোনো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ বিচাৰি নাপালে আৰু সেই বাবে চাৰি বছৰ (১৩৭৬-১৩৮০ চন) চাও ফ্ৰংদাম বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু চাও তাপ্ৰিখিন বৰগোহাঁইয়ে নিজে প্ৰশাসনৰ ভাৰ চম্ভালে।&lt;ref&gt;Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt; ৰজা অবিহনে ৰাজ্য চলোৱা টান দেখি ১৩৮০ চনত তেওঁলোকে চুতুফাৰ ভায়েক আৰু চুখাংফাৰ তৃতীয় পুত্ৰ [[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]ক স্বৰ্গদেউ পাতে।&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
*ফুকন,বৰুৱা (১৯৬৪) (আহোম ভাষা, ইংৰাজী, অসমীয়া ভাষাত). আহোম লেগজিকন, ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ
* বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ আহোমৰ-দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam fourth edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta
* {{cite book|last=Barua|first=Swarnalata|title=Chutia Jatir Buranji|year=2007|place=Guwahati}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:টাই-আহোম শাসক]]</text>
      <sha1>89ikm1ixvg0hu1xoscptans08unvoz7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610899</id>
      <parentid>610898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* ৰাজত্বকাল আৰু হত্যা */ It's still [[WP:SYNTH]]</comment>
      <origin>610899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17599" sha1="ajrmfjn1n7dfe6t3531kiuiu6zmk3wt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|||name='''চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা&lt;br&gt;𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡'''|title=[[চাওলুং]]|titletext=([[টাই-আহোম ভাষা]])|more=|image=|imgw=|alt=|caption=|succession=[[Kingdom of Assam|অসমৰ ৰজা]]|moretext=|reign={{CE|১৩৬৯ – ১৩৭৬}}|reign-type=শাসন কাল|consort=|coronation={{CE|১৩৬৯}}|cor-type=খেউন ৰোণ মাই ক'|predecessor=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|pre-type=পূৰ্বৰ চাওফা|successor=[[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]|suc-type=পৰৱৰ্তী চাওফা|regent=|reg-type=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|coronation1=|cor-type1=|predecessor1=|pre-type1=|successor1=|suc-type1=|regent1=|reg-type1=|succession2=|moretext2=|reign2=|reign-type2=|coronation2=|cor-type2=|predecessor2=|pre-type2=|successor2=|suc-type2=|regent2=|reg-type2=|succession3=|moretext3=|reign3=|reign-type3=|coronation3=|cor-type3=|predecessor3=|pre-type3=|successor3=|suc-type3=|regent3=|reg-type3=|spouse=|spouse-type=|type=|spouses=|spouses-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা|era dates=|era name=[[আহোম যুগ]]|posthumous name=|temple name=|dynasty=ছ্যু ফৈদ, [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]]|mother=|father=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|date of birth=|place of birth=[[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]|date of death={{CE|১৩৭৬}}|place of death=চফ্ৰাই নদী (চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত)| death_cause= চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ দ্বাৰা নাওখেলৰ সময়ত হত্যা|date of burial=|place of burial=|occupation=|signature=|signature_alt=|religion=[[ফুৰালুং ধৰ্ম]]}}{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''চাওলুং চু'-তু-ফা''' ({{lang-aho|𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡}}) অসমৰ ষষ্ঠজন [[চাওফা]] আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}} লৈ আৰু কিছু বুৰঞ্জীবিদ অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}}লৈ তেওঁ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|ফুকন,বৰুৱা|১৯৬৪|p=১৩৯}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt; ককায়েক [[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকা বাবে তেঁওক অসমৰ পৰৱৰ্তী [[চাওফা]] হিচাপে বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল। {{CE|১৩৭৬}}ত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক চাফ্ৰাই নদীৰ কাষত এখন বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাই অংগৰক্ষী নোহোৱাকৈ  নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত নাওখনলৈ মাতি হত্যা কৰিছিল। চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী চাওঁফা [[ত্যাও খামটি]]য়ে শাসনভাৰ লৈয়ে প্ৰথম পদক্ষেপ হিছাপে প্ৰতিশোধ গ্ৰহণৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;..his firstmission was against the 
Chutiyas to take avenging action for the death of Ahom king Sutupha..&quot;{{cite web|title=Status of Women under the Ahoms: A Historical Study (1228–1826 A.D.)|page=44|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/5252374a-1365-4b40-a721-37b369fdc567/content|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতেই দুয়োখন ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত দশক দশক ধৰি তীব্ৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু অৰাজকতাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই সংঘাৰ ফল স্বৰূপে ১৬ শতিকাত আহোমে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==ৰাজত্বকাল আৰু হত্যা==
বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে চুকাফাৰ‌ পুত্ৰৰ সময়ৰ পৰা চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে আহোমসকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে আন্তৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Satsari Assam Buranji'',p.9, &quot;Previously, since the time of one of Sukapha’s sons, there was alliance and coordial relations with the Chutia king&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;

চুতুফাই আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বঢ়াব বিচাৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কাষৰীয়া [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ লগত সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ১৩৭৬ চনত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চাপাগুৰিত চুতুফাক লগ কৰে আৰু মিত্ৰতাৰ ভাও জুৰি তেখেতক চফ্ৰাই নদীৰ নাওখেললৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। বিবৰণৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক নিজৰ নাওত উঠাই প্ৰলোভিত কৰি বিশ্বাসঘাতকতাৰে হত্যা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1926 |publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co. |location=Calcutta |page=81 |quote=&quot;...the Chutia king lured Sutuphaa onto his barge without attendants and treacherously murdered him...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Gunaviram |title=Assam Buranji or A History of Assam |date=2008 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati |pages=55–56 |quote=&quot;...Sutuphaa's rule ended abruptly when he was treacherously assassinated by the Sutiya king...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Acharya1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Nagendra Nath |title=The History of Medieval Assam (From the 13th to the 17th Century) |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |location=Gauhati |page=74 |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/34/items/dli.pahar.3309/1966%20The%20History%20of%20Medieval%20Assam%20from%20the%2013th%20to%20the%2017th%20century%20by%20Acharya%20s.pdf |access-date=2026-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীসমূহত কিন্তু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ ধৰণ সম্পৰ্কে একে মত পোৱা নাযায়। কিছুমান বিৱৰণত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁক এটা বলধ গৰুৱে গছকাই হত্যা কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S K, Satsari Buranji,p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;বাঁহগৰীয়া বৰগোহাঁই বুৰঞ্জী: দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;,p.90&lt;/ref&gt;, আন কিছুমানত আকৌ কোৱা হৈছে যে তেওঁক নাওতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p.7&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ লগত যোৱা সৈন্যবোৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ ঘূৰি আহি এই কথা সদৰি কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt; 

কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে এই খণ্ডটোৰ সত্যতাক লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰে। সৰ্বেশ্বৰ বৰুৱাই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু পৰিকল্পিত ভাৱে হোৱা নাছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নিমন্ত্ৰণত সংঘটিত হোৱা নাও খেলত চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ বাবে চুতীয়া ৰজাক ভুলকৈ দোষাৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Sarbeswar,&quot;Manideep&quot;(1965), p.300&lt;/ref&gt; স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাই (২০০৭) লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে বিদেশী দেশত ৰজাক হত্যা কৰিলে নিশ্চয়কৈ তাৎক্ষণিক সামৰিক সঁহাৰিৰ সূচনা হ’লহেঁতেন, তথাপিও এনে কোনো সংঘাতৰ লিপিবদ্ধ হোৱা নাই। তদুপৰি চুতুফাৰ লগত থকা আহোম বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক ৰক্ষা কৰা বা প্রত্যাক্রমণ কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ নাই৷&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barua|2007|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৩৭৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৮০ চললৈ আহোম ৰাজ্য অৰাজক হৈ‌ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra,&quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;,p.49, &quot;After the death of Sutuphaa, the country was in interregnum for four years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁই শাসনকাল==
চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত আহোম ডাঙৰীয়াসকলে স্বৰ্গদেউৰ উপযোগী কোনো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ বিচাৰি নাপালে আৰু সেই বাবে চাৰি বছৰ (১৩৭৬-১৩৮০ চন) চাও ফ্ৰংদাম বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু চাও তাপ্ৰিখিন বৰগোহাঁইয়ে নিজে প্ৰশাসনৰ ভাৰ চম্ভালে।&lt;ref&gt;Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt; ৰজা অবিহনে ৰাজ্য চলোৱা টান দেখি ১৩৮০ চনত তেওঁলোকে চুতুফাৰ ভায়েক আৰু চুখাংফাৰ তৃতীয় পুত্ৰ [[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]ক স্বৰ্গদেউ পাতে।&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
*ফুকন,বৰুৱা (১৯৬৪) (আহোম ভাষা, ইংৰাজী, অসমীয়া ভাষাত). আহোম লেগজিকন, ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ
* বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ আহোমৰ-দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam fourth edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta
* {{cite book|last=Barua|first=Swarnalata|title=Chutia Jatir Buranji|year=2007|place=Guwahati}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:টাই-আহোম শাসক]]</text>
      <sha1>ajrmfjn1n7dfe6t3531kiuiu6zmk3wt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610900</id>
      <parentid>610899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Added Circa since it's not clear</comment>
      <origin>610900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17668" sha1="jecn5ob0mnm7rxinicnv0nycsdzd7oh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|||name='''চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা&lt;br&gt;𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡'''|title=[[চাওলুং]]|titletext=([[টাই-আহোম ভাষা]])|more=|image=|imgw=|alt=|caption=|succession=[[Kingdom of Assam|অসমৰ ৰজা]]|moretext=|reign={{reign|{{circa|১৩৬৪/৬৯}}|১৩৭৬}}|reign-type=শাসন কাল|consort=|coronation={{CE|১৩৬৯}}|cor-type=খেউন ৰোণ মাই ক'|predecessor=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|pre-type=পূৰ্বৰ চাওফা|successor=[[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]|suc-type=পৰৱৰ্তী চাওফা|regent=|reg-type=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|coronation1=|cor-type1=|predecessor1=|pre-type1=|successor1=|suc-type1=|regent1=|reg-type1=|succession2=|moretext2=|reign2=|reign-type2=|coronation2=|cor-type2=|predecessor2=|pre-type2=|successor2=|suc-type2=|regent2=|reg-type2=|succession3=|moretext3=|reign3=|reign-type3=|coronation3=|cor-type3=|predecessor3=|pre-type3=|successor3=|suc-type3=|regent3=|reg-type3=|spouse=|spouse-type=|type=|spouses=|spouses-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=চাওলুং চ্যু-তু-ফা|era dates=|era name=[[আহোম যুগ]]|posthumous name=|temple name=|dynasty=ছ্যু ফৈদ, [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]]|mother=|father=[[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]|date of birth=|place of birth=[[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]|date of death={{CE|১৩৭৬}}|place of death=চফ্ৰাই নদী (চুতীয়া আৰু আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমান্ত)| death_cause= চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ দ্বাৰা নাওখেলৰ সময়ত হত্যা|date of burial=|place of burial=|occupation=|signature=|signature_alt=|religion=[[ফুৰালুং ধৰ্ম]]}}{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''চাওলুং চু'-তু-ফা''' ({{lang-aho|𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜎𑜤𑜂𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜄𑜥 𑜇𑜡}},{{reign|{{circa|১৩৬৪/৬৯}}|১৩৭৬}}) অসমৰ ষষ্ঠজন [[চাওফা]] আছিল। বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৪ - ১৩৭৬}} লৈ আৰু কিছু বুৰঞ্জীবিদ অনুসৰি {{CE|১৩৬৯ - ১৩৭৬}}লৈ তেওঁ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|ফুকন,বৰুৱা|১৯৬৪|p=১৩৯}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt; ককায়েক [[চুখ্ৰাংফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকা বাবে তেঁওক অসমৰ পৰৱৰ্তী [[চাওফা]] হিচাপে বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল। {{CE|১৩৭৬}}ত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক চাফ্ৰাই নদীৰ কাষত এখন বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাই অংগৰক্ষী নোহোৱাকৈ  নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত নাওখনলৈ মাতি হত্যা কৰিছিল। চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ বাবে পৰৱৰ্তী চাওঁফা [[ত্যাও খামটি]]য়ে শাসনভাৰ লৈয়ে প্ৰথম পদক্ষেপ হিছাপে প্ৰতিশোধ গ্ৰহণৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;..his firstmission was against the 
Chutiyas to take avenging action for the death of Ahom king Sutupha..&quot;{{cite web|title=Status of Women under the Ahoms: A Historical Study (1228–1826 A.D.)|page=44|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/5252374a-1365-4b40-a721-37b369fdc567/content|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতেই দুয়োখন ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত দশক দশক ধৰি তীব্ৰ যুদ্ধ আৰু অৰাজকতাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই সংঘাৰ ফল স্বৰূপে ১৬ শতিকাত আহোমে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|গেইট|১৯২৬|p=৮১}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==শাসন গ্ৰহণ==
চাওফা হোৱাৰ আগত চুতুফা লাহনজিং গাঁৱত কোঁৱৰ হিচাপে বাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে ১৩৬৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত টাই-আহোম পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী শাসক [[চুখ্ৰাম্‌ফা]]ৰ কোনো পুত্ৰ সন্তান নথকাৰ বাবে থাও ফ্ৰাং দাম আৰু তা-ফী-কুন নামৰ গোহাঁই দুজনৰ পৰামৰ্শ অনুসৰি সিদ্ধান্ত মৰ্মে চুতুফাক পৰৱৰ্তী ৰজা হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asamar Buranji Ed. 3rd : Barua, Padmanath Gohain : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=22 Sep 
 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/%E0%A7%A9%E0%A7%AA/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms|page=273|url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.149949/2015.149949.The-Tai-And-The-Tai-Kingdoms.pdf|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A History Of Assam : E.a.gait : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|website=Internet Archive|date=4 Aug 2015|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279344/page/n93/mode/1up|access-date=18 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম- অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 55&lt;/ref&gt;  এই ৰাজ্যাভিষেক সমাৰোহে ৰাজ্যখনত চলি থকা সাময়িক ৰাজনৈতিক অনিশ্চয়তাৰ অন্ত পেলাইছিল।

==ৰাজত্বকাল আৰু হত্যা==
বুৰঞ্জী সমূহৰ মতে চুকাফাৰ‌ পুত্ৰৰ সময়ৰ পৰা চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে আহোমসকলে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে আন্তৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Satsari Assam Buranji'',p.9, &quot;Previously, since the time of one of Sukapha’s sons, there was alliance and coordial relations with the Chutia king&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;Assam Buranji(SM), p. 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;

চুতুফাই আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ পৰিসীমা বঢ়াব বিচাৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কাষৰীয়া [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ লগত সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ১৩৭৬ চনত চুতীয়া ৰজাই চাপাগুৰিত চুতুফাক লগ কৰে আৰু মিত্ৰতাৰ ভাও জুৰি তেখেতক চফ্ৰাই নদীৰ নাওখেললৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। বিবৰণৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰজাই চুতুফাক নিজৰ নাওত উঠাই প্ৰলোভিত কৰি বিশ্বাসঘাতকতাৰে হত্যা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1926 |publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co. |location=Calcutta |page=81 |quote=&quot;...the Chutia king lured Sutuphaa onto his barge without attendants and treacherously murdered him...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Gunaviram |title=Assam Buranji or A History of Assam |date=2008 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati |pages=55–56 |quote=&quot;...Sutuphaa's rule ended abruptly when he was treacherously assassinated by the Sutiya king...&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Acharya1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Nagendra Nath |title=The History of Medieval Assam (From the 13th to the 17th Century) |date=1966 |publisher=Dutta Baruah |location=Gauhati |page=74 |url=https://ia601807.us.archive.org/34/items/dli.pahar.3309/1966%20The%20History%20of%20Medieval%20Assam%20from%20the%2013th%20to%20the%2017th%20century%20by%20Acharya%20s.pdf |access-date=2026-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুৰঞ্জীসমূহত কিন্তু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ ধৰণ সম্পৰ্কে একে মত পোৱা নাযায়। কিছুমান বিৱৰণত উল্লেখ আছে যে তেওঁক এটা বলধ গৰুৱে গছকাই হত্যা কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S K, Satsari Buranji,p.9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, SK, &quot;বাঁহগৰীয়া বৰগোহাঁই বুৰঞ্জী: দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;,p.90&lt;/ref&gt;, আন কিছুমানত আকৌ কোৱা হৈছে যে তেওঁক নাওতে হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল বুলি কোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.37&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Assam Buranji (SM), p.7&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ লগত যোৱা সৈন্যবোৰ ৰাজধানীলৈ ঘূৰি আহি এই কথা সদৰি কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ- আহোমৰ দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt; 

কিছুমান ইতিহাসবিদে এই খণ্ডটোৰ সত্যতাক লৈ প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন কৰে। সৰ্বেশ্বৰ বৰুৱাই যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু পৰিকল্পিত ভাৱে হোৱা নাছিল আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজাৰ নিমন্ত্ৰণত সংঘটিত হোৱা নাও খেলত চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ বাবে চুতীয়া ৰজাক ভুলকৈ দোষাৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Sarbeswar,&quot;Manideep&quot;(1965), p.300&lt;/ref&gt; স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱাই (২০০৭) লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে বিদেশী দেশত ৰজাক হত্যা কৰিলে নিশ্চয়কৈ তাৎক্ষণিক সামৰিক সঁহাৰিৰ সূচনা হ’লহেঁতেন, তথাপিও এনে কোনো সংঘাতৰ লিপিবদ্ধ হোৱা নাই। তদুপৰি চুতুফাৰ লগত থকা আহোম বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক ৰক্ষা কৰা বা প্রত্যাক্রমণ কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ নাই৷&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barua|2007|page=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৩৭৬ চনৰ পৰা ১৩৮০ চললৈ আহোম ৰাজ্য অৰাজক হৈ‌ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Gopal Chandra,&quot;Ahom Buranji&quot;,p.49, &quot;After the death of Sutuphaa, the country was in interregnum for four years.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰগোহাঁই আৰু বুঢ়াগোহাঁই শাসনকাল==
চুতুফাৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত আহোম ডাঙৰীয়াসকলে স্বৰ্গদেউৰ উপযোগী কোনো ৰাজকোঁৱৰ বিচাৰি নাপালে আৰু সেই বাবে চাৰি বছৰ (১৩৭৬-১৩৮০ চন) চাও ফ্ৰংদাম বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু চাও তাপ্ৰিখিন বৰগোহাঁইয়ে নিজে প্ৰশাসনৰ ভাৰ চম্ভালে।&lt;ref&gt;Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 32&lt;/ref&gt; ৰজা অবিহনে ৰাজ্য চলোৱা টান দেখি ১৩৮০ চনত তেওঁলোকে চুতুফাৰ ভায়েক আৰু চুখাংফাৰ তৃতীয় পুত্ৰ [[ত্যাও খাম্‌টি]]ক স্বৰ্গদেউ পাতে।&lt;ref&gt;Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta page 81&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 56&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
*ফুকন,বৰুৱা (১৯৬৪) (আহোম ভাষা, ইংৰাজী, অসমীয়া ভাষাত). আহোম লেগজিকন, ঐতিহাসিক আৰু প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যয়ন বিভাগ
* বৰবৰুৱা হিতেশ্বৰ আহোমৰ-দিন or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* বৰুৱা গুণাভিৰাম অসম বুৰঞ্জী or A History of Assam fourth edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati
* Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker, Spink &amp; Co Calcutta
* {{cite book|last=Barua|first=Swarnalata|title=Chutia Jatir Buranji|year=2007|place=Guwahati}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:টাই-আহোম শাসক]]</text>
      <sha1>jecn5ob0mnm7rxinicnv0nycsdzd7oh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>বিশ্বনাথ জিলা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610878</id>
      <parentid>579283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T22:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ananya Taye</username>
        <id>28065</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ইতিহাস */</comment>
      <origin>610878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11119" sha1="h3boiwfjkh4iyvh8mmn7kbpr1dz7oq3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name =বিশ্বনাথ জিলা&lt;br&gt; Biswanath district
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = 
| settlement_type = জিলা
| image_skyline = Holy Biswanath (2).JPG
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
বিশ্বনাথ শিৱ মন্দিৰ
| nickname = 
| image_map = Biswanath in Assam (India).svg
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = দেশ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = ৰাজ্য
| subdivision_name1 = [[অসম]]
| subdivision_type2 = 
| subdivision_name2 = 
| established_title = বিশ্বনাথ জিলা
| established_date = ২০১৫
| founder = 
| seat_type = সদৰ ঠাই
| seat = [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_rank = 
| area_total_km2 = 1100 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 48
| population_total = 5,80,000 
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| population_footnotes = 
| demographics_type1 = 
স্বীকৃত
| demographics1_title1 = ভাষা
| demographics1_info1 = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;
| postal_code = 784 XXX
| registration_plate = 
| website =
| footnotes = 
}}

'''বিশ্বনাথ জিলা''' (IPA: ˌbɪswəˈnɑːθ ˈtʃɑːrɪˌælɪ) অসমৰ উত্তৰ-পাৰৰ এখন জিলা। ২০১৫ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে অসমৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী [[তৰুণ গগৈ]] ডাঙৰীয়াই বিশ্বনাথ জিলা গঠনৰ কথা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cm-tarun-gogoi-announces-5-new-districts-in-assam-on-independence-day-2114724&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/assam-gets-five-more-districts_1647470.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[শোণিতপুৰ জিলা]]ৰ [[বিশ্বনাথ]] মহকুমাৰ বেছি ভাগ অংশ আৰু [[গহপুৰ]]ৰ কিছু অংশৰে বিশ্বনাথ জিলা গঠন কৰা হ’ল। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]] দক্ষিণে [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ|ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদী]] আৰু [[গোলাঘাট জিলা]], পূবে [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা]] আৰু পশ্চিমে [[শোণিতপুৰ জিলা]] অৱস্থিত। জিলাখনৰ সদৰ ঠাই হৈছে [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]]। 

==ইতিহাস==

এই জিলা পূৰ্বতে [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]] আৰু বাৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ মাজত বিভক্ত আছিল। সীমা আছিল ঘিলাধাৰী, ভৰালী আৰু দিকাৰাই নৈ। সীমাৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত প্ৰতাপ গড় চুতীয়া ৰজা প্ৰতাপ নাৰায়ণে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি জনা যায়‌। অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ সীমান্তৰৰ বুৰৈ নদীৰ পাৰত এটি গড় অৱস্থিত আছে য'ত শদিয়াৰ তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী মন্দিৰৰ দেৱালত পোৱা খনিকৰে অঁকা আক্ষৰ-চিহ্ন মিল দেখা গৈছে। সেইবাবে এই গড় চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ দিনৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।‌ &lt;ref&gt;Shin, Jae-Eun (2020). &quot;Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas&quot;, &quot;Though the geographical extent of these rulers' power is not yet known in detail, according to Neog, the present-day North Lakhimpur district of Assam, which covers the find sites of most inscriptions, perhaps formed a part of their political dominion. If architectural continuity is admitted between the fortifications in the Sadiya region and the Burai river ruin site, it would be possible to believe that the kingdom of these rulers extended as far as the outer limit of Darrang district, to the westernmost extent of which Ahom conquerors settled the vanquished Chutiyas in the early part of the sixteenth century&quot;,p.52-53&lt;/ref&gt;  বুৰঞ্জী সমূহত উল্লেখ কৰা আছে যে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য দখল কৰা পাছত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে ভৰালী‌ নৈ পাৰ হৈ ৰাউতা-তেমনীৰ (আজিৰ দিনৰ দৰং-নগাঁৱৰ অঞ্চল) ভূঞা সকলক বস কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;According to ''Purani Assam Buranji'', p.27. the twelve Bara Bhuyans of Rowta-Temani (mid-Assam, on either banks of the Brahmaputra) namely Utai, Tamai, Rai, Sakai, Kausika, Uzir, Laskar, Comdar, Sanatana, Keho, Rambhat and Bhakat with four sub-Bhuyans each, were transported and settled in various places of Uttara-kula (Biswanath, Lakhimpur districts). The Lacam Kalita Bhuyan family was placed at Bahbari(Lakhimpur), while one of them was settled on the river Sonari(Dhakuakhana), and another on the hills. As per ''Satsari Buranji'', p.16, Suhungmung suppressed the Baro-Bhuyans in Rowta. The people of the region were placed under the leadership of the Baro-Bhuyans and re-settled at different places of the kingdom.&lt;/ref&gt;। এই অঞ্চলত শাসন কৰিবলৈ আহোম ৰজাই প্ৰথমতে কনচেং ধনুধৰিয়া গোহাঁইক ভটিয়লিয়া গোহাঁই বা নামনিয়াল সন্দিকৈ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু পাছলৈ‌ পুৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া বৰপাত্ৰ পদবীৰ অনুকৰণ কৰি বৰপাত্ৰ গোহাঁই পদবী দিয়ে। গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজিব পাৰি যে ভৰালী নদীৰ লৈকে চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য বিয়পি আছিল। 

উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাচীন তীৰ্থক্ষেত্ৰ বিখ্যাত শিৱ মন্দিৰ বিশ্বৰপৰাই এই অঞ্চলৰ নাম বিশ্বনাথ হয়&lt;ref&gt;বিশ্বনাথৰ ইতিহাস,তৰুণ দাস।&lt;/ref&gt;}। বৰ্তমান যি অঞ্চলক বিশ্বনাথ বোলা হয়, সেই অঞ্চলৰ পুৰণি নাম আছিল 'সলা'। তাৰপাছত জনাজাত হ'ল নদুৱাৰ নামেৰে। বৰ্তমান নদুৱাৰ অঞ্চলৰ পূব অংশই বিশ্বনাথ অঞ্চল। প্ৰশাসনিক মহকুমা হ'ল বিশ্বনাথ। পুৰাণ আৰু তন্ত্ৰত উল্লিখিত বিশ্বনাথ নামে বিশ্বনাথ তীৰ্থক্ষেত্ৰ বা বিশ্বনাথ ধামকহে বুজাইছিল। বিশ্বনাথ শব্দৰ অৰ্থ বিশ্বৰ গৰাকী। বিশ্বৰ গৰাকীৰ অধিষ্ঠান ক্ষেত্ৰ এই বিশ্বনাথ। বিশ্বনাথক গুপ্তকাশী বুলিও কোৱা হয়। কিম্বদন্তি মতে, কুমুদ আৰু কৌস্তভ নামৰ দুজন মুনিৰ শাপত বিশ্বনাথখন গুপ্ত কাশী হ'ল। গুপ্তকাশীৰ অৰ্থ এই যে ই কাশী বুলি জনাজাত নহয়।

==শৈক্ষিক অনুষ্ঠান==
* বিশ্বনাথ মহাবিদ্যালয়
* বিশ্বনাথ বাণিজ্য মহাবিদ্যালয়
* বিশ্বনাথ কলেজ অৱ এডুকেশ্বন,বিশ্বনাথ
* চাৰিদুৱাৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়,গহপুৰ 
* বিশ্বনাথ কৃষি মহাবিদ্যালয়
* বেহালী স্নাতক মহাবিদ্যালয়,বেহালী
* চতিয়া মহাবিদ্যালয়,চতিয়া
* জিলা শিক্ষা আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান,বিশ্বনাথ
* বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি চৰকাৰী আই টি আই মহাবিদ্যালয়
* চৰকাৰী ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান,বিশ্বনাথ
* জ্ঞান উদয় পেৰামেডিকেল নাৰ্চিং প্ৰতিষ্ঠান,বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি
* ডাফ্নে জুনিয়ৰ কলেজ (উ.মা.)
* অৰিয়েণ্ট ফ্লাৱাৰ জুনিয়ৰ কলেজ (উ.মা.)
* তৰুণ চন্দ্ৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্য মেম’ৰিয়েল জুনিয়ৰ কলেজ (উ.মা.)
* আনন্দ ৰাম বৰুৱা জুনিয়ৰ কলেজ (উ.মা.)

==প্ৰশাসন==
* সদৰ ঠাই :	 [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]]
* মহকুমাৰ সংখ্যা : [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]], [[গহপুৰ]]
* ৰাজহ চক্ৰ : বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি, গহপুৰ, হেলেম
* পুলিচ ষ্টেচন : গহপুৰ, হেলেম, বিহালী, জিনজিয়া, বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি, চতিয়া 
* চহৰৰ নাম : [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]], [[গহপুৰ]] 
* পৌৰসভাৰ সংখ্যা : ১
* নগৰ সমিতিৰ সংখ্যা : ১

==লগতে চাওক==
*[[বিশ্বনাথ ক্ষেত্ৰ]]
*[[বিশ্বনাথ ঘাট]]

==তথ্য উৎস==
{{Reflist}}

{{অসমৰ জিলা}}


[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ জিলা]]</text>
      <sha1>h3boiwfjkh4iyvh8mmn7kbpr1dz7oq3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ফটাঢোল</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610921</id>
      <parentid>531930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T04:38:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32678-74</username>
        <id>50214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ফটাঢোল ফেচবুক গোট */</comment>
      <origin>610921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15165" sha1="ih7x35lpjue683tft3uul7s7diwt82o" xml:space="preserve">{{Refimprove}}
{{Infobox website|name=ফটাঢোল
|logo=|logocaption=ফটাঢোলৰ প্ৰতীক-চিহ্ন
|screenshot=|url=[http://fotadhol.com fotadhol.com]
|commercial=অব্যৱসায়িক
|language=অসমীয়া হাস্য-ব্যংগ আলোচনী
|launch_date=১ জুলাই, ২০১৭
|current_status=প্ৰকাশিত (অনলাইন)}}
 
'''ফটাঢোল''' [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]]ত প্ৰকাশিত এখন মাহেকীয়া [[ই-আলোচনী]]। ২০১৭ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত এই আলোচনীখনৰ প্ৰথম সংখ্যাটি প্ৰকাশ হয়। প্ৰতি ইংৰাজী মাহৰ ১ তাৰিখে আলোচনীখন প্ৰকাশ পায়। [[ফেচবুক]]ৰ ‘ফটাঢোল’ গোটৰ সদস্যসমূহে গোটত প্ৰকাশিত কৰা লেখাৰপৰা সম্পাদকে প্ৰকাশৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত বুলি বিবেচনা কৰা লেখা তথা সাহিত্য জগতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত আৰু জনপ্ৰিয় লেখকৰ লেখাসমূহৰ বাচকবনীয়া সংগ্ৰহক শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে সজোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে এই ৱেবছাইট তথা [[ই-আলোচনী]]খন মুকলি কৰা হয়। প্ৰতিমাহে ‘ফটাঢোল’ গোটৰ সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসকলৰ মাজৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাচিত এজনে সম্পাদক হিচাপে গোটটোত প্ৰকাশিত লিখনিসমূহৰ মাজৰ পৰা যোগ্যসমূহ নিৰ্বাচন কৰি আলোচনীখনত প্ৰকাশৰ দিহা কৰে। বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত থকা কেইবাজনো অসমীয়াই আলোচনীখনৰ বিভিন্ন দিশসমূহৰ তত্ত্বৱধান লয়। 

== ফটাঢোল ফেচবুক গোট ==
এই “ফটা-ঢোল“ নামৰ গোটটো ২০১৭ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ফেচবুকতে কেইজন মান সদস্যৰে আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;http://fotadhol.com/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC/#comment-9166 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101180343/http://fotadhol.com/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC/#comment-9166 |date=2019-01-01 }} ৰ পৰা&lt;/ref&gt;

ফটা-ঢোল গোটটো মূলতঃ এক হাস্য-ব্যংগৰ গোট। হাঁহিবোৰ মহঙা হোৱাৰ দিনত ইণ্টাৰনেটৰ মাধ্যমত বিভিন্নজনৰ ওঁঠত নিৰ্ভেজাল হাঁহিৰ মৌ এটুপি তুলি দিব পৰাৰ সমানে সমানে সমাজৰ অপশক্তিবোৰৰ ব্যংগাত্মক উপস্থাপনেৰে বিবেকৰ চকু মুকলি কৰি মানুহক সঠিক দিশ দেখুওৱাৰ লগতে মনোৰঞ্জনৰ যোগেদি প্ৰাত্যহিক জীৱন যান্ত্ৰণাৰ পৰা ক্ষন্তেকীয়া মুক্তিয়েই আছিল এই গোটৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য।&lt;ref&gt;http://fotadhol.com/focus-assam/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231015630/http://fotadhol.com/focus-assam/ |date=2018-12-31 }} ৰ প্ৰথম দফা&lt;/ref&gt;

হাস্য-ব্যংগৰ এই [[ফেইচবুক]] গোটটোৰ বৰ্তমান সদস্য সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ২ ২,০০০। 

== উদ্দেশ্য আৰু লক্ষ্য ==
ইণ্টাৰনেটৰ যোগেৰে সাহিত্য চৰ্চা আৰম্ভ কৰা নতুন প্ৰজন্মৰ বাবে ছপা মাধ্যমৰ সীমাৱদ্ধতাৰ পৰা মুক্ত ইণ্টাৰনেট মাধ্যমত প্ৰকাশিত ফটাঢোল আলোচনীৰ কেতবোৰ লক্ষ্য আৰু উদ্দেশ্য হল -

* ইতিবাচক চিন্তাৰ সমাহাৰ ঘটাই এক সুস্থ জনজাগৰণ গঢ়ি তোলাৰ লগতে হাস্য-ব্যংগৰ লেখক সৃষ্টি আৰু অবিৰত সাহিত্য চৰ্চা। 
* ফেচবুকৰ উন্নতমানৰ ব্যংগ লেখাবোৰ জাতিটোৰ ভাষা-সাহিত্যৰ ভঁৰাল টনকিয়াল কৰাৰ স্বাৰ্থতেই সংৰক্ষণ কৰাৰ লগতে ফে’চবুকৰ বাহিৰলৈয়ো লৈ যোৱা। 
* নতুন লিখক সকলক হাস্য-ব্যংগ সাহিত্য চৰ্চা কৰিবলৈ উৎসাহী কৰি তুলি তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰতিভা, সদিচ্ছা আৰু পৰিশ্ৰমক এটা পৰিকল্পিত দিশ আৰু শক্তিশালী গতি প্ৰদান কৰাৰ এখন মঞ্চ প্ৰদান কৰা। 

== ‘ফটাঢোল’ৰ বিভিন্ন শিতানসমূহ ==
ফটাঢোলৰ বিভিন্ন শিতানসমূহ হৈছে - 

* সম্পাদকীয়
* সাক্ষাৎকাৰ
* সংখ্যাটোৰ আঁৰৰ কথা
* ভিন্নস্বাদ
* দৈনন্দিন
* লটিঘটি
* গল্প
* প্ৰবন্ধ
* আপদীয়া পদ্য
* কৌতুক
* ফটা প্ৰেম
* ফটা প্ৰশ্ন
* কাৰ্টুন
* ধাৰাবাহিক
* অনুবাদ
* চিনেমা চিনেমা আদি।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=http://fotadhol.com/ |url=http://fotadhol.com/2390-2/ |access-date=2018-12-30 |archivedate=2018-12-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224110708/http://fotadhol.com/2390-2/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;

== ফটাঢোল সম্পাদনা সমিতি ==
'''ফটাঢোলৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্য্যবাহী :''' ৰিণ্টুমনি দত্ত

'''মুখ্য সম্পাদনা সমিতি :''' হেমন্ত কাকতি, অভিজিত কলিতা,  ৰিণ্টুমনি দত্ত আৰু সম্পাদক

'''অংগসজ্জা আৰু কাৰিকৰী বিভাগ :''' হেমন্ত কাকতি, ৰিণ্টুমনি দত্ত,  ৰিমঝিম বৰঠাকুৰ আৰু মণিষা কাকতি

'''প্ৰচ্ছদ আৰু অলংকৰণ :''' হেমন্ত কাকতি, ৰিতুপৰ্ন বৰা,চন্দন বড়ি

'''আলোচনীৰ বিভিন্ন শিতানসমূহৰ বিভাগীয় কমিটি :''' চবিনা য়াছমিন, সঞ্জীৱ কুমাৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্য্য, পৰীস্মিতা গগৈ, ৰাজশ্ৰী শৰ্মা, ডলী তালুকদাৰ, ৰিতুৰ্পণা মহন্ত আৰু জীমনি গগৈ

'''ফটাঢোল প্ৰশাসক সকল :''' হেমন্ত কুমাৰ কাকতি, প্ৰণীতা গোস্বামী বৰঠাকুৰ, অভিজিত কলিতা, ৰিণ্টুমনি দত্ত,চবিনা য়াছমিন, ৰিমঝিম বৰঠাকুৰ আৰু বিজয় মহন্ত,দেবজিত শৰ্মা

'''মডাৰেটৰ :''' ডলী তালুকদাৰ, নীলাক্ষী কাকতি, দিম্পল কলিতা,যোগেশ ভট্টাচাৰ্য,ৰাজশ্ৰী শৰ্মা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://fotadhol.com/2390-2/ |access-date=2018-12-30 |archivedate=2018-12-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224110708/http://fotadhol.com/2390-2/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বিশেষ পৰামৰ্শদাতা :'''
জ্যোতিৰূপম দত্ত
&lt;br /&gt;

== ফটাঢোলৰ এতিয়ালৈ হোৱা সম্পাদকসকলৰ তালিকা&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://fotadhol.com/category/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F/ |access-date=2018-12-30 |archivedate=2019-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113235009/http://fotadhol.com/category/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
! ক্ৰমিক নং 
! সম্পাদকৰ নাম 
! সম্পাদনা মাহ 
|-
|১
|হেমন্ত কাকতি
|জুলাই, ২০১৭
|-
|২
|অভিজিত মেধি
|আগষ্ট, ২০১৭
|-
|৩
|চবিনা ইয়াছমিন
|চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০১৭
|-
|৪
|দেৱজিত শইকীয়া
|অক্টোবৰ, ২০১৭
|-
|৫
|বিকাশ শইকীয়া
|নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১৭
|-
|৬
|জীমণি গগৈ
|ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৭
|-
|৭
|সঞ্জীৱ কুমাৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্য 
|জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৮
|-
|৮
|গীতিকা শইকীয়া
|ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০১৮
|-
|৯
|পৰিস্মিতা গগৈ
|মাৰ্চ, ২০১৮
|-
|১০
|ঋতুপৰ্ণা মহন্ত
|এপ্ৰিল, ২০১৮
|-
|১১
|ঈশান জ্যোতি বৰা
|মে, ২০১৮
|-
|১২
|পৰী পাৰবিন
|জুন, ২০১৮
|-
|১৩
|মৌচুমী বৰি
|জুলাই, ২০১৮
|-
|১৪
|হেমন্ত কাকতি(দ্বিতীয়বাৰ)
|আগষ্ট, ২০১৮(বৰ্ষপূৰ্তি বিশেষ সংখ্যা) 
|-
|১৫
|অলকেশ ভাগৱতী
|চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০১৮
|-
|১৬
|ৰিমঝিম বৰঠাকুৰ
|অক্টোবৰ, ২০১৮
|-
|১৭
|নয়নমণি হালৈ
|নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১৮
|-
|১৮
|তৃষ্ণা সোণোৱাল
|ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৮
|-
|১৯
|মনজিত কুমাৰ বৰা
|জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৯
|-
|২০
|তৃষ্ণা টি ভুঞা
|ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০১৯
|-
|২১
|চাহিন জাফ্ৰি
|মাৰ্চ, ২০১৯
|-
|২২
|অনুৰূপ মহন্ত 
|এপ্ৰিল, ২০১৯
|-
|২৩
|খনিন্দ্ৰ ভুষণ মহন্ত
|মে', ২০১৯
|-
|২৪
|ৰিণ্টুমণি দত্ত
|জুন, ২০১৯
|-
|২৫
|দিগন্ত কুমাৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্য
|জুলাই, ২০১৯
|-
|২৬
|অভিজিৎ দত্ত
|আগষ্ট, ২০১৯
|-
|২৭
|ডা° পাৰ্থসাৰথি ভুঞা
|চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০১৯
|-
|২৮
|ৰক্তাভ কুমাৰ
|অক্টোবৰ, ২০১৯
|-
|২৯
|ৰূপাংকৰ চৌধুৰী
|নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১৯
|-
|৩০
|দেবজিত শৰ্মা
|ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৯
|-
|৩১
! 
|জানুৱাৰী, ২০২০
|-
|৩২
|আৰাধনা বৰুৱা
|ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০২০
|-
|৩৩
|ৰঞ্জন বৰুৱা
|মাৰ্চ, ২০১২০
|-
|৩৪
|হিমাংশু ৰাজখোৱা
|এপ্ৰিল, ২০২০
|-
|৩৫
|ৰিণ্টুমণি দত্ত
|মে, ২০২০
|-
|৩৬
|পাৰ্থ প্ৰতীম শৰ্মা
|জুন, ২০২০
|-
|৩৭
|সুকুমাৰ গোস্বামী
|জুলাই, ২০২০
|-
|৩৮
|ধূৰ্জ্জটি কাকতি
|আগষ্ট, ২০২০
|-
|৩৯
|নীলাঞ্জনা মহন্ত
|চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২০
|-
|৪০
|যোগেশ ভট্টাচাৰ্য্য
|অক্টোবৰ, ২০২০
|-
|৪১
|মানসী বৰা
|নৱেম্বৰ, ২০২০
|-
|৪২
|ৰাজশ্ৰী শৰ্মা
|ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০২০
|-
|৪৩
|মৃদুল নাথ
|জানুৱাৰী, ২০২১
|-
|৪৪
|কাবেৰী মহন্ত
|ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ২০২১
&lt;!-- |-
|৪৫
|
|মাৰ্চ, ২০২১ --&gt;
|}

== ‘ফটাঢোল’ৰ অন্যান্য আঁচনি ==


অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ লিপিসমূহক ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে শুদ্ধ ৰূপত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি ভাষা সাহিত্যৰ জগতখনো টনকিয়াল কৰাৰ উপৰিও ফটাঢোল গোটৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানতে আৰ্তজনৰ কাষত কিঞ্চিত সহায় হৈ ঠিয় দিয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্যৰে গঠন কৰা হয় এটা স্বেচ্ছাসেৱী সংগঠন “[[ফ’কাছ অসম]]” (Fotadhol Offbeat Cultural Unity Society Assam – FOCUS Assam)ৰ। এই সংগঠনটোৱেও বিভিন্ন সময়ত বানপীড়িতক সাহায্য প্ৰদান, শীতকালত আৰ্তজনক গৰম বস্ত্ৰ প্ৰদান, আৰ্থিকভাৱে দুৰ্বল ব্যক্তিৰ আৱশ্যকীয় চিকিৎসাৰ ব্যয় বহনকে ধৰি অনেক সমাজহিতৈষী কামত আগভাগ লৈ আহিছে।&lt;ref&gt;http://fotadhol.com/focus-assam/{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ৰ পৰা&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:অনলাইন আলোচনী]]</text>
      <sha1>ih7x35lpjue683tft3uul7s7diwt82o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সাঁচ:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা মূলপৃষ্ঠা</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>50117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610859</id>
      <parentid>599407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:34:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20701" sha1="sj7avpzrzurac8bag5loau4ma0h04w7" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifexist:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/{{{যোৱা মাহ|}}}|{{left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/{{{যোৱা মাহ}}}|পূৰ্বৱতী সংখ্যা]]}}}}{{#ifexist:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/{{{পৰৱৰ্তী মাহ|}}}|{{Right|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/{{{পৰৱৰ্তী মাহ}}}|পৰৱৰ্তী সংখ্যা]]}}|}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom:3px double #999; border-top:3px double #bbb; background-color:#FFF; padding:15px 20px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{বিশেষ সংখ্যা|}}}|
{{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{{File1}}}
{{!}}{{gap}}
{{!}}&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''{{{বিশেষ সংখ্যা}}}'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:300%;&quot;&gt;'''ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ দাপোণ&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}{{gap}}
{{!}}{{{File2}}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}colspan=&quot;5&quot;{{!}}&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;'''{{{সংখ্যা}}} সংখ্যা'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}}|&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:300%;&quot;&gt;'''ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:120%;&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ দাপোণ&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;'''{{{সংখ্যা}}} সংখ্যা'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;
{| border=0 style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
{{#if:{{{মুখবন্ধ|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Bookmark font awesome.svg|23px|alt=মুখবন্ধ|link=|মুখবন্ধ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: center; color: #000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;মুখবন্ধ&lt;/span&gt; [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{মুখবন্ধ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{মুখবন্ধ}}}}}}}
{{#if:{{{সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি বিশেষ|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Bookmark font awesome.svg|23px|alt=উচৰ্গা|link=|সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি বিশেষ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; width:90%; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align:center; color: #000;&quot;&gt;সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি {{{বিশেষ|}}} [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি বিশেষ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি বিশেষ}}}}}}}
{{#if:{{{উচৰ্গা|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Bookmark font awesome.svg|23px|alt=উচৰ্গা|link=|উচৰ্গা]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: center; color: #000;&quot;&gt;{{{উচৰ্গা শিৰোনাম|উচৰ্গা}}} [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{উচৰ্গা}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{উচৰ্গা}}}}}}}
|}
{| style=&quot;margin: 2px 0 0 0; background: none;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; background: #fff; vertical-align: top; color: #000;&quot; |
{| id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding: 2px; width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background: #fff;&quot;
{{#if:{{{সম্পাদকীয়|}}}|{{!}}-
{{!}} &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Quote right font awesome.svg|22px|alt=সম্পাদকীয়|link=|সম্পাদকীয়]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়ানৰ মনৰ কথা [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{সম্পাদকীয়}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} &lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&quot;&gt;{{{{{সম্পাদকীয়}}}}}}}
{{#if:{{{বিশেষ সংযোজন(শীৰ্ষ)|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Bookmark font awesome.svg|23px|alt=মুখবন্ধ|link=|বিশেষ সংযোজন(শীৰ্ষ)]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: center; color: #000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;{{{বিশেষ সংযোজন(শিৰোনাম)}}}&lt;/span&gt; [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{বিশেষ সংযোজন(শীৰ্ষ)}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{বিশেষ সংযোজন(শীৰ্ষ)}}}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{#if:{{{ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)|}}}||{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Bookmark font awesome.svg|22px|alt=ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ|link=|ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} &lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&quot;&gt;{{{{{ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি (প্ৰথম স্তম্ভ)|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star font awesome.svg|23px|alt=নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি|link=|নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি (প্ৰথম স্তম্ভ)}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি (প্ৰথম স্তম্ভ)}}}}}}}
{{#if:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)|}}}{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (মধ্য)|}}}||{{#if:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:List font awesome.svg|22px|alt=সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|link=|সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;{{{যোৱা মাহ}}}ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}}}}}}|}}
|}
| style=&quot;border: 0px solid transparent&quot; |
| style=&quot;width: 50%; border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; padding: 2px; vertical-align:top;&quot;
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Camera font awesome.svg|22px|right|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-family:serif; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; background: #e9f3ff;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|- 
| &lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&quot;&gt;{{{{{নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{#if:{{{উল্লেখনীয় ৱিকিমিডিয়ান|}}}|{{!}}-
{{!}}{{{{{উল্লেখনীয় ৱিকিমিডিয়ান}}}}}}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Trophy font awesome.svg|22px|right|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-family:serif; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; background: #e9f3ff;&quot;&gt; পদক [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{পদক}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{{{{পদক}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{বিশেষ অভিলেখ|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star font awesome.svg|23px|alt=বিশেষ অভিলেখ|link=|বিশেষ অভিলেখ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;{{{যোৱা মাহ}}}ৰ বিশেষ অভিলেখ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{বিশেষ অভিলেখ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{ বিশেষ অভিলেখ}}}}}}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Font awesome font awesome.svg|20px|alt=|link=]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-family:serif; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; background: #e9f3ff;&quot;&gt;উল্লেখনীয় কাম [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{উল্লেখনীয় কাম}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|{{{{{উল্লেখনীয় কাম}}}}}
{{#if:{{{নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star font awesome.svg|23px|alt=নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি|link=|নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি}}}}}}}
{{#if:{{{ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Bookmark font awesome.svg|22px|alt=ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ|link=|ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} &lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:10px; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:10px;&quot;&gt;{{{{{ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)|}}}|{{!}}-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:List font awesome.svg|22px|alt=সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|link=|সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;{{{যোৱা মাহ}}}ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (দ্বিতীয় স্তম্ভ)}}}}}}}
|-
! &lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{ৱিকিউৎস|}}}|[[চিত্ৰ:Wikibooks-logo.svg|20px|alt=|link=]]|[[চিত্ৰ:Signal font awesome.svg|20px|alt=|link=]]}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-family:serif; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: left; color: #000; background: #e9f3ff;&quot;&gt;{{#if:{{{ৱিকিউৎস|}}}|নিৰ্বাচিত গ্ৰন্থ|পৰিসংখ্যা আৰু অন্যান্য [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/পৰিসংখ্যা আৰু অন্যান্য|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| {{#if:{{{ৱিকিউৎস|}}}|{{{নিৰ্বাচিত গ্ৰন্থ}}}|{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/পৰিসংখ্যা আৰু অন্যান্য}}}}
|}
|}&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100%; border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; background: #fff; vertical-align: top; color: #000;&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|-
|{{#if:{{{বিশেষ সংযোজন|}}}|{{{{{বিশেষ সংযোজন}}}}}}}
|}
{{#if:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (মধ্য)|}}}|
{{{!}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 3px; float: right; margin: 2px 2px 0px 0px;&quot;&gt;[[File:List font awesome.svg|22px|alt=সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ|link=|সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #ccc; background: #e9f3ff; text-align: left; color: #000;&quot;&gt;{{{যোৱা মাহ}}}ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (মধ্য)}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;{{{{{সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (মধ্য)}}}}}
{{!}}}
}}
{| style=&quot;margin:auto;text-align:center;&quot;
! &lt;div style=&quot;font-family:serif; padding: 0.4em 0.5em; margin: 0; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #B1A5C2; text-align: center; color: #000; background: #e9f3ff;&quot;&gt;[[চিত্ৰ:Group font awesome.svg|22px|right]][[বিশেষ:সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসকল|সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ]] [[চিত্ৰ:Pencil font awesome.svg|10px|alt=সম্পাদনা কৰক|link={{fullurl:{{{সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ}}}|action=edit}}|সম্পাদনা কৰক]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|{{{{{সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ}}}}}
|}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom:3px double #999; border-top:3px double #bbb; background-color:#FFF; padding:15px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;ৱিকিপত্ৰিকাৰ পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰকাশনৰ বাবে আপোনাৰো সহায়ৰ প্ৰয়োজন। অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি ইয়াত যোগদান কৰি ইয়াক সাফল্যমণ্ডিত কৰি তোলক।&lt;br/&gt;ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ লগত জড়িত হ’বৰ বাবে [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পৰিচয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়া পৰিচিতি]] পৃষ্ঠাটো আপোনাৰ উপযোগীকৈ বনোৱা হৈছে, প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে আপুনি চকু ফুৰাব বুলি আশা কৰা হ’ল।&lt;br/&gt;ৱিকিপত্ৰিকাৰ বিষয়ে আপোনাৰ মন্তব্য [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা|ইয়াত]] লিখক।
{{#if:{{{ৱিকিউৎস|}}}|
{{{!}} width=&quot;100%&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; text-align:left;&quot; 
{{!}}
* [[File:2021 Facebook icon.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/groups/assamwikigroup/ ফেইচবুকত অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ]&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:2021 Facebook icon.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://facebook.com/aswikipedia ফেইচবুক পৃষ্ঠা]&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:X logo 2023.svg|20px]] এক্সত অনুসৰণ কৰক: &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://x.com/aswikipedia @aswikipedia]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://x.com/aswikisource @aswikisource]&lt;/span&gt; আৰু  &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://x.com/aswikiquote @aswikiquote]&lt;/span&gt;
{{!}}
* [[File:Instagram logo 2022.svg|20px]] ইন্‌ষ্টাগ্ৰামত অনুসৰণ কৰক: &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.instagram.com/assamesewikimedia @assamesewikimedia]&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:YouTube full-color icon (2017).svg|20px]] ইউটিউব: &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKCjevP7joj-cORbQrGTjag Assamese Wikimedia]&lt;/span&gt;
* [[File:Telegram 2019 simple logo.svg|20px]] টেলিগ্ৰাম: &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://t.me/aswikimedia Assamese Wikimedia]&lt;/span&gt;
{{!}}
* [[File:Meeting (5941) - The Noun Project.svg|20px]] [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সন্মিলন| বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ৱিকিপিডিয়া সন্মিলনসমূহ]]
* [[File:Antu scribus.svg|20px]] [[সহায়:নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ আৰম্ভ কৰক]]
* [[File:FAQ icon.svg|20px]] [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ]]
{{!}}{{)}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰিকা সাঁচ]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰিকা সাঁচ]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sj7avpzrzurac8bag5loau4ma0h04w7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>অঞ্জলী গোপালন</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610844</id>
      <parentid>379644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T15:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12959" sha1="iwb24hpxd11znwqsq4lepqfoyyafam3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = অঞ্জলী গোপালন
| image = Anjali Gopalan.jpg
| caption = ২০০৯ চনত অঞ্জলী গোপালন
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|9|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[চেন্নাই]], [[ভাৰত]]&lt;ref name=&quot;world-citizenship.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1785|title=World People's Blog|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110617/http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1785|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| occupation = [[এলজিবিটি]] অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী,&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8130052.stm Activists welcome India gay ruling] ''[[BBC]]'' 3 July 2009 06:55 UK&lt;/ref&gt; নাজ ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ কাৰ্যবাহী সঞ্চালক&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nazindia.org/about.htm About Naz India ] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120629205259/http://www.nazindia.org/about.htm |date=2012-06-29 }}'' [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]]'' retrieved 14 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
| awards = লেজিয়ন ডি'অনৰ (২০১৩)
| nationality = ভাৰতীয়
| residence = [[নতুন দিল্লী]], [[ভাৰত]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]
}}
'''অঞ্জলী গোপালন''' (জন্ম ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৫৭) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় মানৱধিকাৰ আৰু পশু অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী। তেওঁ ঘাইকৈ [[এলজিবিটি]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অধিকাৰ হকে কাম কৰে। তেওঁ বেচৰকাৰী সংগঠন নাজ ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক তথা বৰ্তমান কাৰ্যবাহী সঞ্চালক। নাজ ফাউণ্ডেচননে মহিলা, শিশু, তৃতীয় লিংগ আৰু [[এলজিবিটি]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ব্যক্তিৰ মাজত [[এইড্‌ছ]]ৰ সজাগতা সৃষ্টি কৰে। ভাৰতত [[সমকামিতা|সমকামী]], [[লেছবিয়ান]], [[উভকামিতা|উভকামী]], [[ৰূপান্তৰিত লিংগ]], হিজিৰা, তৃতীয় লিংগ ইত্যাদিৰ অধিকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ বহুতো কাম কৰিছে। তাৰে ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হল ভাৰতীয় দণ্ডবিধি আইনৰ দফা ৩৭৭ বিলুপ্তিৰ বাবে দিল্লী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয় আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়]]ত গোচৰ দিয়া। তেওঁৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ ফলশ্ৰুতিত ২০১৮ চনত এই দফা উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে অসংবিধানীক হিচাপে ৰায় দিয়ে। তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইত এলজিবিটিকিউ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ [[গৌৰৱ যাত্ৰা|গৌৰৱ যাত্ৰাও]] অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। তেওঁ ২০১২ চনৰ [[টাইম (আলোচনী)|টাইম আলোচনীৰ]] বিশ্বৰ ১০০ গৰাকী আটাইতকৈ প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিৰ তালিকাত স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112141,00.html The 100 Most Influential People in the World: Anjali Gopalan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814034810/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112141,00.html |date=2013-08-14 }} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'' 18 April 2012, retrieved 13 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৩ চনত তেওঁ [[ফ্ৰান্স]] চৰকাৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান ''লেজিয়ন ডি'অনৰ লাভ'' কৰে।

== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
১৯৫৭ চনৰ ১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ তাৰিখে [[তামিলনাডু]]ৰ ৰাজধানী [[চেন্নাই]]ত অঞ্জলী গোপালনৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ ডাঃ কে.আৰ. গোপালন [[ভাৰতীয় বায়ু সেনা]]ৰ বিষয়া আৰু পঞ্জাবী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰৰ মাতৃ গৃহিনী। তেওঁ লক্ষ্ণৌৰ লা মাৰ্টিনিয়েৰত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।

তেওঁ ভাৰত আৰু [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] উভয়তে শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লেডী শ্ৰী ৰাম কলেজৰ পৰা তেওঁ ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ তেওঁ সাংবাদিকতাৰ পোষ্টগ্ৰেজুৱেট ডিপ্লমা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উন্নয়নত জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।

== কৰ্মজীৱন ==
অঞ্জলীয়ে প্ৰায় এটা দশক [[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]]ৰ এক সন্থাত কাম কৰিছিল। এই সন্থায়ে জৰুৰী কাগজ-পত্ৰ নোহোৱাকৈ আমেৰিকালৈ যোৱা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ মানুহক সহায় কৰে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ভাৰতলৈ আহে আৰু নাজ ফাউণ্ডেচন গঠন কৰে। নাজ ফাউণ্ডেচনে [[এইড্‌ছ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা পীড়িত বহুতো মহিলা, শিশু আৰু [[এলজিবিটি]] সম্প্ৰদায়ৰৰ লোকক নতুন জীৱন সলনি কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;world-citizenship.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/anjali-gopalan|title=Anjali Gopalan - Ashoka - Innovators for the Public|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৯৪ চনত তেওঁ দিল্লীত প্ৰথমখন এইছআইভি ক্লিনিক স্থাপন কৰে। ২০০০ চনত তেওঁ দেশৰ প্ৰথমখন এইছআইভিৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ৰান্ত শিশু আৰু মহিলাৰ অনাথলয় স্থাপন কৰে।

২০০১ চনত তেওঁৰ সংগঠন নাজ ফাউণ্ডেচনে এলজিবিটি সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অধিকাৰৰ বাবে ভাৰতীয় দণ্ডবিধি আইনৰ দফা ৩৭৭ আঁতৰাবলৈ দিল্লী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ত এক জনহীতৰ গোচৰ দিয়ে। ২০০৯ চনত উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ে তেওঁৰ পক্ষত ৰায় দিয়ে আৰু এই দফা অসংবিধানিক বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।

২০১৩ চনত উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে দিল্লী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ৰ ৰায়ৰ বিপক্ষে ৰায় দিয়ে আৰু ধাৰা ৩৭৭ বাহাল ৰাখে। তেওঁ পুনৰ এই ৰায়ৰ বিবেচনাৰ বাবে ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ত আকৌ গোচৰ দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাতে ২০১৮ চনত উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ পাঁচ গৰাকী ন্যায়াধীশৰ সংবিধানিক পীঠে ধাৰা ৩৭৭ সম্পূৰ্ণ অসংবিধানিক হিচাপে ৰায় দিয়ে।

[[চিত্ৰ:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|285x285px|মাদুৰাইত অনুষ্ঠিত এছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম জেণ্ডাৰ [[কুইয়াৰ]] [[গৌৰৱ যাত্ৰা]]ত গোপী শংকৰ মাদুৰাই আৰু অঞ্জলী গোপালন&lt;ref name=&quot;One Who Fights For an Other&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|title=One Who Fights For an Other|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-08|archivedate=2016-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/worldwide-gay-rights-as-a-social-movement-picks-up/15914647.shtml|title=Worldwide gay rights as a social movement picks up|website=www.merinews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
== বঁটা আৰু সন্মান ==
অঞ্জলী গোপালনে বহুতো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০০১ চনত তেওঁ কমনৱেলথ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০০৩ চনত এইডছৰ লগত যুঁজি থকা ব্যক্তিসকলক সহায় কৰাৰ বাবে চেন্নাইৰ মানৱসেৱা ধৰ্ম সম্বৰ্ধনীয়ে তেওঁক সৎগুৰু জ্ঞাননন্দ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰে।
২০০৭ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ [[মহিলা আৰু শিশু বিকাশ মন্ত্ৰণালয়]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সন্মানিত হৈছিল। ২০১২ চনত তেওঁ এছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম [[কুইয়াৰ|জেণ্ডাৰ কুইয়াৰ]] [[গৌৰৱ যাত্ৰা]] [[এলান ট্যুৰিং]] ৰামধেনু উৎসৱ উদ্বোধন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ সৃষ্টি মাদুৰাইৰ মুখ্য উপদেষ্টাৰ অসনো অলংকৃত কৰিছিল।

২০১৩ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰ তাৰিখে তেওঁ [[ফ্ৰান্স]] চৰকাৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান লেজিয়ন ডি'অনাৰ লাভ কৰে। এই বঁটা লাভ কৰা তেওঁ প্ৰথম তামিল মহিলা। ২০১৪ চনত লিমকা বুক অফ ৰেকৰ্ডে তেওঁক বৰ্ষশ্ৰেষ্ঠ ব্যক্তি হিচাপে সন্মানিত কৰে।
== অঞ্জলী গোপালন সৃষ্টি সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু সংবাদিকতা বঁটা ==
সৃষ্টি মাদুৰাই সংগঠনে তেওঁৰ নামেৰে অঞ্জলী গোপালন সৃষ্টি সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু সংবাদিকতা বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰে। টাইমছ অফ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ সাংবাদিকদ্বয় ভি. মায়িলভাগণন আৰু ভি. নাৰায়ণস্বামীয়ে লাভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://srishtimadurai.blogspot.in/2014/08/srishti-tamil-lambda-literary-awards.html|title=Srishti Madurai|author=Gopi Shankar|publisher=|accessdate=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== তথ্য উৎস ==
{{reflist}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]]</text>
      <sha1>iwb24hpxd11znwqsq4lepqfoyyafam3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>১ জুন</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51483</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610835</id>
      <parentid>322765</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>যদুমণি</username>
        <id>32127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* জন্ম */</comment>
      <origin>610835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5320" sha1="cgv79w0yk118z9macdmxilone4atit8" xml:space="preserve">{{আজিৰ দিনটো|1|6|152}}
আজিৰ দিনত ঘটা কেইটামান উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা-
== জন্ম ==
* ১৫৬৩ – ৰবাৰ্ট চেচিল এজন ইংৰাজ ৰাষ্ট্ৰনেতা। ১৯৩৭ চনত ৰবাৰ্ট চেচিলক নোবেল বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়
* ১৮৪২ - [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] লেখক, সুৰকাৰ, ভাষাবিদ ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰৰ দ্বিতীয় জ্যেষ্ঠ ভাতৃ। ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজৰ সময়ত ভাৰতীয় সমাজত নাৰীৰ মুক্তিৰ দিশত তেওঁ উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল।
* ১৯২৯ - [[নাৰ্গিছ দত্ত]],  এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ৰাজনীতিবিদ।
* ১৯২৬ - [[মেৰিলিন মন্‌ৰ']] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু মডেল । (মৃত্য়ুঃ ০৪/০৮/১৯৬২)
* ১৯৩৬ - [[নীলপৱন বৰুৱা]], খ্যাতনামা চিত্ৰশিল্পী।
* ১৯৪১ – [[গগনচন্দ্ৰ অধিকাৰী]], অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ শিশু সাহিত্যিক।
* ১৯৫০ - অশোক কুমাৰ, ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাক্তন পেছাদাৰী ফিল্ড [[হকী]] খেলুৱৈ  আৰু ভাৰতীয় হকী খেলুৱৈ [[ধ্যান চান্দ]]ৰ পুত্ৰ।
* ১৯৭৫ - [[কৰ্ণম মালেশ্বৰী]], ভাৰতীয় ভাৰোত্তোলক।
* ১৯৭৯ - [[সুমন হৰিপ্ৰিয়া]], অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্দেশক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু ৰাজনীতিবিদ।
* ১৯৮৫ - দীনেশ কাৰ্তিক, ভাৰতীয় আন্তৰ্জাতিক ক্ৰিকেটাৰ।

== মৃত্যু ==
* ১৮৩০ - স্বামীনাৰায়ণ, সাহাজানন্দ স্বামী নামেৰেও জনাজাত এজন যোগী আৰু তপস্বী আছিল যাৰ জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় হিন্দু ধৰ্ম, অহিংসা আৰু ব্ৰহ্মচাৰ্যৰ অনুশীলনৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱন ঘটায়।
* ১৮৪২ - শিক্ষাবিদ ডেভিড হেয়াৰ।
* ১৯৬৮ - [[হেলেন কেলাৰ]], মাৰ্কিন মানৱতাবাদী, লেখিকা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। উদ্যমী বক্তা হিচাপে বিশ্ববিখ্যাত বিশেষভাৱে সক্ষম নাৰী। (জন্মঃ ২৭/০৬/১৮৮০)
* ১৯৮১ - [[নাৰ্গিছ দত্ত]], ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী।
* ১৯৮৪ - নানা পালশীকাৰ, এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা যিয়ে ৮০ খনতকৈও অধিক হিন্দী ছবিত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।
* ১৯৯৬ - [[নীলম সঞ্জীৱ ৰেড্ডী]], ভাৰতৰ ষষ্ঠগৰাকী ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি।
* ২০০৪ - [[নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ]], অসমীয়া সাহিত্যক তথা গীতিকাৰ।
* ২০০৭ - [[ৰামৰাও কৃষ্ণৰাও পাটিল]], ভাৰতীয় গান্ধীবাদী আৰু ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী।

== অন্যান্য ==
* ১৮৩১ – জেমছ ক্লাৰ্ক উত্তৰ চুম্বকীয় মেৰুত খোজ দিয়া প্ৰথমজন ইউৰোপীয় হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।
* ২০০১ – নেপালৰ ৰাজকীয় হত্যাকাণ্ড : নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰই পিতৃ-মাতৃকে ধৰি পৰিয়ালৰ কেইবাজনো সদস্যক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰে।
* ২০১১ – ২৫বাৰ সফল উৰণৰ পিছত মহাকাশযান এণ্ডেভাৰে চূড়ান্ত অৱতৰণ সম্পন্ন কৰে।

==দিৱস==
* [[বিশ্ব গাখীৰ দিৱস]]
* বিশ্ব অভিভাৱক দিৱস

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
{{Months}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:জুন]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী বৰ্ষপঞ্জীৰ দিন]]</text>
      <sha1>cgv79w0yk118z9macdmxilone4atit8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610838</id>
      <parentid>610835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>যদুমণি</username>
        <id>32127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* অন্যান্য */</comment>
      <origin>610838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7742" sha1="409ba4exzwlez5agd809hbx9mxt18up" xml:space="preserve">{{আজিৰ দিনটো|1|6|152}}
আজিৰ দিনত ঘটা কেইটামান উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনা-

== উল্লেখযোগ্য ঘটনাৱলী ==

* ১৮৩১ – জেমছ ক্লাৰ্ক উত্তৰ চুম্বকীয় মেৰুত খোজ দিয়া প্ৰথমজন [[ইউৰোপ|ইউৰোপী]]য় হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।
* ১৯৩০ – [[ভাৰত]]ৰ প্ৰথমখন ডিলাক্স ৰে’ল ডেকান কুইন বম্বে ভিটিৰ পৰা পুনেলৈ চলিছিল।
* ১৯৬৫ – [[জাপান]]ৰ ফুক’কা অঞ্চলত কয়লা খনি বিস্ফোৰণত প্ৰায় ২৫০ জন লোকৰ মৃত্যু হয়।
* ১৯৬৯ – ধঁপাতজাতীয় সামগ্ৰী আৰু আনুষংগিক বিজ্ঞাপন কানাডাত ৰেডিঅ’ আৰু টিভিত সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হয়।
* ১৯৭৯ – ৰোডেছিয়াত ৯০ বছৰ সংখ্যালঘু বগা শাসনৰ অন্তত ঘোষণা কৰা হয় যে দেশখন এতিয়া জিম্বাবুৱে নামেৰে পৰিচিত হ’ব।
* ১৯৮০ – কেবল নিউজ নেটৱৰ্ক টেলিভিছন নেটৱৰ্কে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে সম্প্ৰচাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে।
* ১৯৯২ – ভাৰত আৰু [[ইজৰাইল]]ৰ মাজত বিমান চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়।
* ১৯৯৬ – এইচ ডি দেৱ গৌড়া ভাৰতৰ দ্বাদশ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী হয়।
* ২০০১ – নেপালৰ ৰাজকীয় হত্যাকাণ্ড : নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰই পিতৃ-মাতৃকে ধৰি পৰিয়ালৰ কেইবাজনো সদস্যক গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰে।
* ২০০৮ – আমেৰিকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি পদৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী [[বাৰাক অ'বামা|বাৰাক ওবামাই]] চিকাগোৰ ট্ৰিনিটি ইউনাইটেড চাৰ্চৰ পৰা পদত্যাগ কৰে।
* ২০১০ – মধ্য আমেৰিকাত গুৱেটামালাৰ প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰৰ পৰা অহা ক্ৰান্তীয় ধুমুহা আগাথাত ১৫০ জন লোকৰ মৃত্যু হয়।
* ২০১১ – ২৫বাৰ সফল উৰণৰ পিছত মহাকাশযান এণ্ডেভাৰে চূড়ান্ত অৱতৰণ সম্পন্ন কৰে।
* ২০১৪ – [[নাইজেৰিয়া]]ৰ এখন [[ফুটবল]] খেলপথাৰত হোৱা বিস্ফোৰণত ৪০ জন লোকে প্ৰাণ হেৰুৱাইছিল।

== জন্ম ==
* ১৫৬৩ – ৰবাৰ্ট চেচিল এজন ইংৰাজ ৰাষ্ট্ৰনেতা। ১৯৩৭ চনত ৰবাৰ্ট চেচিলক নোবেল বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়
* ১৮৪২ - [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] লেখক, সুৰকাৰ, ভাষাবিদ ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰৰ দ্বিতীয় জ্যেষ্ঠ ভাতৃ। ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজৰ সময়ত ভাৰতীয় সমাজত নাৰীৰ মুক্তিৰ দিশত তেওঁ উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল।
* ১৯২৯ - [[নাৰ্গিছ দত্ত]],  এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ৰাজনীতিবিদ।
* ১৯২৬ - [[মেৰিলিন মন্‌ৰ']] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু মডেল । (মৃত্য়ুঃ ০৪/০৮/১৯৬২)
* ১৯৩৬ - [[নীলপৱন বৰুৱা]], খ্যাতনামা চিত্ৰশিল্পী।
* ১৯৪১ – [[গগনচন্দ্ৰ অধিকাৰী]], অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ শিশু সাহিত্যিক।
* ১৯৫০ - অশোক কুমাৰ, ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাক্তন পেছাদাৰী ফিল্ড [[হকী]] খেলুৱৈ  আৰু ভাৰতীয় হকী খেলুৱৈ [[ধ্যান চান্দ]]ৰ পুত্ৰ।
* ১৯৭৫ - [[কৰ্ণম মালেশ্বৰী]], ভাৰতীয় ভাৰোত্তোলক।
* ১৯৭৯ - [[সুমন হৰিপ্ৰিয়া]], অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্দেশক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু ৰাজনীতিবিদ।
* ১৯৮৫ - দীনেশ কাৰ্তিক, ভাৰতীয় আন্তৰ্জাতিক ক্ৰিকেটাৰ।

== মৃত্যু ==
* ১৮৩০ - স্বামীনাৰায়ণ, সাহাজানন্দ স্বামী নামেৰেও জনাজাত এজন যোগী আৰু তপস্বী আছিল যাৰ জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষাই কেন্দ্ৰীয় হিন্দু ধৰ্ম, অহিংসা আৰু ব্ৰহ্মচাৰ্যৰ অনুশীলনৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱন ঘটায়।
* ১৮৪২ - শিক্ষাবিদ ডেভিড হেয়াৰ।
* ১৯৬৮ - [[হেলেন কেলাৰ]], মাৰ্কিন মানৱতাবাদী, লেখিকা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। উদ্যমী বক্তা হিচাপে বিশ্ববিখ্যাত বিশেষভাৱে সক্ষম নাৰী। (জন্মঃ ২৭/০৬/১৮৮০)
* ১৯৮১ - [[নাৰ্গিছ দত্ত]], ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী।
* ১৯৮৪ - নানা পালশীকাৰ, এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেতা যিয়ে ৮০ খনতকৈও অধিক হিন্দী ছবিত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।
* ১৯৯৬ - [[নীলম সঞ্জীৱ ৰেড্ডী]], ভাৰতৰ ষষ্ঠগৰাকী ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি।
* ২০০৪ - [[নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ]], অসমীয়া সাহিত্যক তথা গীতিকাৰ।
* ২০০৭ - [[ৰামৰাও কৃষ্ণৰাও পাটিল]], ভাৰতীয় গান্ধীবাদী আৰু ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী।

==দিৱস==
* [[বিশ্ব গাখীৰ দিৱস]]
* বিশ্ব অভিভাৱক দিৱস

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
{{Months}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:জুন]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী বৰ্ষপঞ্জীৰ দিন]]</text>
      <sha1>409ba4exzwlez5agd809hbx9mxt18up</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>২ জুন</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610842</id>
      <parentid>367756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T15:09:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>যদুমণি</username>
        <id>32127</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7675" sha1="jishdo0oqi7jbxsh2z2qqoc4yr61bye" xml:space="preserve">{{আজিৰ দিনটো|2|06|153}}

&quot;জুন&quot; শব্দটো লেটিন ভাষাৰ &quot;জুনিয়াছ&quot; শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যিটো ৰোমান যৌৱনৰ দেৱতাৰ নাম আছিল। জুন মাহটোক প্ৰথমে জুনিয়ছ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ লেটিন ভাষাত &quot;যুৱক&quot; বা &quot;যুৱক&quot;। কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪৪ চনত ৰোমান দেৱতাৰ সন্মানত ইয়াৰ নাম জুন লৈ সলনি কৰা হয়।

== ঘটনাৱলী ==
* ১৭৮০ - লণ্ডনত কেথলিক বিৰোধী বিক্ষোভকাৰীয়ে সংসদত আক্ৰমণ চলায়।
* ১৮৫১ - আমেৰিকাত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে মেইন প্ৰভিন্সত মদ্যপান নিষেধাজ্ঞা আইন কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা হয়।
* ১৮৯৭ - গুগ্লিয়েলমো মাৰ্ক’নিয়ে ১৮৯৬ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত ৰেডিঅ’টোৰ পেটেণ্টৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰে, যিটো পিছলৈ গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়।
* ১৯৪৭ - লৰ্ড লুই মাউণ্টবেটেনে ১৯৪৭ চনত ভাৰত বিভাজনৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে।
* ১৯৫৩ - ৰাণী দ্বিতীয় এলিজাবেথ ব্ৰিটিছ সিংহাসনত মুকুট পিন্ধোৱা হয়।
* ১৯৬৬ - আমেৰিকাই প্ৰথম প্ৰচেষ্টাত চন্দ্ৰত এখন মহাকাশযান অৱতৰণ কৰে।
* ১৯৭৯ - পোপ দ্বিতীয় জন পল, মাতৃভূমি পোলেণ্ড ভ্ৰমণ আৰম্ভ কৰে; তেওঁ হৈছে কোনো কমিউনিষ্ট দেশ ভ্ৰমণকাৰী প্ৰথম পোপ।
* ১৯৯৬ - ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শেষৰটো পাৰমাণৱিক ৱাৰহেড ৰাছিয়াক গতাই দি পাৰমাণৱিকমুক্ত দেশত পৰিণত হয়।
* ১৯৯৯ - ভুটান ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ছাৰ্ভিছ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে দেশত টেলিভিছন সম্প্ৰচাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে।
* ২০০৩ - ইউৰোপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে মংগল গ্ৰহলৈ যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ সংস্থাৰ মংগল এক্সপ্ৰেছ প্ৰ’ব কাজাখস্তানৰ বৈকানুৰ মহাকাশ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা উৎক্ষেপণ কৰা হয়।

== জন্ম ==
*১৫৩৫ - পোপ একাদশ লিও (মৃত্যু: ১৬০৫)। 
*১৭৩১ - মাৰ্থা ৱাচিংটন, আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰথম ফাৰ্ষ্ট লেডি (মৃ. ১৮০২)
*১৮৪০ - [[টমাছ হাৰ্ডি]], ইংৰাজ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ।
*১৮৬৫ - জৰ্জ লোহমেন, ইংৰাজ ক্ৰিকেটাৰ। (মৃ. ১৯০১)
*১৮৭৪ - [[কৰুণাভিৰাম বৰুৱা]], অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক।
*১৮৯৪ - [[কমলানন্দ ভট্টাচাৰ্য্য]], অসমীয়া নাট্যকাৰ, অভিনেতা, কবি, গীতিকাৰ আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ।
*১৯১০ – বাবুলাল গৌৰ যাদৱ, [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী|ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি]]ৰ এজন  ৰাজনীতিবিদ যিয়ে [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ|মধ্যপ্ৰদেশ]]ৰ ১৬ সংখ্যক মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।
*১৯১৮ - [[ভৱানন্দ দত্ত]], গৱেষক, প্ৰৱক্তা আৰু সাহিত্য সমালোচক। (মৃত্যু: ১৯৫৯)
*১৯৪৬ - লাছে হালস্ত্ৰোম, ছুয়েডীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। 
*১৯৫৬ - [[মণি ৰত্নম]], ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ।
*১৯৬৫ - মাৰ্ক ৱাহ, অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান ক্ৰিকেটাৰ। 
*১৯৮০ - ডোলা বেনাৰ্জী, ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা [[ধনুৰ্বিদ]] যিয়ে [[অলিম্পিক]]ৰ বাবে যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে। 
*১৯৮৭ - এঞ্জেলো মেথিউছ, শ্ৰীলংকান আন্তৰ্জাতিক ক্ৰিকেটাৰ। 
*১৯৮৭ - [[সোনাক্ষী সিন্‌হা]], ভাৰতীয় বলিউড অভিনেত্ৰী।
*১৯৮৯ - [[ললিতা বাবৰ]], ভাৰতীয় দীৰ্ঘ দূৰত্ব দৌৰবিদ।

== মৃত্যু ==
*১৯৭৫ - দেবেন্দ্ৰ মোহন বসু, ভাৰতীয় পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞানী। (জ. ১৮৮৫)
*১৯৭৭ - ষ্টিভেন বয়েড, উত্তৰ আয়াৰলেণ্ডৰ অভিনেতা। (জ. ১৯৩১)
*১৯৮৮ - [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]], ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা আৰু অভিনেতা। (জ. ১৯২৪)
*১৯৯০ - পণ্ডিত শ্ৰীৰাম শৰ্মা আচাৰ্য, সৰ্ববিশ্ব গায়ত্ৰী পৰিয়াল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা ভাৰতৰ এজন যুগ যুগীয় ঋষি। সমাজৰ উন্নতি আৰু সংস্কৃতি আৰু চৰিত্ৰ উত্থানৰ বাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ জীৱন উৎসৰ্গা কৰিছিল।
*১৯৯০ - ৰেক্স হাৰিছন, ইংৰাজ অভিনেতা। (জ. ১৯০৮)
*১৯৯১ - [[বিভা চৌধুৰী]], ভাৰতীয় পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী।
*২০০৪ - [[শ্ৰীকান্ত জিচকাৰ]], ভাৰতীয় শিক্ষাবিদ।
*২০১৫ - বিজয়া ৰায়, সত্যজিৎ ৰায়ৰ স্ত্ৰী। (জ. ১৯১৭)

==দিৱস==
* শিশু দিৱস ([[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]])
* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যৌন-কৰ্মী দিৱস
* [[তেলঙ্গানা]] দিৱস

{{Months}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:জুন]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী বৰ্ষপঞ্জীৰ দিন]]</text>
      <sha1>jishdo0oqi7jbxsh2z2qqoc4yr61bye</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610843</id>
      <parentid>610842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T15:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>যদুমণি</username>
        <id>32127</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ঘটনাৱলী */</comment>
      <origin>610843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9495" sha1="d70vvnx8iqhdukxusckpa0itbtz90gp" xml:space="preserve">{{আজিৰ দিনটো|2|06|153}}

&quot;জুন&quot; শব্দটো লেটিন ভাষাৰ &quot;জুনিয়াছ&quot; শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যিটো ৰোমান যৌৱনৰ দেৱতাৰ নাম আছিল। জুন মাহটোক প্ৰথমে জুনিয়ছ বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ লেটিন ভাষাত &quot;যুৱক&quot; বা &quot;যুৱক&quot;। কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৪৪ চনত ৰোমান দেৱতাৰ সন্মানত ইয়াৰ নাম জুন লৈ সলনি কৰা হয়।

== ঘটনাৱলী ==
* ১৭৮০ - লণ্ডনত কেথলিক বিৰোধী বিক্ষোভকাৰীয়ে সংসদত আক্ৰমণ চলায়।
* ১৮৫১ - আমেৰিকাত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে মেইন প্ৰভিন্সত মদ্যপান নিষেধাজ্ঞা আইন কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা হয়।
* ১৮৯৭ - গুগ্লিয়েলমো মাৰ্ক’নিয়ে ১৮৯৬ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত ৰেডিঅ’টোৰ পেটেণ্টৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰে, যিটো পিছলৈ গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়।
* ১৯৪৭ - লৰ্ড লুই মাউণ্টবেটেনে ১৯৪৭ চনত ভাৰত বিভাজনৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে।
* ১৯৫৩ - ৰাণী দ্বিতীয় এলিজাবেথ ব্ৰিটিছ সিংহাসনত মুকুট পিন্ধোৱা হয়।
* ১৯৬৬ - আমেৰিকাই প্ৰথম প্ৰচেষ্টাত চন্দ্ৰত এখন মহাকাশযান অৱতৰণ কৰে।
* ১৯৭৯ - পোপ দ্বিতীয় জন পল, মাতৃভূমি পোলেণ্ড ভ্ৰমণ আৰম্ভ কৰে; তেওঁ হৈছে কোনো কমিউনিষ্ট দেশ ভ্ৰমণকাৰী প্ৰথম পোপ।
* ১৯৯৬ - ইউক্ৰেইনৰ শেষৰটো পাৰমাণৱিক ৱাৰহেড ৰাছিয়াক গতাই দি পাৰমাণৱিকমুক্ত দেশত পৰিণত হয়।
* ১৯৯৯ - ভুটান ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ছাৰ্ভিছ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে দেশত টেলিভিছন সম্প্ৰচাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে।
* ২০০৩ - ইউৰোপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে মংগল গ্ৰহলৈ যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ সংস্থাৰ মংগল এক্সপ্ৰেছ প্ৰ’ব কাজাখস্তানৰ বৈকানুৰ মহাকাশ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা উৎক্ষেপণ কৰা হয়।
* ২০০৪ – অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ মডেল জেনিফাৰ হকিন্স মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্ছ হয়।
* ২০০৬ – আমেৰিকাই ডাউদ ইব্ৰাহিম আৰু তেওঁৰ সংগঠনৰ ওপৰত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰে।
* ২০১১ – ইউৰোপত ২০ জনতকৈ অধিক লোকৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু ১৬০০ৰো অধিক লোক ই-কলাই বেক্টেৰিয়াৰ সংক্ৰমণত অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে।
* ২০১১ – ভাৰত চৰকাৰে ২০১১ চনত ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী আৱাস যোজনাৰ প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ত অনুমোদন জনায় যাতে নগৰীয়া অঞ্চলসমূহক বস্তিৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰি দৰিদ্ৰ লোকসকলক ঘৰৰ সপোন পূৰণ কৰাত সহায় কৰে।
* ২০১৪ – তেলেংগানা ভাৰতৰ ২৯ সংখ্যক ৰাজ্য হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।

== জন্ম ==
*১৫৩৫ - পোপ একাদশ লিও (মৃত্যু: ১৬০৫)। 
*১৭৩১ - মাৰ্থা ৱাচিংটন, আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰথম ফাৰ্ষ্ট লেডি (মৃ. ১৮০২)
*১৮৪০ - [[টমাছ হাৰ্ডি]], ইংৰাজ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ।
*১৮৫৭ - এডলফ জিলেৰুপ, ডেনমাৰ্কৰ এজন লেখক আৰু নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী কাৰ্ল ।
*১৮৬৫ - জৰ্জ লোহমেন, ইংৰাজ ক্ৰিকেটাৰ। (মৃ. ১৯০১)
*১৮৭৪ - [[কৰুণাভিৰাম বৰুৱা]], অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক।
*১৮৯৪ - [[কমলানন্দ ভট্টাচাৰ্য্য]], অসমীয়া নাট্যকাৰ, অভিনেতা, কবি, গীতিকাৰ আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ।
*১৯১০ - বাবুলাল গৌৰ যাদৱ, [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী|ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি]]ৰ এজন  ৰাজনীতিবিদ যিয়ে [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ|মধ্যপ্ৰদেশ]]ৰ ১৬ সংখ্যক মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।
*১৯১৮ - [[ভৱানন্দ দত্ত]], গৱেষক, প্ৰৱক্তা আৰু সাহিত্য সমালোচক। (মৃত্যু: ১৯৫৯)
*১৯২৩ - লয়ড শ্বেপলী, আমেৰিকান গণিতজ্ঞ, অৰ্থনীতিবিদ, নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী ।
*১৯৪৬ - লাছে হালস্ত্ৰোম, ছুয়েডীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। 
*১৯৫৬ - [[মণি ৰত্নম]], ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ।
*১৯৬৫ - মাৰ্ক ৱাহ, অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান ক্ৰিকেটাৰ। 
*১৯৮০ - ডোলা বেনাৰ্জী, ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা [[ধনুৰ্বিদ]] যিয়ে [[অলিম্পিক]]ৰ বাবে যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে। 
*১৯৮৭ - এঞ্জেলো মেথিউছ, শ্ৰীলংকান আন্তৰ্জাতিক ক্ৰিকেটাৰ। 
*১৯৮৭ - [[সোনাক্ষী সিন্‌হা]], ভাৰতীয় বলিউড অভিনেত্ৰী।
*১৯৮৯ - [[ললিতা বাবৰ]], ভাৰতীয় দীৰ্ঘ দূৰত্ব দৌৰবিদ।

== মৃত্যু ==
*১৯৭৫ - দেবেন্দ্ৰ মোহন বসু, ভাৰতীয় পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞানী। (জ. ১৮৮৫)
*১৯৭৭ - ষ্টিভেন বয়েড, উত্তৰ আয়াৰলেণ্ডৰ অভিনেতা। (জ. ১৯৩১)
*১৯৮৮ - [[ৰাজ কাপুৰ]], ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা আৰু অভিনেতা। (জ. ১৯২৪)
*১৯৯০ - পণ্ডিত শ্ৰীৰাম শৰ্মা আচাৰ্য, সৰ্ববিশ্ব গায়ত্ৰী পৰিয়াল প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা ভাৰতৰ এজন যুগ যুগীয় ঋষি। সমাজৰ উন্নতি আৰু সংস্কৃতি আৰু চৰিত্ৰ উত্থানৰ বাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ জীৱন উৎসৰ্গা কৰিছিল।
*১৯৯০ - ৰেক্স হাৰিছন, ইংৰাজ অভিনেতা। (জ. ১৯০৮)
*১৯৯১ - [[বিভা চৌধুৰী]], ভাৰতীয় পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী।
*২০০৪ - [[শ্ৰীকান্ত জিচকাৰ]], ভাৰতীয় শিক্ষাবিদ।
*২০১৫ - বিজয়া ৰায়, সত্যজিৎ ৰায়ৰ স্ত্ৰী। (জ. ১৯১৭)
*২০১৫ – এজন বিশিষ্ট জৈৱ ৰসায়নবিদ, নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী ইৰউইন ৰোজৰ মৃত্যু।

==দিৱস==
* শিশু দিৱস ([[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]])
* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যৌন-কৰ্মী দিৱস
* [[তেলঙ্গানা]] দিৱস

{{Months}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:জুন]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী বৰ্ষপঞ্জীৰ দিন]]</text>
      <sha1>d70vvnx8iqhdukxusckpa0itbtz90gp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>গৱেষণা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610927</id>
      <parentid>610813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:41:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>(edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]])</comment>
      <origin>610927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20346" sha1="othj8ajoia2idoo1kch6xmc7r7dd2bx" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে।

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়।

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়৷&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>othj8ajoia2idoo1kch6xmc7r7dd2bx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610928</id>
      <parentid>610927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:44:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22338" sha1="gete3d2d2pu7t65klqqs22fcu93xkxz" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt;  'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অর্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্রত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অর্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অর্থাৎ যাৰ দ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অর্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিবী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনার্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানার্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাবন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্রমে পর্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুর্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অর্থত অর্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অর্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অর্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অর্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে।

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়।

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়৷&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>gete3d2d2pu7t65klqqs22fcu93xkxz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610929</id>
      <parentid>610928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:45:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22338" sha1="dxcgbiqqish60zih4tjb6lexf9hn7va" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>dxcgbiqqish60zih4tjb6lexf9hn7va</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610931</id>
      <parentid>610929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610931</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22946" sha1="mxt2f0jsnpiewz7eok7jj9cof1ztgk1" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। প্ৰথমতে তেওঁ এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>mxt2f0jsnpiewz7eok7jj9cof1ztgk1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610932</id>
      <parentid>610931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:49:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24699" sha1="7o4cl29v5vc80az2srk5qk8n3l4hx6p" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। 
*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। 
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>7o4cl29v5vc80az2srk5qk8n3l4hx6p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610933</id>
      <parentid>610932</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25453" sha1="fbpv5xj6va2rabdhmqsfwb8lmxt0fpm" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। 
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>fbpv5xj6va2rabdhmqsfwb8lmxt0fpm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610935</id>
      <parentid>610933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:52:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26190" sha1="953i08cox7dc8rs3p8gq3b5kkzoxp11" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। 
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>953i08cox7dc8rs3p8gq3b5kkzoxp11</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610937</id>
      <parentid>610935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27703" sha1="hl90xo5w7tug3oz3kun9cn03g2q7vs9" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। 
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব। 
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>hl90xo5w7tug3oz3kun9cn03g2q7vs9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610938</id>
      <parentid>610937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:55:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* গৱেষক */</comment>
      <origin>610938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27771" sha1="46iqffh8nkl88kfmp6y6r2aaciu62wu" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>46iqffh8nkl88kfmp6y6r2aaciu62wu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610939</id>
      <parentid>610938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:57:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27940" sha1="e6dzbpk31722q2k3facwvi59tlprqze" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>e6dzbpk31722q2k3facwvi59tlprqze</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610940</id>
      <parentid>610939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:58:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27997" sha1="a5q07emyz3zn2qj17i9j61pbfbuq333" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
[[File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg|thumb|[[Aristotle]]
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>a5q07emyz3zn2qj17i9j61pbfbuq333</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610941</id>
      <parentid>610940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28081" sha1="po3sefpc6h5me8smqh1vu7vs8yhsz90" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে।

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}</text>
      <sha1>po3sefpc6h5me8smqh1vu7vs8yhsz90</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610942</id>
      <parentid>610941</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29925" sha1="sca7f2k8l2ucj52mg2v0fraj25luzn8" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ আঁচনিসাৰ==
আঁচনিসাৰখন হ'ল কৰিবলগীয়া গৱেষণাৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা বা ৰূপৰেখা। তাত গৱেষণীয় বিষয়টো উপস্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব, তাৰ লক্ষ্য-উদ্দেশ্য পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ পদ্ধতি তথা সম্ভাৱ্য উৎস সম্পৰ্কত এটা আভাস দিব লাগিব। কিছুমান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে গৱেষণা আঁচনিসাৰখনত কি কি কথা থাকিব লাগে সেই কথা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰিও দিয়ে। আনহাতে এই আঁচনিসাৰখন এইবাবেই প্ৰয়োজনীয় যে এইখনেই আচলতে গৱেষকজনক বাট দেখুৱায়, তেওঁ বিভ্ৰান্তিত পৰিলে মীমাংসা দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ চৰ্ত আৰু পৰিসীমা সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁক সজাগ কৰি ৰাখে। সেয়েহে বেছিভাগ গৱেষকেই যদিও গোজামিল দি আঁচনিসাৰ এখন দাখিল কৰে, আচলতে সকলো দিশ চালি-জাৰি চাই গৱেষণাৰ তত্ত্বৰপৰা অনুমাণিক সময়লৈকে সকলো কথা বিবেচনা কৰিহে 'আঁচনিসাৰ'খন প্ৰস্তুত কৰা উচিত। 


== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}</text>
      <sha1>sca7f2k8l2ucj52mg2v0fraj25luzn8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610943</id>
      <parentid>610942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:04:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* গৱেষণাৰ আঁচনিসাৰ */  (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]])</comment>
      <origin>610943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30188" sha1="igx48qmzbll3t2rxotw5vfmea7puiv5" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ আঁচনিসাৰ==
আঁচনিসাৰখন হ'ল কৰিবলগীয়া গৱেষণাৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা বা ৰূপৰেখা। তাত গৱেষণীয় বিষয়টো উপস্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব, তাৰ লক্ষ্য-উদ্দেশ্য পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ পদ্ধতি তথা সম্ভাৱ্য উৎস সম্পৰ্কত এটা আভাস দিব লাগিব। কিছুমান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে গৱেষণা আঁচনিসাৰখনত কি কি কথা থাকিব লাগে সেই কথা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰিও দিয়ে। আনহাতে এই আঁচনিসাৰখন এইবাবেই প্ৰয়োজনীয় যে এইখনেই আচলতে গৱেষকজনক বাট দেখুৱায়, তেওঁ বিভ্ৰান্তিত পৰিলে মীমাংসা দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ চৰ্ত আৰু পৰিসীমা সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁক সজাগ কৰি ৰাখে। সেয়েহে বেছিভাগ গৱেষকেই যদিও গোজামিল দি আঁচনিসাৰ এখন দাখিল কৰে, আচলতে সকলো দিশ চালি-জাৰি চাই গৱেষণাৰ তত্ত্বৰপৰা অনুমাণিক সময়লৈকে সকলো কথা বিবেচনা কৰিহে 'আঁচনিসাৰ'খন প্ৰস্তুত কৰা উচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;বৰা&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি বিতৰ্ক আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত | publisher=ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন | accessdate=2 June 2026 | author=দিলীপ বৰা | pages=৫০}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}</text>
      <sha1>igx48qmzbll3t2rxotw5vfmea7puiv5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610944</id>
      <parentid>610943</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:06:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30969" sha1="b53ifc2048luxsmqmvzbeb7vpxixztc" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‍Research শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল ১৫৭৭ চনত। 

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ আঁচনিসাৰ==
আঁচনিসাৰখন হ'ল কৰিবলগীয়া গৱেষণাৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা বা ৰূপৰেখা। তাত গৱেষণীয় বিষয়টো উপস্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব, তাৰ লক্ষ্য-উদ্দেশ্য পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ পদ্ধতি তথা সম্ভাৱ্য উৎস সম্পৰ্কত এটা আভাস দিব লাগিব। কিছুমান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে গৱেষণা আঁচনিসাৰখনত কি কি কথা থাকিব লাগে সেই কথা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰিও দিয়ে। আনহাতে এই আঁচনিসাৰখন এইবাবেই প্ৰয়োজনীয় যে এইখনেই আচলতে গৱেষকজনক বাট দেখুৱায়, তেওঁ বিভ্ৰান্তিত পৰিলে মীমাংসা দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ চৰ্ত আৰু পৰিসীমা সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁক সজাগ কৰি ৰাখে। সেয়েহে বেছিভাগ গৱেষকেই যদিও গোজামিল দি আঁচনিসাৰ এখন দাখিল কৰে, আচলতে সকলো দিশ চালি-জাৰি চাই গৱেষণাৰ তত্ত্বৰপৰা অনুমাণিক সময়লৈকে সকলো কথা বিবেচনা কৰিহে 'আঁচনিসাৰ'খন প্ৰস্তুত কৰা উচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;বৰা&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি বিতৰ্ক আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত | publisher=ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন | accessdate=2 June 2026 | author=দিলীপ বৰা | pages=৫০}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গৱেষণা-আঁচনিসাৰ এখনত প্ৰতিফলিত হ'বলগীয়া মূল কথাকেইটা হ'ল-
*বিষয়-বস্তু উপস্থাপন বা আলোচ্য সমস্যা
*গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য
*পূৰ্বকৃত অধ্যয়নৰ সমীক্ষা
*প্ৰমেয়
*অধ্যায় বিভাজন (সম্ভাৱ্য)/সম্ভাৱ্য অধ্যায় বিভাজন
*ক্ষেত্ৰ অধ্যয়নৰ পৰিকল্পনা/পূৰ্বাভাস
*পদ্ধতি
*উৎস
*সংশ্লিষ্ট গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকা

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}</text>
      <sha1>b53ifc2048luxsmqmvzbeb7vpxixztc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610957</id>
      <parentid>610944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:24:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30854" sha1="5e1w6ve5epvuthb819x8lcpbze6a47s" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৱৰ্বতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ আঁচনিসাৰ==
আঁচনিসাৰখন হ'ল কৰিবলগীয়া গৱেষণাৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা বা ৰূপৰেখা। তাত গৱেষণীয় বিষয়টো উপস্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব, তাৰ লক্ষ্য-উদ্দেশ্য পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ পদ্ধতি তথা সম্ভাৱ্য উৎস সম্পৰ্কত এটা আভাস দিব লাগিব। কিছুমান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে গৱেষণা আঁচনিসাৰখনত কি কি কথা থাকিব লাগে সেই কথা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰিও দিয়ে। আনহাতে এই আঁচনিসাৰখন এইবাবেই প্ৰয়োজনীয় যে এইখনেই আচলতে গৱেষকজনক বাট দেখুৱায়, তেওঁ বিভ্ৰান্তিত পৰিলে মীমাংসা দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ চৰ্ত আৰু পৰিসীমা সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁক সজাগ কৰি ৰাখে। সেয়েহে বেছিভাগ গৱেষকেই যদিও গোজামিল দি আঁচনিসাৰ এখন দাখিল কৰে, আচলতে সকলো দিশ চালি-জাৰি চাই গৱেষণাৰ তত্ত্বৰপৰা অনুমাণিক সময়লৈকে সকলো কথা বিবেচনা কৰিহে 'আঁচনিসাৰ'খন প্ৰস্তুত কৰা উচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;বৰা&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি বিতৰ্ক আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত | publisher=ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন | accessdate=2 June 2026 | author=দিলীপ বৰা | pages=৫০}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গৱেষণা-আঁচনিসাৰ এখনত প্ৰতিফলিত হ'বলগীয়া মূল কথাকেইটা হ'ল-
*বিষয়-বস্তু উপস্থাপন বা আলোচ্য সমস্যা
*গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য
*পূৰ্বকৃত অধ্যয়নৰ সমীক্ষা
*প্ৰমেয়
*অধ্যায় বিভাজন (সম্ভাৱ্য)/সম্ভাৱ্য অধ্যায় বিভাজন
*ক্ষেত্ৰ অধ্যয়নৰ পৰিকল্পনা/পূৰ্বাভাস
*পদ্ধতি
*উৎস
*সংশ্লিষ্ট গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকা

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}</text>
      <sha1>5e1w6ve5epvuthb819x8lcpbze6a47s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610959</id>
      <parentid>610957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:25:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30853" sha1="9posa74ledw6sjpc2bviqlm45vrfd6v" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা''' মানে সত্যক আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা আৰু সত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰা। গৱেষণা মানে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধান বা কোনো এটা বিষয় বা সমস্যাৰ অনুসন্ধান। গৱেষণা হৈছে &quot;জ্ঞান ভাণ্ডাৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ কৰা সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ কাম।&quot; ইয়াত প্ৰমাণ সংগ্ৰহ, সত্যতা, অনুসন্ধান, বিচাৰ-বিশ্লেষণ আদি দিশসমূহ জড়িত হৈ থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|doi = 10.1787/9789264239012-en|title = Frascati Manual|series = The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities|year = 2015|isbn = 978-9264238800|last1 = OECD|hdl = 20.500.12749/13290|url = https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|author1-link = OECD|access-date = 4 April 2020|archive-date = 5 June 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750|url-status = live|archivedate = 5 June 2020|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605123738/https://eduq.info/xmlui/handle/11515/35750}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ আভিধানিক অৰ্থ হ'ল 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ গুৰিতে আছে সংস্কৃত 'গো', 'গব' শব্দ, নাইবা 'গবেষ' ধাতু। 'গম' ধাতুৰ উত্তৰ 'ডো'-প্ৰত্যয় যুক্ত হৈ 'গো' শব্দটো নিষ্পন্ন হৈছে। 'গো' শব্দৰ অৰ্থ, 'গম্যতে অনেন' অৰ্থাৎ যাৰদ্বাৰা যোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ আৰু বেলেগ বেলেগ অৰ্থ আছে। যেনে- জ্ঞান, গৰু, পৃথিৱী, বাক্য, সৰস্বতী দেবী, মা, জল, চকু ইত্যাদি। সংস্কৃত ব্যাকৰণ অনুযায়ী গমনাৰ্থক ধাতু জ্ঞানাৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। যেনে- অনুধাৱন, অধিগত, অধিগম্য, দুৰধিগম্য শব্দবিলাকৰ অৰ্থ যথাক্ৰমে পৰ্যালোচনা, জ্ঞাত, জ্ঞেয় আৰু দুৰ্জেয়। আমাৰ অসমীয়াত একেটা অৰ্থত অৰ্থাৎ জ্ঞানাৰ্থত 'গম' শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আছে। 'গম পোৱা' অৰ্থ, 'বুজি পোৱা', 'জান পোৱা'। সংস্কৃত 'এষণ' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে, 'অন্বেষণ'। গতিকে 'গৱেষণা' শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল, 'জ্ঞানান্বেষণ'। এই একেটা অৰ্থতে শব্দটো ইংৰাজীতো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;

গৱেষণা কৰ্ম হৈছে কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়, সমস্যা বা পৰিঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে সুসংগঠিত আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে অনুসন্ধান কৰি নতুন তথ্য, জ্ঞান বা সমাধান উলিয়াবলৈ কৰা এক বৌদ্ধিক প্ৰচেষ্টা। আধুনিক শিক্ষা-ব্যৱস্থা, বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, সমাজবিজ্ঞান, সাহিত্য, অৰ্থনীতি আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বিকাশত গৱেষণাৰ ভূমিকা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে কেৱল নতুন তথ্য আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰাই নহয়, বৰঞ্চ পূৰ্বৰ ধাৰণা আৰু তত্ত্বসমূহৰ সত্যতাও পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়। গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ ইংৰাজী প্ৰতিশব্দ হ’ল Research।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/ | title=https://www.questionpro.com | accessdate=1 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা==
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Researcher |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/researcher |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=October 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ‘ঋকবেদ’ৰ সময়ৰপৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰপৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰপৰা উদ্ভূত। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান। &lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন,চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম্ ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে- ‘‘ গৱেষণা হ’ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য’ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে. ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ’ল এনে একপ্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰপৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ’ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। &lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;

==গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য/উদ্দেশ্য==
গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য হ’ল কোনো এটা বিষয় সম্পৰ্কে গভীৰভাৱে অধ্যয়ন কৰি নতুন তথ্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, পূৰ্বৰ তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰা আৰু কোনো সমস্যা বা প্ৰশ্নৰ যথাযথ উত্তৰ বিচৰা। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ বিস্তাৰ ঘটে আৰু বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে স্পষ্ট ধাৰণা লাভ কৰা যায়। গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰাথমিক উদ্দেশ্যবোৰ হৈছে মানৱ জ্ঞানৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে পদ্ধতি আৰু প্ৰণালীৰ নথি-পত্ৰ, আৱিষ্কাৰ, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু বিকাশ। বহুতো গৱেষক সন্মত যে বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্যবোৰ হৈছে: বিৱৰণ, পূৰ্বানুমান, ব্যাখ্যা, আৰু প্ৰয়োগ। এয়াই হৈছে গৱেষণাৰ মূল সংজ্ঞা। &lt;ref&gt;MANUAL ON GOOD PRACTICES IN EXTENSION RESEARCH &amp; EVALUATION, file:///Users/Jonali/Downloads/MANUAL-GoodPracticesinExtnResEvln-L.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে লক্ষ্যৰ তালিকাত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আৰু প্ৰয়োগো যোগ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;https://psychcentral.com/blog/understanding-research-methodology-3-goals-of-scientific-research#1&lt;/ref&gt;
নগেন শইকীয়াই ‘গৱেষণা-পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়’&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয় গ্ৰন্থ | publisher=কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন | author=নগেন শইকীয়া | authorlink=গৱেষণাৰ সংজ্ঞা... | year=২০১০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৪}}&lt;/ref&gt; গ্ৰন্থত গৱেষণা কাৰ্যৰ উদ্দেশ্য সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰিছে এনেদৰে-
*গৃহীত বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে কোনো অনুসন্ধান হোৱা নাই। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে ব্যৱহৃত তথ্য-পাতিখিনি পৰ্যাপ্ত বা শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে গৃহীত বা প্ৰচলিত সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ নহয়। 
*পূৰ্ৱৱতীসকলে কৰা কাম আৰু গ্ৰহণ কৰা দৃষ্ঠিভঙ্গী দোষমুক্ত নহয়। 
*যিহেতু বিষয়টো সম্পৰ্কে এতিয়ালৈকে গ্ৰহণ কৰা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য, আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত শুদ্ধ আৰু সত্য বুলি প্ৰত্যয় যাব পৰা নাই। 
*বিষয়টোৱে নতুন অন্বেষণ বা অনুসন্ধানৰ দাবী কৰে।

==গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰ==
'''মূল গৱেষণা''', যাক প্ৰাথমিক গৱেষণা বুলিও কোৱা হয়, হৈছে গৱেষণা যি কেৱল গৱেষণাৰ বিষয়ত আগৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ সাৰাংশ, সমীক্ষা বা সংশ্লেষণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত নহয়। এই সামগ্ৰীটো প্ৰাথমিক-উৎস চৰিত্ৰৰ। মূল গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে চলিত জ্ঞানক এক নতুন ৰূপত উপস্থাপন কৰাৰ সলনি নতুন জ্ঞান প্ৰস্তুত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source|url=http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|publisher=Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|archivedate=9 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085129/http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&amp;pg=PT75|title=Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers|first=Laurie|last=Rozakis|date=2007|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0071511223}}&lt;/ref&gt;
মূল গৱেষণাই কেইবাটাও ৰূপ ল'ব পাৰে, ই বিষয় বা ক্ষেত্ৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। পৰীক্ষামূলক কামত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা পৰোক্ষ পৰ্যৱেক্ষণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। যেনে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত পৰীক্ষা বা পৰীক্ষাৰ সংহতিৰ পদ্ধতি, ফলাফল, আৰু উপসংহাৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰে, বা পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ফলাফলবোৰৰ এক নতুন ব্যাখ্যা প্ৰদান কৰে। বিশ্লেষণাত্মক কামত, সাধাৰণতে কিছুমান নতুন (উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে) গাণিতিক ফলাফল উৎপন্ন হয়, বা চলিত সমস্যা এটাৰ সমাধান বিচাৰিবলৈ এক নতুন উপায় ওলিওৱা হয়॥ কিছুমান বিষয়ত যʼত এনে ধৰণৰ পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা বা বিশ্লেষণ নাথাকে,এজন গৱেষকৰ কামৰ ফলাফলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সাম্প্ৰতিক পৰিস্থিতিক পুনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |title=Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers |first=Michael |last=Singh |author2=Li, Bingyi |date=6 October 2009 |publisher=Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=10 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410083715/http://aare.edu.au/09pap/li091380.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; এটা গৱেষণাৰ মৌলিকতাৰ পৰিমাণ আৰু সাধাৰণতে সহকৰ্মী সমীক্ষাৰ (peer review) জৰিয়তে বৈজ্ঞানিক আলোচনীত প্ৰবন্ধবোৰৰ প্ৰকাশ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Callaham |first1=Michael |last2=Wears|first2= Robert|last3=Weber|first3=Ellen L. |title=Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=21 |pages=2847–50 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.21.2847|pmid=12038930 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা''' হৈছে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰা আৰু কৌতূহল গুছোৱাৰ এক প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ উপায়। এই গৱেষণাই পৃথিৱীত ঘটি থকাকিছু প্ৰকৃতি আৰু গুণাগুণৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ বাবে বৈজ্ঞানিক তথ্য আৰু তত্ত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা ৰাজহুৱা কৰ্তৃপক্ষ বা সংগঠন বা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত গোটৰদ্বাৰা পুঁজি যোগান ধৰা হয়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বহুতো কোম্পানী। বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাক তেওঁলোকৰ শৈক্ষিক আৰু প্ৰয়োগ শাখা অনুসৰি বিভিন্ন শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনত বিভক্ত কৰিব পাৰি। 
[[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ মতে গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰকাৰভেদ এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
*পৰিচয়মূলক (Introductory)
*ঐতিহাসিক (Historical)
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক (Analytical)
*সমীক্ষাত্মক (Critical)
*তুলনামূলক (Comparative)
*সমাজতত্ত্বমূলক (Sociological)

==গৱেষণাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য== 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে বৈজ্ঞানিক, তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক, বস্তুগত আৰু নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধানমূলক এক শৃংখলাবদ্ধ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। 
*গৱেষণা হৈছে এটা মৌলিক কৰ্ম। 
*এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গৱেষণা কাৰ্য পৰিচালিত কৰা হয়। 
*কোনো বিশেষ দৰ্শন,দৃষ্টিভংগী বা মতবাদৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত নোহোৱাকৈ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰিব লাগে। 
*গৱেষণা যিহেতু এটা বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি গতিকে তাৰ মূল ভিত্তি হল যুক্তি। 

তদুপৰি গৱেষণাৰ আন কেতবোৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। সেই সমূহ হ’ল-
*বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতিভিত্তিক — গৱেষণা এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰু সুসংগঠিত পদ্ধতিৰে সমাপন কৰা হয়। 
*তথ্যনিৰ্ভৰ — গৱেষণাত তথ্য আৰু প্ৰমাণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। 
*বিশ্লেষণাত্মক — সংগ্ৰহ কৰা তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নিৰ্দিষ্ট সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। 
*বস্তুগত— ব্যক্তিগত মতামতৰ সলনি বাস্তৱ আৰু সত্য তথ্যক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হয়। 
*নতুন জ্ঞানৰ অনুসন্ধান — গৱেষণাৰ জৰিয়তে নতুন তথ্য বা ধাৰণাৰ উদ্ঘাটন কৰা হয়। 
*পদ্ধতিগত আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ — আৰম্ভণিৰপৰা শেষলৈ এটা শৃংখলাবদ্ধ ধাৰণাত কাম কৰা হয়। 

==গৱেষণাৰ স্তৰ==
গৱেষণা কাৰ্যত আগবাঢ়োতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰিকাঠামৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে। [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ এই সম্পৰ্কত কৰা শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন এনেধৰণৰ-&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি-পৰিচয়&quot;/&gt;
#বিষয়-নিৰ্বাচন
#তথ্য-সংগ্ৰহ
#তথ্য-বিন্যাস আৰু আঁচনি প্ৰস্তুতকৰণ
#তথ্য-বিশ্লেষণ
#তথ্য-চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#তথ্যৰ পুনৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু আঁচনি চূড়ান্তকৰণ
#গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰণয়ন

==গৱেষক==
যিজনে গৱেষণা কৰে, তেওঁক গৱেষক বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি | publisher=জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন | author=নিখিলেশ পুৰকাইত | year=২০০৪ | pages=২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; ‘গৱেষক’ শব্দটো “গৱেষণা”ৰপৰা আহিছে। গৱেষণা মানে হৈছে নতুন জ্ঞান সন্ধান কৰা, সত্য উদ্ঘাটন কৰা, বা ইতিমধ্যে থকা জ্ঞানক গভীৰভাৱে বিশ্লেষণ কৰা। সেই অনুসাৰে গৱেষক হ’ল সেই ব্যক্তি যিয়ে কোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে অধ্যয়ন, অনুসন্ধান আৰু বিশ্লেষণ কৰি নতুন তথ্য, ধাৰণা বা সত্য উন্মোচন কৰে। গৱেষক হ'বলৈ গ'লে তেওঁৰ কেইবাটাও গুণ থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষক মানে— নতুন জ্ঞানৰ সন্ধান কৰা ব্যক্তি বা বৈজ্ঞানিক বা পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰি বিশ্লেষণ কৰা ব্যক্তি বা সমাজ, সাহিত্য, বিজ্ঞান, ইতিহাস আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত নতুন চিন্তা আগবঢ়োৱা ব্যক্তি। গৱেষকসকলে বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বা ব্যক্তিগতভাৱেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে। 

*গৱেষক এজন নিষ্ঠাৱান কৰ্মযোগী হ'ব লাগিব। গৱেষকজনৰ ভিতৰত গভীৰ একাগ্ৰতা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ মানসিকতা থাকিব লাগিব। গৱেষণা কোনো সৰল কাম নহয়; ইয়াত বহু সময় ব্যয়, পুনঃপুন চেষ্টা, ব্যৰ্থতা আৰু সংশোধনৰ মাজেৰে আগবাঢ়িব লাগে।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকক হ'ব লাগিব স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ। যিজন ব্যক্তি সুখ-দুখ, সম্পদ-বিপদ, ৰাগ-বোষ, ৰোগ-শোক সকলো অৱস্থাতে অবিচল তেওঁকেই স্থিতপ্ৰজ্ঞ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
*গৱেষক সত্যবাদী হ'ব লাগিব। তেওঁ সঁচা কথা স্পষ্টকৈ ক'ব লাগিব। জাতি, উপজাতি, ধৰ্ম, ভাষা, সাহিত্য, সংস্কৃতি, ইতিহাস, ৰাজনীতি, সমাজনীতি ইত্যাদি বিষয়ত প্ৰামাণ্য তথ্য আৰু অভ্ৰান্ত যুক্তি দি নিজৰ অভিমত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব। কেতিয়াবা ৰাজনৈতিক, সামাজিক হেঁচাত পৰি জীৱন সংকটৰ ভয়ত মতামত প্ৰকাশত বাধা আহিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ কাৰণে এটা জটিল পৰিস্থিতিৰো উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে। তথাপি নিৰ্ভীকভাবে তেওঁ নিজৰ মত দাঙি ধৰিব লাগিব; নহ'লে পিছত গৱেষক বিৰূপ সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লাগিব, গৱেষণা কৰ্ম নিষ্ফল হৈ পৰিব। 
*গৱেষক সৎ (honest) হ'ব লাগিব। কোনো উৎসৰপৰা তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ কৰিলে, কোনো মানুহৰ অভিমত গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে তাৰ কাৰণে কৃতজ্ঞতা স্বীকাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। নহ'লে গৱেষকৰ এই বৃত্তিক চৌৰ্যবৃত্তি/কুন্তীলক বৃত্তি (Plagiarism) বুলি কোৱা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;পুৰকাইত&quot;/&gt;
*গৱেষকজন নিজৰ বিষয়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ মনোনিৱেশ কৰা উচিত। অৰ্ধহৃদয়ে গৱেষণা কৰিলে সত্য উদ্ঘাটন সম্ভৱ নহয়। এজন গৱেষকে নিয়মিত অধ্যয়ন, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, বিশ্লেষণ আদি কাম শৃংখলাবদ্ধভাৱে কৰি যাব লাগে। বহু সময়ত গৱেষণাৰ ফল তৎক্ষণাৎ পোৱা নাযায়। তেনে অৱস্থাতো গৱেষকে ধৈৰ্য ধৰি অবিৰত চেষ্টা কৰি থাকিব লাগে। নিষ্ঠাৱান গৱেষক কেতিয়াও মিছা তথ্য বা নকল ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰে; তেওঁ নিজৰ কৰ্মৰ প্ৰতি দায়বদ্ধ থাকে। 

==গৱেষণাৰ আঁচনিসাৰ==
আঁচনিসাৰখন হ'ল কৰিবলগীয়া গৱেষণাৰ এক পৰিকল্পনা বা ৰূপৰেখা। তাত গৱেষণীয় বিষয়টো উপস্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব, তাৰ লক্ষ্য-উদ্দেশ্য পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ পদ্ধতি তথা সম্ভাৱ্য উৎস সম্পৰ্কত এটা আভাস দিব লাগিব। কিছুমান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে গৱেষণা আঁচনিসাৰখনত কি কি কথা থাকিব লাগে সেই কথা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰিও দিয়ে। আনহাতে এই আঁচনিসাৰখন এইবাবেই প্ৰয়োজনীয় যে এইখনেই আচলতে গৱেষকজনক বাট দেখুৱায়, তেওঁ বিভ্ৰান্তিত পৰিলে মীমাংসা দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ চৰ্ত আৰু পৰিসীমা সম্পৰ্কে তেওঁক সজাগ কৰি ৰাখে। সেয়েহে বেছিভাগ গৱেষকেই যদিও গোজামিল দি আঁচনিসাৰ এখন দাখিল কৰে, আচলতে সকলো দিশ চালি-জাৰি চাই গৱেষণাৰ তত্ত্বৰপৰা অনুমাণিক সময়লৈকে সকলো কথা বিবেচনা কৰিহে 'আঁচনিসাৰ'খন প্ৰস্তুত কৰা উচিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;বৰা&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি বিতৰ্ক আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত | publisher=ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন | accessdate=2 June 2026 | author=দিলীপ বৰা | pages=৫০}}&lt;/ref&gt;

গৱেষণা-আঁচনিসাৰ এখনত প্ৰতিফলিত হ'বলগীয়া মূল কথাকেইটা হ'ল-
*বিষয়-বস্তু উপস্থাপন বা আলোচ্য সমস্যা
*গৱেষণাৰ লক্ষ্য
*পূৰ্বকৃত অধ্যয়নৰ সমীক্ষা
*প্ৰমেয়
*অধ্যায় বিভাজন (সম্ভাৱ্য)/সম্ভাৱ্য অধ্যায় বিভাজন
*ক্ষেত্ৰ অধ্যয়নৰ পৰিকল্পনা/পূৰ্বাভাস
*পদ্ধতি
*উৎস
*সংশ্লিষ্ট গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ সম্ভাৱ্য তালিকা

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
* নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]

== External links ==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}</text>
      <sha1>9posa74ledw6sjpc2bviqlm45vrfd6v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>বাৰ ভূঞা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52365</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610879</id>
      <parentid>608816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T22:32:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ananya Taye</username>
        <id>28065</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36285" sha1="1oyp0isysce1oym3fd5nrakkzqmyvze" xml:space="preserve">{{under construction}}

'''বাৰ ভূঞা''' ( মধ্যযুগীয় [[অসম]] আৰু বংগৰ এচাম শাসনকৰ্তা আৰু জমিদাৰ আছিল। ভূঞাৰ অৰ্থ ভূঁই বা ভূমিৰ অধিকাৰী। তেওঁলোকে আনৰ পৰা প্ৰায় স্বাধীনতা বজাই ৰাখি নিজ মাজতে গোট কৰিছিল। এই ভূপতিসকল কোনো বিশেষ জনগোষ্ঠী, ধৰ্ম বা জাতিৰ নাছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Nath 1989 21&quot;&gt;{{harv|Nath|1989|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বাহিৰা শক্তিয়ে আক্ৰমণ কৰিলে তেওঁলোকে সাধাৰণতে একেলগে তাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ কৰিছিল। শান্তিৰ সময়ত সকলোৱে নিজা নিজা সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব বজাই ৰাখিছিল। তাৰ মাজতে শক্তিশালী ৰজাৰ আৱিৰ্ভৱ হ'লে তেওঁলোকে আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Neog|1980|p=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁলোকে ''চকলা'' নামৰ গাঁৱৰ সমষ্টিত শাসন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ সকলোতকৈ প্ৰতাপীজনে নিজকে ''ৰজা'' বুলিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Neog|1980|p=48}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

সিবিলাকৰ বাৰজন বাৰ ঠাইত প্ৰখ্যাত হৈ উঠিছিল; সেই কাৰণে সিবিলাকক &quot;বাৰভূঞা&quot; বোলা যায়। বাৰঘৰ কায়স্থ ভূঞাত বাজেও দুঘৰ বামুণ ভূঞা আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barooah|1937|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; আন বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে শাসনকৰ্তাৰ সংখ্যা বাৰজনতকৈ বেছি আহিল আৰু ''বাৰ'' শব্দই &quot;বহুতো&quot; বুজাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcol|Neog|1980|p=49f}}&lt;/ref&gt; গতিকে ''ভূঞা-ৰাজ'' বুলিলে নিজা নিজা শাসন বুজাইছিল, আৰু ''বাৰ ভূঞা'' বুলিলে তেওঁলোকৰ বিশেষ গোটক বুজাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Guha|1983|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; বংগত তেওঁলোকে ভাটিৰ অঞ্চলক বাৰটা প্ৰাশাসনিক গোট বা ''দ্বাদশ বাংলা''ত ভগাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Akbarnama, Volume III, Page 647&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমানৰ অসম, উত্তৰ বংগ আৰু বাংলাদেশৰো সৰহভাগেৰে গঠিত [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ ভাঙোনৰ সময়ছোৱাতে বাৰ ভূঞাৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল। [[শালস্তম্ভ বংশ]]ৰ নৱম শতিকাৰ ৰজা বলবৰ্মন (তৃতীয়)ৰ ৰাজত্বকালতে মাটি ভগাই লোৱাৰ কাৰ্য খুব দেখিবলৈ পোৱা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Lahiri|1984|p=62}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য কামৰূপৰ পতন হোৱাৰ পাছত সৰু সৰু দলপতিৰ প্ৰথা অব্যাহত থাকে। 

[[File:Map of Baro-Bhuyan territories.jpg|thumb|right|১৬ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত ভূঞা সকলে ৰাজত্ব কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহ]]

অসমত বাৰভূঞাসকলে [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদী]]ৰ দক্ষিণপাৰে [[কছাৰী ৰাজ্য]]ৰ পশ্চিমফালে আৰু উত্তৰপাৰে [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ পশ্চিমৰ অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াত [[নগাঁও জিলা|নগাঁও]], [[দৰং জিলা|দৰং]] আৰু [[শোণিতপুৰ জিলা|শোণিতপুৰ]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। বংগৰ আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে তেওঁলোকে অস্ত্ৰ ধৰিছিল আৰু ১৪৯৮ চনৰ পাছত আলাউদ্দিন হুছেইন শ্বাহৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ বাকী ৰোৱা অংশক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে [[কোচ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ উত্থানতো বাধা দিছিল যদিও ব্যৰ্থ হয়। তাৰ পাছত দ‌‌‌ক্ষিণপাৰে তেওঁলোকৰ অঞ্চল কচাৰী ৰাজ্য আৰু কমতা ৰজ্যৰ মাজৰ সংকুচিত হৈ পৰে। উত্তৰ পাৰতো [[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]ৰ প্ৰভাৱ বাঢ়ি আহিবলৈ ধৰে। বংগত বৰিসালৰ চন্দ্ৰদ্বীপ ৰাজ্য বসু ৰাজ পৰিয়ালে শাসন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ শেষৰজন ৰজা ৰবীন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ বসুৱে বংগৰ বিভাজনৰ সময়ত [[কলকাতা]]লৈ পলাই যায়। তেওঁলোকৰ স্থান ইতিমধ্যেই জমিদাৰলৈ অৱনমিত হৈছিল।l

==ইতিহাস==

===অসমৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা===

অসমৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা সকলক দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰথমটো ভাগ হৈছে আদি বা পুৰণি ভূঞা আৰু আনটো হৈছে ১৪ শতিকাত অহা বাৰ-ভূঞা। শংকৰদেৱৰ আদি পুৰুষ এই দ্বিতীয় ভাগৰ আছিল। 

====আদি ভূঞা====

* আদি-চৰিতৰ তথ্য : 

আদি ভূঞা বা পুৰণি ভূঞা সকলৰ উৎপত্তিৰ কথা বিশেষভাৱে জনা নাযায়। একমাত্ৰ ১৭ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগত&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Early History of the Vaishnavite Faith and Movement in Assam, p. 29, It is supposed to have been written in 1586 saka (1664 AD).&lt;/ref&gt; লিখা বিতৰ্কিত গ্ৰন্থ &quot;আদি-চৰিত&quot;ত হে এই সকলৰ উৎপত্তিৰ এটা আখ্যান দিয়া হৈছে। কিন্ত এইখন গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰায় বোৰ ইতিহাসবিদে গ্ৰহণ নকৰে আৰু জালি বুলি গণ্য কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Maheswar Neog states that the Adi-carita, ascribed to Madhavadeva, has created much ill feeling among the Vaisnavas of Assam, and has been denounced by the more considerate section of sattra pontiffs and literary men alike.&lt;/ref&gt;

এই গ্ৰন্থখনত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে আদি-ভুঞা সকলৰ উৎপত্তি কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা আৰিমত্তৰ ৰাজসভাৰ সমুদ্ৰ নামৰ মন্ত্ৰী এজনৰ পৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰতাপপুৰা (কামৰূপৰ বুৰঞ্জী মতে প্ৰতাপসিংহ/ৰামচন্দ্ৰ) নামৰ এজন ৰজাই ৰত্নপীঠৰ (যোগিনী তন্ত্ৰৰ মতে কামৰূপ ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিম অংশ) ৰত্নপুৰত ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ মায়ামত্তয়ে নিজৰ ৰাজ্যখন দুয়ো পুত্ৰ নাগমত্ত আৰু আৰিমত্তৰ মাজত ভাগ কৰি দিছিল। আৰিমত্তয়ে ৰাজ্যৰ পুব ভাগ শাসন কৰিছিল, যʼত তেওঁৰ মন্ত্ৰী সমুদ্ৰয়ে তেওঁৰ বাবে এখন নতুন ৰাজধানী নিৰ্মাণ কৰি দিছিল। নাগমত্তেয়ে ৰত্নপীঠৰ ৰত্নপুৰৰ পৰা পশ্চিম ভাগ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। কিছু বছৰৰ পাছত নাগমত্তৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু আৰিমত্তয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃক হত্যা কৰি সমগ্ৰ ৰাজ্য নিজৰ অধীনলৈ লয়। &quot;কামৰূপৰ বুৰঞ্জী&quot; নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে আৰিমত্তয়ে কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা দুৰ্ল্লভেন্দক পৰাস্ত কৰি কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা হৈছিল আৰু পুনৰ কামৰূপলৈ আহি পিতৃক সত্যা কৰি বৈদ্যৰগড় নামে এখন পাট নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ বিশ্বনাথৰ প্ৰতাপ গড়ৰৰ লৈকে ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ কৰি কামৰূপ লৈ ঘূৰি আহি ৰাজপাট খাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, Surjya Kumar, ''Kamrupar Buranji'', p.4&lt;/ref&gt; 

আৰিমত্তয়ে সমুদ্ৰক ৰাজ্যৰ এটা অংশ ৰাজত্ব কৰিবলৈ দিছিল আৰু সমুদ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ মনোহৰক আন অংশ। সমুদ্ৰ আৰু মনোহৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটো মনোহৰৰ পুত্ৰী লক্ষ্মীৰ হাতলৈ গৈছিল। লক্ষ্মীৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আছিল, সান্তনো আৰু সুমন্ত &lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Early History of the Vaishnavite Faith and Movement in Assam, p. 52&lt;/ref&gt;। সান্তনো আৰু সুমন্ত দুয়োৰে বাৰজন পুত্ৰ আছিল। এই সকলকে বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা (লস্কৰ, কাব্যশী, পদ্ম, ৰাই, সলাল, চুকা/সকা, টেটন, ধ্বজ/ধয়া, উজীৰ, সৰল, ৰমাই আৰু তমাই) আৰু সৰু বাৰ-ভূঞা (কন্বজ্বৰা/কনৌজ্বৰা, ৰঘূ, মুকুন্দ,কদম্ব, সুৰথ, সুন্দৰা,সুশামা, গৌড়বাজ, ৰত্ন, মহাৰথ, লেপ আৰু কেপ) কোৱা হৈছিল। সৰু বাৰ-ভূঞা সকল ৰামপুৰলৈ(বৰ্তমানৰ নগাঁৱত অৱস্থিত) স্থানান্তৰিত হৈছিল। বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা সকল পূৰ্বৰ ঠাইতে থাকি সেই ঠাইক নিজৰ মাতৃৰ নামত লক্ষ্মিপুৰ/লক্ষিমপুৰ( বৰ্তমানৰ দৰঙত অৱস্থিত) দিয়ে। পুৰ্বতে এই ঠাইক ৰঙ্গ-গ্ৰাম কোৱা হৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/n33/mode/1up As per Asamar Buranji, ''Rang-gram''(Rangagaon) was renamed as ''Lakshmipur'' after their mother Lakshmi]&lt;/ref&gt;। 

গ্ৰন্থখনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে আদি ভূঞা সকলে চুতীয়া আৰু কছাৰী দুয়ো ৰাজ্যৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰি নিজৰ ভূমি ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল। গ্ৰন্থখনত দিয়াৰ মতে এবাৰ বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞায়ে আহোম ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু যুদ্ধত পৰাস্ত হৈ বাৰজন বৰ-ভূঞাক বন্দী কৰি শদিয়াৰ শ্যামা কালিৰ মন্দিৰলৈ(তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী মন্দিৰ) বলি দিবলৈ পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। কিন্তু, কাহিনীটোৰ মতে, গোসানীয়ে ভূঞা সকলৰ বলি ল'বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিলে আৰু সেই বাবে আহোম ৰজাই সকলোকে সপত কোৱাই এৰি দিলে। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ মতে ইয়াৰ পাছত বাৰ ভূঞাৰ সহযোগত আহোম ৰজায়ে কছাৰী ৰজা আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজা, ধীৰনাৰায়ণক পৰাস্ত কৰি হত্যা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। 

অৱশ্যে এই ঘটনাটো সত্য প্ৰমাণিত নহয় বুলি ভবা হয় কাৰণ চুতীয়া ৰজাক ১৫২৪ চনত পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পাছত হে শদিয়াখন বা শদিয়াৰ কালি মন্দিৰটো আহোম ৰজাৰ অধীনলৈ আহিছিল। হয়টো এই ঘটনা পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ (১৫২৭-১৫২৯ চনৰ) বা কছাৰী দমন(১৫৩৬ চনৰ) হয়। সম্ভৱতঃ এই বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহক দমন কৰি আহোম ৰজাই চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ বা কছাৰী ৰজাক পৰাস্ত কৰিবলৈ এইসকলৰ সহায় লৈছিল। &quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot; গ্ৰন্থখনত কছাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আহোম ৰজাই ভূঞা সকলৰ সহায় লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.28,&quot;ৰটা ভাঙ্গি আনি লাচাম কলিতা ভূঞাৰ ঘৰ নি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বাঁহবাড়িত পাতি এক ভায়েকক সোণাৰি নৈত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক পৰ্বতত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক খঙ্গিয়া বুলিছিল। এই ঘৰে তিনি ঘৰ হ'ল। যেতিয়া স্বৰ্গদেৱে কছাৰীক মৰঙ্গিৰ পৰা খেদালে, তেতিয়াএ দেৱতায়ে মানুহ দুনুহ দি লাচামক নি তাক টুৰ্পাক নাম দি মৰঙ্গিৰ অধিকাৰ পাতিলে। সেই সময়ৰ পৰাই এই ঘৰক বাঁহবড়িয়া চেতিয়া‌ বোলে। ই পূৰ্ব্বৰ ৰটা মাৰি অনা কলিতা।&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; আদি-চৰিতত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে এই কাৰ্যত প্ৰসন্ন হৈ আহোম ৰজাই বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলক উত্তৰ কোলৰ বাৰখন সৰু প্ৰদেশ(যেনে কলাবাৰী, গহপুৰ, কলংপুৰ, নাৰায়ণপুৰ, ইত্যাদি) আহোমৰ হৈ ৰাজত্ব কৰিবলৈ দিছিল। ইয়াৰে লস্কৰ পৰিয়ালৰ জয় ভূঞা আৰু উজীৰ পৰিয়ালৰ মাহি ভূঞা এসময়ত শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল আৰু আহোম ৰজা জয়ধ্বজ সিংহই এই সকলৰ সকল চুক্তি কৰিব লগীয়া হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থখনত লিখা হৈছে যে সৰু বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলে বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলৰ লগত কল্পতৰু-শাস্ত্ৰ নামৰ এখন গ্ৰন্থৰ বাবে দ্বন্দ্ব কৰি ৰামপুৰৰ দক্ষিণলৈ আঁতৰি আহিছিল। 

* বুৰঞ্জীৰ তথ্য :

আহোম যুগৰ বুৰঞ্জীসমূহৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পাছত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে সকলো আদি ভূঞাক বস কৰি সিহঁতক অধিকাংশক উজনি অসমৰ উত্তৰ কোললৈ(বৰ্তমানৰ লক্ষিমপুৰ, বিশ্বনাথ জিলা) স্থানান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। হৰকান্ত বৰুৱাৰ ''&quot;আসাম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' আৰু কাশীনাথ তামুলী ফুকনৰ ''&quot;আসাম বুৰঞ্জী পুথি&quot;''ৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়াক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পাছত বাৰ-ভূঞাক বস কৰি চুহুংমুঙে সিহঁতৰ ল'ৰা কিছুমানক তামুলী আৰু পাচনী পাতি লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Tamuli Phukan, Kasinath, ''Assam Buranji, p. 20, &quot;পাচে চুটিয়া ৰজাৰ পো ভাই সহিতে চুটিয়াক পাকৰি গুৰিত পাতিলে। পাচে লাক্নি কাতকেউ ১৪২৭ সঁকত বাৰভুঁয়াক বৰালে; সিহঁতৰ বচোআল টঙ্গালি হাচটি এইসকলৰ আদৰ্স ললে; সিহঁতৰ ল'ৰা কিচু সৰ্গদেৱে তামুলী পাঁচনিকৈ লগত ল'লে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Harakanta Sadaramin, ''Assam Buranji, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;সাতসৰী বুৰঞ্জী&quot;''ৰ মতে চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই প্ৰথমতে ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ ৰৌটা ভাঙি ভূঞাক দমন কৰি বিস্তৰ মানুহ পাই ভূঞা সকলক নিবন্ধ কৰি মেলি দিছিল। তাৰ পাছত সলাত গড় (বৰ্তমানৰ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ দুয়োপাৰৰ বিশ্বনাথ-কুকুৰাকতা অঞ্চল) বান্ধি উত্তৰ-দক্ষিণৰ ৰাজ(ভূঞা) মাৰি লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., ''Satsari Buranji'',p. 16, &quot;ভূঞা:- আতপাচে ৰৈয়ত ভাঙ্গি আনিলে। বিস্তৰ ৰাজত মানুহ পাই থানে-থানে পাতি ভূঞাহতক নিৱন্ধ দি মেলি পঠায়। সলাত গড় বান্ধি থৈ উত্তৰে-দক্ষিণে যি ৰাজ পায়, তাক মাৰিবৰ মন কৰিছে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., ''Satsari Buranji'', p.135, &quot;দুই বছৰ থাকি উত্তৰ কোলৰ বাৰে-ভূঞাক ধৰিছে। ভূঞাহতক জিনি বচোৱাল টঙালি জমনড়া মমচাট কৌপতীয়া জাপি ল'লে। এক বৎসৰ থাকি সলাত গড় বান্ধিছে। এক বৎসৰ থাকি ৰটা-টেমনি মাৰিছে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;‌‌ এই কথা টাই ভাষাৰ ''&quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' আৰু ''&quot;দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' এই দুয়ো গ্ৰন্থখনতো উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে&lt;ref&gt;Barua, G.C.,&quot;Ahom Buranji, p. 62, &quot;The heavenly king proceeded to Shaola(Biswanath). He ordered Shenglung, Thaomung Shenba, and some others to go and remain at Teomani-Rowta. They did accordingly proceeded to the place and stopped there...The king passed the year Lakni Taomit (1528 AD) in peace. In Lakni Kaken (in 1529 AD), the king, with his son, the Dangarias and followers proceeded to Shaola(Sala). The heavenly king sent a messenger to Shenglung and other directing them to return from Teomani-Rowta. The king then ordered Thaomung Katak and Thaomung Mungklang to cross the Bharali river and plunder the wide country on the other side. Both of them acted as desired and returned with some captives who were produced before the king. Thaomung Katak was placed at Narayanpur.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'',p.21,&quot;ৰজাদেৱে বিশ্বনাথ লৈ গৈ ত্যাওচুংলুং-কংচেং, থাওমুং-চেনব‌ এই দুইক ৰেটাই-টেমনিত থাকিব দিলেগৈ। পাচে থাওমুং-কটকক উজিৰক ধৰিবলৈ পঠালে। উজিৰে এই কথা জানি ভাগি পৰাৰ...লাক্নি কাকেও শকত ৰজাদেৱৰ‌ বাপেক-পুতেক ৰাজ্যে-সমন্বিতে বিশ্বনাথলৈ গৈ কলঙ্গেদি মানুহ পঠাই ৰেটাই-টেমনিৰ পৰা ত্যাওচুংলুং-কংচেঙক লোকজন সহিতে আহিব দিলে। পাচে ৰজাদেৱে থাওমুং-কটক, থাওমুং-মুংক্লাং, এই দুইক ভৰলীয়ে উজাই পঠালে, বোলে-&quot;তহঁতে দুয়ে ভৰলু পাৰ হৈ‌ গৈ যি মানুহ পাৱ ধৰি আনগৈ।&quot; পাচে ইবোলাক দুয়ো গৈ‌ যি মানুহ পালে আনি ৰজাদেৱৰ ঠাইত দিলেহি। পাচে থাওমুং-কটকক নাৰায়ণপুৰত ৰাজ দি তাতে থাকিব দিলে।&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;। ইয়াৰ পাছত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে ভূঞা সকলে ৰজাৰ ৰাজচʼৰালৈ অহা যোৱা কৰি আছিল আৰু উত্তৰ-কোল, দিহিং, ইত্যাদি অঞ্চলত থাকি পুখুৰী, দৌল, ইত্যাদি নিৰ্মাণ কৰি থৈ গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., ''Satsari Buranji'',p. 17, &quot;ভুঞাহঁত আহি গান্ধ, স্বওঁৰ, থঙ্গা ৰজাক ভেটিলেহি। ছমাহ থাকি যায়, অহাযোৱাকৈ থাকে। উত্তৰকোলত ৪ মাহ থাকি পুখুৰী খানি আহিল। দিহিঙ্গত দৌল বান্ধিলে, পুখুৰী খানিলে শিলিখাতলত, পানীচকি দি হাট পাতিলে দলৌগুৰিত। হালধিবাৰীত নগৰ কৰিলে। ভূঞাহঁত আহি থাকে, ৰজায়েৰে কথা হই থাকে। ৰজা বামুণহঁতক বাদ কৰাই ৰঙ্গ চাই থাকে। পুৰ্ব্বে বাৰু নাছিল, ছাৰিব নাজানে, ভূঞাৰ পৰাহে হ'ল।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' খনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে দিহিঙীয়া ৰজায়ে ৰটা-টেমনি মাৰি বাৰভূঞাক উত্তৰ কোলত পাতিছিল। এই ভূঞা সকলৰ মাজত বাৰ মুখ্য ভূঞা আছিল উতৈ, তমাই, ৰাই, সঁকাই, কৌষিক, উজিৰ, লস্কৰ, চোমদাৰ, সনাতন, কেহো, ৰামভট আৰু ভকতভূঞা। এই সকলৰ তলত চাৰিজন কৈ সৰু মূৰীয়া ভূঞা আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p. 27-28, &quot;আৰু পূৰ্বে দিহীঙ্গিয়া ৰজা দেৱে ৰটাটেমনি মাৰি বাৰভূঞাক উত্তৰ কোলত পাতিলেনি। ভূঞাৰ নাম উতৈ ১,তমাই ১, ৰাই ১, সঁকাই ১, কৌষিক ১, উজিৰ ১, লস্কৰ ১, চোমদাৰ ১, সনাতন ১, কেহো ১, ৰামভট ১, ভকতভূঞা ১। এই বাৰটা মুখ্য ভূঞা। তাৰে চাৰিটাকৈ সৰু মূৰিয়া ভূঞা দুকুড়ি আঠোটা। ৰটা ভাঙি আনি লাচাম কলিতা ভূঞাৰ ঘৰ নি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বাঁহবাড়িত পাতি এক ভায়েকক সোণাৰি নৈত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক পৰ্বতত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক খঙ্গিয়া বুলিছিল। এই ঘৰে তিনি ঘৰ হ'ল।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;অসম বুৰঞ্জী (SM)&quot;''ৰ অনুসৰি এই সকল ভূঞাৰ উতৈ আৰু তমাই নামৰ দুই ভূঞায়ে বগা হাতীত উঠি নিজকে ৰজা ঘূষণা কৰাত, আহোম ৰজাই দুয়োকে ধৰি দেওঘৰলৈ নি কাটিলে আৰু অন্য ভূঞাৰ (লস্কৰ, লালোয়া, উতাবৰ, কহিক/কৌষিক, চোমদাৰ, উজীৰ, তমাই, চপা, সোণাবৰ, ভেদাই) ভাই-ভতিজাক খাটনীয়াৰৰূপে ভেঁটাই ল'লে&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K.,&quot;Assam Buranji(SM)&quot;, p.11-13, &quot;সেই সয়ম উতৈ তমাই দুই ভূঞায়ে হস্তিত চূণ ঘহি কান্ধত চলি, বোলে, -&quot;সৰ্বকালে আমাৰ ৰাজ্য, চুটিয়াক মাৰি বৰ লাই পালে। শুক্ল হস্তীত যি বহে তাৰে ৰাজ্য, আহোমে ক'ত পালে?&quot; এই গৰ্ব্ব শুনি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বোলে-&quot;মোক নাকুৰি নাখামে দিছে কালে পাইছো।&quot; ভূঞা হঁত কোন মানুহ, শুকুলা হস্তিত উঠি যে আমাক অৱগৰ্ব্ব কৰে?&quot; এই বুলি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বৰসন্দিকৈ ডেকাৰজা, দিহিঙ্গীয়া গলমণি পাত্ৰ, চনবন ভঙ্গীয়া হুহামৰা এই তিনি প্ৰধান কাঁড়ী, বোলে-&quot;আমি ভূঞাহঁতক মাৰি ধৰি আনি দিম; স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ লোণ চাউল খাবৰ কি কাৰণ?&quot; পাচে স্বৰ্গদেৱে বঁটাবাহন দি লোকজন সহিতে পঠাই দিলে। সিবোৰো গৈ কঢ়ামুখৰ দীৰ্ঘ পুখুৰীৰ কোষত ৰʼলগৈ। সেই সময়ত কাৰেকুছীয়া বাসুদেৱ তপসী লস্কৰে বোলে-&quot;আহোমৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰিব নোৱাৰি। পোৱালি-খোৱা আহোম, পেটৰ পোৱালিকো চিৰি মাৰে।&quot; এই বুলি ঘোঁৰা ৫টা, ৰূপ ২ চৰু সহিতে মালবৈয়া লস্কৰ পঠাই দিলে, বোলে-&quot;আমি স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ শৰ্ণীয়া হʼলো, আমাক যিৰূপে ক্ৰোদ্ধ এৰিব, তাকে কৰিব।&quot; পাচে ডেকাৰজা প্ৰমুখ্যে গলমণি পাত্ৰে বোলে-&quot;ভাল, আমি মহাৰাজ স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ চৰণত বুজাই সাঞ্চি-পাতি ৰাখিম। তহঁতৰ ভাই-ভতিজা আমাৰ লগত পঠাই দে, খাটনীয়াৰৰূপে স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ চৰণত সেৱা কৰি থাকক গৈ, তেবেসে আমি উলটি যাব পাৰোঁ।&quot; এই কথাত থাকি লালোয়া, উতাবৰ, কহিক, চোমদাৰ, উজীৰ, তমাই, চপা, সোণাবৰ, ভেদাই, এই সকল ভূঞাৰ ভাই-ভতিজাক লগত লৈ সন্দিকৈ প্ৰমুখ্যে ডেকাৰজায়ে খাটনীয়াৰৰূপে ভেঁটাই দিলে। স্বৰ্গদেউ বোলে-&quot;শুকুলা হাতীৰ যে তমাই উঠিছে, সেই হাতী মোলৈ কিয় নানিলিহঁক?&quot; পাচে ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ চপা সোণাবৰে বোলে-&quot;হাতীৰ পোৰোগ হৈছিল, সেই কথাতেহে হাতীৰ সকলো গাৱে চূণ ঘহিছিল। শুক্লা হস্তীক স্বৰ্গদেউ নাপায়, আমি বন্দীহঁতে ক'ত পাম?&quot; স্বৰ্গদেউ বোলে-&quot;বন্দীহঁতে টেপাই কৰিব পাই নেকি?&quot; এই বুলি উতৈ তমাই ২ ভূঞাক জুমুধি দেওঘৰৰ কোষত কাটিলে। তাৰ দুই পুতেক খাটনীয়াৰৰ লগতে ৰাখিলে। তাৰেপৰা ভূঞা বোৰ বশ হৈ থাকিল।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;। 

''&quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' খনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে চুহুংমুঙৰ ৰজাৰ ৰাজত্ব কালৰ শেষৰ ফালে তুৰ্বকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পাছত ৰটা-টেমনিত বাকি থকা কিছু ভূঞায়ে(মদনগিৰি, ধৰ্ম্মাই, ৰামচন্দ্ৰগিৰি, দন্দৰ দলৈ, তামূলীদলৈ, বৰচোমদাৰ, দলিদখান) আহোম ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু কলং নৈৰ ওচৰত গোট খাই যুদ্ধলৈ সাজু হৈছিল। কিন্তু চুহুংমুঙে এই সকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিছিল আৰু সকলোকে ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰলৈ লয় অনা হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K.,&quot;Assam Buranji(SM)&quot;, p.24, &quot;আৰু ৰটাটেমনি ভাগি বাৰভূঞা যাই কলঙ্গৰ কোষত ৰহিল। মদনগিৰি, ধৰ্ম্মাই, চোমদাৰ, ৰামচন্দ্ৰগিৰি, দন্দৰ দলৈ, তামূলীদলৈ, বৰচোমদাৰ, দলিদখাঁ, এইসব প্ৰমুখ্যে যুদ্ধক মনে আছে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p. 154, &quot;পাচে মোৰ পুথাও দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজা কাচেঙ্গ বড় পাত্ৰগোহাইক সেনাপতি পাতি উপাই কৰি তুৰ্বকক মৰালে। আত পাচে সেই বেলা ৰটাটেমনিৰ বাৰ ভূঞায়াই কলঙৰ কাখৰত ৰলহি। মদনগিৰি, ধৰ্ম্মাই, চোমদাৰ, ৰামচন্দ্ৰ গিৰি, চন্দ্ৰ দলৈ, তামুলী দলৈ, বাহুদলৈ, বড় চোমদাৰ, এই সকল প্ৰমুখ্যে যুদ্ধক মনে আছে। ...পাচে দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজা বড় সন্দিকৈ সকলো বোৰে ভূঞায় যুদ্ধলৈ সলালৈ, আহিল। পাচে ভূঞাৎ সলা মাৰিলে। প্ৰথমে ৰনভঙ্গ হৈ আমাৰ হুহুকি আহি পৌষ মাস ১৪৬৩ শকত দুদিন পাচে যুদ্ধ কৰি ভূঞাক ভঙ্গাই মূৰ আনি মথাডাঙ্গত থলে। দুটা দৌল বান্ধিলে। ৰামচন্দ্ৰ গিৰি, দলিদখাঁ, প্ৰমুখো ভূঞা সকল সলাত লোকজন সহিতে দান্তে ধৰি দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাত সৰণাগত হ'ল; লস্কৰো পৰিল ১৬, কটোয়াল পৰিল ১২, ঘোড়া পালে ৩০০, সেনা অনেক পৰিল। বজৰা নাও ৬০ পালে। সেই ভূঞা সকলক পুথাও দিহিঙ্গীয়া স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ আজ্ঞাএ বড় চেতিয়ায়ে উত্তৰ কোনে পাতিলে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua, G.C.,&quot;Ahom Buranji, p. 79.,&quot;The Bara Bhuiyas paid their homage to the heavenly king(Suklengmung) on the side of the Kapili river.&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist|3}}
==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Amalendu |date=December 1983 |title=The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714) |journal=Social Scientist |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.2307/3516963 |jstor=3516963 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |date=June 1984 |title=The Pre-Ahom Roots of Medieval Assam |journal=Social Scientist |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.2307/3517004 |jstor=3517004 |ref=harv}}
* {{Citation
 | ref = harv
 | last = Nath
 | first = D
 | title = History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515–1615
 | publisher=Mittal Publications
 | place=Delhi
 | year=1989
}}
* {{Citation
 | ref = harv
 | last = Gohain Barooah
 | first = P
 | title = An Illustrated HISTORY OF ASSAM
 | publisher=Leela agency
 | place=tezpur
 | year=1937
}}
* {{Citation
|ref=harv
|last=Neog
|first=M
|contribution=Origin of the Baro-Bhuyans
|editor-last=Barpujari
|editor-first=H. K.
|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam
|volume=2
|pages=62–66
|publisher=Assam Publication Board
|place=Guwahati
|year=1992
}}
* {{Citation
|ref=harv
|last=Neog
|first=M
|contribution=
|editor-last=
|editor-first=
|title=Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam
|volume=
|pages=
|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass
|place=Delhi
|year=1980
}}
{{refend}}
{{অসমৰ ইতিহাস}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ইতিহাস]]</text>
      <sha1>1oyp0isysce1oym3fd5nrakkzqmyvze</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610969</id>
      <parentid>610879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:40:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ananya Taye</username>
        <id>28065</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* আদি ভূঞা */ Extended the citations</comment>
      <origin>610969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36963" sha1="lqgo7cacqrhbpqmrdcgcobqemyj1ijv" xml:space="preserve">{{under construction}}

'''বাৰ ভূঞা''' ( মধ্যযুগীয় [[অসম]] আৰু বংগৰ এচাম শাসনকৰ্তা আৰু জমিদাৰ আছিল। ভূঞাৰ অৰ্থ ভূঁই বা ভূমিৰ অধিকাৰী। তেওঁলোকে আনৰ পৰা প্ৰায় স্বাধীনতা বজাই ৰাখি নিজ মাজতে গোট কৰিছিল। এই ভূপতিসকল কোনো বিশেষ জনগোষ্ঠী, ধৰ্ম বা জাতিৰ নাছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Nath 1989 21&quot;&gt;{{harv|Nath|1989|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বাহিৰা শক্তিয়ে আক্ৰমণ কৰিলে তেওঁলোকে সাধাৰণতে একেলগে তাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ কৰিছিল। শান্তিৰ সময়ত সকলোৱে নিজা নিজা সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব বজাই ৰাখিছিল। তাৰ মাজতে শক্তিশালী ৰজাৰ আৱিৰ্ভৱ হ'লে তেওঁলোকে আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Neog|1980|p=49}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁলোকে ''চকলা'' নামৰ গাঁৱৰ সমষ্টিত শাসন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ সকলোতকৈ প্ৰতাপীজনে নিজকে ''ৰজা'' বুলিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Neog|1980|p=48}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

সিবিলাকৰ বাৰজন বাৰ ঠাইত প্ৰখ্যাত হৈ উঠিছিল; সেই কাৰণে সিবিলাকক &quot;বাৰভূঞা&quot; বোলা যায়। বাৰঘৰ কায়স্থ ভূঞাত বাজেও দুঘৰ বামুণ ভূঞা আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Barooah|1937|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; আন বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে শাসনকৰ্তাৰ সংখ্যা বাৰজনতকৈ বেছি আহিল আৰু ''বাৰ'' শব্দই &quot;বহুতো&quot; বুজাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcol|Neog|1980|p=49f}}&lt;/ref&gt; গতিকে ''ভূঞা-ৰাজ'' বুলিলে নিজা নিজা শাসন বুজাইছিল, আৰু ''বাৰ ভূঞা'' বুলিলে তেওঁলোকৰ বিশেষ গোটক বুজাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Guha|1983|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; বংগত তেওঁলোকে ভাটিৰ অঞ্চলক বাৰটা প্ৰাশাসনিক গোট বা ''দ্বাদশ বাংলা''ত ভগাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Akbarnama, Volume III, Page 647&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমানৰ অসম, উত্তৰ বংগ আৰু বাংলাদেশৰো সৰহভাগেৰে গঠিত [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ ভাঙোনৰ সময়ছোৱাতে বাৰ ভূঞাৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল। [[শালস্তম্ভ বংশ]]ৰ নৱম শতিকাৰ ৰজা বলবৰ্মন (তৃতীয়)ৰ ৰাজত্বকালতে মাটি ভগাই লোৱাৰ কাৰ্য খুব দেখিবলৈ পোৱা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Lahiri|1984|p=62}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য কামৰূপৰ পতন হোৱাৰ পাছত সৰু সৰু দলপতিৰ প্ৰথা অব্যাহত থাকে। 

[[File:Map of Baro-Bhuyan territories.jpg|thumb|right|১৬ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত ভূঞা সকলে ৰাজত্ব কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহ]]

অসমত বাৰভূঞাসকলে [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদী]]ৰ দক্ষিণপাৰে [[কছাৰী ৰাজ্য]]ৰ পশ্চিমফালে আৰু উত্তৰপাৰে [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]ৰ পশ্চিমৰ অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াত [[নগাঁও জিলা|নগাঁও]], [[দৰং জিলা|দৰং]] আৰু [[শোণিতপুৰ জিলা|শোণিতপুৰ]] অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। বংগৰ আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে তেওঁলোকে অস্ত্ৰ ধৰিছিল আৰু ১৪৯৮ চনৰ পাছত আলাউদ্দিন হুছেইন শ্বাহৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ বাকী ৰোৱা অংশক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে [[কোচ ৰাজ্য]]ৰ উত্থানতো বাধা দিছিল যদিও ব্যৰ্থ হয়। তাৰ পাছত দ‌‌‌ক্ষিণপাৰে তেওঁলোকৰ অঞ্চল কচাৰী ৰাজ্য আৰু কমতা ৰজ্যৰ মাজৰ সংকুচিত হৈ পৰে। উত্তৰ পাৰতো [[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]ৰ প্ৰভাৱ বাঢ়ি আহিবলৈ ধৰে। বংগত বৰিসালৰ চন্দ্ৰদ্বীপ ৰাজ্য বসু ৰাজ পৰিয়ালে শাসন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ শেষৰজন ৰজা ৰবীন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ বসুৱে বংগৰ বিভাজনৰ সময়ত [[কলকাতা]]লৈ পলাই যায়। তেওঁলোকৰ স্থান ইতিমধ্যেই জমিদাৰলৈ অৱনমিত হৈছিল।l

==ইতিহাস==

===অসমৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা===

অসমৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা সকলক দুটা ভাগত বিভক্ত কৰিব পৰা যায়। প্ৰথমটো ভাগ হৈছে আদি বা পুৰণি ভূঞা আৰু আনটো হৈছে ১৪ শতিকাত অহা বাৰ-ভূঞা। শংকৰদেৱৰ আদি পুৰুষ এই দ্বিতীয় ভাগৰ আছিল। 

====আদি ভূঞা====

* আদি-চৰিতৰ তথ্য : 

আদি ভূঞা বা পুৰণি ভূঞা সকলৰ উৎপত্তিৰ কথা বিশেষভাৱে জনা নাযায়। একমাত্ৰ ১৭ শতিকাৰ শেষ ভাগত&lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Early History of the Vaishnavite Faith and Movement in Assam, p. 29, It is supposed to have been written in 1586 saka (1664 AD).&lt;/ref&gt; লিখা বিতৰ্কিত গ্ৰন্থ &quot;আদি-চৰিত&quot;ত হে এই সকলৰ উৎপত্তিৰ এটা আখ্যান দিয়া হৈছে। কিন্ত এইখন গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰায় বোৰ ইতিহাসবিদে গ্ৰহণ নকৰে আৰু জালি বুলি গণ্য কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Maheswar Neog states that the Adi-carita, ascribed to Madhavadeva, has created much ill feeling among the Vaisnavas of Assam, and has been denounced by the more considerate section of sattra pontiffs and literary men alike.&lt;/ref&gt;

এই গ্ৰন্থখনত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে আদি-ভুঞা সকলৰ উৎপত্তি কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা আৰিমত্তৰ ৰাজসভাৰ সমুদ্ৰ নামৰ মন্ত্ৰী এজনৰ পৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰতাপপুৰা (কামৰূপৰ বুৰঞ্জী মতে প্ৰতাপসিংহ/ৰামচন্দ্ৰ) নামৰ এজন ৰজাই ৰত্নপীঠৰ (যোগিনী তন্ত্ৰৰ মতে কামৰূপ ৰাজ্যৰ পশ্চিম অংশ) ৰত্নপুৰত ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ মায়ামত্তয়ে নিজৰ ৰাজ্যখন দুয়ো পুত্ৰ নাগমত্ত আৰু আৰিমত্তৰ মাজত ভাগ কৰি দিছিল। আৰিমত্তয়ে ৰাজ্যৰ পুব ভাগ শাসন কৰিছিল, যʼত তেওঁৰ মন্ত্ৰী সমুদ্ৰয়ে তেওঁৰ বাবে এখন নতুন ৰাজধানী নিৰ্মাণ কৰি দিছিল। নাগমত্তেয়ে ৰত্নপীঠৰ ৰত্নপুৰৰ পৰা পশ্চিম ভাগ ৰাজত্ব কৰিছিল। কিছু বছৰৰ পাছত নাগমত্তৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু আৰিমত্তয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃক হত্যা কৰি সমগ্ৰ ৰাজ্য নিজৰ অধীনলৈ লয়। &quot;কামৰূপৰ বুৰঞ্জী&quot; নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পৰা জনা যায় যে আৰিমত্তয়ে কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা দুৰ্ল্লভেন্দক পৰাস্ত কৰি কমতাপুৰৰ ৰজা হৈছিল আৰু পুনৰ কামৰূপলৈ আহি পিতৃক সত্যা কৰি বৈদ্যৰগড় নামে এখন পাট নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ বিশ্বনাথৰ প্ৰতাপ গড়ৰৰ লৈকে ৰাজ্য বিস্তাৰ কৰি কামৰূপ লৈ ঘূৰি আহি ৰাজপাট খাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, Surjya Kumar, ''Kamrupar Buranji'', p.4&lt;/ref&gt; 

আৰিমত্তয়ে সমুদ্ৰক ৰাজ্যৰ এটা অংশ ৰাজত্ব কৰিবলৈ দিছিল আৰু সমুদ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ মনোহৰক আন অংশ। সমুদ্ৰ আৰু মনোহৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটো মনোহৰৰ পুত্ৰী লক্ষ্মীৰ হাতলৈ গৈছিল। লক্ষ্মীৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আছিল, সান্তনো আৰু সুমন্ত &lt;ref&gt;Neog, Maheswar, Early History of the Vaishnavite Faith and Movement in Assam, p. 52&lt;/ref&gt;। সান্তনো আৰু সুমন্ত দুয়োৰে বাৰজন পুত্ৰ আছিল। এই সকলকে বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা (লস্কৰ, কাব্যশী, পদ্ম, ৰাই, সলাল, চুকা/সকা, টেটন, ধ্বজ/ধয়া, উজীৰ, সৰল, ৰমাই আৰু তমাই) আৰু সৰু বাৰ-ভূঞা (কন্বজ্বৰা/কনৌজ্বৰা, ৰঘূ, মুকুন্দ,কদম্ব, সুৰথ, সুন্দৰা,সুশামা, গৌড়বাজ, ৰত্ন, মহাৰথ, লেপ আৰু কেপ) কোৱা হৈছিল। সৰু বাৰ-ভূঞা সকল ৰামপুৰলৈ(বৰ্তমানৰ নগাঁৱত অৱস্থিত) স্থানান্তৰিত হৈছিল। বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞা সকল পূৰ্বৰ ঠাইতে থাকি সেই ঠাইক নিজৰ মাতৃৰ নামত লক্ষ্মিপুৰ/লক্ষিমপুৰ( বৰ্তমানৰ দৰঙত অৱস্থিত) দিয়ে। পুৰ্বতে এই ঠাইক ৰঙ্গ-গ্ৰাম কোৱা হৈছিল&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452455/page/n33/mode/1up As per Asamar Buranji, ''Rang-gram''(Rangagaon) was renamed as ''Lakshmipur'' after their mother Lakshmi]&lt;/ref&gt;। 

গ্ৰন্থখনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে আদি ভূঞা সকলে চুতীয়া আৰু কছাৰী দুয়ো ৰাজ্যৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰি নিজৰ ভূমি ৰক্ষা কৰিছিল। গ্ৰন্থখনত দিয়াৰ মতে এবাৰ বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞায়ে আহোম ৰাজ্য আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু যুদ্ধত পৰাস্ত হৈ বাৰজন বৰ-ভূঞাক বন্দী কৰি শদিয়াৰ শ্যামা কালিৰ মন্দিৰলৈ(তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী মন্দিৰ) বলি দিবলৈ পঠিওৱা হৈছিল। কিন্তু, কাহিনীটোৰ মতে, গোসানীয়ে ভূঞা সকলৰ বলি ল'বলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিলে আৰু সেই বাবে আহোম ৰজাই সকলোকে সপত কোৱাই এৰি দিলে। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ মতে ইয়াৰ পাছত বাৰ ভূঞাৰ সহযোগত আহোম ৰজায়ে কছাৰী ৰজা আৰু চুতীয়া ৰজা, ধীৰনাৰায়ণক পৰাস্ত কৰি হত্যা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। 

অৱশ্যে এই ঘটনাটো সত্য প্ৰমাণিত নহয় বুলি ভবা হয় কাৰণ চুতীয়া ৰজাক ১৫২৪ চনত পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পাছত হে শদিয়াখন বা শদিয়াৰ কালি মন্দিৰটো আহোম ৰজাৰ অধীনলৈ আহিছিল। হয়টো এই ঘটনা পৰৱৰ্তী কালৰ চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ (১৫২৭-১৫২৯ চনৰ) বা কছাৰী দমন(১৫৩৬ চনৰ) হয়। সম্ভৱতঃ এই বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহক দমন কৰি আহোম ৰজাই চুতীয়া বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিবলৈ বা কছাৰী ৰজাক পৰাস্ত কৰিবলৈ এইসকলৰ সহায় লৈছিল। &quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot; গ্ৰন্থখনত কছাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আহোম ৰজাই ভূঞা সকলৰ সহায় লোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p.28,&quot;ৰটা ভাঙ্গি আনি লাচাম কলিতা ভূঞাৰ ঘৰ নি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বাঁহবাড়িত পাতি এক ভায়েকক সোণাৰি নৈত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক পৰ্বতত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক খঙ্গিয়া বুলিছিল। এই ঘৰে তিনি ঘৰ হ'ল। যেতিয়া স্বৰ্গদেৱে কছাৰীক মৰঙ্গিৰ পৰা খেদালে, তেতিয়াএ দেৱতায়ে মানুহ দুনুহ দি লাচামক নি তাক টুৰ্পাক নাম দি মৰঙ্গিৰ অধিকাৰ পাতিলে। সেই সময়ৰ পৰাই এই ঘৰক বাঁহবড়িয়া চেতিয়া‌ বোলে। ই পূৰ্ব্বৰ ৰটা মাৰি অনা কলিতা।&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; আদি-চৰিতত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে এই কাৰ্যত প্ৰসন্ন হৈ আহোম ৰজাই বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলক উত্তৰ কোলৰ বাৰখন সৰু প্ৰদেশ(যেনে কলাবাৰী, গহপুৰ, কলংপুৰ, নাৰায়ণপুৰ, ইত্যাদি) আহোমৰ হৈ ৰাজত্ব কৰিবলৈ দিছিল। ইয়াৰে লস্কৰ পৰিয়ালৰ জয় ভূঞা আৰু উজীৰ পৰিয়ালৰ মাহি ভূঞা এসময়ত শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠিছিল আৰু আহোম ৰজা জয়ধ্বজ সিংহই এই সকলৰ সকল চুক্তি কৰিব লগীয়া হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থখনত লিখা হৈছে যে সৰু বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলে বৰ বাৰ-ভূঞাসকলৰ লগত কল্পতৰু-শাস্ত্ৰ নামৰ এখন গ্ৰন্থৰ বাবে দ্বন্দ্ব কৰি ৰামপুৰৰ দক্ষিণলৈ আঁতৰি আহিছিল। 

* বুৰঞ্জীৰ তথ্য :

আহোম যুগৰ বুৰঞ্জীসমূহৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পাছত আহোম ৰজা চুহুংমুঙে সকলো আদি ভূঞাক বস কৰি সিহঁতক অধিকাংশক উজনি অসমৰ উত্তৰ কোললৈ(বৰ্তমানৰ লক্ষিমপুৰ, বিশ্বনাথ জিলা) স্থানান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। হৰকান্ত বৰুৱাৰ ''&quot;আসাম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' আৰু কাশীনাথ তামুলী ফুকনৰ ''&quot;আসাম বুৰঞ্জী পুথি&quot;''ৰ অনুসৰি চুতীয়াক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পাছত বাৰ-ভূঞাক বস কৰি চুহুংমুঙে সিহঁতৰ ল'ৰা কিছুমানক তামুলী আৰু পাচনী পাতি লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Tamuli Phukan, Kasinath, ''Assam Buranji, p. 20, &quot;পাচে চুটিয়া ৰজাৰ পো ভাই সহিতে চুটিয়াক পাকৰি গুৰিত পাতিলে। পাচে লাক্নি কাতকেউ ১৪২৭ সঁকত বাৰভুঁয়াক বৰালে; সিহঁতৰ বচোআল টঙ্গালি হাচটি এইসকলৰ আদৰ্স ললে; সিহঁতৰ ল'ৰা কিচু সৰ্গদেৱে তামুলী পাঁচনিকৈ লগত ল'লে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua, Harakanta Sadaramin, ''Assam Buranji, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;সাতসৰী বুৰঞ্জী&quot;''ৰ মতে চুহুংমুঙ ৰজাই প্ৰথমতে ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ ৰৌটা ভাঙি ভূঞাক দমন কৰি বিস্তৰ মানুহ পাই ভূঞা সকলক নিবন্ধ কৰি মেলি দিছিল। তাৰ পাছত সলাত গড় (বৰ্তমানৰ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ দুয়োপাৰৰ বিশ্বনাথ-কুকুৰাকতা অঞ্চল) বান্ধি উত্তৰ-দক্ষিণৰ ৰাজ(ভূঞা) মাৰি লৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., ''Satsari Buranji'',p. 16, &quot;কছাৰী কৰতলীয়া:- দেৱৰগাঁৱত, মৰঙ্গিত কছাৰী আছিল।..পাছে চুহুমফা ৰজাদেৱে সেই কছাৰীক বহুবাৰ যুঁজিলে, আৰু চেং ৰজাক খুনখৰাক ধৰি আনিলে... আমালৈ ঘোঁৰা দিবি ২০, বুঢ়াগোহাঁইলৈ দিবি ৩টা, মৰঙ্গিখোৱালৈ দিবি ১টা, এই নিৱদ্ধ। ভূঞা:- আতপাচে ৰৈয়ত ভাঙ্গি আনিলে। বিস্তৰ ৰাজত মানুহ পাই থানে-থানে পাতি ভূঞাহতক নিৱন্ধ দি মেলি পঠায়। সলাত গড় বান্ধি থৈ উত্তৰে-দক্ষিণে যি ৰাজ পায়, তাক মাৰিবৰ মন কৰিছে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., ''Satsari Buranji'', p.135, &quot;দুই বছৰ থাকি দেৰগাঞো মৰঙ্গি মাৰিছে, কছাৰী মাৰিছে। দুই বছৰ থাকি উত্তৰ কোলৰ বাৰে-ভূঞাক ধৰিছে। ভূঞাহতক জিনি বচোৱাল টঙালি জমনড়া মমচাট কৌপতীয়া জাপি ল'লে। এক বৎসৰ থাকি সলাত গড় বান্ধিছে। এক বৎসৰ থাকি ৰটা-টেমনি মাৰিছে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;‌‌ এই কথা টাই ভাষাৰ ''&quot;আহোম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' আৰু ''&quot;দেওধাই অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' এই দুয়ো গ্ৰন্থখনতো উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে&lt;ref&gt;Barua, G.C.,&quot;Ahom Buranji, p. 62, &quot;The heavenly king proceeded to Shaola(Biswanath). He ordered Shenglung, Thaomung Shenba, and some others to go and remain at Teomani-Rowta. They did accordingly proceeded to the place and stopped there...The king passed the year Lakni Taomit (1528 AD) in peace. In Lakni Kaken (in 1529 AD), the king, with his son, the Dangarias and followers proceeded to Shaola(Sala). The heavenly king sent a messenger to Shenglung and other directing them to return from Teomani-Rowta. The king then ordered Thaomung Katak and Thaomung Mungklang to cross the Bharali river and plunder the wide country on the other side. Both of them acted as desired and returned with some captives who were produced before the king. Thaomung Katak was placed at Narayanpur.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K, ''Deodhai Asam Buranji'',p.21,&quot;ৰজাদেৱে বিশ্বনাথ লৈ গৈ ত্যাওচুংলুং-কংচেং, থাওমুং-চেনব‌ এই দুইক ৰেটাই-টেমনিত থাকিব দিলেগৈ। পাচে থাওমুং-কটকক উজিৰক ধৰিবলৈ পঠালে। উজিৰে এই কথা জানি ভাগি পৰাৰ...লাক্নি কাকেও শকত ৰজাদেৱৰ‌ বাপেক-পুতেক ৰাজ্যে-সমন্বিতে বিশ্বনাথলৈ গৈ কলঙ্গেদি মানুহ পঠাই ৰেটাই-টেমনিৰ পৰা ত্যাওচুংলুং-কংচেঙক লোকজন সহিতে আহিব দিলে। পাচে ৰজাদেৱে থাওমুং-কটক, থাওমুং-মুংক্লাং, এই দুইক ভৰলীয়ে উজাই পঠালে, বোলে-&quot;তহঁতে দুয়ে ভৰলু পাৰ হৈ‌ গৈ যি মানুহ পাৱ ধৰি আনগৈ।&quot; পাচে ইবোলাক দুয়ো গৈ‌ যি মানুহ পালে আনি ৰজাদেৱৰ ঠাইত দিলেহি। পাচে থাওমুং-কটকক নাৰায়ণপুৰত ৰাজ দি তাতে থাকিব দিলে।&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;। ইয়াৰ পাছত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে ভূঞা সকলে ৰজাৰ ৰাজচʼৰালৈ অহা যোৱা কৰি আছিল আৰু উত্তৰ-কোল, দিহিং, ইত্যাদি অঞ্চলত থাকি পুখুৰী, দৌল, ইত্যাদি নিৰ্মাণ কৰি থৈ গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K., ''Satsari Buranji'',p. 17, &quot;ভুঞাহঁত আহি গান্ধ, স্বওঁৰ, থঙ্গা ৰজাক ভেটিলেহি। ছমাহ থাকি যায়, অহাযোৱাকৈ থাকে। উত্তৰকোলত ৪ মাহ থাকি পুখুৰী খানি আহিল। দিহিঙ্গত দৌল বান্ধিলে, পুখুৰী খানিলে শিলিখাতলত, পানীচকি দি হাট পাতিলে দলৌগুৰিত। হালধিবাৰীত নগৰ কৰিলে। ভূঞাহঁত আহি থাকে, ৰজায়েৰে কথা হই থাকে। ৰজা বামুণহঁতক বাদ কৰাই ৰঙ্গ চাই থাকে। পুৰ্ব্বে বাৰু নাছিল, ছাৰিব নাজানে, ভূঞাৰ পৰাহে হ'ল।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' খনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে দিহিঙীয়া ৰজায়ে ৰটা-টেমনি মাৰি বাৰভূঞাক উত্তৰ কোলত পাতিছিল। এই ভূঞা সকলৰ মাজত বাৰ মুখ্য ভূঞা আছিল উতৈ, তমাই, ৰাই, সঁকাই, কৌষিক, উজিৰ, লস্কৰ, চোমদাৰ, সনাতন, কেহো, ৰামভট আৰু ভকতভূঞা। এই সকলৰ তলত চাৰিজন কৈ সৰু মূৰীয়া ভূঞা আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p. 27-28, &quot;আৰু পূৰ্বে দিহীঙ্গিয়া ৰজা দেৱে ৰটাটেমনি মাৰি বাৰভূঞাক উত্তৰ কোলত পাতিলেনি। ভূঞাৰ নাম উতৈ ১,তমাই ১, ৰাই ১, সঁকাই ১, কৌষিক ১, উজিৰ ১, লস্কৰ ১, চোমদাৰ ১, সনাতন ১, কেহো ১, ৰামভট ১, ভকতভূঞা ১। এই বাৰটা মুখ্য ভূঞা। তাৰে চাৰিটাকৈ সৰু মূৰিয়া ভূঞা দুকুড়ি আঠোটা। ৰটা ভাঙি আনি লাচাম কলিতা ভূঞাৰ ঘৰ নি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বাঁহবাড়িত পাতি এক ভায়েকক সোণাৰি নৈত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক পৰ্বতত পাতিলে, এক ভায়েকক খঙ্গিয়া বুলিছিল। এই ঘৰে তিনি ঘৰ হ'ল।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; ''&quot;অসম বুৰঞ্জী (SM)&quot;''ৰ অনুসৰি এই সকল ভূঞাৰ উতৈ আৰু তমাই নামৰ দুই ভূঞায়ে বগা হাতীত উঠি নিজকে ৰজা ঘূষণা কৰাত, আহোম ৰজাই দুয়োকে ধৰি দেওঘৰলৈ নি কাটিলে আৰু অন্য ভূঞাৰ (লস্কৰ, লালোয়া, উতাবৰ, কহিক/কৌষিক, চোমদাৰ, উজীৰ, তমাই, চপা, সোণাবৰ, ভেদাই) ভাই-ভতিজাক খাটনীয়াৰৰূপে ভেঁটাই ল'লে&lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K.,&quot;Assam Buranji(SM)&quot;, p.11-13, &quot;সেই সয়ম উতৈ তমাই দুই ভূঞায়ে হস্তিত চূণ ঘহি কান্ধত চলি, বোলে, -&quot;সৰ্বকালে আমাৰ ৰাজ্য, চুটিয়াক মাৰি বৰ লাই পালে। শুক্ল হস্তীত যি বহে তাৰে ৰাজ্য, আহোমে ক'ত পালে?&quot; এই গৰ্ব্ব শুনি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বোলে-&quot;মোক নাকুৰি নাখামে দিছে কালে পাইছো।&quot; ভূঞা হঁত কোন মানুহ, শুকুলা হস্তিত উঠি যে আমাক অৱগৰ্ব্ব কৰে?&quot; এই বুলি স্বৰ্গদেৱে বৰসন্দিকৈ ডেকাৰজা, দিহিঙ্গীয়া গলমণি পাত্ৰ, চনবন ভঙ্গীয়া হুহামৰা এই তিনি প্ৰধান কাঁড়ী, বোলে-&quot;আমি ভূঞাহঁতক মাৰি ধৰি আনি দিম; স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ লোণ চাউল খাবৰ কি কাৰণ?&quot; পাচে স্বৰ্গদেৱে বঁটাবাহন দি লোকজন সহিতে পঠাই দিলে। সিবোৰো গৈ কঢ়ামুখৰ দীৰ্ঘ পুখুৰীৰ কোষত ৰʼলগৈ। সেই সময়ত কাৰেকুছীয়া বাসুদেৱ তপসী লস্কৰে বোলে-&quot;আহোমৰ লগত যুদ্ধ কৰিব নোৱাৰি। পোৱালি-খোৱা আহোম, পেটৰ পোৱালিকো চিৰি মাৰে।&quot; এই বুলি ঘোঁৰা ৫টা, ৰূপ ২ চৰু সহিতে মালবৈয়া লস্কৰ পঠাই দিলে, বোলে-&quot;আমি স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ শৰ্ণীয়া হʼলো, আমাক যিৰূপে ক্ৰোদ্ধ এৰিব, তাকে কৰিব।&quot; পাচে ডেকাৰজা প্ৰমুখ্যে গলমণি পাত্ৰে বোলে-&quot;ভাল, আমি মহাৰাজ স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ চৰণত বুজাই সাঞ্চি-পাতি ৰাখিম। তহঁতৰ ভাই-ভতিজা আমাৰ লগত পঠাই দে, খাটনীয়াৰৰূপে স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ চৰণত সেৱা কৰি থাকক গৈ, তেবেসে আমি উলটি যাব পাৰোঁ।&quot; এই কথাত থাকি লালোয়া, উতাবৰ, কহিক, চোমদাৰ, উজীৰ, তমাই, চপা, সোণাবৰ, ভেদাই, এই সকল ভূঞাৰ ভাই-ভতিজাক লগত লৈ সন্দিকৈ প্ৰমুখ্যে ডেকাৰজায়ে খাটনীয়াৰৰূপে ভেঁটাই দিলে। স্বৰ্গদেউ বোলে-&quot;শুকুলা হাতীৰ যে তমাই উঠিছে, সেই হাতী মোলৈ কিয় নানিলিহঁক?&quot; পাচে ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ চপা সোণাবৰে বোলে-&quot;হাতীৰ পোৰোগ হৈছিল, সেই কথাতেহে হাতীৰ সকলো গাৱে চূণ ঘহিছিল। শুক্লা হস্তীক স্বৰ্গদেউ নাপায়, আমি বন্দীহঁতে ক'ত পাম?&quot; স্বৰ্গদেউ বোলে-&quot;বন্দীহঁতে টেপাই কৰিব পাই নেকি?&quot; এই বুলি উতৈ তমাই ২ ভূঞাক জুমুধি দেওঘৰৰ কোষত কাটিলে। তাৰ দুই পুতেক খাটনীয়াৰৰ লগতে ৰাখিলে। তাৰেপৰা ভূঞা বোৰ বশ হৈ থাকিল।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;। 

''&quot;পুৰণি অসম বুৰঞ্জী&quot;'' খনত উল্লেখ থকাৰ মতে চুহুংমুঙৰ ৰজাৰ ৰাজত্ব কালৰ শেষৰ ফালে তুৰ্বকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পাছত ৰটা-টেমনিত বাকি থকা কিছু ভূঞায়ে(মদনগিৰি, ধৰ্ম্মাই, ৰামচন্দ্ৰগিৰি, দন্দৰ দলৈ, তামূলীদলৈ, বৰচোমদাৰ, দলিদখান) আহোম ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু কলং নৈৰ ওচৰত গোট খাই যুদ্ধলৈ সাজু হৈছিল। কিন্তু চুহুংমুঙে এই সকলৰ বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰিছিল আৰু সকলোকে ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰলৈ লয় অনা হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;Bhuyan, S.K.,&quot;Assam Buranji(SM)&quot;, p.24, &quot;আৰু ৰটাটেমনি ভাগি বাৰভূঞা যাই কলঙ্গৰ কোষত ৰহিল। মদনগিৰি, ধৰ্ম্মাই, চোমদাৰ, ৰামচন্দ্ৰগিৰি, দন্দৰ দলৈ, তামূলীদলৈ, বৰচোমদাৰ, দলিদখাঁ, এইসব প্ৰমুখ্যে যুদ্ধক মনে আছে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goswami, Hemchandra, &quot;Purani Assam Buranji, p. 154, &quot;পাচে মোৰ পুথাও দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজা কাচেঙ্গ বড় পাত্ৰগোহাইক সেনাপতি পাতি উপাই কৰি তুৰ্বকক মৰালে। আত পাচে সেই বেলা ৰটাটেমনিৰ বাৰ ভূঞায়াই কলঙৰ কাখৰত ৰলহি। মদনগিৰি, ধৰ্ম্মাই, চোমদাৰ, ৰামচন্দ্ৰ গিৰি, চন্দ্ৰ দলৈ, তামুলী দলৈ, বাহুদলৈ, বড় চোমদাৰ, এই সকল প্ৰমুখ্যে যুদ্ধক মনে আছে। ...পাচে দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজা বড় সন্দিকৈ সকলো বোৰে ভূঞায় যুদ্ধলৈ সলালৈ, আহিল। পাচে ভূঞাৎ সলা মাৰিলে। প্ৰথমে ৰনভঙ্গ হৈ আমাৰ হুহুকি আহি পৌষ মাস ১৪৬৩ শকত দুদিন পাচে যুদ্ধ কৰি ভূঞাক ভঙ্গাই মূৰ আনি মথাডাঙ্গত থলে। দুটা দৌল বান্ধিলে। ৰামচন্দ্ৰ গিৰি, দলিদখাঁ, প্ৰমুখো ভূঞা সকল সলাত লোকজন সহিতে দান্তে ধৰি দিহিঙ্গীয়া ৰজাত সৰণাগত হ'ল; লস্কৰো পৰিল ১৬, কটোয়াল পৰিল ১২, ঘোড়া পালে ৩০০, সেনা অনেক পৰিল। বজৰা নাও ৬০ পালে। সেই ভূঞা সকলক পুথাও দিহিঙ্গীয়া স্বৰ্গদেৱৰ আজ্ঞাএ বড় চেতিয়ায়ে উত্তৰ কোনে পাতিলে।&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Barua, G.C.,&quot;Ahom Buranji, p. 79.,&quot;The Bara Bhuiyas paid their homage to the heavenly king(Suklengmung) on the side of the Kapili river.&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{reflist|3}}
==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Guha |first1=Amalendu |date=December 1983 |title=The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714) |journal=Social Scientist |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.2307/3516963 |jstor=3516963 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |date=June 1984 |title=The Pre-Ahom Roots of Medieval Assam |journal=Social Scientist |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.2307/3517004 |jstor=3517004 |ref=harv}}
* {{Citation
 | ref = harv
 | last = Nath
 | first = D
 | title = History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515–1615
 | publisher=Mittal Publications
 | place=Delhi
 | year=1989
}}
* {{Citation
 | ref = harv
 | last = Gohain Barooah
 | first = P
 | title = An Illustrated HISTORY OF ASSAM
 | publisher=Leela agency
 | place=tezpur
 | year=1937
}}
* {{Citation
|ref=harv
|last=Neog
|first=M
|contribution=Origin of the Baro-Bhuyans
|editor-last=Barpujari
|editor-first=H. K.
|title=The Comprehensive History of Assam
|volume=2
|pages=62–66
|publisher=Assam Publication Board
|place=Guwahati
|year=1992
}}
* {{Citation
|ref=harv
|last=Neog
|first=M
|contribution=
|editor-last=
|editor-first=
|title=Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam
|volume=
|pages=
|publisher=Motilal Banarasidass
|place=Delhi
|year=1980
}}
{{refend}}
{{অসমৰ ইতিহাস}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ইতিহাস]]</text>
      <sha1>lqgo7cacqrhbpqmrdcgcobqemyj1ijv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি সম্পৰ্কীয় অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থৰ তালিকা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610946</id>
      <parentid>382353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:10:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ */</comment>
      <origin>610946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8616" sha1="gu9c876rdgcvh0gnclx8usn163itmh1" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা'''ৰ সংজ্ঞা:
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ 'ঋকবেদ'ৰ সময়ৰ পৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰ পৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভূত।&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান।&lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে, &quot;গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য'ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে।&quot; &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ'ল এনে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰ পৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ'ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া।&lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;
*ক্লিফৰ্ড উদিৰ মতে গৱেষণাত কোনো স্বৰূপ উদ্‌ঘাটন, তাৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে পুনৰ উদ্‌ঘাটন আদি বিভিন্ন দিশ জড়িত হৈ থাকে। সেই কাৰণে গৱেষণাকৰ্মৰ সমগ্ৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰাক্ -কল্পনা অথবা লাভ কৰিবলগীয়া সিদ্ধান্তৰ পূৰ্বানুমান, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, সংৰক্ষণ, পৰীক্ষণ আৰু মূল্যায়ন আদি কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন কৰা হয়। পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ত কোনো সমাধান অথবা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হ'বলৈ তথ্যৰ সংযোজন বিয়োজনো ঘটোৱা হয়। আৰু সামৰণিত সংযোজন- বিযোজন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাজেৰে নিষ্কাশিত তথ্যৰ লগত সতৰ্কতাৰে প্ৰাক-কল্পনাৰ তুলনা কৰি নতুন সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হ'বলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*ৰেডুমেন আৰু মেৰীয়ে গৱেষণাক নতুন জ্ঞান আহৰণৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ পদ্ধতিগত প্ৰয়াস বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি মাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম ষ্টিফেন্‌চনে “এনচাইক্লপেডিয়া অব চ'ছিয়েল ছাইঞ্চ”ত কৈছে যে গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য'ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*জীন ডব্লিউ বেটছয়ে কৈছে, যে গৱেষণা হ'ল একপ্ৰকাৰ পদ্ধতিগত আৰু বস্তুনিষ্ঠ বিশ্লেষণ। ইয়াত পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ এনে কিছুমান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা তথ্য-প্ৰমাণ সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হয়, যাৰ বিকাশ সাধন কৰি আকাংক্ষিত ফলাফল অথবা সম্ভাব্য সমাধান সূত্ৰত উপনীত হ'ব পাৰি। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে শেষ সিদ্ধান্তত কোনো সাধাৰণ নীতি বা তত্ত্বত উপনীত হ'ব পৰা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়' কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
*নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ|*]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>gu9c876rdgcvh0gnclx8usn163itmh1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610947</id>
      <parentid>610946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ */</comment>
      <origin>610947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8617" sha1="fp4su2fu7693hm79wngksgngfqjo5bb" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা'''ৰ সংজ্ঞা:
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ 'ঋকবেদ'ৰ সময়ৰ পৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰ পৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভূত।&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান।&lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে, &quot;গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য'ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে।&quot; &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ'ল এনে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰ পৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ'ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া।&lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;
*ক্লিফৰ্ড উদিৰ মতে গৱেষণাত কোনো স্বৰূপ উদ্‌ঘাটন, তাৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে পুনৰ উদ্‌ঘাটন আদি বিভিন্ন দিশ জড়িত হৈ থাকে। সেই কাৰণে গৱেষণাকৰ্মৰ সমগ্ৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰাক্ -কল্পনা অথবা লাভ কৰিবলগীয়া সিদ্ধান্তৰ পূৰ্বানুমান, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, সংৰক্ষণ, পৰীক্ষণ আৰু মূল্যায়ন আদি কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন কৰা হয়। পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ত কোনো সমাধান অথবা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হ'বলৈ তথ্যৰ সংযোজন বিয়োজনো ঘটোৱা হয়। আৰু সামৰণিত সংযোজন- বিযোজন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাজেৰে নিষ্কাশিত তথ্যৰ লগত সতৰ্কতাৰে প্ৰাক-কল্পনাৰ তুলনা কৰি নতুন সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হ'বলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*ৰেডুমেন আৰু মেৰীয়ে গৱেষণাক নতুন জ্ঞান আহৰণৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ পদ্ধতিগত প্ৰয়াস বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি মাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম ষ্টিফেন্‌চনে “এনচাইক্লপেডিয়া অব চ'ছিয়েল ছাইঞ্চ”ত কৈছে যে গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য'ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*জীন ডব্লিউ বেটছয়ে কৈছে, যে গৱেষণা হ'ল একপ্ৰকাৰ পদ্ধতিগত আৰু বস্তুনিষ্ঠ বিশ্লেষণ। ইয়াত পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ এনে কিছুমান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা তথ্য-প্ৰমাণ সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হয়, যাৰ বিকাশ সাধন কৰি আকাংক্ষিত ফলাফল অথবা সম্ভাব্য সমাধান সূত্ৰত উপনীত হ'ব পাৰি। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে শেষ সিদ্ধান্তত কোনো সাধাৰণ নীতি বা তত্ত্বত উপনীত হ'ব পৰা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়', কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
*নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন,অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ|*]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>fp4su2fu7693hm79wngksgngfqjo5bb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610948</id>
      <parentid>610947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BhuyanBhaskar</username>
        <id>16362</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8618" sha1="0dc1anvhjrsv1m1nvwhu4bs4r82hyd7" xml:space="preserve">'''গৱেষণা'''ৰ সংজ্ঞা:
* গৱেষণা শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বিচৰা বা অনুসন্ধান কৰা। এই অৰ্থত এই [[সংস্কৃত]] শব্দটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ 'ঋকবেদ'ৰ সময়ৰ পৰা পোৱা গৈছে। শব্দটো গৱ (গৌ শব্দৰ পৰা হোৱা গো- শব্দৰ লগত যুক্ত) শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভূত।&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ সমৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে কৰা পদ্ধতিগত অনুসন্ধান।&lt;ref&gt;Monier-Monier Willams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, 1979 Print, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়, নগেন শইকীয়া, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, চতুৰ্থ সংস্কৰণ, ২০১০, পৃষ্ঠা-১&lt;/ref&gt;
* ডি শ্লাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম ষ্টিফেনচনৰ মতে, &quot;গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা জ্ঞান বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য'ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে।&quot; &lt;ref&gt;গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতি বিজ্ঞান, পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা, বনলতা, প্ৰথম সংস্কৰণ, ২০১৭, পৃষ্ঠা-১২&lt;/ref&gt;
* জে ফ্ৰেন্সিছ ৰুমেলৰ মতে গৱেষণা হ'ল এনে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা, যাৰ জৰিয়তে জ্ঞানৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ, জ্ঞানৰ বিকাশ আৰু জ্ঞানৰ সত্য প্ৰতিপন্ন কৰা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য আৰু গঠনৰ দিশৰ পৰা গৱেষণাৰ গোটেই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোৱেই হ'ল সত্যান্বেষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া।&lt;ref&gt;Methodology of Research in Education, Sidhu, Kulbir Sing, Sterling Publishars Pvt. Ltd. pp.2-3&lt;/ref&gt;
*ক্লিফৰ্ড উদিৰ মতে গৱেষণাত কোনো স্বৰূপ উদ্‌ঘাটন, তাৰ মূল্যায়ন আৰু প্ৰয়োজন সাপেক্ষে পুনৰ উদ্‌ঘাটন আদি বিভিন্ন দিশ জড়িত হৈ থাকে। সেই কাৰণে গৱেষণাকৰ্মৰ সমগ্ৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰাক্ -কল্পনা অথবা লাভ কৰিবলগীয়া সিদ্ধান্তৰ পূৰ্বানুমান, তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ, সংৰক্ষণ, পৰীক্ষণ আৰু মূল্যায়ন আদি কাৰ্য সম্পন্ন কৰা হয়। পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ত কোনো সমাধান অথবা সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হ'বলৈ তথ্যৰ সংযোজন বিয়োজনো ঘটোৱা হয়। আৰু সামৰণিত সংযোজন- বিযোজন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাজেৰে নিষ্কাশিত তথ্যৰ লগত সতৰ্কতাৰে প্ৰাক-কল্পনাৰ তুলনা কৰি নতুন সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হ'বলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*ৰেডুমেন আৰু মেৰীয়ে গৱেষণাক নতুন জ্ঞান আহৰণৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ পদ্ধতিগত প্ৰয়াস বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*ডি মাৰিংগাৰ আৰু এম ষ্টিফেন্‌চনে “এনচাইক্লপেডিয়া অব চ'ছিয়েল ছাইঞ্চ”ত কৈছে যে গৱেষণা হ'ল জ্ঞানৰ শুদ্ধতা অথবা বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হোৱা বিষয়, বস্তু অথবা প্ৰতীক আদিৰ এনে প্ৰয়োগ, য'ত গৱেষণাই কোনো নতুন তত্ত্ব প্ৰণয়ন কৰে অথবা নতুন কলাৰ অনুশীলন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*জীন ডব্লিউ বেটছয়ে কৈছে, যে গৱেষণা হ'ল একপ্ৰকাৰ পদ্ধতিগত আৰু বস্তুনিষ্ঠ বিশ্লেষণ। ইয়াত পৰ্যবেক্ষণৰ এনে কিছুমান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা তথ্য-প্ৰমাণ সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হয়, যাৰ বিকাশ সাধন কৰি আকাংক্ষিত ফলাফল অথবা সম্ভাব্য সমাধান সূত্ৰত উপনীত হ'ব পাৰি। ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে শেষ সিদ্ধান্তত কোনো সাধাৰণ নীতি বা তত্ত্বত উপনীত হ'ব পৰা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিতত্ত্বঃ পৰিচয় আৰু বিকাশ | publisher=বান্ধৱ | author=পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা | year=২০১৭ | pages=১৫}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অসমীয়া ভাষাত প্ৰাপ্ত গৱেষণামূলক গ্ৰন্থ ==
* [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ প্ৰণালী তত্ত্ব', বনলতা, ১৯৯২
* [[নগেন শইকীয়া]]ৰ 'গৱেষণা পদ্ধতি পৰিচয়', কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ১৯৯৬
*নিখিলেশ পুৰুকাইত আৰু [[হীৰেন গোহাঁই]]ৰ ‘প্ৰবন্ধ সাহিত্য আৰু গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰচনা পদ্ধতি, জিজ্ঞাস প্ৰকাশন, অক্টোবৰ, ২০০৪
* [[দিলীপ বৰা]]ৰ ‘গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিঃ সিদ্ধান্ত আৰু বিতৰ্ক, ৰেখা প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৭
* [[পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ 'গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান' বনলতা, ২০১৭
* [[ৰঞ্জন কলিতা]]ৰ 'গৱেষকৰ হাতপুথি’, বান্ধৱ, ২০১৪

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ|*]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]]</text>
      <sha1>0dc1anvhjrsv1m1nvwhu4bs4r82hyd7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আব্ৰাহাম</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610934</id>
      <parentid>568845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13395" sha1="fcfs7uigdql3a7d3m6wqb427wl4bg3r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = প্ৰমিলা দেৱী
| image = Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আব্ৰাহাম
| birth_date = ৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯১৬
| birth_place = [[কলিকতা]], বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেন্সী, ব্ৰিটিছ শাসিত ভাৰত
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|8|6|1916|12|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[মুম্বাই]], [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], ভাৰত
| nationality = ভাৰতীয়
| other_names = প্ৰমিলা
| occupation = মডেল, অভিনেত্ৰী
| known_for =
| children = হাইদৰ আলী
| parents =
}}
[[File:Pramila et Kumar dans Hamari Betiya (1936).jpg|thumb|Pramila in the 1936 film ''Hamari Betiya''.]]
'''এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আব্ৰাহাম''' ({{Lang-en|Esther Victoria Abraham}}; ৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯১৬ – ৬ আগষ্ট ২০০৬)ৰ জনপ্ৰিয় নাম আছিল '''প্ৰমিলা'''। এস্থাৰ আছিল এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় মডেল, অভিনেত্ৰী, আৰু হিন্দী ছবি জগতৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা প্ৰযোজক। ১৯৪৭ চনৰ প্ৰথমখন [[ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া|মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি এস্থাৰে বিজয়িনীৰ খিতাপ দখল কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://feminisminindia.com/2018/03/12/pramila-esther-abraham-miss-india/&lt;/ref&gt;

==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন==
১৯১৬ চনৰ ৩০ ডিচেম্বৰত এস্থাৰৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। জন্মস্থান আছিল কলিকতা। তেখেত এটা বাগদাদী [[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম|ইহুদী]] পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jewish stars of Bollywood|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/jewish-stars-of-bollywood-1.515427|accessdate=3 September 2014|archivedate=15 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015044021/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/jewish-stars-of-bollywood-1.515427|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rediff&gt;{{cite web|title=Meet Pramila, the first Miss India|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28sld1.htm|accessdate=3 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেখেতেৰ দেউতাক কলিকতীয়া ব্যৱসায়ী ৰিউবান এব্ৰাহাম, মাক আছিল কৰাছীৰ মাটিল্ডা আইজাক। লিয়া নামৰ যুৱতীৰ লগত সম্পন্ন হোৱা দেউতাকৰ প্ৰথমখন বিবাহৰ সূত্ৰে প্ৰমিলাই তিনিগৰাকী ভ্ৰাতৃ-ভগ্নী লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয় বিবাহৰসূত্ৰে লাভ কৰিছিল ছগৰাকী ভ্ৰাতৃ-ভগ্নী।

এস্থাৰে কলিকতা ছোৱালী হাইস্কুলত শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু পাছত চেইণ্ট জেমছত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। এস্থাৰে পঢ়া-শুনাৰ লগতে খেলা-ধূলাতো নৈপুণ্য অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। এস্থাৰ এগৰাকী হকী চেম্পিয়ন আছিল। বিভিন্ন ক্ৰীড়াত তেখেতে ভালেমান পুৰস্কাৰ অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰোপৰি চিত্ৰাংকনতো তেখেতে পাৰদৰ্শিতা দেখুৱাইছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেখেত কেমব্ৰিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক হৈছিলগৈ। এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আব্ৰাহাম দুবাৰকৈ বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। প্ৰথমখন বিবাহৰ পৰা তেখেতে এটি সন্তান লাভ কৰিছিল। সতীৰ্থ অভিনেতা ছৈয়দ হাছান আলী জায়িদীৰ (পৰিচিত নাম &quot;কুমাৰ&quot;) লগত সম্পন্ন হোৱা দ্বিতীয় বিবাহৰ ফলত তেখেত চাৰিটি সন্তানৰ মাতৃ হৈছিল। জায়িদী এজন ছিয়া মুছলমান আছিল। তেওঁ মোগল-ঈ-আজম, শ্ৰী ৪২০ৰ দৰে ছবিত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আছিল তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী। ১৯৬৩ চনত কুমাৰ অৰ্থাৎ জায়িদী পাকিস্তানলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন ঘটোৱাৰ পাছত, এস্থাৰে ভাৰততে থকাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ভাৰতত থাকিয়েই এস্থাৰে ছবিত অভিনয় আৰু ছবি-প্ৰযোজনা কৰি গৈ থাকিল। ভাৰতীয় পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰাভিনেতা বাবুৰাও পেন্দৰকাৰে এস্থাৰক &quot;প্ৰমিলা&quot; নামটো দিছিল,ছবিত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা স্বাৰ্থত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/film_p/pramila_1 Pramila: Esther Victoria Abraham – A Star Studded Bollywood and Glamour Family in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004202454/http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits/show/film_p/pramila_1 |date=2018-10-04 }}. Jewish Calcutta&lt;/ref&gt;

এস্থাৰৰ কনিষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ হাইদৰ আলীয়েও ছবি আৰু টেলিভিছন জগততে নিজৰ কেৰিয়াৰ বাছি লয়। জীয়েক নকি জাহানে ১৯৬৭ চনত ভাৰতসুন্দৰীৰ মুকূট পিন্ধে। অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা &quot;কুইন অৱ দ্য পেচিফিক কুৱেষ্ট&quot; সুন্দৰী প্ৰতিযোগিতাত নকি জাহানে ভাৰতক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4402232,00.html &quot;History of India's Jewish beauty queens&quot;]. [[YNet]]&lt;/ref&gt; মিছ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ খিতাপ দখল কৰা তেওঁলোকেই হৈছে একমাত্ৰ মাতৃ-জী।

===মৃত্যু===
২০০৬ চনৰ ৬ আগষ্টত এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আব্ৰাহামে শেষ নিশ্বাস ত্যাগ কৰে।&lt;ref name=cineplot&gt;[http://cineplot.com/pramila-the-first-miss-india/ Pramila – The first Miss India]&lt;/ref&gt;

==কৰ্মজীৱন==
১৯৪৭ চনত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ভাৰতসুন্দৰী ([[মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া]]) প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি প্ৰমিলাই বিজয়িনীৰ মুকূট পিন্ধিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেখেতৰ বয়স তেতিয়া ৩১ বছৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Bollywood+Movies/articles/18742/Pramila+Esther+Victoria+Abraham+Prami7la+First|publisher=[[Zimbio]]|accessdate=10 February 2011|title=Pramila - Esther Victoria Abraham - PramilaFirst Miss India 1947 - A Tribute - Pictures}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati.aspx?106|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=20 Oct 1997|title=Mama Hindustani}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Pramila_Esther_Victoria_Abraham.html?id=KP9kAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y|title=Pramila, Esther Victoria Abraham-A biography}}&lt;/ref&gt; মনোৰঞ্জনধৰ্মী উদ্যোগত প্ৰমিলাৰ প্ৰথমটো কাম পাইছিল এটা পাৰ্ছী থিয়েটাৰ কোম্পানীৰ নৃত্যশিল্পী হিচাপে। .&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Esther-Victoria-Abraham-First-Miss-India/ Esther Abraham Was 31 &amp; Pregnant When She Was Crowned The 1st Miss India In 1947. Here’s Her Story]&lt;/ref&gt; উল্টি গংগা, বিজলি, বছন্ত আৰু জংগল কিংগকে মুঠ ৩০খন ছবিত প্ৰমিলাই এগৰাকী সাহসী ষ্টাণ্ট তাৰকা হিচাপে কাম কৰি গৈছিল। তেখেতক ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী উল্লেখযোগ্য মহিলা ছবি পৰিচালক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মুঠ ১৬খন ছবি তেখেতে নিজৰ প্ৰযোজনাগোষ্ঠী ছিলভাৰ প্ৰডাকছনৰ অধীনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছে। [[মোৰাৰজী দেশাই]],সেইসময়ৰ বোম্বাইৰ মুখ্য মন্ত্ৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশত প্ৰমিলাক আটক কৰা হৈছিল। পাকিস্তানলৈ সঘন আহ-যাহৰ বাবে তেওঁক এগৰাকী পাকিস্তানী চোৰাংচোৱা বুলি সন্দেহ কৰা হৈছিল। অৱশ্যে পাছলৈ প্ৰমাণিত হ'ল যে, তেখেতে নিজৰ ছবিসমূহৰ প্ৰচাৰ-প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবেহে পাকিস্তানলৈ গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28sld1.htm Meet Pramila, the first Miss India]. [[Rediff News]]&lt;/ref&gt;

প্ৰমিলা এগৰাকী বহুগুণী প্ৰতিভাসম্পন্ন ব্যক্তি আছিল। তেখেতে কেৱল এগৰাকী অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ছবি-পৰিচালকেই নাছিল; তেখেত বিশ্বখ্যাত কেমব্ৰিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এগৰাকী স্নাতকো আছিল। তেখেত এগৰাকী দক্ষ শিক্ষকো হৈছিল,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/739/Pramila]&lt;/ref&gt; যি নিজৰ ছবিৰ সাজসজ্জা আৰু অলংকাৰৰ আৰ্হি নিজে প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।

==চলচ্চিত্ৰ==
বিভিন্ন পৰিচালকৰ লগত এস্থাৰে ৩০ খনতকৈও অধিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰিছে। তাৰে কেইখনমানৰ নাম তলত উল্লেখ কৰা হ'ল-
* ''ভিকৰণ'',পি.কে. আথাৰ্টিৰ পৰিচালনাত (১৯৩৫)
* ''মাদাৰ ইণ্ডিয়া'', গুঞ্জলৰ পৰিচালনাত(১৯৩৮)
* ''ছাহজাদী'',জে.পি. আদৱানীৰ পৰিচালনাত(১৯৪১)
* ''বড়ে নৱাব চাহেব'',বি.ডি. বেদীৰ পৰিচালনাত (১৯৪৪)
* ''নেহলে পে দেহলা'',এছ.এম. ইউছুফৰ পৰিচালনাত(১৯৪৬)
* '' আপ বিটী'', এম. কুমাৰৰ পৰিচালনাত(১৯৪৮)
* ''ফাইটিং কুইন'',নাৰী ঘড়িয়ালীৰ পৰিচালনাত(১৯৫৬)
* ''থাং'', আমোল পালেকাৰৰ পৰিচালনাত(২০০৬)

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{Reflist}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{commons category|Esther Victoria Abraham|এস্থাৰ ভিক্টোৰিয়া আব্ৰাহাম}}
{{IMDb name | 695193}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সৌন্দৰ্য প্ৰতিযোগী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক]]</text>
      <sha1>fcfs7uigdql3a7d3m6wqb427wl4bg3r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>62841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610945</id>
      <parentid>584078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:07:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>±</comment>
      <origin>610945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9525" sha1="ay0vv3dgh6f6hywhn5stjkmcudz2o18" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/Level/Nav bar}}
{{Shortcut|WP:VA|WP:VITAL}}
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;বিশেষ দ্ৰষ্টব্য:&lt;/span&gt; এই তালিকাখন মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|গোলকীয় তালিকাৰ]] প্ৰতিলিপি। অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি এই তালিকাখন পোনপটিয়াকৈ সলনি নকৰে যেন। আপুনি যদি কোনো বিষয় ইয়াত সংযোগ কৰিব বিচাৰে, প্ৰথমে মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:meta:Talk:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত]] আলোচনা কৰক। কোনো বিষয় সংযোগ বা বিলোপ কৰিবৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত যুক্তি দৰ্শোৱা প্ৰয়োজন। &lt;/span&gt;

এই তালিকাখনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ প্ৰতিখন ৱিকিপিডিয়াতে থকাতো অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উচ্চ মানদণ্ডৰ তথা নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ হোৱাটো বাঞ্ছনীয়। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আপুনিও এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ সৃষ্টি বা বিস্তাৰ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে। অধিক সহায়ৰ বাবে [[সহায়:সমল|ইয়াত]] ক্লিক কৰক।

এই পৃষ্ঠাত '''ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ১০,০০০ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ'''ক তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকা হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকাৰ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰ। ১,০০০ প্ৰবন্ধ সমৃদ্ধ বিস্তাৰিত তালিকা তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ এখনো [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|ইয়াত]] উপলব্ধ আছে। আন দুখন চমু তালিকা ক্ৰমে দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|১০০টা প্ৰবন্ধ]] আৰু প্ৰথম স্তৰৰ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/১|শীৰ্ষ ১০টা প্ৰবন্ধও]] আছে। এই তালিকাখনৰ নবীনতম সংস্কৰণটোৰ বাবে [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|এই লিঙ্কটো]] চাব পাৰে। [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া|পঞ্চম স্তৰৰ]] আন এখন তালিকা আছে, যিখনত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াবোৰত থাকিব লগা অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে।

{{TOCright}}
প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যাৰ আধিক্যেৰ বাবে '''আবশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰ''' তালিকাখনক ১১খন উপতালিকাত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাভুক্তিৰ নিৰ্বাচন, শ্ৰেণীকৰণ, পৰিবৰ্তন আৰু অপসাৰণ সংক্ৰান্ত যিকোনো আলোচনা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া আলোচনা:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত]] এই আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত কৰিব পাৰে।

{| class= &quot;wikitable&quot; border=0 cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1 style=&quot;border:1px solid black; background-color:#F4F9FF; text-align:right&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#99CCFF&quot;|তালিকা নং
! style=&quot;background-color:#99CCFF&quot;|বিভাগ
! style=&quot;background-color:#99CCFF&quot;|৬ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ ২০২০
! style=&quot;background-color:#99CCFF&quot;|অভীষ্ট ভুক্তিসংখ্যা
|-
| align=center|১
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/ব্যক্তি|ব্যক্তি]] || - || ২,০০০
|-
| align=center|২
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/ইতিহাস|ইতিহাস]] || - || ৬৫০
|-
| align=center|৩
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/ভূগোল|ভূগোল]] || - || ১,২০০
|-
| align=center|৪
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/শিল্পকলা|শিল্পকলা]] || - || ৬৫০
|-
| align=center|৫
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/দৰ্শন আৰু ধৰ্ম|দৰ্শন আৰু ধৰ্ম]] || - || ৪২৫
|-
| align=center|৬
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/প্ৰাত্যহিক জীৱন|প্ৰাত্যহিক জীৱন]] || - || ৫০০
|-
| align=center|৭
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/সমাজ আৰু সামাজিক বিজ্ঞান|সমাজ আৰু সামাজিক বিজ্ঞান]] || - || ৯০০
|-
| align=center|৮
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/জীৱবিজ্ঞান আৰু স্বাস্থ্য বিজ্ঞান|জীৱবিজ্ঞান আৰু স্বাস্থ্য বিজ্ঞান]] || - || ১,৫০০
|-
| align=center|৮
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তৰিত/ স্বাস্থ্য, চিকিৎসা আৰু ৰোগব্যাধি |স্বাস্থ্য, চিকিৎসা আৰু ৰোগব্যাধি]]|| - || ২৫০
|-
| align=center|৯
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/ভৌতিক বিজ্ঞানসমূহ|ভৌতিক বিজ্ঞানসমূহ]] || - || ১,১২৫
|-
| align=center|১০
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/প্ৰযুক্তি|প্ৰযুক্তি]] || - || ৭৫০
|-
| align=center|১১
| align=left|[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/গণিত|গণিত]] || - || ৩০০
|-
! style=&quot;background-color:#F4F9FF&quot;|
! style=&quot;background-color:#F4F9FF&quot;|মুঠ
! style=&quot;background-color:#F4F9FF; text-align:right&quot;|৪,৮০২
! style=&quot;background-color:#F4F9FF; text-align:right&quot;|১০,০০০
|}

==আৰু চাওক==

* সংশ্লিষ্ট উইকিমিডিয়া প্ৰকল্প: [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have/Expanded 10,000 articles every Wikipedia should have].


{{Core topics}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ|*]]</text>
      <sha1>ay0vv3dgh6f6hywhn5stjkmcudz2o18</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:EucalyptusSaligna</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>62861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610874</id>
      <parentid>245571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T20:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>48384</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>পৃষ্ঠা [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Stewartluke21]]ৰ পৰা [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:EucalyptusSaligna]]লৈ Mfieldয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Stewartluke21|Stewartluke21]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/EucalyptusSaligna|EucalyptusSaligna]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>245571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3658" sha1="a6kbv0t3rpjckmrp2o3fdh8p3a13a7y" xml:space="preserve">{{tmbox
| type  = notice
| image =  [[চিত্ৰ:Assamese Jaapi.png|135px|left]]
| imageright = [[চিত্ৰ:Wikipedia-logo-v2-as.svg|135px]]
| style = border: 1px blue solid;
| textstyle = 
| text = {{Center|&lt;big&gt;{{#if: {{{1}}} |'''নমস্কাৰ, {{#if:  | {{{1}}} | {{BASEPAGENAME}} }}&lt;br/&gt;}}}}
{{Center|'''[[অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]লৈ আপোনাক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আদৰণি|আদৰণি জনাইছোঁ]]!'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
আপোনাৰ আগ্ৰহৰ বাবে ধন্যবাদ। আশা কৰোঁ আপুনি সদায় আমাৰ লগত জড়িত হৈ থাকিব। নৱাগত সকলৰ বাবে তলত দিয়া পৃষ্ঠাকেইখন অতি উপযোগী, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি পৃষ্ঠাকেইখন এবাৰ চকু ফুৰাই চাই যেন।}}&lt;br/&gt;

{{Center|
'''ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সম্পাদনাৰ সহায়'''&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পৰিচয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অলপ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[সহায়:সৰল সম্পাদনা|সম্পাদনাৰ থুলমুল আভাস]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সহায়িকা|ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰয়োজনীয় আভাস]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[সহায়:নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ আৰম্ভ কৰক|প্ৰবন্ধ এটা কেনেকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিব?]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ|সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ]] &lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদনাৰ নিয়ম নীতি'''&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পাঁচটা স্তম্ভ|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পঞ্চশীল নীতি]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
}}
&lt;br/&gt;
'''ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ফে'চবুকত [https://www.facebook.com/groups/assamwikigroup/ {{Like|''Assamese Wikipedia Community''}}] বুলি আমাৰ এটা আলোচনা গোট আৰু [https://www.facebook.com/aswikipedia/ {{Like|''অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া- Assamese Wikipedia''}}] নামৰ এটা পৃষ্ঠা  আছে। ৱিকিপিডিয়ানসকলক লগ পাবলৈ আৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জানিবলৈ আপুনিও সেইবোৰৰ সদস্য হৈ ল'ব পাৰে।'''

আশা কৰোঁ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সম্পাদনা কৰি আৰু এজন [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়ান|ৱিকিপিডিয়ান]] হোৱাটো উপভোগ কৰিব। 

&lt;center&gt;{{Wikipedia in Social Media}}&lt;/center&gt;
| small =  / yes
| smallimage = none / [[Image:Some image.svg|30px]]
| smallimageright = none / [[Image:Some image.svg|30px]]
| smalltext  = আদৰণি 
}} &lt;!-- This welcome message is delivered by [[User:WikitanvirBot]] on behalf of the community. See [[Special:PermaLink/178496]] for details. --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a6kbv0t3rpjckmrp2o3fdh8p3a13a7y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>প্ৰবীণ শইকীয়া</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>63653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610887</id>
      <parentid>523396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32669-08</username>
        <id>50213</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* শিক্ষা আৰু শৈশৱ */</comment>
      <origin>610887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6079" sha1="812i47s20xuviv2zskorc16mr0j7aqd" xml:space="preserve">{{unreferenced}}{{Infobox person
| name = ড° প্ৰবীণ শইকীয়া
| image = Prabin_Saikia,_noted_writer_and_environmentalist.jpg
| alt = Dr Prabin Saikia
| caption =
| birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|06|17}}
| birth_place = মাধৱপুৰ, উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ জিলা
| death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;
| death_place =
| nationality = ভাৰতীয়
| other_names =
| parents = শৈলেন্দ্ৰ নাথ শইকীয়া আৰু কিৰণময়ী শইকীয়া
| spouse = বৰ্ণালী হাজৰিকা শইকীয়া
| children =
| relatives =
| occupation = অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক , বিহপুৰীয়া মহাবিদ্যালয়
| years_active =
| known_for = সেউজপ্ৰাণ, বনতীৰ্থ
| notable_works = পৰিৱেশ সংৰক্ষণ, আপদীয়া পদ্য
}}

'''ড° প্ৰবীণ শইকীয়া''' একেধাৰে এগৰাকী প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ, কলা-সংস্কৃতিৰ গৱেষক, গীতিকাৰ, সুৰকাৰ, চিত্ৰশিল্পী, শিশুসাহিত্যিক আৰু পৰিৱেশ কৰ্মী৷

==জন্ম আৰু পৰিয়াল==

১৯৫৫ চনত উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ জিলাৰ মাধৱপুৰত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা শইকীয়া পিতৃ-মাতৃ আছিল যথাক্ৰমে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ নাথ শইকীয়া আৰু কিৰণময়ী শইকীয়া৷ তেখেতৰ জীৱনসংগী বৰ্ণালী হাজৰিকা শইকীয়া৷

==শিক্ষা আৰু শৈশৱ==

ড° শইকীয়াই বদতিৰ (জামুগুৰি) নেহৰু হাইস্কুলৰ পৰা হাইস্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা সাং কৰাৰ পিছত নাৰায়ণপুৰৰ [[মাধৱদেৱ মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা বিএ পাছ কৰে৷ ১৯৮২ চনত তেখেতে ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা অসমীয়া বিভাগত এমএ উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়৷

১৯৮৭ চনত তেখেতে [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা এম.ফিল ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ 

১৯৯৯ চনত তেখেতে গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰে পৰা “খামতিসকলৰ ভাষা আৰু সমাজ: এটি অধ্যয়ন” বিষয়ত সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ তেখেতৰ গৱেষণা নিৰ্দেশক আছিল ড° সত্যেন্দ্ৰ নাথ গোস্বামী৷

==কৰ্মজীৱন==

১৯৮২ এমএ পাছ কৰি উঠাৰ লগে লগে তেখেতে বিহপুৰীয়া মহাবিদ্যালয়ত প্ৰবক্তা হিচাপে যোগ দি ২০১৫ চনত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে৷ তেখেত বিভাগীয় মুৰব্বী হিচাপেও কাৰ্য্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল৷ তেখেতৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত দুগৰাকী গৱেষকে এমফিল ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷

==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী==

শিশু কবিতা, লিমাৰিক, গীত আদি বিষয়ত তেখেতৰ কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ পাইছে৷ সঁফুৰা নামৰ শিশু আলোচনী আৰু প্ৰান্তিকৰ তেখেত এসময়ত নিয়মীয়া প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ আছিল৷

===কিতাপ===

# সুৰৰে জিঞ্জিৰি (স্বৰচিত গীতৰ পুথি), বাণী প্ৰকাশ, গুৱাহাটী, ১৯৯১
# অসমীয়া লিমাৰিক চয়ন (লিমাৰিকৰ সংকলন), বাণী প্ৰকাশ, গুৱাহাটী, ১৯৯৭
# মাণিকী মৌ (শিশু কবিতা সংকলন), কিৰণময়ী প্ৰকাশন, বিহপুৰীয়া, ১৯৯৯
# History of Assamese Literature, Directorate of Distance Education, Dibrugarh University, 2008
# আপদীয়া পদ্য (ব্যংগ কবিতাৰ সংকলন), কিৰণময়ী প্ৰকাশন, বিহপুৰীয়া, ২০০০
# খামতি ভাষা-সংস্কৃতি পৰম্পৰা (গৱেষণা গ্ৰন্থ, সৃষ্টি প্ৰকাশ, ২০২৩)

===গৱেষণা পত্ৰ===
* খামতিসকলৰ ভাষা আৰু সমাজ: এটি অধ্যয়ন (পিএইচডি থেছিছ), গৌহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ১৯৯৯

==পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু সন্মান==

# গৌৰৱ বঁটা, ২০১৮, মাধৱদেৱ মহাবিদ্যালয়, নাৰায়ণপুৰ
# Plant Genome Saviour Farmer's Reward নামৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা, ২০১৬-১৭

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{Reflist}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>812i47s20xuviv2zskorc16mr0j7aqd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610829</id>
      <parentid>459698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:50:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ratfamn</username>
        <id>50206</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7420" sha1="79i95pn99x33ajl24mkl7a99ix7mbxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Hidden Image | image=Partialism Montage.jpg|thumb|300px|caption  =কাষলটি, বক্ষস্থল, নিতম্ব, নাভি, হাত, চুলি আৰু ভৰি আদি হৈছে বিশেষ সাধাৰণ দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজক অংগ।}}

'''অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনা''' হৈছে যৌনাংগৰ বাদে শৰীৰৰ কোনো বিশেষ অংগৰ প্ৰতি গঢ় লোৱা যৌন আগ্ৰহ।&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association |edition=5th |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]] |location=Arlington |isbn=978-0890425558 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/700 700–701] |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/700 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;h&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Edlin |first1=Gordon |last2=Golanty |first2=Eric |date=2011 |title=Human Sexuality: The Basics |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers |isbn=9780763736521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx2SxKD2XlQC&amp;q=navel+partialism&amp;pg=PA6 |access-date=2013-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Milner, J. S., &amp; Dopke, C. A. (1997). Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory. In D. R. Laws and W. O'Donohue (Eds.), ''Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment.'' New York: Guilford.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰিকান মনোবৈজ্ঞানিক সংস্থা DSM-5 য়ে মানুহৰ এনে আগ্ৰহক ফেটিচিষ্টিক বিকাৰগ্ৰস্ততাৰ এটা ভাগ বুলি কৈছে যদিহে এই আগ্ৰহ ব্যক্তি এজনৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বৰ মনোসামাজিক সংকটৰ কাৰণ হৈ পৰে বা ই ব্যক্তি জীৱনৰ মহত্ত্বপূৰ্ণ ক্ষেত্ৰত ক্ষতিকাৰক ৰূপত প্ৰভাৱ বিস্তাৰ কৰে। DSM-IV ত ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া বিকাৰ হিচাপে জ্ঞান কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু, DSM-5 ৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক ফেটিচিষ্টিক বিকাৰগ্ৰস্ততাৰে একত্ৰীকৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5&quot;/&gt; এনে আগ্ৰহ দেখুওৱা ব্যক্তিৰ বাবে কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পচন্দৰ শাৰীৰিক অংগ যৌনাংগৰ সমান বা তাতকৈয়ো অধিক যৌন আকৰ্ষক হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Kunjukrishnan, R., Pawlak, A., &amp; Varan, L R. (1988). The clinical and forensic psychiatric issues of retifism. ''Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33,'' 819–825.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[বিপৰীতকামিতা|বিপৰীতকমি]], [[উভকামিতা|উভকামি]] আৰু [[সমকামিতা|সমকামি]] ব্যক্তিৰ অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনা হ'ব পাৰে&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., &amp; Calhan, C. (1994). Homosexual foot fetishism. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23,'' 611–626.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., &amp; Calhan, C. (1995). &quot;If the shoe fits...&quot;: Exploring male homosexual foot fetishism. ''The Journal of Sex Research, 32,'' 17–27.&lt;/ref&gt;। [[স্তন]] আৰু [[নিতম্ব]] এনে দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনাৰ এক বিশেষ সাধাৰণ অংগ বিবেচিত হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;t&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2008-05-31 |title=Exploring those secret turn-ons - Get your freak on! |publisher=Jamaica-gleaner.com |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080531/features/features7.html |access-date=2013-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617202117/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080531/features/features7.html |archive-date=2013-06-17 |archivedate=2013-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617202117/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080531/features/features7.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Bering |first=Jesse |publisher=Scientific American |title=Partial for Protuberant: The Man Who Was Into 'Outies' |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/bering-in-mind/2013/07/29/partial-for-protuberant-the-man-who-was-into-outies/ |access-date=4 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== প্ৰকাৰ ==
মানুহৰ মাজত সততে দেখা পোৱা অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনাসমূহ:&lt;ref name=&quot;h&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://datingchicagosuburbs.webege.com/2011/12/specific-body-part-fetish/ SPECIFIC BODY PART FETISH] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091314/http://datingchicagosuburbs.webege.com/2011/12/specific-body-part-fetish/ |date=2012-04-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legsandheels.com/dcforum/DCForumID1/7.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091319/http://www.legsandheels.com/dcforum/DCForumID1/7.html |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091319/http://www.legsandheels.com/dcforum/DCForumID1/7.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;anil&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Aggrawal |first=Anil |date=2009 |title=Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-1420043099 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&amp;q=navel |access-date=6 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! মান্য নাম!! প্ৰচলিত নাম!! উত্তেজনাৰ উৎস
|-
| [[পদফিলিয়া]] || ফুট ফেটিচ || ভৰিৰ নিম্নাংশ 
|-
| [[অকিউল'ফিলিয়া]] || আই ফেটিচ || [[চকু]]
|-
| [[মাচালেগনিয়া]] || আৰ্মপিট ফেটিচ || কাষলটি
|-
| [[মেজ'ফিলিয়া]] || ব্ৰেষ্ট ফেটিচ || [[স্তন]]
|-
| [[পাইগ'ফিলিয়া]] || বাটকচ ফেটিচ || নিতম্ব
|-
| [[নেচ'ফিলিয়া]] || নোজ ফেটিচ || [[নাক]]
|-
| [[ট্ৰিক'ফিলিয়া]] || হেয়াৰ ফেটিচ || [[চুলি]]
|-
| [[এলভিন'ফিলিয়া]] || নাভেল/বেলি বাটন ফেটিচ || নাভি
|-
| [[এলভিন'লেগনিয়া]] || বেলি/ষ্ট'মাক ফেটিচ || উদৰ
|-
| [[চিৰ'ফিলিয়া]] || হেণ্ড ফেটিচ || হাত
|-
| [[ক্ৰুৰ'ফিলিয়া]] || লেগ ফেটিচ || ভৰি
|-
| [[কাণৰ'ফেটিচিজম]] || কাণ ফেটিচ || কাণ
|-
|}

== তথ্যউৎস ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]]</text>
      <sha1>79i95pn99x33ajl24mkl7a99ix7mbxk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610831</id>
      <parentid>610829</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ratfamn</username>
        <id>50206</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7642" sha1="6ih5s1d8l50idubxcicsmczcx5th1o3" xml:space="preserve">{{Hidden Image | image=Partialism Montage.jpg|thumb|300px|caption  =কাষলটি, বক্ষস্থল, নিতম্ব, নাভি, হাত, চুলি আৰু ভৰি আদি হৈছে বিশেষ সাধাৰণ দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজক অংগ।}}

'''অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনা''' হৈছে যৌনাংগৰ বাদে শৰীৰৰ কোনো বিশেষ অংগৰ প্ৰতি গঢ় লোৱা যৌন আগ্ৰহ।&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association |edition=5th |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]] |location=Arlington |isbn=978-0890425558 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/700 700–701] |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/700 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;h&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Edlin |first1=Gordon |last2=Golanty |first2=Eric |date=2011 |title=Human Sexuality: The Basics |publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers |isbn=9780763736521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx2SxKD2XlQC&amp;q=navel+partialism&amp;pg=PA6 |access-date=2013-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Milner, J. S., &amp; Dopke, C. A. (1997). Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory. In D. R. Laws and W. O'Donohue (Eds.), ''Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment.'' New York: Guilford.&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰিকান মনোবৈজ্ঞানিক সংস্থা DSM-5 য়ে মানুহৰ এনে আগ্ৰহক ফেটিচিষ্টিক বিকাৰগ্ৰস্ততাৰ এটা ভাগ বুলি কৈছে যদিহে এই আগ্ৰহ ব্যক্তি এজনৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বৰ মনোসামাজিক সংকটৰ কাৰণ হৈ পৰে বা ই ব্যক্তি জীৱনৰ মহত্ত্বপূৰ্ণ ক্ষেত্ৰত ক্ষতিকাৰক ৰূপত প্ৰভাৱ বিস্তাৰ কৰে। DSM-IV ত ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া বিকাৰ হিচাপে জ্ঞান কৰা হৈছিল, কিন্তু, DSM-5 ৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক ফেটিচিষ্টিক বিকাৰগ্ৰস্ততাৰে একত্ৰীকৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM-5&quot;/&gt; এনে আগ্ৰহ দেখুওৱা ব্যক্তিৰ বাবে কেতিয়াবা কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পচন্দৰ শাৰীৰিক অংগ যৌনাংগৰ সমান বা তাতকৈয়ো অধিক যৌন আকৰ্ষক হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Kunjukrishnan, R., Pawlak, A., &amp; Varan, L R. (1988). The clinical and forensic psychiatric issues of retifism. ''Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33,'' 819–825.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[বিপৰীতকামিতা|বিপৰীতকমি]], [[উভকামিতা|উভকামি]] আৰু [[সমকামিতা|সমকামি]] ব্যক্তিৰ অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনা হ'ব পাৰে&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., &amp; Calhan, C. (1994). Homosexual foot fetishism. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23,'' 611–626.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., &amp; Calhan, C. (1995). &quot;If the shoe fits...&quot;: Exploring male homosexual foot fetishism. ''The Journal of Sex Research, 32,'' 17–27.&lt;/ref&gt;। [[স্তন]] আৰু [[নিতম্ব]] এনে দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনাৰ এক বিশেষ সাধাৰণ অংগ বিবেচিত হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2005/10/10/breasts-the-obsession-i-share-with-straight-men/|title=Breasts, The Obsession I Share with Straight Men|author=Written by Laura Vess|access-date=2005-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2008-05-31 |title=Exploring those secret turn-ons - Get your freak on! |publisher=Jamaica-gleaner.com |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080531/features/features7.html |access-date=2013-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617202117/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080531/features/features7.html |archive-date=2013-06-17 |archivedate=2013-06-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617202117/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080531/features/features7.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Bering |first=Jesse |publisher=Scientific American |title=Partial for Protuberant: The Man Who Was Into 'Outies' |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/bering-in-mind/2013/07/29/partial-for-protuberant-the-man-who-was-into-outies/ |access-date=4 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== প্ৰকাৰ ==
মানুহৰ মাজত সততে দেখা পোৱা অযৌনাংগিক দৰ্শনোদ্ভৱ উত্তেজনাসমূহ:&lt;ref name=&quot;h&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://datingchicagosuburbs.webege.com/2011/12/specific-body-part-fetish/ SPECIFIC BODY PART FETISH] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091314/http://datingchicagosuburbs.webege.com/2011/12/specific-body-part-fetish/ |date=2012-04-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.legsandheels.com/dcforum/DCForumID1/7.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091319/http://www.legsandheels.com/dcforum/DCForumID1/7.html |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091319/http://www.legsandheels.com/dcforum/DCForumID1/7.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;anil&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Aggrawal |first=Anil |date=2009 |title=Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-1420043099 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&amp;q=navel |access-date=6 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! মান্য নাম!! প্ৰচলিত নাম!! উত্তেজনাৰ উৎস
|-
| [[পদফিলিয়া]] || ফুট ফেটিচ || ভৰিৰ নিম্নাংশ 
|-
| [[অকিউল'ফিলিয়া]] || আই ফেটিচ || [[চকু]]
|-
| [[মাচালেগনিয়া]] || আৰ্মপিট ফেটিচ || কাষলটি
|-
| [[মেজ'ফিলিয়া]] || ব্ৰেষ্ট ফেটিচ || [[স্তন]]
|-
| [[পাইগ'ফিলিয়া]] || বাটকচ ফেটিচ || নিতম্ব
|-
| [[নেচ'ফিলিয়া]] || নোজ ফেটিচ || [[নাক]]
|-
| [[ট্ৰিক'ফিলিয়া]] || হেয়াৰ ফেটিচ || [[চুলি]]
|-
| [[এলভিন'ফিলিয়া]] || নাভেল/বেলি বাটন ফেটিচ || নাভি
|-
| [[এলভিন'লেগনিয়া]] || বেলি/ষ্ট'মাক ফেটিচ || উদৰ
|-
| [[চিৰ'ফিলিয়া]] || হেণ্ড ফেটিচ || হাত
|-
| [[ক্ৰুৰ'ফিলিয়া]] || লেগ ফেটিচ || ভৰি
|-
| [[কাণৰ'ফেটিচিজম]] || কাণ ফেটিচ || কাণ
|-
|}

== তথ্যউৎস ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]]</text>
      <sha1>6ih5s1d8l50idubxcicsmczcx5th1o3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Shaheen Hassan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>72417</id>
    <redirect title="সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao" />
    <revision>
      <id>610872</id>
      <parentid>540380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T19:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>1983</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao]] পাতায় করা দ্বিপুনর্নির্দেশনা ঠিক করেছে</comment>
      <origin>610872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56" sha1="7atvttfqeaf1gcr1yvycuw3z1xiqrm0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao]]</text>
      <sha1>7atvttfqeaf1gcr1yvycuw3z1xiqrm0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>টেহৰান</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>72436</id>
    <redirect title="তেহৰাণ" />
    <revision>
      <id>610870</id>
      <parentid>285348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T19:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>1983</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[তেহৰাণ]] পাতায় করা দ্বিপুনর্নির্দেশনা ঠিক করেছে</comment>
      <origin>610870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="6zonagx3phgebaug9qdqplsvknlly6n" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[তেহৰাণ]]</text>
      <sha1>6zonagx3phgebaug9qdqplsvknlly6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>আলোচনী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610884</id>
      <parentid>568828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13217" sha1="dctbgfpb38ewaga0jp1p4pxm0lmts8g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Arunodoi.jpg|thumb|'''অৰুনোদই''', [[অসম]]ৰ প্ৰথম [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]]ৰ সংবাদ পত্ৰ তথা আলোচনী&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/media/arunodoi.htm|title=Orunoidoi/Arunodoi|publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com|accessdate=28 March 2010|archivedate=5 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105013102/http://onlinesivasagar.com/media/arunodoi.htm|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/l0299/r010299.html|title=Special Postage Stamp on 150 years of Newspapers in Assam|publisher=PIB|accessdate=30 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''আলোচনী''' ({{lang-en|Magazine}}) হৈছে এখন সাময়িকী প্ৰকাশন। সাধাৰণতে নিয়মীয়া সময়সূচীত (প্ৰায়ে সাপ্তাহিক বা মাহেকীয়া) আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়, য'ত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ বিষয়বস্তু থাকে। সাধাৰণতে বিজ্ঞাপনৰ দ্বাৰা, ক্ৰয় মূল্যৰ দ্বাৰা, প্ৰিপেইড চাবস্ক্ৰিপচনৰ দ্বাৰা বা তিনিটাৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াৰ বিত্তীয় দিশটো চোৱা হয়।

==ব্যুৎপত্তি==
&quot;আলোচনী&quot; শব্দটো মধ্য ফৰাচী ''magasin''ৰ পৰা আহিছে; যাৰ অৰ্থ &quot;গুদাম, ডিপো, ষ্ট'ৰ&quot;। যাৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছে ইটালীয় ''magazzino''ৰ পৰা, আৰবী ''makhazin''ৰ পৰা, ''makhzan''ৰ বহুবচন অৰ্থাৎ &quot;ষ্ট'ৰ হাউচ&quot;ৰ পৰা।&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/magazine |title=magazine {{!}} Origin and meaning of magazine by Online Etymology Dictionary |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |access-date=2019-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230843/https://www.etymonline.com/word/magazine |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ মূল অৰ্থত &quot;আলোচনী&quot; শব্দটোৱে এটা সংৰক্ষণ স্থান বা যন্ত্ৰক বুজাইছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;/&gt; লিখিত প্ৰকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ই লিখিত প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংকলনক বুজায়। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা বুজা যায় যে আলোচনী প্ৰকাশনসমূহে কিয় বাৰুদ আলোচনী, আগ্নেয়াস্ত্ৰ আলোচনী, আৰু ফৰাচী আৰু ৰাছিয়ান ভাষাত (ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ পৰা магазин হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছে), ডিপাৰ্টমেণ্ট ষ্ট’ৰৰ দৰে খুচুৰা বিক্ৰেতাসকলৰ সৈতে এই শব্দটো ভাগ কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magazine |title=Definition of MAGAZINE |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427211822/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magazine |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==বিতৰণ==
[[File:German Printmagazines.jpg|thumb|জাৰ্মান ছপা আলোচনী]]
ছপা আলোচনীসমূহ মেইলৰ জৰিয়তে, বাতৰি কাকতৰ দোকান, কিতাপৰ দোকান বা অন্য বিক্ৰেতাৰ দ্বাৰা বিক্ৰীৰ জৰিয়তে, বা নিৰ্বাচিত স্থানত বিনামূলীয়া বিতৰণৰ জৰিয়তে বিতৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক বিতৰণ পদ্ধতিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়া, ইমেইল, বাতৰি সংগ্ৰহকাৰী, আৰু প্ৰকাশনৰ ৱেবছাইট আৰু চাৰ্চ ইঞ্জিনৰ ফলাফলৰ দৃশ্যমানতা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে। বিতৰণৰ বাবে পৰম্পৰাগত চাবস্ক্ৰিপচন ব্যৱসায়িক মডেলসমূহ তিনিটা মূল শ্ৰেণীত পৰে:
===মূল্য-আৰোপিত বিতৰণ===
এই মডেলত আলোচনীখন পাঠকক এটা মূল্যত বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়, হয় প্ৰতি ইছ্যুৰ ভিত্তিত বা চাবস্ক্ৰিপচনৰ দ্বাৰা, য’ত বাৰ্ষিক মাচুল বা মাহেকীয়া মূল্য আদায় দিয়া হয় আৰু ইছ্যুসমূহ ডাকযোগে পাঠকলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হয়। মূল্য-আৰোপিত বিতৰণে নিৰ্ধাৰিত পাঠকৰ পৰিসংখ্যাৰ অনুমতি দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation|title=Circulation 101: U.S. Newspaper Terms for Paid and Business/Traveler Circulation|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122845/https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live|archivedate=18 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122845/https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Beech|first=Valerie|title=Research Guides: Advertising &amp; Public Relations: Circulation data|url=https://libguides.marquette.edu/c.php?g=36683&amp;p=233038|access-date=2020-10-09|website=libguides.marquette.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===মূল্যহীন বিতৰণ===
কোনো মূল্য আৰোপ নকৰাকৈ আলোচনীৰ সংখ্যাসমূহ দিয়া হয়। যেনেঃ ষ্ট্ৰীট ডিচপেন্সাৰ, বিমান সংস্থাত, বা অন্য সামগ্ৰী বা প্ৰকাশনৰ সৈতে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। 
===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত বিতৰণ===
এইটোৱেই হৈছে বহুতো বাণিজ্যিক আলোচনীয়ে (উদ্যোগভিত্তিক সাময়িকী) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা আৰ্হি যিবোৰ কেৱল যোগ্যতাসম্পন্ন পাঠকসকলক বিতৰণ কৰা হয়। ছপা মাধ্যমৰ সৈতে জড়িত খৰচৰ বাবে (যেনেঃ প্ৰিণ্টিং আৰু ডাক খৰচ), প্ৰকাশকে অনুৰোধ কৰা সকলোকে বিনামূলীয়া কপি বিতৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব। ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে, তেওঁলোকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰচলনৰ অধীনত কাম কৰে, ব্যৱসায়ৰ সদস্য হিচাপে প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ অৰ্হতাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কোনে বিনামূলীয়া চাবস্ক্ৰিপচন লাভ কৰিব পাৰে সেইটো নিৰ্ণয় কৰে (আৰু ক্ৰয় কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা, উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, চাকৰিৰ পদবীৰ পৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা অনুসৰি, কৰ্পৰেট ক্ৰয় কৰ্তৃত্ব থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা)।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation|title=Home Page – PPA|website=PPA|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041226/http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation/|archive-date=8 March 2016|url-status=live|archivedate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041226/http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ই অপচয়, ছপা আৰু বিতৰণ খৰচৰ পৰা প্ৰকাশনক হাত সৰুৱাব পাৰে। এই পিছৰ আৰ্হিটো ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইড ৱেবৰ উত্থানৰ আগতে বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এতিয়াও কিছুমান সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ইয়াক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, যুক্তৰাজ্যত, কেইবাখনো কম্পিউটাৰ-উদ্যোগৰ আলোচনীয়ে এই আৰ্হি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, য'ত ''কম্পিউটাৰ সাপ্তাহিক'' আৰু ''কম্পিউটিং'' অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, আৰু বিত্তীয় ক্ষেত্ৰত, ''ৱাটাৰ্ছ মেগাজিন'' অন্যতম। বিশ্ব সংবাদ মাধ্যম উদ্যোগৰ বাবে, এটা উদাহৰণ হ'ব ''ভিডিঅ'এজ ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল।''।{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==ইতিহাস==
আলোচনীৰ আদিম উদাহৰণ আছিল ''এৰবাউলিচে মোনাথছ আনটেৰেডুংগেন''। এখন সাহিত্যিক আৰু দৰ্শন আলোচনী, যি ১৬৬৩ চনত জাৰ্মানীত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;mdes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=History of magazines|url=http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/|website=Magazine Designing|access-date=10 October 2013|date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live|archivedate=29 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৭৩১ চনত লণ্ডনত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ পোৱা ''জেণ্টলমেনছ মেগাজিন'' আছিল প্ৰথমখন সাধাৰণ স্বাৰ্থৰ আলোচনী।&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt;  এডৱাৰ্ড কেভে, যিয়ে &quot;চিলভানাছ আৰ্বান&quot; নামৰ কলম নামেৰে ''দ্য জেণ্টলমেনছ'' মেগাজিন সম্পাদনা কৰিছিল, তেওঁ প্ৰথমে &quot;আলোচনী&quot; শব্দটো এটা সামৰিক ভঁৰালৰ উপমাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;''[[OED]]'', ''s.v.'' &quot;Magazine&quot;, and {{cite web|url=http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|title=Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755|website=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127040136/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695|archive-date=27 January 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; উদ্ধৃতিটো আছিল: &quot;এটা মাহেকীয়া সংগ্ৰহ, আলোচনীৰ দৰে সাঁচিবলৈ&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Magazine |volume=17 |page=301}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্বাৰ্ট ইংগ্ৰামৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা ''দ্য ইলাষ্ট্ৰেটেড লণ্ডন নিউজ'' আছিল প্ৰথমখন চিত্ৰাংকিত সাপ্তাহিক বাতৰি আলোচনী।&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The History of Magazines|url=https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines|publisher=Magazines.com|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827171442/https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines|archive-date=27 August 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:আলোচনী]]</text>
      <sha1>dctbgfpb38ewaga0jp1p4pxm0lmts8g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>চেতনা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>84024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610868</id>
      <parentid>454016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T18:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amherst99</username>
        <id>3850</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7163" sha1="e4i3654hzxc7vow60sqz9l2fhme4cka" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png|thumb|সোতৰ শতিকাৰ চেতনাৰ উপস্থাপন ইংৰাজ চিকিৎসক ৰবাৰ্ট ফ্লুডৰ দ্বাৰা।]]
'''চেতনা''',({{lang-en|consciousness}}) সৰলতম ৰূপত, আভ্যন্তৰীণ আৰু বাহ্যিক অস্তিত্বৰ প্ৰতি অনুভূতি বা সচেতনতা।&lt;ref name=&quot;consciousness&quot;&gt;{{cite dictionary|title=consciousness|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=June 4, 2012|url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consciousness}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;van_Gulick2004&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |author=Robert van Gulick |year=2004 |title=Consciousness |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness/|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University }}&lt;/ref&gt; দাৰ্শনিক আৰু বিজ্ঞানীসকলৰ সহস্ৰাব্দৰ বিশ্লেষণ, সংজ্ঞা, ব্যাখ্যা আৰু বিতৰ্কৰ পিছতো চেতনা বিভ্ৰান্তিকৰ আৰু বিতৰ্কিত হৈয়েই আছে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Susan Schneider |author2=Max Velmans |year=2008 |chapter=Introduction |editor=Max Velmans |editor2=Susan Schneider |title=The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-75145-9|author2-link=Max Velmans}}&lt;/ref&gt; ই &quot;একেবাৰে আমাৰ জীৱনৰ আটাইতকৈ চিনাকি আৰু [আমাৰ জীৱনৰ আটাইতকৈ ৰহস্যময় দিশটোও]&quot;।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=John Searle |year=2005 |editor=Honderich T |title=The Oxford companion to philosophy |chapter=Consciousness |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7|author-link=John Searle }}&lt;/ref&gt; হয়তো বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে একমাত্ৰ বহুলভাৱে একমত ধাৰণাটো হ'ল চেতনাৰ অস্তিত্ব আছে বুলি অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি।&lt;ref name=&quot;JJ3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Jaynes |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Jaynes |title=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |orig-year=1976 |year=2000 |isbn=0-618-05707-2 |url=http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/Julian_Jaynes_The_Origin_of_Consciousness.pdf |access-date=2019-10-16 |archive-date=2019-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807100304/http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/Julian_Jaynes_The_Origin_of_Consciousness.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=2019-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807100304/http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/Julian_Jaynes_The_Origin_of_Consciousness.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; চেতনা হিচাপে সঠিকভাৱে কি অধ্যয়ন আৰু ব্যাখ্যা কৰিব লাগিব সেই সম্পৰ্কে মতামতৰ মাজত পাৰ্থক্য আছে। কেতিয়াবা, ই মনৰ সমাৰ্থক, আন কেতিয়াবা মনৰ এটা দিশ। অতীতত ই আছিল এজনৰ &quot;আভ্যন্তৰীণ জীৱন&quot;, আত্মনিৰীক্ষণৰ জগতখন, ব্যক্তিগত চিন্তা, কল্পনা আৰু ইচ্ছাশক্তিৰ জগতখন।&lt;ref name=&quot;Rochat 2003 717–731&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Rochat|first=Philippe|title=Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|year=2003|volume=12|issue=4|pages=717–731|url=http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/Five%20levels%20.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/Five%20levels%20.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|doi=10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00081-3|pmid=14656513|s2cid=10241157|access-date=2022-10-29|archivedate=2022-10-09|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/Five%20levels%20.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guertin 2019 406-412&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=P.A. Guertin|title=A novel concept introducing the idea of continuously changing levels of consciousness|journal=Journal of Consciousness Exploration &amp; Research|year=2019|volume=10|issue=6|pages=406–412|url=https://jcer.com/index.php/jcj/article/view/829/825}}&lt;/ref&gt; আজি ইয়াত প্ৰায়ে যিকোনো ধৰণৰ জ্ঞান, অভিজ্ঞতা, অনুভূতি বা উপলব্ধি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই হ'ব পাৰে সজাগতা, সজাগতাৰ প্ৰতি সচেতনতা বা আত্মসচেতনতা হয় নিৰন্তৰ পৰিৱৰ্তিত বা নহয়।&lt;ref name=Carruthers2011&gt;{{cite web|author1=Peter Carruthers|title=Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=31 August 2014|date=15 Aug 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; চেতনাৰ বিভিন্ন স্তৰ বা ক্ৰম থাকিব পাৰে,&lt;ref name=Antony2001&gt;{{cite journal |author=Michael V. Antony |title=Is ''consciousness'' ambiguous? |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=8 |year=2001 |pages=19–44}}&lt;/ref&gt; বা বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ চেতনা থাকিব পাৰে, বা কেৱল এটা ধৰণৰ ভিন্ন বৈশিষ্ট্য থাকিব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=Hacker2012&gt;{{cite journal |author-link= Peter Hacker |last= Hacker |first= P.M.S. |url= http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/scr/hacker/docs/ConsciousnessAChallenge.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/scr/hacker/docs/ConsciousnessAChallenge.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title= The Sad and Sorry History of Consciousness: being, among other things, a challenge to the &quot;consciousness-studies community&quot; |journal= Royal Institute of Philosophy | volume=supplementary volume 70 |date= 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আন আন প্ৰশ্নবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আছে কেৱল মানুহহে সচেতন নেকি, সকলো প্ৰাণী, আনকি সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড। গৱেষণা, ধাৰণা আৰু জল্পনা-কল্পনাৰ পৃথক পৰিসৰই সঠিক প্ৰশ্ন কৰা হৈছে নে নাই সেই সম্পৰ্কে সন্দেহৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।[https://www.onlinehelp.site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803132623/https://www.onlinehelp.site/ |date=2023-08-03 }}
==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>e4i3654hzxc7vow60sqz9l2fhme4cka</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইজৰাইলৰ স্থাপত্য</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>99619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610894</id>
      <parentid>390285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:59:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11076" sha1="sfbga1acpkjc9zpxcnpd82fmd3a7pve" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Ruins of a church in Shivta in the Negev.jpg|thumb|ইজৰাইলৰ নেগেভত থকা বাইজেণ্টাইন বেছিলিকা]]
ইজৰাইলৰ স্থাপত্যত সময়ৰ লগে লগে দেশখনত বাস কৰা লোকসকলৰ বিভিন্ন স্থাপত্য শৈলীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছে। কেতিয়াবা স্থানীয় জলবায়ু আৰু ভূ-প্ৰকৃতিৰ লগত খাপ খুৱাই এই স্থাপত্যকলাৰ সংশোধন কৰা হৈছে। বাইজেণ্টাইনৰ গীৰ্জা, ক্ৰুছেডাৰ দুৰ্গ, ইছলামিক মাদ্ৰাছা, টেম্পলাৰৰ ঘৰ, আৰব তোৰণ আৰু মিনাৰ, আন্তৰ্জাতিক শৈলীৰ আধুনিকতাবাদী অট্টালিকা, ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কংক্ৰিটৰ ব্ৰুটালিষ্ট স্থাপত্য, আৰু কাঁচৰ ফালৰ আকাশচুম্বী ঘৰ এই সকলোবোৰ ইজৰাইলৰ স্থাপত্যৰ অংশ। 

== প্ৰাচীন যুগত ==
ইজৰাইলৰ প্ৰাচীন আঞ্চলিক স্থাপত্যক নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুটা পৰ্যায়ত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি। (ক) শিল আৰু (খ) ৰ’দত শুকুৱাই লোৱা বোকা ইটা। ব্যৱহৃত শিলৰ অধিকাংশই আছিল চূণশিল।&lt;ref name=ancient&gt;{{cite book|title=The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods
|author= Aharon Kempinski, Ronny Reich|publisher= Israel Exploration Society|date= 1992|isbn= 9652210137}}&lt;/ref&gt;

হেলেনিষ্টিক যুগৰ পিছত কঠিন চূণশিল স্তম্ভ, ৰাজধানী, ভিত্তি বা মন্দিৰ পৰ্বতৰ হেৰোডিয়ান আৱেষ্টনীকৃত দেৱালৰ বাবেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ফিল্ডষ্টোনক এৰাব নোৱাৰাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল বা কোৰ্চত ৰখাৰ লগতে বহুভুজীয়া গঠনৰ বাবেও ৰখা হৈছিল। অধিক জটিল গঠনৰ বাবে ৰুক্ষভাৱে কাটি লোৱা শিল আৰু ছাঁইৰ টুকুৰা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সেইবোৰ শিলৰ কুৱেৰীৰ পৰা উলিওৱা হৈছিল। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব প্ৰথম শতিকাৰ পৰাই বিশাল শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। &lt;ref name=ancient/&gt;

== অট্টোমান যুগত ==
লিফটাত ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষলৈকে পৰম্পৰাগত গৃহ নিৰ্মাণত বিভাজনবিহীন এটা কোঠা আছিল, ঘৰটোত কৰা বিভিন্ন কাম অনুসৰি স্তৰত ভাগ কৰা হৈছিল:

ৰাৱিয়েহ – চোতালৰ উচ্চতাত থকা এটা তলৰ স্তৰক ঘৰৰ “লেতেৰা” অংশ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়, যিটো পশুধনক মজুত আৰু আশ্ৰয় দিয়াৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। 

মাস্তাবেহ – শুই থকা, খোৱা, আতিথ্য আৰু মজুত ৰখাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচ্চ আৱাসিক স্তৰ। 

ছিডা (গেলেৰী) – মাষ্টাবাৰ ওপৰৰ আন এটা বাসস্থান, যিটো প্ৰধানকৈ শুবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;IAA&quot;&gt;[http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=6&amp;site_id=3&amp;id=114 Heritage Conservation in Israel]&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয়াৰ্ধত পৰম্পৰাগত ঘৰটোৰ ওপৰত ক্ৰছ-ভল্টৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ এটা আৱাসিক কাহিনী সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত তলৰ কোঠাটোত থকা পশুধন আৰু আৱাসিক কাহিনীৰ সৈতে মজিয়াৰ মাজত এটা ঠাই সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। প্ৰতিটো মহলাতে এটা সুকীয়া প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;IAA&quot;/&gt;

গাঁৱৰ অন্তৰ্ভাগৰ বাহিৰত দুৰ্গযুক্ত ঘৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ দুটা মহল আছিল: পশুধন পালন আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সৰু সৰু খিৰিকীৰে উচ্চ তলৰ মহলা আৰু ডাঙৰ খিৰিকী আৰু বেলকনিযুক্ত পৃথক আৱাসিক মহলা। চোতালত মজুত ৰখাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা এটা সৰু গঠন আছিল। কেতিয়াবা ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত টেবুন বেকিং অভেন এটাও থাকিব।[2]

প্ৰথম আধুনিক নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰযুক্তি ফাৰ্ম হাউচবোৰত স্পষ্ট হৈ পৰিছিল। লোহাৰ বীম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু চালবোৰ কংক্ৰিট আৰু ছাদৰ টাইলছেৰে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই গঠনবোৰত দৃশ্য দেখা পোৱা বেলকনি আৰু বহল দুৱাৰমুখ আছিল। 

১৯৪৮ চনৰ পৰা ইজৰাইলত স্থাপত্যত নতুনকৈ অহা গণ অনুপ্ৰৱেশকাৰীক ৰখাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাই আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰিছিল। ব্ৰুটালিষ্ট কংক্ৰিট শৈলী ইজৰাইলৰ কঠোৰ জলবায়ু আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক নিৰ্মাণ সামগ্ৰীৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;IAA&quot; /&gt;

== উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থপতিবিদ ==
১৯৫০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ আগশাৰীৰ স্থপতিবিদসকলৰ ভিতৰত ডভ কাৰ্মি, জিভ ৰেচটাৰ আৰু আৰিয়েহ শ্বেৰন অন্যতম।&lt;ref name=&quot;Dvir2008&quot;&gt;[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=1029311&amp;contrassID=2&amp;subContrassID=14&amp;title='A%20concrete%20life%20'&amp;dyn_server=172.20.5.5 A Concrete Life], Noam Dvir, [[Haaretz]] Magazine, October 17, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;দেশৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ঔদ্যোগিক ভৱনসমূহৰ ডিজাইনত ৰুডলফ (ৰ্যুভেন) ট্ৰষ্টলাৰে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Dvir2008&quot; /&gt; ড'ৰা গাডে নেচেট, ইজৰাইল মিউজিয়াম, দেশৰ প্ৰথম বৃহৎ হোটেল, ইহুদী নেচনেল এণ্ড ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি লাইব্ৰেৰী, এল আল বিমান আৰু জিম যাত্ৰীবাহী জাহাজৰ অভ্যন্তৰীণ অংশ ডিজাইন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dora Gad's private sanctuary |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1037242.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |archivedate=2012-01-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130233910/http://www.haaretz.com/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমনন নিভে তেতিয়াৰ ইজৰাইলৰ আটাইতকৈ ওখ অট্টালিকা মোশ্বে আভিভ টাৱাৰৰ ডিজাইন কৰিছিল (আজি ই আজৰিলি চাৰোনা টাৱাৰৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অট্টালিকা)। ডেভিদ ৰেছনিক আছিল ব্ৰাজিলত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ইজৰাইলী স্থপতিবিদ যিয়ে স্থাপত্যৰ ইজৰাইল বঁটা&lt;ref name=&quot;JVL&quot;&gt;[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16698.html Encyclopedia Judaica, 2008], as quoted by Jewish Virtual Library, retrieved September 13, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;আৰু ইজৰাইল গোল্ডষ্টেইন ছিনাগগ আৰু মাউণ্ট স্কোপাছৰ ব্ৰিগম ইয়ং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ দৰে চিনাকি জেৰুজালেমৰ অট্টালিকাৰ বাবে ৰেচটাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। 

== ছবি-ভঁৰাল ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
চিত্ৰ:Tel_Aviv_old_city_hall.jpg|টেল আভিভৰ পুৰণি চহৰীয়া গৃহ
চিত্ৰ:Mugrabi.jpg|মুগৰবী চিনেমা, ১৯৩০
চিত্ৰ:YadkenS.jpg|য়াড কেনেডি স্মাৰক, জেৰুজালেম অৰণ্য
চিত্ৰ:City_Gate_Ramat_Gan_2008.jpg|মোশ্বে আভিভ টাৱাৰ, ৰামাট গন
চিত্ৰ:Biomorphic_solar_green_house_by_Ephraim-Henry_Pavie.jpg|দ্য পেভি গাউছ, ২০১১
চিত্ৰ:Rothschild_Boulevard_-_WLM_2013_-_ovedc_-_11.JPG|মেয়েৰ অন ৰটছিল্ড টাৱাৰ, ২০১৩ চনত টেল আভিভৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ অট্টালিকা
চিত্ৰ:P1190467_-_הגנים_הבהאיים_-_מקדש_הזהב.JPG|১৯৪৯ আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মিত বেবৰ সৌধ
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
[[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:দেশ অনুসৰি এছিয়াৰ সংস্কৃতি]]</text>
      <sha1>sfbga1acpkjc9zpxcnpd82fmd3a7pve</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610833</id>
      <parentid>542868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:07:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ratfamn</username>
        <id>50206</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* সম্পূৰ্ণ অবিভাজিত যৌন সম্পৰ্ক */</comment>
      <origin>610833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14175" sha1="lyoos1k7us0mzzzs20twy918nc817cd" xml:space="preserve">{{Hidden Image | image=Franz_von_Bayros_003.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px|caption  =সমকামীৰ আঙুলি সঞ্চালন}}
'''অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া''' হৈছে অন্তৰ্ভেদী [[যৌন সংগম]]ৰ বিপৰীত, অৰ্থাৎ এনেকুৱা যৌন সম্পৰ্কত কোনো শিশ্ন বা [[লিংগ]] প্ৰৱেশ কৰোৱা নহয়। এনে যৌন কাৰ্য্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে চুমা, মৰ্দন বা লেহন আদি। অনাভেদী যৌন সম্পৰ্ক শৃংগাৰৰ দৰে হ'লেও মূলতঃ সেয়া নহয়। &lt;ref name=&quot;Ross&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sexual Health Concerns: Interviewing and History Taking for Health Practitioners|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualhealthconc0000ross/page/45 45]|isbn=0803606680|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualhealthconc0000ross}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenthal&quot;&gt;See [https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&amp;pg=PT290 272] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&amp;pg=PT321 page 301] for two different definitions of outercourse (first of the pages for no-penetration definition; second of the pages for no-penile-penetration definition). {{Cite book|first=Martha|last=Rosenthal|title=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society, 1st ed|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2012|pages=576 pages|access-date=September 17, 2012|isbn=0618755713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LaRosa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=New Dimensions In Women's Health|publisher=[[Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning]]|year=2009|page=91|access-date=August 31, 2013|isbn=0763765929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2X03PXd4JSoC&amp;pg=PA91}}&lt;/ref&gt; বহুতে হয়তো ইয়াক মৌলিক যৌন কাৰ্য্য হিচাপে বা কেৱল প্ৰেমৰ প্ৰকাশ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে। &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Odyssey of the Heart: Close Relationships in the 21st Century|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=2001|access-date=August 30, 2013|page=70|isbn=1410604055|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY0BUUg-WkQC&amp;pg=PA70}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Leary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ann O'Leary|title=Beyond Condoms: Alternative Approaches to HIV Prevention|isbn=0306467313|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2002|page=155|access-date=August 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NT39hW474C&amp;pg=PA155&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=tC8VUongB6fP2wWDmYHQDg&amp;ved=0CEoQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crooks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robert Crooks|last2=Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2010|pages=286–289|access-date=August 30, 2012|isbn=0495812943|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&amp;pg=PA286&amp;lpg=PA286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আধুনিক যুগত এই অবিভাজিত বা অনাভেদী যৌন কাৰ্য্যই মূলসুঁতিৰ যৌনতাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছে আৰু ইয়াক ‘যৌন সম্পৰ্ক’ৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।

== সংজ্ঞা আৰু চৰ্চা ==

=== সাধাৰণ ===

যদিওবা অনাভেদী যৌন সম্পৰ্কৰ সংজ্ঞাৰ পৰা বুজা যায় যে এনে কাৰ্য্যত কোনো ধৰণৰ [[যৌন প্ৰৱেশক্ৰিয়া]] জড়িত নহয়, তথাপিও কিছুমান বিশেষ পদাৰ্থৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰৱেশ বা মৌখিক যৌন সম্পৰ্কক যৌন সম্পৰ্কৰ অংশ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। &lt;ref name=&quot;Ross&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenthal&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LaRosa&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Leary&quot;/&gt;

=== ঘৰ্ষণ বা ঘৰ্ষকাম ===
{{Hidden Image | image=Wiki-frot1.png|thumb|267x267px|caption  =যৌন উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ দুজন পুৰুষৰ মাজত যৌন সম্পৰ্ক}}
সাধাৰণতে ''ঘৰ্ষকাম বুলিলে'' ব্যক্তিৰ শৰীৰৰ যিকোনো অংশ (যেনে নিতম্ব, স্তন, পেট, উৰু বা হাত আৰু যৌনাংগ ) আন ব্যক্তিৰ যৌনাংগত স্পৰ্শ বা ঘঁহি দিয়া বুলি কোৱা হয়; সংগী অবিহনে ৰাজহুৱা স্থানত অভিনয় কৰাটো যেনেকৈ যৌন বিকৃতি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়, তেনেদৰে সংগীৰ সৈতে অন্তৰংগ মুহূৰ্তত কৰা অভিনয় যৌনতাৰ বৃহত্তৰ ৰঙ্গমঞ্চৰ এটা অংশ মাথোঁ। এই ক্ৰিয়াক &quot;শুষ্ক সংগম&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়। &lt;ref name=&quot;Hodge&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=M.|first=Hodge|last2=Evelyn Blackwood|title=The Evolution of Human Homosexual Behavior|volume=41|issue=|pages=385–413|publisher=|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2000-06_41_3/page/385|pmid=10768881}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুন ===

{{Hidden Image | image=Geiger-masturbation-mutuelle.jpg|right|thumb|caption  =জোহান নেপমাকে পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুনক চিত্ৰায়িত কৰিছে, ১৮৪০}}
পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুনত সাধাৰণতে দুজন বা তাতকৈ অধিক লোকে ইজনে সিজনৰ যৌনাংগ হাতেৰে স্পৰ্শ কৰি উত্তেজিত কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fulbright|first=Yvonne K.|title=The Better Sex Guide to Extraordinary Lovemaking|year=2010|publisher=Quiver|isbn=9781592333523|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPVEEWaKK1UC&amp;pg=PA141}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Richters&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richters|first=J.|last2=Song|first2=A.|year=1999|title=Australian university students agree with Clinton's definition of sex|url=|volume=318|issue=7189|page=1011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সম্পূৰ্ণ অবিভাজিত যৌন সম্পৰ্ক ===
{{Hidden Image | image=Wiki-mam-intcs.png|right|thumb|caption  =[[স্তন সংগম]], পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজত হোৱা এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অবিভাজিত যৌন সম্পৰ্কৰ এটা ৰূপ।}}

তলত দিয়া কাৰ্য্যসমূহ হৈছে এনেধৰণৰ যৌন কাৰ্য্য:

* Armpit fetishism: &lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morton|first=Mark Steven|title=The Lover's Tongue: A Merry Romp Through the Language of Love and Sex|publisher=Insomniac Press|year=2003|place=|page=186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnwAlLgWEhAC&amp;pg=PA186&amp;dq=%22Axillary+intercourse%22|isbn=1894663519}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sex-lexis.com/Sex-Dictionary/axillary%20intercourse axillary intercourse - Dictionary of sexual terms]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Knaapila, A., Tuorila, H., Vuoksimaa, E., Keskitalo-Vuokko, K., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., &amp; Silventoinen, K. (2011). Pleasantness of the Odor of Androstenone as a Function of Sexual Intercourse Experience in Women and Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1-6.
&lt;/ref&gt;
* একেলগে শুই থকা: 
* কামমূলক অঙ্গমৰ্দন: এই কাৰ্য্য দুজন বা তাতকৈ অধিক লোকৰ মাজত হ’ব পাৰে। এই ক্ৰিয়াত তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি শৰীৰত তাপ বিয়পাই দিব পাৰি বা কেৱল হাতেৰে শৰীৰ মালিচ কৰিব পাৰি। &lt;ref name=&quot;livestrong&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/69306-sensual-massage/|title=What Is Sensual Massage? &amp;#124; LIVESTRONG.COM|publisher=livestrong.com|accessdate=September 23, 2014|archivedate=September 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020248/https://www.livestrong.com/article/69306-sensual-massage/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=N. A.|year=2000|title=Female sexual dysfunction: evaluation and treatment|url=|volume=62|issue=1|pages=127–148}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ভৰি মৈথুন: যেতিয়া সংগীয়ে ভৰিৰে আন সংগীৰ লিংগক উদ্দীপিত কৰে। 
* ঘৰ্ষণ বা ঘৰ্ষকাম: লিংগৰ সৈতে লিংগৰ সংস্পৰ্শ
* [[হস্তমৈথুন]]: 
* [[ঊৰুমৈথুন]]: যেতিয়া এজন সংগীয়ে আনজনৰ লিংগক তাইৰ স্তনৰ সহায়ত উদ্দীপিত কৰে
* অভেদী পায়ুমৈথুন: ইয়াত লিংগই নিতম্ব স্পৰ্শ কৰে, কিন্তু লিংগটোৱে নিতম্বৰ ভিতৰত সোমাই নাযায়। এইখিনিতেই [[পায়ু সংগম]]ৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ পাৰ্থক্য। নিতম্বৰ ওপৰত ৰক্ত সঞ্চালনৰ জৰিয়তে লিংগৰ উদ্দীপনা সৃষ্টি হয়। এয়া এক প্ৰকাৰৰ পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুন। &lt;ref name=&quot;completeorgasmguide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.completeorgasmguide.com/intergluteal-sex/|title=Completeorgasmguide.com|publisher=completeorgasmguide.com|accessdate=September 23, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912182312/http://www.completeorgasmguide.com/intergluteal-sex/|archivedate=সেপ্টেম্বৰ ১২, ২০১৪}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* চুমা বা চুম্বন: দুজন মানুহৰ মাজত ওঁঠ স্পৰ্শ, বিশেষকৈ গভীৰ চুমাক যৌন কাৰ্য্য বুলি ধৰিব পাৰি। এই ধৰণৰ কাৰ্য্যত এজন ব্যক্তিৰ জিভা আন এজনৰ মুখত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাটো জড়িত হৈ থাকে। কেৱল ওঁঠতে নহয়, সংগীৰ শৰীৰৰ যিকোনো অংশত চুমা সংগঠিত কৰিব পাৰি আৰু চুমা কামকেলিৰ এক সাধাৰণ অংশ। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hans|first=J. D.|last2=Kimberly|first2=C.|year=2011|title=Abstinence, Sex, and Virginity: Do They Mean What We Think They Mean?.|url=|volume=6|issue=4|pages=329–342}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[স্তন সংগম]]: স্তনত লিংগটো ৰাখি ওপৰলৈ তললৈ লৰচৰ কৰি লিংগক উদ্দীপিত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Citation O'Barr|first=W. M.|year=2011|title=Sex and Advertising|url=|volume=12|issue=|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* স্তন উদ্দীপনা: যেতিয়া এজন সংগীয়ে আনজন সংগীৰ স্তনত (হাত বা মুখেৰে) মৰম কৰে। 
* ট্ৰিবাডিজিম : এইটো সমকামী মহিলাৰ যৌন কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰভেদ। &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|year=2007|page=429|access-date=December 19, 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdYh_iFZvbkC&amp;pg=PA429&amp;dq=Lesbians+and+tribadism#v=onepage&amp;q=Lesbians%20and%20tribadism&amp;f=false|isbn=0-7637-4148-5|last=Jerrold S. Greenberg|last2=Clint E. Bruess}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Janell L. Carroll|title=Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity|isbn=0-495-60274-4|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2009|page=272|access-date=December 19, 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&amp;pg=PA272&amp;dq=Lesbians+and+tribadism#v=onepage&amp;q=Lesbians%20and%20tribadism&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা অভেদ্য কিন্তু অন্যভাৱে ভেদ কৰিব পৰা ===

* [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]]: 
* [[মুখমৈথুন]]: যদি মহিলাৰ যৌনাংগত মুখৰ সংগম কৰা হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াক [[যোনি]]লেহন বোলা হয়। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=S.|last2=Carne|first2=C.|year=1998|title=Oral sex and the transmission of viral STIs|url=|volume=74|issue=1|pages=6–10|pmc=1758078}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদি মৌখিক সংগম মলদ্বাৰৰ সৈতে কৰা হয় তেন্তে ইয়াক পায়ুলেহন বুলি কোৱা হয়। &lt;ref&gt;Choices, N. H. S. (2012). What is oral sex?-Health questions-NHS Choices.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ভাইব্ৰেটৰ বা কম্পযন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি উদ্দীপনা সৃষ্টি: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=B. W.|last2=Ginsberg|first2=R. L.|year=2006|title=Resilient sexual desire in heterosexual couples|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_family-journal_2006-01_14_1/page/59|volume=14|issue=1|pages=59–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰ্হি সংযোগ==
{{Commons category|Mutual masturbation| অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী: মানৱ যৌনতা]]</text>
      <sha1>lyoos1k7us0mzzzs20twy918nc817cd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610834</id>
      <parentid>610833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:15:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32582-01</username>
        <id>50207</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* সম্পূৰ্ণ অবিভাজিত যৌন সম্পৰ্ক */</comment>
      <origin>610834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14201" sha1="fzfhvjpzho6jjf2bn7xfx26bmxy8ki4" xml:space="preserve">{{Hidden Image | image=Franz_von_Bayros_003.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px|caption  =সমকামীৰ আঙুলি সঞ্চালন}}
'''অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া''' হৈছে অন্তৰ্ভেদী [[যৌন সংগম]]ৰ বিপৰীত, অৰ্থাৎ এনেকুৱা যৌন সম্পৰ্কত কোনো শিশ্ন বা [[লিংগ]] প্ৰৱেশ কৰোৱা নহয়। এনে যৌন কাৰ্য্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে চুমা, মৰ্দন বা লেহন আদি। অনাভেদী যৌন সম্পৰ্ক শৃংগাৰৰ দৰে হ'লেও মূলতঃ সেয়া নহয়। &lt;ref name=&quot;Ross&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sexual Health Concerns: Interviewing and History Taking for Health Practitioners|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualhealthconc0000ross/page/45 45]|isbn=0803606680|url=https://archive.org/details/sexualhealthconc0000ross}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenthal&quot;&gt;See [https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&amp;pg=PT290 272] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&amp;pg=PT321 page 301] for two different definitions of outercourse (first of the pages for no-penetration definition; second of the pages for no-penile-penetration definition). {{Cite book|first=Martha|last=Rosenthal|title=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society, 1st ed|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2012|pages=576 pages|access-date=September 17, 2012|isbn=0618755713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LaRosa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=New Dimensions In Women's Health|publisher=[[Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning]]|year=2009|page=91|access-date=August 31, 2013|isbn=0763765929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2X03PXd4JSoC&amp;pg=PA91}}&lt;/ref&gt; বহুতে হয়তো ইয়াক মৌলিক যৌন কাৰ্য্য হিচাপে বা কেৱল প্ৰেমৰ প্ৰকাশ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে। &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Odyssey of the Heart: Close Relationships in the 21st Century|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=2001|access-date=August 30, 2013|page=70|isbn=1410604055|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY0BUUg-WkQC&amp;pg=PA70}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Leary&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ann O'Leary|title=Beyond Condoms: Alternative Approaches to HIV Prevention|isbn=0306467313|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2002|page=155|access-date=August 21, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NT39hW474C&amp;pg=PA155&amp;dq=&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=tC8VUongB6fP2wWDmYHQDg&amp;ved=0CEoQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crooks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robert Crooks|last2=Karla Baur|title=Our Sexuality|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2010|pages=286–289|access-date=August 30, 2012|isbn=0495812943|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&amp;pg=PA286&amp;lpg=PA286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আধুনিক যুগত এই অবিভাজিত বা অনাভেদী যৌন কাৰ্য্যই মূলসুঁতিৰ যৌনতাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছে আৰু ইয়াক ‘যৌন সম্পৰ্ক’ৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।

== সংজ্ঞা আৰু চৰ্চা ==

=== সাধাৰণ ===

যদিওবা অনাভেদী যৌন সম্পৰ্কৰ সংজ্ঞাৰ পৰা বুজা যায় যে এনে কাৰ্য্যত কোনো ধৰণৰ [[যৌন প্ৰৱেশক্ৰিয়া]] জড়িত নহয়, তথাপিও কিছুমান বিশেষ পদাৰ্থৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰৱেশ বা মৌখিক যৌন সম্পৰ্কক যৌন সম্পৰ্কৰ অংশ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। &lt;ref name=&quot;Ross&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenthal&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;LaRosa&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;O'Leary&quot;/&gt;

=== ঘৰ্ষণ বা ঘৰ্ষকাম ===
{{Hidden Image | image=Wiki-frot1.png|thumb|267x267px|caption  =যৌন উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ দুজন পুৰুষৰ মাজত যৌন সম্পৰ্ক}}
সাধাৰণতে ''ঘৰ্ষকাম বুলিলে'' ব্যক্তিৰ শৰীৰৰ যিকোনো অংশ (যেনে নিতম্ব, স্তন, পেট, উৰু বা হাত আৰু যৌনাংগ ) আন ব্যক্তিৰ যৌনাংগত স্পৰ্শ বা ঘঁহি দিয়া বুলি কোৱা হয়; সংগী অবিহনে ৰাজহুৱা স্থানত অভিনয় কৰাটো যেনেকৈ যৌন বিকৃতি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়, তেনেদৰে সংগীৰ সৈতে অন্তৰংগ মুহূৰ্তত কৰা অভিনয় যৌনতাৰ বৃহত্তৰ ৰঙ্গমঞ্চৰ এটা অংশ মাথোঁ। এই ক্ৰিয়াক &quot;শুষ্ক সংগম&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়। &lt;ref name=&quot;Hodge&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=M.|first=Hodge|last2=Evelyn Blackwood|title=The Evolution of Human Homosexual Behavior|volume=41|issue=|pages=385–413|publisher=|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_2000-06_41_3/page/385|pmid=10768881}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুন ===

{{Hidden Image | image=Geiger-masturbation-mutuelle.jpg|right|thumb|caption  =জোহান নেপমাকে পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুনক চিত্ৰায়িত কৰিছে, ১৮৪০}}
পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুনত সাধাৰণতে দুজন বা তাতকৈ অধিক লোকে ইজনে সিজনৰ যৌনাংগ হাতেৰে স্পৰ্শ কৰি উত্তেজিত কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Fulbright|first=Yvonne K.|title=The Better Sex Guide to Extraordinary Lovemaking|year=2010|publisher=Quiver|isbn=9781592333523|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPVEEWaKK1UC&amp;pg=PA141}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Richters&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Richters|first=J.|last2=Song|first2=A.|year=1999|title=Australian university students agree with Clinton's definition of sex|url=|volume=318|issue=7189|page=1011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== সম্পূৰ্ণ অবিভাজিত যৌন সম্পৰ্ক ===
{{Hidden Image | image=Wiki-mam-intcs.png|right|thumb|caption  =[[স্তন সংগম]], পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজত হোৱা এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অবিভাজিত যৌন সম্পৰ্কৰ এটা ৰূপ।}}

তলত দিয়া কাৰ্য্যসমূহ হৈছে এনেধৰণৰ যৌন কাৰ্য্য:

* Armpit fetishism: &lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Morton|first=Mark Steven|title=The Lover's Tongue: A Merry Romp Through the Language of Love and Sex|publisher=Insomniac Press|year=2003|place=|page=186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnwAlLgWEhAC&amp;pg=PA186&amp;dq=%22Axillary+intercourse%22|isbn=1894663519}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sex-lexis.com/Sex-Dictionary/axillary%20intercourse axillary intercourse - Dictionary of sexual terms]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Knaapila, A., Tuorila, H., Vuoksimaa, E., Keskitalo-Vuokko, K., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., &amp; Silventoinen, K. (2011). Pleasantness of the Odor of Androstenone as a Function of Sexual Intercourse Experience in Women and Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1-6.
&lt;/ref&gt;
* একেলগে শুই থকা: 
* কামমূলক অঙ্গমৰ্দন: এই কাৰ্য্য দুজন বা তাতকৈ অধিক লোকৰ মাজত হ’ব পাৰে। এই ক্ৰিয়াত তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি শৰীৰত তাপ বিয়পাই দিব পাৰি বা কেৱল হাতেৰে শৰীৰ মালিচ কৰিব পাৰি। &lt;ref name=&quot;livestrong&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/69306-sensual-massage/|title=What Is Sensual Massage? &amp;#124; LIVESTRONG.COM|publisher=livestrong.com|accessdate=September 23, 2014|archivedate=September 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020248/https://www.livestrong.com/article/69306-sensual-massage/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=N. A.|year=2000|title=Female sexual dysfunction: evaluation and treatment|url=|volume=62|issue=1|pages=127–148}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ভৰি মৈথুন: যেতিয়া সংগীয়ে ভৰিৰে আন সংগীৰ লিংগক উদ্দীপিত কৰে। 
* ঘৰ্ষণ বা ঘৰ্ষকাম: লিংগৰ সৈতে লিংগৰ সংস্পৰ্শ
* [[হস্তমৈথুন]]: 
* [[স্তনৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক]]: যেতিয়া এজন সংগীয়ে আনজনৰ লিংগক তাইৰ স্তনৰ সহায়ত উদ্দীপিত কৰে
* অভেদী পায়ুমৈথুন: ইয়াত লিংগই নিতম্ব স্পৰ্শ কৰে, কিন্তু লিংগটোৱে নিতম্বৰ ভিতৰত সোমাই নাযায়। এইখিনিতেই [[পায়ু সংগম]]ৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ পাৰ্থক্য। নিতম্বৰ ওপৰত ৰক্ত সঞ্চালনৰ জৰিয়তে লিংগৰ উদ্দীপনা সৃষ্টি হয়। এয়া এক প্ৰকাৰৰ পাৰস্পৰিক হস্তমৈথুন। &lt;ref name=&quot;completeorgasmguide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.completeorgasmguide.com/intergluteal-sex/|title=Completeorgasmguide.com|publisher=completeorgasmguide.com|accessdate=September 23, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912182312/http://www.completeorgasmguide.com/intergluteal-sex/|archivedate=সেপ্টেম্বৰ ১২, ২০১৪}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* চুমা বা চুম্বন: দুজন মানুহৰ মাজত ওঁঠ স্পৰ্শ, বিশেষকৈ গভীৰ চুমাক যৌন কাৰ্য্য বুলি ধৰিব পাৰি। এই ধৰণৰ কাৰ্য্যত এজন ব্যক্তিৰ জিভা আন এজনৰ মুখত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাটো জড়িত হৈ থাকে। কেৱল ওঁঠতে নহয়, সংগীৰ শৰীৰৰ যিকোনো অংশত চুমা সংগঠিত কৰিব পাৰি আৰু চুমা কামকেলিৰ এক সাধাৰণ অংশ। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hans|first=J. D.|last2=Kimberly|first2=C.|year=2011|title=Abstinence, Sex, and Virginity: Do They Mean What We Think They Mean?.|url=|volume=6|issue=4|pages=329–342}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[স্তন সংগম]]: স্তনত লিংগটো ৰাখি ওপৰলৈ তললৈ লৰচৰ কৰি লিংগক উদ্দীপিত কৰা। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Citation O'Barr|first=W. M.|year=2011|title=Sex and Advertising|url=|volume=12|issue=|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* স্তন উদ্দীপনা: যেতিয়া এজন সংগীয়ে আনজন সংগীৰ স্তনত (হাত বা মুখেৰে) মৰম কৰে। 
* ট্ৰিবাডিজিম : এইটো সমকামী মহিলাৰ যৌন কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰভেদ। &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|year=2007|page=429|access-date=December 19, 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdYh_iFZvbkC&amp;pg=PA429&amp;dq=Lesbians+and+tribadism#v=onepage&amp;q=Lesbians%20and%20tribadism&amp;f=false|isbn=0-7637-4148-5|last=Jerrold S. Greenberg|last2=Clint E. Bruess}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Janell L. Carroll|title=Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity|isbn=0-495-60274-4|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2009|page=272|access-date=December 19, 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&amp;pg=PA272&amp;dq=Lesbians+and+tribadism#v=onepage&amp;q=Lesbians%20and%20tribadism&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা অভেদ্য কিন্তু অন্যভাৱে ভেদ কৰিব পৰা ===

* [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]]: 
* [[মুখমৈথুন]]: যদি মহিলাৰ যৌনাংগত মুখৰ সংগম কৰা হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াক [[যোনি]]লেহন বোলা হয়। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=S.|last2=Carne|first2=C.|year=1998|title=Oral sex and the transmission of viral STIs|url=|volume=74|issue=1|pages=6–10|pmc=1758078}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদি মৌখিক সংগম মলদ্বাৰৰ সৈতে কৰা হয় তেন্তে ইয়াক পায়ুলেহন বুলি কোৱা হয়। &lt;ref&gt;Choices, N. H. S. (2012). What is oral sex?-Health questions-NHS Choices.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ভাইব্ৰেটৰ বা কম্পযন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি উদ্দীপনা সৃষ্টি: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=B. W.|last2=Ginsberg|first2=R. L.|year=2006|title=Resilient sexual desire in heterosexual couples|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_family-journal_2006-01_14_1/page/59|volume=14|issue=1|pages=59–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==বৰ্হি সংযোগ==
{{Commons category|Mutual masturbation| অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী: মানৱ যৌনতা]]</text>
      <sha1>fzfhvjpzho6jjf2bn7xfx26bmxy8ki4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইন্দ্ৰাণী পেৰেৰা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610902</id>
      <parentid>538617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12713" sha1="ke74clcrdvwn7ysnywcyxxnnfriy6nn" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Sri Lankan singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = ইন্দ্ৰাণী পেৰেৰা &lt;br&gt; ඉන්ද්‍රානි පෙරේරා
| other_names        = 
| image_size         = 
| image              = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = ১৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী 
| birth_place        = ব’ৰেল্লা, [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| death_cause        = 
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;
| nationality        = [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ
| alma_mater         = 
| education          = প্ৰিচবেটেৰিয়ান স্কুল 
| father              = আবেপালা পেৰেৰা 
| mother              = মুৰিয়েল পেৰেৰা 
| spouse             = জেমচ শ্ৰীনিবাসন 
| children           = ২
| awards             = 
| signature          = 
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}


'''ইন্দ্ৰাণী পেৰেৰা''' ({{lang-en| Indrani Perera}}) (জন্ম তাৰিখ: ১৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী), এগৰাকী শ্ৰীলংকাৰ সংগীত শিল্পী আৰু নেপথ্য গায়িকা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3414868-Indrani-Perera |title=Indrani Perera discography |publisher=discogs |access-date=2 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ক্লেৰেন্স উইজেৱাৰ্ডেনা'' আৰু ''এন্সলি মালেৱানা''ৰ লগত একেলগে ইন্দ্ৰানীক &quot;দ্য অৰিজিনেল সিংহলী পপ ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি&quot; বুলি জনা যায়।&lt;ref name= sooriya&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sooriya.lk/artist/indrani-perera-sinhala/ |title=Indrani Perera biography |publisher=sooriya |access-date=2 August 2020 |archivedate=27 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927173743/https://www.sooriya.lk/artist/indrani-perera-sinhala/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন==
ইন্দ্ৰাণীৰ ১৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত বৰেল্লাত জন্ম হয়৷  জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা পয়ালটোৰ তিনিগৰাকী ছোৱালীৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ দ্বিতীয়গৰাকী।&lt;ref name= life&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deshaya.lk/article/52/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB/9403/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92-%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A-%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B8-%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A |title=I was a boy when I was little |publisher=Deshaya |access-date=2 August 2020 |archivedate=10 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910063301/http://www.deshaya.lk/article/52/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB/9403/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92-%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A-%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B8-%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁৰ পিতৃ আবেয়পালা পেৰেৰা আছিল এগৰাকী বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী লোক আৰু মাতৃ মুৰিয়েল পেৰেৰা আছিল খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মী। তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ বায়েকৰ নাম মল্লিকা আৰু সৰু ভনীয়েকৰ নাম ইৰাংগানী। ইন্দ্ৰানীয়ে ৰিজেণ্ট ষ্ট্ৰীটৰ ''প্ৰেছবিটেৰিয়ান গাৰ্লছ স্কুল''ত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name= life/&gt; তেওঁ বিদ্যালয়ত কেণ্ডিয়ান নৃত্যও অনুশীলন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name= indra&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/08/29/entertainment/126519/one-three |title=One of the three!|work=Daily News |access-date=2 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৬৫ চনৰ পৰা তেওঁৰ বায়েক মল্লিকাই গান গাই আহিছে য'ত তেওঁ ''ছামা'' ছবিৰ নেপথ্য গায়িকা আছিল।&lt;ref name= sanda&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/02/10/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B3%C2%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94 |title=Sandawata Rantharu |publisher=Silumina |access-date=2 August 2020 |archivedate=17 December 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217000541/http://www.silumina.lk/2018/02/10/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B3%C2%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯৭৯ চনত তেওঁ জেমছ শ্ৰী নিবাসনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lifie.lk/2020/03/18/sinhala-tamil-marriages/ |title=Famous Sinhalese women married to Tamils |publisher=lifie |access-date=2 August 2020 |archivedate=11 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811182921/https://www.lifie.lk/2020/03/18/sinhala-tamil-marriages/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; শ্ৰীনিবাসনৰ ''হা হা হ'ৰে ডানুনা'' গীতৰ প্ৰযোজনাৰ সময়ত ইন্দ্ৰাণীয়ে তেওঁক লগ পাইছিল, য'ত তেওঁ লোটাছ ডিস্কৰ প্ৰযোজক আছিল৷&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.lifie.lk/2020/03/18/sinhala-tamil-marriages/ | title=Indrani | accessdate=19 February 2024 | archivedate=19 February 2024 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219175033/https://www.lifie.lk/2020/03/18/sinhala-tamil-marriages/ | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; দম্পতীহালৰ দুটি সন্তান, এগৰাকী কন্যা অঞ্জলি চাৰুকেশী আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ পেষ্টৰ নিমেন্দ্ৰ ধনঞ্জয়া।&lt;ref name= indra /&gt; নিমেন্দ্ৰই ৰোশনীৰ লগত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তাৰ পাছত তেওঁ কল্লুপিটিয়াৰ ছেইণ্ট থমাছ প্ৰিপেৰেটৰী স্কুললৈ যায়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ ৰয়েল ইনষ্টিটিউটত এ/এল শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। পিছলৈ ২০০৯ চনত নিমেন্দ্ৰই বিজনেছ ষ্টাডিজত ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name= sanda /&gt;

==কৰ্মজীৱন==
সৰুৰে পৰাই ইন্দ্ৰাণীয়ে সাজি-কাছি গীৰ্জালৈ গৈ গীত গাই ভাল পাইছিল৷ ডালৰেন ছুবিৰ ''ফায়াৰ ফ্লাইজ বেণ্ড''ৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ গায়িকা জীৱন আৰম্ভ হয়। ১৯৬৯ চনত ইন্দ্ৰানীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম গীত ''দিলহানি দুৱানী'' গাইছিল, যিটো গীতত আগতে কণ্ঠদান কৰিছিল এন্সলি মালেৱানাই।&lt;ref name= life /&gt; তাৰ পিছত তেওঁক ক্লেৰেন্স উইজেৱাৰ্ডেনা আৰু মালেৱানাৰ নেতৃত্বত চলি থকা জনপ্ৰিয় সংগীত বেণ্ড ''দ্য মুনষ্টোনছ''ত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name= sanda /&gt; ১৯৬৯ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ বাই-ভনী ইৰাংগানি আৰু মল্লিকাৰ সৈতে মিলি &quot;থ্ৰী চিষ্টাৰছ&quot; নামৰ মহিলা কণ্ঠৰ গায়িকা গোট গঠন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sangeethaya.lk/search/sp_profile.php?id=676 |title=Indrani Perera career |publisher=sangeethaya |access-date=2 August 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৬৯ চনৰ ৩১ ডিচেম্বৰত তেওঁ ''দ্য মুনষ্টোনছ'' ৰ সৈতে হোটেল টাপ্ৰ'বেনত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।&lt;ref name= indra /&gt; ১৯৮০ চনত জ্যেষ্ঠা ভগ্নী মল্লিকাৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে এই ''থ্ৰী চিষ্টাৰে'' সংগীতানুষ্ঠানত একেলগে গান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name= life /&gt; ডাঙৰ ভনীয়েকৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী ইৰাংগনী আৰু ইন্দ্ৰানীয়ে যুটী হিচাপে গান গাইছিল যদিও পিছলৈ ইৰাংগানীয়ে সংগীত জীৱনৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিছিল।&lt;ref name= sooriya /&gt;

ইন্দ্ৰানীয়ে কেইবাটাও জনপ্ৰিয় গীত গাইছে, য'ত আছে, ''থিলিন লেচিন'', ''ৱাছান্থায়ে মাল কেকুলাই'', ''চুডু আছু পিতা নাগালা'', ''কাগেদা গন ৱাছা'', ''কুমুডু মাল'' আৰু ''মাথাকায়া আছুৰিন'' আদিৰ দৰে জনপ্ৰিয় গীত।&lt;ref name= sanda /&gt; ১৯৭৩ চনত তেওঁ দ্য মুনষ্টোনছৰ সৈতে ''চিগিৰিয়া'' আৰু ''হা হা হোৰে''ৰ দৰে আন বহুতো গীত গায়।&lt;ref name= life /&gt; ইয়াৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ ''পডি মাল্লী'', ''ডিনুম কানুৱা'', ''লাছানা কেল্লা'', ''সদাহাটামা ওবা মেগে'' আৰু ''চিকুৰুলিয়া'' আদি বহু ছবিত নেপথ্য গায়িকা হিচাপেও কাম কৰিছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ ডেচমণ্ড ডি ছিলভা আৰু পল ফাৰ্নাণ্ডোৰ সৈতে ''বাইলাৰ যুটি'' গীত ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰে।&lt;ref name= sooriya /&gt;

২০১৪ চনত ইন্দ্ৰানীয়ে সংগীত জগতলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে ছ’ল চাউণ্ডছ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত ২০১৫ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কেথলিক সাহিত্য সংস্থাৰ পৰা আৰু ২০১৬ চনত প্ৰাদেশিক সাহিত্য সংস্থাৰ পৰা বঁটা লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name= indra /&gt; ২০১৯ চনত বিএমআইচিএইচৰ ''জেচমিন অডিটৰিয়াম''ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ''দ্য জানভিমণি বা হেলা মহা ৰাৱণ ৰাজ ভীমণি'' বঁটা প্ৰদান অনুষ্ঠানত ইন্দ্ৰানীয়ে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত সেৱাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/news/2019/12/12/12837/ජනාභිමානි-සම්මාන-පිරිනැමෙයි?qt-feedback=0&amp;page=4 |title=Janabhimani Awards presented |publisher=Sarasaviya |access-date=2 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্য সূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:সংগীত শিল্পী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>ke74clcrdvwn7ysnywcyxxnnfriy6nn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:SHA26</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>106232</id>
    <redirect title="সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao" />
    <revision>
      <id>610871</id>
      <parentid>540379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T19:47:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>1983</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao]] পাতায় করা দ্বিপুনর্নির্দেশনা ঠিক করেছে</comment>
      <origin>610871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56" sha1="7atvttfqeaf1gcr1yvycuw3z1xiqrm0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao]]</text>
      <sha1>7atvttfqeaf1gcr1yvycuw3z1xiqrm0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>২০২৫ ভাৰত–পাকিস্তানৰ সংঘাত</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610869</id>
      <parentid>599961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T18:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32756-75</username>
        <id>50211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62121" sha1="lv8scxitt5e4lh4muxzwc2lr75l8s2a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = ১৯৫৬ চনৰ পৰা ২০২১ চনলৈ ভাৰত–পাকিস্তান সংঘাত
| partof = ভাৰত–পাকিস্তান সংঘাত
| image = 
| caption = 
| date = ২৩ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৫ – বৰ্তমান
| place = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সীমা আৰু নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ৰেখা
| status = চলন্ত
| combatant1 = {{flag|ভাৰত}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|পাকিস্তান}}
| commander1 = {{nowrap|[[দ্ৰৌপদী মুৰ্মু]]}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]]}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[অমিত শ্বাহ]]}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[ৰাজনাথ সিং]]}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[অজিত ডোভাল]]}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|[[বিক্ৰম মিশ্ৰী]]}}
| commander2 = {{nowrap|আছিফ আলী জাৰদাৰী}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|শেহবাজ শৰীফ}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|খাৱাজা আছিফ}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|আছিম মুনিৰ}}
| units1 = * ভাৰতীয় সেনা&lt;br&gt;* কেন্দ্ৰীয় সশস্ত্ৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনী&lt;br&gt;* সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষা বাহিনী&lt;br&gt;* কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ আৰক্ষী বাহিনী&lt;br&gt;* জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ আৰক্ষী
| units2 = * পাকিস্তান সেনা&lt;br&gt;* চিভিল আৰ্মড ফৰ্চেছ&lt;br&gt;* পাকিস্তান ৰেঞ্জাৰ্ছ&lt;br&gt;* আজাদ জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ আৰক্ষী&lt;br&gt;* গিলগিট-বাল্টিস্তান আৰক্ষী
| casualties1 = '''ভাৰতৰ মতে''':&lt;br&gt;৩ সেনা নিহত, ২ আহত&lt;br&gt;১ বিএছএফ জোৱান বন্দী&lt;br&gt;১৬ নাগৰিক নিহত, ৫৯ আহত&lt;br&gt;'''পাকিস্তানৰ মতে''':&lt;br&gt;৪০–৫০ ভাৰতীয় সেনা নিহত&lt;br&gt;৩ ৰাফালে, ১ মিগ-২৯, ১ ছু-৩০ বিমান নামি পেলোৱা
| casualties2 = '''ভাৰতৰ মতে''':&lt;br&gt;৭০ উগ্ৰপন্থী নিহত&lt;br&gt;১ পাকিস্তান ৰেঞ্জাৰ বন্দী&lt;br&gt;'''পাকিস্তানৰ মতে''':&lt;br&gt;৩৩ নাগৰিক নিহত, ৫৮ আহত
}}
২০২৫ চনৰ ২৩ এপ্ৰিলত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত এক সংঘাতৰ উত্থান ঘটিছিল,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Masood |first=Salman |title=Crisis Deepens for India and Pakistan Over Kashmir Attack |work=The New York Times |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/24/world/asia/pakistan-india-kashmir-attack.html |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাৰ সূচনা হৈছিল ২০২৫ চনৰ পহলগাম আক্ৰমণক লৈ। জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰৰ বৈছাৰণ উপত্যকাত সংঘটিত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত ২৫জন হিন্দু পৰ্যটক, এজন খ্ৰীষ্টান পৰ্যটক আৰু এজন স্থানীয় মুছলমানকে ধৰি ২৭জন লোকৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ লগতে ২০ জনতকৈ অধিক লোক আহত হৈছিল। প্ৰথমে এই আক্ৰমণৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল ৰেজিষ্টেন্স ফ্ৰণ্টে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Reuters |title=Kashmir Resistance Group That Claimed Attack on Tourists in Indian Kashmir |work=Reuters |date=2025-04-23 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kashmir-resistance-group-that-claimed-attack-tourists-indian-kashmir-2025-04-23/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lashkar-e-Tayyiba |work=United Nations Security Council |url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/lashkar-e-tayyiba |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২৪ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ৰেখাত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সশস্ত্ৰ সংঘৰ্ষৰ বাতৰি পোৱা গৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত পাৰমাণৱিক অস্ত্ৰধাৰী চুবুৰীয়া দুয়োখন দেশৰ মাজত আৰু অধিক তীব্ৰতাৰ হোৱাৰ আশংকা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan Border Tensions Escalate |work=BBC News |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65507322 |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

এই সংঘাতৰ পিছত দুয়োখন দেশৰ মাজত কূটনৈতিক সংকটৰ সৃষ্টি হয়, কিয়নো ভাৰতে পাকিস্তানে এই আক্ৰমণৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰে। ভাৰতে পাকিস্তানী কূটনীতিবিদসকলক বহিষ্কাৰৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল, নিজৰ কূটনৈতিক কৰ্মচাৰীক পুনৰ আহ্বান কৰিছিল, ভিছা সেৱা বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল, সীমান্ত বন্ধ কৰিছিল আৰু সিন্ধু জল সন্ধিৰ পৰা প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল, আনহাতে পাকিস্তানে কোনো ধৰণৰ জড়িততা অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় তদন্তৰ আহ্বান জনাইছিল, যিটো দিল্লীয়ে তৎক্ষণাত নাকচ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan Denies Role in Kashmir Attack, Calls for International Probe |work=Al Jazeera |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/25/pakistan-denies-role-in-kashmir-attack-calls-for-international-probe |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানে প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত বাণিজ্যিক নিষেধাজ্ঞা, আকাশমাৰ্গ আৰু সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিং বন্ধ কৰা আৰু শিমলা চুক্তি স্থগিত ৰখাৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া প্ৰকাশ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan Responds with Border Closure Amid Tensions |work=The Guardian |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/26/pakistan-responds-with-border-closure-amid-tensions |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাৰতৰ নিৰাপত্তা সম্পৰ্কীয় কেবিনেট কমিটীয়েও ভাৰতীয় নাগৰিকসকলক পাকিস্তান ভ্ৰমণৰ পৰা বিৰত থাকিবলৈ কঠোৰ আহ্বান জনাইছে, আৰু বৰ্তমান দেশত থকাসকলক অতি সোনকালে সুযোগত ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Cabinet Advises Citizens to Avoid Travel to Pakistan |work=NDTV |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-cabinet-advises-citizens-to-avoid-travel-to-pakistan-2025-04-27 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২৪ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা ৬ মে’ৰ ভিতৰত পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতে সীমা অতিক্ৰম কৰি গুলীচালনা আৰু মাজে মাজে আৰ্টিলাৰী গুলীচালনাকে ধৰি সংঘৰ্ষত লিপ্ত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India and Pakistan Exchange Artillery Fire Along Border |work=Reuters |date=2025-04-29 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-pakistan-artillery-exchange-2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৫ চনৰ ৭ মে’ত ভাৰতে পাকিস্তানত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ চলায়, যাৰ ক’ডনাম অপাৰেচন সিন্দুৰ। ভাৰতৰ মতে, এই ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণৰ লক্ষ্য কৰি উগ্ৰপন্থী সংগঠন জইছ-ই-মহম্মদ আৰু লস্কৰ-ই-তৈবা। পাকিস্তানৰ মতে, ভাৰতীয় আক্ৰমণত মছজিদকে ধৰি অসামৰিক অঞ্চলক লক্ষ্য কৰি ৩১জন পাকিস্তানী সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ মৃত্যু হয়। বিনিময়ত পাকিস্তানে কয় যে তেওঁলোকে কেইবাখনো ভাৰতীয় জেট বিমান নমাই ভাৰতৰ আন্তঃগাঁথনিৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰিছে। 

এই আক্ৰমণৰ পিছতে দুয়োখন দেশৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যমে একাধিক ভুল তথ্যৰ প্ৰচাৰ চলাইছে।

==পটভূমি==
{{মূল|পেহেলগামৰ সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণ, ২০২৫}}
আশীৰ দশকৰ শেষৰ ফালে জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰত ইছলামিক সশস্ত্ৰ বিদ্ৰোহৰ সূচনা হয়, যাৰ ফলত কাশ্মীৰী হিন্দুসকলে অঞ্চলটোৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে আৰু তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই এই বিদ্ৰোহ অব্যাহত আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780674010722}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৫ চনৰ ২২ এপ্ৰিলত ভাৰতীয় প্ৰশাসনৰ জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰৰ অনন্তনাগ জিলাৰ পহলগামৰ ওচৰৰ বৈছাৰণ উপত্যকাত সংঘটিত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণত কমেও ২৬জন পৰ্যটকৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু ২০ জনতকৈ অধিক লোক আহত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=At Least 26 Dead in Kashmir Terrorist Attack on Tourists |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/22/deadly-terrorist-attack-on-tourists-in-kashmir-kills-26 |work=Al Jazeera |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tourist Convoy Ambushed in Kashmir Valley |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68882000 |work=BBC News |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমক দিয়া প্ৰত্যক্ষদৰ্শীৰ সাক্ষ্য অনুসৰি, আক্ৰমণকাৰীয়ে গুলী চলোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে সম্ভাৱ্য ভুক্তভোগীসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধৰ্মীয় পৰিচয়ৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰশ্ন কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, বিশেষকৈ অমুছলমানক লক্ষ্য কৰি।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Survivors Say Gunmen Asked About Religion Before Firing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmir-terror-attack-survivors-recount-horrors-2025-04-23 |work=NDTV |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০০০ চনৰ পিছত এই অঞ্চলত ভাৰতীয় সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হোৱা আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক আক্ৰমণৰ ভিতৰত এই আক্ৰমণৰ অন্যতম। পাকিস্তান ভিত্তিক, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী গোট লস্কৰ-ই-টাইবাৰ এটা শাখা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা ৰেজিষ্টেন্স ফ্ৰণ্টে (TRF) প্ৰথমে ইয়াৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kashmir Resistance Group That Claimed Attack on Tourists in Indian Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kashmir-resistance-group-that-claimed-attack-tourists-indian-kashmir-2025-04-23/ |work=Reuters |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lashkar-e-Tayyiba |url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/lashkar-e-tayyiba |work=United Nations Security Council |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

তেওঁলোকে কয় যে এই আক্ৰমণ ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ নীতিৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা হৈছে, যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় নাগৰিকক কাশ্মীৰত থাকিব আৰু কাম কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে, যাৰ ফলত অঞ্চলটোত অস্থানীয় বসতি স্থাপন হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TRF Says Kashmir Attack Was Message Against Demographic Changes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/trf-message-against-demographic-change-in-kashmir/article68005500.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; চাৰিদিন পিছত তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ দাবী প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TRF Withdraws Claim for Kashmir Tourist Attack |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/india/trf-withdraws-responsibility-kashmir-tourist-attack-2025-04-26/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== কূটনৈতিক সংকট ==
২০২৫ চনৰ ২৩ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা ভাৰতীয় বৈদেশিক সচিব বিক্ৰম মিশ্ৰীয়ে চিচিএছৰ সৈতে হোৱা বৈঠকৰ অন্তত এক বিশেষ সংবাদমেল অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। তেওঁ ঘোষণা কৰে যে পাকিস্তানে সীমা অতিক্ৰম কৰি সন্ত্ৰাসবাদৰ সমৰ্থন বন্ধ নকৰালৈকে পাকিস্তানৰ সৈতে সিন্ধু জল সন্ধি সাময়িকভাৱে স্থগিত ৰখাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত তাৎক্ষণিকভাৱে কাৰ্যকৰী হ’ব।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India suspends Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan after Pahalgam terror attack |work=NDTV |date=2025-04-23 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-suspends-indus-water-treaty-with-pakistan-day-after-pahalgam-terror-attack-that-killed-26-8244733 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India suspends Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan over Pahalgam terror attack |work=Scroll.in |date=2025-04-23 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1081631/india-suspends-indus-water-treaty-with-pakistan-after-pahalgam-terror-attack |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ আৰু ঘোষণা কৰে যে আটাৰী–ৱাগাহ সীমান্তত থকা সংহত চেক পোষ্ট বন্ধ কৰা হৈছে, ছাৰ্ক ভিছা ৰেহাই আঁচনিৰ অধীনত সকলো পাকিস্তানী নাগৰিকৰ বাবে ভাৰতলৈ যাত্ৰা নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা হৈছে আৰু পূৰ্বতে প্ৰদান কৰা সকলো ভিছা বাতিল কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India suspends visas for Pakistani nationals, closes Attari-Wagah border |work=Times of India |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-india-suspends-visas-for-all-pakistani-nationals-orders-them-to-leave-by-april-27/articleshow/120582821.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ উপৰিও নতুন দিল্লীত পাকিস্তান উচ্চায়ুক্তৰ পাকিস্তানী সামৰিক উপদেষ্টাসকলক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়, আনহাতে ইছলামবাদত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ ভাৰতীয় সমকক্ষসকলক প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰা হয়, আৰু ইছলামবাদত থকা ভাৰতীয় উচ্চায়ুক্তৰ কৰ্মচাৰীৰ শক্তি ৫৫ৰ পৰা ন্যূনতম ৩০লৈ হ্ৰাস কৰা হয়। এনে সামৰিক উপদেষ্টাৰ পদ বিলুপ্ত কৰা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India reduces diplomatic staff in Pakistan to 30 |work=NDTV |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-suspends-visa-services-to-pakistani-nationals-in-big-step-after-j-k-attack-8244733 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাকিস্তানৰ বৈদেশিক মন্ত্ৰালয়ে নিহতসকলৰ পৰিয়াললৈ সমবেদনা জ্ঞাপন কৰে&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan expresses condolences to victims' families |work=Geo News |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/537487-pakistan-condemns-pahalgam-attack-terms-it-tragic |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী খোৱাজা আছিফে এই আক্ৰমণত নিজৰ দেশ জড়িত থকাৰ অভিযোগ খাৰিজ কৰে আৰু এনে পৰিঘটনাক বিপ্লৱ বুলি গণ্য কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan denies involvement in Pahalgam attack |work=Al Jazeera |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/25/pakistan-denies-role-in-kashmir-attack |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু স্কাই নিউজৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক সাক্ষাৎকাৰত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদৰ অভিযোগৰ উত্তৰ দি আছিফে কয় যে পাকিস্তানে তিনিটা দশক আগৰ পৰা আমেৰিকা, ব্ৰিটেইন আৰু পশ্চিমৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী কাৰ্যকলাপৰ সমৰ্থন আগবঢ়াইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan minister admits past support for terrorism under Western direction |work=Sky News |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/pakistan-minister-admits-to-western-backed-militancy-in-the-past-13125354 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এই সন্ধি স্থগিত ৰখাৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি জনাই পাকিস্তানে ইয়াক অনুপযুক্ত আৰু গুৰুত্বৰ অভাৱ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan terms India's move on Indus treaty as unwise |work=The Express Tribune |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2463648/indus-water-treaty-pakistan-says-indias-move-unwise-and-provocative |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানে এই কাণ্ডৰ পিছত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে ঘোষণা কৰা কাৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি জনাই ভাৰতক এক ব্যাপক প্ৰতিশোধৰ বিষয়েও সকীয়াই দিছিল,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan warns of retaliation after India's diplomatic actions |work=The Hindu |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistan-warns-india-of-retaliation/article68174649.ece |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু কয় যে জলসম্পদক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰা যিকোনো কাৰ্য্যক যুদ্ধৰ কাৰ্য্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হ'ব।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan says tampering with water treaty equals war |work=Reuters |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistan-says-tampering-indus-water-treaty-means-war-2025-04-26/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২৪ এপ্ৰিলত পাকিস্তানে ভাৰতীয় নাগৰিকক প্ৰদান কৰা ভিছা বন্ধ কৰি দিয়ে আৰু ভাৰতীয় বিমানৰ বাবে নিজৰ আকাশমাৰ্গ বন্ধ কৰি দিয়ে, ভাৰতীয় কূটনীতিবিদসকলক বহিষ্কাৰ কৰে আৰু ভাৰতীয় সামৰিক উপদেষ্টাসকলক ৩০ এপ্ৰিলৰ ভিতৰত দেশ এৰি যাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan shuts airspace, cancels visas for Indian nationals |work=ABC News |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pakistan-cancels-visas-indian-nationals-suspends-trade-closes-121116254 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু শিখ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ বাবে কৰতাৰপুৰ কৰিড'ৰ খোলা থাকে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kartarpur Corridor remains open for Sikh pilgrims |work=Dawn |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1824543/kartarpur-corridor-remains-open-despite-rising-tensions |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানেও ভাৰতৰ সৈতে সকলো বাণিজ্য বিচ্ছিন্ন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan severs all trade ties with India |work=Business Recorder |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40223658 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানেও প্ৰতিশোধ হিচাপে ২০২৫ চনৰ ২৪ এপ্ৰিলত ছিমলা চুক্তিখন স্থগিত ৰাখে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan suspends Simla Agreement amid renewed hostilities with India |work=The Asia Live |date=2025-05-05 |url=https://theasialive.com/fall-of-a-peace-pillar-pakistan-suspends-the-simla-agreement-amid-renewed-hostilities-with-india/2025/05/05/ |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan suspends Simla Agreement to counter India's Indus water move |work=Business Standard |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-pakistan-simla-agreement-suspended-wagah-border-visa-staff-125042400879_1.html |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; আত্তৰী–ৱাগাহ সীমান্তৰ অনুষ্ঠান হ্ৰাস কৰা হয় আৰু প্ৰতীকী হাতৰ মিলন হোৱা নাছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=No handshake at Wagah ceremony as Pakistan-India tensions escalate |work=Pakistan Today |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/04/27/no-handshake-at-wagah-ceremony-as-pakistan-india-tensions-escalate/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=No handshake at Wagah ceremony as tensions simmer |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-handshake-at-wagah-as-india-pakistan-relations-plunge-101682385096428.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; সীমা অতিক্ৰম কৰা পৰিয়ালসমূহ প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল য'ত তেওঁলোকৰ ভিছা বাতিল কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Families stranded as Pakistan cancels cross-border visas |work=The Wire |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-families-separated-visas-cancelled |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistani citizens go back as all visas issued to them cancelled by Indian government |work=India Post |date=2025-04-29 |url=https://indiapost.com/pakistani-citizens-go-back-as-all-visas-issued-to-them-cancelled-by-indian-government/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan cancels visas for Indian nationals, suspends trade, closes airspace following deadly Kashmir attack |work=ABC News |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pakistan-cancels-visas-indian-nationals-suspends-trade-closes-121116254 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan cancels visas for Indian nationals, suspends trade, closes airspace after Kashmir attack |work=Gulf Today |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2025/04/24/pakistan-cancels-visas-for-indian-nationals-suspends-trade-closes-airspace-after-kashmir-attack |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan cancels visas for Indian nationals, suspends trade, closes airspace |work=Reuters |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-pakistans-tit-for-tat-measures-after-attack-tourists-kashmir-2025-05-06/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== উত্তেজনা বৃদ্ধি ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সংঘাত ===
ভাৰতীয় সেনা, অৰ্ধসামৰিক বাহিনী, আৰু জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ আৰক্ষীয়ে যৌথ কৰ্ডন আৰু অনুসন্ধান অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে। পহলগামত অস্থায়ী লকডাউন জাৰি কৰা হয়, আৰু পীৰ পাঞ্জল ৰেঞ্জৰ ওপৰৰ অংশলৈ পলায়ন কৰা উগ্ৰপন্থীসকলক বিচাৰি উলিয়াবলৈ ভাৰতীয় সেনাৰ হেলিকপ্টাৰ নিয়োগ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;ht81&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian Army launches cordon operations in Pahalgam |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-cordon-in-pahalgam-terrorists-hunted-101682385096421.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toi82&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Helicopters deployed in Pahalgam for counter-insurgency ops |work=Times of India |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-helicopters-search-pahalgam-terrorists/articleshow/120585324.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২৫ এপ্ৰিলত সৈন্যই পহলগাম আক্ৰমণৰ লগত জড়িত বুলি সন্দেহ কৰা দুজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰিয়ালৰ বাসগৃহ ভাঙি পেলায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc53&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Security forces demolish homes in Pahalgam |work=BBC News |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68174647 |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; উধমপুৰৰ বসন্তগড় অঞ্চলত বিদ্ৰোহীৰ সৈতে হোৱা বন্দুকযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত এজন ভাৰতীয় সৈনিক নিহত হয় আৰু আন দুজন আহত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;ani83&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=One soldier killed in Udhampur encounter |work=ANI |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/udhampur-encounter-army-casualties20250425/ |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; বন্দুকৰ যুদ্ধত জ্যেষ্ঠ লস্কৰ-ই-তৈবা কমাণ্ডাৰ আলতাফ লল্লীও নিহত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;ht84&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Top LeT commander Altaf Lalli killed in encounter |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-commander-killed-in-kashmir-encounter-10168238865421.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতীয় উভয় বায়ুসেনাই এলঅ'চিৰ সমীপত নিবিড় বিমান চলাচল কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;dawn85&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India, Pakistan air forces fly near LoC |work=Dawn |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1824599 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিএছএফৰ ১৮২ নং বেটেলিয়নৰ এজন জোৱান ভুলবশতঃ ফিৰোজপুৰ সীমান্তৰ পাকিস্তানী ফালে প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পিছত পাকিস্তান ৰেঞ্জাৰসকলে বন্দী কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ht20&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=BSF jawan captured by Pakistan Rangers |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bsf-jawan-captured-at-border-10168238756421.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dawn86&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan detains Indian soldier at border |work=Dawn |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1824578 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geo87&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian soldier strays across border, held by Rangers |work=Geo News |date=2025-04-25 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/537865 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

লগতে, ২৪ এপ্ৰিলত ভাৰতীয় পঞ্চদশ কৰ্পছে উৰিৰ ওচৰত বিদ্ৰোহীৰ অনুপ্ৰৱেশৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল কৰি ২জন বিদ্ৰোহীক হত্যা কৰা বুলি জনাইছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;toi88&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Two infiltrators killed in Uri sector |work=Times of India |date=2025-04-24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-militants-killed-uri-infiltration/articleshow/120586212.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২৪ এপ্ৰিলৰ পৰা ৫ মে’ৰ ভিতৰত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানী সেনাই সংঘৰ্ষত লিপ্ত হয় আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ অস্ত্ৰৰ গুলীচালনাৰ আদান-প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc53&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn89&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan exchange fire along LoC |work=CNN |date=2025-04-26 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/26/india-pakistan-border-clashes/index.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ht90&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Heavy firing reported along LoC |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/loc-firing-pakistan-india-border-10168239541221.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toi46&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Gunfire along LoC persists for second day |work=Times of India |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/loc-gunfire-continues-india-pakistan/articleshow/120596783.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;alj91&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=LoC sees escalation in hostilities |work=Al Jazeera |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/27/loc-hostilities-escalate |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; খবৰ অনুসৰি পাকিস্তানৰ সেনাই এলঅ'চিৰ বিভিন্ন খণ্ডত ক্ষুদ্ৰ অস্ত্ৰৰ গুলীচালনা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল,&lt;ref name=&quot;et92&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistani forces initiate unprovoked firing at LoC |work=Economic Times |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-firing-loc-india-response/articleshow/120596821.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; যিটো ভাৰতীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমে &quot;অপ্ৰৰোচিত&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv93&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India calls Pakistan firing unprovoked |work=NDTV |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/unprovoked-firing-by-pakistan-along-loc-8246133 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toi94&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Fresh ceasefire violation by Pakistan |work=Times of India |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fresh-ceasefire-violation-loc/articleshow/120598932.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ht95&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shelling near LoC injures civilians |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/loc-shelling-injuries-reported-10168240023421.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানী সেনাই কয় যে তেওঁলোকে সাতৱাল খণ্ডত আৰু ভীম্বাৰ জিলাৰ মানোৱাৰ খণ্ডত এলঅ'চিৰ কাষেৰে দুখন ভাৰতীয় সামৰিক কোৱাডকপ্টাৰ ড্ৰ'ন গুলীয়াই নিক্ষেপ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;dawn96&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan shoots down Indian drones near LoC |work=Dawn |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1824624 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;et97&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian quadcopters shot down: ISPR |work=Economic Times |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-shoots-down-indian-drones/articleshow/120599120.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geo98&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2 Indian drones downed by Pakistani troops |work=Geo News |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/537973 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;alj99&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan military claims drone kills |work=Al Jazeera |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/28/pakistan-military-downs-drones |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

২৮ এপ্ৰিলত পাকিস্তানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী আছিফে ভাৰতীয় সশস্ত্ৰ বাহিনীৰ আক্ৰমণ “অচিৰেই” বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;ht100&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistani Defence Minister warns of imminent Indian attack |work=Hindustan Times |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-warns-india-attack-imminent-10168240245123.html |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৩০ এপ্ৰিলত পাকিস্তানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে ভাৰতে কেইবা ঘণ্টাৰ ভিতৰত সামৰিক কাৰ্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰিবলৈ ওলাইছে বুলি তেওঁলোকৰ হাতত &quot;বিশ্বাসযোগ্য চোৰাংচোৱা তথ্য&quot; আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;dawn101&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India to launch military action soon, says Pakistan |work=Dawn |date=2025-04-30 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1824648 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২৯ এপ্ৰিলৰ নিশা পাকিস্তানী বাহিনীয়ে কাশ্মীৰৰ কাষৰীয়া আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সীমান্তত গুলীচালনা কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;toi102&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Firing reported at Kashmir international border |work=Times of India |date=2025-04-30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ib-firing-jammu-pakistan/articleshow/120610228.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters103&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan fires across Kashmir border, India retaliates |work=Reuters |date=2025-04-30 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistan-india-border-clash-kashmir-2025-04-30/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১ মে'ত ভাৰতৰ গৃহমন্ত্ৰী অমিত শ্বাহে কয় যে এই আক্ৰমণৰ লগত জড়িত কোনো সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীক ভাৰতে ৰক্ষা নকৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ani104&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Amit Shah vows no mercy for Pahalgam attackers |work=ANI |date=2025-05-01 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/amit-shah-no-mercy-for-attackers-20250501/ |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

৩ মে’ত পাকিস্তান ৰেঞ্জাৰছৰ এজন জোৱানক সীমান্ত পাৰ হৈ ভাৰতলৈ যোৱাৰ পিছত বিএছএফে বন্দী কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BSF captures Pakistani Ranger attempting infiltration in Rajasthan |url=https://trendsnewsline.com/2025/05/03/bsf-captures-pakistani-ranger-attempting-infiltration-in-rajasthan/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Trends News Line |date=3 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BSF apprehends Pakistani Ranger along international border in Rajasthan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bsf-apprehends-pakistani-ranger-along-international-border-in-rajasthan-indian-jawan-still-detained-in-pak/3831814/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=The Financial Express |date=3 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

৫ মে'ত ভাৰতীয় গৃহ পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰালয়ে ৭ মে'ত ৭ খন ৰাজ্যত &quot;শত্ৰুতাপূৰ্ণ আক্ৰমণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ফলপ্ৰসূ নাগৰিক প্ৰতিৰক্ষা&quot; ঘোষণা কৰে। এনে অনুশীলন শেষবাৰৰ বাবে ভাৰতে ১৯৭১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India prepares for hostile strikes with civilian defence drills in 7 states |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-conducts-civil-defence-drills-in-7-states-amid-escalating-border-tensions-101714820489940.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=5 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== নদীৰ পানী এৰি দিয়া ===
২০২৫ চনৰ ২৩ এপ্ৰিলত ১৯৬০ চনৰ সিন্ধু জল সন্ধি স্থগিত ৰখাৰ পিছত পাকিস্তানৰ মুজাফ্ফৰাবাদৰ স্থানীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমে ২৬ আৰু ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত ভাৰতে উৰি বান্ধৰ পৰা পানী অঘোষিতভাৱে ঝেলুম নদীত এৰি দিয়াৰ বাতৰি প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বানপানীৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;dawn107&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India releases water into Jhelum, Muzaffarabad inundated |work=Dawn |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1824607 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geo108&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Unannounced water release causes flooding |work=Geo News |date=2025-04-27 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/537897 |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰতিবেদনসমূহে পাকিস্তানৰ ছিয়ালকোটত চেনাব নদীৰ পানীৰ স্তৰ তীব্ৰভাৱে হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে, উপগ্ৰহৰ চিত্ৰত নদীৰ তলৰ যথেষ্ট শুকান হোৱা দেখা গৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;alj109&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Chenab river drying, satellite images reveal |work=Al Jazeera |date=2025-04-28 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/28/chenab-dries-india-releases-no-water |access-date=2025-05-11 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২৫ চনৰ ৪ মে'ত ভাৰতে চেনাব নদীৰ বাগলীহাৰ বান্ধ বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল আৰু নীলুম নদীৰ কিষাংগাংগা বান্ধতো একেধৰণৰ পদক্ষেপৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;toi110&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India shuts Baglihar dam, may target Kishanganga next |work=Times of India |date=2025-05-04 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-shuts-dam-after-suspending-water-treaty/articleshow/120642581.cms |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters111&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India plans Kishanganga dam closure |work=Reuters |date=2025-05-04 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india-kishanganga-dam-water-crisis-2025-05-04/ |access-date=2025-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== অপাৰেচন সিন্দুৰ ===
==== ৭ মে'====
২০২৫ চনৰ ৬/৭ মে'ৰ নিশা, ভাৰতীয় বায়ুসেনাই &quot;অপাৰেচন সিন্দুৰ&quot; নামৰ এক সুনিৰ্দিষ্ট অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, য'ত পাকিস্তান আৰু পাকিস্তান অধিকৃত কাশ্মীৰৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত &quot;সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আঁচনি&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা লক্ষ্যসমূহত ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ চলোৱা হয়। এই অভিযান ২৩-২৫ মিনিট ধৰি চলিছিল আৰু ৰাফেল যুঁজাৰু বিমান, এছচিএলপি ক্ৰুজ মিছাইল, আৰু এএএছএম হামাৰ গ্লাইড বোমা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV20250507&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India's 'Op Sindoor': 25 Minutes, 24 Missile Strikes, 9 Terror Camps, 70 Killed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-indias-op-sindoor-25-minutes-24-missile-strikes-9-terror-camps-70-killed-8351374 |publisher=NDTV |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday20250507&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=70 terrorists killed in Op Sindoor: What we know so far about India's strikes on Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sindoor-terrorists-killed-india-strikes-pakistan-pak-terror-camp-bahawalpur-lashkar-2720720-2025-05-07 |publisher=India Today |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

লক্ষ্যস্থানসমূহত বাহাৱালপুৰ, মুৰিদকে, গুলপুৰ, ভীম্বাৰ, চাক আমৰু, বাগ, কোটলি, চিয়ালকোট, আৰু মুজাফ্ফৰাবাদ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV20250507&quot; /&gt; ভাৰতে দাবী কৰে যে বাহাৱালপুৰত হোৱা আক্ৰমণত জয়ছ-ই-মহম্মদৰ মুৰব্বী মাছুদ আজহাৰৰ ঘনিষ্ঠ সহায়ক আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ লোক নিহত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday20250507&quot; /&gt;

==== ৮ মে'====
প্ৰতিৰক্ষা মন্ত্ৰী ৰাজনাথ সিঙে ৮ মে'ত কয় যে আক্ৰমণত কমেও ১০০জন উগ্ৰপন্থী নিহত হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday20250507&quot; /&gt; অপাৰেচন সম্পন্ন হোৱাৰ পিছত, প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদীয়ে ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি দ্ৰৌপদী মুৰ্মুক এই অভিযানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰে, যিয়ে অভিযানখনক সমৰ্থন জনায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President Murmu briefed on Operation Sindoor by PM Modi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/president-murmu-briefed-on-operation-sindoor-101713859032315.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

স্থানীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি, ভাৰতীয় যুঁজাৰু বিমানৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ দুটা স্থানত পোৱা গৈছে — এখন ভাৰতত আৰু আনখন ভাৰতীয় প্ৰশাসিত কাশ্মীৰত। পাকিস্তানী সংবাদমাধ্যমত দাবী কৰা হৈছে যে তেওঁলোকৰ সেনাই ৫খন ভাৰতীয় বিমান নিক্ষেপ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan claims shooting down 5 Indian jets during Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/543211-pakistan-claims-downing-indian-jets |publisher=Geo News |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাৰতীয় পঞ্জাৱত পোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষত ফ্ৰেঞ্চ উত্পাদিত এয়াৰ-টু-এয়াৰ মিছাইল চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Remains of Indian jets found: Pakistan claims victory |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1848374 |publisher=Dawn |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাকিস্তানৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী শ্বেহবাজ শ্বৰীফে আক্ৰমণক “কাপুৰুষতা” বুলি অভিহিত কৰি প্ৰতিশোধ লোৱাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan PM vows retaliation after Indian airstrikes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/8/pakistan-vows-retaliation-after-airstrikes |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

পিছত পাকিস্তানে ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চল, বিশেষকৈ অমৃতসৰ, জম্মু, আৰু লাহোৰৰ ওচৰত ড্ৰোন আৰু ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ আক্ৰমণ কৰে। ভাৰতে দাবী কৰে যে তেওঁলোকে এছ-৪০০ ক্ষেপণাস্ত্ৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ সহায়ত সকলো আক্ৰমণ ব্যৰ্থ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India intercepts missile, drone attacks from Pakistan with S-400 system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-intercepts-pakistani-attacks-with-s-400/article68123207.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ভাৰতীয় চৰকাৰে কয় যে পাকিস্তানৰ মৰ্টাৰ আৰু আৰ্টিলাৰী গুলীচালনাৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি হিচাপে তেওঁলোকে SEAD/DEAD অভিযান চলাই লাহোৰৰ বায়ু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা নিষ্ক্ৰিয় কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India launches DEAD missions to neutralise Pakistani air defence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-dead-missions-pakistan-air-defence/articleshow/110021342.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ১০ মে'====
১০ মে'ত, আমেৰিকাৰ মধ্যস্থতাত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত সন্ধি আলোচনা সফল হয় আৰু বিয়লি ৫:০০ বজাৰ পৰা যুদ্ধবিৰতি ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India, Pakistan agree to ceasefire amid rising tensions |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-india-agree-ceasefire-2025-05-10/ |publisher=Reuters |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ইছহাক দাৰে কয় যে ৩৬খন দেশৰ সহায়ত এই যুদ্ধবিৰতি চুক্তিখন সম্পন্ন হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakistan President credits 36 nations for brokering ceasefire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68491325 |publisher=BBC |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া ==
=== ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ ===
ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘই দুয়োপক্ষকে “সৰ্বোচ্চ সংযম” ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু কূটনৈতিকভাৱে সমস্যাসমূহ সমাধান কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;UNCall&quot;/&gt;

=== ইৰাণ ===
২৫ এপ্ৰিলত ইৰাণ ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিকে পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ মাজত তীব্ৰতা হ্ৰাস কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে সমাধানৰ মধ্যস্থতা কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;IranMediation&quot;/&gt;

=== ৰাছিয়া ===
২০২৫ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ৰাছিয়াই এখন ট্ৰেভেল এডভাইজাৰী জাৰি কৰি জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰত পহলগাম আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত নিজৰ নাগৰিকসকলক পাকিস্তান ভ্ৰমণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সকীয়াই দিছিল। উপদেষ্টাখনত অঞ্চলটোত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা নিৰাপত্তাজনিত বিপদৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;RussiaAdvisory&quot;/&gt;

=== আন দেশসমূহ ===
যুক্তৰাজ্যইও প্ৰায় একে সময়তে একেধৰণৰ সতৰ্কবাণী জাৰি কৰিছিল, মূলতঃ এল অ’ চিৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি।&lt;ref name=&quot;UKWarning&quot;/&gt; চীনৰ বৈদেশিক মন্ত্ৰী ৱাং য়িয়ে দুয়োখন দেশৰ মাজত তীব্ৰতা হ্ৰাস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;ChinaAppeal&quot;/&gt; বাংলাদেশ আৰু ইউ এ ইয়ে শান্তি আলোচনাক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;BangladeshSupport&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UAESupport&quot;/&gt;

=== আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ ===
আমেৰিকাৰ বিদেশ মন্ত্ৰালয়ে নিজৰ ভ্ৰমণ পৰামৰ্শ আপডেট কৰি ভাৰতৰ জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰৰ বাবে লেভেল ৪ &quot;ভ্ৰমণ নকৰিব&quot; সতৰ্কবাণী জাৰি কৰে, সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ আৰু নাগৰিক অশান্তিৰ উচ্চ আশংকাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি।&lt;ref name=&quot;USTravelAdvisory&quot;/&gt; ইয়াৰ উপৰিও নতুন দিল্লীত থকা আমেৰিকাৰ দূতাবাসে পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিবিড়ভাৱে নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি থকাটো নিশ্চিত কৰে আৰু ভাৰতৰ সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ বিৰোধী প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ প্ৰতি সমৰ্থন পুনৰ দৃঢ় কৰি অপৰাধীসকলক ন্যায়ৰ ওচৰলৈ অনাৰ আহ্বান জনায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;USEmbassySupport&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USEmbassyStatement&quot;/&gt; পিছলৈ ২০২৫ চনৰ ২৬ এপ্ৰিলত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ড'নাল্ড ট্ৰাম্পে কূটনৈতিক সংকটক তুচ্ছজ্ঞান কৰি কয় যে দুয়োখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মাজত &quot;১,৫০০ বছৰ ধৰি সেই যুঁজ আছিল&quot;, যদিও কাশ্মীৰ সংকট ১৯৪৭ চনত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Trump1500years&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TrumpInaccurate&quot;/&gt; আমেৰিকাৰ বিদেশ সচিব মাৰ্কো ৰুবিঅ'ই কয় যে অপাৰেচন সিন্দুৰৰ পিছত ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা উপদেষ্টা অজিত ডোভালে ফোনকলৰ জৰিয়তে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিবিড়ভাৱে নিৰীক্ষণ কৰি আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;RubioDoval&quot;/&gt;

আমেৰিকাৰ সূত্ৰৰ মতে, পাকিস্তানৰ সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আন্তঃগাঁথনি লক্ষ্য কৰি ভাৰতীয় বিমান আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বাহাৱালপুৰৰ জৈছ-ই-মহম্মদৰ (জেএম) শিবিৰও আছিল। এই শিবিৰটো ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ২০০২ চনত ৱাল ষ্ট্ৰীট জাৰ্নেলৰ সাংবাদিক ডেনিয়েল পাৰ্লৰ অপহৰণ আৰু হত্যাৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল। এই অভিযানত পাৰ্লৰ মূৰ কাটি পেলোৱাৰ সৈতে জড়িত জেএমৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ অধিনায়ক তথা মাছুদ আজহাৰৰ ভাতৃ আব্দুল ৰৌফ আজহাৰৰ মৃত্যু হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;PearlCamp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RaufKilled&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PearlConnection&quot;/&gt;

=== ভাৰত ===
পাকিস্তান উচ্চায়ুক্ত, লণ্ডনৰ বাহিৰত ভাৰতীয় প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ সদস্যসকলে প্ৰতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;LondonProtest1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LondonProtest2&quot;/&gt;

পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে উচটনিমূলক আৰু সাম্প্ৰদায়িকভাৱে স্পৰ্শকাতৰ বিষয়বস্তু প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে পাকিস্তান ভিত্তিক কেইবাটাও ইউটিউব চেনেলৰ ওপৰত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ লগতে দেশখন, ইয়াৰ সেনাবাহিনী, আৰু নিৰাপত্তা সংস্থাসমূহক লক্ষ্য কৰি মিছা আখ্যান প্ৰচাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে কেইবাজনো পাকিস্তানী চেলিব্ৰিটিৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম একাউণ্টত নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;YTban&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;InstagramBan&quot;/&gt;

২০২৫ চনৰ ৮ মে’লৈকে এই তীব্ৰতৰ ফলত সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোত বিমান যাত্ৰাত যথেষ্ট ব্যাঘাত জন্মিছিল। ভাৰতে নিজৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ ২৭টা বিমানবন্দৰ ১০ মে’লৈকে বন্ধ কৰি ৰাখিছে, যাৰ ফলত ৪৩০খনতকৈও অধিক বিমান সেৱা বাতিল কৰা হৈছে। এয়াৰ ইণ্ডিয়া, ইণ্ডিগ’, আৰু স্পাইচজেটকে ধৰি ভাৰতীয় প্ৰধান বিমান সংস্থাসমূহে ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত অঞ্চললৈ অহা-যোৱা কৰাটো বন্ধ কৰি দিছে। লুফথানছা, কেএলএম, ছিংগাপুৰ এয়াৰলাইন্স, আৰু থাই এয়াৰৱেজৰ দৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমান সংস্থাই পাকিস্তানৰ আকাশমাৰ্গ এৰাই চলিবলৈ বিমান সেৱাৰ পথ সলনি কৰিছে, যাৰ ফলত ইউৰোপ আৰু এছিয়াৰ মাজৰ পথত যাত্ৰাৰ সময় দীঘলীয়া আৰু পলম হৈছে। পাকিস্তানেও পৰৱৰ্তী জাননী নিদিয়ালৈকে কৰাচী, লাহোৰ, আৰু চিয়ালকটকে ধৰি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিমানবন্দৰৰ পৰাও বিমান সেৱা বন্ধ কৰি দিছে। পৰিস্থিতি তৰল হৈয়েই আছে, দুয়োখন দেশৰ আকাশমাৰ্গ বন্ধ আৰু পুনৰ পথ নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে, যাৰ ফলত বিশ্বৰ বিমান পৰিবহণ নেটৱৰ্কত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;FlightImpact1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FlightImpact2&quot;/&gt;

=== পাকিস্তান ===
২০২৫ চনৰ মে’ মাহত আন্দন ছিক্কুডী আৰু গুলাম মহিউদ্দিনকে ধৰি পাকিস্তানী অভিনেতাৰ মিত্ৰজোঁটে শান্তি আলোচনাৰ আহ্বান জনাইছিল, সমন্বয় গঢ়ি তোলা আৰু সংঘাত সমাধানৰ বাবে আলোচনা আৰু বুজাবুজিৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;PakCelebsPeace1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PakCelebsPeace2&quot;/&gt;

=== নেপাল ===
২০২৫ চনৰ ৯ মে’ত এটা শান্তি সংগঠনে শান্তিৰ দাবীত গণ বিক্ষোভ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;NepalPeaceProtest&quot;/&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{reflist|30em}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰত]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:পাকিস্তান]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:যুদ্ধ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:২০২৫ চন]]</text>
      <sha1>lv8scxitt5e4lh4muxzwc2lr75l8s2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol/পৰীক্ষাগাৰ</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>121841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610888</id>
      <parentid>610707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* প্ৰতিযোগিতা */</comment>
      <origin>610888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4118" sha1="sp3rcxvrivtwcmszn9l1q7s91zb2qks" xml:space="preserve">&lt;inputbox&gt;
type = create
buttonlabel = নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰক
width = 30
break = yes
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==প্ৰতিযোগিতা==
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2026_in_India Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in India]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩১ জুলাই)'' 
===হৈ যোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা===
*[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬]],&lt;br/&gt;''(১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী—৩১ মাৰ্চ)'' ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2026 মেটা-ৱিকি])
*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Iran_2026/as ৱিকি লাভ ইৰাণ ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt; ''(১ মে'ৰ পৰা ৩১ মে')''

==সাঁচসমূহ==
==={{}}===
{{div col|2}}
# {{পোখালি} }
# {{wikify} }
# {{under construction} }
# {{unreferenced} } 
# {{উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন} } 
# {{Citation needed} }
# {{More citations needed|date=February 2026} }
# {{Delete|} }
# {{rough translation} }
# {{notability} }
# {{cleanup} }
# {{merge} } 
# {{অসম্পূৰ্ণ তালিকা} }
# {{New user article} }
# {{confuse| } }
# {{বিস্তাৰ} }
# {{Moresources} }
{{div col end}}

===তাৰিখ===
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|df=yes|1987|4|6}}
; জীৱিত ব্যক্তিৰ বয়স গণনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷
* জন্ম: {{Birth date and age|1987|4|6|df=yes}} 
; মৃত ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷ 
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|1907|9|27|df=yes}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])
* মৃত্যু: {{Death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1907|9|27}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])

===সাক্ষৰ===
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 6 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===আখৰৰ আকাৰ আৰু '''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;ৰং&lt;/font&gt;===
{{Div col|3}}
*অসমীয়া 
*''অসমীয়া''
*'''অসমীয়া'''
*'''''অসমীয়া'''''
*'''&lt;sup&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sup&gt;
*&lt;sub&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sub&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;code&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/code&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/u&gt;
*&lt;big&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/big&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;yellow&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;maroon&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==অন্যান্য==
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=published&amp;from=en&amp;to=as পৃষ্ঠা অনুবাদ কৰক]
*[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:বিশেষ_সংশোধনৰ_প্ৰয়োজন_থকা_প্ৰবন্ধ বিশেষ সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন থকা প্ৰবন্ধ]
*[https://awnat.toolforge.org নতুন প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]
*[https://obotrack.toolforge.org সদস্যৰ বৰঙনিৰ তালিকা ]
----
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard ফাইল আপলোড] ''(ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স)''
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/বিশেষ:আপল’ড ফাইল আপলোড] ''(অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া)''
*[https://croptool.toolforge.org/ Crop Tool]
*[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo প্ৰবন্ধৰ শব্দ গণনা টুল]
----</text>
      <sha1>sp3rcxvrivtwcmszn9l1q7s91zb2qks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610889</id>
      <parentid>610888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:18:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4245" sha1="tm66kci1yvau87n3e0qg2lwan0r6f18" xml:space="preserve">&lt;inputbox&gt;
type = create
buttonlabel = নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰক
width = 30
break = yes
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==প্ৰতিযোগিতা==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026 Wiki Loves Pride 2026]''(১ জুন—১৬ আগষ্ট)''
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2026_in_India Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in India]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩১ জুলাই)'' 
===হৈ যোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা===
*[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬]],&lt;br/&gt;''(১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী—৩১ মাৰ্চ)'' ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2026 মেটা-ৱিকি])
*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Iran_2026/as ৱিকি লাভ ইৰাণ ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt; ''(১ মে'ৰ পৰা ৩১ মে')''

==সাঁচসমূহ==
==={{}}===
{{div col|2}}
# {{পোখালি} }
# {{wikify} }
# {{under construction} }
# {{unreferenced} } 
# {{উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন} } 
# {{Citation needed} }
# {{More citations needed|date=February 2026} }
# {{Delete|} }
# {{rough translation} }
# {{notability} }
# {{cleanup} }
# {{merge} } 
# {{অসম্পূৰ্ণ তালিকা} }
# {{New user article} }
# {{confuse| } }
# {{বিস্তাৰ} }
# {{Moresources} }
{{div col end}}

===তাৰিখ===
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|df=yes|1987|4|6}}
; জীৱিত ব্যক্তিৰ বয়স গণনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷
* জন্ম: {{Birth date and age|1987|4|6|df=yes}} 
; মৃত ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷ 
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|1907|9|27|df=yes}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])
* মৃত্যু: {{Death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1907|9|27}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])

===সাক্ষৰ===
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 6 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===আখৰৰ আকাৰ আৰু '''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;ৰং&lt;/font&gt;===
{{Div col|3}}
*অসমীয়া 
*''অসমীয়া''
*'''অসমীয়া'''
*'''''অসমীয়া'''''
*'''&lt;sup&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sup&gt;
*&lt;sub&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sub&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;code&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/code&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/u&gt;
*&lt;big&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/big&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;yellow&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;maroon&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==অন্যান্য==
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=published&amp;from=en&amp;to=as পৃষ্ঠা অনুবাদ কৰক]
*[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:বিশেষ_সংশোধনৰ_প্ৰয়োজন_থকা_প্ৰবন্ধ বিশেষ সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন থকা প্ৰবন্ধ]
*[https://awnat.toolforge.org নতুন প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]
*[https://obotrack.toolforge.org সদস্যৰ বৰঙনিৰ তালিকা ]
----
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard ফাইল আপলোড] ''(ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স)''
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/বিশেষ:আপল’ড ফাইল আপলোড] ''(অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া)''
*[https://croptool.toolforge.org/ Crop Tool]
*[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo প্ৰবন্ধৰ শব্দ গণনা টুল]
----</text>
      <sha1>tm66kci1yvau87n3e0qg2lwan0r6f18</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610890</id>
      <parentid>610889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4250" sha1="8sdlv7dhu43gg2vdmg3aw6stmafqfim" xml:space="preserve">&lt;inputbox&gt;
type = create
buttonlabel = নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰক
width = 30
break = yes
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==প্ৰতিযোগিতা==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026 Wiki Loves Pride 2026]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—১৬ আগষ্ট)''
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2026_in_India Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in India]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩১ জুলাই)'' 
===হৈ যোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা===
*[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬]],&lt;br/&gt;''(১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী—৩১ মাৰ্চ)'' ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2026 মেটা-ৱিকি])
*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Iran_2026/as ৱিকি লাভ ইৰাণ ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt; ''(১ মে'ৰ পৰা ৩১ মে')''

==সাঁচসমূহ==
==={{}}===
{{div col|2}}
# {{পোখালি} }
# {{wikify} }
# {{under construction} }
# {{unreferenced} } 
# {{উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন} } 
# {{Citation needed} }
# {{More citations needed|date=February 2026} }
# {{Delete|} }
# {{rough translation} }
# {{notability} }
# {{cleanup} }
# {{merge} } 
# {{অসম্পূৰ্ণ তালিকা} }
# {{New user article} }
# {{confuse| } }
# {{বিস্তাৰ} }
# {{Moresources} }
{{div col end}}

===তাৰিখ===
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|df=yes|1987|4|6}}
; জীৱিত ব্যক্তিৰ বয়স গণনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷
* জন্ম: {{Birth date and age|1987|4|6|df=yes}} 
; মৃত ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷ 
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|1907|9|27|df=yes}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])
* মৃত্যু: {{Death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1907|9|27}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])

===সাক্ষৰ===
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 6 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===আখৰৰ আকাৰ আৰু '''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;ৰং&lt;/font&gt;===
{{Div col|3}}
*অসমীয়া 
*''অসমীয়া''
*'''অসমীয়া'''
*'''''অসমীয়া'''''
*'''&lt;sup&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sup&gt;
*&lt;sub&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sub&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;code&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/code&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/u&gt;
*&lt;big&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/big&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;yellow&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;maroon&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==অন্যান্য==
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=published&amp;from=en&amp;to=as পৃষ্ঠা অনুবাদ কৰক]
*[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:বিশেষ_সংশোধনৰ_প্ৰয়োজন_থকা_প্ৰবন্ধ বিশেষ সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন থকা প্ৰবন্ধ]
*[https://awnat.toolforge.org নতুন প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]
*[https://obotrack.toolforge.org সদস্যৰ বৰঙনিৰ তালিকা ]
----
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard ফাইল আপলোড] ''(ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স)''
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/বিশেষ:আপল’ড ফাইল আপলোড] ''(অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া)''
*[https://croptool.toolforge.org/ Crop Tool]
*[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo প্ৰবন্ধৰ শব্দ গণনা টুল]
----</text>
      <sha1>8sdlv7dhu43gg2vdmg3aw6stmafqfim</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610891</id>
      <parentid>610890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:20:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4518" sha1="etjocsvymwnrzwut21x52xq80iicq3x" xml:space="preserve">&lt;inputbox&gt;
type = create
buttonlabel = নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰক
width = 30
break = yes
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==প্ৰতিযোগিতা==
*[https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/উইকিপিডিয়া:উইকি_বৈচিত্র্য_ভালোবাসে_২০২৬ উইকি বৈচিত্র্য ভালোবাসে ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩০ জুন)''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026 Wiki Loves Pride 2026]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—১৬ আগষ্ট)''
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2026_in_India Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in India]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩১ জুলাই)'' 
===হৈ যোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা===
*[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬]],&lt;br/&gt;''(১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী—৩১ মাৰ্চ)'' ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2026 মেটা-ৱিকি])
*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Iran_2026/as ৱিকি লাভ ইৰাণ ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt; ''(১ মে'ৰ পৰা ৩১ মে')''

==সাঁচসমূহ==
==={{}}===
{{div col|2}}
# {{পোখালি} }
# {{wikify} }
# {{under construction} }
# {{unreferenced} } 
# {{উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন} } 
# {{Citation needed} }
# {{More citations needed|date=February 2026} }
# {{Delete|} }
# {{rough translation} }
# {{notability} }
# {{cleanup} }
# {{merge} } 
# {{অসম্পূৰ্ণ তালিকা} }
# {{New user article} }
# {{confuse| } }
# {{বিস্তাৰ} }
# {{Moresources} }
{{div col end}}

===তাৰিখ===
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|df=yes|1987|4|6}}
; জীৱিত ব্যক্তিৰ বয়স গণনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷
* জন্ম: {{Birth date and age|1987|4|6|df=yes}} 
; মৃত ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷ 
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|1907|9|27|df=yes}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])
* মৃত্যু: {{Death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1907|9|27}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])

===সাক্ষৰ===
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 6 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===আখৰৰ আকাৰ আৰু '''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;ৰং&lt;/font&gt;===
{{Div col|3}}
*অসমীয়া 
*''অসমীয়া''
*'''অসমীয়া'''
*'''''অসমীয়া'''''
*'''&lt;sup&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sup&gt;
*&lt;sub&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sub&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;code&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/code&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/u&gt;
*&lt;big&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/big&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;yellow&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;maroon&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==অন্যান্য==
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=published&amp;from=en&amp;to=as পৃষ্ঠা অনুবাদ কৰক]
*[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:বিশেষ_সংশোধনৰ_প্ৰয়োজন_থকা_প্ৰবন্ধ বিশেষ সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন থকা প্ৰবন্ধ]
*[https://awnat.toolforge.org নতুন প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]
*[https://obotrack.toolforge.org সদস্যৰ বৰঙনিৰ তালিকা ]
----
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard ফাইল আপলোড] ''(ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স)''
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/বিশেষ:আপল’ড ফাইল আপলোড] ''(অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া)''
*[https://croptool.toolforge.org/ Crop Tool]
*[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo প্ৰবন্ধৰ শব্দ গণনা টুল]
----</text>
      <sha1>etjocsvymwnrzwut21x52xq80iicq3x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610892</id>
      <parentid>610891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4518" sha1="sjnsx6jbjp79zwvmth9i8pznnchrf8o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;inputbox&gt;
type = create
buttonlabel = নতুন পৃষ্ঠা সৃষ্টি কৰক
width = 30
break = yes
&lt;/inputbox&gt;

==প্ৰতিযোগিতা==
*[https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/উইকিপিডিয়া:উইকি_বৈচিত্র্য_ভালোবাসে_২০২৬ উইকি বৈচিত্ৰ্য ভালোবাসে ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩০ জুন)''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Wiki_Loves_Pride_2026 Wiki Loves Pride 2026]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—১৬ আগষ্ট)''
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2026_in_India Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in India]&lt;br/&gt;''(১ জুন—৩১ জুলাই)'' 
===হৈ যোৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতা===
*[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৬]],&lt;br/&gt;''(১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী—৩১ মাৰ্চ)'' ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2026 মেটা-ৱিকি])
*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Iran_2026/as ৱিকি লাভ ইৰাণ ২০২৬]&lt;br/&gt; ''(১ মে'ৰ পৰা ৩১ মে')''

==সাঁচসমূহ==
==={{}}===
{{div col|2}}
# {{পোখালি} }
# {{wikify} }
# {{under construction} }
# {{unreferenced} } 
# {{উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন} } 
# {{Citation needed} }
# {{More citations needed|date=February 2026} }
# {{Delete|} }
# {{rough translation} }
# {{notability} }
# {{cleanup} }
# {{merge} } 
# {{অসম্পূৰ্ণ তালিকা} }
# {{New user article} }
# {{confuse| } }
# {{বিস্তাৰ} }
# {{Moresources} }
{{div col end}}

===তাৰিখ===
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|df=yes|1987|4|6}}
; জীৱিত ব্যক্তিৰ বয়স গণনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷
* জন্ম: {{Birth date and age|1987|4|6|df=yes}} 
; মৃত ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ↷ 
* জন্ম: {{Birth date|1907|9|27|df=yes}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])
* মৃত্যু: {{Death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1907|9|27}} ([[ভগৎ সিং]])

===সাক্ষৰ===
# &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px; &quot;&gt;[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|&lt;font color=&quot;#872455&quot;&gt;'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp; ([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 19:00, 6 July 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

===আখৰৰ আকাৰ আৰু '''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;ৰং&lt;/font&gt;===
{{Div col|3}}
*অসমীয়া 
*''অসমীয়া''
*'''অসমীয়া'''
*'''''অসমীয়া'''''
*'''&lt;sup&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sup&gt;
*&lt;sub&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/sub&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;code&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/code&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/u&gt;
*&lt;big&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/big&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;green&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;purple&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;yellow&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;maroon&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
*'''&lt;font color=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;অসমীয়া&lt;/font&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==অন্যান্য==
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=published&amp;from=en&amp;to=as পৃষ্ঠা অনুবাদ কৰক]
*[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:বিশেষ_সংশোধনৰ_প্ৰয়োজন_থকা_প্ৰবন্ধ বিশেষ সংশোধনৰ প্ৰয়োজন থকা প্ৰবন্ধ]
*[https://awnat.toolforge.org নতুন প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]
*[https://obotrack.toolforge.org সদস্যৰ বৰঙনিৰ তালিকা ]
----
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard ফাইল আপলোড] ''(ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্স)''
*[https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/বিশেষ:আপল’ড ফাইল আপলোড] ''(অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া)''
*[https://croptool.toolforge.org/ Crop Tool]
*[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/articleinfo প্ৰবন্ধৰ শব্দ গণনা টুল]
----</text>
      <sha1>sjnsx6jbjp79zwvmth9i8pznnchrf8o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>উইংফুট এয়াৰ এক্সপ্ৰেছ দুৰ্ঘটনা</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610919</id>
      <parentid>520970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7665" sha1="ksqk802twohbdheck95vwwrs3ubfjqk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Airliner accident
| name            = ''Wingfoot Air Express'' crash|
| Crash image     = Wingfoot 2238.png
| Image caption   = ''[[Wingfoot Air Express]]''
| occurrence_type = [[Accident]]
| date            = {{Start date|1919|07|21}}
| type            = [[Fire]] on [[Airplane|plane]] in [[flight]], [[Plane crash]]
| site            = [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
| coordinates     = {{Coord|41|52|41.25|N|87|37|56.28|W|region:US-IL_type:event|display=inline,title|name=accident site}}
| aircraft_type   = [[Type]] [[FD]] [[dirigible]]
| operator        = [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company]]
| tail_number     = 
| Ship name       = ''[[Wingfoot Air Express]]''
| origin          = [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
| Last stopover   = 
| destination     = [[White City (Chicago)|White City amusement park]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
| passengers      = ২
| crew            = ৩
| total_fatalities = ২৩
| fatalities      = ৩ (২ [[Passengers]], ১ [[Crew]])
| total_injuries  = ২৭
| injuries        = ০
| survivors       = ২ (২ [[Crew]])
| ground_fatalities = ১০
| ground_injuries = ২৭
}}

'''উইংফুট এয়াৰ এক্সপ্ৰেছ''' আছিল গুডইয়াৰৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ এখন ব্লিম্প আৰু জুই লাগি ১৯১৯ চনৰ ২১ জুলাইত চিকাগোৰ ইলিনয় ট্ৰাষ্ট এণ্ড ছেভিংছ বিল্ডিঙত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল। গুডইয়াৰ টায়াৰ এণ্ড ৰবৰ কোম্পানীয়ে নিৰ্মিত আৰু মালিকানাধীন টাইপ এফ ডি বিমান জাহাজখনে গ্ৰাণ্ট পাৰ্কৰ পৰা হোৱাইট চিটি বিনোদন পাৰ্কলৈ যাত্ৰী কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = O'Brien | first = Ellen |author2=Lyle Benedict  | title = 1919, July 21: Dirigible (Balloon) Crash | work = Deaths, Disturbances, Disasters, and Disorders in Chicago  | publisher = Chicago Public Library | date = June 2001 | url = http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/dirigible_crash.html  | accessdate = 2007-08-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060927013551/http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/dirigible_crash.html |archivedate = 2006-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; সেই সময়লৈকে হোৱা আমেৰিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ এই বিমান দুৰ্ঘটনাত এজন ক্ৰু মেম্বাৰ, দুজন যাত্ৰী আৰু দহজন বেংক কৰ্মচাৰীৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল।

চিকাগো লুপৰ ওপৰেৰে ১২০০ ফুট (৩৭০ মিটাৰ) উচ্চতাত ক্ৰুজিং কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিয়লি প্ৰায় ৪:৫৫ বজাত অজ্ঞাত কাৰণত বিমানত জুই লাগে।.&lt;ref name=Columns3&gt;{{Citation | title = The Great Tragedy | newspaper = The Columns of the Illinois Trust &amp; Savings Bank, Chicago [special memorial issue]  | date = July 1919 | pages = 3 | url = http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/text/balloon/3.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060620205331/http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/disasters/text/balloon/3.html |archivedate = 2006-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেতিয়া ডিৰিজিবলটো বিকল হোৱাটো স্পষ্ট হৈ পৰিল, পাইলট জেক ব'টনাৰ আৰু মুখ্য মেকানিক হেৰী ৱাকাৰে পেৰাচুট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰাপদ স্থানলৈ জপিয়াই পৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = Wild Plane | date = 1993-09-04 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745991,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091102064835/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745991,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 2, 2009 | newspaper = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date = 2025-06-24 | archivedate = 2013-07-21 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130721072441/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745991,00.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; দ্বিতীয়জন মেকানিক কাৰ্ল আলফ্ৰেড ৱেভাৰৰ পেৰাচুটত জুই লাগি মৃত্যু হয়, আনহাতে হোয়াইট চিটি বিনোদন পাৰ্কৰ প্ৰচাৰ এজেণ্ট যাত্ৰী আৰ্ল এইচ ডেভেনপৰ্টে তেওঁৰ পেৰাচুটটো গণ্ডোলাখন খামৰ পৰা ওলমি থকা কেবলবোৰত জটিল হৈ পৰিল, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ জ্বলি থকা জাহাজখনৰ পঞ্চাশ ফুট তলত ওলমি থাকিল; বিমান জাহাজখন দুৰ্ঘটনাগ্ৰস্ত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | last = Krist
 | first = Gary
 | authorlink = Gary Krist (writer)
 | title = City of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster that Gave Birth to Modern Chicago
 | publisher = Crown Publisher
 | date = 2012
 | location = New York
 | pages = 14
 | isbn =978-0-307-45429-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডিৰিজিবলৰ পৰা পেৰাচুটেৰে যোৱা পঞ্চমজন ব্যক্তি চিকাগো ডেইলী নিউজৰ ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ মিল্টন নৰ্টনে অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ সময়ত দুয়ো ভৰি ভাঙি যায় আৰু পিছলৈ চিকিৎসালয়তে মৃত্যু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = 11 Killed, 27 Hurt in Blazing Blimp's Fall in Chicago | newspaper = New York Times  | date = 1919-07-22 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/07/22/97103785.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

লাছাল ষ্ট্ৰীট আৰু জেকচন বলিভাৰ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পূব কোণত থকা ইলিনয় ট্ৰাষ্ট এণ্ড ছেভিংছ বেংক বিল্ডিঙত&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.illinoisbank.com/|title=Illinois Bank &amp; Trust|website=www.illinoisbank.com|access-date=2016-09-26|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506223946/https://www.illinoisbank.com/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;, এক স্কাইলাইটৰ তলত মূল বেংকিং হলটোৰ ভিতৰত আৰু চাৰিওফালে ১৫০ জন কৰ্মচাৰীয়ে দিনটোৰ বাবে বন্ধ হৈ আছিল। ব্লিম্পৰ অৱশিষ্টই বেংকৰ আকাশৰ পোহৰত খুন্দা মাৰিলে, তলৰ বেংকিং হলটোলৈকে জ্বলি থকা ধ্বংসাৱশেষবোৰ পৰিল। ফলত দহজন কৰ্মচাৰী নিহত হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ২৭ জন আহত হয়।
==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:বিমান দুৰ্ঘটনা]]</text>
      <sha1>ksqk802twohbdheck95vwwrs3ubfjqk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Yot6</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>125634</id>
    <redirect title="সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao" />
    <revision>
      <id>610873</id>
      <parentid>540258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T19:48:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>1983</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao]] পাতায় করা দ্বিপুনর্নির্দেশনা ঠিক করেছে</comment>
      <origin>610873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56" sha1="7atvttfqeaf1gcr1yvycuw3z1xiqrm0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Benotao]]</text>
      <sha1>7atvttfqeaf1gcr1yvycuw3z1xiqrm0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/ব্যক্তি</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>127531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610827</id>
      <parentid>610822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:17:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। +</comment>
      <origin>610827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133047" sha1="8a262z9y96h4oxfnu2ta39osr9sdiea" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Short description|Larger list of vital articles to be included on Wikipedias}}
{{shortcut|WP:VAP|WP:VA/P|WP:VAPEOPLE}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|'''ব্যক্তি''' ত এটা ৰেণ্ডম ৪ৰ্থ স্তৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20People&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''ভিটাল প্ৰবন্ধ''' হৈছে এনে বিষয়ৰ তালিকা যাৰ বাবে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চমানৰ প্ৰবন্ধ থাকিব লাগে। ই ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ অৱস্থা অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|কেন্দ্ৰীভূত চোৱাচিতা তালিকা]] হিচাপে কাম কৰে। দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ এঘাৰটা স্তৰ ৪ উপ-তালিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইটো অন্যতম আৰু বৰ্তমান নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে।


এই তালিকাখন ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অনুকূল। সকলো ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]]ও আছে।

এই তালিকা আৰু প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি সঘনাই সোধা প্ৰশ্ন (FAQ) পৃষ্ঠা চাওক।

{{TOC limit|4}}

&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
সৰ্বমুঠ ১,৯৬৭ টা প্ৰবন্ধ আছে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || ১৭৩
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || ২২২
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || ২
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || ৯০৯
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || ৬৫৭
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || ৮
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=ব্যক্তি=
==মনোৰঞ্জকসকল==
===অভিনেতা===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====এছিয়া====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[তশ্বিৰো মিফিউন]] ([[:en:Toshiro Mifune]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[চেটচুকু হাৰা]] ([[:en:Setsuko Hara]])&lt;!--born June, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মধুবালা]] ([[:en:Madhubala]])&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অমিতাভ বচ্চন]] ([[:en:Amitabh Bachchan]])&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰজনীকান্ত]] ([[:en:Rajinikanth]])&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জেকী চান]] ([[:en:Jackie Chan]])&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====ইউৰোপ====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ ভেলেণ্টিন']] ([[:en:Rudolph Valentino]])&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]))&lt;!--born December, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেটা গাৰ্বো]] ([[:en:Greta Garbo]]&lt;!--born September, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইংগ্ৰিড বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingrid Bergman]])&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্চেলো মাষ্ট্ৰ'য়ানি]] ([[:en:Marcello Mastroianni]])&lt;!--born September 26, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ক্লাউছ কিনস্কি]] ([[:en:Klaus Kinski]])&lt;!--born October, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ছফিয়া লৰেন]] ([[:en:Sophia Loren]])&lt;!--born September 20, 1934--&gt;

=====ফ্ৰান্স=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[চাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ড]] [[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন গেবিন]] [[:en:Jean Gabin]]&lt;!--born May, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন ম'ৰ']] [[:en:Jeanne Moreau]]&lt;!--born January, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ব্ৰিজিট বাৰ্ডট]] [[:en:Brigitte Bardot]]&lt;!--born September 28, 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেন ডেলন]] [[:en:Alain Delon]]&lt;!--born November, 1935--&gt;

=====ইউনাইটেড কিংডম=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[জন গিলগুড]] [[:en:John Gielgud]]&lt;!--born April, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[লৰেন্স অলিভিয়াৰ]] [[:en:Laurence Olivier]]&lt;!--born May 22, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিভিয়ান লি]] [[:en:Vivien Leigh]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেক গিনিজ]] [[:en:Alec Guinness]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[অড্ৰী হেপ্‌বাৰ্ন]] [[:en:Audrey Hepburn]]&lt;!--born May, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বেন কনেৰী]] [[:en:Sean Connery]]&lt;!--born August, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ অ'টুল]] [[:en:Peter O'Toole]]&lt;!--born August, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জুলি এণ্ড্ৰুজ]] [[:en:Julie Andrews]]&lt;!--born October, 1935--&gt;

====United States====
{{Vital article count|30}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মেৰী পিকফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Mary Pickford]])&lt;!--born 1892 (Canadian by birth but almost entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লিলিয়ান গিছ]] ([[:en:Lillian Gish]])&lt;!--born October, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হামফ্ৰে বগাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Humphrey Bogart]])&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[স্পেন্সৰ ট্ৰেচি]] ([[:en:Spencer Tracy]])&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লাৰ্ক গেবল]] ([[:en:Clark Gable]])&lt;!--born February, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[গেৰী কুপাৰ]] ([[:en:Gary Cooper]])&lt;!--born May, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[কেৰী গ্ৰাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Cary Grant]])&lt;!--born January, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জোয়ান ক্ৰফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Joan Crawford]])&lt;!--born March, 1904 or 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হেনৰী ফণ্ডা]] ([[:en:Henry Fonda]])&lt;!--born May, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেথাৰিন হেপবাৰ্ন]] ([[:en:Katharine Hepburn]])&lt;!--born May 12, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন ৱেইন]] ([[:en:John Wayne]])&lt;!--born May 26, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বাৰ্বাৰা ষ্টেনউইক]] ([[:en:Barbara Stanwyck]])&lt;!--born July, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[বেট ডেভিছ]] ([[:en:Bette Davis]])&lt;!--born April, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[জেমছ ষ্টুৱেৰ্ট]] [[:en:James Stewart]]&lt;!--born May, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেগৰী পেক]] [[:en:Gregory Peck]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰীতা হেৱৰ্থ]] [[:en:Rita Hayworth]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডৰিছ ডে]] [[:en:Doris Day]]&lt;!--born April, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জুডি গাৰ্লেণ্ড]] [[:en:Judy Garland]]&lt;!--born June, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লন ব্ৰেণ্ডো]] [[:en:Marlon Brando]]&lt;!--born April, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[লৰেন বেকল]] [[:en:Lauren Bacall]]&lt;!--born September 16, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[মেৰীলিন মনৰো]] [[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]&lt;!--born June, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চিডনী পইটিয়েৰ]] [[:en:Sidney Poitier]]&lt;!--born 1927 (also Bahamian but born in US soil and entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বাৰলী টেম্পল]] [[:en:Shirley Temple]]&lt;!--born April, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেচ কেলি]] [[:en:Grace Kelly]]&lt;!--born November, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ক্লিণ্ট ইষ্টউড]] [[:en:Clint Eastwood]]&lt;!--born May, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলিজাবেথ টেইলৰ]] [[:en:Elizabeth Taylor]]&lt;!--born February, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেক নিকোলছন]] [[:en:Jack Nicholson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰবাৰ্ট ডি নিৰো]] [[:en:Robert De Niro]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মেৰিল ষ্ট্ৰিপ]] [[:en:Meryl Streep]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টম হেংকছ]] [[:en:Tom Hanks]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু নৃত্য পৰিচালক===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====বেলেট====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰিউছ পেটিপা]] [[:en:Marius Petipa]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আন্না পাভলোভা]] [[:en:Anna Pavlova]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ভাছলাভ নিজিনস্কি]] [[:en:Vaslav Nijinsky]]&lt;!--born 1889 or 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জ বালানচিন]] [[:en:George Balanchine]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মাৰ্গট ফণ্টেইন]] [[:en:Margot Fonteyn]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ নুৰেয়েভ]] [[:en:Rudolf Nureyev]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মিখাইল বাৰিছনিকোভ]] [[:en:Mikhail Baryshnikov]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====অন্য নৃত্য====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইজুমো ন' ওকুণি]] [[:en:Izumo no Okuni]]&lt;!--born c 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইছাডোৰা ডানকান]] [[:en:Isadora Duncan]]&lt;!--born 1877 or 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্থা গ্ৰেহাম]] [[:en:Martha Graham]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰেড এষ্টেয়াৰ]] [[:en:Fred Astaire]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোচেফিন বেকাৰ]] [[:en:Josephine Baker]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিঞ্জাৰ ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Ginger Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন কেলি]] [[:en:Gene Kelly]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[বব ফছে]] [[:en:Bob Fosse]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===কমেডিয়ান===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক্স ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Marx Brothers]]&lt;!--main members born 1887-1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লৰেল আৰু হাৰ্ডি]] [[:en:Laurel and Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1890 and 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ম্যে ৱেষ্ট]] [[:en:Mae West]]&lt;!--born August, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লুচিল বল]] [[:en:Lucille Ball]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লুইচ ডি ফুনেছ]] [[:en:Louis de Funès]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেৰল বাৰ্নেট]] [[:en:Carol Burnett]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ কাৰ্লিন]] [[:en:George Carlin]]&lt;!--born May, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বিল কচবি]] [[:en:Bill Cosby]]&lt;!--born July, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰিচাৰ্ড প্ৰায়ৰ]] [[:en:Richard Pryor]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[মণ্টি পাইথন]] [[:en:Monty Python]]&lt;!--born 1939-1943--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===আয়োজক আৰু পৰিৱেশক===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[পি টি বাৰ্নাম]] [[:en:P. T. Barnum]]&lt;!--born 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেৰী হাউডিনি]] [[:en:Harry Houdini]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্চেল মাৰ্চেউ]] [[:en:Marcel Marceau]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জনী কাৰ্ছন]] [[:en:Johnny Carson]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ফ্ৰেড ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Fred Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অপ্ৰা উইনফ্ৰে]] [[:en:Oprah Winfrey]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Visual artists==

===Western painters and illustrators===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Pre-Renaissance====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giotto]]

====Renaissance to early modern era====
{{Vital article count|22}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan van Eyck]]&lt;!--born in 1380s or early 1390s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Masaccio]]&lt;!--born 1401--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sandro Botticelli]]&lt;!--born c 1445--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hieronymus Bosch]]&lt;!--born c 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Leonardo da Vinci]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Albrecht Dürer]]&lt;!--born 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Titian]]&lt;!--born in 1470s or 1480s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Raphael]] &lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hans Holbein the Younger]]&lt;!--born c 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]&lt;!--born in late 1520--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[El Greco]]&lt;!--born 1541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Caravaggio]]&lt;!--born 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peter Paul Rubens]]&lt;!--born 1577--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Artemisia Gentileschi]]&lt;!--born 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolas Poussin]]&lt;!--born 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Diego Velázquez]]&lt;!--born 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Rembrandt]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johannes Vermeer]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antoine Watteau]]&lt;!--born 1684--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Hogarth]]&lt;!--born 1697--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Goya]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jacques-Louis David]]&lt;!--born 1748--&gt;

====Modern era====
{{Vital article count|40}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Caspar David Friedrich]]&lt;!--born 1774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[J. M. W. Turner]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Constable]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]&lt;!--born 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eugène Delacroix]]&lt;!--born 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Courbet]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Camille Pissarro]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Édouard Manet]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James McNeill Whistler]]&lt;!--born July 10, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edgar Degas]]&lt;!--born July 19, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Cézanne]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Claude Monet]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henri Rousseau]]&lt;!--born May, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ilya Repin]]&lt;!--born August, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Gauguin]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Vincent van Gogh]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Singer Sargent]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Seurat]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edvard Munch]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wassily Kandinsky]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Matisse]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Piet Mondrian]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kazimir Malevich]]&lt;!--born February 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Klee]]&lt;!--born December 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Marc]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Pablo Picasso]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diego Rivera]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marc Chagall]]&lt;!--born July, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]&lt;!--born November, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Max Ernst]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joan Miró]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[René Magritte]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Salvador Dalí]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frida Kahlo]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jackson Pollock]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andy Warhol]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gerhard Richter]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

====Comics and manga artists, print cartoonists and illustrators====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winsor McCay]]&lt;!--born in late 1860s or early 1870s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aubrey Beardsley]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Norman Rockwell]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[M. C. Escher]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hergé]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Will Eisner]]&lt;!--born March, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jack Kirby]]&lt;!--born August, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osamu Tezuka]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Other visual arts===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Sculptors====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phidias]]&lt;!--fifth century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donatello]]&lt;!--born c 1386--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michelangelo]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1475--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]&lt;!--born 1598--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Constantin Brâncuși]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcel Duchamp]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry Moore]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alberto Giacometti]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Beuys]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;

====Architects====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imhotep]]&lt;!--27th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitruvius]]&lt;!--first century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]&lt;!--born 1377--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Battista Alberti]]&lt;!--born 1404--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mimar Sinan]]&lt;!--born in late 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrea Palladio]]&lt;!--born 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Wren]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Antoni Gaudí]]&lt;!--born 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Sullivan]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Gropius]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Le Corbusier]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Buckminster Fuller]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alvar Aalto]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Kahn]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oscar Niemeyer]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[I. M. Pei]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Gehry]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zaha Hadid]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;

====Designers====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Coco Chanel]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Raymond Loewy]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Shigeru Miyamoto]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Photographers====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eadweard Muybridge]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Weston]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Man Ray]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ansel Adams]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;

====Instrument makers====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Stradivari]]&lt;!--born in 1640s--&gt;

====Urban planners and landscape architects====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Moses]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Jacobs]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art===
{{Vital article count|5}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Xizhi]]&lt;!--fourth century--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sesshū Tōyō]]&lt;!--born c. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shitao]]&lt;!--born 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Hokusai]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1760--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hiroshige]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Writers==
===Ancient===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qu Yuan]]&lt;!--4th and 3rd centuries BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kalidasa]]&lt;!--4th and 5th centuries CE--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tao Yuanming]]&lt;!--born 365--&gt;

====Europe====
=====Greece=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Homer]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--possibly 8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hesiod]]&lt;!--8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sappho]]&lt;!--born late 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Aeschylus]]&lt;!--born c. 525 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sophocles]]&lt;!--born c. 497 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Euripides]]&lt;!--born c. 480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aristophanes]]&lt;!--possibly born 446 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander]]&lt;!--born c. 342 BC--&gt;

=====Ancient Rome=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plautus]]&lt;!--born c. 254 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Terence]]&lt;!--born in 190s or 180s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Catullus]]&lt;!--born 80s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Virgil]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 70 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Horace]]&lt;!--born 65 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ovid]]&lt;!--born 43 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lucian]]&lt;!--possibly born c. 125 CE--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Wei]]&lt;!--born 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Li Bai]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 701--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Du Fu]]&lt;!--born 712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Yu]]&lt;!--born 768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bai Juyi]]&lt;!--born 772--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Murasaki Shikibu]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ouyang Xiu]]&lt;!--born 1007--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Su Shi]]&lt;!--born 1037--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amir Khusrau]]&lt;!--born 1253--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kabir]]&lt;!--15th century--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Nuwas]]&lt;!--born 766-68--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Rudaki]]&lt;!--born c. 858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdowsi]]&lt;!--born 940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Omar Khayyam]]&lt;!--born 1048--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nizami Ganjavi]]&lt;!--born c. 1141--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Rumi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1207--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saadi Shirazi]]&lt;!--born 1210--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hafez]]&lt;!--born 1310s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jami]]&lt;!--born 1414--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chrétien de Troyes]]&lt;!--late 12th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dante Alighieri]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1265--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petrarch]]&lt;!--born 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]&lt;!--born 1313--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]&lt;!--possibly born 1343--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christine de Pizan]]&lt;!--born 1364--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Villon]]&lt;!--born c. 1431--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|37}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fuzuli (poet)]]&lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mirabai]]&lt;!--born c. 1498--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tulsidas]]&lt;!--born 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tukaram]]&lt;!--born 1598 or 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matsuo Bashō]]&lt;!--born 1644--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mir Taqi Mir]]&lt;!--born 1723--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|31}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luís de Camões]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Miguel de Cervantes]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born c. 1547--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lope de Vega]]&lt;!--born 1562--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]&lt;!--born 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Casanova]]&lt;!--born 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Schiller]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
=====France=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Rabelais]]&lt;!--born 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Nostradamus]]&lt;!--born 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michel de Montaigne]]&lt;!--born 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Corneille]]&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Molière]]&lt;!--born 1622--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Perrault]]&lt;!--born 1628--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean Racine]]&lt;!--born 1639--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Voltaire]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1694--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marquis de Sade]]&lt;!--born 1740--&gt;
=====Great Britain and Ireland=====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas More]]&lt;!--born 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmund Spenser]]&lt;!--born c. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Marlowe]]&lt;!--born February, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[William Shakespeare]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born April, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Donne]]&lt;!--born c. 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Jonson]]&lt;!--born June 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Milton]]&lt;!--born 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dryden]]&lt;!--born 1631--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Daniel Defoe]]&lt;!--born c. 1660--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jonathan Swift]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Pope]]&lt;!--born 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Fielding]]&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Samuel Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Blake]]&lt;!--born 1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|169}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naguib Mahfouz]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadine Gordimer]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Chinua Achebe]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wole Soyinka]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. M. Coetzee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Okri]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|47}}

=====Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[V. S. Naipaul]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====US and Canada=====
{{Vital article count|37}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]&lt;!--born 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edgar Allan Poe]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Walt Whitman]]&lt;!--born May, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Herman Melville]]&lt;!--born August, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emily Dickinson]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Twain]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry James]]&lt;!--born 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edith Wharton]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Frost]]&lt;!--born January, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Upton Sinclair]]&lt;!--born September, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack London]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ezra Pound]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Chandler]]&lt;!--born July, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[T. S. Eliot]]&lt;!--born September, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Faulkner]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Hemingway]]&lt;!--born July, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Langston Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Steinbeck]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dr. Seuss]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert A. Heinlein]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tennessee Williams]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saul Bellow]]&lt;!--born June, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Miller]]&lt;!--born October, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isaac Asimov]]&lt;!--born January, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Bradbury]]&lt;!--born August, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack Kerouac]]&lt;!--born March, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Kurt Vonnegut]]&lt;!--born November, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stan Lee]]&lt;!--born December, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Allen Ginsberg]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maya Angelou]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toni Morrison]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sylvia Plath]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Margaret Atwood]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stephen King]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;

=====Latin America=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Machado de Assis]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[José Martí]]&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Neruda]]&lt;!--born July, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alejo Carpentier]]&lt;!--born December, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jorge Amado]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carlos Fuentes]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}

=====Central Asia=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Natsume Sōseki]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lu Xun]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lao She]]&lt;!--born February, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yasunari Kawabata]]&lt;!--born June, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin Yong]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yukio Mishima]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kenzaburō Ōe]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haruki Murakami]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghalib]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Muhammad Iqbal]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Premchand]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kahlil Gibran]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orhan Pamuk]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|97}}

=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|26}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taras Shevchenko]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sándor Petőfi]]&lt;!--born 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Conrad]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Constantine P. Cavafy]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tristan Tzara]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elie Wiesel]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail Kadare]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alexander Pushkin]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nikolai Gogol]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mikhail Lermontov]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Turgenev]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Leo Tolstoy]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Anton Chekhov]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maxim Gorky]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Bunin]]&lt;!--born 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Akhmatova]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Pasternak]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Nabokov]]&lt;!--born April, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Brodsky]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|71}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Luigi Pirandello]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Pessoa]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico García Lorca]]&lt;!--born June, 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[José Saramago]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Anne Frank]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umberto Eco]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stendhal]]&lt;!--born 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Honoré de Balzac]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Victor Hugo]]&lt;!--born February, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexandre Dumas]]&lt;!--born July, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Baudelaire]]&lt;!--born April, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Flaubert]]&lt;!--born December, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jules Verne]]&lt;!--born February, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Émile Zola]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]&lt;!--born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guy de Maupassant]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rimbaud]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André Gide]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Proust]]&lt;!--born 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonin Artaud]]&lt;!--born September, 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eugène Ionesco]]&lt;!--born 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Albert Camus]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;

======Germany and Austria======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brothers Grimm]]&lt;!--born 1785-6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heinrich Heine]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Mann]]&lt;!--born June, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]&lt;!--born December, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Hesse]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Franz Kafka]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bertolt Brecht]]&lt;!--born February, 1898--&gt;

======Nordic countries======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hans Christian Andersen]]&lt;!--born 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henrik Ibsen]]&lt;!--born March, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[August Strindberg]]&lt;!--born 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selma Lagerlöf]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knut Hamsun]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karen Blixen]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Astrid Lindgren]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;

======UK and Ireland======
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wordsworth]]&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Scott]]&lt;!--born 1771--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]&lt;!--born 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jane Austen]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Byron]]&lt;!--born 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Keats]]&lt;!--born 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Dickens]]&lt;!--born 1812--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brontë family]]&lt;!--born 1816-20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Eliot]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis Carroll]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Oscar Wilde]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George Bernard Shaw]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. B. Yeats]]&lt;!--born June, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Rudyard Kipling]]&lt;!--born December, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[H. G. Wells]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Virginia Woolf]]&lt;!--born January, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Joyce]]&lt;!--born February, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[D. H. Lawrence]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Agatha Christie]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enid Blyton]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[C. S. Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Orwell]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Samuel Beckett]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Golding]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Dylan Thomas]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roald Dahl]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur C. Clarke]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salman Rushdie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====Oceania====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Banjo Paterson]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Patrick White]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Journalists==
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Horace Greeley]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Pulitzer]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ida Tarbell]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Randolph Hearst]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nellie Bly]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Walter Lippmann]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward R. Murrow]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Cronkite]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[David Attenborough]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hunter S. Thompson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bob Woodward]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svetlana Alexievich]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Wintour]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Musicians and composers==
{{Vital article count|152}}
===Western art music===
{{Vital article count|72}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Composers====
{{Vital article count|54}}
=====Medieval and Renaissance=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hildegard of Bingen]]&lt;!--born c. 1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume de Machaut]]&lt;!--born c. 1300--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume Du Fay]]&lt;!--born c. 1397--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josquin des Prez]]&lt;!--born c. 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;

=====Baroque=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claudio Monteverdi]]&lt;!--born 1567--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Purcell]]&lt;!--born c. 1659--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Vivaldi]]&lt;!--born 1678--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Frideric Handel]]&lt;!--born February 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born March 1685--&gt;

=====Classical=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Haydn]]&lt;!--born 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1756--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;

=====Romantic=====
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gioachino Rossini]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Schubert]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Hector Berlioz]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Felix Mendelssohn]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frédéric Chopin]]&lt;!--born March, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Schumann]]&lt;!--born June, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Liszt]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Wagner]]&lt;!--born May, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Giuseppe Verdi]]&lt;!--born October, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anton Bruckner]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Johann Strauss II]]&lt;!--born 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Brahms]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Modest Mussorgsky]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonín Dvořák]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]&lt;!--Sullivan born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Elgar]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;

=====Post-romantic/early modern=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gabriel Fauré]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Puccini]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gustav Mahler]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claude Debussy]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard Strauss]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jean Sibelius]]&lt;!--born 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;!--born 1875--&gt;

=====20th century modern=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arnold Schoenberg]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Béla Bartók]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Igor Stravinsky]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sergei Prokofiev]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Gershwin]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aaron Copland]]&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Britten]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Williams]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Avant-garde/postmodern=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Cage]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[György Ligeti]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pierre Boulez]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip Glass]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;

====Pedagogues====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Boulanger]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;

====Performers====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Cellists=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pablo Casals]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mstislav Rostropovich]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;

=====Conductors=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arturo Toscanini]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert von Karajan]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonard Bernstein]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;

=====Pianists=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clara Schumann]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rubinstein]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Horowitz]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sviatoslav Richter]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Glenn Gould]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Singers=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enrico Caruso]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Callas]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joan Sutherland]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luciano Pavarotti]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plácido Domingo]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;

=====Violinists=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niccolò Paganini]]&lt;!--born 1782--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art music===
{{Vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Carnatic classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syama Sastri]]&lt;!--born 1762--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tyagaraja]]&lt;!--born 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;

====Hindustani classical====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ravi Shankar]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ali Akbar Khan]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;

====Qawwali====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Persian traditional====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Jazz===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scott Joplin]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duke Ellington]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Louis Armstrong]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Django Reinhardt]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Billie Holiday]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ella Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charlie Parker]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Celia Cruz]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Miles Davis]]&lt;!--born May 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Coltrane]]&lt;!--born Sept 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Popular music===
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Popular music: general====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stephen Foster]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bing Crosby]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Frank Sinatra]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Miriam Makeba]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bob Marley]]&lt;!--born Feb 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ABBA]]&lt;!--members born Apr 1945, Nov 1945, 1946, 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Madonna]]&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 16)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 29)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Taylor Swift]]&lt;!--born 1989--&gt;

====Non-English language popular music====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umm Kulthum]]&lt;!--born c. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Édith Piaf]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Astor Piazzolla]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Aznavour]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Serge Gainsbourg]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lata Mangeshkar]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Vysotsky]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Julio Iglesias]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paco de Lucía]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa Teng]]&lt;!--born 1953--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Selena]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;

====Blues, R&amp;B, soul and funk====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. B. King]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Charles]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Brown]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fela Kuti]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Marvin Gaye]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aretha Franklin]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[The Supremes]]&lt;!--core members (Ballard, Wilson, Ross) born 1943, Mar 6 1944, Mar 26 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stevie Wonder]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince (musician)]]&lt;!--born 1957--&gt;

====Electronic music====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kraftwerk]]&lt;!--core members (Hütter, Schneider, Flür, Bartos) born 1946, Apr 1947, Jul 1947, 1952--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brian Eno]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Folk and country====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Woody Guthrie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hank Williams]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Johnny Cash]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Joni Mitchell]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dolly Parton]]&lt;!--born 1946--&gt;

====Hip-hop and rap====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Run-DMC]]&lt;!--members born May 1964, Nov 1964, 1965--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tupac Shakur]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eminem]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;

====Musical theatre and film====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Berlin]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]&lt;!--Rodgers born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Rock====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Chuck Berry]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Richard]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elvis Presley]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buddy Holly]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[The Beatles]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--core members (Starr, Lennon, McCartney, Harrison) born Jul 1940, Oct 1940, 1942, 1943 (formed 1960)--&gt;
## {{Icon|FA}} [[John Lennon]]&lt;!--born Oct 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Beach Boys]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member (Love, B. Wilson, Johnston, Jardine, D. Wilson, C. Wilson) born Mar 1941, Jun 20 1942, Jun 27 1942, Sep 1942, 1944, 1946 (formed 1961)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Bob Dylan]]&lt;!--born May 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[The Rolling Stones]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member + well-known replacement (Wyman, Watts, Jones, Jagger, Richards, Wood, Taylor) born 1936, Jun 1941, 1942, Jul 1943, Dec 1943, 1947, 1949 (formed 1962)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jimi Hendrix]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Janis Joplin]]&lt;!--born Jan 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pink Floyd]]&lt;!--core members + well-known member (Wright, Waters, Mason, Barrett, Gilmour) born Jul 1943, Sep 1943, 1944, Jan 1946, Mar 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[The Doors]]&lt;!--members born 1939, Dec 1943, 1944, 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Led Zeppelin]]&lt;!--members born 1944, 1946, 1948, 1948 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[David Bowie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Black Sabbath]]&lt;!--original members (Iommi, Ward, Osbourne, Butler) born Feb 1948, May 1948, Dec 1948, 17 Jul 1949 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Queen (band)]]&lt;!--core members (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon) born 1946, 1947, 26 Jul 1949, 1951 (formed in 1970)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Metallica]]&lt;!--core members + long-term replacements (Burton, Hammett, Newsted, Hetfield, Ulrich, Trujillo) born Feb 1962, Nov 1962, Mar 1963, Aug 1963, Dec 1963, 1964 (formed in 1981)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nirvana (band)]]&lt;!--final lineup (Novoselic, Cobain, Grohl born 1965, 1967, 1969 (formed in 1987)--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Directors, producers and screenwriters==
{{Vital article count|60}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Animators and puppeteers===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Walt Disney]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Jim Henson]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hayao Miyazaki]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

===Directors===
{{Vital article count|53}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ousmane Sembène]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yasujirō Ozu]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Akira Kurosawa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Satyajit Ray]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raj Kapoor]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Dutt]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abbas Kiarostami]] &lt;!--b. 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ang Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wong Kar-wai]] &lt;!--b. 1958--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|24}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Lang]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Eisenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charlie Chaplin]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] &lt;!--b. Aug 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Luis Buñuel]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vittorio De Sica]] &lt;!--b. 1901 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leni Riefenstahl]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lean]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ingmar Bergman]] &lt;!--b. 1918 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico Fellini]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Miloš Forman]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Tarkovsky]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roman Polanski]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Werner Herzog]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Sep.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Méliès]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] &lt;!--b. 1862, b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Cocteau]] &lt;!--b. 1889 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Renoir]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Bresson]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Agnès Varda]] &lt;!--b. 1928 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Luc Godard]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Truffaut]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 6--&gt;

====US and Canada====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. W. Griffith]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Cecil B. DeMille]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Ford]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buster Keaton]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Howard Hawks]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frank Capra]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wyler]] &lt;!--b. 1902 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Billy Wilder]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elia Kazan]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orson Welles]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ida Lupino]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stanley Kubrick]] &lt;!--b. 1928 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Woody Allen]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Ford Coppola]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martin Scorsese]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Lucas]] &lt;!--b. 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[David Lynch]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steven Spielberg]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[James Cameron]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Quentin Tarantino]] &lt;!--b. 1963--&gt;

===Producers and executives===
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Goldwyn]] &lt;!--b. 1879/1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis B. Mayer]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack L. Warner]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Irving Thalberg]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Businesspeople==
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]&lt;!--born 115 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jakob Fugger]]&lt;!--born 1459--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Josiah Wedgwood]]&lt;!--born 1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rothschild family]]&lt;!--prominence began with [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]] (born 1744)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Jacob Astor]]&lt;!--born 1763--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]&lt;!--born 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leland Stanford]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Andrew Carnegie]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[J. P. Morgan]]&lt;!--born 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jamsetji Tata]]&lt;!--born 1839 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John D. Rockefeller]]&lt;!--born 1839 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Westinghouse]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Mellon]]&lt;!--born 1855--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Henry Ford]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Howard Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Estée Lauder (businesswoman)]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sam Walton]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Ka-shing]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Soros]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Warren Buffett]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 30--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rupert Murdoch]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ted Turner]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carlos Slim]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Jobs]]&lt;!--born 1955 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bill Gates]]&lt;!--born 1955 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Elon Musk]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Explorers==
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanno the Navigator]] &lt;!--fl. 500 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhang Qian]] &lt;!--b. 195 BC--&gt;

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xuanzang]] &lt;!--b. 602--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leif Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marco Polo]] &lt;!--b. 1254--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn Battuta]] &lt;!--b. 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Zheng He]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1371--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Christopher Columbus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amerigo Vespucci]] &lt;!--b. 1454--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Vasco da Gama]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1460/1469--&gt;

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] &lt;!--b. 1467/1468--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Ponce de León]] &lt;!--b. 1474--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ferdinand Magellan]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1480--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cartier]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernando de Soto]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willem Barentsz]] &lt;!--b. 1550--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abel Tasman]] &lt;!--b. 1603--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitus Bering]] &lt;!--b. 1681--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[James Cook]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1728--&gt;

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Livingstone]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fridtjof Nansen]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Falcon Scott]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Shackleton]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roald Amundsen]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Amelia Earhart]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lindbergh]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Neil Armstrong]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Yuri Gagarin]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Valentina Tereshkova]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists==
{{Vital article count|162}}
===Philosophers===
{{Vital article count|71}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thales of Miletus]] &lt;!--b. 626/623 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kaṇāda]] &lt;!--c. 6th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Laozi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 571 BC (per zh.wikipedia)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraclitus]] &lt;!--b. before 547 BC, fl. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Confucius]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 551 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Socrates]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 470 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Democritus]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Plato]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 428 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diogenes]] &lt;!--b. 413/403 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shang Yang]] &lt;!--b. 390 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Aristotle]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mencius]] &lt;!--b. 371 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Epicurus]] &lt;!--b. 341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xunzi (philosopher)]] &lt;!--b. 310 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Fei]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 233 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Li Si]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 208 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Cicero]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lucretius]] &lt;!--b. 99 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seneca the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plotinus]] &lt;!--b. 204--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustine of Hippo]] &lt;!--b. 354--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Al-Kindi]] &lt;!--b. 801--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Farabi]] &lt;!--b. 870--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Abelard]] &lt;!--b. 1079--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Averroes]] &lt;!--b. 1126--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhu Xi]] &lt;!--b. 1130--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Aquinas]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1225--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duns Scotus]] &lt;!--b. 1265/1266--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William of Ockham]] &lt;!--b. 1287--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erasmus]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wang Yangming]] &lt;!--b. 1472--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giordano Bruno]] &lt;!--b. 1548--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Bacon]] &lt;!--b. 1561--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[René Descartes]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1596--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baruch Spinoza]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Berkeley]] &lt;!--b. 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hume]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Denis Diderot]] &lt;!--b. 1713--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Immanuel Kant]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1724--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 22--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jeremy Bentham]] &lt;!--b. 1748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] &lt;!--b. 1762--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|28}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Auguste Comte]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Stuart Mill]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Søren Kierkegaard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William James]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edmund Husserl]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Bergson]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dewey]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alfred North Whitehead]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Bertrand Russell]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Martin Heidegger]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Karl Popper]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hannah Arendt]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone de Beauvoir]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isaiah Berlin]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marshall McLuhan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Rawls]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frantz Fanon]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Michel Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jürgen Habermas]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacques Derrida]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Historians and archaeologists===
{{Vital article count|22}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Herodotus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 484 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thucydides]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xenophon]] &lt;!--b. 430 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sima Qian]] &lt;!--b. 145 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Josephus]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plutarch]] &lt;!--b. 40--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tacitus]] &lt;!--b. 56--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eusebius]] &lt;!--b. 260/265--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bede]] &lt;!--b. 672/673--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Ibn Khaldun]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1332--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Jean Froissart]] &lt;!--b. 1337--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giorgio Vasari]] &lt;!--b. 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Gibbon]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolay Karamzin]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold von Ranke]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor Mommsen]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Schliemann]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles A. Beard]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernand Braudel]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. J. P. Taylor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Hobsbawm]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Political writers===
{{Vital article count|18}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hugo Grotius]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Hobbes]] &lt;!--b. 1588--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[John Locke]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montesquieu]] &lt;!--b. 1689--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edmund Burke]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Paine]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Beccaria]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] &lt;!--b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bakunin]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert Spencer]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Engels]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Kropotkin]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] &lt;!--b. 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Gramsci]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edward Said]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Economists===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Adam Smith]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Robert Malthus]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Ricardo]] &lt;!--b. 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich List]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Karl Marx]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vilfredo Pareto]] &lt;!--b. 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Maynard Keynes]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Hayek]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Milton Friedman]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul Samuelson]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Social scientists===
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Émile Durkheim]] &lt;!--b. 1858 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Boas]] &lt;!--b. 1858 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Max Weber]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Montessori]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Mauss]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bronisław Malinowski]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Bernays]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Mead]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Talcott Parsons]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor W. Adorno]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clifford Geertz]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Bourdieu]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Linguists===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pāṇini]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Noah Webster]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sequoyah]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis Braille]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Noam Chomsky]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Psychologists===
{{Vital article count|21}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Galton]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wilhelm Wundt]] &lt;!--b. 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan Pavlov]] &lt;!--b. 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Sigmund Freud]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edward Thorndike]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Jung]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John B. Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kurt Lewin]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anna Freud]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Piaget]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lev Vygotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gordon Allport]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Rogers]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erik Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 1902 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[B. F. Skinner]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Cattell]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abraham Maslow]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert Ellis]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leon Festinger]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[George Armitage Miller]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Albert Bandura]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Religious figures==
{{Vital article count|123}}
:&lt;small&gt;For mythological figures, see: [[Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/4/Philosophy_and_religion#Mythology_(109_articles)|Philosophy and religion: Mythology]].&lt;/small&gt;
===Abrahamic religions===
{{Vital article count|86}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Judaism====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rabbi Akiva]] &lt;!--b. 50--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rashi]] &lt;!--b. 1040--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maimonides]] &lt;!--b. 1138--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel]] &lt;!--b. 1512--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Baal Shem Tov]] &lt;!--b. 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vilna Gaon]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;

====Christianity====
{{Vital article count|60}}
===== New Testament figures=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] &lt;!--b. 18 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Baptist]] &lt;!--b. 6 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Jesus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 6-4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Peter]] &lt;!--b. 1 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judas Iscariot]] &lt;!--1st century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mary Magdalene]] &lt;!--b. 8--&gt;

=====Pre-Schism=====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irenaeus]] &lt;!--b. 125--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clement of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tertullian]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Origen]] &lt;!--b. 185--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arius]] &lt;!--b. 250/256--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Nicholas]] &lt;!--b. 270--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint George]] &lt;!--3rd century AD, d. 303--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 296-298--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] &lt;!--b. 329--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basil of Caesarea]] &lt;!--b. 330--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gregory of Nyssa]] &lt;!--b. 335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ambrose]] &lt;!--b. 339--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jerome]] &lt;!--b. 342-347--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Chrysostom]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyril of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 376--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benedict of Nursia]] &lt;!--b. 480--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of Damascus]] &lt;!--b. 675/676--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cyril and Methodius]] &lt;!--b. 815, b. 826--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clement of Rome]] &lt;!--d. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Leo I]] &lt;!--b. 391--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory I]] &lt;!--b. 540--&gt;

=====Catholic Church=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anselm of Canterbury]] &lt;!--b. 1033/1034--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis of Assisi]] &lt;!--b. 1181--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bonaventure]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Wycliffe]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Hus]] &lt;!--b. 1369--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tomás de Torquemada]] &lt;!--b. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignatius of Loyola]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis Xavier]] &lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa of Ávila]] &lt;!--b. 1515--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of the Cross]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mother Teresa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Pius IX]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope John XXIII]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Pope John Paul II]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;

=====Orthodox Church=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]] &lt;!--b. 1605--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grigori Rasputin]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;

=====Protestantism=====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Martin Luther]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Huldrych Zwingli]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Thomas Cranmer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Melanchthon]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Calvin]] &lt;!--b. 1509--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Knox]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacobus Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 1560--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Wesley]] &lt;!--b. 1703 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)]] &lt;!--b. 1703 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Barth]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Billy Graham]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Desmond Tutu]] &lt;!--b. 1931--&gt;

=====Others=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Smith]] &lt;!--Latter Day Saint, b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary Baker Eddy]] &lt;!--Christian Science, b. 1821--&gt;

====Islam====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Early Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] &lt;!--b. 554--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Muhammad]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 570--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fatima]] &lt;!--b. 605/615--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aisha]] &lt;!--b. 614--&gt;

=====Shia Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ali]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Husayn ibn Ali]] &lt;!--b. 626--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] &lt;!--b. 702--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mulla Sadra]] &lt;!--b. 1571/1572--&gt;

=====Sunni Islam=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Hanifa]] &lt;!--b. 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Malik ibn Anas]] &lt;!--b. 711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Shafi'i]] &lt;!--b. 767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] &lt;!--b. 780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] &lt;!--b. 810--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] &lt;!--b. after 815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Ghazali]] &lt;!--b. 1058--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ibn Arabi]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nawawi]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Taymiyya]] &lt;!--b. 1263--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] &lt;!--b. 1703--&gt;

====Baháʼí Faith====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Baháʼu'lláh]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Dharmic religions===
{{Vital article count|35}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Hinduism====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Ancient=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Valmiki]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vyasa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kapila]] &lt;!--b. 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patanjali]] &lt;!--c. 2nd century BC-5th century AD--&gt;

===== Post-classical=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaudapada]] &lt;!--fl. 6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]] &lt;!--b. 700--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Adi Shankara]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 700/788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramanuja]] &lt;!--b. 1077--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basava]] &lt;!--b. 1131--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Madhvacharya]] &lt;!--b. 1199--&gt;

=====Modern=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] &lt;!--b. 1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramakrishna]] &lt;!--b. 1836--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Swami Vivekananda]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sri Aurobindo]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ramana Maharshi]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;

====Buddhism====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[The Buddha]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 563 BC/480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nagarjuna]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Padmasambhava]] &lt;!--fl. 8th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[14th Dalai Lama]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;

=====Chinese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārajīva]] &lt;!--b. 344--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bodhidharma]] &lt;!--fl. 5th/6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhiyi]] &lt;!--b. 538--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huineng]] &lt;!--b. 638--&gt;

=====Indian Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maudgalyayana]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Śāriputra]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ānanda]] &lt;!--b. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vasubandhu]] &lt;!--b. 4th century AD--&gt;

=====Japanese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kūkai]] &lt;!--b. 774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dōgen]] &lt;!--b. 1200--&gt;

====Jainism====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mahavira]] &lt;!--b. 599 BC--&gt;

====Sikhism====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Nanak]] &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guru Gobind Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1666--&gt;

====Theosophy====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Others===
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zoroaster]] &lt;!--Zoroastrianism, b. 624-599 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Aleister Crowley]] &lt;!--Thelema, b. 1875--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Politicians and leaders==
{{Vital article count|500}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|74}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Ezana of Axum]] &lt;!--fl. 320s-360--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gaiseric]] &lt;!--b. 389--&gt;

=====Egypt=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Narmer]] &lt;!--fl. 3100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Thutmose I]] &lt;!--d. 1493 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hatshepsut]] &lt;!--b. 1505 BC, d. 1458 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thutmose III]] &lt;!--b. 1479 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akhenaten]] &lt;!--b. before 1363-1361 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nefertiti]] &lt;!--b. 1370 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tutankhamun]] &lt;!--b. 1341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ramesses II]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1303 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramesses III]] &lt;!--b. 1217 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ptolemy I Soter]] &lt;!--b. 367 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Cleopatra]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 70/69 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cyrus the Great]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 600 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Darius the Great]] &lt;!--b. 550 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xerxes I]] &lt;!--b. 518 BC--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Modu Chanyu]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 374--&gt;

======China======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yu the Great]] &lt;!--fl. 21st century BC per zh.wikipedia--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 259 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 256 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Wu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 156 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cao Cao]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ajatashatru]] &lt;!--d. 460 BC/373 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] &lt;!--b. 350-340 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ashoka]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 304 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander I]] &lt;!--b. 180 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kanishka]] &lt;!--d. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samudragupta]] &lt;!--b. 318--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chandragupta II]] &lt;!--b. 345-350--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sargon of Akkad]] &lt;!--d. 2279 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Puduḫepa]] &lt;!--fl. 13th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ashurbanipal]] &lt;!--b. 685 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tigranes the Great]] &lt;!--b. 140 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mithridates VI Eupator]] &lt;!--b. 135 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herod the Great]] &lt;!--b. 72 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zenobia]] &lt;!--b. 240--&gt;

======Babylon======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Hammurabi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1810 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] &lt;!--b. 642 BC--&gt;

======Hellenistic Kingdoms======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucus I Nicator]] &lt;!--b. 358 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antiochus III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 241 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|32}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Decebalus]] &lt;!--d. 106--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attila]] &lt;!--b. 406--&gt;

======Greece======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lycurgus]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Draco (legislator)]] &lt;!--b. before 625 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Solon]] &lt;!--b. 630 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Themistocles]] &lt;!--b. 524 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Pericles]] &lt;!--b. 495 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alcibiades]] &lt;!--b. 450 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Demosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip II of Macedon]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alexander the Great]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 356 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] &lt;!--b. 319/318 BC--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vercingetorix]] &lt;!--b. 80 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 18/17 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Boudica]] &lt;!--d. 60/61--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alaric I]] &lt;!--b. 370--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric I]] &lt;!--b. 390/393--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric the Great]] &lt;!--b. 454--&gt;

=====Rome=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cato the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gracchi brothers]] &lt;!--fl. 133-121 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Julius Caesar]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Augustus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 63 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiberius]] &lt;!--b. 42 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Caligula]] &lt;!--b. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Nero]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Domitian]] &lt;!--b. 51--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Trajan]] &lt;!--b. 53--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hadrian]] &lt;!--b. 76--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marcus Aurelius]] &lt;!--b. 121--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Diocletian]] &lt;!--b. 242/245--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Constantine the Great]] &lt;!--b. 272--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Theodosius I]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|134}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]] &lt;!--b. 874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] &lt;!--b. 985--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baybars]] &lt;!--b. 1223/1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mansa Musa]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1280--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] &lt;!--b. 1285, d. 1341--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Amda Seyon I]] &lt;!--d. 1344--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Zara Yaqob]]&lt;!--b. 1399--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Askia Muhammad I]]&lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma I]] &lt;!--b. 1398--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pachacuti]] &lt;!--b. 1403/1418--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|47}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bumin Qaghan]] &lt;!--d. 552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khosrow I]] &lt;!--b. 512-514, d. 579--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] &lt;!--b. 971--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tughril I]] &lt;!--b. 993--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nizam al-Mulk]] &lt;!--b. 1018--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad of Ghor]] &lt;!--b. 1144--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tamar of Georgia]] &lt;!--b. 1160--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Timur]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1320s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ulugh Beg]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;

=====East Asia=====
{{Vital article count|17}}
======China======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Wen of Sui]] &lt;!--b. 541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wu Zetian]] &lt;!--b. 624--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] &lt;!--b. 927--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hongwu Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yongle Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;

======Korea======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Goryeo]] &lt;!--b. 877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sejong the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1397--&gt;

======Mongol Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1162--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jochi]] &lt;!--b. 1182--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ögedei Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1186--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Batu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1205--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kublai Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1215--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hulegu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1217--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokhtamysh]] &lt;!--b. 1342--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anawrahta]] &lt;!--b. 1014--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Suryavarman II]] &lt;!--b. 1094/1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jayavarman VII]] &lt;!--b. 1122/1125--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramkhamhaeng]] &lt;!--b. 1237/1247--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gajah Mada]] &lt;!--b. 1290--&gt;

======Vietnam======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trần Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1240--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Lợi]] &lt;!--b. 1385--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1442--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harsha]] &lt;!--b. 590--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rajaraja I]] &lt;!--b. 947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] &lt;!--b. 1266--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saladin]] &lt;!--b. 1137--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osman I]] &lt;!--b. 1254/1255--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mehmed II]] &lt;!--b. 1432--&gt;

======Caliphates======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abu Bakr]] &lt;!--b. 573--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Uthman]] &lt;!--b. 573/576--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umar]] &lt;!--b. 584--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mu'awiya I]] &lt;!--b. 597/603/605--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] &lt;!--b. 644/647--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harun al-Rashid]] &lt;!--b. 763/766--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|77}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|29}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]] &lt;!--b. 840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Dušan]] &lt;!--b. 1308--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vlad the Impaler]] &lt;!--b. 1428/1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1433-1440--&gt;

======Bulgaria======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Krum]] &lt;!--d. 814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] &lt;!--d. 907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Asen II]] &lt;!--b. 1190s--&gt;

======Byzantine Empire======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Justinian I]] &lt;!--b. 482--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)]] &lt;!--b. 490/500--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heraclius]] &lt;!--b. 575--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leo III the Isaurian]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Basil II]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manuel I Komnenos]] &lt;!--b. 1118--&gt;

======Hungary======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Stephen I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 975--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Béla IV of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1206--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1326--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matthias Corvinus]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mieszko I]] &lt;!--b. 930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bolesław I the Brave]] &lt;!--b. 967--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gediminas]] &lt;!--b. 1275--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Casimir III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1310--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vytautas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1350--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] &lt;!--b. 1352/1362--&gt;

======Russia and Ukraine======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sviatoslav I]] &lt;!--b. 943--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir the Great]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yaroslav the Wise]] &lt;!--b. 978--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel of Galicia]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Nevsky]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan III of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1440--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|48}}
======British Isles======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred the Great]] &lt;!--b. 849--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Æthelstan]] &lt;!--b. 894--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William the Conqueror]] &lt;!--b. 1028--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry II of England]] &lt;!--b. 1133--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1157--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John, King of England]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1239--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert the Bruce]] &lt;!--b. 1274--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1312--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry V of England]] &lt;!--b. 1386--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis I]] &lt;!--b. 466--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Martel]] &lt;!--b. 688--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Charlemagne]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis the Pious]] &lt;!--b. 778--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] &lt;!--b. 1124--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of France]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis IX of France]] &lt;!--b. 1214--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1268--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XI]] &lt;!--b. 1423--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles the Fat]] &lt;!--b. 839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry the Lion]] &lt;!--b. 1129/1131--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 912--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1050--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1122--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1194--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1316--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1368--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1459--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman I]] &lt;!--b. 731--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman III]] &lt;!--b. 890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso I of Portugal]] &lt;!--b. 1106/1109/1111--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Isabella I of Castile]] &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Guiscard]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roger II of Sicily]] &lt;!--b. 1095--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cosimo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1389--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1449--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Girolamo Savonarola]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Borgia]] &lt;!--b. 1475--&gt;

======Papal States======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory VII]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Urban II]] &lt;!--b. 1035--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Innocent III]] &lt;!--b. 1161--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Boniface VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Alexander VI]] &lt;!--b. 1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Julius II]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cnut]] &lt;!--b. 990--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret I of Denmark]] &lt;!--b. 1353--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|104}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]&lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]&lt;!--b. 1549--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba]]&lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Toussaint Louverture]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;

=====Aztec=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma II]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[La Malinche]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;

=====Inca=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atahualpa]] &lt;!--b. 1502--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru II]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1706--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[George Washington]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thomas Jefferson]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Madison]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Alexander Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1755/1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|41}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail I]] &lt;!--b. 1487--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nader Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1688/1698--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] &lt;!--b. 1720-1722--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jiajing Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nurhaci]] &lt;!--b. 1559--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wanli Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1563--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Taiji]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kangxi Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1654--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qianlong Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oda Nobunaga]] &lt;!--b. 1534--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] &lt;!--b. 1537--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] &lt;!--b. 1543--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seonjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jeongjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1752--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naresuan]] &lt;!--b. 1555/1556--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iskandar Muda]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]] &lt;!--b. 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rama I]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Quang Trung]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

======Burma======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bayinnaung]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tabinshwehti]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alaungpaya]] &lt;!--b. 1714--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Krishnadevaraya]] &lt;!--b. 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sher Shah Suri]] &lt;!--b. 1472/1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Babur]] &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Humayun]] &lt;!--b. 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Akbar]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shah Jahan]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aurangzeb]] &lt;!--b. 1618--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shivaji]] &lt;!--b. 1630--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hyder Ali]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Clive]] &lt;!--b. 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tipu Sultan]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Selim I]] &lt;!--b. 1470--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roxelana]] &lt;!--b. 1505--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mehmed IV]] &lt;!--b. 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selim III]] &lt;!--b. 1761--&gt;

=====Oceania=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kamehameha I]] &lt;!--b. 1736-1761--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] &lt;!--b. 1595--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Báthory]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sigismund III Vasa]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John III Sobieski]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Augustus II the Strong]] &lt;!--b. 1670--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan the Terrible]] &lt;!--b. 1530--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexis of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1672--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elizabeth of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Catherine the Great]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1729--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|38}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[William the Silent]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis I of France]] &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Catherine de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1519--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1553--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Cardinal Richelieu]] &lt;!--b. 1585--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cardinal Mazarin]] &lt;!--b. 1602--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Louis XIV]] &lt;!--b. 1638--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XV]] &lt;!--b. 1710--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Madame de Pompadour]] &lt;!--b. 1721--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis XVI]] &lt;!--b. 1754--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Antoinette]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;

======Great Britain and United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mary I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1516--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Elizabeth I]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James VI and I]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Oliver Cromwell]] &lt;!--b. 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Charles I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Walpole]] &lt;!--b. 1676--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]] &lt;!--b. 1705--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Blackstone]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George III]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Pitt the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire, Austria======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1640--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maria Theresa]] &lt;!--b. 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1741--&gt;

======Prussia, Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] &lt;!--b. 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frederick the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustavus Adolphus]] &lt;!--b. 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1626--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles XII of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1682--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles XIV John]] &lt;!--b. 1763--&gt;

======Southern Europe======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1527--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip V of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1683--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]] &lt;!--b. 1699--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|188}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|33}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Africa=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patrice Lumumba]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Biya]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Eastern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rainilaiarivony]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jomo Kenyatta]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hastings Banda]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Julius Nyerere]] &lt;!--b. 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kenneth Kaunda]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Idi Amin]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Paul Kagame]] &lt;!--b. 1957--&gt;

======Ethiopia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tewodros II]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yohannes IV]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Menelik II]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Haile Selassie]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;

=====Northern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emir Abdelkader]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad Ahmad]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;

======Egypt======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anwar Sadat]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Dec.--&gt;

=====Southern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shaka]] &lt;!--b. 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cecil Rhodes]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Nelson Mandela]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Mugabe]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[F. W. de Klerk]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;

=====Western Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kwame Nkrumah]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kofi Annan]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Sankara]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|39}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====South America=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[José de San Martín]] &lt;!--b. 1778--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonio José de Sucre]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Perón]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salvador Allende]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfredo Stroessner]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augusto Pinochet]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hugo Chávez]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Brazil======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro I of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro II of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Getúlio Vargas]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;

=====Central America and the Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Morazán]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rafael Trujillo]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Duvalier]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Fidel Castro]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] &lt;!--b. 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benito Juárez]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Porfirio Díaz]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Andrew Jackson]] &lt;!--b. 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Tecumseh]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Clay]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sitting Bull]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Theodore Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harry S. Truman]] &lt;!--b. 1884 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1884 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[J. Edgar Hoover]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ronald Reagan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Nixon]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John F. Kennedy]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Trump]] &lt;!--b. 1946 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[George W. Bush]] &lt;!--b. 1946 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Barack Obama]] &lt;!--b. 1961--&gt;

=====Canada=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John A. Macdonald]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Trudeau]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|54}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] &lt;!--b. 1900/1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mao Zedong]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Soong Mei-ling]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhou Enlai]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deng Xiaoping]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puyi]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jiang Qing]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jiang Zemin]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xi Jinping]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Meiji]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hideki Tojo]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eisaku Satō]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hirohito]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shinzo Abe]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syngman Rhee]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kim Il Sung]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Park Chung Hee]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chulalongkorn]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sukarno]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ne Win]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Suharto]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee Kuan Yew]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pol Pot]] &lt;!--b. 1925 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mahathir Mohamad]] &lt;!--b. 1925 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Corazon Aquino]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. S. Senanayake]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benazir Bhutto]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

======India======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indira Gandhi]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Manmohan Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Narendra Modi]] &lt;!--b. 1950--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Saud]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Ben-Gurion]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Yasser Arafat]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saddam Hussein]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] &lt;!--b. 1947--&gt;

======Ottoman Empire and Turkey======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mahmud II]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abdul Hamid II]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Europe=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Klemens von Metternich]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Joseph I]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Józef Piłsudski]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Dubček]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Václav Havel]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lech Wałęsa]] &lt;!--b. 1943--&gt;

=====Southeastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ion Antonescu]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ante Pavelić]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Josip Broz Tito]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slobodan Milošević]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

=====Russia and USSR=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander II of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas II]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Joseph Stalin]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Trotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikita Khrushchev]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leonid Brezhnev]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Yeltsin]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Putin]] &lt;!--b. 1952--&gt;

=====Scandinavia=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leopold II of Belgium]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} '''[[Napoleon]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Philippe I]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Adolphe Thiers]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Napoleon III]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Clemenceau]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles de Gaulle]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Mitterrand]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm I]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto von Bismarck]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm II]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Adenauer]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Goebbels]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erich Honecker]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willy Brandt]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helmut Kohl]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Angela Merkel]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Franco]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Carlos I]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;

======Ireland======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] &lt;!--b. 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Éamon de Valera]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] &lt;!--b. 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benito Mussolini]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;

======United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Peel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Disraeli]] &lt;!--b. 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Ewart Gladstone]] &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Queen Victoria]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lloyd George]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winston Churchill]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clement Attlee]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Margaret Thatcher]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elizabeth II]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Military leaders and theorists==
{{Vital article count|51}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|9}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hannibal]] &lt;!--b. 247 BC--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Sun Tzu]] &lt;!--b. 544 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhuge Liang]] &lt;!--b. 181--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonidas I]] &lt;!--b. 540 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scipio Africanus]] &lt;!--b. 236/235 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sulla]] &lt;!--b. 138 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pompey]] &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mark Antony]] &lt;!--b. 83 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Flavius Aetius]] &lt;!--b. 390--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] &lt;!--d. 642--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Amr ibn al-As]] &lt;!--b. 573, d. 664--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[El Cid]] &lt;!--b. 1043--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] &lt;!--b. 1060--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Subutai]] &lt;!--b. 1175--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần Hưng Đạo]] &lt;!--b. 1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Žižka]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Skanderbeg]] &lt;!--b. 1405--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Hunyadi]] &lt;!--b. 1406--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Joan of Arc]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1412--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] &lt;!--b. 1453--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yi Sun-sin]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Miyamoto Musashi]] &lt;!--b. 1584--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1466/1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Pizarro]] &lt;!--b. 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernán Cortés]] &lt;!--b. 1485--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Drake]] &lt;!--b. 1540--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michiel de Ruyter]] &lt;!--b. 1607--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] &lt;!--b. 1663--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Suvorov]] &lt;!--b. 1729/1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|19}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert E. Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1807 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ulysses S. Grant]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Douglas MacArthur]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George C. Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Dec.--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enver Pasha]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl von Clausewitz]] &lt;!--b. 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] &lt;!--b. 1807 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;!--b. 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erich Ludendorff]] &lt;!--b. 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bernard Montgomery]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[T. E. Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Erwin Rommel]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hermann Göring]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georgy Zhukov]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Rebels, revolutionaries and activists==
{{Vital article count|52}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|1}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spartacus]] &lt;!--b. 103 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Muslim]] &lt;!--b. 718-727--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babak Khorramdin]] &lt;!--b. 795/798--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huang Chao]] &lt;!--b. 835--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern: General====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Müntzer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William Wilberforce]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Aug.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Marat]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilien Robespierre]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Danton]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Oct.--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|40}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Louis Riel]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcus Garvey]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Che Guevara]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pancho Villa]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emiliano Zapata]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sojourner Truth]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Douglass]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Susan B. Anthony]] &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harriet Tubman]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Muir]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Booker T. Washington]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Addams]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Margaret Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helen Keller]] &lt;!--b. 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rosa Parks]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Betty Friedan]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Malcolm X]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harvey Milk]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;

====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sayyid Qutb]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Steve Biko]] &lt;!--b. 1946--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Diponegoro]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Xiuquan]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[José Rizal]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sun Yat-sen]] &lt;!--b. 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aung San]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] &lt;!--b. 1945--&gt;

=====India=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rani of Jhansi]] &lt;!--b. 1828/1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Dunant]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Theodor Herzl]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emma Goldman]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosa Luxemburg]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Scientists, inventors and mathematicians==
{{Vital article count|256}}
===Pre-modern figures===
{{Vital article count|28}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient history====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pythagoras]] &lt;!--b. 570 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Hippocrates]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Euclid]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--fl. 300 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Archimedes]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 287 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eratosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 276 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Apollonius of Perga]] &lt;!--b. 240 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hipparchus]] &lt;!--b. 190 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pliny the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 23/24--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Cai Lun]]&lt;!--b. 50-62--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hero of Alexandria]] &lt;!--possibly fl. 62 --&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zhang Heng]] &lt;!--b. 78--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ptolemy]] &lt;!--b. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Galen]] &lt;!--b. 129--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diophantus]] &lt;!--fl. 250--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hypatia]] &lt;!--b. 350-370--&gt;

====Post-classical history====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aryabhata]] &lt;!--b. 476--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Brahmagupta]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] &lt;!--d. 806-816--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 780, d. 850--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]] &lt;!--b. 864/865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Zahrawi]] &lt;!--b. 936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn al-Haytham]] &lt;!--b. 865--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Biruni]] &lt;!--b. 973--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Avicenna]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 980--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Shen Kuo]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1031--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fibonacci]] &lt;!--b. 1170--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Johannes Gutenberg]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born c. 1393-1406--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Physics===
{{Vital article count|56}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Gilbert (physicist)]] &lt;!--b. 1544--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Christiaan Huygens]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Hooke]] &lt;!--b. 1635--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Isaac Newton]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1643--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Cavendish]] &lt;!--b. 1731--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|44}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Young (scientist)]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André-Marie Ampère]] &lt;!--b. 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amedeo Avogadro]] &lt;!--b. 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georg Ohm]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michael Faraday]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Prescott Joule]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léon Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] &lt;!--b. 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] &lt;!--b. 1824 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Kelvin]] &lt;!--b. 1824 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[James Clerk Maxwell]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ernst Mach]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] &lt;!--b. 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Becquerel]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert A. Michelson]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 19--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hendrik Lorentz]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. J. Thomson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Hertz]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Max Planck]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Curie]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Henry Bragg]] &lt;!--b. 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Marie Curie]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Millikan]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernest Rutherford]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Lise Meitner]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Albert Einstein]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Max Born]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Niels Bohr]] &lt;!--b. 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erwin Schrödinger]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[C. V. Raman]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Chadwick]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wolfgang Pauli]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ernest Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enrico Fermi]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Werner Heisenberg]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Dirac]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hans Bethe]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward Teller]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;

====Contemporary====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Feynman]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Sakharov]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Murray Gell-Mann]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles K. Kao]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Stephen Hawking]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Astronomy===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1473--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tycho Brahe]] &lt;!--b. 1546--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Galileo Galilei]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmond Halley]] &lt;!--b. 1656--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caroline Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1750--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edwin Hubble]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Lemaître]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Carl Sagan]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Chemistry===
{{Vital article count|23}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Boyle]] &lt;!--b. 1627--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Joseph Priestley]] &lt;!--b. 1733--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Antoine Lavoisier]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dalton]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Humphry Davy]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 17--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] &lt;!--b. 1779--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Wöhler]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Justus von Liebig]] &lt;!--b. 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Svante Arrhenius]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Haber]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Otto Hahn]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Langmuir]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Debye]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Harold Urey]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Linus Pauling]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns Woodward]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Biology===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Carl Linnaeus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Banks]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] &lt;!--b. 1744--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges Cuvier]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John James Audubon]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Agassiz]] &lt;!--b. 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gregor Mendel]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] &lt;!--b. 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernst Haeckel]] &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Drinker Cope]] &lt;!--b. 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eugenius Warming]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Washington Carver]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred Kinsey]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Krebs (biochemist)]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Barbara McClintock]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Lorenz]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rachel Carson]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Norman Borlaug]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Crick]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosalind Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Goodall]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[W. D. Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Jay Gould]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
{{div col end}}

===Medicine===
{{Vital article count|14}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paracelsus]] &lt;!--b. 1493--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andreas Vesalius]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Shizhen]] &lt;!--b. 1518--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Harvey]] &lt;!--b. 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Luigi Galvani]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edward Jenner]] &lt;!--b. 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Bernard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Florence Nightingale]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Louis Pasteur]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Lister]] &lt;!--b. 1827--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Koch]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Fleming]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonas Salk]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Earth science and physical geography===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Hutton]]&lt;!--born 1726--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander von Humboldt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lyell]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Wegener]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cousteau]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Tharp]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Inventors and engineers===
{{Vital article count|34}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watt]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montgolfier brothers]]&lt;!--born 1740 and 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alessandro Volta]]&lt;!--born 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicéphore Niépce]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Fulton]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eli Whitney]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Stephenson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Daguerre]]&lt;!--born 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samuel Morse]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;!--born 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyrus McCormick]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Nobel]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Benz]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Edison]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emile Berliner]]&lt;!--born 1851--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Algernon Parsons]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Eastman]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Nikola Tesla]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rudolf Diesel]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leo Baekeland]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wright brothers]]&lt;!--born 1871 and 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee de Forest]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guglielmo Marconi]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert H. Goddard]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Logie Baird]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philo Farnsworth]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergei Korolev]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Bardeen]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Shockley]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wernher von Braun]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jack Kilby]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicolaus Otto]] &lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Mathematicians===
{{Vital article count|44}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gerolamo Cardano]]&lt;!--born 1501--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Fermat]]&lt;!--born 1601--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Blaise Pascal]]&lt;!--born 1623--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&lt;!--born 1646--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacob Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1655--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]&lt;!--born 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaspard Monge]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|32}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Fourier]]&lt;!--born 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]]&lt;!--born 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niels Henrik Abel]]&lt;!--born 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]]&lt;!--born 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]&lt;!--born Feb. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Rowan Hamilton]]&lt;!--born Aug. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Évariste Galois]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Karl Weierstrass]]&lt;!--born Oct. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Boole]]&lt;!--born Nov. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Cayley]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Hermite]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Georg Cantor]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottlob Frege]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Poincaré]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Pearson]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hilbert]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Emmy Noether]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Weyl]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronald Fisher]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Banach]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Tarski]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andrey Kolmogorov]]&lt;!--born Apr. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[John von Neumann]]&lt;!--born Dec. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Shannon]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Grothendieck]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Computer scientists===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Babbage]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ada Lovelace]]&lt;!--born 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grace Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konrad Zuse]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alan Turing]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Douglas Engelbart]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Knuth]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dennis Ritchie]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Wozniak]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tim Berners-Lee]]&lt;!--born 1955--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Linus Torvalds]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Sports figures==
{{Vital article count|77}}
===Individual sports===
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Athletics==== 
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Coubertin]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paavo Nurmi]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jesse Owens]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilma Rudolph]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Florence Griffith Joyner]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Carl Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergey Bubka]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hicham El Guerrouj]]&lt;!--born 1974--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Usain Bolt]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;

====Auto racing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enzo Ferrari]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Schumacher]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;

====Boxing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joe Louis]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sugar Ray Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;

====Chess====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bobby Fischer]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Garry Kasparov]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;

====Climbing and mountaineering====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tenzing Norgay]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edmund Hillary]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Cycling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Eddy Merckx]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;

====Figure skating====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sonja Henie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]&lt;!--born 1994--&gt;

====Golf====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jack Nicklaus]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;

====Gymnastics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Larisa Latynina]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Comăneci]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone Biles]]&lt;!--born 1997--&gt;

====Martial arts====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Kanō Jigorō]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bruce Lee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

====Skiing====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ingemar Stenmark]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marit Bjørgen]]&lt;!--born 1980--&gt;

====Speed skating====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Heiden]]&lt;!--born 1958--&gt;

====Swimming====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johnny Weissmuller]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Spitz]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Phelps]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;

====Tennis====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rod Laver]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Court]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martina Navratilova]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steffi Graf]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Roger Federer]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Serena Williams]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Novak Djokovic]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Wrestling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aleksandr Karelin]]&lt;!--born 1967--&gt;

====Multiple sports====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jim Thorpe]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Team sports===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====American football====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jim Brown]] &lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tom Brady]] &lt;!--born 1977--&gt;

====Association football====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lev Yashin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pelé]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johan Cruyff]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diego Maradona]]&lt;!--born 1960--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mia Hamm]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zinedine Zidane]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1976--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marta (footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lionel Messi]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Baseball====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Babe Ruth]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jackie Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Basketball====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wilt Chamberlain]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Michael Jordan]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[LeBron James]]&lt;!--born 1984--&gt;

====Cricket====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[W. G. Grace]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Don Bradman]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Garfield Sobers]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;

====Field hockey====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dhyan Chand]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;

====Ice hockey====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gordie Howe]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Wayne Gretzky]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;

====Rowing====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Steve Redgrave]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;

====Rugby union====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jonah Lomu]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Criminals==
{{vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Blackbeard]] &lt;!--born 1680--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack the Ripper]] &lt;!--fl. 19th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Talaat Pasha]] &lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Al Capone]] &lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heinrich Himmler]] &lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Escobar]] &lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osama bin Laden]] &lt;!--born 1957--&gt;
{{div col end}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>8a262z9y96h4oxfnu2ta39osr9sdiea</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610832</id>
      <parentid>610827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:05:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।+</comment>
      <origin>610832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="136291" sha1="rthdrgb1djst7zs2r77ui6a1vhiaya3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Short description|Larger list of vital articles to be included on Wikipedias}}
{{shortcut|WP:VAP|WP:VA/P|WP:VAPEOPLE}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|'''ব্যক্তি''' ত এটা ৰেণ্ডম ৪ৰ্থ স্তৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20People&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''ভিটাল প্ৰবন্ধ''' হৈছে এনে বিষয়ৰ তালিকা যাৰ বাবে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চমানৰ প্ৰবন্ধ থাকিব লাগে। ই ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ অৱস্থা অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|কেন্দ্ৰীভূত চোৱাচিতা তালিকা]] হিচাপে কাম কৰে। দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ এঘাৰটা স্তৰ ৪ উপ-তালিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইটো অন্যতম আৰু বৰ্তমান নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে।


এই তালিকাখন ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অনুকূল। সকলো ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]]ও আছে।

এই তালিকা আৰু প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি সঘনাই সোধা প্ৰশ্ন (FAQ) পৃষ্ঠা চাওক।

{{TOC limit|4}}

&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
সৰ্বমুঠ ১,৯৬৭ টা প্ৰবন্ধ আছে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || ১৭৩
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || ২২২
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || ২
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || ৯০৯
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || ৬৫৭
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || ৮
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=ব্যক্তি=
==মনোৰঞ্জকসকল==
===অভিনেতা===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====এছিয়া====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[তশ্বিৰো মিফিউন]] ([[:en:Toshiro Mifune]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[চেটচুকু হাৰা]] ([[:en:Setsuko Hara]])&lt;!--born June, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মধুবালা]] ([[:en:Madhubala]])&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অমিতাভ বচ্চন]] ([[:en:Amitabh Bachchan]])&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰজনীকান্ত]] ([[:en:Rajinikanth]])&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জেকী চান]] ([[:en:Jackie Chan]])&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====ইউৰোপ====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ ভেলেণ্টিন']] ([[:en:Rudolph Valentino]])&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]))&lt;!--born December, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেটা গাৰ্বো]] ([[:en:Greta Garbo]]&lt;!--born September, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইংগ্ৰিড বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingrid Bergman]])&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্চেলো মাষ্ট্ৰ'য়ানি]] ([[:en:Marcello Mastroianni]])&lt;!--born September 26, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ক্লাউছ কিনস্কি]] ([[:en:Klaus Kinski]])&lt;!--born October, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ছফিয়া লৰেন]] ([[:en:Sophia Loren]])&lt;!--born September 20, 1934--&gt;

=====ফ্ৰান্স=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[চাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ড]] [[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন গেবিন]] [[:en:Jean Gabin]]&lt;!--born May, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন ম'ৰ']] [[:en:Jeanne Moreau]]&lt;!--born January, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ব্ৰিজিট বাৰ্ডট]] [[:en:Brigitte Bardot]]&lt;!--born September 28, 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেন ডেলন]] [[:en:Alain Delon]]&lt;!--born November, 1935--&gt;

=====ইউনাইটেড কিংডম=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[জন গিলগুড]] [[:en:John Gielgud]]&lt;!--born April, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[লৰেন্স অলিভিয়াৰ]] [[:en:Laurence Olivier]]&lt;!--born May 22, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিভিয়ান লি]] [[:en:Vivien Leigh]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেক গিনিজ]] [[:en:Alec Guinness]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[অড্ৰী হেপ্‌বাৰ্ন]] [[:en:Audrey Hepburn]]&lt;!--born May, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বেন কনেৰী]] [[:en:Sean Connery]]&lt;!--born August, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ অ'টুল]] [[:en:Peter O'Toole]]&lt;!--born August, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জুলি এণ্ড্ৰুজ]] [[:en:Julie Andrews]]&lt;!--born October, 1935--&gt;

====United States====
{{Vital article count|30}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মেৰী পিকফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Mary Pickford]])&lt;!--born 1892 (Canadian by birth but almost entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লিলিয়ান গিছ]] ([[:en:Lillian Gish]])&lt;!--born October, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হামফ্ৰে বগাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Humphrey Bogart]])&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[স্পেন্সৰ ট্ৰেচি]] ([[:en:Spencer Tracy]])&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লাৰ্ক গেবল]] ([[:en:Clark Gable]])&lt;!--born February, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[গেৰী কুপাৰ]] ([[:en:Gary Cooper]])&lt;!--born May, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[কেৰী গ্ৰাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Cary Grant]])&lt;!--born January, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জোয়ান ক্ৰফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Joan Crawford]])&lt;!--born March, 1904 or 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হেনৰী ফণ্ডা]] ([[:en:Henry Fonda]])&lt;!--born May, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেথাৰিন হেপবাৰ্ন]] ([[:en:Katharine Hepburn]])&lt;!--born May 12, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন ৱেইন]] ([[:en:John Wayne]])&lt;!--born May 26, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বাৰ্বাৰা ষ্টেনউইক]] ([[:en:Barbara Stanwyck]])&lt;!--born July, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[বেট ডেভিছ]] ([[:en:Bette Davis]])&lt;!--born April, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[জেমছ ষ্টুৱেৰ্ট]] [[:en:James Stewart]]&lt;!--born May, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেগৰী পেক]] [[:en:Gregory Peck]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰীতা হেৱৰ্থ]] [[:en:Rita Hayworth]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডৰিছ ডে]] [[:en:Doris Day]]&lt;!--born April, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জুডি গাৰ্লেণ্ড]] [[:en:Judy Garland]]&lt;!--born June, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লন ব্ৰেণ্ডো]] [[:en:Marlon Brando]]&lt;!--born April, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[লৰেন বেকল]] [[:en:Lauren Bacall]]&lt;!--born September 16, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[মেৰীলিন মনৰো]] [[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]&lt;!--born June, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চিডনী পইটিয়েৰ]] [[:en:Sidney Poitier]]&lt;!--born 1927 (also Bahamian but born in US soil and entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বাৰলী টেম্পল]] [[:en:Shirley Temple]]&lt;!--born April, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেচ কেলি]] [[:en:Grace Kelly]]&lt;!--born November, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ক্লিণ্ট ইষ্টউড]] [[:en:Clint Eastwood]]&lt;!--born May, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলিজাবেথ টেইলৰ]] [[:en:Elizabeth Taylor]]&lt;!--born February, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেক নিকোলছন]] [[:en:Jack Nicholson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰবাৰ্ট ডি নিৰো]] [[:en:Robert De Niro]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মেৰিল ষ্ট্ৰিপ]] [[:en:Meryl Streep]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টম হেংকছ]] [[:en:Tom Hanks]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু নৃত্য পৰিচালক===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====বেলেট====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰিউছ পেটিপা]] [[:en:Marius Petipa]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আন্না পাভলোভা]] [[:en:Anna Pavlova]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ভাছলাভ নিজিনস্কি]] [[:en:Vaslav Nijinsky]]&lt;!--born 1889 or 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জ বালানচিন]] [[:en:George Balanchine]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মাৰ্গট ফণ্টেইন]] [[:en:Margot Fonteyn]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ নুৰেয়েভ]] [[:en:Rudolf Nureyev]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মিখাইল বাৰিছনিকোভ]] [[:en:Mikhail Baryshnikov]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====অন্য নৃত্য====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইজুমো ন' ওকুণি]] [[:en:Izumo no Okuni]]&lt;!--born c 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইছাডোৰা ডানকান]] [[:en:Isadora Duncan]]&lt;!--born 1877 or 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্থা গ্ৰেহাম]] [[:en:Martha Graham]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰেড এষ্টেয়াৰ]] [[:en:Fred Astaire]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোচেফিন বেকাৰ]] [[:en:Josephine Baker]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিঞ্জাৰ ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Ginger Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন কেলি]] [[:en:Gene Kelly]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[বব ফছে]] [[:en:Bob Fosse]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===কমেডিয়ান===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক্স ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Marx Brothers]]&lt;!--main members born 1887-1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লৰেল আৰু হাৰ্ডি]] [[:en:Laurel and Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1890 and 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ম্যে ৱেষ্ট]] [[:en:Mae West]]&lt;!--born August, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লুচিল বল]] [[:en:Lucille Ball]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লুইচ ডি ফুনেছ]] [[:en:Louis de Funès]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেৰল বাৰ্নেট]] [[:en:Carol Burnett]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ কাৰ্লিন]] [[:en:George Carlin]]&lt;!--born May, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বিল কচবি]] [[:en:Bill Cosby]]&lt;!--born July, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰিচাৰ্ড প্ৰায়ৰ]] [[:en:Richard Pryor]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[মণ্টি পাইথন]] [[:en:Monty Python]]&lt;!--born 1939-1943--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===আয়োজক আৰু পৰিৱেশক===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[পি টি বাৰ্নাম]] [[:en:P. T. Barnum]]&lt;!--born 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেৰী হাউডিনি]] [[:en:Harry Houdini]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্চেল মাৰ্চেউ]] [[:en:Marcel Marceau]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জনী কাৰ্ছন]] [[:en:Johnny Carson]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ফ্ৰেড ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Fred Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অপ্ৰা উইনফ্ৰে]] [[:en:Oprah Winfrey]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==দৃশ্য শিল্পী==

===পশ্চিমীয়া চিত্ৰশিল্পী আৰু চিত্ৰকৰ===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====প্ৰাক-ৰেনেছাঁ====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিঅ’ট্টো]] [[:en:Giotto]]

====ৰেনেছাঁৰপৰা আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে====
{{Vital article count|22}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জান ভান আইক]] [[:en:Jan van Eyck]]&lt;!--born in 1380s or early 1390s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাছাচিও]] [[:en:Masaccio]]&lt;!--born 1401--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চেণ্ড্ৰ' বটিচেলি]] [[:en:Sandro Botticelli]]&lt;!--born c 1445--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হাইৰ'নিমাছ বছ]] [[:en:Hieronymus Bosch]]&lt;!--born c 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] '''[[:en:Leonardo da Vinci]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আলব্ৰেক্ট ডুৰেৰ]] [[:en:Albrecht Dürer]]&lt;!--born 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টাইটিয়ান]] [[:en:Titian]]&lt;!--born in 1470s or 1480s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰাফেল]] [[:en:Raphael]] &lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হান্স হোলবেইন দ্য ইয়াংগাৰ]] [[:en:Hans Holbein the Younger]]&lt;!--born c 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ ব্ৰুগেল দ্য এলডাৰ]] [[:en:Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]&lt;!--born in late 1520--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[এল গ্ৰেকো]] [[:en:El Greco]]&lt;!--born 1541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[কাৰাভাজিঅ']] [[:en:Caravaggio]]&lt;!--born 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স]] [[:en:Peter Paul Rubens]]&lt;!--born 1577--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[আৰ্টেমিচিয়া জেণ্টিলেস্কি]] [[:en:Artemisia Gentileschi]]&lt;!--born 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[নিকোলাছ পৌচিন]] [[:en:Nicolas Poussin]]&lt;!--born 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ডিয়েগো ভেলাস্কেজ]] [[:en:Diego Velázquez]]&lt;!--born 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ৰেমব্ৰাণ্ড]] '''[[:en:Rembrandt]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোহানেছ ভাৰ্মিৰ]] [[:en:Johannes Vermeer]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[এণ্টোৱান ৱাট']] [[:en:Antoine Watteau]]&lt;!--born 1684--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[উইলিয়াম হোগাৰ্থ]] [[:en:William Hogarth]]&lt;!--born 1697--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্সিস্কো গয়া]] [[:en:Francisco Goya]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জেক-লুইচ ডেভিদ]] [[:en:Jacques-Louis David]]&lt;!--born 1748--&gt;

====আধুনিক যুগ====
{{Vital article count|40}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেছপাৰ ডেভিদ ফ্ৰেড্ৰিচ]] [[:en:Caspar David Friedrich]]&lt;!--born 1774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জে এম ডব্লিউ টাৰ্নাৰ]] [[:en:J. M. W. Turner]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন কনিষ্টবল]] [[:en:John Constable]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন-অগাষ্ট-ডমিনিক ইংগ্ৰেছ]] [[:en:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]&lt;!--born 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইউজেন ডেলাক্ৰ'ইছ]] [[:en:Eugène Delacroix]]&lt;!--born 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গুস্তাভ ক'ৰবেট]] [[:en:Gustave Courbet]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেমিল পিছাৰো]] [[:en:Camille Pissarro]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড মেনেট]] [[:en:Édouard Manet]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেমছ মেকনিল হুইছলাৰ]] [[:en:James McNeill Whistler]]&lt;!--born July 10, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডগাৰ ডেগাছ]] [[:en:Edgar Degas]]&lt;!--born July 19, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল চেজান]] [[:en:Paul Cézanne]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লড মনেট]] [[:en:Claude Monet]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিয়েৰ-অগষ্ট ৰেন'য়াৰ]] [[:en:Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[হেনৰী ৰুছ’]] [[:en:Henri Rousseau]]&lt;!--born May, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইলিয়া ৰেপিন]] [[:en:Ilya Repin]]&lt;!--born August, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল গগুইন]] [[:en:Paul Gauguin]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] '''[[:en:Vincent van Gogh]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন চিংগাৰ চাৰ্জেণ্ট]] [[:en:John Singer Sargent]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ চেউৰাট]] [[:en:Georges Seurat]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডভাৰ্ড মাঞ্চ]] [[:en:Edvard Munch]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী ডি টুলুজ-লট্ৰেক]] [[:en:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[ৱাচিলি কেণ্ডিনস্কি]] [[:en:Wassily Kandinsky]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী মেটিছে]] [[:en:Henri Matisse]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[পিট মণ্ড্ৰিয়ান]] [[:en:Piet Mondrian]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কাজিমিৰ মালেভিচ]] [[:en:Kazimir Malevich]]&lt;!--born February 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল ক্লী]] [[:en:Paul Klee]]&lt;!--born December 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্স মাৰ্ক]] [[:en:Franz Marc]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পাব্‌ল' পিকাছ'|পাবলো পিকাচো]] '''[[:en:Pablo Picasso]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড হপাৰ]] [[:en:Edward Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডিয়েগো ৰিভেৰা]] [[:en:Diego Rivera]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক চাগাল]] [[:en:Marc Chagall]]&lt;!--born July, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জিয়া অ'কিফ]] [[:en:Georgia O'Keeffe]]&lt;!--born November, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মেক্স আৰ্নষ্ট]] [[:en:Max Ernst]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোয়ান মিৰো]] [[:en:Joan Miró]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ৰেনে মেগ্ৰিট]] [[:en:René Magritte]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[চালভাড' ডালি]] [[:en:Salvador Dalí]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰিদা কাল']] [[:en:Frida Kahlo]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেকচন পলক]] [[:en:Jackson Pollock]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহল]] [[:en:Andy Warhol]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গেৰহাৰ্ড ৰিখটাৰ]] [[:en:Gerhard Richter]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

====Comics and manga artists, print cartoonists and illustrators====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winsor McCay]]&lt;!--born in late 1860s or early 1870s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aubrey Beardsley]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Norman Rockwell]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[M. C. Escher]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hergé]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Will Eisner]]&lt;!--born March, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jack Kirby]]&lt;!--born August, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osamu Tezuka]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Other visual arts===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Sculptors====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phidias]]&lt;!--fifth century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donatello]]&lt;!--born c 1386--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michelangelo]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1475--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]&lt;!--born 1598--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Constantin Brâncuși]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcel Duchamp]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry Moore]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alberto Giacometti]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Beuys]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;

====Architects====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imhotep]]&lt;!--27th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitruvius]]&lt;!--first century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]&lt;!--born 1377--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Battista Alberti]]&lt;!--born 1404--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mimar Sinan]]&lt;!--born in late 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrea Palladio]]&lt;!--born 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Wren]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Antoni Gaudí]]&lt;!--born 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Sullivan]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Gropius]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Le Corbusier]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Buckminster Fuller]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alvar Aalto]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Kahn]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oscar Niemeyer]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[I. M. Pei]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Gehry]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zaha Hadid]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;

====Designers====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Coco Chanel]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Raymond Loewy]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Shigeru Miyamoto]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Photographers====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eadweard Muybridge]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Weston]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Man Ray]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ansel Adams]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;

====Instrument makers====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Stradivari]]&lt;!--born in 1640s--&gt;

====Urban planners and landscape architects====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Moses]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Jacobs]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art===
{{Vital article count|5}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Xizhi]]&lt;!--fourth century--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sesshū Tōyō]]&lt;!--born c. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shitao]]&lt;!--born 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Hokusai]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1760--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hiroshige]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Writers==
===Ancient===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qu Yuan]]&lt;!--4th and 3rd centuries BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kalidasa]]&lt;!--4th and 5th centuries CE--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tao Yuanming]]&lt;!--born 365--&gt;

====Europe====
=====Greece=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Homer]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--possibly 8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hesiod]]&lt;!--8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sappho]]&lt;!--born late 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Aeschylus]]&lt;!--born c. 525 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sophocles]]&lt;!--born c. 497 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Euripides]]&lt;!--born c. 480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aristophanes]]&lt;!--possibly born 446 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander]]&lt;!--born c. 342 BC--&gt;

=====Ancient Rome=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plautus]]&lt;!--born c. 254 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Terence]]&lt;!--born in 190s or 180s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Catullus]]&lt;!--born 80s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Virgil]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 70 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Horace]]&lt;!--born 65 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ovid]]&lt;!--born 43 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lucian]]&lt;!--possibly born c. 125 CE--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Wei]]&lt;!--born 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Li Bai]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 701--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Du Fu]]&lt;!--born 712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Yu]]&lt;!--born 768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bai Juyi]]&lt;!--born 772--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Murasaki Shikibu]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ouyang Xiu]]&lt;!--born 1007--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Su Shi]]&lt;!--born 1037--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amir Khusrau]]&lt;!--born 1253--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kabir]]&lt;!--15th century--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Nuwas]]&lt;!--born 766-68--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Rudaki]]&lt;!--born c. 858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdowsi]]&lt;!--born 940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Omar Khayyam]]&lt;!--born 1048--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nizami Ganjavi]]&lt;!--born c. 1141--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Rumi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1207--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saadi Shirazi]]&lt;!--born 1210--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hafez]]&lt;!--born 1310s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jami]]&lt;!--born 1414--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chrétien de Troyes]]&lt;!--late 12th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dante Alighieri]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1265--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petrarch]]&lt;!--born 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]&lt;!--born 1313--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]&lt;!--possibly born 1343--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christine de Pizan]]&lt;!--born 1364--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Villon]]&lt;!--born c. 1431--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|37}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fuzuli (poet)]]&lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mirabai]]&lt;!--born c. 1498--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tulsidas]]&lt;!--born 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tukaram]]&lt;!--born 1598 or 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matsuo Bashō]]&lt;!--born 1644--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mir Taqi Mir]]&lt;!--born 1723--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|31}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luís de Camões]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Miguel de Cervantes]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born c. 1547--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lope de Vega]]&lt;!--born 1562--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]&lt;!--born 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Casanova]]&lt;!--born 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Schiller]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
=====France=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Rabelais]]&lt;!--born 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Nostradamus]]&lt;!--born 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michel de Montaigne]]&lt;!--born 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Corneille]]&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Molière]]&lt;!--born 1622--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Perrault]]&lt;!--born 1628--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean Racine]]&lt;!--born 1639--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Voltaire]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1694--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marquis de Sade]]&lt;!--born 1740--&gt;
=====Great Britain and Ireland=====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas More]]&lt;!--born 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmund Spenser]]&lt;!--born c. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Marlowe]]&lt;!--born February, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[William Shakespeare]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born April, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Donne]]&lt;!--born c. 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Jonson]]&lt;!--born June 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Milton]]&lt;!--born 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dryden]]&lt;!--born 1631--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Daniel Defoe]]&lt;!--born c. 1660--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jonathan Swift]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Pope]]&lt;!--born 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Fielding]]&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Samuel Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Blake]]&lt;!--born 1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|169}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naguib Mahfouz]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadine Gordimer]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Chinua Achebe]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wole Soyinka]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. M. Coetzee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Okri]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|47}}

=====Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[V. S. Naipaul]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====US and Canada=====
{{Vital article count|37}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]&lt;!--born 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edgar Allan Poe]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Walt Whitman]]&lt;!--born May, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Herman Melville]]&lt;!--born August, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emily Dickinson]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Twain]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry James]]&lt;!--born 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edith Wharton]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Frost]]&lt;!--born January, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Upton Sinclair]]&lt;!--born September, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack London]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ezra Pound]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Chandler]]&lt;!--born July, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[T. S. Eliot]]&lt;!--born September, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Faulkner]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Hemingway]]&lt;!--born July, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Langston Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Steinbeck]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dr. Seuss]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert A. Heinlein]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tennessee Williams]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saul Bellow]]&lt;!--born June, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Miller]]&lt;!--born October, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isaac Asimov]]&lt;!--born January, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Bradbury]]&lt;!--born August, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack Kerouac]]&lt;!--born March, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Kurt Vonnegut]]&lt;!--born November, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stan Lee]]&lt;!--born December, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Allen Ginsberg]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maya Angelou]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toni Morrison]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sylvia Plath]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Margaret Atwood]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stephen King]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;

=====Latin America=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Machado de Assis]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[José Martí]]&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Neruda]]&lt;!--born July, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alejo Carpentier]]&lt;!--born December, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jorge Amado]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carlos Fuentes]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}

=====Central Asia=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Natsume Sōseki]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lu Xun]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lao She]]&lt;!--born February, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yasunari Kawabata]]&lt;!--born June, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin Yong]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yukio Mishima]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kenzaburō Ōe]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haruki Murakami]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghalib]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Muhammad Iqbal]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Premchand]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kahlil Gibran]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orhan Pamuk]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|97}}

=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|26}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taras Shevchenko]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sándor Petőfi]]&lt;!--born 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Conrad]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Constantine P. Cavafy]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tristan Tzara]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elie Wiesel]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail Kadare]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alexander Pushkin]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nikolai Gogol]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mikhail Lermontov]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Turgenev]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Leo Tolstoy]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Anton Chekhov]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maxim Gorky]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Bunin]]&lt;!--born 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Akhmatova]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Pasternak]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Nabokov]]&lt;!--born April, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Brodsky]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|71}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Luigi Pirandello]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Pessoa]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico García Lorca]]&lt;!--born June, 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[José Saramago]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Anne Frank]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umberto Eco]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stendhal]]&lt;!--born 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Honoré de Balzac]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Victor Hugo]]&lt;!--born February, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexandre Dumas]]&lt;!--born July, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Baudelaire]]&lt;!--born April, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Flaubert]]&lt;!--born December, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jules Verne]]&lt;!--born February, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Émile Zola]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]&lt;!--born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guy de Maupassant]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rimbaud]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André Gide]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Proust]]&lt;!--born 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonin Artaud]]&lt;!--born September, 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eugène Ionesco]]&lt;!--born 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Albert Camus]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;

======Germany and Austria======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brothers Grimm]]&lt;!--born 1785-6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heinrich Heine]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Mann]]&lt;!--born June, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]&lt;!--born December, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Hesse]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Franz Kafka]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bertolt Brecht]]&lt;!--born February, 1898--&gt;

======Nordic countries======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hans Christian Andersen]]&lt;!--born 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henrik Ibsen]]&lt;!--born March, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[August Strindberg]]&lt;!--born 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selma Lagerlöf]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knut Hamsun]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karen Blixen]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Astrid Lindgren]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;

======UK and Ireland======
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wordsworth]]&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Scott]]&lt;!--born 1771--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]&lt;!--born 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jane Austen]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Byron]]&lt;!--born 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Keats]]&lt;!--born 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Dickens]]&lt;!--born 1812--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brontë family]]&lt;!--born 1816-20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Eliot]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis Carroll]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Oscar Wilde]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George Bernard Shaw]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. B. Yeats]]&lt;!--born June, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Rudyard Kipling]]&lt;!--born December, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[H. G. Wells]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Virginia Woolf]]&lt;!--born January, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Joyce]]&lt;!--born February, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[D. H. Lawrence]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Agatha Christie]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enid Blyton]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[C. S. Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Orwell]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Samuel Beckett]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Golding]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Dylan Thomas]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roald Dahl]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur C. Clarke]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salman Rushdie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====Oceania====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Banjo Paterson]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Patrick White]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Journalists==
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Horace Greeley]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Pulitzer]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ida Tarbell]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Randolph Hearst]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nellie Bly]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Walter Lippmann]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward R. Murrow]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Cronkite]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[David Attenborough]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hunter S. Thompson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bob Woodward]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svetlana Alexievich]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Wintour]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Musicians and composers==
{{Vital article count|152}}
===Western art music===
{{Vital article count|72}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Composers====
{{Vital article count|54}}
=====Medieval and Renaissance=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hildegard of Bingen]]&lt;!--born c. 1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume de Machaut]]&lt;!--born c. 1300--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume Du Fay]]&lt;!--born c. 1397--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josquin des Prez]]&lt;!--born c. 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;

=====Baroque=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claudio Monteverdi]]&lt;!--born 1567--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Purcell]]&lt;!--born c. 1659--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Vivaldi]]&lt;!--born 1678--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Frideric Handel]]&lt;!--born February 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born March 1685--&gt;

=====Classical=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Haydn]]&lt;!--born 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1756--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;

=====Romantic=====
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gioachino Rossini]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Schubert]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Hector Berlioz]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Felix Mendelssohn]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frédéric Chopin]]&lt;!--born March, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Schumann]]&lt;!--born June, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Liszt]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Wagner]]&lt;!--born May, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Giuseppe Verdi]]&lt;!--born October, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anton Bruckner]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Johann Strauss II]]&lt;!--born 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Brahms]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Modest Mussorgsky]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonín Dvořák]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]&lt;!--Sullivan born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Elgar]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;

=====Post-romantic/early modern=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gabriel Fauré]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Puccini]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gustav Mahler]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claude Debussy]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard Strauss]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jean Sibelius]]&lt;!--born 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;!--born 1875--&gt;

=====20th century modern=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arnold Schoenberg]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Béla Bartók]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Igor Stravinsky]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sergei Prokofiev]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Gershwin]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aaron Copland]]&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Britten]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Williams]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Avant-garde/postmodern=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Cage]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[György Ligeti]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pierre Boulez]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip Glass]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;

====Pedagogues====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Boulanger]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;

====Performers====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Cellists=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pablo Casals]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mstislav Rostropovich]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;

=====Conductors=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arturo Toscanini]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert von Karajan]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonard Bernstein]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;

=====Pianists=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clara Schumann]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rubinstein]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Horowitz]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sviatoslav Richter]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Glenn Gould]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Singers=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enrico Caruso]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Callas]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joan Sutherland]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luciano Pavarotti]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plácido Domingo]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;

=====Violinists=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niccolò Paganini]]&lt;!--born 1782--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art music===
{{Vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Carnatic classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syama Sastri]]&lt;!--born 1762--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tyagaraja]]&lt;!--born 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;

====Hindustani classical====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ravi Shankar]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ali Akbar Khan]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;

====Qawwali====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Persian traditional====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Jazz===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scott Joplin]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duke Ellington]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Louis Armstrong]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Django Reinhardt]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Billie Holiday]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ella Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charlie Parker]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Celia Cruz]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Miles Davis]]&lt;!--born May 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Coltrane]]&lt;!--born Sept 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Popular music===
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Popular music: general====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stephen Foster]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bing Crosby]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Frank Sinatra]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Miriam Makeba]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bob Marley]]&lt;!--born Feb 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ABBA]]&lt;!--members born Apr 1945, Nov 1945, 1946, 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Madonna]]&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 16)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 29)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Taylor Swift]]&lt;!--born 1989--&gt;

====Non-English language popular music====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umm Kulthum]]&lt;!--born c. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Édith Piaf]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Astor Piazzolla]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Aznavour]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Serge Gainsbourg]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lata Mangeshkar]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Vysotsky]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Julio Iglesias]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paco de Lucía]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa Teng]]&lt;!--born 1953--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Selena]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;

====Blues, R&amp;B, soul and funk====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. B. King]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Charles]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Brown]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fela Kuti]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Marvin Gaye]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aretha Franklin]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[The Supremes]]&lt;!--core members (Ballard, Wilson, Ross) born 1943, Mar 6 1944, Mar 26 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stevie Wonder]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince (musician)]]&lt;!--born 1957--&gt;

====Electronic music====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kraftwerk]]&lt;!--core members (Hütter, Schneider, Flür, Bartos) born 1946, Apr 1947, Jul 1947, 1952--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brian Eno]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Folk and country====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Woody Guthrie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hank Williams]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Johnny Cash]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Joni Mitchell]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dolly Parton]]&lt;!--born 1946--&gt;

====Hip-hop and rap====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Run-DMC]]&lt;!--members born May 1964, Nov 1964, 1965--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tupac Shakur]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eminem]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;

====Musical theatre and film====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Berlin]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]&lt;!--Rodgers born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Rock====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Chuck Berry]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Richard]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elvis Presley]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buddy Holly]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[The Beatles]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--core members (Starr, Lennon, McCartney, Harrison) born Jul 1940, Oct 1940, 1942, 1943 (formed 1960)--&gt;
## {{Icon|FA}} [[John Lennon]]&lt;!--born Oct 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Beach Boys]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member (Love, B. Wilson, Johnston, Jardine, D. Wilson, C. Wilson) born Mar 1941, Jun 20 1942, Jun 27 1942, Sep 1942, 1944, 1946 (formed 1961)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Bob Dylan]]&lt;!--born May 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[The Rolling Stones]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member + well-known replacement (Wyman, Watts, Jones, Jagger, Richards, Wood, Taylor) born 1936, Jun 1941, 1942, Jul 1943, Dec 1943, 1947, 1949 (formed 1962)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jimi Hendrix]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Janis Joplin]]&lt;!--born Jan 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pink Floyd]]&lt;!--core members + well-known member (Wright, Waters, Mason, Barrett, Gilmour) born Jul 1943, Sep 1943, 1944, Jan 1946, Mar 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[The Doors]]&lt;!--members born 1939, Dec 1943, 1944, 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Led Zeppelin]]&lt;!--members born 1944, 1946, 1948, 1948 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[David Bowie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Black Sabbath]]&lt;!--original members (Iommi, Ward, Osbourne, Butler) born Feb 1948, May 1948, Dec 1948, 17 Jul 1949 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Queen (band)]]&lt;!--core members (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon) born 1946, 1947, 26 Jul 1949, 1951 (formed in 1970)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Metallica]]&lt;!--core members + long-term replacements (Burton, Hammett, Newsted, Hetfield, Ulrich, Trujillo) born Feb 1962, Nov 1962, Mar 1963, Aug 1963, Dec 1963, 1964 (formed in 1981)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nirvana (band)]]&lt;!--final lineup (Novoselic, Cobain, Grohl born 1965, 1967, 1969 (formed in 1987)--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Directors, producers and screenwriters==
{{Vital article count|60}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Animators and puppeteers===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Walt Disney]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Jim Henson]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hayao Miyazaki]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

===Directors===
{{Vital article count|53}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ousmane Sembène]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yasujirō Ozu]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Akira Kurosawa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Satyajit Ray]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raj Kapoor]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Dutt]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abbas Kiarostami]] &lt;!--b. 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ang Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wong Kar-wai]] &lt;!--b. 1958--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|24}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Lang]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Eisenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charlie Chaplin]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] &lt;!--b. Aug 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Luis Buñuel]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vittorio De Sica]] &lt;!--b. 1901 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leni Riefenstahl]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lean]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ingmar Bergman]] &lt;!--b. 1918 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico Fellini]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Miloš Forman]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Tarkovsky]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roman Polanski]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Werner Herzog]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Sep.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Méliès]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] &lt;!--b. 1862, b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Cocteau]] &lt;!--b. 1889 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Renoir]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Bresson]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Agnès Varda]] &lt;!--b. 1928 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Luc Godard]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Truffaut]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 6--&gt;

====US and Canada====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. W. Griffith]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Cecil B. DeMille]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Ford]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buster Keaton]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Howard Hawks]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frank Capra]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wyler]] &lt;!--b. 1902 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Billy Wilder]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elia Kazan]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orson Welles]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ida Lupino]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stanley Kubrick]] &lt;!--b. 1928 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Woody Allen]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Ford Coppola]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martin Scorsese]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Lucas]] &lt;!--b. 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[David Lynch]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steven Spielberg]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[James Cameron]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Quentin Tarantino]] &lt;!--b. 1963--&gt;

===Producers and executives===
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Goldwyn]] &lt;!--b. 1879/1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis B. Mayer]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack L. Warner]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Irving Thalberg]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Businesspeople==
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]&lt;!--born 115 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jakob Fugger]]&lt;!--born 1459--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Josiah Wedgwood]]&lt;!--born 1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rothschild family]]&lt;!--prominence began with [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]] (born 1744)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Jacob Astor]]&lt;!--born 1763--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]&lt;!--born 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leland Stanford]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Andrew Carnegie]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[J. P. Morgan]]&lt;!--born 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jamsetji Tata]]&lt;!--born 1839 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John D. Rockefeller]]&lt;!--born 1839 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Westinghouse]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Mellon]]&lt;!--born 1855--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Henry Ford]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Howard Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Estée Lauder (businesswoman)]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sam Walton]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Ka-shing]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Soros]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Warren Buffett]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 30--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rupert Murdoch]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ted Turner]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carlos Slim]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Jobs]]&lt;!--born 1955 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bill Gates]]&lt;!--born 1955 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Elon Musk]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Explorers==
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanno the Navigator]] &lt;!--fl. 500 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhang Qian]] &lt;!--b. 195 BC--&gt;

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xuanzang]] &lt;!--b. 602--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leif Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marco Polo]] &lt;!--b. 1254--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn Battuta]] &lt;!--b. 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Zheng He]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1371--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Christopher Columbus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amerigo Vespucci]] &lt;!--b. 1454--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Vasco da Gama]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1460/1469--&gt;

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] &lt;!--b. 1467/1468--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Ponce de León]] &lt;!--b. 1474--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ferdinand Magellan]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1480--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cartier]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernando de Soto]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willem Barentsz]] &lt;!--b. 1550--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abel Tasman]] &lt;!--b. 1603--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitus Bering]] &lt;!--b. 1681--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[James Cook]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1728--&gt;

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Livingstone]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fridtjof Nansen]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Falcon Scott]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Shackleton]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roald Amundsen]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Amelia Earhart]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lindbergh]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Neil Armstrong]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Yuri Gagarin]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Valentina Tereshkova]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists==
{{Vital article count|162}}
===Philosophers===
{{Vital article count|71}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thales of Miletus]] &lt;!--b. 626/623 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kaṇāda]] &lt;!--c. 6th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Laozi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 571 BC (per zh.wikipedia)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraclitus]] &lt;!--b. before 547 BC, fl. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Confucius]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 551 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Socrates]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 470 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Democritus]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Plato]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 428 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diogenes]] &lt;!--b. 413/403 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shang Yang]] &lt;!--b. 390 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Aristotle]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mencius]] &lt;!--b. 371 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Epicurus]] &lt;!--b. 341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xunzi (philosopher)]] &lt;!--b. 310 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Fei]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 233 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Li Si]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 208 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Cicero]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lucretius]] &lt;!--b. 99 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seneca the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plotinus]] &lt;!--b. 204--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustine of Hippo]] &lt;!--b. 354--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Al-Kindi]] &lt;!--b. 801--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Farabi]] &lt;!--b. 870--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Abelard]] &lt;!--b. 1079--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Averroes]] &lt;!--b. 1126--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhu Xi]] &lt;!--b. 1130--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Aquinas]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1225--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duns Scotus]] &lt;!--b. 1265/1266--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William of Ockham]] &lt;!--b. 1287--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erasmus]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wang Yangming]] &lt;!--b. 1472--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giordano Bruno]] &lt;!--b. 1548--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Bacon]] &lt;!--b. 1561--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[René Descartes]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1596--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baruch Spinoza]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Berkeley]] &lt;!--b. 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hume]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Denis Diderot]] &lt;!--b. 1713--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Immanuel Kant]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1724--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 22--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jeremy Bentham]] &lt;!--b. 1748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] &lt;!--b. 1762--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|28}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Auguste Comte]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Stuart Mill]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Søren Kierkegaard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William James]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edmund Husserl]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Bergson]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dewey]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alfred North Whitehead]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Bertrand Russell]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Martin Heidegger]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Karl Popper]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hannah Arendt]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone de Beauvoir]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isaiah Berlin]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marshall McLuhan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Rawls]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frantz Fanon]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Michel Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jürgen Habermas]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacques Derrida]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Historians and archaeologists===
{{Vital article count|22}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Herodotus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 484 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thucydides]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xenophon]] &lt;!--b. 430 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sima Qian]] &lt;!--b. 145 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Josephus]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plutarch]] &lt;!--b. 40--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tacitus]] &lt;!--b. 56--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eusebius]] &lt;!--b. 260/265--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bede]] &lt;!--b. 672/673--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Ibn Khaldun]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1332--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Jean Froissart]] &lt;!--b. 1337--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giorgio Vasari]] &lt;!--b. 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Gibbon]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolay Karamzin]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold von Ranke]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor Mommsen]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Schliemann]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles A. Beard]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernand Braudel]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. J. P. Taylor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Hobsbawm]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Political writers===
{{Vital article count|18}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hugo Grotius]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Hobbes]] &lt;!--b. 1588--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[John Locke]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montesquieu]] &lt;!--b. 1689--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edmund Burke]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Paine]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Beccaria]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] &lt;!--b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bakunin]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert Spencer]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Engels]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Kropotkin]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] &lt;!--b. 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Gramsci]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edward Said]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Economists===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Adam Smith]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Robert Malthus]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Ricardo]] &lt;!--b. 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich List]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Karl Marx]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vilfredo Pareto]] &lt;!--b. 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Maynard Keynes]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Hayek]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Milton Friedman]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul Samuelson]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Social scientists===
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Émile Durkheim]] &lt;!--b. 1858 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Boas]] &lt;!--b. 1858 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Max Weber]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Montessori]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Mauss]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bronisław Malinowski]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Bernays]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Mead]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Talcott Parsons]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor W. Adorno]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clifford Geertz]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Bourdieu]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Linguists===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pāṇini]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Noah Webster]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sequoyah]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis Braille]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Noam Chomsky]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Psychologists===
{{Vital article count|21}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Galton]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wilhelm Wundt]] &lt;!--b. 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan Pavlov]] &lt;!--b. 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Sigmund Freud]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edward Thorndike]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Jung]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John B. Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kurt Lewin]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anna Freud]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Piaget]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lev Vygotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gordon Allport]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Rogers]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erik Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 1902 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[B. F. Skinner]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Cattell]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abraham Maslow]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert Ellis]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leon Festinger]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[George Armitage Miller]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Albert Bandura]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Religious figures==
{{Vital article count|123}}
:&lt;small&gt;For mythological figures, see: [[Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/4/Philosophy_and_religion#Mythology_(109_articles)|Philosophy and religion: Mythology]].&lt;/small&gt;
===Abrahamic religions===
{{Vital article count|86}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Judaism====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rabbi Akiva]] &lt;!--b. 50--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rashi]] &lt;!--b. 1040--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maimonides]] &lt;!--b. 1138--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel]] &lt;!--b. 1512--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Baal Shem Tov]] &lt;!--b. 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vilna Gaon]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;

====Christianity====
{{Vital article count|60}}
===== New Testament figures=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] &lt;!--b. 18 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Baptist]] &lt;!--b. 6 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Jesus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 6-4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Peter]] &lt;!--b. 1 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judas Iscariot]] &lt;!--1st century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mary Magdalene]] &lt;!--b. 8--&gt;

=====Pre-Schism=====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irenaeus]] &lt;!--b. 125--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clement of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tertullian]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Origen]] &lt;!--b. 185--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arius]] &lt;!--b. 250/256--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Nicholas]] &lt;!--b. 270--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint George]] &lt;!--3rd century AD, d. 303--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 296-298--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] &lt;!--b. 329--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basil of Caesarea]] &lt;!--b. 330--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gregory of Nyssa]] &lt;!--b. 335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ambrose]] &lt;!--b. 339--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jerome]] &lt;!--b. 342-347--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Chrysostom]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyril of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 376--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benedict of Nursia]] &lt;!--b. 480--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of Damascus]] &lt;!--b. 675/676--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cyril and Methodius]] &lt;!--b. 815, b. 826--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clement of Rome]] &lt;!--d. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Leo I]] &lt;!--b. 391--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory I]] &lt;!--b. 540--&gt;

=====Catholic Church=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anselm of Canterbury]] &lt;!--b. 1033/1034--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis of Assisi]] &lt;!--b. 1181--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bonaventure]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Wycliffe]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Hus]] &lt;!--b. 1369--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tomás de Torquemada]] &lt;!--b. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignatius of Loyola]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis Xavier]] &lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa of Ávila]] &lt;!--b. 1515--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of the Cross]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mother Teresa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Pius IX]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope John XXIII]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Pope John Paul II]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;

=====Orthodox Church=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]] &lt;!--b. 1605--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grigori Rasputin]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;

=====Protestantism=====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Martin Luther]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Huldrych Zwingli]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Thomas Cranmer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Melanchthon]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Calvin]] &lt;!--b. 1509--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Knox]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacobus Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 1560--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Wesley]] &lt;!--b. 1703 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)]] &lt;!--b. 1703 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Barth]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Billy Graham]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Desmond Tutu]] &lt;!--b. 1931--&gt;

=====Others=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Smith]] &lt;!--Latter Day Saint, b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary Baker Eddy]] &lt;!--Christian Science, b. 1821--&gt;

====Islam====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Early Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] &lt;!--b. 554--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Muhammad]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 570--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fatima]] &lt;!--b. 605/615--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aisha]] &lt;!--b. 614--&gt;

=====Shia Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ali]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Husayn ibn Ali]] &lt;!--b. 626--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] &lt;!--b. 702--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mulla Sadra]] &lt;!--b. 1571/1572--&gt;

=====Sunni Islam=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Hanifa]] &lt;!--b. 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Malik ibn Anas]] &lt;!--b. 711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Shafi'i]] &lt;!--b. 767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] &lt;!--b. 780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] &lt;!--b. 810--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] &lt;!--b. after 815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Ghazali]] &lt;!--b. 1058--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ibn Arabi]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nawawi]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Taymiyya]] &lt;!--b. 1263--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] &lt;!--b. 1703--&gt;

====Baháʼí Faith====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Baháʼu'lláh]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Dharmic religions===
{{Vital article count|35}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Hinduism====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Ancient=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Valmiki]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vyasa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kapila]] &lt;!--b. 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patanjali]] &lt;!--c. 2nd century BC-5th century AD--&gt;

===== Post-classical=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaudapada]] &lt;!--fl. 6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]] &lt;!--b. 700--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Adi Shankara]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 700/788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramanuja]] &lt;!--b. 1077--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basava]] &lt;!--b. 1131--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Madhvacharya]] &lt;!--b. 1199--&gt;

=====Modern=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] &lt;!--b. 1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramakrishna]] &lt;!--b. 1836--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Swami Vivekananda]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sri Aurobindo]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ramana Maharshi]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;

====Buddhism====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[The Buddha]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 563 BC/480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nagarjuna]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Padmasambhava]] &lt;!--fl. 8th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[14th Dalai Lama]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;

=====Chinese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārajīva]] &lt;!--b. 344--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bodhidharma]] &lt;!--fl. 5th/6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhiyi]] &lt;!--b. 538--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huineng]] &lt;!--b. 638--&gt;

=====Indian Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maudgalyayana]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Śāriputra]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ānanda]] &lt;!--b. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vasubandhu]] &lt;!--b. 4th century AD--&gt;

=====Japanese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kūkai]] &lt;!--b. 774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dōgen]] &lt;!--b. 1200--&gt;

====Jainism====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mahavira]] &lt;!--b. 599 BC--&gt;

====Sikhism====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Nanak]] &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guru Gobind Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1666--&gt;

====Theosophy====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Others===
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zoroaster]] &lt;!--Zoroastrianism, b. 624-599 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Aleister Crowley]] &lt;!--Thelema, b. 1875--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Politicians and leaders==
{{Vital article count|500}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|74}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Ezana of Axum]] &lt;!--fl. 320s-360--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gaiseric]] &lt;!--b. 389--&gt;

=====Egypt=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Narmer]] &lt;!--fl. 3100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Thutmose I]] &lt;!--d. 1493 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hatshepsut]] &lt;!--b. 1505 BC, d. 1458 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thutmose III]] &lt;!--b. 1479 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akhenaten]] &lt;!--b. before 1363-1361 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nefertiti]] &lt;!--b. 1370 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tutankhamun]] &lt;!--b. 1341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ramesses II]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1303 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramesses III]] &lt;!--b. 1217 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ptolemy I Soter]] &lt;!--b. 367 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Cleopatra]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 70/69 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cyrus the Great]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 600 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Darius the Great]] &lt;!--b. 550 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xerxes I]] &lt;!--b. 518 BC--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Modu Chanyu]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 374--&gt;

======China======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yu the Great]] &lt;!--fl. 21st century BC per zh.wikipedia--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 259 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 256 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Wu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 156 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cao Cao]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ajatashatru]] &lt;!--d. 460 BC/373 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] &lt;!--b. 350-340 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ashoka]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 304 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander I]] &lt;!--b. 180 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kanishka]] &lt;!--d. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samudragupta]] &lt;!--b. 318--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chandragupta II]] &lt;!--b. 345-350--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sargon of Akkad]] &lt;!--d. 2279 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Puduḫepa]] &lt;!--fl. 13th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ashurbanipal]] &lt;!--b. 685 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tigranes the Great]] &lt;!--b. 140 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mithridates VI Eupator]] &lt;!--b. 135 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herod the Great]] &lt;!--b. 72 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zenobia]] &lt;!--b. 240--&gt;

======Babylon======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Hammurabi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1810 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] &lt;!--b. 642 BC--&gt;

======Hellenistic Kingdoms======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucus I Nicator]] &lt;!--b. 358 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antiochus III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 241 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|32}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Decebalus]] &lt;!--d. 106--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attila]] &lt;!--b. 406--&gt;

======Greece======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lycurgus]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Draco (legislator)]] &lt;!--b. before 625 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Solon]] &lt;!--b. 630 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Themistocles]] &lt;!--b. 524 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Pericles]] &lt;!--b. 495 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alcibiades]] &lt;!--b. 450 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Demosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip II of Macedon]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alexander the Great]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 356 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] &lt;!--b. 319/318 BC--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vercingetorix]] &lt;!--b. 80 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 18/17 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Boudica]] &lt;!--d. 60/61--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alaric I]] &lt;!--b. 370--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric I]] &lt;!--b. 390/393--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric the Great]] &lt;!--b. 454--&gt;

=====Rome=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cato the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gracchi brothers]] &lt;!--fl. 133-121 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Julius Caesar]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Augustus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 63 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiberius]] &lt;!--b. 42 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Caligula]] &lt;!--b. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Nero]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Domitian]] &lt;!--b. 51--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Trajan]] &lt;!--b. 53--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hadrian]] &lt;!--b. 76--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marcus Aurelius]] &lt;!--b. 121--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Diocletian]] &lt;!--b. 242/245--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Constantine the Great]] &lt;!--b. 272--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Theodosius I]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|134}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]] &lt;!--b. 874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] &lt;!--b. 985--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baybars]] &lt;!--b. 1223/1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mansa Musa]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1280--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] &lt;!--b. 1285, d. 1341--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Amda Seyon I]] &lt;!--d. 1344--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Zara Yaqob]]&lt;!--b. 1399--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Askia Muhammad I]]&lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma I]] &lt;!--b. 1398--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pachacuti]] &lt;!--b. 1403/1418--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|47}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bumin Qaghan]] &lt;!--d. 552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khosrow I]] &lt;!--b. 512-514, d. 579--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] &lt;!--b. 971--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tughril I]] &lt;!--b. 993--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nizam al-Mulk]] &lt;!--b. 1018--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad of Ghor]] &lt;!--b. 1144--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tamar of Georgia]] &lt;!--b. 1160--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Timur]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1320s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ulugh Beg]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;

=====East Asia=====
{{Vital article count|17}}
======China======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Wen of Sui]] &lt;!--b. 541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wu Zetian]] &lt;!--b. 624--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] &lt;!--b. 927--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hongwu Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yongle Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;

======Korea======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Goryeo]] &lt;!--b. 877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sejong the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1397--&gt;

======Mongol Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1162--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jochi]] &lt;!--b. 1182--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ögedei Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1186--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Batu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1205--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kublai Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1215--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hulegu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1217--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokhtamysh]] &lt;!--b. 1342--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anawrahta]] &lt;!--b. 1014--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Suryavarman II]] &lt;!--b. 1094/1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jayavarman VII]] &lt;!--b. 1122/1125--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramkhamhaeng]] &lt;!--b. 1237/1247--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gajah Mada]] &lt;!--b. 1290--&gt;

======Vietnam======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trần Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1240--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Lợi]] &lt;!--b. 1385--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1442--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harsha]] &lt;!--b. 590--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rajaraja I]] &lt;!--b. 947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] &lt;!--b. 1266--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saladin]] &lt;!--b. 1137--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osman I]] &lt;!--b. 1254/1255--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mehmed II]] &lt;!--b. 1432--&gt;

======Caliphates======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abu Bakr]] &lt;!--b. 573--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Uthman]] &lt;!--b. 573/576--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umar]] &lt;!--b. 584--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mu'awiya I]] &lt;!--b. 597/603/605--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] &lt;!--b. 644/647--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harun al-Rashid]] &lt;!--b. 763/766--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|77}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|29}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]] &lt;!--b. 840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Dušan]] &lt;!--b. 1308--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vlad the Impaler]] &lt;!--b. 1428/1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1433-1440--&gt;

======Bulgaria======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Krum]] &lt;!--d. 814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] &lt;!--d. 907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Asen II]] &lt;!--b. 1190s--&gt;

======Byzantine Empire======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Justinian I]] &lt;!--b. 482--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)]] &lt;!--b. 490/500--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heraclius]] &lt;!--b. 575--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leo III the Isaurian]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Basil II]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manuel I Komnenos]] &lt;!--b. 1118--&gt;

======Hungary======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Stephen I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 975--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Béla IV of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1206--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1326--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matthias Corvinus]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mieszko I]] &lt;!--b. 930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bolesław I the Brave]] &lt;!--b. 967--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gediminas]] &lt;!--b. 1275--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Casimir III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1310--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vytautas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1350--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] &lt;!--b. 1352/1362--&gt;

======Russia and Ukraine======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sviatoslav I]] &lt;!--b. 943--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir the Great]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yaroslav the Wise]] &lt;!--b. 978--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel of Galicia]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Nevsky]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan III of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1440--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|48}}
======British Isles======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred the Great]] &lt;!--b. 849--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Æthelstan]] &lt;!--b. 894--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William the Conqueror]] &lt;!--b. 1028--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry II of England]] &lt;!--b. 1133--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1157--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John, King of England]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1239--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert the Bruce]] &lt;!--b. 1274--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1312--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry V of England]] &lt;!--b. 1386--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis I]] &lt;!--b. 466--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Martel]] &lt;!--b. 688--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Charlemagne]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis the Pious]] &lt;!--b. 778--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] &lt;!--b. 1124--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of France]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis IX of France]] &lt;!--b. 1214--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1268--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XI]] &lt;!--b. 1423--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles the Fat]] &lt;!--b. 839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry the Lion]] &lt;!--b. 1129/1131--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 912--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1050--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1122--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1194--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1316--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1368--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1459--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman I]] &lt;!--b. 731--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman III]] &lt;!--b. 890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso I of Portugal]] &lt;!--b. 1106/1109/1111--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Isabella I of Castile]] &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Guiscard]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roger II of Sicily]] &lt;!--b. 1095--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cosimo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1389--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1449--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Girolamo Savonarola]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Borgia]] &lt;!--b. 1475--&gt;

======Papal States======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory VII]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Urban II]] &lt;!--b. 1035--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Innocent III]] &lt;!--b. 1161--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Boniface VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Alexander VI]] &lt;!--b. 1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Julius II]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cnut]] &lt;!--b. 990--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret I of Denmark]] &lt;!--b. 1353--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|104}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]&lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]&lt;!--b. 1549--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba]]&lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Toussaint Louverture]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;

=====Aztec=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma II]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[La Malinche]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;

=====Inca=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atahualpa]] &lt;!--b. 1502--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru II]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1706--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[George Washington]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thomas Jefferson]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Madison]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Alexander Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1755/1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|41}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail I]] &lt;!--b. 1487--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nader Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1688/1698--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] &lt;!--b. 1720-1722--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jiajing Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nurhaci]] &lt;!--b. 1559--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wanli Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1563--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Taiji]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kangxi Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1654--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qianlong Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oda Nobunaga]] &lt;!--b. 1534--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] &lt;!--b. 1537--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] &lt;!--b. 1543--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seonjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jeongjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1752--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naresuan]] &lt;!--b. 1555/1556--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iskandar Muda]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]] &lt;!--b. 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rama I]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Quang Trung]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

======Burma======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bayinnaung]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tabinshwehti]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alaungpaya]] &lt;!--b. 1714--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Krishnadevaraya]] &lt;!--b. 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sher Shah Suri]] &lt;!--b. 1472/1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Babur]] &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Humayun]] &lt;!--b. 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Akbar]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shah Jahan]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aurangzeb]] &lt;!--b. 1618--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shivaji]] &lt;!--b. 1630--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hyder Ali]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Clive]] &lt;!--b. 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tipu Sultan]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Selim I]] &lt;!--b. 1470--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roxelana]] &lt;!--b. 1505--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mehmed IV]] &lt;!--b. 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selim III]] &lt;!--b. 1761--&gt;

=====Oceania=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kamehameha I]] &lt;!--b. 1736-1761--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] &lt;!--b. 1595--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Báthory]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sigismund III Vasa]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John III Sobieski]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Augustus II the Strong]] &lt;!--b. 1670--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan the Terrible]] &lt;!--b. 1530--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexis of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1672--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elizabeth of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Catherine the Great]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1729--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|38}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[William the Silent]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis I of France]] &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Catherine de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1519--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1553--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Cardinal Richelieu]] &lt;!--b. 1585--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cardinal Mazarin]] &lt;!--b. 1602--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Louis XIV]] &lt;!--b. 1638--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XV]] &lt;!--b. 1710--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Madame de Pompadour]] &lt;!--b. 1721--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis XVI]] &lt;!--b. 1754--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Antoinette]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;

======Great Britain and United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mary I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1516--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Elizabeth I]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James VI and I]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Oliver Cromwell]] &lt;!--b. 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Charles I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Walpole]] &lt;!--b. 1676--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]] &lt;!--b. 1705--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Blackstone]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George III]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Pitt the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire, Austria======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1640--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maria Theresa]] &lt;!--b. 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1741--&gt;

======Prussia, Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] &lt;!--b. 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frederick the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustavus Adolphus]] &lt;!--b. 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1626--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles XII of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1682--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles XIV John]] &lt;!--b. 1763--&gt;

======Southern Europe======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1527--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip V of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1683--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]] &lt;!--b. 1699--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|188}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|33}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Africa=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patrice Lumumba]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Biya]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Eastern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rainilaiarivony]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jomo Kenyatta]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hastings Banda]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Julius Nyerere]] &lt;!--b. 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kenneth Kaunda]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Idi Amin]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Paul Kagame]] &lt;!--b. 1957--&gt;

======Ethiopia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tewodros II]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yohannes IV]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Menelik II]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Haile Selassie]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;

=====Northern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emir Abdelkader]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad Ahmad]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;

======Egypt======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anwar Sadat]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Dec.--&gt;

=====Southern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shaka]] &lt;!--b. 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cecil Rhodes]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Nelson Mandela]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Mugabe]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[F. W. de Klerk]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;

=====Western Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kwame Nkrumah]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kofi Annan]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Sankara]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|39}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====South America=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[José de San Martín]] &lt;!--b. 1778--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonio José de Sucre]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Perón]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salvador Allende]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfredo Stroessner]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augusto Pinochet]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hugo Chávez]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Brazil======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro I of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro II of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Getúlio Vargas]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;

=====Central America and the Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Morazán]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rafael Trujillo]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Duvalier]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Fidel Castro]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] &lt;!--b. 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benito Juárez]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Porfirio Díaz]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Andrew Jackson]] &lt;!--b. 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Tecumseh]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Clay]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sitting Bull]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Theodore Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harry S. Truman]] &lt;!--b. 1884 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1884 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[J. Edgar Hoover]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ronald Reagan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Nixon]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John F. Kennedy]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Trump]] &lt;!--b. 1946 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[George W. Bush]] &lt;!--b. 1946 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Barack Obama]] &lt;!--b. 1961--&gt;

=====Canada=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John A. Macdonald]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Trudeau]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|54}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] &lt;!--b. 1900/1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mao Zedong]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Soong Mei-ling]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhou Enlai]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deng Xiaoping]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puyi]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jiang Qing]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jiang Zemin]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xi Jinping]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Meiji]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hideki Tojo]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eisaku Satō]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hirohito]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shinzo Abe]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syngman Rhee]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kim Il Sung]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Park Chung Hee]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chulalongkorn]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sukarno]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ne Win]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Suharto]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee Kuan Yew]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pol Pot]] &lt;!--b. 1925 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mahathir Mohamad]] &lt;!--b. 1925 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Corazon Aquino]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. S. Senanayake]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benazir Bhutto]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

======India======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indira Gandhi]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Manmohan Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Narendra Modi]] &lt;!--b. 1950--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Saud]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Ben-Gurion]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Yasser Arafat]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saddam Hussein]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] &lt;!--b. 1947--&gt;

======Ottoman Empire and Turkey======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mahmud II]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abdul Hamid II]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Europe=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Klemens von Metternich]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Joseph I]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Józef Piłsudski]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Dubček]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Václav Havel]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lech Wałęsa]] &lt;!--b. 1943--&gt;

=====Southeastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ion Antonescu]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ante Pavelić]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Josip Broz Tito]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slobodan Milošević]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

=====Russia and USSR=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander II of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas II]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Joseph Stalin]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Trotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikita Khrushchev]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leonid Brezhnev]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Yeltsin]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Putin]] &lt;!--b. 1952--&gt;

=====Scandinavia=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leopold II of Belgium]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} '''[[Napoleon]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Philippe I]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Adolphe Thiers]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Napoleon III]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Clemenceau]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles de Gaulle]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Mitterrand]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm I]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto von Bismarck]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm II]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Adenauer]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Goebbels]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erich Honecker]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willy Brandt]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helmut Kohl]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Angela Merkel]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Franco]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Carlos I]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;

======Ireland======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] &lt;!--b. 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Éamon de Valera]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] &lt;!--b. 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benito Mussolini]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;

======United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Peel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Disraeli]] &lt;!--b. 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Ewart Gladstone]] &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Queen Victoria]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lloyd George]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winston Churchill]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clement Attlee]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Margaret Thatcher]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elizabeth II]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Military leaders and theorists==
{{Vital article count|51}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|9}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hannibal]] &lt;!--b. 247 BC--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Sun Tzu]] &lt;!--b. 544 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhuge Liang]] &lt;!--b. 181--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonidas I]] &lt;!--b. 540 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scipio Africanus]] &lt;!--b. 236/235 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sulla]] &lt;!--b. 138 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pompey]] &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mark Antony]] &lt;!--b. 83 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Flavius Aetius]] &lt;!--b. 390--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] &lt;!--d. 642--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Amr ibn al-As]] &lt;!--b. 573, d. 664--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[El Cid]] &lt;!--b. 1043--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] &lt;!--b. 1060--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Subutai]] &lt;!--b. 1175--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần Hưng Đạo]] &lt;!--b. 1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Žižka]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Skanderbeg]] &lt;!--b. 1405--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Hunyadi]] &lt;!--b. 1406--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Joan of Arc]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1412--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] &lt;!--b. 1453--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yi Sun-sin]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Miyamoto Musashi]] &lt;!--b. 1584--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1466/1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Pizarro]] &lt;!--b. 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernán Cortés]] &lt;!--b. 1485--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Drake]] &lt;!--b. 1540--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michiel de Ruyter]] &lt;!--b. 1607--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] &lt;!--b. 1663--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Suvorov]] &lt;!--b. 1729/1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|19}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert E. Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1807 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ulysses S. Grant]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Douglas MacArthur]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George C. Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Dec.--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enver Pasha]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl von Clausewitz]] &lt;!--b. 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] &lt;!--b. 1807 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;!--b. 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erich Ludendorff]] &lt;!--b. 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bernard Montgomery]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[T. E. Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Erwin Rommel]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hermann Göring]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georgy Zhukov]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Rebels, revolutionaries and activists==
{{Vital article count|52}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|1}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spartacus]] &lt;!--b. 103 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Muslim]] &lt;!--b. 718-727--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babak Khorramdin]] &lt;!--b. 795/798--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huang Chao]] &lt;!--b. 835--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern: General====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Müntzer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William Wilberforce]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Aug.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Marat]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilien Robespierre]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Danton]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Oct.--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|40}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Louis Riel]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcus Garvey]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Che Guevara]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pancho Villa]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emiliano Zapata]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sojourner Truth]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Douglass]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Susan B. Anthony]] &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harriet Tubman]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Muir]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Booker T. Washington]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Addams]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Margaret Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helen Keller]] &lt;!--b. 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rosa Parks]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Betty Friedan]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Malcolm X]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harvey Milk]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;

====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sayyid Qutb]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Steve Biko]] &lt;!--b. 1946--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Diponegoro]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Xiuquan]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[José Rizal]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sun Yat-sen]] &lt;!--b. 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aung San]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] &lt;!--b. 1945--&gt;

=====India=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rani of Jhansi]] &lt;!--b. 1828/1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Dunant]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Theodor Herzl]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emma Goldman]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosa Luxemburg]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Scientists, inventors and mathematicians==
{{Vital article count|256}}
===Pre-modern figures===
{{Vital article count|28}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient history====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pythagoras]] &lt;!--b. 570 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Hippocrates]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Euclid]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--fl. 300 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Archimedes]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 287 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eratosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 276 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Apollonius of Perga]] &lt;!--b. 240 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hipparchus]] &lt;!--b. 190 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pliny the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 23/24--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Cai Lun]]&lt;!--b. 50-62--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hero of Alexandria]] &lt;!--possibly fl. 62 --&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zhang Heng]] &lt;!--b. 78--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ptolemy]] &lt;!--b. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Galen]] &lt;!--b. 129--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diophantus]] &lt;!--fl. 250--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hypatia]] &lt;!--b. 350-370--&gt;

====Post-classical history====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aryabhata]] &lt;!--b. 476--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Brahmagupta]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] &lt;!--d. 806-816--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 780, d. 850--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]] &lt;!--b. 864/865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Zahrawi]] &lt;!--b. 936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn al-Haytham]] &lt;!--b. 865--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Biruni]] &lt;!--b. 973--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Avicenna]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 980--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Shen Kuo]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1031--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fibonacci]] &lt;!--b. 1170--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Johannes Gutenberg]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born c. 1393-1406--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Physics===
{{Vital article count|56}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Gilbert (physicist)]] &lt;!--b. 1544--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Christiaan Huygens]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Hooke]] &lt;!--b. 1635--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Isaac Newton]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1643--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Cavendish]] &lt;!--b. 1731--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|44}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Young (scientist)]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André-Marie Ampère]] &lt;!--b. 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amedeo Avogadro]] &lt;!--b. 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georg Ohm]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michael Faraday]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Prescott Joule]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léon Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] &lt;!--b. 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] &lt;!--b. 1824 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Kelvin]] &lt;!--b. 1824 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[James Clerk Maxwell]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ernst Mach]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] &lt;!--b. 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Becquerel]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert A. Michelson]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 19--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hendrik Lorentz]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. J. Thomson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Hertz]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Max Planck]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Curie]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Henry Bragg]] &lt;!--b. 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Marie Curie]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Millikan]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernest Rutherford]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Lise Meitner]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Albert Einstein]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Max Born]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Niels Bohr]] &lt;!--b. 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erwin Schrödinger]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[C. V. Raman]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Chadwick]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wolfgang Pauli]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ernest Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enrico Fermi]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Werner Heisenberg]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Dirac]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hans Bethe]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward Teller]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;

====Contemporary====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Feynman]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Sakharov]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Murray Gell-Mann]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles K. Kao]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Stephen Hawking]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Astronomy===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1473--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tycho Brahe]] &lt;!--b. 1546--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Galileo Galilei]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmond Halley]] &lt;!--b. 1656--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caroline Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1750--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edwin Hubble]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Lemaître]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Carl Sagan]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Chemistry===
{{Vital article count|23}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Boyle]] &lt;!--b. 1627--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Joseph Priestley]] &lt;!--b. 1733--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Antoine Lavoisier]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dalton]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Humphry Davy]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 17--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] &lt;!--b. 1779--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Wöhler]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Justus von Liebig]] &lt;!--b. 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Svante Arrhenius]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Haber]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Otto Hahn]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Langmuir]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Debye]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Harold Urey]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Linus Pauling]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns Woodward]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Biology===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Carl Linnaeus]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Banks]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] &lt;!--b. 1744--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges Cuvier]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John James Audubon]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Agassiz]] &lt;!--b. 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gregor Mendel]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] &lt;!--b. 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernst Haeckel]] &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Drinker Cope]] &lt;!--b. 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eugenius Warming]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Washington Carver]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred Kinsey]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Krebs (biochemist)]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Barbara McClintock]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Lorenz]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rachel Carson]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Norman Borlaug]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Crick]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosalind Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Goodall]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[W. D. Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Jay Gould]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
{{div col end}}

===Medicine===
{{Vital article count|14}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paracelsus]] &lt;!--b. 1493--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andreas Vesalius]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Shizhen]] &lt;!--b. 1518--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Harvey]] &lt;!--b. 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Luigi Galvani]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edward Jenner]] &lt;!--b. 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Bernard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Florence Nightingale]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Louis Pasteur]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]]) &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Lister]] &lt;!--b. 1827--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Koch]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Fleming]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonas Salk]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Earth science and physical geography===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Hutton]]&lt;!--born 1726--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander von Humboldt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lyell]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Wegener]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cousteau]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Tharp]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Inventors and engineers===
{{Vital article count|34}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watt]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montgolfier brothers]]&lt;!--born 1740 and 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alessandro Volta]]&lt;!--born 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicéphore Niépce]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Fulton]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eli Whitney]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Stephenson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Daguerre]]&lt;!--born 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samuel Morse]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;!--born 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyrus McCormick]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Nobel]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Benz]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Edison]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emile Berliner]]&lt;!--born 1851--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Algernon Parsons]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Eastman]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Nikola Tesla]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rudolf Diesel]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leo Baekeland]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wright brothers]]&lt;!--born 1871 and 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee de Forest]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guglielmo Marconi]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert H. Goddard]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Logie Baird]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philo Farnsworth]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergei Korolev]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Bardeen]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Shockley]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wernher von Braun]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jack Kilby]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicolaus Otto]] &lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Mathematicians===
{{Vital article count|44}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gerolamo Cardano]]&lt;!--born 1501--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Fermat]]&lt;!--born 1601--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Blaise Pascal]]&lt;!--born 1623--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&lt;!--born 1646--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacob Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1655--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]&lt;!--born 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaspard Monge]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|32}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Fourier]]&lt;!--born 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]]&lt;!--born 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niels Henrik Abel]]&lt;!--born 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]]&lt;!--born 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]&lt;!--born Feb. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Rowan Hamilton]]&lt;!--born Aug. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Évariste Galois]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Karl Weierstrass]]&lt;!--born Oct. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Boole]]&lt;!--born Nov. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Cayley]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Hermite]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Georg Cantor]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottlob Frege]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Poincaré]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Pearson]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hilbert]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Emmy Noether]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Weyl]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronald Fisher]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Banach]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Tarski]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andrey Kolmogorov]]&lt;!--born Apr. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[John von Neumann]]&lt;!--born Dec. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Shannon]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Grothendieck]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Computer scientists===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Babbage]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ada Lovelace]]&lt;!--born 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grace Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konrad Zuse]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alan Turing]]''' ([[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3|Level 3]])&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Douglas Engelbart]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Knuth]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dennis Ritchie]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Wozniak]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tim Berners-Lee]]&lt;!--born 1955--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Linus Torvalds]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Sports figures==
{{Vital article count|77}}
===Individual sports===
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Athletics==== 
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Coubertin]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paavo Nurmi]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jesse Owens]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilma Rudolph]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Florence Griffith Joyner]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Carl Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergey Bubka]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hicham El Guerrouj]]&lt;!--born 1974--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Usain Bolt]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;

====Auto racing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enzo Ferrari]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Schumacher]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;

====Boxing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joe Louis]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sugar Ray Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;

====Chess====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bobby Fischer]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Garry Kasparov]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;

====Climbing and mountaineering====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tenzing Norgay]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edmund Hillary]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Cycling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Eddy Merckx]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;

====Figure skating====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sonja Henie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]&lt;!--born 1994--&gt;

====Golf====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jack Nicklaus]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;

====Gymnastics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Larisa Latynina]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Comăneci]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone Biles]]&lt;!--born 1997--&gt;

====Martial arts====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Kanō Jigorō]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bruce Lee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

====Skiing====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ingemar Stenmark]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marit Bjørgen]]&lt;!--born 1980--&gt;

====Speed skating====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Heiden]]&lt;!--born 1958--&gt;

====Swimming====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johnny Weissmuller]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Spitz]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Phelps]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;

====Tennis====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rod Laver]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Court]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martina Navratilova]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steffi Graf]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Roger Federer]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Serena Williams]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Novak Djokovic]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Wrestling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aleksandr Karelin]]&lt;!--born 1967--&gt;

====Multiple sports====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jim Thorpe]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Team sports===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====American football====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jim Brown]] &lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tom Brady]] &lt;!--born 1977--&gt;

====Association football====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lev Yashin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pelé]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johan Cruyff]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diego Maradona]]&lt;!--born 1960--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mia Hamm]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zinedine Zidane]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1976--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marta (footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lionel Messi]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Baseball====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Babe Ruth]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jackie Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Basketball====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wilt Chamberlain]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Michael Jordan]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[LeBron James]]&lt;!--born 1984--&gt;

====Cricket====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[W. G. Grace]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Don Bradman]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Garfield Sobers]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;

====Field hockey====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dhyan Chand]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;

====Ice hockey====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gordie Howe]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Wayne Gretzky]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;

====Rowing====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Steve Redgrave]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;

====Rugby union====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jonah Lomu]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Criminals==
{{vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Blackbeard]] &lt;!--born 1680--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack the Ripper]] &lt;!--fl. 19th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Talaat Pasha]] &lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Al Capone]] &lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heinrich Himmler]] &lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Escobar]] &lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osama bin Laden]] &lt;!--born 1957--&gt;
{{div col end}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>rthdrgb1djst7zs2r77ui6a1vhiaya3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610930</id>
      <parentid>610832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>±</comment>
      <origin>610930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="149480" sha1="qko12tb1wptwkzavdnh3j9iz95nlvn1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Short description|Larger list of vital articles to be included on Wikipedias}}
{{shortcut|WP:VAP|WP:VA/P|WP:VAPEOPLE}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|'''ব্যক্তি''' ত এটা ৰেণ্ডম ৪ৰ্থ স্তৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰবন্ধ উন্নত কৰক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20People&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''ভিটাল প্ৰবন্ধ''' হৈছে এনে বিষয়ৰ তালিকা যাৰ বাবে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চমানৰ প্ৰবন্ধ থাকিব লাগে। ই ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ অৱস্থা অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|কেন্দ্ৰীভূত চোৱাচিতা তালিকা]] হিচাপে কাম কৰে। দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ এঘাৰটা স্তৰ ৪ উপ-তালিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইটো অন্যতম আৰু বৰ্তমান নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে।


এই তালিকাখন ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অনুকূল। সকলো ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]]ও আছে।

এই তালিকা আৰু প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি সঘনাই সোধা প্ৰশ্ন (FAQ) পৃষ্ঠা চাওক।

{{TOC limit|4}}

&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
সৰ্বমুঠ ১,৯৬৭ টা প্ৰবন্ধ আছে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || ১৭৩
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || ২২২
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || ২
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || ৯০৯
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || ৬৫৭
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || ৮
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=ব্যক্তি=
==মনোৰঞ্জকসকল==
===অভিনেতা===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====এছিয়া====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[তশ্বিৰো মিফিউন]] ([[:en:Toshiro Mifune]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[চেটচুকু হাৰা]] ([[:en:Setsuko Hara]])&lt;!--born June, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মধুবালা]] ([[:en:Madhubala]])&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অমিতাভ বচ্চন]] ([[:en:Amitabh Bachchan]])&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰজনীকান্ত]] ([[:en:Rajinikanth]])&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জেকী চান]] ([[:en:Jackie Chan]])&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====ইউৰোপ====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ ভেলেণ্টিন']] ([[:en:Rudolph Valentino]])&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]))&lt;!--born December, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেটা গাৰ্বো]] ([[:en:Greta Garbo]]&lt;!--born September, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইংগ্ৰিড বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingrid Bergman]])&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্চেলো মাষ্ট্ৰ'য়ানি]] ([[:en:Marcello Mastroianni]])&lt;!--born September 26, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ক্লাউছ কিনস্কি]] ([[:en:Klaus Kinski]])&lt;!--born October, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ছফিয়া লৰেন]] ([[:en:Sophia Loren]])&lt;!--born September 20, 1934--&gt;

=====ফ্ৰান্স=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[চাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ড]] [[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন গেবিন]] [[:en:Jean Gabin]]&lt;!--born May, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন ম'ৰ']] [[:en:Jeanne Moreau]]&lt;!--born January, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ব্ৰিজিট বাৰ্ডট]] [[:en:Brigitte Bardot]]&lt;!--born September 28, 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেন ডেলন]] [[:en:Alain Delon]]&lt;!--born November, 1935--&gt;

=====ইউনাইটেড কিংডম=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[জন গিলগুড]] [[:en:John Gielgud]]&lt;!--born April, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[লৰেন্স অলিভিয়াৰ]] [[:en:Laurence Olivier]]&lt;!--born May 22, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিভিয়ান লি]] [[:en:Vivien Leigh]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেক গিনিজ]] [[:en:Alec Guinness]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[অড্ৰী হেপ্‌বাৰ্ন]] [[:en:Audrey Hepburn]]&lt;!--born May, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বেন কনেৰী]] [[:en:Sean Connery]]&lt;!--born August, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ অ'টুল]] [[:en:Peter O'Toole]]&lt;!--born August, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জুলি এণ্ড্ৰুজ]] [[:en:Julie Andrews]]&lt;!--born October, 1935--&gt;

====United States====
{{Vital article count|30}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মেৰী পিকফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Mary Pickford]])&lt;!--born 1892 (Canadian by birth but almost entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লিলিয়ান গিছ]] ([[:en:Lillian Gish]])&lt;!--born October, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হামফ্ৰে বগাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Humphrey Bogart]])&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[স্পেন্সৰ ট্ৰেচি]] ([[:en:Spencer Tracy]])&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লাৰ্ক গেবল]] ([[:en:Clark Gable]])&lt;!--born February, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[গেৰী কুপাৰ]] ([[:en:Gary Cooper]])&lt;!--born May, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[কেৰী গ্ৰাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Cary Grant]])&lt;!--born January, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জোয়ান ক্ৰফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Joan Crawford]])&lt;!--born March, 1904 or 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হেনৰী ফণ্ডা]] ([[:en:Henry Fonda]])&lt;!--born May, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেথাৰিন হেপবাৰ্ন]] ([[:en:Katharine Hepburn]])&lt;!--born May 12, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন ৱেইন]] ([[:en:John Wayne]])&lt;!--born May 26, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বাৰ্বাৰা ষ্টেনউইক]] ([[:en:Barbara Stanwyck]])&lt;!--born July, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[বেট ডেভিছ]] ([[:en:Bette Davis]])&lt;!--born April, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[জেমছ ষ্টুৱেৰ্ট]] [[:en:James Stewart]]&lt;!--born May, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেগৰী পেক]] [[:en:Gregory Peck]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰীতা হেৱৰ্থ]] [[:en:Rita Hayworth]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডৰিছ ডে]] [[:en:Doris Day]]&lt;!--born April, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জুডি গাৰ্লেণ্ড]] [[:en:Judy Garland]]&lt;!--born June, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লন ব্ৰেণ্ডো]] [[:en:Marlon Brando]]&lt;!--born April, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[লৰেন বেকল]] [[:en:Lauren Bacall]]&lt;!--born September 16, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[মেৰীলিন মনৰো]] [[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]&lt;!--born June, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চিডনী পইটিয়েৰ]] [[:en:Sidney Poitier]]&lt;!--born 1927 (also Bahamian but born in US soil and entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বাৰলী টেম্পল]] [[:en:Shirley Temple]]&lt;!--born April, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেচ কেলি]] [[:en:Grace Kelly]]&lt;!--born November, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ক্লিণ্ট ইষ্টউড]] [[:en:Clint Eastwood]]&lt;!--born May, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলিজাবেথ টেইলৰ]] [[:en:Elizabeth Taylor]]&lt;!--born February, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেক নিকোলছন]] [[:en:Jack Nicholson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰবাৰ্ট ডি নিৰো]] [[:en:Robert De Niro]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মেৰিল ষ্ট্ৰিপ]] [[:en:Meryl Streep]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টম হেংকছ]] [[:en:Tom Hanks]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু নৃত্য পৰিচালক===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====বেলেট====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰিউছ পেটিপা]] [[:en:Marius Petipa]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আন্না পাভলোভা]] [[:en:Anna Pavlova]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ভাছলাভ নিজিনস্কি]] [[:en:Vaslav Nijinsky]]&lt;!--born 1889 or 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জ বালানচিন]] [[:en:George Balanchine]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মাৰ্গট ফণ্টেইন]] [[:en:Margot Fonteyn]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ নুৰেয়েভ]] [[:en:Rudolf Nureyev]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মিখাইল বাৰিছনিকোভ]] [[:en:Mikhail Baryshnikov]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====অন্য নৃত্য====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইজুমো ন' ওকুণি]] [[:en:Izumo no Okuni]]&lt;!--born c 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইছাডোৰা ডানকান]] [[:en:Isadora Duncan]]&lt;!--born 1877 or 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্থা গ্ৰেহাম]] [[:en:Martha Graham]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰেড এষ্টেয়াৰ]] [[:en:Fred Astaire]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোচেফিন বেকাৰ]] [[:en:Josephine Baker]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিঞ্জাৰ ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Ginger Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন কেলি]] [[:en:Gene Kelly]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[বব ফছে]] [[:en:Bob Fosse]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===কমেডিয়ান===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক্স ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Marx Brothers]]&lt;!--main members born 1887-1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লৰেল আৰু হাৰ্ডি]] [[:en:Laurel and Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1890 and 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ম্যে ৱেষ্ট]] [[:en:Mae West]]&lt;!--born August, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লুচিল বল]] [[:en:Lucille Ball]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লুইচ ডি ফুনেছ]] [[:en:Louis de Funès]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেৰল বাৰ্নেট]] [[:en:Carol Burnett]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ কাৰ্লিন]] [[:en:George Carlin]]&lt;!--born May, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বিল কচবি]] [[:en:Bill Cosby]]&lt;!--born July, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰিচাৰ্ড প্ৰায়ৰ]] [[:en:Richard Pryor]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[মণ্টি পাইথন]] [[:en:Monty Python]]&lt;!--born 1939-1943--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===আয়োজক আৰু পৰিৱেশক===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[পি টি বাৰ্নাম]] [[:en:P. T. Barnum]]&lt;!--born 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেৰী হাউডিনি]] [[:en:Harry Houdini]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্চেল মাৰ্চেউ]] [[:en:Marcel Marceau]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জনী কাৰ্ছন]] [[:en:Johnny Carson]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ফ্ৰেড ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Fred Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অপ্ৰা উইনফ্ৰে]] [[:en:Oprah Winfrey]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==দৃশ্য শিল্পী==

===পশ্চিমীয়া চিত্ৰশিল্পী আৰু চিত্ৰকৰ===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====প্ৰাক-ৰেনেছাঁ====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিঅ’ট্টো]] [[:en:Giotto]]

====ৰেনেছাঁৰপৰা আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে====
{{Vital article count|22}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জান ভান আইক]] [[:en:Jan van Eyck]]&lt;!--born in 1380s or early 1390s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাছাচিও]] [[:en:Masaccio]]&lt;!--born 1401--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চেণ্ড্ৰ' বটিচেলি]] [[:en:Sandro Botticelli]]&lt;!--born c 1445--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হাইৰ'নিমাছ বছ]] [[:en:Hieronymus Bosch]]&lt;!--born c 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] '''[[:en:Leonardo da Vinci]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আলব্ৰেক্ট ডুৰেৰ]] [[:en:Albrecht Dürer]]&lt;!--born 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টাইটিয়ান]] [[:en:Titian]]&lt;!--born in 1470s or 1480s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰাফেল]] [[:en:Raphael]] &lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হান্স হোলবেইন দ্য ইয়াংগাৰ]] [[:en:Hans Holbein the Younger]]&lt;!--born c 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ ব্ৰুগেল দ্য এলডাৰ]] [[:en:Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]&lt;!--born in late 1520--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[এল গ্ৰেকো]] [[:en:El Greco]]&lt;!--born 1541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[কাৰাভাজিঅ']] [[:en:Caravaggio]]&lt;!--born 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স]] [[:en:Peter Paul Rubens]]&lt;!--born 1577--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[আৰ্টেমিচিয়া জেণ্টিলেস্কি]] [[:en:Artemisia Gentileschi]]&lt;!--born 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[নিকোলাছ পৌচিন]] [[:en:Nicolas Poussin]]&lt;!--born 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ডিয়েগো ভেলাস্কেজ]] [[:en:Diego Velázquez]]&lt;!--born 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ৰেমব্ৰাণ্ড]] '''[[:en:Rembrandt]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোহানেছ ভাৰ্মিৰ]] [[:en:Johannes Vermeer]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[এণ্টোৱান ৱাট']] [[:en:Antoine Watteau]]&lt;!--born 1684--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[উইলিয়াম হোগাৰ্থ]] [[:en:William Hogarth]]&lt;!--born 1697--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্সিস্কো গয়া]] [[:en:Francisco Goya]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জেক-লুইচ ডেভিদ]] [[:en:Jacques-Louis David]]&lt;!--born 1748--&gt;

====আধুনিক যুগ====
{{Vital article count|40}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেছপাৰ ডেভিদ ফ্ৰেড্ৰিচ]] [[:en:Caspar David Friedrich]]&lt;!--born 1774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জে এম ডব্লিউ টাৰ্নাৰ]] [[:en:J. M. W. Turner]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন কনিষ্টবল]] [[:en:John Constable]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন-অগাষ্ট-ডমিনিক ইংগ্ৰেছ]] [[:en:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]&lt;!--born 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইউজেন ডেলাক্ৰ'ইছ]] [[:en:Eugène Delacroix]]&lt;!--born 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গুস্তাভ ক'ৰবেট]] [[:en:Gustave Courbet]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেমিল পিছাৰো]] [[:en:Camille Pissarro]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড মেনেট]] [[:en:Édouard Manet]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেমছ মেকনিল হুইছলাৰ]] [[:en:James McNeill Whistler]]&lt;!--born July 10, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডগাৰ ডেগাছ]] [[:en:Edgar Degas]]&lt;!--born July 19, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল চেজান]] [[:en:Paul Cézanne]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লড মনেট]] [[:en:Claude Monet]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিয়েৰ-অগষ্ট ৰেন'য়াৰ]] [[:en:Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[হেনৰী ৰুছ’]] [[:en:Henri Rousseau]]&lt;!--born May, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইলিয়া ৰেপিন]] [[:en:Ilya Repin]]&lt;!--born August, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল গগুইন]] [[:en:Paul Gauguin]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] '''[[:en:Vincent van Gogh]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন চিংগাৰ চাৰ্জেণ্ট]] [[:en:John Singer Sargent]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ চেউৰাট]] [[:en:Georges Seurat]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডভাৰ্ড মাঞ্চ]] [[:en:Edvard Munch]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী ডি টুলুজ-লট্ৰেক]] [[:en:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[ৱাচিলি কেণ্ডিনস্কি]] [[:en:Wassily Kandinsky]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী মেটিছে]] [[:en:Henri Matisse]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[পিট মণ্ড্ৰিয়ান]] [[:en:Piet Mondrian]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কাজিমিৰ মালেভিচ]] [[:en:Kazimir Malevich]]&lt;!--born February 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল ক্লী]] [[:en:Paul Klee]]&lt;!--born December 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্স মাৰ্ক]] [[:en:Franz Marc]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পাব্‌ল' পিকাছ'|পাবলো পিকাচো]] '''[[:en:Pablo Picasso]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড হপাৰ]] [[:en:Edward Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডিয়েগো ৰিভেৰা]] [[:en:Diego Rivera]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক চাগাল]] [[:en:Marc Chagall]]&lt;!--born July, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জিয়া অ'কিফ]] [[:en:Georgia O'Keeffe]]&lt;!--born November, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মেক্স আৰ্নষ্ট]] [[:en:Max Ernst]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোয়ান মিৰো]] [[:en:Joan Miró]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ৰেনে মেগ্ৰিট]] [[:en:René Magritte]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[চালভাড' ডালি]] [[:en:Salvador Dalí]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰিদা কাল']] [[:en:Frida Kahlo]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেকচন পলক]] [[:en:Jackson Pollock]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহল]] [[:en:Andy Warhol]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গেৰহাৰ্ড ৰিখটাৰ]] [[:en:Gerhard Richter]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

====Comics and manga artists, print cartoonists and illustrators====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winsor McCay]]&lt;!--born in late 1860s or early 1870s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aubrey Beardsley]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Norman Rockwell]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[M. C. Escher]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hergé]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Will Eisner]]&lt;!--born March, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jack Kirby]]&lt;!--born August, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osamu Tezuka]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Other visual arts===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Sculptors====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phidias]]&lt;!--fifth century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donatello]]&lt;!--born c 1386--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michelangelo]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1475--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]&lt;!--born 1598--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Constantin Brâncuși]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcel Duchamp]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry Moore]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alberto Giacometti]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Beuys]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;

====Architects====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imhotep]]&lt;!--27th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitruvius]]&lt;!--first century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]&lt;!--born 1377--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Battista Alberti]]&lt;!--born 1404--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mimar Sinan]]&lt;!--born in late 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrea Palladio]]&lt;!--born 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Wren]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Antoni Gaudí]]&lt;!--born 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Sullivan]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Gropius]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Le Corbusier]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Buckminster Fuller]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alvar Aalto]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Kahn]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oscar Niemeyer]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[I. M. Pei]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Gehry]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zaha Hadid]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;

====Designers====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Coco Chanel]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Raymond Loewy]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Shigeru Miyamoto]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Photographers====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eadweard Muybridge]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Weston]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Man Ray]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ansel Adams]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;

====Instrument makers====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Stradivari]]&lt;!--born in 1640s--&gt;

====Urban planners and landscape architects====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Moses]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Jacobs]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art===
{{Vital article count|5}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Xizhi]]&lt;!--fourth century--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sesshū Tōyō]]&lt;!--born c. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shitao]]&lt;!--born 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Hokusai]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1760--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hiroshige]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Writers==
===Ancient===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qu Yuan]]&lt;!--4th and 3rd centuries BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kalidasa]]&lt;!--4th and 5th centuries CE--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tao Yuanming]]&lt;!--born 365--&gt;

====Europe====
=====Greece=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Homer]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--possibly 8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hesiod]]&lt;!--8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sappho]]&lt;!--born late 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Aeschylus]]&lt;!--born c. 525 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sophocles]]&lt;!--born c. 497 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Euripides]]&lt;!--born c. 480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aristophanes]]&lt;!--possibly born 446 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander]]&lt;!--born c. 342 BC--&gt;

=====Ancient Rome=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plautus]]&lt;!--born c. 254 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Terence]]&lt;!--born in 190s or 180s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Catullus]]&lt;!--born 80s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Virgil]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 70 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Horace]]&lt;!--born 65 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ovid]]&lt;!--born 43 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lucian]]&lt;!--possibly born c. 125 CE--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Wei]]&lt;!--born 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Li Bai]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 701--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Du Fu]]&lt;!--born 712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Yu]]&lt;!--born 768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bai Juyi]]&lt;!--born 772--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Murasaki Shikibu]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ouyang Xiu]]&lt;!--born 1007--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Su Shi]]&lt;!--born 1037--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amir Khusrau]]&lt;!--born 1253--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kabir]]&lt;!--15th century--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Nuwas]]&lt;!--born 766-68--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Rudaki]]&lt;!--born c. 858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdowsi]]&lt;!--born 940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Omar Khayyam]]&lt;!--born 1048--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nizami Ganjavi]]&lt;!--born c. 1141--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Rumi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1207--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saadi Shirazi]]&lt;!--born 1210--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hafez]]&lt;!--born 1310s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jami]]&lt;!--born 1414--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chrétien de Troyes]]&lt;!--late 12th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dante Alighieri]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1265--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petrarch]]&lt;!--born 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]&lt;!--born 1313--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]&lt;!--possibly born 1343--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christine de Pizan]]&lt;!--born 1364--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Villon]]&lt;!--born c. 1431--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|37}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fuzuli (poet)]]&lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mirabai]]&lt;!--born c. 1498--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tulsidas]]&lt;!--born 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tukaram]]&lt;!--born 1598 or 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matsuo Bashō]]&lt;!--born 1644--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mir Taqi Mir]]&lt;!--born 1723--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|31}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luís de Camões]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Miguel de Cervantes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born c. 1547--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lope de Vega]]&lt;!--born 1562--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]&lt;!--born 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Casanova]]&lt;!--born 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Schiller]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
=====France=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Rabelais]]&lt;!--born 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Nostradamus]]&lt;!--born 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michel de Montaigne]]&lt;!--born 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Corneille]]&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Molière]]&lt;!--born 1622--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Perrault]]&lt;!--born 1628--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean Racine]]&lt;!--born 1639--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Voltaire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1694--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marquis de Sade]]&lt;!--born 1740--&gt;
=====Great Britain and Ireland=====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas More]]&lt;!--born 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmund Spenser]]&lt;!--born c. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Marlowe]]&lt;!--born February, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[William Shakespeare]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born April, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Donne]]&lt;!--born c. 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Jonson]]&lt;!--born June 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Milton]]&lt;!--born 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dryden]]&lt;!--born 1631--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Daniel Defoe]]&lt;!--born c. 1660--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jonathan Swift]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Pope]]&lt;!--born 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Fielding]]&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Samuel Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Blake]]&lt;!--born 1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|169}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naguib Mahfouz]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadine Gordimer]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Chinua Achebe]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wole Soyinka]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. M. Coetzee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Okri]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|47}}

=====Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[V. S. Naipaul]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====US and Canada=====
{{Vital article count|37}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]&lt;!--born 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edgar Allan Poe]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Walt Whitman]]&lt;!--born May, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Herman Melville]]&lt;!--born August, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emily Dickinson]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Twain]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry James]]&lt;!--born 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edith Wharton]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Frost]]&lt;!--born January, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Upton Sinclair]]&lt;!--born September, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack London]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ezra Pound]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Chandler]]&lt;!--born July, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[T. S. Eliot]]&lt;!--born September, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Faulkner]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Hemingway]]&lt;!--born July, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Langston Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Steinbeck]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dr. Seuss]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert A. Heinlein]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tennessee Williams]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saul Bellow]]&lt;!--born June, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Miller]]&lt;!--born October, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isaac Asimov]]&lt;!--born January, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Bradbury]]&lt;!--born August, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack Kerouac]]&lt;!--born March, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Kurt Vonnegut]]&lt;!--born November, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stan Lee]]&lt;!--born December, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Allen Ginsberg]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maya Angelou]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toni Morrison]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sylvia Plath]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Margaret Atwood]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stephen King]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;

=====Latin America=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Machado de Assis]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[José Martí]]&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Neruda]]&lt;!--born July, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alejo Carpentier]]&lt;!--born December, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jorge Amado]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carlos Fuentes]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}

=====Central Asia=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Natsume Sōseki]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lu Xun]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lao She]]&lt;!--born February, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yasunari Kawabata]]&lt;!--born June, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin Yong]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yukio Mishima]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kenzaburō Ōe]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haruki Murakami]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghalib]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Muhammad Iqbal]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Premchand]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kahlil Gibran]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orhan Pamuk]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|97}}

=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|26}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taras Shevchenko]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sándor Petőfi]]&lt;!--born 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Conrad]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Constantine P. Cavafy]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tristan Tzara]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elie Wiesel]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail Kadare]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alexander Pushkin]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nikolai Gogol]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mikhail Lermontov]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Turgenev]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Leo Tolstoy]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Anton Chekhov]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maxim Gorky]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Bunin]]&lt;!--born 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Akhmatova]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Pasternak]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Nabokov]]&lt;!--born April, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Brodsky]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|71}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Luigi Pirandello]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Pessoa]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico García Lorca]]&lt;!--born June, 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[José Saramago]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Anne Frank]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umberto Eco]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stendhal]]&lt;!--born 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Honoré de Balzac]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Victor Hugo]]&lt;!--born February, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexandre Dumas]]&lt;!--born July, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Baudelaire]]&lt;!--born April, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Flaubert]]&lt;!--born December, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jules Verne]]&lt;!--born February, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Émile Zola]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]&lt;!--born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guy de Maupassant]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rimbaud]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André Gide]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Proust]]&lt;!--born 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonin Artaud]]&lt;!--born September, 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eugène Ionesco]]&lt;!--born 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Albert Camus]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;

======Germany and Austria======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brothers Grimm]]&lt;!--born 1785-6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heinrich Heine]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Mann]]&lt;!--born June, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]&lt;!--born December, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Hesse]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Franz Kafka]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bertolt Brecht]]&lt;!--born February, 1898--&gt;

======Nordic countries======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hans Christian Andersen]]&lt;!--born 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henrik Ibsen]]&lt;!--born March, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[August Strindberg]]&lt;!--born 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selma Lagerlöf]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knut Hamsun]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karen Blixen]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Astrid Lindgren]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;

======UK and Ireland======
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wordsworth]]&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Scott]]&lt;!--born 1771--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]&lt;!--born 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jane Austen]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Byron]]&lt;!--born 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Keats]]&lt;!--born 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Dickens]]&lt;!--born 1812--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brontë family]]&lt;!--born 1816-20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Eliot]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis Carroll]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Oscar Wilde]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George Bernard Shaw]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. B. Yeats]]&lt;!--born June, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Rudyard Kipling]]&lt;!--born December, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[H. G. Wells]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Virginia Woolf]]&lt;!--born January, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Joyce]]&lt;!--born February, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[D. H. Lawrence]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Agatha Christie]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enid Blyton]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[C. S. Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Orwell]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Samuel Beckett]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Golding]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Dylan Thomas]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roald Dahl]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur C. Clarke]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salman Rushdie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====Oceania====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Banjo Paterson]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Patrick White]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Journalists==
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Horace Greeley]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Pulitzer]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ida Tarbell]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Randolph Hearst]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nellie Bly]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Walter Lippmann]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward R. Murrow]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Cronkite]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[David Attenborough]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hunter S. Thompson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bob Woodward]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svetlana Alexievich]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Wintour]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Musicians and composers==
{{Vital article count|152}}
===Western art music===
{{Vital article count|72}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Composers====
{{Vital article count|54}}
=====Medieval and Renaissance=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hildegard of Bingen]]&lt;!--born c. 1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume de Machaut]]&lt;!--born c. 1300--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume Du Fay]]&lt;!--born c. 1397--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josquin des Prez]]&lt;!--born c. 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;

=====Baroque=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claudio Monteverdi]]&lt;!--born 1567--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Purcell]]&lt;!--born c. 1659--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Vivaldi]]&lt;!--born 1678--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Frideric Handel]]&lt;!--born February 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born March 1685--&gt;

=====Classical=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Haydn]]&lt;!--born 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1756--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;

=====Romantic=====
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gioachino Rossini]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Schubert]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Hector Berlioz]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Felix Mendelssohn]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frédéric Chopin]]&lt;!--born March, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Schumann]]&lt;!--born June, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Liszt]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Wagner]]&lt;!--born May, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Giuseppe Verdi]]&lt;!--born October, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anton Bruckner]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Johann Strauss II]]&lt;!--born 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Brahms]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Modest Mussorgsky]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonín Dvořák]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]&lt;!--Sullivan born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Elgar]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;

=====Post-romantic/early modern=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gabriel Fauré]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Puccini]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gustav Mahler]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claude Debussy]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard Strauss]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jean Sibelius]]&lt;!--born 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;!--born 1875--&gt;

=====20th century modern=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arnold Schoenberg]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Béla Bartók]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Igor Stravinsky]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sergei Prokofiev]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Gershwin]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aaron Copland]]&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Britten]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Williams]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Avant-garde/postmodern=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Cage]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[György Ligeti]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pierre Boulez]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip Glass]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;

====Pedagogues====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Boulanger]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;

====Performers====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Cellists=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pablo Casals]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mstislav Rostropovich]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;

=====Conductors=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arturo Toscanini]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert von Karajan]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonard Bernstein]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;

=====Pianists=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clara Schumann]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rubinstein]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Horowitz]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sviatoslav Richter]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Glenn Gould]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Singers=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enrico Caruso]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Callas]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joan Sutherland]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luciano Pavarotti]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plácido Domingo]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;

=====Violinists=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niccolò Paganini]]&lt;!--born 1782--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art music===
{{Vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Carnatic classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syama Sastri]]&lt;!--born 1762--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tyagaraja]]&lt;!--born 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;

====Hindustani classical====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ravi Shankar]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ali Akbar Khan]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;

====Qawwali====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Persian traditional====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Jazz===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scott Joplin]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duke Ellington]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Louis Armstrong]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Django Reinhardt]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Billie Holiday]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ella Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charlie Parker]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Celia Cruz]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Miles Davis]]&lt;!--born May 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Coltrane]]&lt;!--born Sept 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Popular music===
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Popular music: general====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stephen Foster]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bing Crosby]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Frank Sinatra]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Miriam Makeba]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bob Marley]]&lt;!--born Feb 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ABBA]]&lt;!--members born Apr 1945, Nov 1945, 1946, 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Madonna]]&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 16)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 29)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Taylor Swift]]&lt;!--born 1989--&gt;

====Non-English language popular music====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umm Kulthum]]&lt;!--born c. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Édith Piaf]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Astor Piazzolla]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Aznavour]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Serge Gainsbourg]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lata Mangeshkar]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Vysotsky]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Julio Iglesias]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paco de Lucía]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa Teng]]&lt;!--born 1953--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Selena]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;

====Blues, R&amp;B, soul and funk====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. B. King]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Charles]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Brown]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fela Kuti]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Marvin Gaye]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aretha Franklin]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[The Supremes]]&lt;!--core members (Ballard, Wilson, Ross) born 1943, Mar 6 1944, Mar 26 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stevie Wonder]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince (musician)]]&lt;!--born 1957--&gt;

====Electronic music====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kraftwerk]]&lt;!--core members (Hütter, Schneider, Flür, Bartos) born 1946, Apr 1947, Jul 1947, 1952--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brian Eno]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Folk and country====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Woody Guthrie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hank Williams]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Johnny Cash]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Joni Mitchell]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dolly Parton]]&lt;!--born 1946--&gt;

====Hip-hop and rap====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Run-DMC]]&lt;!--members born May 1964, Nov 1964, 1965--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tupac Shakur]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eminem]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;

====Musical theatre and film====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Berlin]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]&lt;!--Rodgers born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Rock====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Chuck Berry]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Richard]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elvis Presley]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buddy Holly]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[The Beatles]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--core members (Starr, Lennon, McCartney, Harrison) born Jul 1940, Oct 1940, 1942, 1943 (formed 1960)--&gt;
## {{Icon|FA}} [[John Lennon]]&lt;!--born Oct 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Beach Boys]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member (Love, B. Wilson, Johnston, Jardine, D. Wilson, C. Wilson) born Mar 1941, Jun 20 1942, Jun 27 1942, Sep 1942, 1944, 1946 (formed 1961)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Bob Dylan]]&lt;!--born May 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[The Rolling Stones]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member + well-known replacement (Wyman, Watts, Jones, Jagger, Richards, Wood, Taylor) born 1936, Jun 1941, 1942, Jul 1943, Dec 1943, 1947, 1949 (formed 1962)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jimi Hendrix]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Janis Joplin]]&lt;!--born Jan 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pink Floyd]]&lt;!--core members + well-known member (Wright, Waters, Mason, Barrett, Gilmour) born Jul 1943, Sep 1943, 1944, Jan 1946, Mar 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[The Doors]]&lt;!--members born 1939, Dec 1943, 1944, 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Led Zeppelin]]&lt;!--members born 1944, 1946, 1948, 1948 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[David Bowie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Black Sabbath]]&lt;!--original members (Iommi, Ward, Osbourne, Butler) born Feb 1948, May 1948, Dec 1948, 17 Jul 1949 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Queen (band)]]&lt;!--core members (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon) born 1946, 1947, 26 Jul 1949, 1951 (formed in 1970)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Metallica]]&lt;!--core members + long-term replacements (Burton, Hammett, Newsted, Hetfield, Ulrich, Trujillo) born Feb 1962, Nov 1962, Mar 1963, Aug 1963, Dec 1963, 1964 (formed in 1981)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nirvana (band)]]&lt;!--final lineup (Novoselic, Cobain, Grohl born 1965, 1967, 1969 (formed in 1987)--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Directors, producers and screenwriters==
{{Vital article count|60}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Animators and puppeteers===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Walt Disney]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Jim Henson]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hayao Miyazaki]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

===Directors===
{{Vital article count|53}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ousmane Sembène]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yasujirō Ozu]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Akira Kurosawa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Satyajit Ray]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raj Kapoor]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Dutt]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abbas Kiarostami]] &lt;!--b. 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ang Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wong Kar-wai]] &lt;!--b. 1958--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|24}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Lang]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Eisenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charlie Chaplin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] &lt;!--b. Aug 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Luis Buñuel]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vittorio De Sica]] &lt;!--b. 1901 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leni Riefenstahl]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lean]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ingmar Bergman]] &lt;!--b. 1918 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico Fellini]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Miloš Forman]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Tarkovsky]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roman Polanski]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Werner Herzog]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Sep.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Méliès]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] &lt;!--b. 1862, b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Cocteau]] &lt;!--b. 1889 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Renoir]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Bresson]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Agnès Varda]] &lt;!--b. 1928 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Luc Godard]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Truffaut]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 6--&gt;

====US and Canada====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. W. Griffith]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Cecil B. DeMille]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Ford]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buster Keaton]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Howard Hawks]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frank Capra]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wyler]] &lt;!--b. 1902 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Billy Wilder]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elia Kazan]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orson Welles]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ida Lupino]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stanley Kubrick]] &lt;!--b. 1928 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Woody Allen]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Ford Coppola]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martin Scorsese]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Lucas]] &lt;!--b. 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[David Lynch]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steven Spielberg]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[James Cameron]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Quentin Tarantino]] &lt;!--b. 1963--&gt;

===Producers and executives===
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Goldwyn]] &lt;!--b. 1879/1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis B. Mayer]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack L. Warner]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Irving Thalberg]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Businesspeople==
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]&lt;!--born 115 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jakob Fugger]]&lt;!--born 1459--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Josiah Wedgwood]]&lt;!--born 1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rothschild family]]&lt;!--prominence began with [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]] (born 1744)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Jacob Astor]]&lt;!--born 1763--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]&lt;!--born 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leland Stanford]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Andrew Carnegie]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[J. P. Morgan]]&lt;!--born 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jamsetji Tata]]&lt;!--born 1839 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John D. Rockefeller]]&lt;!--born 1839 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Westinghouse]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Mellon]]&lt;!--born 1855--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Henry Ford]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Howard Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Estée Lauder (businesswoman)]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sam Walton]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Ka-shing]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Soros]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Warren Buffett]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 30--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rupert Murdoch]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ted Turner]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carlos Slim]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Jobs]]&lt;!--born 1955 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bill Gates]]&lt;!--born 1955 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Elon Musk]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Explorers==
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanno the Navigator]] &lt;!--fl. 500 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhang Qian]] &lt;!--b. 195 BC--&gt;

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xuanzang]] &lt;!--b. 602--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leif Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marco Polo]] &lt;!--b. 1254--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn Battuta]] &lt;!--b. 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Zheng He]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1371--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Christopher Columbus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amerigo Vespucci]] &lt;!--b. 1454--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Vasco da Gama]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1460/1469--&gt;

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] &lt;!--b. 1467/1468--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Ponce de León]] &lt;!--b. 1474--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ferdinand Magellan]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1480--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cartier]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernando de Soto]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willem Barentsz]] &lt;!--b. 1550--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abel Tasman]] &lt;!--b. 1603--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitus Bering]] &lt;!--b. 1681--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[James Cook]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1728--&gt;

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Livingstone]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fridtjof Nansen]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Falcon Scott]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Shackleton]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roald Amundsen]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Amelia Earhart]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lindbergh]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Neil Armstrong]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Yuri Gagarin]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Valentina Tereshkova]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists==
{{Vital article count|162}}
===Philosophers===
{{Vital article count|71}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thales of Miletus]] &lt;!--b. 626/623 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kaṇāda]] &lt;!--c. 6th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Laozi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 571 BC (per zh.wikipedia)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraclitus]] &lt;!--b. before 547 BC, fl. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Confucius]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 551 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Socrates]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 470 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Democritus]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Plato]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 428 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diogenes]] &lt;!--b. 413/403 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shang Yang]] &lt;!--b. 390 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Aristotle]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mencius]] &lt;!--b. 371 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Epicurus]] &lt;!--b. 341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xunzi (philosopher)]] &lt;!--b. 310 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Fei]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 233 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Li Si]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 208 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Cicero]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lucretius]] &lt;!--b. 99 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seneca the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plotinus]] &lt;!--b. 204--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustine of Hippo]] &lt;!--b. 354--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Al-Kindi]] &lt;!--b. 801--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Farabi]] &lt;!--b. 870--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Abelard]] &lt;!--b. 1079--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Averroes]] &lt;!--b. 1126--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhu Xi]] &lt;!--b. 1130--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Aquinas]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1225--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duns Scotus]] &lt;!--b. 1265/1266--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William of Ockham]] &lt;!--b. 1287--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erasmus]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wang Yangming]] &lt;!--b. 1472--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giordano Bruno]] &lt;!--b. 1548--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Bacon]] &lt;!--b. 1561--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[René Descartes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1596--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baruch Spinoza]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Berkeley]] &lt;!--b. 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hume]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Denis Diderot]] &lt;!--b. 1713--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Immanuel Kant]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1724--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 22--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jeremy Bentham]] &lt;!--b. 1748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] &lt;!--b. 1762--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|28}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Auguste Comte]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Stuart Mill]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Søren Kierkegaard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William James]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edmund Husserl]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Bergson]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dewey]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alfred North Whitehead]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Bertrand Russell]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Martin Heidegger]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Karl Popper]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hannah Arendt]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone de Beauvoir]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isaiah Berlin]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marshall McLuhan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Rawls]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frantz Fanon]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Michel Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jürgen Habermas]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacques Derrida]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Historians and archaeologists===
{{Vital article count|22}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Herodotus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 484 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thucydides]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xenophon]] &lt;!--b. 430 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sima Qian]] &lt;!--b. 145 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Josephus]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plutarch]] &lt;!--b. 40--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tacitus]] &lt;!--b. 56--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eusebius]] &lt;!--b. 260/265--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bede]] &lt;!--b. 672/673--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Ibn Khaldun]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1332--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Jean Froissart]] &lt;!--b. 1337--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giorgio Vasari]] &lt;!--b. 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Gibbon]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolay Karamzin]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold von Ranke]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor Mommsen]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Schliemann]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles A. Beard]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernand Braudel]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. J. P. Taylor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Hobsbawm]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Political writers===
{{Vital article count|18}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hugo Grotius]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Hobbes]] &lt;!--b. 1588--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[John Locke]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montesquieu]] &lt;!--b. 1689--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edmund Burke]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Paine]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Beccaria]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] &lt;!--b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bakunin]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert Spencer]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Engels]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Kropotkin]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] &lt;!--b. 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Gramsci]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edward Said]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Economists===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Adam Smith]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Robert Malthus]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Ricardo]] &lt;!--b. 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich List]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Karl Marx]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vilfredo Pareto]] &lt;!--b. 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Maynard Keynes]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Hayek]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Milton Friedman]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul Samuelson]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Social scientists===
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Émile Durkheim]] &lt;!--b. 1858 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Boas]] &lt;!--b. 1858 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Max Weber]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Montessori]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Mauss]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bronisław Malinowski]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Bernays]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Mead]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Talcott Parsons]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor W. Adorno]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clifford Geertz]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Bourdieu]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Linguists===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pāṇini]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Noah Webster]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sequoyah]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis Braille]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Noam Chomsky]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Psychologists===
{{Vital article count|21}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Galton]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wilhelm Wundt]] &lt;!--b. 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan Pavlov]] &lt;!--b. 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Sigmund Freud]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edward Thorndike]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Jung]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John B. Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kurt Lewin]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anna Freud]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Piaget]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lev Vygotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gordon Allport]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Rogers]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erik Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 1902 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[B. F. Skinner]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Cattell]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abraham Maslow]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert Ellis]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leon Festinger]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[George Armitage Miller]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Albert Bandura]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Religious figures==
{{Vital article count|123}}
:&lt;small&gt;For mythological figures, see: [[Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/4/Philosophy_and_religion#Mythology_(109_articles)|Philosophy and religion: Mythology]].&lt;/small&gt;
===Abrahamic religions===
{{Vital article count|86}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Judaism====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rabbi Akiva]] &lt;!--b. 50--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rashi]] &lt;!--b. 1040--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maimonides]] &lt;!--b. 1138--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel]] &lt;!--b. 1512--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Baal Shem Tov]] &lt;!--b. 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vilna Gaon]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;

====Christianity====
{{Vital article count|60}}
===== New Testament figures=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] &lt;!--b. 18 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Baptist]] &lt;!--b. 6 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Jesus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 6-4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Peter]] &lt;!--b. 1 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judas Iscariot]] &lt;!--1st century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mary Magdalene]] &lt;!--b. 8--&gt;

=====Pre-Schism=====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irenaeus]] &lt;!--b. 125--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clement of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tertullian]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Origen]] &lt;!--b. 185--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arius]] &lt;!--b. 250/256--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Nicholas]] &lt;!--b. 270--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint George]] &lt;!--3rd century AD, d. 303--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 296-298--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] &lt;!--b. 329--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basil of Caesarea]] &lt;!--b. 330--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gregory of Nyssa]] &lt;!--b. 335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ambrose]] &lt;!--b. 339--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jerome]] &lt;!--b. 342-347--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Chrysostom]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyril of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 376--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benedict of Nursia]] &lt;!--b. 480--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of Damascus]] &lt;!--b. 675/676--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cyril and Methodius]] &lt;!--b. 815, b. 826--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clement of Rome]] &lt;!--d. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Leo I]] &lt;!--b. 391--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory I]] &lt;!--b. 540--&gt;

=====Catholic Church=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anselm of Canterbury]] &lt;!--b. 1033/1034--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis of Assisi]] &lt;!--b. 1181--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bonaventure]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Wycliffe]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Hus]] &lt;!--b. 1369--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tomás de Torquemada]] &lt;!--b. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignatius of Loyola]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis Xavier]] &lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa of Ávila]] &lt;!--b. 1515--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of the Cross]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mother Teresa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Pius IX]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope John XXIII]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Pope John Paul II]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;

=====Orthodox Church=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]] &lt;!--b. 1605--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grigori Rasputin]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;

=====Protestantism=====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Martin Luther]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Huldrych Zwingli]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Thomas Cranmer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Melanchthon]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Calvin]] &lt;!--b. 1509--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Knox]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacobus Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 1560--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Wesley]] &lt;!--b. 1703 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)]] &lt;!--b. 1703 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Barth]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Billy Graham]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Desmond Tutu]] &lt;!--b. 1931--&gt;

=====Others=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Smith]] &lt;!--Latter Day Saint, b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary Baker Eddy]] &lt;!--Christian Science, b. 1821--&gt;

====Islam====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Early Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] &lt;!--b. 554--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Muhammad]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 570--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fatima]] &lt;!--b. 605/615--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aisha]] &lt;!--b. 614--&gt;

=====Shia Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ali]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Husayn ibn Ali]] &lt;!--b. 626--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] &lt;!--b. 702--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mulla Sadra]] &lt;!--b. 1571/1572--&gt;

=====Sunni Islam=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Hanifa]] &lt;!--b. 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Malik ibn Anas]] &lt;!--b. 711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Shafi'i]] &lt;!--b. 767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] &lt;!--b. 780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] &lt;!--b. 810--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] &lt;!--b. after 815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Ghazali]] &lt;!--b. 1058--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ibn Arabi]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nawawi]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Taymiyya]] &lt;!--b. 1263--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] &lt;!--b. 1703--&gt;

====Baháʼí Faith====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Baháʼu'lláh]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Dharmic religions===
{{Vital article count|35}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Hinduism====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Ancient=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Valmiki]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vyasa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kapila]] &lt;!--b. 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patanjali]] &lt;!--c. 2nd century BC-5th century AD--&gt;

===== Post-classical=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaudapada]] &lt;!--fl. 6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]] &lt;!--b. 700--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Adi Shankara]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 700/788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramanuja]] &lt;!--b. 1077--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basava]] &lt;!--b. 1131--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Madhvacharya]] &lt;!--b. 1199--&gt;

=====Modern=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] &lt;!--b. 1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramakrishna]] &lt;!--b. 1836--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Swami Vivekananda]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sri Aurobindo]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ramana Maharshi]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;

====Buddhism====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[The Buddha]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 563 BC/480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nagarjuna]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Padmasambhava]] &lt;!--fl. 8th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[14th Dalai Lama]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;

=====Chinese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārajīva]] &lt;!--b. 344--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bodhidharma]] &lt;!--fl. 5th/6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhiyi]] &lt;!--b. 538--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huineng]] &lt;!--b. 638--&gt;

=====Indian Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maudgalyayana]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Śāriputra]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ānanda]] &lt;!--b. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vasubandhu]] &lt;!--b. 4th century AD--&gt;

=====Japanese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kūkai]] &lt;!--b. 774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dōgen]] &lt;!--b. 1200--&gt;

====Jainism====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mahavira]] &lt;!--b. 599 BC--&gt;

====Sikhism====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Nanak]] &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guru Gobind Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1666--&gt;

====Theosophy====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Others===
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zoroaster]] &lt;!--Zoroastrianism, b. 624-599 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Aleister Crowley]] &lt;!--Thelema, b. 1875--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Politicians and leaders==
{{Vital article count|500}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|74}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Ezana of Axum]] &lt;!--fl. 320s-360--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gaiseric]] &lt;!--b. 389--&gt;

=====Egypt=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Narmer]] &lt;!--fl. 3100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Thutmose I]] &lt;!--d. 1493 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hatshepsut]] &lt;!--b. 1505 BC, d. 1458 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thutmose III]] &lt;!--b. 1479 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akhenaten]] &lt;!--b. before 1363-1361 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nefertiti]] &lt;!--b. 1370 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tutankhamun]] &lt;!--b. 1341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ramesses II]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1303 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramesses III]] &lt;!--b. 1217 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ptolemy I Soter]] &lt;!--b. 367 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Cleopatra]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 70/69 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cyrus the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 600 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Darius the Great]] &lt;!--b. 550 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xerxes I]] &lt;!--b. 518 BC--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Modu Chanyu]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 374--&gt;

======China======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yu the Great]] &lt;!--fl. 21st century BC per zh.wikipedia--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 259 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 256 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Wu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 156 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cao Cao]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ajatashatru]] &lt;!--d. 460 BC/373 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] &lt;!--b. 350-340 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ashoka]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 304 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander I]] &lt;!--b. 180 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kanishka]] &lt;!--d. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samudragupta]] &lt;!--b. 318--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chandragupta II]] &lt;!--b. 345-350--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sargon of Akkad]] &lt;!--d. 2279 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Puduḫepa]] &lt;!--fl. 13th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ashurbanipal]] &lt;!--b. 685 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tigranes the Great]] &lt;!--b. 140 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mithridates VI Eupator]] &lt;!--b. 135 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herod the Great]] &lt;!--b. 72 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zenobia]] &lt;!--b. 240--&gt;

======Babylon======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Hammurabi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1810 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] &lt;!--b. 642 BC--&gt;

======Hellenistic Kingdoms======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucus I Nicator]] &lt;!--b. 358 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antiochus III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 241 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|32}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Decebalus]] &lt;!--d. 106--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attila]] &lt;!--b. 406--&gt;

======Greece======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lycurgus]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Draco (legislator)]] &lt;!--b. before 625 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Solon]] &lt;!--b. 630 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Themistocles]] &lt;!--b. 524 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Pericles]] &lt;!--b. 495 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alcibiades]] &lt;!--b. 450 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Demosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip II of Macedon]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alexander the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 356 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] &lt;!--b. 319/318 BC--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vercingetorix]] &lt;!--b. 80 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 18/17 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Boudica]] &lt;!--d. 60/61--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alaric I]] &lt;!--b. 370--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric I]] &lt;!--b. 390/393--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric the Great]] &lt;!--b. 454--&gt;

=====Rome=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cato the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gracchi brothers]] &lt;!--fl. 133-121 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Julius Caesar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Augustus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 63 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiberius]] &lt;!--b. 42 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Caligula]] &lt;!--b. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Nero]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Domitian]] &lt;!--b. 51--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Trajan]] &lt;!--b. 53--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hadrian]] &lt;!--b. 76--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marcus Aurelius]] &lt;!--b. 121--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Diocletian]] &lt;!--b. 242/245--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Constantine the Great]] &lt;!--b. 272--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Theodosius I]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|134}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]] &lt;!--b. 874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] &lt;!--b. 985--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baybars]] &lt;!--b. 1223/1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mansa Musa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1280--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] &lt;!--b. 1285, d. 1341--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Amda Seyon I]] &lt;!--d. 1344--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Zara Yaqob]]&lt;!--b. 1399--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Askia Muhammad I]]&lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma I]] &lt;!--b. 1398--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pachacuti]] &lt;!--b. 1403/1418--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|47}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bumin Qaghan]] &lt;!--d. 552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khosrow I]] &lt;!--b. 512-514, d. 579--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] &lt;!--b. 971--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tughril I]] &lt;!--b. 993--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nizam al-Mulk]] &lt;!--b. 1018--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad of Ghor]] &lt;!--b. 1144--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tamar of Georgia]] &lt;!--b. 1160--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Timur]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1320s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ulugh Beg]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;

=====East Asia=====
{{Vital article count|17}}
======China======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Wen of Sui]] &lt;!--b. 541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wu Zetian]] &lt;!--b. 624--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] &lt;!--b. 927--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hongwu Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yongle Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;

======Korea======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Goryeo]] &lt;!--b. 877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sejong the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1397--&gt;

======Mongol Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1162--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jochi]] &lt;!--b. 1182--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ögedei Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1186--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Batu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1205--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kublai Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1215--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hulegu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1217--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokhtamysh]] &lt;!--b. 1342--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anawrahta]] &lt;!--b. 1014--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Suryavarman II]] &lt;!--b. 1094/1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jayavarman VII]] &lt;!--b. 1122/1125--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramkhamhaeng]] &lt;!--b. 1237/1247--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gajah Mada]] &lt;!--b. 1290--&gt;

======Vietnam======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trần Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1240--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Lợi]] &lt;!--b. 1385--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1442--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harsha]] &lt;!--b. 590--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rajaraja I]] &lt;!--b. 947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] &lt;!--b. 1266--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saladin]] &lt;!--b. 1137--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osman I]] &lt;!--b. 1254/1255--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mehmed II]] &lt;!--b. 1432--&gt;

======Caliphates======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abu Bakr]] &lt;!--b. 573--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Uthman]] &lt;!--b. 573/576--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umar]] &lt;!--b. 584--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mu'awiya I]] &lt;!--b. 597/603/605--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] &lt;!--b. 644/647--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harun al-Rashid]] &lt;!--b. 763/766--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|77}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|29}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]] &lt;!--b. 840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Dušan]] &lt;!--b. 1308--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vlad the Impaler]] &lt;!--b. 1428/1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1433-1440--&gt;

======Bulgaria======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Krum]] &lt;!--d. 814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] &lt;!--d. 907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Asen II]] &lt;!--b. 1190s--&gt;

======Byzantine Empire======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Justinian I]] &lt;!--b. 482--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)]] &lt;!--b. 490/500--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heraclius]] &lt;!--b. 575--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leo III the Isaurian]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Basil II]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manuel I Komnenos]] &lt;!--b. 1118--&gt;

======Hungary======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Stephen I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 975--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Béla IV of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1206--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1326--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matthias Corvinus]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mieszko I]] &lt;!--b. 930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bolesław I the Brave]] &lt;!--b. 967--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gediminas]] &lt;!--b. 1275--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Casimir III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1310--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vytautas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1350--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] &lt;!--b. 1352/1362--&gt;

======Russia and Ukraine======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sviatoslav I]] &lt;!--b. 943--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir the Great]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yaroslav the Wise]] &lt;!--b. 978--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel of Galicia]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Nevsky]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan III of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1440--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|48}}
======British Isles======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred the Great]] &lt;!--b. 849--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Æthelstan]] &lt;!--b. 894--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William the Conqueror]] &lt;!--b. 1028--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry II of England]] &lt;!--b. 1133--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1157--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John, King of England]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1239--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert the Bruce]] &lt;!--b. 1274--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1312--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry V of England]] &lt;!--b. 1386--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis I]] &lt;!--b. 466--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Martel]] &lt;!--b. 688--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Charlemagne]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis the Pious]] &lt;!--b. 778--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] &lt;!--b. 1124--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of France]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis IX of France]] &lt;!--b. 1214--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1268--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XI]] &lt;!--b. 1423--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles the Fat]] &lt;!--b. 839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry the Lion]] &lt;!--b. 1129/1131--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 912--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1050--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1122--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1194--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1316--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1368--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1459--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman I]] &lt;!--b. 731--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman III]] &lt;!--b. 890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso I of Portugal]] &lt;!--b. 1106/1109/1111--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Isabella I of Castile]] &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Guiscard]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roger II of Sicily]] &lt;!--b. 1095--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cosimo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1389--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1449--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Girolamo Savonarola]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Borgia]] &lt;!--b. 1475--&gt;

======Papal States======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory VII]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Urban II]] &lt;!--b. 1035--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Innocent III]] &lt;!--b. 1161--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Boniface VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Alexander VI]] &lt;!--b. 1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Julius II]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cnut]] &lt;!--b. 990--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret I of Denmark]] &lt;!--b. 1353--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|104}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]&lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]&lt;!--b. 1549--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba]]&lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Toussaint Louverture]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;

=====Aztec=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma II]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[La Malinche]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;

=====Inca=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atahualpa]] &lt;!--b. 1502--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru II]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1706--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[George Washington]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thomas Jefferson]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Madison]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Alexander Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1755/1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|41}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail I]] &lt;!--b. 1487--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nader Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1688/1698--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] &lt;!--b. 1720-1722--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jiajing Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nurhaci]] &lt;!--b. 1559--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wanli Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1563--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Taiji]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kangxi Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1654--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qianlong Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oda Nobunaga]] &lt;!--b. 1534--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] &lt;!--b. 1537--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] &lt;!--b. 1543--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seonjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jeongjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1752--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naresuan]] &lt;!--b. 1555/1556--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iskandar Muda]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]] &lt;!--b. 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rama I]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Quang Trung]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

======Burma======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bayinnaung]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tabinshwehti]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alaungpaya]] &lt;!--b. 1714--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Krishnadevaraya]] &lt;!--b. 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sher Shah Suri]] &lt;!--b. 1472/1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Babur]] &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Humayun]] &lt;!--b. 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Akbar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shah Jahan]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aurangzeb]] &lt;!--b. 1618--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shivaji]] &lt;!--b. 1630--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hyder Ali]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Clive]] &lt;!--b. 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tipu Sultan]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Selim I]] &lt;!--b. 1470--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roxelana]] &lt;!--b. 1505--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mehmed IV]] &lt;!--b. 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selim III]] &lt;!--b. 1761--&gt;

=====Oceania=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kamehameha I]] &lt;!--b. 1736-1761--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] &lt;!--b. 1595--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Báthory]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sigismund III Vasa]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John III Sobieski]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Augustus II the Strong]] &lt;!--b. 1670--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan the Terrible]] &lt;!--b. 1530--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexis of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1672--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elizabeth of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Catherine the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1729--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|38}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[William the Silent]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis I of France]] &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Catherine de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1519--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1553--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Cardinal Richelieu]] &lt;!--b. 1585--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cardinal Mazarin]] &lt;!--b. 1602--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Louis XIV]] &lt;!--b. 1638--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XV]] &lt;!--b. 1710--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Madame de Pompadour]] &lt;!--b. 1721--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis XVI]] &lt;!--b. 1754--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Antoinette]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;

======Great Britain and United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mary I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1516--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Elizabeth I]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James VI and I]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Oliver Cromwell]] &lt;!--b. 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Charles I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Walpole]] &lt;!--b. 1676--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]] &lt;!--b. 1705--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Blackstone]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George III]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Pitt the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire, Austria======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1640--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maria Theresa]] &lt;!--b. 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1741--&gt;

======Prussia, Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] &lt;!--b. 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frederick the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustavus Adolphus]] &lt;!--b. 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1626--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles XII of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1682--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles XIV John]] &lt;!--b. 1763--&gt;

======Southern Europe======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1527--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip V of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1683--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]] &lt;!--b. 1699--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|188}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|33}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Africa=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patrice Lumumba]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Biya]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Eastern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rainilaiarivony]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jomo Kenyatta]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hastings Banda]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Julius Nyerere]] &lt;!--b. 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kenneth Kaunda]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Idi Amin]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Paul Kagame]] &lt;!--b. 1957--&gt;

======Ethiopia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tewodros II]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yohannes IV]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Menelik II]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Haile Selassie]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;

=====Northern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emir Abdelkader]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad Ahmad]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;

======Egypt======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anwar Sadat]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Dec.--&gt;

=====Southern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shaka]] &lt;!--b. 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cecil Rhodes]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Nelson Mandela]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Mugabe]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[F. W. de Klerk]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;

=====Western Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kwame Nkrumah]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kofi Annan]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Sankara]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|39}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====South America=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[José de San Martín]] &lt;!--b. 1778--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonio José de Sucre]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Perón]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salvador Allende]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfredo Stroessner]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augusto Pinochet]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hugo Chávez]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Brazil======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro I of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro II of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Getúlio Vargas]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;

=====Central America and the Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Morazán]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rafael Trujillo]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Duvalier]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Fidel Castro]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] &lt;!--b. 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benito Juárez]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Porfirio Díaz]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Andrew Jackson]] &lt;!--b. 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Tecumseh]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Clay]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sitting Bull]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Theodore Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harry S. Truman]] &lt;!--b. 1884 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1884 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[J. Edgar Hoover]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ronald Reagan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Nixon]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John F. Kennedy]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Trump]] &lt;!--b. 1946 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[George W. Bush]] &lt;!--b. 1946 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Barack Obama]] &lt;!--b. 1961--&gt;

=====Canada=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John A. Macdonald]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Trudeau]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|54}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] &lt;!--b. 1900/1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mao Zedong]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Soong Mei-ling]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhou Enlai]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deng Xiaoping]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puyi]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jiang Qing]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jiang Zemin]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xi Jinping]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Meiji]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hideki Tojo]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eisaku Satō]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hirohito]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shinzo Abe]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syngman Rhee]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kim Il Sung]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Park Chung Hee]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chulalongkorn]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sukarno]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ne Win]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Suharto]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee Kuan Yew]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pol Pot]] &lt;!--b. 1925 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mahathir Mohamad]] &lt;!--b. 1925 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Corazon Aquino]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. S. Senanayake]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benazir Bhutto]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

======India======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indira Gandhi]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Manmohan Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Narendra Modi]] &lt;!--b. 1950--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Saud]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Ben-Gurion]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Yasser Arafat]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saddam Hussein]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] &lt;!--b. 1947--&gt;

======Ottoman Empire and Turkey======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mahmud II]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abdul Hamid II]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Europe=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Klemens von Metternich]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Joseph I]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Józef Piłsudski]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Dubček]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Václav Havel]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lech Wałęsa]] &lt;!--b. 1943--&gt;

=====Southeastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ion Antonescu]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ante Pavelić]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Josip Broz Tito]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slobodan Milošević]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

=====Russia and USSR=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander II of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas II]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Joseph Stalin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Trotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikita Khrushchev]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leonid Brezhnev]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Yeltsin]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Putin]] &lt;!--b. 1952--&gt;

=====Scandinavia=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leopold II of Belgium]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} '''[[Napoleon]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Philippe I]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Adolphe Thiers]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Napoleon III]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Clemenceau]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles de Gaulle]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Mitterrand]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm I]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto von Bismarck]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm II]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Adenauer]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Goebbels]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erich Honecker]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willy Brandt]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helmut Kohl]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Angela Merkel]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Franco]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Carlos I]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;

======Ireland======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] &lt;!--b. 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Éamon de Valera]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] &lt;!--b. 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benito Mussolini]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;

======United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Peel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Disraeli]] &lt;!--b. 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Ewart Gladstone]] &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Queen Victoria]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lloyd George]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winston Churchill]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clement Attlee]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Margaret Thatcher]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elizabeth II]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Military leaders and theorists==
{{Vital article count|51}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|9}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hannibal]] &lt;!--b. 247 BC--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Sun Tzu]] &lt;!--b. 544 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhuge Liang]] &lt;!--b. 181--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonidas I]] &lt;!--b. 540 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scipio Africanus]] &lt;!--b. 236/235 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sulla]] &lt;!--b. 138 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pompey]] &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mark Antony]] &lt;!--b. 83 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Flavius Aetius]] &lt;!--b. 390--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] &lt;!--d. 642--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Amr ibn al-As]] &lt;!--b. 573, d. 664--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[El Cid]] &lt;!--b. 1043--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] &lt;!--b. 1060--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Subutai]] &lt;!--b. 1175--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần Hưng Đạo]] &lt;!--b. 1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Žižka]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Skanderbeg]] &lt;!--b. 1405--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Hunyadi]] &lt;!--b. 1406--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Joan of Arc]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1412--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] &lt;!--b. 1453--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yi Sun-sin]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Miyamoto Musashi]] &lt;!--b. 1584--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1466/1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Pizarro]] &lt;!--b. 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernán Cortés]] &lt;!--b. 1485--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Drake]] &lt;!--b. 1540--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michiel de Ruyter]] &lt;!--b. 1607--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] &lt;!--b. 1663--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Suvorov]] &lt;!--b. 1729/1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|19}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert E. Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1807 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ulysses S. Grant]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Douglas MacArthur]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George C. Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Dec.--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enver Pasha]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl von Clausewitz]] &lt;!--b. 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] &lt;!--b. 1807 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;!--b. 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erich Ludendorff]] &lt;!--b. 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bernard Montgomery]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[T. E. Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Erwin Rommel]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hermann Göring]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georgy Zhukov]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Rebels, revolutionaries and activists==
{{Vital article count|52}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|1}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spartacus]] &lt;!--b. 103 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Muslim]] &lt;!--b. 718-727--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babak Khorramdin]] &lt;!--b. 795/798--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huang Chao]] &lt;!--b. 835--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern: General====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Müntzer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William Wilberforce]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Aug.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Marat]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilien Robespierre]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Danton]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Oct.--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|40}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Louis Riel]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcus Garvey]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Che Guevara]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pancho Villa]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emiliano Zapata]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sojourner Truth]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Douglass]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Susan B. Anthony]] &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harriet Tubman]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Muir]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Booker T. Washington]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Addams]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Margaret Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helen Keller]] &lt;!--b. 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rosa Parks]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Betty Friedan]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Malcolm X]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harvey Milk]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;

====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sayyid Qutb]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Steve Biko]] &lt;!--b. 1946--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Diponegoro]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Xiuquan]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[José Rizal]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sun Yat-sen]] &lt;!--b. 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aung San]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] &lt;!--b. 1945--&gt;

=====India=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rani of Jhansi]] &lt;!--b. 1828/1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Dunant]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Theodor Herzl]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emma Goldman]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosa Luxemburg]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Scientists, inventors and mathematicians==
{{Vital article count|256}}
===Pre-modern figures===
{{Vital article count|28}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient history====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pythagoras]] &lt;!--b. 570 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Hippocrates]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Euclid]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--fl. 300 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Archimedes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 287 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eratosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 276 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Apollonius of Perga]] &lt;!--b. 240 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hipparchus]] &lt;!--b. 190 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pliny the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 23/24--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Cai Lun]]&lt;!--b. 50-62--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hero of Alexandria]] &lt;!--possibly fl. 62 --&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zhang Heng]] &lt;!--b. 78--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ptolemy]] &lt;!--b. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Galen]] &lt;!--b. 129--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diophantus]] &lt;!--fl. 250--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hypatia]] &lt;!--b. 350-370--&gt;

====Post-classical history====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aryabhata]] &lt;!--b. 476--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Brahmagupta]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] &lt;!--d. 806-816--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 780, d. 850--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]] &lt;!--b. 864/865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Zahrawi]] &lt;!--b. 936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn al-Haytham]] &lt;!--b. 865--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Biruni]] &lt;!--b. 973--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Avicenna]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 980--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Shen Kuo]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1031--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fibonacci]] &lt;!--b. 1170--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Johannes Gutenberg]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born c. 1393-1406--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Physics===
{{Vital article count|56}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Gilbert (physicist)]] &lt;!--b. 1544--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Christiaan Huygens]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Hooke]] &lt;!--b. 1635--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Isaac Newton]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1643--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Cavendish]] &lt;!--b. 1731--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|44}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Young (scientist)]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André-Marie Ampère]] &lt;!--b. 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amedeo Avogadro]] &lt;!--b. 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georg Ohm]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michael Faraday]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Prescott Joule]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léon Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] &lt;!--b. 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] &lt;!--b. 1824 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Kelvin]] &lt;!--b. 1824 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[James Clerk Maxwell]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ernst Mach]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] &lt;!--b. 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Becquerel]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert A. Michelson]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 19--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hendrik Lorentz]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. J. Thomson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Hertz]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Max Planck]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Curie]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Henry Bragg]] &lt;!--b. 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Marie Curie]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Millikan]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernest Rutherford]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Lise Meitner]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Albert Einstein]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Max Born]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Niels Bohr]] &lt;!--b. 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erwin Schrödinger]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[C. V. Raman]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Chadwick]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wolfgang Pauli]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ernest Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enrico Fermi]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Werner Heisenberg]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Dirac]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hans Bethe]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward Teller]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;

====Contemporary====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Feynman]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Sakharov]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Murray Gell-Mann]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles K. Kao]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Stephen Hawking]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Astronomy===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1473--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tycho Brahe]] &lt;!--b. 1546--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Galileo Galilei]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmond Halley]] &lt;!--b. 1656--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caroline Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1750--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edwin Hubble]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Lemaître]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Carl Sagan]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Chemistry===
{{Vital article count|23}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Boyle]] &lt;!--b. 1627--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Joseph Priestley]] &lt;!--b. 1733--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Antoine Lavoisier]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dalton]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Humphry Davy]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 17--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] &lt;!--b. 1779--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Wöhler]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Justus von Liebig]] &lt;!--b. 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Svante Arrhenius]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Haber]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Otto Hahn]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Langmuir]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Debye]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Harold Urey]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Linus Pauling]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns Woodward]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Biology===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Carl Linnaeus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Banks]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] &lt;!--b. 1744--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges Cuvier]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John James Audubon]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Agassiz]] &lt;!--b. 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gregor Mendel]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] &lt;!--b. 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernst Haeckel]] &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Drinker Cope]] &lt;!--b. 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eugenius Warming]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Washington Carver]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred Kinsey]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Krebs (biochemist)]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Barbara McClintock]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Lorenz]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rachel Carson]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Norman Borlaug]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Crick]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosalind Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Goodall]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[W. D. Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Jay Gould]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
{{div col end}}

===Medicine===
{{Vital article count|14}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paracelsus]] &lt;!--b. 1493--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andreas Vesalius]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Shizhen]] &lt;!--b. 1518--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Harvey]] &lt;!--b. 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Luigi Galvani]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edward Jenner]] &lt;!--b. 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Bernard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Florence Nightingale]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Louis Pasteur]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Lister]] &lt;!--b. 1827--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Koch]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Fleming]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonas Salk]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Earth science and physical geography===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Hutton]]&lt;!--born 1726--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander von Humboldt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lyell]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Wegener]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cousteau]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Tharp]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Inventors and engineers===
{{Vital article count|34}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watt]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montgolfier brothers]]&lt;!--born 1740 and 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alessandro Volta]]&lt;!--born 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicéphore Niépce]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Fulton]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eli Whitney]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Stephenson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Daguerre]]&lt;!--born 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samuel Morse]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;!--born 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyrus McCormick]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Nobel]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Benz]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Edison]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emile Berliner]]&lt;!--born 1851--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Algernon Parsons]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Eastman]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Nikola Tesla]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rudolf Diesel]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leo Baekeland]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wright brothers]]&lt;!--born 1871 and 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee de Forest]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guglielmo Marconi]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert H. Goddard]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Logie Baird]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philo Farnsworth]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergei Korolev]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Bardeen]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Shockley]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wernher von Braun]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jack Kilby]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicolaus Otto]] &lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Mathematicians===
{{Vital article count|44}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gerolamo Cardano]]&lt;!--born 1501--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Fermat]]&lt;!--born 1601--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Blaise Pascal]]&lt;!--born 1623--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&lt;!--born 1646--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacob Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1655--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]&lt;!--born 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaspard Monge]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|32}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Fourier]]&lt;!--born 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]]&lt;!--born 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niels Henrik Abel]]&lt;!--born 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]]&lt;!--born 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]&lt;!--born Feb. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Rowan Hamilton]]&lt;!--born Aug. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Évariste Galois]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Karl Weierstrass]]&lt;!--born Oct. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Boole]]&lt;!--born Nov. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Cayley]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Hermite]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Georg Cantor]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottlob Frege]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Poincaré]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Pearson]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hilbert]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Emmy Noether]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Weyl]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronald Fisher]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Banach]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Tarski]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andrey Kolmogorov]]&lt;!--born Apr. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[John von Neumann]]&lt;!--born Dec. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Shannon]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Grothendieck]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Computer scientists===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Babbage]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ada Lovelace]]&lt;!--born 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grace Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konrad Zuse]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alan Turing]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Douglas Engelbart]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Knuth]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dennis Ritchie]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Wozniak]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tim Berners-Lee]]&lt;!--born 1955--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Linus Torvalds]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Sports figures==
{{Vital article count|77}}
===Individual sports===
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Athletics==== 
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Coubertin]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paavo Nurmi]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jesse Owens]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilma Rudolph]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Florence Griffith Joyner]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Carl Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergey Bubka]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hicham El Guerrouj]]&lt;!--born 1974--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Usain Bolt]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;

====Auto racing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enzo Ferrari]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Schumacher]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;

====Boxing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joe Louis]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sugar Ray Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;

====Chess====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bobby Fischer]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Garry Kasparov]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;

====Climbing and mountaineering====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tenzing Norgay]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edmund Hillary]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Cycling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Eddy Merckx]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;

====Figure skating====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sonja Henie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]&lt;!--born 1994--&gt;

====Golf====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jack Nicklaus]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;

====Gymnastics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Larisa Latynina]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Comăneci]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone Biles]]&lt;!--born 1997--&gt;

====Martial arts====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Kanō Jigorō]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bruce Lee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

====Skiing====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ingemar Stenmark]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marit Bjørgen]]&lt;!--born 1980--&gt;

====Speed skating====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Heiden]]&lt;!--born 1958--&gt;

====Swimming====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johnny Weissmuller]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Spitz]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Phelps]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;

====Tennis====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rod Laver]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Court]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martina Navratilova]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steffi Graf]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Roger Federer]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Serena Williams]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Novak Djokovic]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Wrestling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aleksandr Karelin]]&lt;!--born 1967--&gt;

====Multiple sports====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jim Thorpe]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Team sports===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====American football====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jim Brown]] &lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tom Brady]] &lt;!--born 1977--&gt;

====Association football====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lev Yashin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pelé]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johan Cruyff]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diego Maradona]]&lt;!--born 1960--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mia Hamm]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zinedine Zidane]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1976--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marta (footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lionel Messi]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Baseball====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Babe Ruth]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jackie Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Basketball====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wilt Chamberlain]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Michael Jordan]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[LeBron James]]&lt;!--born 1984--&gt;

====Cricket====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[W. G. Grace]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Don Bradman]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Garfield Sobers]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;

====Field hockey====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dhyan Chand]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;

====Ice hockey====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gordie Howe]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Wayne Gretzky]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;

====Rowing====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Steve Redgrave]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;

====Rugby union====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jonah Lomu]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Criminals==
{{vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Blackbeard]] &lt;!--born 1680--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack the Ripper]] &lt;!--fl. 19th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Talaat Pasha]] &lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Al Capone]] &lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heinrich Himmler]] &lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Escobar]] &lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osama bin Laden]] &lt;!--born 1957--&gt;
{{div col end}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>qko12tb1wptwkzavdnh3j9iz95nlvn1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610968</id>
      <parentid>610930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:38:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Translation</comment>
      <origin>610968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="149539" sha1="sqr59pzs4rrd1wj7p0mk6qy5ua3iy3k" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Short description|Larger list of vital articles to be included on Wikipedias}}
{{shortcut|WP:VAP|WP:VA/P|WP:VAPEOPLE}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক যিকোনো এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে ইয়াত টিপক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20People&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰবন্ধ''' হৈছে এনে বিষয়ৰ তালিকা যাৰ বাবে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চমানৰ প্ৰবন্ধ থাকিব লাগে। ই ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ অৱস্থা অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|কেন্দ্ৰীভূত চোৱাচিতা তালিকা]] হিচাপে কাম কৰে। দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ এঘাৰটা স্তৰ ৪ উপ-তালিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইটো অন্যতম আৰু বৰ্তমান নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে।


এই তালিকাখন ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অনুকূল। সকলো ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]]ও আছে।

এই তালিকা আৰু প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি সঘনাই সোধা প্ৰশ্ন (FAQ) পৃষ্ঠা চাওক।

{{TOC limit|4}}

&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
সৰ্বমুঠ ১,৯৬৭ টা প্ৰবন্ধ আছে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || ১৭৩
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || ২২২
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || ২
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || ৯০৯
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || ৬৫৭
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || ৮
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=ব্যক্তি=
==মনোৰঞ্জকসকল==
===অভিনেতা===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====এছিয়া====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[তশ্বিৰো মিফিউন]] ([[:en:Toshiro Mifune]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[চেটচুকু হাৰা]] ([[:en:Setsuko Hara]])&lt;!--born June, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মধুবালা]] ([[:en:Madhubala]])&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অমিতাভ বচ্চন]] ([[:en:Amitabh Bachchan]])&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰজনীকান্ত]] ([[:en:Rajinikanth]])&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জেকী চান]] ([[:en:Jackie Chan]])&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====ইউৰোপ====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ ভেলেণ্টিন']] ([[:en:Rudolph Valentino]])&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]))&lt;!--born December, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেটা গাৰ্বো]] ([[:en:Greta Garbo]]&lt;!--born September, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইংগ্ৰিড বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingrid Bergman]])&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্চেলো মাষ্ট্ৰ'য়ানি]] ([[:en:Marcello Mastroianni]])&lt;!--born September 26, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ক্লাউছ কিনস্কি]] ([[:en:Klaus Kinski]])&lt;!--born October, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ছফিয়া লৰেন]] ([[:en:Sophia Loren]])&lt;!--born September 20, 1934--&gt;

=====ফ্ৰান্স=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[চাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ড]] [[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন গেবিন]] [[:en:Jean Gabin]]&lt;!--born May, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন ম'ৰ']] [[:en:Jeanne Moreau]]&lt;!--born January, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ব্ৰিজিট বাৰ্ডট]] [[:en:Brigitte Bardot]]&lt;!--born September 28, 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেন ডেলন]] [[:en:Alain Delon]]&lt;!--born November, 1935--&gt;

=====ইউনাইটেড কিংডম=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[জন গিলগুড]] [[:en:John Gielgud]]&lt;!--born April, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[লৰেন্স অলিভিয়াৰ]] [[:en:Laurence Olivier]]&lt;!--born May 22, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিভিয়ান লি]] [[:en:Vivien Leigh]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেক গিনিজ]] [[:en:Alec Guinness]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[অড্ৰী হেপ্‌বাৰ্ন]] [[:en:Audrey Hepburn]]&lt;!--born May, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বেন কনেৰী]] [[:en:Sean Connery]]&lt;!--born August, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ অ'টুল]] [[:en:Peter O'Toole]]&lt;!--born August, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জুলি এণ্ড্ৰুজ]] [[:en:Julie Andrews]]&lt;!--born October, 1935--&gt;

====United States====
{{Vital article count|30}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মেৰী পিকফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Mary Pickford]])&lt;!--born 1892 (Canadian by birth but almost entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লিলিয়ান গিছ]] ([[:en:Lillian Gish]])&lt;!--born October, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হামফ্ৰে বগাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Humphrey Bogart]])&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[স্পেন্সৰ ট্ৰেচি]] ([[:en:Spencer Tracy]])&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লাৰ্ক গেবল]] ([[:en:Clark Gable]])&lt;!--born February, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[গেৰী কুপাৰ]] ([[:en:Gary Cooper]])&lt;!--born May, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[কেৰী গ্ৰাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Cary Grant]])&lt;!--born January, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জোয়ান ক্ৰফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Joan Crawford]])&lt;!--born March, 1904 or 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হেনৰী ফণ্ডা]] ([[:en:Henry Fonda]])&lt;!--born May, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেথাৰিন হেপবাৰ্ন]] ([[:en:Katharine Hepburn]])&lt;!--born May 12, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন ৱেইন]] ([[:en:John Wayne]])&lt;!--born May 26, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বাৰ্বাৰা ষ্টেনউইক]] ([[:en:Barbara Stanwyck]])&lt;!--born July, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[বেট ডেভিছ]] ([[:en:Bette Davis]])&lt;!--born April, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[জেমছ ষ্টুৱেৰ্ট]] [[:en:James Stewart]]&lt;!--born May, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেগৰী পেক]] [[:en:Gregory Peck]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰীতা হেৱৰ্থ]] [[:en:Rita Hayworth]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডৰিছ ডে]] [[:en:Doris Day]]&lt;!--born April, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জুডি গাৰ্লেণ্ড]] [[:en:Judy Garland]]&lt;!--born June, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লন ব্ৰেণ্ডো]] [[:en:Marlon Brando]]&lt;!--born April, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[লৰেন বেকল]] [[:en:Lauren Bacall]]&lt;!--born September 16, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[মেৰীলিন মনৰো]] [[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]&lt;!--born June, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চিডনী পইটিয়েৰ]] [[:en:Sidney Poitier]]&lt;!--born 1927 (also Bahamian but born in US soil and entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বাৰলী টেম্পল]] [[:en:Shirley Temple]]&lt;!--born April, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেচ কেলি]] [[:en:Grace Kelly]]&lt;!--born November, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ক্লিণ্ট ইষ্টউড]] [[:en:Clint Eastwood]]&lt;!--born May, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলিজাবেথ টেইলৰ]] [[:en:Elizabeth Taylor]]&lt;!--born February, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেক নিকোলছন]] [[:en:Jack Nicholson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰবাৰ্ট ডি নিৰো]] [[:en:Robert De Niro]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মেৰিল ষ্ট্ৰিপ]] [[:en:Meryl Streep]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টম হেংকছ]] [[:en:Tom Hanks]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু নৃত্য পৰিচালক===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====বেলেট====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰিউছ পেটিপা]] [[:en:Marius Petipa]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আন্না পাভলোভা]] [[:en:Anna Pavlova]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ভাছলাভ নিজিনস্কি]] [[:en:Vaslav Nijinsky]]&lt;!--born 1889 or 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জ বালানচিন]] [[:en:George Balanchine]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মাৰ্গট ফণ্টেইন]] [[:en:Margot Fonteyn]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ নুৰেয়েভ]] [[:en:Rudolf Nureyev]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মিখাইল বাৰিছনিকোভ]] [[:en:Mikhail Baryshnikov]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====অন্য নৃত্য====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইজুমো ন' ওকুণি]] [[:en:Izumo no Okuni]]&lt;!--born c 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইছাডোৰা ডানকান]] [[:en:Isadora Duncan]]&lt;!--born 1877 or 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্থা গ্ৰেহাম]] [[:en:Martha Graham]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰেড এষ্টেয়াৰ]] [[:en:Fred Astaire]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোচেফিন বেকাৰ]] [[:en:Josephine Baker]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিঞ্জাৰ ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Ginger Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন কেলি]] [[:en:Gene Kelly]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[বব ফছে]] [[:en:Bob Fosse]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===কমেডিয়ান===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক্স ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Marx Brothers]]&lt;!--main members born 1887-1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লৰেল আৰু হাৰ্ডি]] [[:en:Laurel and Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1890 and 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ম্যে ৱেষ্ট]] [[:en:Mae West]]&lt;!--born August, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লুচিল বল]] [[:en:Lucille Ball]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লুইচ ডি ফুনেছ]] [[:en:Louis de Funès]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেৰল বাৰ্নেট]] [[:en:Carol Burnett]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ কাৰ্লিন]] [[:en:George Carlin]]&lt;!--born May, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বিল কচবি]] [[:en:Bill Cosby]]&lt;!--born July, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰিচাৰ্ড প্ৰায়ৰ]] [[:en:Richard Pryor]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[মণ্টি পাইথন]] [[:en:Monty Python]]&lt;!--born 1939-1943--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===আয়োজক আৰু পৰিৱেশক===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[পি টি বাৰ্নাম]] [[:en:P. T. Barnum]]&lt;!--born 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেৰী হাউডিনি]] [[:en:Harry Houdini]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্চেল মাৰ্চেউ]] [[:en:Marcel Marceau]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জনী কাৰ্ছন]] [[:en:Johnny Carson]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ফ্ৰেড ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Fred Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অপ্ৰা উইনফ্ৰে]] [[:en:Oprah Winfrey]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==দৃশ্য শিল্পী==

===পশ্চিমীয়া চিত্ৰশিল্পী আৰু চিত্ৰকৰ===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====প্ৰাক-ৰেনেছাঁ====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিঅ’ট্টো]] [[:en:Giotto]]

====ৰেনেছাঁৰপৰা আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে====
{{Vital article count|22}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জান ভান আইক]] [[:en:Jan van Eyck]]&lt;!--born in 1380s or early 1390s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাছাচিও]] [[:en:Masaccio]]&lt;!--born 1401--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চেণ্ড্ৰ' বটিচেলি]] [[:en:Sandro Botticelli]]&lt;!--born c 1445--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হাইৰ'নিমাছ বছ]] [[:en:Hieronymus Bosch]]&lt;!--born c 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] '''[[:en:Leonardo da Vinci]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আলব্ৰেক্ট ডুৰেৰ]] [[:en:Albrecht Dürer]]&lt;!--born 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টাইটিয়ান]] [[:en:Titian]]&lt;!--born in 1470s or 1480s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰাফেল]] [[:en:Raphael]] &lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হান্স হোলবেইন দ্য ইয়াংগাৰ]] [[:en:Hans Holbein the Younger]]&lt;!--born c 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ ব্ৰুগেল দ্য এলডাৰ]] [[:en:Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]&lt;!--born in late 1520--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[এল গ্ৰেকো]] [[:en:El Greco]]&lt;!--born 1541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[কাৰাভাজিঅ']] [[:en:Caravaggio]]&lt;!--born 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স]] [[:en:Peter Paul Rubens]]&lt;!--born 1577--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[আৰ্টেমিচিয়া জেণ্টিলেস্কি]] [[:en:Artemisia Gentileschi]]&lt;!--born 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[নিকোলাছ পৌচিন]] [[:en:Nicolas Poussin]]&lt;!--born 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ডিয়েগো ভেলাস্কেজ]] [[:en:Diego Velázquez]]&lt;!--born 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ৰেমব্ৰাণ্ড]] '''[[:en:Rembrandt]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোহানেছ ভাৰ্মিৰ]] [[:en:Johannes Vermeer]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[এণ্টোৱান ৱাট']] [[:en:Antoine Watteau]]&lt;!--born 1684--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[উইলিয়াম হোগাৰ্থ]] [[:en:William Hogarth]]&lt;!--born 1697--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্সিস্কো গয়া]] [[:en:Francisco Goya]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জেক-লুইচ ডেভিদ]] [[:en:Jacques-Louis David]]&lt;!--born 1748--&gt;

====আধুনিক যুগ====
{{Vital article count|40}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেছপাৰ ডেভিদ ফ্ৰেড্ৰিচ]] [[:en:Caspar David Friedrich]]&lt;!--born 1774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জে এম ডব্লিউ টাৰ্নাৰ]] [[:en:J. M. W. Turner]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন কনিষ্টবল]] [[:en:John Constable]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন-অগাষ্ট-ডমিনিক ইংগ্ৰেছ]] [[:en:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]&lt;!--born 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইউজেন ডেলাক্ৰ'ইছ]] [[:en:Eugène Delacroix]]&lt;!--born 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গুস্তাভ ক'ৰবেট]] [[:en:Gustave Courbet]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেমিল পিছাৰো]] [[:en:Camille Pissarro]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড মেনেট]] [[:en:Édouard Manet]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেমছ মেকনিল হুইছলাৰ]] [[:en:James McNeill Whistler]]&lt;!--born July 10, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডগাৰ ডেগাছ]] [[:en:Edgar Degas]]&lt;!--born July 19, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল চেজান]] [[:en:Paul Cézanne]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লড মনেট]] [[:en:Claude Monet]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিয়েৰ-অগষ্ট ৰেন'য়াৰ]] [[:en:Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[হেনৰী ৰুছ’]] [[:en:Henri Rousseau]]&lt;!--born May, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইলিয়া ৰেপিন]] [[:en:Ilya Repin]]&lt;!--born August, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল গগুইন]] [[:en:Paul Gauguin]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] '''[[:en:Vincent van Gogh]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন চিংগাৰ চাৰ্জেণ্ট]] [[:en:John Singer Sargent]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ চেউৰাট]] [[:en:Georges Seurat]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডভাৰ্ড মাঞ্চ]] [[:en:Edvard Munch]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী ডি টুলুজ-লট্ৰেক]] [[:en:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[ৱাচিলি কেণ্ডিনস্কি]] [[:en:Wassily Kandinsky]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী মেটিছে]] [[:en:Henri Matisse]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[পিট মণ্ড্ৰিয়ান]] [[:en:Piet Mondrian]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কাজিমিৰ মালেভিচ]] [[:en:Kazimir Malevich]]&lt;!--born February 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল ক্লী]] [[:en:Paul Klee]]&lt;!--born December 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্স মাৰ্ক]] [[:en:Franz Marc]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পাব্‌ল' পিকাছ'|পাবলো পিকাচো]] '''[[:en:Pablo Picasso]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড হপাৰ]] [[:en:Edward Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডিয়েগো ৰিভেৰা]] [[:en:Diego Rivera]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক চাগাল]] [[:en:Marc Chagall]]&lt;!--born July, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জিয়া অ'কিফ]] [[:en:Georgia O'Keeffe]]&lt;!--born November, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মেক্স আৰ্নষ্ট]] [[:en:Max Ernst]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোয়ান মিৰো]] [[:en:Joan Miró]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ৰেনে মেগ্ৰিট]] [[:en:René Magritte]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[চালভাড' ডালি]] [[:en:Salvador Dalí]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰিদা কাল']] [[:en:Frida Kahlo]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেকচন পলক]] [[:en:Jackson Pollock]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহল]] [[:en:Andy Warhol]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গেৰহাৰ্ড ৰিখটাৰ]] [[:en:Gerhard Richter]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

====Comics and manga artists, print cartoonists and illustrators====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winsor McCay]]&lt;!--born in late 1860s or early 1870s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aubrey Beardsley]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Norman Rockwell]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[M. C. Escher]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hergé]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Will Eisner]]&lt;!--born March, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jack Kirby]]&lt;!--born August, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osamu Tezuka]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Other visual arts===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Sculptors====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phidias]]&lt;!--fifth century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donatello]]&lt;!--born c 1386--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michelangelo]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1475--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]&lt;!--born 1598--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Constantin Brâncuși]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcel Duchamp]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry Moore]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alberto Giacometti]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Beuys]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;

====Architects====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imhotep]]&lt;!--27th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitruvius]]&lt;!--first century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]&lt;!--born 1377--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Battista Alberti]]&lt;!--born 1404--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mimar Sinan]]&lt;!--born in late 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrea Palladio]]&lt;!--born 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Wren]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Antoni Gaudí]]&lt;!--born 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Sullivan]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Gropius]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Le Corbusier]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Buckminster Fuller]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alvar Aalto]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Kahn]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oscar Niemeyer]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[I. M. Pei]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Gehry]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zaha Hadid]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;

====Designers====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Coco Chanel]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Raymond Loewy]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Shigeru Miyamoto]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Photographers====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eadweard Muybridge]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Weston]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Man Ray]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ansel Adams]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;

====Instrument makers====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Stradivari]]&lt;!--born in 1640s--&gt;

====Urban planners and landscape architects====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Moses]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Jacobs]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art===
{{Vital article count|5}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Xizhi]]&lt;!--fourth century--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sesshū Tōyō]]&lt;!--born c. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shitao]]&lt;!--born 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Hokusai]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1760--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hiroshige]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Writers==
===Ancient===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qu Yuan]]&lt;!--4th and 3rd centuries BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kalidasa]]&lt;!--4th and 5th centuries CE--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tao Yuanming]]&lt;!--born 365--&gt;

====Europe====
=====Greece=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Homer]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--possibly 8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hesiod]]&lt;!--8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sappho]]&lt;!--born late 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Aeschylus]]&lt;!--born c. 525 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sophocles]]&lt;!--born c. 497 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Euripides]]&lt;!--born c. 480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aristophanes]]&lt;!--possibly born 446 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander]]&lt;!--born c. 342 BC--&gt;

=====Ancient Rome=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plautus]]&lt;!--born c. 254 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Terence]]&lt;!--born in 190s or 180s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Catullus]]&lt;!--born 80s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Virgil]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 70 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Horace]]&lt;!--born 65 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ovid]]&lt;!--born 43 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lucian]]&lt;!--possibly born c. 125 CE--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Wei]]&lt;!--born 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Li Bai]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 701--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Du Fu]]&lt;!--born 712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Yu]]&lt;!--born 768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bai Juyi]]&lt;!--born 772--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Murasaki Shikibu]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ouyang Xiu]]&lt;!--born 1007--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Su Shi]]&lt;!--born 1037--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amir Khusrau]]&lt;!--born 1253--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kabir]]&lt;!--15th century--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Nuwas]]&lt;!--born 766-68--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Rudaki]]&lt;!--born c. 858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdowsi]]&lt;!--born 940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Omar Khayyam]]&lt;!--born 1048--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nizami Ganjavi]]&lt;!--born c. 1141--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Rumi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1207--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saadi Shirazi]]&lt;!--born 1210--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hafez]]&lt;!--born 1310s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jami]]&lt;!--born 1414--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chrétien de Troyes]]&lt;!--late 12th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dante Alighieri]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1265--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petrarch]]&lt;!--born 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]&lt;!--born 1313--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]&lt;!--possibly born 1343--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christine de Pizan]]&lt;!--born 1364--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Villon]]&lt;!--born c. 1431--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|37}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fuzuli (poet)]]&lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mirabai]]&lt;!--born c. 1498--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tulsidas]]&lt;!--born 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tukaram]]&lt;!--born 1598 or 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matsuo Bashō]]&lt;!--born 1644--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mir Taqi Mir]]&lt;!--born 1723--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|31}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luís de Camões]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Miguel de Cervantes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born c. 1547--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lope de Vega]]&lt;!--born 1562--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]&lt;!--born 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Casanova]]&lt;!--born 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Schiller]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
=====France=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Rabelais]]&lt;!--born 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Nostradamus]]&lt;!--born 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michel de Montaigne]]&lt;!--born 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Corneille]]&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Molière]]&lt;!--born 1622--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Perrault]]&lt;!--born 1628--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean Racine]]&lt;!--born 1639--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Voltaire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1694--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marquis de Sade]]&lt;!--born 1740--&gt;
=====Great Britain and Ireland=====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas More]]&lt;!--born 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmund Spenser]]&lt;!--born c. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Marlowe]]&lt;!--born February, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[William Shakespeare]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born April, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Donne]]&lt;!--born c. 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Jonson]]&lt;!--born June 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Milton]]&lt;!--born 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dryden]]&lt;!--born 1631--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Daniel Defoe]]&lt;!--born c. 1660--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jonathan Swift]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Pope]]&lt;!--born 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Fielding]]&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Samuel Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Blake]]&lt;!--born 1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|169}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naguib Mahfouz]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadine Gordimer]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Chinua Achebe]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wole Soyinka]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. M. Coetzee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Okri]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|47}}

=====Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[V. S. Naipaul]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====US and Canada=====
{{Vital article count|37}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]&lt;!--born 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edgar Allan Poe]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Walt Whitman]]&lt;!--born May, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Herman Melville]]&lt;!--born August, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emily Dickinson]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Twain]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry James]]&lt;!--born 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edith Wharton]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Frost]]&lt;!--born January, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Upton Sinclair]]&lt;!--born September, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack London]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ezra Pound]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Chandler]]&lt;!--born July, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[T. S. Eliot]]&lt;!--born September, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Faulkner]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Hemingway]]&lt;!--born July, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Langston Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Steinbeck]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dr. Seuss]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert A. Heinlein]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tennessee Williams]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saul Bellow]]&lt;!--born June, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Miller]]&lt;!--born October, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isaac Asimov]]&lt;!--born January, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Bradbury]]&lt;!--born August, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack Kerouac]]&lt;!--born March, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Kurt Vonnegut]]&lt;!--born November, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stan Lee]]&lt;!--born December, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Allen Ginsberg]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maya Angelou]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toni Morrison]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sylvia Plath]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Margaret Atwood]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stephen King]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;

=====Latin America=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Machado de Assis]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[José Martí]]&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Neruda]]&lt;!--born July, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alejo Carpentier]]&lt;!--born December, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jorge Amado]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carlos Fuentes]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}

=====Central Asia=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Natsume Sōseki]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lu Xun]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lao She]]&lt;!--born February, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yasunari Kawabata]]&lt;!--born June, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin Yong]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yukio Mishima]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kenzaburō Ōe]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haruki Murakami]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghalib]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Muhammad Iqbal]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Premchand]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kahlil Gibran]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orhan Pamuk]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|97}}

=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|26}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taras Shevchenko]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sándor Petőfi]]&lt;!--born 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Conrad]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Constantine P. Cavafy]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tristan Tzara]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elie Wiesel]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail Kadare]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alexander Pushkin]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nikolai Gogol]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mikhail Lermontov]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Turgenev]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Leo Tolstoy]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Anton Chekhov]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maxim Gorky]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Bunin]]&lt;!--born 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Akhmatova]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Pasternak]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Nabokov]]&lt;!--born April, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Brodsky]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|71}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Luigi Pirandello]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Pessoa]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico García Lorca]]&lt;!--born June, 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[José Saramago]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Anne Frank]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umberto Eco]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stendhal]]&lt;!--born 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Honoré de Balzac]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Victor Hugo]]&lt;!--born February, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexandre Dumas]]&lt;!--born July, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Baudelaire]]&lt;!--born April, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Flaubert]]&lt;!--born December, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jules Verne]]&lt;!--born February, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Émile Zola]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]&lt;!--born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guy de Maupassant]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rimbaud]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André Gide]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Proust]]&lt;!--born 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonin Artaud]]&lt;!--born September, 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eugène Ionesco]]&lt;!--born 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Albert Camus]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;

======Germany and Austria======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brothers Grimm]]&lt;!--born 1785-6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heinrich Heine]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Mann]]&lt;!--born June, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]&lt;!--born December, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Hesse]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Franz Kafka]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bertolt Brecht]]&lt;!--born February, 1898--&gt;

======Nordic countries======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hans Christian Andersen]]&lt;!--born 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henrik Ibsen]]&lt;!--born March, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[August Strindberg]]&lt;!--born 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selma Lagerlöf]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knut Hamsun]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karen Blixen]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Astrid Lindgren]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;

======UK and Ireland======
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wordsworth]]&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Scott]]&lt;!--born 1771--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]&lt;!--born 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jane Austen]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Byron]]&lt;!--born 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Keats]]&lt;!--born 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Dickens]]&lt;!--born 1812--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brontë family]]&lt;!--born 1816-20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Eliot]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis Carroll]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Oscar Wilde]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George Bernard Shaw]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. B. Yeats]]&lt;!--born June, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Rudyard Kipling]]&lt;!--born December, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[H. G. Wells]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Virginia Woolf]]&lt;!--born January, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Joyce]]&lt;!--born February, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[D. H. Lawrence]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Agatha Christie]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enid Blyton]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[C. S. Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Orwell]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Samuel Beckett]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Golding]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Dylan Thomas]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roald Dahl]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur C. Clarke]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salman Rushdie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====Oceania====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Banjo Paterson]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Patrick White]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Journalists==
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Horace Greeley]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Pulitzer]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ida Tarbell]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Randolph Hearst]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nellie Bly]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Walter Lippmann]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward R. Murrow]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Cronkite]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[David Attenborough]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hunter S. Thompson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bob Woodward]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svetlana Alexievich]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Wintour]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Musicians and composers==
{{Vital article count|152}}
===Western art music===
{{Vital article count|72}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Composers====
{{Vital article count|54}}
=====Medieval and Renaissance=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hildegard of Bingen]]&lt;!--born c. 1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume de Machaut]]&lt;!--born c. 1300--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume Du Fay]]&lt;!--born c. 1397--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josquin des Prez]]&lt;!--born c. 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;

=====Baroque=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claudio Monteverdi]]&lt;!--born 1567--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Purcell]]&lt;!--born c. 1659--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Vivaldi]]&lt;!--born 1678--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Frideric Handel]]&lt;!--born February 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born March 1685--&gt;

=====Classical=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Haydn]]&lt;!--born 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1756--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;

=====Romantic=====
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gioachino Rossini]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Schubert]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Hector Berlioz]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Felix Mendelssohn]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frédéric Chopin]]&lt;!--born March, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Schumann]]&lt;!--born June, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Liszt]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Wagner]]&lt;!--born May, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Giuseppe Verdi]]&lt;!--born October, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anton Bruckner]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Johann Strauss II]]&lt;!--born 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Brahms]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Modest Mussorgsky]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonín Dvořák]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]&lt;!--Sullivan born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Elgar]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;

=====Post-romantic/early modern=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gabriel Fauré]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Puccini]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gustav Mahler]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claude Debussy]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard Strauss]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jean Sibelius]]&lt;!--born 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;!--born 1875--&gt;

=====20th century modern=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arnold Schoenberg]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Béla Bartók]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Igor Stravinsky]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sergei Prokofiev]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Gershwin]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aaron Copland]]&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Britten]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Williams]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Avant-garde/postmodern=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Cage]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[György Ligeti]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pierre Boulez]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip Glass]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;

====Pedagogues====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Boulanger]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;

====Performers====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Cellists=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pablo Casals]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mstislav Rostropovich]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;

=====Conductors=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arturo Toscanini]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert von Karajan]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonard Bernstein]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;

=====Pianists=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clara Schumann]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rubinstein]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Horowitz]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sviatoslav Richter]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Glenn Gould]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Singers=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enrico Caruso]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Callas]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joan Sutherland]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luciano Pavarotti]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plácido Domingo]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;

=====Violinists=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niccolò Paganini]]&lt;!--born 1782--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art music===
{{Vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Carnatic classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syama Sastri]]&lt;!--born 1762--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tyagaraja]]&lt;!--born 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;

====Hindustani classical====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ravi Shankar]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ali Akbar Khan]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;

====Qawwali====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Persian traditional====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Jazz===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scott Joplin]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duke Ellington]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Louis Armstrong]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Django Reinhardt]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Billie Holiday]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ella Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charlie Parker]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Celia Cruz]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Miles Davis]]&lt;!--born May 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Coltrane]]&lt;!--born Sept 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Popular music===
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Popular music: general====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stephen Foster]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bing Crosby]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Frank Sinatra]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Miriam Makeba]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bob Marley]]&lt;!--born Feb 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ABBA]]&lt;!--members born Apr 1945, Nov 1945, 1946, 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Madonna]]&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 16)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 29)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Taylor Swift]]&lt;!--born 1989--&gt;

====Non-English language popular music====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umm Kulthum]]&lt;!--born c. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Édith Piaf]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Astor Piazzolla]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Aznavour]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Serge Gainsbourg]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lata Mangeshkar]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Vysotsky]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Julio Iglesias]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paco de Lucía]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa Teng]]&lt;!--born 1953--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Selena]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;

====Blues, R&amp;B, soul and funk====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. B. King]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Charles]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Brown]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fela Kuti]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Marvin Gaye]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aretha Franklin]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[The Supremes]]&lt;!--core members (Ballard, Wilson, Ross) born 1943, Mar 6 1944, Mar 26 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stevie Wonder]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince (musician)]]&lt;!--born 1957--&gt;

====Electronic music====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kraftwerk]]&lt;!--core members (Hütter, Schneider, Flür, Bartos) born 1946, Apr 1947, Jul 1947, 1952--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brian Eno]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Folk and country====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Woody Guthrie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hank Williams]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Johnny Cash]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Joni Mitchell]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dolly Parton]]&lt;!--born 1946--&gt;

====Hip-hop and rap====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Run-DMC]]&lt;!--members born May 1964, Nov 1964, 1965--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tupac Shakur]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eminem]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;

====Musical theatre and film====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Berlin]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]&lt;!--Rodgers born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Rock====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Chuck Berry]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Richard]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elvis Presley]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buddy Holly]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[The Beatles]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--core members (Starr, Lennon, McCartney, Harrison) born Jul 1940, Oct 1940, 1942, 1943 (formed 1960)--&gt;
## {{Icon|FA}} [[John Lennon]]&lt;!--born Oct 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Beach Boys]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member (Love, B. Wilson, Johnston, Jardine, D. Wilson, C. Wilson) born Mar 1941, Jun 20 1942, Jun 27 1942, Sep 1942, 1944, 1946 (formed 1961)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Bob Dylan]]&lt;!--born May 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[The Rolling Stones]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member + well-known replacement (Wyman, Watts, Jones, Jagger, Richards, Wood, Taylor) born 1936, Jun 1941, 1942, Jul 1943, Dec 1943, 1947, 1949 (formed 1962)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jimi Hendrix]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Janis Joplin]]&lt;!--born Jan 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pink Floyd]]&lt;!--core members + well-known member (Wright, Waters, Mason, Barrett, Gilmour) born Jul 1943, Sep 1943, 1944, Jan 1946, Mar 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[The Doors]]&lt;!--members born 1939, Dec 1943, 1944, 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Led Zeppelin]]&lt;!--members born 1944, 1946, 1948, 1948 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[David Bowie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Black Sabbath]]&lt;!--original members (Iommi, Ward, Osbourne, Butler) born Feb 1948, May 1948, Dec 1948, 17 Jul 1949 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Queen (band)]]&lt;!--core members (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon) born 1946, 1947, 26 Jul 1949, 1951 (formed in 1970)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Metallica]]&lt;!--core members + long-term replacements (Burton, Hammett, Newsted, Hetfield, Ulrich, Trujillo) born Feb 1962, Nov 1962, Mar 1963, Aug 1963, Dec 1963, 1964 (formed in 1981)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nirvana (band)]]&lt;!--final lineup (Novoselic, Cobain, Grohl born 1965, 1967, 1969 (formed in 1987)--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Directors, producers and screenwriters==
{{Vital article count|60}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Animators and puppeteers===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Walt Disney]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Jim Henson]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hayao Miyazaki]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

===Directors===
{{Vital article count|53}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ousmane Sembène]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yasujirō Ozu]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Akira Kurosawa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Satyajit Ray]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raj Kapoor]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Dutt]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abbas Kiarostami]] &lt;!--b. 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ang Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wong Kar-wai]] &lt;!--b. 1958--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|24}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Lang]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Eisenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charlie Chaplin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] &lt;!--b. Aug 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Luis Buñuel]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vittorio De Sica]] &lt;!--b. 1901 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leni Riefenstahl]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lean]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ingmar Bergman]] &lt;!--b. 1918 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico Fellini]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Miloš Forman]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Tarkovsky]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roman Polanski]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Werner Herzog]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Sep.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Méliès]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] &lt;!--b. 1862, b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Cocteau]] &lt;!--b. 1889 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Renoir]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Bresson]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Agnès Varda]] &lt;!--b. 1928 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Luc Godard]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Truffaut]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 6--&gt;

====US and Canada====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. W. Griffith]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Cecil B. DeMille]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Ford]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buster Keaton]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Howard Hawks]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frank Capra]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wyler]] &lt;!--b. 1902 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Billy Wilder]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elia Kazan]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orson Welles]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ida Lupino]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stanley Kubrick]] &lt;!--b. 1928 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Woody Allen]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Ford Coppola]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martin Scorsese]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Lucas]] &lt;!--b. 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[David Lynch]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steven Spielberg]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[James Cameron]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Quentin Tarantino]] &lt;!--b. 1963--&gt;

===Producers and executives===
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Goldwyn]] &lt;!--b. 1879/1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis B. Mayer]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack L. Warner]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Irving Thalberg]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Businesspeople==
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]&lt;!--born 115 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jakob Fugger]]&lt;!--born 1459--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Josiah Wedgwood]]&lt;!--born 1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rothschild family]]&lt;!--prominence began with [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]] (born 1744)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Jacob Astor]]&lt;!--born 1763--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]&lt;!--born 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leland Stanford]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Andrew Carnegie]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[J. P. Morgan]]&lt;!--born 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jamsetji Tata]]&lt;!--born 1839 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John D. Rockefeller]]&lt;!--born 1839 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Westinghouse]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Mellon]]&lt;!--born 1855--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Henry Ford]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Howard Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Estée Lauder (businesswoman)]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sam Walton]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Ka-shing]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Soros]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Warren Buffett]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 30--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rupert Murdoch]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ted Turner]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carlos Slim]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Jobs]]&lt;!--born 1955 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bill Gates]]&lt;!--born 1955 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Elon Musk]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Explorers==
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanno the Navigator]] &lt;!--fl. 500 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhang Qian]] &lt;!--b. 195 BC--&gt;

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xuanzang]] &lt;!--b. 602--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leif Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marco Polo]] &lt;!--b. 1254--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn Battuta]] &lt;!--b. 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Zheng He]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1371--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Christopher Columbus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amerigo Vespucci]] &lt;!--b. 1454--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Vasco da Gama]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1460/1469--&gt;

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] &lt;!--b. 1467/1468--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Ponce de León]] &lt;!--b. 1474--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ferdinand Magellan]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1480--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cartier]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernando de Soto]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willem Barentsz]] &lt;!--b. 1550--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abel Tasman]] &lt;!--b. 1603--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitus Bering]] &lt;!--b. 1681--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[James Cook]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1728--&gt;

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Livingstone]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fridtjof Nansen]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Falcon Scott]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Shackleton]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roald Amundsen]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Amelia Earhart]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lindbergh]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Neil Armstrong]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Yuri Gagarin]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Valentina Tereshkova]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists==
{{Vital article count|162}}
===Philosophers===
{{Vital article count|71}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thales of Miletus]] &lt;!--b. 626/623 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kaṇāda]] &lt;!--c. 6th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Laozi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 571 BC (per zh.wikipedia)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraclitus]] &lt;!--b. before 547 BC, fl. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Confucius]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 551 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Socrates]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 470 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Democritus]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Plato]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 428 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diogenes]] &lt;!--b. 413/403 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shang Yang]] &lt;!--b. 390 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Aristotle]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mencius]] &lt;!--b. 371 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Epicurus]] &lt;!--b. 341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xunzi (philosopher)]] &lt;!--b. 310 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Fei]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 233 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Li Si]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 208 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Cicero]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lucretius]] &lt;!--b. 99 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seneca the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plotinus]] &lt;!--b. 204--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustine of Hippo]] &lt;!--b. 354--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Al-Kindi]] &lt;!--b. 801--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Farabi]] &lt;!--b. 870--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Abelard]] &lt;!--b. 1079--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Averroes]] &lt;!--b. 1126--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhu Xi]] &lt;!--b. 1130--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Aquinas]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1225--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duns Scotus]] &lt;!--b. 1265/1266--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William of Ockham]] &lt;!--b. 1287--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erasmus]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wang Yangming]] &lt;!--b. 1472--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giordano Bruno]] &lt;!--b. 1548--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Bacon]] &lt;!--b. 1561--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[René Descartes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1596--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baruch Spinoza]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Berkeley]] &lt;!--b. 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hume]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Denis Diderot]] &lt;!--b. 1713--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Immanuel Kant]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1724--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 22--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jeremy Bentham]] &lt;!--b. 1748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] &lt;!--b. 1762--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|28}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Auguste Comte]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Stuart Mill]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Søren Kierkegaard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William James]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edmund Husserl]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Bergson]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dewey]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alfred North Whitehead]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Bertrand Russell]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Martin Heidegger]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Karl Popper]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hannah Arendt]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone de Beauvoir]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isaiah Berlin]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marshall McLuhan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Rawls]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frantz Fanon]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Michel Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jürgen Habermas]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacques Derrida]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Historians and archaeologists===
{{Vital article count|22}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Herodotus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 484 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thucydides]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xenophon]] &lt;!--b. 430 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sima Qian]] &lt;!--b. 145 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Josephus]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plutarch]] &lt;!--b. 40--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tacitus]] &lt;!--b. 56--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eusebius]] &lt;!--b. 260/265--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bede]] &lt;!--b. 672/673--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Ibn Khaldun]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1332--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Jean Froissart]] &lt;!--b. 1337--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giorgio Vasari]] &lt;!--b. 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Gibbon]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolay Karamzin]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold von Ranke]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor Mommsen]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Schliemann]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles A. Beard]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernand Braudel]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. J. P. Taylor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Hobsbawm]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Political writers===
{{Vital article count|18}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hugo Grotius]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Hobbes]] &lt;!--b. 1588--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[John Locke]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montesquieu]] &lt;!--b. 1689--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edmund Burke]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Paine]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Beccaria]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] &lt;!--b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bakunin]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert Spencer]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Engels]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Kropotkin]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] &lt;!--b. 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Gramsci]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edward Said]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Economists===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Adam Smith]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Robert Malthus]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Ricardo]] &lt;!--b. 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich List]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Karl Marx]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vilfredo Pareto]] &lt;!--b. 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Maynard Keynes]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Hayek]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Milton Friedman]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul Samuelson]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Social scientists===
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Émile Durkheim]] &lt;!--b. 1858 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Boas]] &lt;!--b. 1858 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Max Weber]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Montessori]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Mauss]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bronisław Malinowski]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Bernays]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Mead]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Talcott Parsons]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor W. Adorno]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clifford Geertz]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Bourdieu]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Linguists===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pāṇini]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Noah Webster]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sequoyah]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis Braille]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Noam Chomsky]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Psychologists===
{{Vital article count|21}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Galton]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wilhelm Wundt]] &lt;!--b. 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan Pavlov]] &lt;!--b. 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Sigmund Freud]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edward Thorndike]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Jung]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John B. Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kurt Lewin]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anna Freud]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Piaget]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lev Vygotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gordon Allport]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Rogers]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erik Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 1902 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[B. F. Skinner]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Cattell]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abraham Maslow]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert Ellis]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leon Festinger]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[George Armitage Miller]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Albert Bandura]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Religious figures==
{{Vital article count|123}}
:&lt;small&gt;For mythological figures, see: [[Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/4/Philosophy_and_religion#Mythology_(109_articles)|Philosophy and religion: Mythology]].&lt;/small&gt;
===Abrahamic religions===
{{Vital article count|86}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Judaism====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rabbi Akiva]] &lt;!--b. 50--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rashi]] &lt;!--b. 1040--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maimonides]] &lt;!--b. 1138--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel]] &lt;!--b. 1512--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Baal Shem Tov]] &lt;!--b. 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vilna Gaon]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;

====Christianity====
{{Vital article count|60}}
===== New Testament figures=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] &lt;!--b. 18 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Baptist]] &lt;!--b. 6 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Jesus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 6-4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Peter]] &lt;!--b. 1 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judas Iscariot]] &lt;!--1st century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mary Magdalene]] &lt;!--b. 8--&gt;

=====Pre-Schism=====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irenaeus]] &lt;!--b. 125--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clement of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tertullian]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Origen]] &lt;!--b. 185--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arius]] &lt;!--b. 250/256--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Nicholas]] &lt;!--b. 270--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint George]] &lt;!--3rd century AD, d. 303--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 296-298--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] &lt;!--b. 329--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basil of Caesarea]] &lt;!--b. 330--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gregory of Nyssa]] &lt;!--b. 335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ambrose]] &lt;!--b. 339--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jerome]] &lt;!--b. 342-347--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Chrysostom]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyril of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 376--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benedict of Nursia]] &lt;!--b. 480--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of Damascus]] &lt;!--b. 675/676--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cyril and Methodius]] &lt;!--b. 815, b. 826--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clement of Rome]] &lt;!--d. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Leo I]] &lt;!--b. 391--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory I]] &lt;!--b. 540--&gt;

=====Catholic Church=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anselm of Canterbury]] &lt;!--b. 1033/1034--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis of Assisi]] &lt;!--b. 1181--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bonaventure]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Wycliffe]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Hus]] &lt;!--b. 1369--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tomás de Torquemada]] &lt;!--b. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignatius of Loyola]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis Xavier]] &lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa of Ávila]] &lt;!--b. 1515--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of the Cross]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mother Teresa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Pius IX]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope John XXIII]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Pope John Paul II]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;

=====Orthodox Church=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]] &lt;!--b. 1605--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grigori Rasputin]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;

=====Protestantism=====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Martin Luther]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Huldrych Zwingli]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Thomas Cranmer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Melanchthon]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Calvin]] &lt;!--b. 1509--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Knox]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacobus Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 1560--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Wesley]] &lt;!--b. 1703 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)]] &lt;!--b. 1703 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Barth]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Billy Graham]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Desmond Tutu]] &lt;!--b. 1931--&gt;

=====Others=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Smith]] &lt;!--Latter Day Saint, b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary Baker Eddy]] &lt;!--Christian Science, b. 1821--&gt;

====Islam====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Early Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] &lt;!--b. 554--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Muhammad]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 570--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fatima]] &lt;!--b. 605/615--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aisha]] &lt;!--b. 614--&gt;

=====Shia Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ali]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Husayn ibn Ali]] &lt;!--b. 626--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] &lt;!--b. 702--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mulla Sadra]] &lt;!--b. 1571/1572--&gt;

=====Sunni Islam=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Hanifa]] &lt;!--b. 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Malik ibn Anas]] &lt;!--b. 711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Shafi'i]] &lt;!--b. 767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] &lt;!--b. 780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] &lt;!--b. 810--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] &lt;!--b. after 815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Ghazali]] &lt;!--b. 1058--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ibn Arabi]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nawawi]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Taymiyya]] &lt;!--b. 1263--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] &lt;!--b. 1703--&gt;

====Baháʼí Faith====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Baháʼu'lláh]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Dharmic religions===
{{Vital article count|35}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Hinduism====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Ancient=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Valmiki]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vyasa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kapila]] &lt;!--b. 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patanjali]] &lt;!--c. 2nd century BC-5th century AD--&gt;

===== Post-classical=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaudapada]] &lt;!--fl. 6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]] &lt;!--b. 700--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Adi Shankara]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 700/788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramanuja]] &lt;!--b. 1077--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basava]] &lt;!--b. 1131--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Madhvacharya]] &lt;!--b. 1199--&gt;

=====Modern=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] &lt;!--b. 1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramakrishna]] &lt;!--b. 1836--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Swami Vivekananda]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sri Aurobindo]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ramana Maharshi]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;

====Buddhism====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[The Buddha]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 563 BC/480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nagarjuna]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Padmasambhava]] &lt;!--fl. 8th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[14th Dalai Lama]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;

=====Chinese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārajīva]] &lt;!--b. 344--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bodhidharma]] &lt;!--fl. 5th/6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhiyi]] &lt;!--b. 538--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huineng]] &lt;!--b. 638--&gt;

=====Indian Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maudgalyayana]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Śāriputra]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ānanda]] &lt;!--b. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vasubandhu]] &lt;!--b. 4th century AD--&gt;

=====Japanese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kūkai]] &lt;!--b. 774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dōgen]] &lt;!--b. 1200--&gt;

====Jainism====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mahavira]] &lt;!--b. 599 BC--&gt;

====Sikhism====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Nanak]] &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guru Gobind Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1666--&gt;

====Theosophy====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Others===
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zoroaster]] &lt;!--Zoroastrianism, b. 624-599 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Aleister Crowley]] &lt;!--Thelema, b. 1875--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Politicians and leaders==
{{Vital article count|500}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|74}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Ezana of Axum]] &lt;!--fl. 320s-360--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gaiseric]] &lt;!--b. 389--&gt;

=====Egypt=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Narmer]] &lt;!--fl. 3100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Thutmose I]] &lt;!--d. 1493 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hatshepsut]] &lt;!--b. 1505 BC, d. 1458 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thutmose III]] &lt;!--b. 1479 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akhenaten]] &lt;!--b. before 1363-1361 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nefertiti]] &lt;!--b. 1370 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tutankhamun]] &lt;!--b. 1341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ramesses II]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1303 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramesses III]] &lt;!--b. 1217 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ptolemy I Soter]] &lt;!--b. 367 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Cleopatra]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 70/69 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cyrus the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 600 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Darius the Great]] &lt;!--b. 550 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xerxes I]] &lt;!--b. 518 BC--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Modu Chanyu]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 374--&gt;

======China======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yu the Great]] &lt;!--fl. 21st century BC per zh.wikipedia--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 259 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 256 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Wu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 156 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cao Cao]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ajatashatru]] &lt;!--d. 460 BC/373 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] &lt;!--b. 350-340 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ashoka]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 304 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander I]] &lt;!--b. 180 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kanishka]] &lt;!--d. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samudragupta]] &lt;!--b. 318--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chandragupta II]] &lt;!--b. 345-350--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sargon of Akkad]] &lt;!--d. 2279 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Puduḫepa]] &lt;!--fl. 13th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ashurbanipal]] &lt;!--b. 685 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tigranes the Great]] &lt;!--b. 140 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mithridates VI Eupator]] &lt;!--b. 135 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herod the Great]] &lt;!--b. 72 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zenobia]] &lt;!--b. 240--&gt;

======Babylon======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Hammurabi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1810 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] &lt;!--b. 642 BC--&gt;

======Hellenistic Kingdoms======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucus I Nicator]] &lt;!--b. 358 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antiochus III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 241 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|32}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Decebalus]] &lt;!--d. 106--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attila]] &lt;!--b. 406--&gt;

======Greece======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lycurgus]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Draco (legislator)]] &lt;!--b. before 625 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Solon]] &lt;!--b. 630 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Themistocles]] &lt;!--b. 524 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Pericles]] &lt;!--b. 495 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alcibiades]] &lt;!--b. 450 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Demosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip II of Macedon]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alexander the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 356 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] &lt;!--b. 319/318 BC--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vercingetorix]] &lt;!--b. 80 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 18/17 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Boudica]] &lt;!--d. 60/61--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alaric I]] &lt;!--b. 370--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric I]] &lt;!--b. 390/393--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric the Great]] &lt;!--b. 454--&gt;

=====Rome=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cato the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gracchi brothers]] &lt;!--fl. 133-121 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Julius Caesar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Augustus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 63 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiberius]] &lt;!--b. 42 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Caligula]] &lt;!--b. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Nero]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Domitian]] &lt;!--b. 51--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Trajan]] &lt;!--b. 53--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hadrian]] &lt;!--b. 76--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marcus Aurelius]] &lt;!--b. 121--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Diocletian]] &lt;!--b. 242/245--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Constantine the Great]] &lt;!--b. 272--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Theodosius I]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|134}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]] &lt;!--b. 874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] &lt;!--b. 985--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baybars]] &lt;!--b. 1223/1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mansa Musa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1280--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] &lt;!--b. 1285, d. 1341--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Amda Seyon I]] &lt;!--d. 1344--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Zara Yaqob]]&lt;!--b. 1399--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Askia Muhammad I]]&lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma I]] &lt;!--b. 1398--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pachacuti]] &lt;!--b. 1403/1418--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|47}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bumin Qaghan]] &lt;!--d. 552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khosrow I]] &lt;!--b. 512-514, d. 579--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] &lt;!--b. 971--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tughril I]] &lt;!--b. 993--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nizam al-Mulk]] &lt;!--b. 1018--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad of Ghor]] &lt;!--b. 1144--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tamar of Georgia]] &lt;!--b. 1160--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Timur]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1320s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ulugh Beg]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;

=====East Asia=====
{{Vital article count|17}}
======China======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Wen of Sui]] &lt;!--b. 541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wu Zetian]] &lt;!--b. 624--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] &lt;!--b. 927--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hongwu Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yongle Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;

======Korea======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Goryeo]] &lt;!--b. 877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sejong the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1397--&gt;

======Mongol Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1162--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jochi]] &lt;!--b. 1182--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ögedei Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1186--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Batu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1205--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kublai Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1215--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hulegu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1217--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokhtamysh]] &lt;!--b. 1342--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anawrahta]] &lt;!--b. 1014--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Suryavarman II]] &lt;!--b. 1094/1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jayavarman VII]] &lt;!--b. 1122/1125--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramkhamhaeng]] &lt;!--b. 1237/1247--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gajah Mada]] &lt;!--b. 1290--&gt;

======Vietnam======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trần Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1240--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Lợi]] &lt;!--b. 1385--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1442--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harsha]] &lt;!--b. 590--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rajaraja I]] &lt;!--b. 947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] &lt;!--b. 1266--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saladin]] &lt;!--b. 1137--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osman I]] &lt;!--b. 1254/1255--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mehmed II]] &lt;!--b. 1432--&gt;

======Caliphates======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abu Bakr]] &lt;!--b. 573--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Uthman]] &lt;!--b. 573/576--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umar]] &lt;!--b. 584--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mu'awiya I]] &lt;!--b. 597/603/605--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] &lt;!--b. 644/647--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harun al-Rashid]] &lt;!--b. 763/766--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|77}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|29}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]] &lt;!--b. 840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Dušan]] &lt;!--b. 1308--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vlad the Impaler]] &lt;!--b. 1428/1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1433-1440--&gt;

======Bulgaria======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Krum]] &lt;!--d. 814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] &lt;!--d. 907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Asen II]] &lt;!--b. 1190s--&gt;

======Byzantine Empire======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Justinian I]] &lt;!--b. 482--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)]] &lt;!--b. 490/500--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heraclius]] &lt;!--b. 575--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leo III the Isaurian]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Basil II]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manuel I Komnenos]] &lt;!--b. 1118--&gt;

======Hungary======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Stephen I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 975--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Béla IV of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1206--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1326--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matthias Corvinus]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mieszko I]] &lt;!--b. 930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bolesław I the Brave]] &lt;!--b. 967--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gediminas]] &lt;!--b. 1275--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Casimir III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1310--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vytautas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1350--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] &lt;!--b. 1352/1362--&gt;

======Russia and Ukraine======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sviatoslav I]] &lt;!--b. 943--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir the Great]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yaroslav the Wise]] &lt;!--b. 978--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel of Galicia]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Nevsky]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan III of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1440--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|48}}
======British Isles======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred the Great]] &lt;!--b. 849--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Æthelstan]] &lt;!--b. 894--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William the Conqueror]] &lt;!--b. 1028--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry II of England]] &lt;!--b. 1133--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1157--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John, King of England]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1239--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert the Bruce]] &lt;!--b. 1274--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1312--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry V of England]] &lt;!--b. 1386--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis I]] &lt;!--b. 466--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Martel]] &lt;!--b. 688--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Charlemagne]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis the Pious]] &lt;!--b. 778--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] &lt;!--b. 1124--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of France]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis IX of France]] &lt;!--b. 1214--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1268--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XI]] &lt;!--b. 1423--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles the Fat]] &lt;!--b. 839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry the Lion]] &lt;!--b. 1129/1131--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 912--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1050--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1122--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1194--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1316--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1368--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1459--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman I]] &lt;!--b. 731--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman III]] &lt;!--b. 890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso I of Portugal]] &lt;!--b. 1106/1109/1111--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Isabella I of Castile]] &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Guiscard]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roger II of Sicily]] &lt;!--b. 1095--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cosimo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1389--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1449--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Girolamo Savonarola]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Borgia]] &lt;!--b. 1475--&gt;

======Papal States======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory VII]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Urban II]] &lt;!--b. 1035--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Innocent III]] &lt;!--b. 1161--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Boniface VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Alexander VI]] &lt;!--b. 1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Julius II]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cnut]] &lt;!--b. 990--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret I of Denmark]] &lt;!--b. 1353--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|104}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]&lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]&lt;!--b. 1549--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba]]&lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Toussaint Louverture]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;

=====Aztec=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma II]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[La Malinche]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;

=====Inca=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atahualpa]] &lt;!--b. 1502--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru II]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1706--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[George Washington]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thomas Jefferson]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Madison]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Alexander Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1755/1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|41}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail I]] &lt;!--b. 1487--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nader Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1688/1698--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] &lt;!--b. 1720-1722--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jiajing Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nurhaci]] &lt;!--b. 1559--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wanli Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1563--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Taiji]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kangxi Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1654--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qianlong Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oda Nobunaga]] &lt;!--b. 1534--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] &lt;!--b. 1537--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] &lt;!--b. 1543--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seonjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jeongjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1752--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naresuan]] &lt;!--b. 1555/1556--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iskandar Muda]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]] &lt;!--b. 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rama I]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Quang Trung]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

======Burma======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bayinnaung]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tabinshwehti]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alaungpaya]] &lt;!--b. 1714--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Krishnadevaraya]] &lt;!--b. 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sher Shah Suri]] &lt;!--b. 1472/1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Babur]] &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Humayun]] &lt;!--b. 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Akbar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shah Jahan]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aurangzeb]] &lt;!--b. 1618--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shivaji]] &lt;!--b. 1630--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hyder Ali]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Clive]] &lt;!--b. 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tipu Sultan]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Selim I]] &lt;!--b. 1470--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roxelana]] &lt;!--b. 1505--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mehmed IV]] &lt;!--b. 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selim III]] &lt;!--b. 1761--&gt;

=====Oceania=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kamehameha I]] &lt;!--b. 1736-1761--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] &lt;!--b. 1595--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Báthory]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sigismund III Vasa]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John III Sobieski]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Augustus II the Strong]] &lt;!--b. 1670--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan the Terrible]] &lt;!--b. 1530--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexis of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1672--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elizabeth of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Catherine the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1729--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|38}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[William the Silent]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis I of France]] &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Catherine de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1519--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1553--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Cardinal Richelieu]] &lt;!--b. 1585--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cardinal Mazarin]] &lt;!--b. 1602--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Louis XIV]] &lt;!--b. 1638--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XV]] &lt;!--b. 1710--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Madame de Pompadour]] &lt;!--b. 1721--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis XVI]] &lt;!--b. 1754--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Antoinette]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;

======Great Britain and United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mary I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1516--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Elizabeth I]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James VI and I]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Oliver Cromwell]] &lt;!--b. 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Charles I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Walpole]] &lt;!--b. 1676--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]] &lt;!--b. 1705--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Blackstone]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George III]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Pitt the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire, Austria======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1640--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maria Theresa]] &lt;!--b. 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1741--&gt;

======Prussia, Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] &lt;!--b. 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frederick the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustavus Adolphus]] &lt;!--b. 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1626--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles XII of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1682--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles XIV John]] &lt;!--b. 1763--&gt;

======Southern Europe======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1527--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip V of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1683--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]] &lt;!--b. 1699--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|188}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|33}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Africa=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patrice Lumumba]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Biya]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Eastern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rainilaiarivony]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jomo Kenyatta]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hastings Banda]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Julius Nyerere]] &lt;!--b. 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kenneth Kaunda]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Idi Amin]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Paul Kagame]] &lt;!--b. 1957--&gt;

======Ethiopia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tewodros II]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yohannes IV]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Menelik II]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Haile Selassie]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;

=====Northern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emir Abdelkader]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad Ahmad]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;

======Egypt======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anwar Sadat]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Dec.--&gt;

=====Southern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shaka]] &lt;!--b. 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cecil Rhodes]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Nelson Mandela]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Mugabe]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[F. W. de Klerk]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;

=====Western Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kwame Nkrumah]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kofi Annan]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Sankara]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|39}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====South America=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[José de San Martín]] &lt;!--b. 1778--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonio José de Sucre]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Perón]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salvador Allende]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfredo Stroessner]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augusto Pinochet]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hugo Chávez]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Brazil======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro I of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro II of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Getúlio Vargas]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;

=====Central America and the Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Morazán]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rafael Trujillo]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Duvalier]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Fidel Castro]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] &lt;!--b. 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benito Juárez]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Porfirio Díaz]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Andrew Jackson]] &lt;!--b. 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Tecumseh]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Clay]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sitting Bull]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Theodore Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harry S. Truman]] &lt;!--b. 1884 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1884 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[J. Edgar Hoover]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ronald Reagan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Nixon]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John F. Kennedy]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Trump]] &lt;!--b. 1946 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[George W. Bush]] &lt;!--b. 1946 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Barack Obama]] &lt;!--b. 1961--&gt;

=====Canada=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John A. Macdonald]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Trudeau]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|54}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] &lt;!--b. 1900/1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mao Zedong]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Soong Mei-ling]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhou Enlai]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deng Xiaoping]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puyi]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jiang Qing]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jiang Zemin]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xi Jinping]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Meiji]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hideki Tojo]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eisaku Satō]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hirohito]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shinzo Abe]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syngman Rhee]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kim Il Sung]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Park Chung Hee]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chulalongkorn]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sukarno]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ne Win]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Suharto]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee Kuan Yew]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pol Pot]] &lt;!--b. 1925 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mahathir Mohamad]] &lt;!--b. 1925 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Corazon Aquino]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. S. Senanayake]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benazir Bhutto]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

======India======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indira Gandhi]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Manmohan Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Narendra Modi]] &lt;!--b. 1950--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Saud]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Ben-Gurion]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Yasser Arafat]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saddam Hussein]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] &lt;!--b. 1947--&gt;

======Ottoman Empire and Turkey======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mahmud II]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abdul Hamid II]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Europe=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Klemens von Metternich]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Joseph I]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Józef Piłsudski]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Dubček]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Václav Havel]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lech Wałęsa]] &lt;!--b. 1943--&gt;

=====Southeastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ion Antonescu]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ante Pavelić]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Josip Broz Tito]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slobodan Milošević]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

=====Russia and USSR=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander II of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas II]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Joseph Stalin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Trotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikita Khrushchev]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leonid Brezhnev]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Yeltsin]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Putin]] &lt;!--b. 1952--&gt;

=====Scandinavia=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leopold II of Belgium]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} '''[[Napoleon]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Philippe I]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Adolphe Thiers]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Napoleon III]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Clemenceau]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles de Gaulle]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Mitterrand]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm I]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto von Bismarck]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm II]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Adenauer]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Goebbels]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erich Honecker]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willy Brandt]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helmut Kohl]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Angela Merkel]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Franco]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Carlos I]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;

======Ireland======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] &lt;!--b. 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Éamon de Valera]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] &lt;!--b. 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benito Mussolini]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;

======United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Peel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Disraeli]] &lt;!--b. 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Ewart Gladstone]] &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Queen Victoria]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lloyd George]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winston Churchill]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clement Attlee]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Margaret Thatcher]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elizabeth II]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Military leaders and theorists==
{{Vital article count|51}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|9}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hannibal]] &lt;!--b. 247 BC--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Sun Tzu]] &lt;!--b. 544 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhuge Liang]] &lt;!--b. 181--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonidas I]] &lt;!--b. 540 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scipio Africanus]] &lt;!--b. 236/235 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sulla]] &lt;!--b. 138 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pompey]] &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mark Antony]] &lt;!--b. 83 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Flavius Aetius]] &lt;!--b. 390--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] &lt;!--d. 642--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Amr ibn al-As]] &lt;!--b. 573, d. 664--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[El Cid]] &lt;!--b. 1043--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] &lt;!--b. 1060--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Subutai]] &lt;!--b. 1175--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần Hưng Đạo]] &lt;!--b. 1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Žižka]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Skanderbeg]] &lt;!--b. 1405--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Hunyadi]] &lt;!--b. 1406--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Joan of Arc]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1412--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] &lt;!--b. 1453--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yi Sun-sin]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Miyamoto Musashi]] &lt;!--b. 1584--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1466/1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Pizarro]] &lt;!--b. 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernán Cortés]] &lt;!--b. 1485--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Drake]] &lt;!--b. 1540--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michiel de Ruyter]] &lt;!--b. 1607--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] &lt;!--b. 1663--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Suvorov]] &lt;!--b. 1729/1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|19}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert E. Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1807 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ulysses S. Grant]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Douglas MacArthur]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George C. Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Dec.--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enver Pasha]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl von Clausewitz]] &lt;!--b. 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] &lt;!--b. 1807 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;!--b. 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erich Ludendorff]] &lt;!--b. 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bernard Montgomery]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[T. E. Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Erwin Rommel]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hermann Göring]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georgy Zhukov]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Rebels, revolutionaries and activists==
{{Vital article count|52}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|1}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spartacus]] &lt;!--b. 103 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Muslim]] &lt;!--b. 718-727--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babak Khorramdin]] &lt;!--b. 795/798--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huang Chao]] &lt;!--b. 835--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern: General====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Müntzer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William Wilberforce]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Aug.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Marat]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilien Robespierre]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Danton]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Oct.--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|40}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Louis Riel]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcus Garvey]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Che Guevara]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pancho Villa]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emiliano Zapata]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sojourner Truth]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Douglass]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Susan B. Anthony]] &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harriet Tubman]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Muir]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Booker T. Washington]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Addams]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Margaret Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helen Keller]] &lt;!--b. 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rosa Parks]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Betty Friedan]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Malcolm X]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harvey Milk]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;

====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sayyid Qutb]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Steve Biko]] &lt;!--b. 1946--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Diponegoro]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Xiuquan]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[José Rizal]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sun Yat-sen]] &lt;!--b. 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aung San]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] &lt;!--b. 1945--&gt;

=====India=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rani of Jhansi]] &lt;!--b. 1828/1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Dunant]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Theodor Herzl]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emma Goldman]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosa Luxemburg]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Scientists, inventors and mathematicians==
{{Vital article count|256}}
===Pre-modern figures===
{{Vital article count|28}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient history====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pythagoras]] &lt;!--b. 570 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Hippocrates]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Euclid]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--fl. 300 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Archimedes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 287 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eratosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 276 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Apollonius of Perga]] &lt;!--b. 240 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hipparchus]] &lt;!--b. 190 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pliny the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 23/24--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Cai Lun]]&lt;!--b. 50-62--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hero of Alexandria]] &lt;!--possibly fl. 62 --&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zhang Heng]] &lt;!--b. 78--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ptolemy]] &lt;!--b. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Galen]] &lt;!--b. 129--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diophantus]] &lt;!--fl. 250--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hypatia]] &lt;!--b. 350-370--&gt;

====Post-classical history====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aryabhata]] &lt;!--b. 476--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Brahmagupta]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] &lt;!--d. 806-816--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 780, d. 850--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]] &lt;!--b. 864/865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Zahrawi]] &lt;!--b. 936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn al-Haytham]] &lt;!--b. 865--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Biruni]] &lt;!--b. 973--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Avicenna]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 980--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Shen Kuo]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1031--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fibonacci]] &lt;!--b. 1170--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Johannes Gutenberg]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born c. 1393-1406--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Physics===
{{Vital article count|56}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Gilbert (physicist)]] &lt;!--b. 1544--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Christiaan Huygens]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Hooke]] &lt;!--b. 1635--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Isaac Newton]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1643--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Cavendish]] &lt;!--b. 1731--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|44}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Young (scientist)]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André-Marie Ampère]] &lt;!--b. 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amedeo Avogadro]] &lt;!--b. 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georg Ohm]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michael Faraday]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Prescott Joule]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léon Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] &lt;!--b. 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] &lt;!--b. 1824 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Kelvin]] &lt;!--b. 1824 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[James Clerk Maxwell]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ernst Mach]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] &lt;!--b. 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Becquerel]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert A. Michelson]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 19--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hendrik Lorentz]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. J. Thomson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Hertz]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Max Planck]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Curie]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Henry Bragg]] &lt;!--b. 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Marie Curie]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Millikan]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernest Rutherford]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Lise Meitner]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Albert Einstein]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Max Born]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Niels Bohr]] &lt;!--b. 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erwin Schrödinger]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[C. V. Raman]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Chadwick]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wolfgang Pauli]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ernest Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enrico Fermi]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Werner Heisenberg]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Dirac]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hans Bethe]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward Teller]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;

====Contemporary====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Feynman]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Sakharov]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Murray Gell-Mann]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles K. Kao]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Stephen Hawking]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Astronomy===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1473--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tycho Brahe]] &lt;!--b. 1546--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Galileo Galilei]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmond Halley]] &lt;!--b. 1656--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caroline Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1750--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edwin Hubble]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Lemaître]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Carl Sagan]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Chemistry===
{{Vital article count|23}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Boyle]] &lt;!--b. 1627--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Joseph Priestley]] &lt;!--b. 1733--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Antoine Lavoisier]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dalton]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Humphry Davy]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 17--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] &lt;!--b. 1779--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Wöhler]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Justus von Liebig]] &lt;!--b. 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Svante Arrhenius]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Haber]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Otto Hahn]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Langmuir]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Debye]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Harold Urey]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Linus Pauling]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns Woodward]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Biology===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Carl Linnaeus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Banks]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] &lt;!--b. 1744--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges Cuvier]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John James Audubon]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Agassiz]] &lt;!--b. 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gregor Mendel]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] &lt;!--b. 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernst Haeckel]] &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Drinker Cope]] &lt;!--b. 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eugenius Warming]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Washington Carver]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred Kinsey]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Krebs (biochemist)]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Barbara McClintock]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Lorenz]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rachel Carson]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Norman Borlaug]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Crick]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosalind Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Goodall]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[W. D. Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Jay Gould]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
{{div col end}}

===Medicine===
{{Vital article count|14}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paracelsus]] &lt;!--b. 1493--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andreas Vesalius]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Shizhen]] &lt;!--b. 1518--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Harvey]] &lt;!--b. 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Luigi Galvani]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edward Jenner]] &lt;!--b. 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Bernard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Florence Nightingale]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Louis Pasteur]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Lister]] &lt;!--b. 1827--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Koch]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Fleming]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonas Salk]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Earth science and physical geography===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Hutton]]&lt;!--born 1726--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander von Humboldt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lyell]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Wegener]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cousteau]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Tharp]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Inventors and engineers===
{{Vital article count|34}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watt]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montgolfier brothers]]&lt;!--born 1740 and 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alessandro Volta]]&lt;!--born 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicéphore Niépce]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Fulton]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eli Whitney]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Stephenson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Daguerre]]&lt;!--born 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samuel Morse]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;!--born 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyrus McCormick]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Nobel]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Benz]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Edison]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emile Berliner]]&lt;!--born 1851--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Algernon Parsons]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Eastman]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Nikola Tesla]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rudolf Diesel]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leo Baekeland]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wright brothers]]&lt;!--born 1871 and 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee de Forest]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guglielmo Marconi]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert H. Goddard]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Logie Baird]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philo Farnsworth]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergei Korolev]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Bardeen]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Shockley]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wernher von Braun]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jack Kilby]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicolaus Otto]] &lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Mathematicians===
{{Vital article count|44}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gerolamo Cardano]]&lt;!--born 1501--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Fermat]]&lt;!--born 1601--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Blaise Pascal]]&lt;!--born 1623--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&lt;!--born 1646--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacob Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1655--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]&lt;!--born 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaspard Monge]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|32}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Fourier]]&lt;!--born 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]]&lt;!--born 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niels Henrik Abel]]&lt;!--born 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]]&lt;!--born 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]&lt;!--born Feb. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Rowan Hamilton]]&lt;!--born Aug. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Évariste Galois]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Karl Weierstrass]]&lt;!--born Oct. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Boole]]&lt;!--born Nov. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Cayley]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Hermite]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Georg Cantor]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottlob Frege]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Poincaré]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Pearson]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hilbert]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Emmy Noether]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Weyl]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronald Fisher]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Banach]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Tarski]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andrey Kolmogorov]]&lt;!--born Apr. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[John von Neumann]]&lt;!--born Dec. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Shannon]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Grothendieck]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Computer scientists===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Babbage]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ada Lovelace]]&lt;!--born 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grace Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konrad Zuse]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alan Turing]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Douglas Engelbart]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Knuth]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dennis Ritchie]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Wozniak]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tim Berners-Lee]]&lt;!--born 1955--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Linus Torvalds]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Sports figures==
{{Vital article count|77}}
===Individual sports===
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Athletics==== 
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Coubertin]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paavo Nurmi]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jesse Owens]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilma Rudolph]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Florence Griffith Joyner]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Carl Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergey Bubka]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hicham El Guerrouj]]&lt;!--born 1974--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Usain Bolt]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;

====Auto racing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enzo Ferrari]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Schumacher]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;

====Boxing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joe Louis]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sugar Ray Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;

====Chess====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bobby Fischer]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Garry Kasparov]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;

====Climbing and mountaineering====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tenzing Norgay]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edmund Hillary]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Cycling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Eddy Merckx]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;

====Figure skating====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sonja Henie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]&lt;!--born 1994--&gt;

====Golf====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jack Nicklaus]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;

====Gymnastics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Larisa Latynina]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Comăneci]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone Biles]]&lt;!--born 1997--&gt;

====Martial arts====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Kanō Jigorō]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bruce Lee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

====Skiing====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ingemar Stenmark]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marit Bjørgen]]&lt;!--born 1980--&gt;

====Speed skating====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Heiden]]&lt;!--born 1958--&gt;

====Swimming====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johnny Weissmuller]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Spitz]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Phelps]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;

====Tennis====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rod Laver]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Court]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martina Navratilova]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steffi Graf]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Roger Federer]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Serena Williams]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Novak Djokovic]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Wrestling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aleksandr Karelin]]&lt;!--born 1967--&gt;

====Multiple sports====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jim Thorpe]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Team sports===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====American football====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jim Brown]] &lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tom Brady]] &lt;!--born 1977--&gt;

====Association football====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lev Yashin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pelé]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johan Cruyff]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diego Maradona]]&lt;!--born 1960--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mia Hamm]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zinedine Zidane]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1976--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marta (footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lionel Messi]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Baseball====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Babe Ruth]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jackie Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Basketball====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wilt Chamberlain]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Michael Jordan]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[LeBron James]]&lt;!--born 1984--&gt;

====Cricket====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[W. G. Grace]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Don Bradman]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Garfield Sobers]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;

====Field hockey====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dhyan Chand]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;

====Ice hockey====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gordie Howe]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Wayne Gretzky]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;

====Rowing====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Steve Redgrave]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;

====Rugby union====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jonah Lomu]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Criminals==
{{vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Blackbeard]] &lt;!--born 1680--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack the Ripper]] &lt;!--fl. 19th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Talaat Pasha]] &lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Al Capone]] &lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heinrich Himmler]] &lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Escobar]] &lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osama bin Laden]] &lt;!--born 1957--&gt;
{{div col end}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>sqr59pzs4rrd1wj7p0mk6qy5ua3iy3k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610970</id>
      <parentid>610968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:51:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।লিংক আৰু অনুবাদ</comment>
      <origin>610970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="149958" sha1="m8k4brll90gdnjjxulf303d9beftkya" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Short description|Larger list of vital articles to be included on Wikipedias}}
{{shortcut|WP:VAP|WP:VA/P|WP:VAPEOPLE}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক যিকোনো এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে ইয়াত টিপক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20People&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰবন্ধ''' হৈছে এনে বিষয়ৰ তালিকা যাৰ বাবে ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চমানৰ প্ৰবন্ধ থাকিব লাগে। ই ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ অৱস্থা অনুসৰণ কৰিবলৈ [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|কেন্দ্ৰীভূত চোৱাচিতা তালিকা]] হিচাপে কাম কৰে। দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ এঘাৰটা স্তৰ ৪ উপ-তালিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইটো অন্যতম আৰু বৰ্তমান নিৰ্মাণৰ কাম চলি আছে।


এই তালিকাখন ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অনুকূল। সকলো ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় বুলি বিবেচিত [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|দহ হাজাৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা]]ও আছে।

এই তালিকা আৰু প্ৰবন্ধ যোগ কৰাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি সঘনাই সোধা প্ৰশ্ন (FAQ) পৃষ্ঠা চাওক।

{{TOC limit|4}}

&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
সৰ্বমুঠ ১,৯৬৭ টা প্ৰবন্ধ আছে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || ১৭৩
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || ২২২
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || ২
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || ৯০৯
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || ৬৫৭
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || ৮৮
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || ৮
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

=ব্যক্তি=
==মনোৰঞ্জকসকল==
===অভিনেতা===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====এছিয়া====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[তশ্বিৰো মিফিউন]] ([[:en:Toshiro Mifune]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[চেটচুকু হাৰা]] ([[:en:Setsuko Hara]])&lt;!--born June, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মধুবালা]] ([[:en:Madhubala]])&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অমিতাভ বচ্চন]] ([[:en:Amitabh Bachchan]])&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰজনীকান্ত]] ([[:en:Rajinikanth]])&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জেকী চান]] ([[:en:Jackie Chan]])&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====ইউৰোপ====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ ভেলেণ্টিন']] ([[:en:Rudolph Valentino]])&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]))&lt;!--born December, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেটা গাৰ্বো]] ([[:en:Greta Garbo]]&lt;!--born September, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইংগ্ৰিড বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingrid Bergman]])&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্চেলো মাষ্ট্ৰ'য়ানি]] ([[:en:Marcello Mastroianni]])&lt;!--born September 26, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ক্লাউছ কিনস্কি]] ([[:en:Klaus Kinski]])&lt;!--born October, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ছফিয়া লৰেন]] ([[:en:Sophia Loren]])&lt;!--born September 20, 1934--&gt;

=====ফ্ৰান্স=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[চাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ড]] [[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন গেবিন]] [[:en:Jean Gabin]]&lt;!--born May, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিন ম'ৰ']] [[:en:Jeanne Moreau]]&lt;!--born January, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ব্ৰিজিট বাৰ্ডট]] [[:en:Brigitte Bardot]]&lt;!--born September 28, 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেন ডেলন]] [[:en:Alain Delon]]&lt;!--born November, 1935--&gt;

=====ইউনাইটেড কিংডম=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[জন গিলগুড]] [[:en:John Gielgud]]&lt;!--born April, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[লৰেন্স অলিভিয়াৰ]] [[:en:Laurence Olivier]]&lt;!--born May 22, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিভিয়ান লি]] [[:en:Vivien Leigh]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলেক গিনিজ]] [[:en:Alec Guinness]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[অড্ৰী হেপ্‌বাৰ্ন]] [[:en:Audrey Hepburn]]&lt;!--born May, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বেন কনেৰী]] [[:en:Sean Connery]]&lt;!--born August, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ অ'টুল]] [[:en:Peter O'Toole]]&lt;!--born August, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জুলি এণ্ড্ৰুজ]] [[:en:Julie Andrews]]&lt;!--born October, 1935--&gt;

====United States====
{{Vital article count|30}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মেৰী পিকফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Mary Pickford]])&lt;!--born 1892 (Canadian by birth but almost entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লিলিয়ান গিছ]] ([[:en:Lillian Gish]])&lt;!--born October, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হামফ্ৰে বগাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Humphrey Bogart]])&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[স্পেন্সৰ ট্ৰেচি]] ([[:en:Spencer Tracy]])&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লাৰ্ক গেবল]] ([[:en:Clark Gable]])&lt;!--born February, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[গেৰী কুপাৰ]] ([[:en:Gary Cooper]])&lt;!--born May, 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[কেৰী গ্ৰাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Cary Grant]])&lt;!--born January, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জোয়ান ক্ৰফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Joan Crawford]])&lt;!--born March, 1904 or 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[হেনৰী ফণ্ডা]] ([[:en:Henry Fonda]])&lt;!--born May, 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেথাৰিন হেপবাৰ্ন]] ([[:en:Katharine Hepburn]])&lt;!--born May 12, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন ৱেইন]] ([[:en:John Wayne]])&lt;!--born May 26, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বাৰ্বাৰা ষ্টেনউইক]] ([[:en:Barbara Stanwyck]])&lt;!--born July, 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[বেট ডেভিছ]] ([[:en:Bette Davis]])&lt;!--born April, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[জেমছ ষ্টুৱেৰ্ট]] [[:en:James Stewart]]&lt;!--born May, 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেগৰী পেক]] [[:en:Gregory Peck]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰীতা হেৱৰ্থ]] [[:en:Rita Hayworth]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডৰিছ ডে]] [[:en:Doris Day]]&lt;!--born April, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[জুডি গাৰ্লেণ্ড]] [[:en:Judy Garland]]&lt;!--born June, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্লন ব্ৰেণ্ডো]] [[:en:Marlon Brando]]&lt;!--born April, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[লৰেন বেকল]] [[:en:Lauren Bacall]]&lt;!--born September 16, 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[মেৰীলিন মনৰো]] [[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]&lt;!--born June, 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চিডনী পইটিয়েৰ]] [[:en:Sidney Poitier]]&lt;!--born 1927 (also Bahamian but born in US soil and entirety of career in US)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[শ্বাৰলী টেম্পল]] [[:en:Shirley Temple]]&lt;!--born April, 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গ্ৰেচ কেলি]] [[:en:Grace Kelly]]&lt;!--born November, 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ক্লিণ্ট ইষ্টউড]] [[:en:Clint Eastwood]]&lt;!--born May, 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এলিজাবেথ টেইলৰ]] [[:en:Elizabeth Taylor]]&lt;!--born February, 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেক নিকোলছন]] [[:en:Jack Nicholson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ৰবাৰ্ট ডি নিৰো]] [[:en:Robert De Niro]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মেৰিল ষ্ট্ৰিপ]] [[:en:Meryl Streep]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টম হেংকছ]] [[:en:Tom Hanks]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু নৃত্য পৰিচালক===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====বেলেট====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰিউছ পেটিপা]] [[:en:Marius Petipa]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আন্না পাভলোভা]] [[:en:Anna Pavlova]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ভাছলাভ নিজিনস্কি]] [[:en:Vaslav Nijinsky]]&lt;!--born 1889 or 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জ বালানচিন]] [[:en:George Balanchine]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মাৰ্গট ফণ্টেইন]] [[:en:Margot Fonteyn]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰুডলফ নুৰেয়েভ]] [[:en:Rudolf Nureyev]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মিখাইল বাৰিছনিকোভ]] [[:en:Mikhail Baryshnikov]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====অন্য নৃত্য====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইজুমো ন' ওকুণি]] [[:en:Izumo no Okuni]]&lt;!--born c 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইছাডোৰা ডানকান]] [[:en:Isadora Duncan]]&lt;!--born 1877 or 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাৰ্থা গ্ৰেহাম]] [[:en:Martha Graham]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰেড এষ্টেয়াৰ]] [[:en:Fred Astaire]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোচেফিন বেকাৰ]] [[:en:Josephine Baker]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জিঞ্জাৰ ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Ginger Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন কেলি]] [[:en:Gene Kelly]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[বব ফছে]] [[:en:Bob Fosse]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===কমেডিয়ান===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক্স ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Marx Brothers]]&lt;!--main members born 1887-1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লৰেল আৰু হাৰ্ডি]] [[:en:Laurel and Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1890 and 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ম্যে ৱেষ্ট]] [[:en:Mae West]]&lt;!--born August, 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[লুচিল বল]] [[:en:Lucille Ball]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[লুইচ ডি ফুনেছ]] [[:en:Louis de Funès]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেৰল বাৰ্নেট]] [[:en:Carol Burnett]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ কাৰ্লিন]] [[:en:George Carlin]]&lt;!--born May, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[বিল কচবি]] [[:en:Bill Cosby]]&lt;!--born July, 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰিচাৰ্ড প্ৰায়ৰ]] [[:en:Richard Pryor]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[মণ্টি পাইথন]] [[:en:Monty Python]]&lt;!--born 1939-1943--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===আয়োজক আৰু পৰিৱেশক===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[পি টি বাৰ্নাম]] [[:en:P. T. Barnum]]&lt;!--born 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেৰী হাউডিনি]] [[:en:Harry Houdini]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্চেল মাৰ্চেউ]] [[:en:Marcel Marceau]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জনী কাৰ্ছন]] [[:en:Johnny Carson]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[ফ্ৰেড ৰজাৰ্ছ]] [[:en:Fred Rogers]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[অপ্ৰা উইনফ্ৰে]] [[:en:Oprah Winfrey]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==দৃশ্য শিল্পী==

===পশ্চিমীয়া চিত্ৰশিল্পী আৰু চিত্ৰকৰ===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====প্ৰাক-ৰেনেছাঁ====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিঅ’ট্টো]] [[:en:Giotto]]

====ৰেনেছাঁৰপৰা আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে====
{{Vital article count|22}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[জান ভান আইক]] [[:en:Jan van Eyck]]&lt;!--born in 1380s or early 1390s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মাছাচিও]] [[:en:Masaccio]]&lt;!--born 1401--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[চেণ্ড্ৰ' বটিচেলি]] [[:en:Sandro Botticelli]]&lt;!--born c 1445--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হাইৰ'নিমাছ বছ]] [[:en:Hieronymus Bosch]]&lt;!--born c 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] '''[[:en:Leonardo da Vinci]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[আলব্ৰেক্ট ডুৰেৰ]] [[:en:Albrecht Dürer]]&lt;!--born 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[টাইটিয়ান]] [[:en:Titian]]&lt;!--born in 1470s or 1480s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ৰাফেল]] [[:en:Raphael]] &lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হান্স হোলবেইন দ্য ইয়াংগাৰ]] [[:en:Hans Holbein the Younger]]&lt;!--born c 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিটাৰ ব্ৰুগেল দ্য এলডাৰ]] [[:en:Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]&lt;!--born in late 1520--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[এল গ্ৰেকো]] [[:en:El Greco]]&lt;!--born 1541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[কাৰাভাজিঅ']] [[:en:Caravaggio]]&lt;!--born 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স]] [[:en:Peter Paul Rubens]]&lt;!--born 1577--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[আৰ্টেমিচিয়া জেণ্টিলেস্কি]] [[:en:Artemisia Gentileschi]]&lt;!--born 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[নিকোলাছ পৌচিন]] [[:en:Nicolas Poussin]]&lt;!--born 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ডিয়েগো ভেলাস্কেজ]] [[:en:Diego Velázquez]]&lt;!--born 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[ৰে'ম্ব্ৰেণ্ট]] '''[[:en:Rembrandt]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোহানেছ ভাৰ্মিৰ]] [[:en:Johannes Vermeer]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[এণ্টোৱান ৱাট']] [[:en:Antoine Watteau]]&lt;!--born 1684--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[উইলিয়াম হোগাৰ্থ]] [[:en:William Hogarth]]&lt;!--born 1697--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্সিস্কো গয়া]] [[:en:Francisco Goya]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[জেক-লুইচ ডেভিদ]] [[:en:Jacques-Louis David]]&lt;!--born 1748--&gt;

====আধুনিক যুগ====
{{Vital article count|40}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[কেছপাৰ ডেভিদ ফ্ৰেড্ৰিচ]] [[:en:Caspar David Friedrich]]&lt;!--born 1774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জে এম ডব্লিউ টাৰ্নাৰ]] [[:en:J. M. W. Turner]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন কনিষ্টবল]] [[:en:John Constable]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জিন-অগাষ্ট-ডমিনিক ইংগ্ৰেছ]] [[:en:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]]&lt;!--born 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইউজেন ডেলাক্ৰ'ইছ]] [[:en:Eugène Delacroix]]&lt;!--born 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গুস্তাভ ক'ৰবেট]] [[:en:Gustave Courbet]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কেমিল পিছাৰো]] [[:en:Camille Pissarro]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড মেনেট]] [[:en:Édouard Manet]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেমছ মেকনিল হুইছলাৰ]] [[:en:James McNeill Whistler]]&lt;!--born July 10, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডগাৰ ডেগাছ]] [[:en:Edgar Degas]]&lt;!--born July 19, 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল চেজান]] [[:en:Paul Cézanne]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ক্লড মনেট]] [[:en:Claude Monet]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পিয়েৰ-অগষ্ট ৰেন'য়াৰ]] [[:en:Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[হেনৰী ৰুছ’]] [[:en:Henri Rousseau]]&lt;!--born May, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ইলিয়া ৰেপিন]] [[:en:Ilya Repin]]&lt;!--born August, 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল গগুইন]] [[:en:Paul Gauguin]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] '''[[:en:Vincent van Gogh]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জন চিংগাৰ চাৰ্জেণ্ট]] [[:en:John Singer Sargent]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[জৰ্জ চেউৰাট]] [[:en:Georges Seurat]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডভাৰ্ড মাঞ্চ]] [[:en:Edvard Munch]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী ডি টুলুজ-লট্ৰেক]] [[:en:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[ৱাচিলি কেণ্ডিনস্কি]] [[:en:Wassily Kandinsky]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[হেনৰী মেটিছে]] [[:en:Henri Matisse]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[পিট মণ্ড্ৰিয়ান]] [[:en:Piet Mondrian]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[কাজিমিৰ মালেভিচ]] [[:en:Kazimir Malevich]]&lt;!--born February 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পল ক্লী]] [[:en:Paul Klee]]&lt;!--born December 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ফ্ৰান্স মাৰ্ক]] [[:en:Franz Marc]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[পাব্‌ল' পিকাছ'|পাবলো পিকাচো]] '''[[:en:Pablo Picasso]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এডৱাৰ্ড হপাৰ]] [[:en:Edward Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ডিয়েগো ৰিভেৰা]] [[:en:Diego Rivera]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[মাৰ্ক চাগাল]] [[:en:Marc Chagall]]&lt;!--born July, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জৰ্জিয়া অ'কিফ]] [[:en:Georgia O'Keeffe]]&lt;!--born November, 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[মেক্স আৰ্নষ্ট]] [[:en:Max Ernst]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জোয়ান মিৰো]] [[:en:Joan Miró]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[ৰেনে মেগ্ৰিট]] [[:en:René Magritte]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[চালভাড' ডালি]] [[:en:Salvador Dalí]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ফ্ৰিদা কাল']] [[:en:Frida Kahlo]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[জেকচন পলক]] [[:en:Jackson Pollock]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহল]] [[:en:Andy Warhol]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[গেৰহাৰ্ড ৰিখটাৰ]] [[:en:Gerhard Richter]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

====কমিকছ আৰু মাংগা শিল্পী, প্ৰিণ্ট কাৰ্টুনকাৰ আৰু চিত্ৰকৰ====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[উইন্সৰ মেককে]] [[:en:Winsor McCay]]&lt;!--born in late 1860s or early 1870s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[অব্ৰি বিয়াৰ্ডছলি]] [[:en:Aubrey Beardsley]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[নৰ্মান ৰকৱেল]] [[:en:Norman Rockwell]]&lt;!--born 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[এম চি এশ্বাৰ]] [[:en:M. C. Escher]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[হাৰ্জে]] [[:en:Hergé]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[উইল আইছনাৰ]] [[:en:Will Eisner]]&lt;!--born March, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[জেক কিৰ্বি]] [[:en:Jack Kirby]]&lt;!--born August, 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ওছামু টেজুকা]] [[:en:Osamu Tezuka]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Other visual arts===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Sculptors====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phidias]]&lt;!--fifth century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donatello]]&lt;!--born c 1386--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michelangelo]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1475--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]&lt;!--born 1598--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Auguste Rodin]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Constantin Brâncuși]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcel Duchamp]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry Moore]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alberto Giacometti]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Beuys]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;

====Architects====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imhotep]]&lt;!--27th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitruvius]]&lt;!--first century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Filippo Brunelleschi]]&lt;!--born 1377--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Battista Alberti]]&lt;!--born 1404--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mimar Sinan]]&lt;!--born in late 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrea Palladio]]&lt;!--born 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Wren]]&lt;!--born 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Antoni Gaudí]]&lt;!--born 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Sullivan]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Gropius]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Le Corbusier]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Buckminster Fuller]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alvar Aalto]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Kahn]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oscar Niemeyer]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[I. M. Pei]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frank Gehry]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zaha Hadid]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;

====Designers====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Coco Chanel]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Raymond Loewy]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Shigeru Miyamoto]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Photographers====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eadweard Muybridge]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Weston]]&lt;!--born 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Man Ray]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ansel Adams]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;

====Instrument makers====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Stradivari]]&lt;!--born in 1640s--&gt;

====Urban planners and landscape architects====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Moses]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Jacobs]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art===
{{Vital article count|5}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Xizhi]]&lt;!--fourth century--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sesshū Tōyō]]&lt;!--born c. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shitao]]&lt;!--born 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Hokusai]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1760--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hiroshige]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Writers==
===Ancient===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qu Yuan]]&lt;!--4th and 3rd centuries BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kalidasa]]&lt;!--4th and 5th centuries CE--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tao Yuanming]]&lt;!--born 365--&gt;

====Europe====
=====Greece=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Homer]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--possibly 8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hesiod]]&lt;!--8th or 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sappho]]&lt;!--born late 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Aeschylus]]&lt;!--born c. 525 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sophocles]]&lt;!--born c. 497 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Euripides]]&lt;!--born c. 480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aristophanes]]&lt;!--possibly born 446 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander]]&lt;!--born c. 342 BC--&gt;

=====Ancient Rome=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plautus]]&lt;!--born c. 254 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Terence]]&lt;!--born in 190s or 180s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Catullus]]&lt;!--born 80s BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Virgil]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 70 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Horace]]&lt;!--born 65 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ovid]]&lt;!--born 43 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lucian]]&lt;!--possibly born c. 125 CE--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wang Wei]]&lt;!--born 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Li Bai]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 701--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Du Fu]]&lt;!--born 712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Yu]]&lt;!--born 768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bai Juyi]]&lt;!--born 772--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Murasaki Shikibu]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ouyang Xiu]]&lt;!--born 1007--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Su Shi]]&lt;!--born 1037--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amir Khusrau]]&lt;!--born 1253--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kabir]]&lt;!--15th century--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Nuwas]]&lt;!--born 766-68--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Rudaki]]&lt;!--born c. 858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdowsi]]&lt;!--born 940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Omar Khayyam]]&lt;!--born 1048--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nizami Ganjavi]]&lt;!--born c. 1141--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Rumi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1207--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saadi Shirazi]]&lt;!--born 1210--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hafez]]&lt;!--born 1310s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jami]]&lt;!--born 1414--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chrétien de Troyes]]&lt;!--late 12th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dante Alighieri]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1265--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petrarch]]&lt;!--born 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]&lt;!--born 1313--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]&lt;!--possibly born 1343--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christine de Pizan]]&lt;!--born 1364--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Villon]]&lt;!--born c. 1431--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|37}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fuzuli (poet)]]&lt;!--born 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mirabai]]&lt;!--born c. 1498--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tulsidas]]&lt;!--born 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tukaram]]&lt;!--born 1598 or 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matsuo Bashō]]&lt;!--born 1644--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mir Taqi Mir]]&lt;!--born 1723--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|31}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luís de Camões]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Miguel de Cervantes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born c. 1547--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lope de Vega]]&lt;!--born 1562--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]&lt;!--born 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Casanova]]&lt;!--born 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Schiller]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
=====France=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Rabelais]]&lt;!--born 1480s or 1490s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Nostradamus]]&lt;!--born 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michel de Montaigne]]&lt;!--born 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Corneille]]&lt;!--born 1606--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Molière]]&lt;!--born 1622--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Perrault]]&lt;!--born 1628--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean Racine]]&lt;!--born 1639--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Voltaire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1694--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marquis de Sade]]&lt;!--born 1740--&gt;
=====Great Britain and Ireland=====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas More]]&lt;!--born 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmund Spenser]]&lt;!--born c. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christopher Marlowe]]&lt;!--born February, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[William Shakespeare]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born April, 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Donne]]&lt;!--born c. 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Jonson]]&lt;!--born June 1572--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Milton]]&lt;!--born 1608--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dryden]]&lt;!--born 1631--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Daniel Defoe]]&lt;!--born c. 1660--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jonathan Swift]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Pope]]&lt;!--born 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Fielding]]&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Samuel Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Blake]]&lt;!--born 1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns]]&lt;!--born 1759--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|169}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naguib Mahfouz]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadine Gordimer]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Chinua Achebe]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wole Soyinka]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. M. Coetzee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ben Okri]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|47}}

=====Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[V. S. Naipaul]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====US and Canada=====
{{Vital article count|37}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]&lt;!--born 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edgar Allan Poe]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Walt Whitman]]&lt;!--born May, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Herman Melville]]&lt;!--born August, 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emily Dickinson]]&lt;!--born 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Twain]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry James]]&lt;!--born 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edith Wharton]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Frost]]&lt;!--born January, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Upton Sinclair]]&lt;!--born September, 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack London]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ezra Pound]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Chandler]]&lt;!--born July, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[T. S. Eliot]]&lt;!--born September, 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[H. P. Lovecraft]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Faulkner]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Hemingway]]&lt;!--born July, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Langston Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Steinbeck]]&lt;!--born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dr. Seuss]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert A. Heinlein]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tennessee Williams]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Saul Bellow]]&lt;!--born June, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Miller]]&lt;!--born October, 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isaac Asimov]]&lt;!--born January, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Bradbury]]&lt;!--born August, 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jack Kerouac]]&lt;!--born March, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Kurt Vonnegut]]&lt;!--born November, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stan Lee]]&lt;!--born December, 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Allen Ginsberg]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maya Angelou]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toni Morrison]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sylvia Plath]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Margaret Atwood]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stephen King]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;

=====Latin America=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Machado de Assis]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[José Martí]]&lt;!--born 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Neruda]]&lt;!--born July, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alejo Carpentier]]&lt;!--born December, 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jorge Amado]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carlos Fuentes]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}

=====Central Asia=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Natsume Sōseki]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lu Xun]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lao She]]&lt;!--born February, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yasunari Kawabata]]&lt;!--born June, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin Yong]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yukio Mishima]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kenzaburō Ōe]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haruki Murakami]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghalib]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Muhammad Iqbal]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Premchand]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kahlil Gibran]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orhan Pamuk]]&lt;!--born 1952--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|97}}

=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|26}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Adam Mickiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taras Shevchenko]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sándor Petőfi]]&lt;!--born 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Conrad]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Constantine P. Cavafy]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tristan Tzara]]&lt;!--born 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elie Wiesel]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail Kadare]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alexander Pushkin]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nikolai Gogol]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mikhail Lermontov]]&lt;!--born 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Turgenev]]&lt;!--born 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Leo Tolstoy]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Anton Chekhov]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maxim Gorky]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Bunin]]&lt;!--born 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Akhmatova]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Pasternak]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]]&lt;!--born 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir Nabokov]]&lt;!--born April, 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Brodsky]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|71}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Luigi Pirandello]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Pessoa]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico García Lorca]]&lt;!--born June, 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[José Saramago]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Anne Frank]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umberto Eco]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stendhal]]&lt;!--born 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Honoré de Balzac]]&lt;!--born 1799--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Victor Hugo]]&lt;!--born February, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexandre Dumas]]&lt;!--born July, 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Baudelaire]]&lt;!--born April, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Flaubert]]&lt;!--born December, 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jules Verne]]&lt;!--born February, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Émile Zola]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]&lt;!--born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guy de Maupassant]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rimbaud]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André Gide]]&lt;!--born 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Proust]]&lt;!--born 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonin Artaud]]&lt;!--born September, 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eugène Ionesco]]&lt;!--born 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Albert Camus]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;

======Germany and Austria======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brothers Grimm]]&lt;!--born 1785-6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heinrich Heine]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Mann]]&lt;!--born June, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rainer Maria Rilke]]&lt;!--born December, 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Hesse]]&lt;!--born 1877--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Franz Kafka]]&lt;!--born 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bertolt Brecht]]&lt;!--born February, 1898--&gt;

======Nordic countries======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hans Christian Andersen]]&lt;!--born 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henrik Ibsen]]&lt;!--born March, 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[August Strindberg]]&lt;!--born 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selma Lagerlöf]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knut Hamsun]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karen Blixen]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Astrid Lindgren]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;

======UK and Ireland======
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wordsworth]]&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Scott]]&lt;!--born 1771--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]&lt;!--born 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jane Austen]]&lt;!--born 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Byron]]&lt;!--born 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Keats]]&lt;!--born 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary Shelley]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Dickens]]&lt;!--born 1812--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brontë family]]&lt;!--born 1816-20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Eliot]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis Carroll]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Hardy]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]&lt;!--born 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Oscar Wilde]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George Bernard Shaw]]&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]&lt;!--born 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. B. Yeats]]&lt;!--born June, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Rudyard Kipling]]&lt;!--born December, 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[H. G. Wells]]&lt;!--born 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Virginia Woolf]]&lt;!--born January, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Joyce]]&lt;!--born February, 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[D. H. Lawrence]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Agatha Christie]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enid Blyton]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[C. S. Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Orwell]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Samuel Beckett]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Golding]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Dylan Thomas]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roald Dahl]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur C. Clarke]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salman Rushdie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]&lt;!--born 1954--&gt;

====Oceania====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Banjo Paterson]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Patrick White]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Journalists==
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Horace Greeley]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Pulitzer]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ida Tarbell]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Randolph Hearst]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nellie Bly]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Walter Lippmann]]&lt;!--born 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward R. Murrow]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Walter Cronkite]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[David Attenborough]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hunter S. Thompson]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bob Woodward]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svetlana Alexievich]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Anna Wintour]]&lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Musicians and composers==
{{Vital article count|152}}
===Western art music===
{{Vital article count|72}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Composers====
{{Vital article count|54}}
=====Medieval and Renaissance=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hildegard of Bingen]]&lt;!--born c. 1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume de Machaut]]&lt;!--born c. 1300--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guillaume Du Fay]]&lt;!--born c. 1397--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josquin des Prez]]&lt;!--born c. 1450--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]&lt;!--born c. 1525--&gt;

=====Baroque=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claudio Monteverdi]]&lt;!--born 1567--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Purcell]]&lt;!--born c. 1659--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Vivaldi]]&lt;!--born 1678--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Frideric Handel]]&lt;!--born February 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born March 1685--&gt;

=====Classical=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Haydn]]&lt;!--born 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1756--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1770--&gt;

=====Romantic=====
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gioachino Rossini]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Schubert]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Hector Berlioz]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Felix Mendelssohn]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frédéric Chopin]]&lt;!--born March, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Schumann]]&lt;!--born June, 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Franz Liszt]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Wagner]]&lt;!--born May, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Giuseppe Verdi]]&lt;!--born October, 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anton Bruckner]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Johann Strauss II]]&lt;!--born 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Brahms]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Modest Mussorgsky]]&lt;!--born 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]&lt;!--born 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonín Dvořák]]&lt;!--born 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]&lt;!--Sullivan born 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Elgar]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;

=====Post-romantic/early modern=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gabriel Fauré]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giacomo Puccini]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Gustav Mahler]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Claude Debussy]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard Strauss]]&lt;!--born 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jean Sibelius]]&lt;!--born 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Maurice Ravel]]&lt;!--born 1875--&gt;

=====20th century modern=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]&lt;!--born 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arnold Schoenberg]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Béla Bartók]]&lt;!--born 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Igor Stravinsky]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sergei Prokofiev]]&lt;!--born 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Gershwin]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aaron Copland]]&lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Britten]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Williams]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Avant-garde/postmodern=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Cage]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[György Ligeti]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pierre Boulez]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip Glass]]&lt;!--born 1937--&gt;

====Pedagogues====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Boulanger]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;

====Performers====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Cellists=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pablo Casals]]&lt;!--born 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mstislav Rostropovich]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;

=====Conductors=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arturo Toscanini]]&lt;!--born 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert von Karajan]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonard Bernstein]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;

=====Pianists=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clara Schumann]]&lt;!--born 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Rubinstein]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Horowitz]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sviatoslav Richter]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Glenn Gould]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;

=====Singers=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enrico Caruso]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Callas]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joan Sutherland]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Luciano Pavarotti]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Plácido Domingo]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;

=====Violinists=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niccolò Paganini]]&lt;!--born 1782--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Non-Western art music===
{{Vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Carnatic classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syama Sastri]]&lt;!--born 1762--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tyagaraja]]&lt;!--born 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]&lt;!--born 1776--&gt;

====Hindustani classical====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ravi Shankar]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ali Akbar Khan]]&lt;!--born 1922--&gt;

====Qawwali====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Persian traditional====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad-Reza Shajarian]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Jazz===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scott Joplin]]&lt;!--born 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duke Ellington]]&lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Louis Armstrong]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Django Reinhardt]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Billie Holiday]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ella Fitzgerald]]&lt;!--born 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charlie Parker]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Celia Cruz]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Miles Davis]]&lt;!--born May 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Coltrane]]&lt;!--born Sept 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antônio Carlos Jobim]]&lt;!--born 1927--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Popular music===
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Popular music: general====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stephen Foster]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bing Crosby]]&lt;!--born 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Frank Sinatra]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Miriam Makeba]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bob Marley]]&lt;!--born Feb 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[ABBA]]&lt;!--members born Apr 1945, Nov 1945, 1946, 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Madonna]]&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 16)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1958 (Aug 29)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Taylor Swift]]&lt;!--born 1989--&gt;

====Non-English language popular music====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umm Kulthum]]&lt;!--born c. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Édith Piaf]]&lt;!--born 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Astor Piazzolla]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Aznavour]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Serge Gainsbourg]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lata Mangeshkar]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Vysotsky]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Julio Iglesias]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paco de Lucía]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa Teng]]&lt;!--born 1953--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Selena]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;

====Blues, R&amp;B, soul and funk====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Johnson]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. B. King]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ray Charles]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Brown]]&lt;!--born 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fela Kuti]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Marvin Gaye]]&lt;!--born 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aretha Franklin]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[The Supremes]]&lt;!--core members (Ballard, Wilson, Ross) born 1943, Mar 6 1944, Mar 26 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Stevie Wonder]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince (musician)]]&lt;!--born 1957--&gt;

====Electronic music====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kraftwerk]]&lt;!--core members (Hütter, Schneider, Flür, Bartos) born 1946, Apr 1947, Jul 1947, 1952--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Brian Eno]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Folk and country====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Woody Guthrie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hank Williams]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Johnny Cash]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Joni Mitchell]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dolly Parton]]&lt;!--born 1946--&gt;

====Hip-hop and rap====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Run-DMC]]&lt;!--members born May 1964, Nov 1964, 1965--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tupac Shakur]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eminem]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;

====Musical theatre and film====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Berlin]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]&lt;!--Rodgers born 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]&lt;!--born 1948--&gt;

====Rock====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Chuck Berry]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Richard]]&lt;!--born 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elvis Presley]]&lt;!--born 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buddy Holly]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[The Beatles]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--core members (Starr, Lennon, McCartney, Harrison) born Jul 1940, Oct 1940, 1942, 1943 (formed 1960)--&gt;
## {{Icon|FA}} [[John Lennon]]&lt;!--born Oct 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Beach Boys]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member (Love, B. Wilson, Johnston, Jardine, D. Wilson, C. Wilson) born Mar 1941, Jun 20 1942, Jun 27 1942, Sep 1942, 1944, 1946 (formed 1961)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Bob Dylan]]&lt;!--born May 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[The Rolling Stones]]&lt;!--core members + longtime member + well-known replacement (Wyman, Watts, Jones, Jagger, Richards, Wood, Taylor) born 1936, Jun 1941, 1942, Jul 1943, Dec 1943, 1947, 1949 (formed 1962)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jimi Hendrix]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Janis Joplin]]&lt;!--born Jan 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pink Floyd]]&lt;!--core members + well-known member (Wright, Waters, Mason, Barrett, Gilmour) born Jul 1943, Sep 1943, 1944, Jan 1946, Mar 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[The Doors]]&lt;!--members born 1939, Dec 1943, 1944, 1946 (formed 1965)--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Led Zeppelin]]&lt;!--members born 1944, 1946, 1948, 1948 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[David Bowie]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Black Sabbath]]&lt;!--original members (Iommi, Ward, Osbourne, Butler) born Feb 1948, May 1948, Dec 1948, 17 Jul 1949 (formed 1968)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Queen (band)]]&lt;!--core members (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon) born 1946, 1947, 26 Jul 1949, 1951 (formed in 1970)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Metallica]]&lt;!--core members + long-term replacements (Burton, Hammett, Newsted, Hetfield, Ulrich, Trujillo) born Feb 1962, Nov 1962, Mar 1963, Aug 1963, Dec 1963, 1964 (formed in 1981)--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nirvana (band)]]&lt;!--final lineup (Novoselic, Cobain, Grohl born 1965, 1967, 1969 (formed in 1987)--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Directors, producers and screenwriters==
{{Vital article count|60}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Animators and puppeteers===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Walt Disney]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Jim Henson]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hayao Miyazaki]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

===Directors===
{{Vital article count|53}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ousmane Sembène]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yasujirō Ozu]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Akira Kurosawa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Satyajit Ray]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raj Kapoor]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Dutt]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abbas Kiarostami]] &lt;!--b. 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ang Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wong Kar-wai]] &lt;!--b. 1958--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|24}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Lang]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sergei Eisenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charlie Chaplin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] &lt;!--b. Aug 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Luis Buñuel]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vittorio De Sica]] &lt;!--b. 1901 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leni Riefenstahl]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lean]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ingmar Bergman]] &lt;!--b. 1918 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Federico Fellini]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Miloš Forman]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Tarkovsky]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roman Polanski]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Werner Herzog]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Sep.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Méliès]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] &lt;!--b. 1862, b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Cocteau]] &lt;!--b. 1889 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Renoir]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Bresson]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Agnès Varda]] &lt;!--b. 1928 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Luc Godard]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Truffaut]] &lt;!--b. 1932 Feb. 6--&gt;

====US and Canada====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. W. Griffith]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Cecil B. DeMille]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Ford]] &lt;!--b. 1894 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Buster Keaton]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Howard Hawks]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frank Capra]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Wyler]] &lt;!--b. 1902 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Billy Wilder]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elia Kazan]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Orson Welles]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ida Lupino]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stanley Kubrick]] &lt;!--b. 1928 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Woody Allen]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Ford Coppola]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martin Scorsese]] &lt;!--b. 1942 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Lucas]] &lt;!--b. 1944--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[David Lynch]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steven Spielberg]] &lt;!--b. 1946 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[James Cameron]] &lt;!--b. 1954 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Quentin Tarantino]] &lt;!--b. 1963--&gt;

===Producers and executives===
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samuel Goldwyn]] &lt;!--b. 1879/1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis B. Mayer]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack L. Warner]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Irving Thalberg]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Businesspeople==
{{Vital article count|26}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]]&lt;!--born 115 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jakob Fugger]]&lt;!--born 1459--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Josiah Wedgwood]]&lt;!--born 1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rothschild family]]&lt;!--prominence began with [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]] (born 1744)--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Jacob Astor]]&lt;!--born 1763--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]&lt;!--born 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leland Stanford]]&lt;!--born 1824--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Andrew Carnegie]]&lt;!--born 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[J. P. Morgan]]&lt;!--born 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jamsetji Tata]]&lt;!--born 1839 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John D. Rockefeller]]&lt;!--born 1839 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Westinghouse]]&lt;!--born 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrew Mellon]]&lt;!--born 1855--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Henry Ford]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Howard Hughes]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Estée Lauder (businesswoman)]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sam Walton]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Ka-shing]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Soros]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Warren Buffett]]&lt;!--born 1930 Aug. 30--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rupert Murdoch]]&lt;!--born 1931--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ted Turner]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carlos Slim]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Jobs]]&lt;!--born 1955 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bill Gates]]&lt;!--born 1955 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Elon Musk]]&lt;!--born 1971--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Explorers==
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanno the Navigator]] &lt;!--fl. 500 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhang Qian]] &lt;!--b. 195 BC--&gt;

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xuanzang]] &lt;!--b. 602--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leif Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 970s--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marco Polo]] &lt;!--b. 1254--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn Battuta]] &lt;!--b. 1304--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Zheng He]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1371--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Christopher Columbus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amerigo Vespucci]] &lt;!--b. 1454--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Vasco da Gama]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1460/1469--&gt;

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] &lt;!--b. 1467/1468--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Ponce de León]] &lt;!--b. 1474--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ferdinand Magellan]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1480--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cartier]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernando de Soto]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willem Barentsz]] &lt;!--b. 1550--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abel Tasman]] &lt;!--b. 1603--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vitus Bering]] &lt;!--b. 1681--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[James Cook]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1728--&gt;

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Livingstone]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Fridtjof Nansen]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Robert Falcon Scott]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ernest Shackleton]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roald Amundsen]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Amelia Earhart]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lindbergh]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Neil Armstrong]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Yuri Gagarin]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Valentina Tereshkova]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Philosophers, historians, political and social scientists==
{{Vital article count|162}}
===Philosophers===
{{Vital article count|71}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thales of Miletus]] &lt;!--b. 626/623 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kaṇāda]] &lt;!--c. 6th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Laozi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 571 BC (per zh.wikipedia)--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraclitus]] &lt;!--b. before 547 BC, fl. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Confucius]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 551 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Socrates]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 470 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Democritus]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Plato]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 428 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diogenes]] &lt;!--b. 413/403 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shang Yang]] &lt;!--b. 390 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Aristotle]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mencius]] &lt;!--b. 371 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Epicurus]] &lt;!--b. 341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xunzi (philosopher)]] &lt;!--b. 310 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Han Fei]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 233 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Li Si]] &lt;!--b. 280 BC, d. 208 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Cicero]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lucretius]] &lt;!--b. 99 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seneca the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plotinus]] &lt;!--b. 204--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustine of Hippo]] &lt;!--b. 354--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Al-Kindi]] &lt;!--b. 801--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Farabi]] &lt;!--b. 870--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Abelard]] &lt;!--b. 1079--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Averroes]] &lt;!--b. 1126--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhu Xi]] &lt;!--b. 1130--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Aquinas]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1225--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Duns Scotus]] &lt;!--b. 1265/1266--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William of Ockham]] &lt;!--b. 1287--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erasmus]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wang Yangming]] &lt;!--b. 1472--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giordano Bruno]] &lt;!--b. 1548--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Bacon]] &lt;!--b. 1561--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[René Descartes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1596--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baruch Spinoza]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Berkeley]] &lt;!--b. 1685--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hume]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Denis Diderot]] &lt;!--b. 1713--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Immanuel Kant]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1724--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 22--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jeremy Bentham]] &lt;!--b. 1748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] &lt;!--b. 1762--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|28}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Auguste Comte]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]&lt;!--born 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Stuart Mill]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Søren Kierkegaard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry David Thoreau]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William James]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edmund Husserl]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Bergson]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 18--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dewey]] &lt;!--b. 1859 Oct. 20--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Alfred North Whitehead]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Bertrand Russell]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Martin Heidegger]] &lt;!--b. 1889 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Karl Popper]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hannah Arendt]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone de Beauvoir]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isaiah Berlin]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marshall McLuhan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Rawls]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frantz Fanon]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Michel Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jürgen Habermas]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacques Derrida]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Historians and archaeologists===
{{Vital article count|22}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Herodotus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 484 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thucydides]] &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xenophon]] &lt;!--b. 430 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sima Qian]] &lt;!--b. 145 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Josephus]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Plutarch]] &lt;!--b. 40--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tacitus]] &lt;!--b. 56--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eusebius]] &lt;!--b. 260/265--&gt;

====Post-classical====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bede]] &lt;!--b. 672/673--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Ibn Khaldun]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1332--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Jean Froissart]] &lt;!--b. 1337--&gt;

====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Giorgio Vasari]] &lt;!--b. 1511--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Gibbon]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolay Karamzin]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold von Ranke]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor Mommsen]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Schliemann]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles A. Beard]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernand Braudel]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. J. P. Taylor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Hobsbawm]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Political writers===
{{Vital article count|18}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hugo Grotius]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Hobbes]] &lt;!--b. 1588--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[John Locke]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montesquieu]] &lt;!--b. 1689--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edmund Burke]] &lt;!--b. 1729 Jan. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Paine]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Beccaria]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] &lt;!--b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Bakunin]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herbert Spencer]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich Engels]] &lt;!--b. 1820 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Kropotkin]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eduard Bernstein]] &lt;!--b. 1850--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio Gramsci]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edward Said]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Economists===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Adam Smith]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Robert Malthus]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Ricardo]] &lt;!--b. 1772--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Friedrich List]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Karl Marx]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vilfredo Pareto]] &lt;!--b. 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Maynard Keynes]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Hayek]] &lt;!--b. 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Milton Friedman]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul Samuelson]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Social scientists===
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Émile Durkheim]] &lt;!--b. 1858 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Boas]] &lt;!--b. 1858 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Max Weber]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maria Montessori]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marcel Mauss]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bronisław Malinowski]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edward Bernays]] &lt;!--b. 1891 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Mead]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Talcott Parsons]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodor W. Adorno]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] &lt;!--b. 1908 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clifford Geertz]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Bourdieu]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Linguists===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pāṇini]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Noah Webster]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sequoyah]] &lt;!--b. 1770--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis Braille]] &lt;!--b. 1809 Jan. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Noam Chomsky]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Psychologists===
{{Vital article count|21}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Galton]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wilhelm Wundt]] &lt;!--b. 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan Pavlov]] &lt;!--b. 1849--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Sigmund Freud]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edward Thorndike]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Jung]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John B. Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kurt Lewin]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anna Freud]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean Piaget]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lev Vygotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1896 Nov.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gordon Allport]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Rogers]] &lt;!--b. 1902 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erik Erikson]] &lt;!--b. 1902 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[B. F. Skinner]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Raymond Cattell]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abraham Maslow]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert Ellis]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leon Festinger]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[George Armitage Miller]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Albert Bandura]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Religious figures==
{{Vital article count|123}}
:&lt;small&gt;For mythological figures, see: [[Wikipedia:Vital_articles/Level/4/Philosophy_and_religion#Mythology_(109_articles)|Philosophy and religion: Mythology]].&lt;/small&gt;
===Abrahamic religions===
{{Vital article count|86}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Judaism====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rabbi Akiva]] &lt;!--b. 50--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rashi]] &lt;!--b. 1040--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maimonides]] &lt;!--b. 1138--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel]] &lt;!--b. 1512--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Baal Shem Tov]] &lt;!--b. 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vilna Gaon]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;

====Christianity====
{{Vital article count|60}}
===== New Testament figures=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] &lt;!--b. 18 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Baptist]] &lt;!--b. 6 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Jesus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 6-4 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Peter]] &lt;!--b. 1 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Judas Iscariot]] &lt;!--1st century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John the Apostle]] &lt;!--b. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mary Magdalene]] &lt;!--b. 8--&gt;

=====Pre-Schism=====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irenaeus]] &lt;!--b. 125--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Clement of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tertullian]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Origen]] &lt;!--b. 185--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arius]] &lt;!--b. 250/256--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint Nicholas]] &lt;!--b. 270--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saint George]] &lt;!--3rd century AD, d. 303--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 296-298--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Gregory of Nazianzus]] &lt;!--b. 329--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basil of Caesarea]] &lt;!--b. 330--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gregory of Nyssa]] &lt;!--b. 335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ambrose]] &lt;!--b. 339--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jerome]] &lt;!--b. 342-347--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Chrysostom]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyril of Alexandria]] &lt;!--b. 376--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benedict of Nursia]] &lt;!--b. 480--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of Damascus]] &lt;!--b. 675/676--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cyril and Methodius]] &lt;!--b. 815, b. 826--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Clement of Rome]] &lt;!--d. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Leo I]] &lt;!--b. 391--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory I]] &lt;!--b. 540--&gt;

=====Catholic Church=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anselm of Canterbury]] &lt;!--b. 1033/1034--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis of Assisi]] &lt;!--b. 1181--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bonaventure]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Wycliffe]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Hus]] &lt;!--b. 1369--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tomás de Torquemada]] &lt;!--b. 1420--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignatius of Loyola]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis Xavier]] &lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Teresa of Ávila]] &lt;!--b. 1515--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John of the Cross]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mother Teresa]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;

======Popes======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Pius IX]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope John XXIII]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Pope John Paul II]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;

=====Orthodox Church=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patriarch Nikon of Moscow]] &lt;!--b. 1605--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grigori Rasputin]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;

=====Protestantism=====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Martin Luther]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Huldrych Zwingli]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Thomas Cranmer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip Melanchthon]] &lt;!--b. 1497--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Calvin]] &lt;!--b. 1509--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Knox]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jacobus Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 1560--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Wesley]] &lt;!--b. 1703 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)]] &lt;!--b. 1703 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Barth]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Billy Graham]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Desmond Tutu]] &lt;!--b. 1931--&gt;

=====Others=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Smith]] &lt;!--Latter Day Saint, b. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mary Baker Eddy]] &lt;!--Christian Science, b. 1821--&gt;

====Islam====
{{Vital article count|19}}
=====Early Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] &lt;!--b. 554--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Muhammad]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 570--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Fatima]] &lt;!--b. 605/615--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aisha]] &lt;!--b. 614--&gt;

=====Shia Islam=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ali]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 600--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Husayn ibn Ali]] &lt;!--b. 626--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] &lt;!--b. 702--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mulla Sadra]] &lt;!--b. 1571/1572--&gt;

=====Sunni Islam=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Hanifa]] &lt;!--b. 699--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Malik ibn Anas]] &lt;!--b. 711--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Shafi'i]] &lt;!--b. 767--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] &lt;!--b. 780--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] &lt;!--b. 810--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] &lt;!--b. after 815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Ghazali]] &lt;!--b. 1058--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ibn Arabi]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nawawi]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Taymiyya]] &lt;!--b. 1263--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] &lt;!--b. 1703--&gt;

====Baháʼí Faith====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Baháʼu'lláh]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Dharmic religions===
{{Vital article count|35}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Hinduism====
{{Vital article count|17}}
=====Ancient=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Valmiki]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vyasa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kapila]] &lt;!--b. 7th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patanjali]] &lt;!--c. 2nd century BC-5th century AD--&gt;

===== Post-classical=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaudapada]] &lt;!--fl. 6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārila Bhaṭṭa]] &lt;!--b. 700--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Adi Shankara]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 700/788--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramanuja]] &lt;!--b. 1077--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Basava]] &lt;!--b. 1131--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Madhvacharya]] &lt;!--b. 1199--&gt;

=====Modern=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] &lt;!--b. 1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramakrishna]] &lt;!--b. 1836--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Swami Vivekananda]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sri Aurobindo]] &lt;!--b. 1872--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ramana Maharshi]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;

====Buddhism====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[The Buddha]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 563 BC/480 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nagarjuna]] &lt;!--b. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Padmasambhava]] &lt;!--fl. 8th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[14th Dalai Lama]] &lt;!--b. 1935--&gt;

=====Chinese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kumārajīva]] &lt;!--b. 344--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bodhidharma]] &lt;!--fl. 5th/6th century AD--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhiyi]] &lt;!--b. 538--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huineng]] &lt;!--b. 638--&gt;

=====Indian Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maudgalyayana]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Śāriputra]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ānanda]] &lt;!--b. 5th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vasubandhu]] &lt;!--b. 4th century AD--&gt;

=====Japanese Buddhism=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kūkai]] &lt;!--b. 774--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dōgen]] &lt;!--b. 1200--&gt;

====Jainism====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mahavira]] &lt;!--b. 599 BC--&gt;

====Sikhism====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guru Nanak]] &lt;!--b. 1469--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guru Gobind Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1666--&gt;

====Theosophy====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Others===
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zoroaster]] &lt;!--Zoroastrianism, b. 624-599 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Aleister Crowley]] &lt;!--Thelema, b. 1875--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Politicians and leaders==
{{Vital article count|500}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|74}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|13}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Ezana of Axum]] &lt;!--fl. 320s-360--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gaiseric]] &lt;!--b. 389--&gt;

=====Egypt=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Narmer]] &lt;!--fl. 3100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Thutmose I]] &lt;!--d. 1493 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hatshepsut]] &lt;!--b. 1505 BC, d. 1458 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thutmose III]] &lt;!--b. 1479 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akhenaten]] &lt;!--b. before 1363-1361 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nefertiti]] &lt;!--b. 1370 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tutankhamun]] &lt;!--b. 1341 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ramesses II]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1303 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramesses III]] &lt;!--b. 1217 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ptolemy I Soter]] &lt;!--b. 367 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Cleopatra]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 70/69 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cyrus the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 600 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Darius the Great]] &lt;!--b. 550 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xerxes I]] &lt;!--b. 518 BC--&gt;

=====Eastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Modu Chanyu]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 374--&gt;

======China======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yu the Great]] &lt;!--fl. 21st century BC per zh.wikipedia--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 259 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 256 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Wu of Han]] &lt;!--b. 156 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cao Cao]] &lt;!--b. 155--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ajatashatru]] &lt;!--d. 460 BC/373 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] &lt;!--b. 350-340 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ashoka]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 304 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Menander I]] &lt;!--b. 180 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kanishka]] &lt;!--d. 150--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samudragupta]] &lt;!--b. 318--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chandragupta II]] &lt;!--b. 345-350--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sargon of Akkad]] &lt;!--d. 2279 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Puduḫepa]] &lt;!--fl. 13th century BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ashurbanipal]] &lt;!--b. 685 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tigranes the Great]] &lt;!--b. 140 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mithridates VI Eupator]] &lt;!--b. 135 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Herod the Great]] &lt;!--b. 72 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zenobia]] &lt;!--b. 240--&gt;

======Babylon======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Hammurabi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1810 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] &lt;!--b. 642 BC--&gt;

======Hellenistic Kingdoms======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucus I Nicator]] &lt;!--b. 358 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antiochus III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 241 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|32}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Decebalus]] &lt;!--d. 106--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attila]] &lt;!--b. 406--&gt;

======Greece======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lycurgus]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Draco (legislator)]] &lt;!--b. before 625 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Solon]] &lt;!--b. 630 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Themistocles]] &lt;!--b. 524 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Pericles]] &lt;!--b. 495 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Alcibiades]] &lt;!--b. 450 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Demosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 384 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip II of Macedon]] &lt;!--b. 382 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alexander the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 356 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] &lt;!--b. 319/318 BC--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vercingetorix]] &lt;!--b. 80 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Arminius]] &lt;!--b. 18/17 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Boudica]] &lt;!--d. 60/61--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alaric I]] &lt;!--b. 370--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric I]] &lt;!--b. 390/393--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodoric the Great]] &lt;!--b. 454--&gt;

=====Rome=====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cato the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 234 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gracchi brothers]] &lt;!--fl. 133-121 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Julius Caesar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 100 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Augustus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 63 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiberius]] &lt;!--b. 42 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Caligula]] &lt;!--b. 12--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Nero]] &lt;!--b. 37--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Domitian]] &lt;!--b. 51--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Trajan]] &lt;!--b. 53--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hadrian]] &lt;!--b. 76--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marcus Aurelius]] &lt;!--b. 121--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Diocletian]] &lt;!--b. 242/245--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Constantine the Great]] &lt;!--b. 272--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Theodosius I]] &lt;!--b. 347--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|134}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah]] &lt;!--b. 874--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] &lt;!--b. 985--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Baybars]] &lt;!--b. 1223/1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mansa Musa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1280--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] &lt;!--b. 1285, d. 1341--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Amda Seyon I]] &lt;!--d. 1344--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Zara Yaqob]]&lt;!--b. 1399--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Askia Muhammad I]]&lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma I]] &lt;!--b. 1398--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pachacuti]] &lt;!--b. 1403/1418--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|47}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bumin Qaghan]] &lt;!--d. 552--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khosrow I]] &lt;!--b. 512-514, d. 579--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] &lt;!--b. 971--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tughril I]] &lt;!--b. 993--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nizam al-Mulk]] &lt;!--b. 1018--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad of Ghor]] &lt;!--b. 1144--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tamar of Georgia]] &lt;!--b. 1160--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Timur]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1320s--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ulugh Beg]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;

=====East Asia=====
{{Vital article count|17}}
======China======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Wen of Sui]] &lt;!--b. 541--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wu Zetian]] &lt;!--b. 624--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] &lt;!--b. 927--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hongwu Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1328--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yongle Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;

======Korea======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Goryeo]] &lt;!--b. 877--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taejo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1335--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sejong the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1397--&gt;

======Mongol Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Genghis Khan]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1162--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jochi]] &lt;!--b. 1182--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ögedei Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1186--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Batu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1205--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kublai Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1215--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hulegu Khan]] &lt;!--b. 1217--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokhtamysh]] &lt;!--b. 1342--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anawrahta]] &lt;!--b. 1014--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Suryavarman II]] &lt;!--b. 1094/1098--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jayavarman VII]] &lt;!--b. 1122/1125--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ramkhamhaeng]] &lt;!--b. 1237/1247--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gajah Mada]] &lt;!--b. 1290--&gt;

======Vietnam======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trần Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1240--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Lợi]] &lt;!--b. 1385--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê Thánh Tông]] &lt;!--b. 1442--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harsha]] &lt;!--b. 590--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rajaraja I]] &lt;!--b. 947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alauddin Khalji]] &lt;!--b. 1266--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saladin]] &lt;!--b. 1137--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osman I]] &lt;!--b. 1254/1255--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mehmed II]] &lt;!--b. 1432--&gt;

======Caliphates======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abu Bakr]] &lt;!--b. 573--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Uthman]] &lt;!--b. 573/576--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Umar]] &lt;!--b. 584--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mu'awiya I]] &lt;!--b. 597/603/605--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] &lt;!--b. 644/647--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Harun al-Rashid]] &lt;!--b. 763/766--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|77}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|29}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Svatopluk I of Moravia]] &lt;!--b. 840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Dušan]] &lt;!--b. 1308--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vlad the Impaler]] &lt;!--b. 1428/1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1433-1440--&gt;

======Bulgaria======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Krum]] &lt;!--d. 814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] &lt;!--d. 907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ivan Asen II]] &lt;!--b. 1190s--&gt;

======Byzantine Empire======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Justinian I]] &lt;!--b. 482--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)]] &lt;!--b. 490/500--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heraclius]] &lt;!--b. 575--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leo III the Isaurian]] &lt;!--b. 685--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Basil II]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manuel I Komnenos]] &lt;!--b. 1118--&gt;

======Hungary======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Stephen I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 975--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Béla IV of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1206--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Louis I of Hungary]] &lt;!--b. 1326--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Matthias Corvinus]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mieszko I]] &lt;!--b. 930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bolesław I the Brave]] &lt;!--b. 967--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gediminas]] &lt;!--b. 1275--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Casimir III the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1310--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vytautas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1350--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] &lt;!--b. 1352/1362--&gt;

======Russia and Ukraine======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sviatoslav I]] &lt;!--b. 943--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir the Great]] &lt;!--b. 958--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Yaroslav the Wise]] &lt;!--b. 978--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel of Galicia]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Nevsky]] &lt;!--b. 1221--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan III of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1440--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|48}}
======British Isles======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred the Great]] &lt;!--b. 849--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Æthelstan]] &lt;!--b. 894--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William the Conqueror]] &lt;!--b. 1028--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry II of England]] &lt;!--b. 1133--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Richard I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1157--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John, King of England]] &lt;!--b. 1166--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1239--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert the Bruce]] &lt;!--b. 1274--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1312--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry V of England]] &lt;!--b. 1386--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis I]] &lt;!--b. 466--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Martel]] &lt;!--b. 688--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Charlemagne]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 748--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis the Pious]] &lt;!--b. 778--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] &lt;!--b. 1124--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of France]] &lt;!--b. 1165--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis IX of France]] &lt;!--b. 1214--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philip IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1268--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XI]] &lt;!--b. 1423--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles the Fat]] &lt;!--b. 839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry the Lion]] &lt;!--b. 1129/1131--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto the Great]] &lt;!--b. 912--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1050--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1122--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1194--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1316--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1368--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1459--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman I]] &lt;!--b. 731--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abd al-Rahman III]] &lt;!--b. 890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso I of Portugal]] &lt;!--b. 1106/1109/1111--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] &lt;!--b. 1394--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Isabella I of Castile]] &lt;!--b. 1451--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Guiscard]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Roger II of Sicily]] &lt;!--b. 1095--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cosimo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1389--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1449--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Girolamo Savonarola]] &lt;!--b. 1452--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cesare Borgia]] &lt;!--b. 1475--&gt;

======Papal States======
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pope Gregory VII]] &lt;!--b. 1015--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Urban II]] &lt;!--b. 1035--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Innocent III]] &lt;!--b. 1161--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Boniface VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1230--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Alexander VI]] &lt;!--b. 1431--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pope Julius II]] &lt;!--b. 1443--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cnut]] &lt;!--b. 990--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret I of Denmark]] &lt;!--b. 1353--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|104}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]&lt;!--b. 1506--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ahmad al-Mansur]]&lt;!--b. 1549--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba]]&lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Toussaint Louverture]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;

=====Aztec=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Moctezuma II]] &lt;!--b. 1466--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[La Malinche]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;

=====Inca=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atahualpa]] &lt;!--b. 1502--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Túpac Amaru II]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1706--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[George Washington]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1732--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Thomas Jefferson]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Madison]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Alexander Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1755/1757--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[John Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|41}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ismail I]] &lt;!--b. 1487--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbas the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nader Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1688/1698--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] &lt;!--b. 1720-1722--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Jiajing Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nurhaci]] &lt;!--b. 1559--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wanli Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1563--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Taiji]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kangxi Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1654--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qianlong Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Oda Nobunaga]] &lt;!--b. 1534--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] &lt;!--b. 1537--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] &lt;!--b. 1543--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seonjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1552--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jeongjo of Joseon]] &lt;!--b. 1752--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Naresuan]] &lt;!--b. 1555/1556--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iskandar Muda]] &lt;!--b. 1583--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Sultan Agung of Mataram]] &lt;!--b. 1593--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rama I]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Quang Trung]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

======Burma======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bayinnaung]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tabinshwehti]] &lt;!--b. 1516 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alaungpaya]] &lt;!--b. 1714--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Krishnadevaraya]] &lt;!--b. 1471--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sher Shah Suri]] &lt;!--b. 1472/1486--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Babur]] &lt;!--b. 1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Humayun]] &lt;!--b. 1508--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Akbar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shah Jahan]] &lt;!--b. 1592--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aurangzeb]] &lt;!--b. 1618--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shivaji]] &lt;!--b. 1630--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hyder Ali]] &lt;!--b. 1720--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Clive]] &lt;!--b. 1725--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tipu Sultan]] &lt;!--b. 1751--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Selim I]] &lt;!--b. 1470--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Roxelana]] &lt;!--b. 1505--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mehmed IV]] &lt;!--b. 1642--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Selim III]] &lt;!--b. 1761--&gt;

=====Oceania=====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kamehameha I]] &lt;!--b. 1736-1761--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Eastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] &lt;!--b. 1595--&gt;

======Poland and Lithuania======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Báthory]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sigismund III Vasa]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John III Sobieski]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Augustus II the Strong]] &lt;!--b. 1670--&gt;

======Russia======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ivan the Terrible]] &lt;!--b. 1530--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexis of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1672--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Elizabeth of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1709--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Catherine the Great]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1729--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|38}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[William the Silent]] &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francis I of France]] &lt;!--b. 1494--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Catherine de' Medici]] &lt;!--b. 1519--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry IV of France]] &lt;!--b. 1553--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Cardinal Richelieu]] &lt;!--b. 1585--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cardinal Mazarin]] &lt;!--b. 1602--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Louis XIV]] &lt;!--b. 1638--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis XV]] &lt;!--b. 1710--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Madame de Pompadour]] &lt;!--b. 1721--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis XVI]] &lt;!--b. 1754--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Antoinette]] &lt;!--b. 1755--&gt;

======Great Britain and United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Henry VIII]] &lt;!--b. 1491--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mary I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1516--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Elizabeth I]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1533--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] &lt;!--b. 1542--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James VI and I]] &lt;!--b. 1566--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Oliver Cromwell]] &lt;!--b. 1599--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Charles I of England]] &lt;!--b. 1600--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William III of England]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Walpole]] &lt;!--b. 1676--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]] &lt;!--b. 1705--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[William Blackstone]] &lt;!--b. 1723--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[George III]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Pitt the Younger]] &lt;!--b. 1759--&gt;

======Holy Roman Empire, Austria======
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1500--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1503--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1640--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Maria Theresa]] &lt;!--b. 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1741--&gt;

======Prussia, Germany======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Frederick William I of Prussia]] &lt;!--b. 1688--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Frederick the Great]] &lt;!--b. 1712--&gt;

======Scandinavia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustavus Adolphus]] &lt;!--b. 1594--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1626--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles XII of Sweden]] &lt;!--b. 1682--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles XIV John]] &lt;!--b. 1763--&gt;

======Southern Europe======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip II of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1527--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philip V of Spain]] &lt;!--b. 1683--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]] &lt;!--b. 1699--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|188}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|33}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Africa=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Patrice Lumumba]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Biya]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Eastern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rainilaiarivony]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jomo Kenyatta]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hastings Banda]] &lt;!--b. 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Julius Nyerere]] &lt;!--b. 1922--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kenneth Kaunda]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Idi Amin]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Paul Kagame]] &lt;!--b. 1957--&gt;

======Ethiopia======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tewodros II]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yohannes IV]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Menelik II]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Haile Selassie]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;

=====Northern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emir Abdelkader]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Muhammad Ahmad]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Muammar Gaddafi]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;

======Egypt======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anwar Sadat]] &lt;!--b. 1918 Dec.--&gt;

=====Southern Africa=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Shaka]] &lt;!--b. 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cecil Rhodes]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Nelson Mandela]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Mugabe]] &lt;!--b. 1924 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[F. W. de Klerk]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;

=====Western Africa=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kwame Nkrumah]] &lt;!--b. 1909--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kofi Annan]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Sankara]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Americas====
{{Vital article count|39}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====South America=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[José de San Martín]] &lt;!--b. 1778--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1783--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antonio José de Sucre]] &lt;!--b. 1795--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Perón]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Salvador Allende]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfredo Stroessner]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augusto Pinochet]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hugo Chávez]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Brazil======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro I of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1798--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Pedro II of Brazil]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Getúlio Vargas]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;

=====Central America and the Caribbean=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Morazán]] &lt;!--b. 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rafael Trujillo]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[François Duvalier]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Fidel Castro]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] &lt;!--b. 1794--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Benito Juárez]] &lt;!--b. 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Porfirio Díaz]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Andrew Jackson]] &lt;!--b. 1767--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Tecumseh]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Clay]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sitting Bull]] &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Theodore Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harry S. Truman]] &lt;!--b. 1884 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] &lt;!--b. 1884 Oct.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[J. Edgar Hoover]] &lt;!--b. 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ronald Reagan]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Nixon]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John F. Kennedy]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Trump]] &lt;!--b. 1946 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[George W. Bush]] &lt;!--b. 1946 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Barack Obama]] &lt;!--b. 1961--&gt;

=====Canada=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John A. Macdonald]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre Trudeau]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

====Asia and Oceania====
{{Vital article count|54}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] &lt;!--b. 1900/1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] &lt;!--b. 1919--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====China=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mao Zedong]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Soong Mei-ling]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 4--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zhou Enlai]] &lt;!--b. 1898 Mar. 5--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deng Xiaoping]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puyi]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jiang Qing]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jiang Zemin]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Xi Jinping]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

=====Japan=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emperor Meiji]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hideki Tojo]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eisaku Satō]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Hirohito]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Apr.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shinzo Abe]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

=====Korea=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Syngman Rhee]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kim Il Sung]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Park Chung Hee]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;

=====Southeastern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chulalongkorn]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sukarno]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ne Win]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Suharto]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee Kuan Yew]] &lt;!--b. 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pol Pot]] &lt;!--b. 1925 May--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mahathir Mohamad]] &lt;!--b. 1925 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Corazon Aquino]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;

=====Southern Asia=====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[D. S. Senanayake]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benazir Bhutto]] &lt;!--b. 1953--&gt;

======India======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indira Gandhi]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] &lt;!--b. 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Manmohan Singh]] &lt;!--b. 1932--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Narendra Modi]] &lt;!--b. 1950--&gt;

=====Western Asia=====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ibn Saud]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[David Ben-Gurion]] &lt;!--b. 1886--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Yasser Arafat]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Saddam Hussein]] &lt;!--b. 1937--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] &lt;!--b. 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] &lt;!--b. 1947--&gt;

======Ottoman Empire and Turkey======
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mahmud II]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abdul Hamid II]] &lt;!--b. 1842--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

{{Div col end}}

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|62}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
=====Central Europe=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]] &lt;!--b. 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Klemens von Metternich]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franz Joseph I]] &lt;!--b. 1830--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Józef Piłsudski]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Dubček]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Václav Havel]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lech Wałęsa]] &lt;!--b. 1943--&gt;

=====Southeastern Europe=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ion Antonescu]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ante Pavelić]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Josip Broz Tito]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slobodan Milošević]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;

=====Russia and USSR=====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas I of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander II of Russia]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicholas II]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] &lt;!--b. 1870--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Joseph Stalin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leon Trotsky]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Nikita Khrushchev]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Leonid Brezhnev]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boris Yeltsin]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Feb.--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] &lt;!--b. 1931 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vladimir Putin]] &lt;!--b. 1952--&gt;

=====Scandinavia=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] &lt;!--b. 1905--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] &lt;!--b. 1939--&gt;

=====Western Europe=====
{{Vital article count|35}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leopold II of Belgium]] &lt;!--b. 1835--&gt;

======France======
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} '''[[Napoleon]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Philippe I]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Adolphe Thiers]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Napoleon III]] &lt;!--b. 1808--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Clemenceau]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles de Gaulle]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[François Mitterrand]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;

======Germany======
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm I]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Otto von Bismarck]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm II]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Adenauer]] &lt;!--b. 1876--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Joseph Goebbels]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erich Honecker]] &lt;!--b. 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Willy Brandt]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helmut Kohl]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Angela Merkel]] &lt;!--b. 1954--&gt;

======Iberia======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Franco]] &lt;!--b. 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Juan Carlos I]] &lt;!--b. 1938--&gt;

======Ireland======
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] &lt;!--b. 1846--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Éamon de Valera]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]] &lt;!--b. 1890--&gt;

======Italy======
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] &lt;!--b. 1810--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benito Mussolini]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;

======United Kingdom======
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Peel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Benjamin Disraeli]] &lt;!--b. 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Ewart Gladstone]] &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Queen Victoria]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[David Lloyd George]] &lt;!--b. 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Winston Churchill]] &lt;!--b. 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Clement Attlee]] &lt;!--b. 1883--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Margaret Thatcher]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Elizabeth II]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Military leaders and theorists==
{{Vital article count|51}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|9}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Africa====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hannibal]] &lt;!--b. 247 BC--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Sun Tzu]] &lt;!--b. 544 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Zhuge Liang]] &lt;!--b. 181--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Leonidas I]] &lt;!--b. 540 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scipio Africanus]] &lt;!--b. 236/235 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sulla]] &lt;!--b. 138 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pompey]] &lt;!--b. 106 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Mark Antony]] &lt;!--b. 83 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Flavius Aetius]] &lt;!--b. 390--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|11}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] &lt;!--d. 642--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Amr ibn al-As]] &lt;!--b. 573, d. 664--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[El Cid]] &lt;!--b. 1043--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] &lt;!--b. 1060--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Subutai]] &lt;!--b. 1175--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần Hưng Đạo]] &lt;!--b. 1228--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jan Žižka]] &lt;!--b. 1360--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Skanderbeg]] &lt;!--b. 1405--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Hunyadi]] &lt;!--b. 1406--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Joan of Arc]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1412--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] &lt;!--b. 1453--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Asia====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yi Sun-sin]] &lt;!--b. 1545--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Miyamoto Musashi]] &lt;!--b. 1584--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] &lt;!--b. 1466/1483--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francisco Pizarro]] &lt;!--b. 1478--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hernán Cortés]] &lt;!--b. 1485--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]] &lt;!--b. 1507--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Drake]] &lt;!--b. 1540--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Michiel de Ruyter]] &lt;!--b. 1607--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] &lt;!--b. 1650--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] &lt;!--b. 1663--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alexander Suvorov]] &lt;!--b. 1729/1730--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|19}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert E. Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1807 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ulysses S. Grant]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Douglas MacArthur]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Jan.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George C. Marshall]] &lt;!--b. 1880 Dec.--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enver Pasha]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]] &lt;!--b. 1911--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl von Clausewitz]] &lt;!--b. 1780--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] &lt;!--b. 1807 July--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]] &lt;!--b. 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Erich Ludendorff]] &lt;!--b. 1865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bernard Montgomery]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[T. E. Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Erwin Rommel]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hermann Göring]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georgy Zhukov]] &lt;!--b. 1896--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Rebels, revolutionaries and activists==
{{Vital article count|52}}
===Ancient===
{{Vital article count|1}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spartacus]] &lt;!--b. 103 BC--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Post-classical===
{{Vital article count|3}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abu Muslim]] &lt;!--b. 718-727--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babak Khorramdin]] &lt;!--b. 795/798--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Huang Chao]] &lt;!--b. 835--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Early modern===
{{Vital article count|8}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern: General====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] &lt;!--b. 1484--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] &lt;!--b. 1753--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Müntzer]] &lt;!--b. 1489--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] &lt;!--b. 1742--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[William Wilberforce]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Aug.--&gt;

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean-Paul Marat]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maximilien Robespierre]] &lt;!--b. 1758--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Danton]] &lt;!--b. 1759 Oct.--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Modern===
{{Vital article count|40}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Americas====
{{Vital article count|21}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Louis Riel]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marcus Garvey]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Che Guevara]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;

=====Mexico=====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pancho Villa]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emiliano Zapata]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;

=====United States=====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sojourner Truth]] &lt;!--b. 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] &lt;!--b. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Douglass]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Susan B. Anthony]] &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harriet Tubman]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Muir]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Booker T. Washington]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Addams]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Margaret Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Helen Keller]] &lt;!--b. 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rosa Parks]] &lt;!--b. 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Betty Friedan]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Malcolm X]] &lt;!--b. 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Harvey Milk]] &lt;!--b. 1930--&gt;

====Africa====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sayyid Qutb]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Steve Biko]] &lt;!--b. 1946--&gt;

====Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Diponegoro]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hong Xiuquan]] &lt;!--b. 1814--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[José Rizal]] &lt;!--b. 1861--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sun Yat-sen]] &lt;!--b. 1866--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aung San]] &lt;!--b. 1915--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] &lt;!--b. 1945--&gt;

=====India=====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rani of Jhansi]] &lt;!--b. 1828/1835--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] &lt;!--b. 1897--&gt;

====Europe====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Henry Dunant]] &lt;!--b. 1828--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Theodor Herzl]] &lt;!--b. 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Emma Goldman]] &lt;!--b. 1869--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosa Luxemburg]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Scientists, inventors and mathematicians==
{{Vital article count|256}}
===Pre-modern figures===
{{Vital article count|28}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Ancient history====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pythagoras]] &lt;!--b. 570 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Hippocrates]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 460 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Euclid]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--fl. 300 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Archimedes]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 287 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Eratosthenes]] &lt;!--b. 276 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Apollonius of Perga]] &lt;!--b. 240 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hipparchus]] &lt;!--b. 190 BC--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pliny the Elder]] &lt;!--b. 23/24--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Cai Lun]]&lt;!--b. 50-62--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hero of Alexandria]] &lt;!--possibly fl. 62 --&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Zhang Heng]] &lt;!--b. 78--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ptolemy]] &lt;!--b. 100--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Galen]] &lt;!--b. 129--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diophantus]] &lt;!--fl. 250--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hypatia]] &lt;!--b. 350-370--&gt;

====Post-classical history====
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aryabhata]] &lt;!--b. 476--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Brahmagupta]] &lt;!--b. 598--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] &lt;!--d. 806-816--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Al-Khwarizmi]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 780, d. 850--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Abu Bakr al-Razi]] &lt;!--b. 864/865--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Al-Zahrawi]] &lt;!--b. 936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Ibn al-Haytham]] &lt;!--b. 865--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Biruni]] &lt;!--b. 973--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Avicenna]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 980--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Shen Kuo]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1031--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fibonacci]] &lt;!--b. 1170--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] &lt;!--b. 1201--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Johannes Gutenberg]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born c. 1393-1406--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Physics===
{{Vital article count|56}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Gilbert (physicist)]] &lt;!--b. 1544--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Christiaan Huygens]] &lt;!--b. 1629--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Robert Hooke]] &lt;!--b. 1635--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Isaac Newton]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1643--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] &lt;!--b. 1711--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henry Cavendish]] &lt;!--b. 1731--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|44}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thomas Young (scientist)]] &lt;!--b. 1773--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[André-Marie Ampère]] &lt;!--b. 1775--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amedeo Avogadro]] &lt;!--b. 1776--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] &lt;!--b. 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] &lt;!--b. 1788--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georg Ohm]] &lt;!--b. 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Michael Faraday]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot]] &lt;!--b. 1796--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Prescott Joule]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Léon Foucault]] &lt;!--b. 1819--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] &lt;!--b. 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] &lt;!--b. 1824 Mar.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lord Kelvin]] &lt;!--b. 1824 June--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[James Clerk Maxwell]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1831--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] &lt;!--b. 1837--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ernst Mach]] &lt;!--b. 1838--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] &lt;!--b. 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] &lt;!--b. 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Becquerel]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 15--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Albert A. Michelson]] &lt;!--b. 1852 Dec. 19--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hendrik Lorentz]] &lt;!--b. 1853--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[J. J. Thomson]] &lt;!--b. 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heinrich Hertz]] &lt;!--b. 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Max Planck]] &lt;!--b. 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre Curie]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Henry Bragg]] &lt;!--b. 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Marie Curie]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Millikan]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernest Rutherford]] &lt;!--b. 1871--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Lise Meitner]] &lt;!--b. 1878--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Albert Einstein]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Max Born]] &lt;!--b. 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Niels Bohr]] &lt;!--b. 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Erwin Schrödinger]] &lt;!--b. 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[C. V. Raman]] &lt;!--b. 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[James Chadwick]] &lt;!--b. 1891--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wolfgang Pauli]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ernest Lawrence]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Aug.--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Enrico Fermi]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Sep.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Werner Heisenberg]] &lt;!--b. 1901 Dec.--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paul Dirac]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] &lt;!--b. 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Hans Bethe]] &lt;!--b. 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Edward Teller]] &lt;!--b. 1908--&gt;

====Contemporary====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Richard Feynman]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Andrei Sakharov]] &lt;!--b. 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] &lt;!--b. 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Murray Gell-Mann]] &lt;!--b. 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles K. Kao]] &lt;!--b. 1933--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Stephen Hawking]] &lt;!--b. 1942--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Astronomy===
{{Vital article count|10}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1473--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tycho Brahe]] &lt;!--b. 1546--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Galileo Galilei]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1564--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Johannes Kepler]] &lt;!--b. 1571--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edmond Halley]] &lt;!--b. 1656--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1738--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caroline Herschel]] &lt;!--b. 1750--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edwin Hubble]] &lt;!--b. 1889--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Georges Lemaître]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Carl Sagan]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Chemistry===
{{Vital article count|23}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Boyle]] &lt;!--b. 1627--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Joseph Priestley]] &lt;!--b. 1733--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Antoine Lavoisier]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Dalton]] &lt;!--b. 1766--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 6--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Humphry Davy]] &lt;!--b. 1778 Dec. 17--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] &lt;!--b. 1779--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Friedrich Wöhler]] &lt;!--b. 1800--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Justus von Liebig]] &lt;!--b. 1803--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] &lt;!--b. 1839--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Svante Arrhenius]] &lt;!--b. 1859--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fritz Haber]] &lt;!--b. 1868--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] &lt;!--b. 1875--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Otto Hahn]] &lt;!--b. 1879--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Irving Langmuir]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peter Debye]] &lt;!--b. 1884--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Harold Urey]] &lt;!--b. 1893--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Linus Pauling]] &lt;!--b. 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] &lt;!--b. 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert Burns Woodward]] &lt;!--b. 1917--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Frederick Sanger]] &lt;!--b. 1918--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Biology===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] &lt;!--b. 1632--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Carl Linnaeus]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Banks]] &lt;!--b. 1743--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] &lt;!--b. 1744--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Georges Cuvier]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John James Audubon]] &lt;!--b. 1785--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Louis Agassiz]] &lt;!--b. 1807--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] &lt;!--b. 1817--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gregor Mendel]] &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] &lt;!--b. 1823--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] &lt;!--b. 1825--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ernst Haeckel]] &lt;!--b. 1834--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Edward Drinker Cope]] &lt;!--b. 1840--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eugenius Warming]] &lt;!--b. 1841--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]] &lt;!--b. 1852--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Washington Carver]] &lt;!--b. 1864--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfred Kinsey]] &lt;!--b. 1894--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hans Krebs (biochemist)]] &lt;!--b. 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Barbara McClintock]] &lt;!--b. 1902--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Konrad Lorenz]] &lt;!--b. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Rachel Carson]] &lt;!--b. 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Norman Borlaug]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Francis Crick]] &lt;!--b. 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rosalind Franklin]] &lt;!--b. 1920--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watson]] &lt;!--b. 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jane Goodall]] &lt;!--b. 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[W. D. Hamilton]] &lt;!--b. 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Stephen Jay Gould]] &lt;!--b. 1941--&gt;
{{div col end}}

===Medicine===
{{Vital article count|14}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paracelsus]] &lt;!--b. 1493--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andreas Vesalius]] &lt;!--b. 1514--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Li Shizhen]] &lt;!--b. 1518--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[William Harvey]] &lt;!--b. 1578--&gt;
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Luigi Galvani]] &lt;!--b. 1737--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Edward Jenner]] &lt;!--b. 1749--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Bernard]] &lt;!--b. 1813--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] &lt;!--b. 1818--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Florence Nightingale]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1820--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Louis Pasteur]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]]) &lt;!--b. 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph Lister]] &lt;!--b. 1827--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Koch]] &lt;!--b. 1843--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Fleming]] &lt;!--b. 1881--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jonas Salk]] &lt;!--b. 1914--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Earth science and physical geography===
{{Vital article count|6}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Hutton]]&lt;!--born 1726--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander von Humboldt]] &lt;!--b. 1769--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Lyell]]&lt;!--born 1797--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Wegener]]&lt;!--born 1880--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacques Cousteau]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Marie Tharp]]&lt;!--born 1920--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Inventors and engineers===
{{Vital article count|34}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[James Watt]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Montgolfier brothers]]&lt;!--born 1740 and 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alessandro Volta]]&lt;!--born 1745--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicéphore Niépce]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Robert Fulton]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eli Whitney]]&lt;!--born 1765--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Stephenson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Louis Daguerre]]&lt;!--born 1787--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Samuel Morse]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]&lt;!--born 1806--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Cyrus McCormick]]&lt;!--born 1809--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gustave Eiffel]]&lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Nobel]]&lt;!--born 1833--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Benz]]&lt;!--born 1844--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Thomas Edison]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Graham Bell]]&lt;!--born 1847--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Emile Berliner]]&lt;!--born 1851--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Algernon Parsons]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[George Eastman]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Nikola Tesla]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1856--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rudolf Diesel]]&lt;!--born 1858--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Leo Baekeland]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wright brothers]]&lt;!--born 1871 and 1867--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lee de Forest]]&lt;!--born 1873--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guglielmo Marconi]]&lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Robert H. Goddard]]&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[John Logie Baird]]&lt;!--born 1888--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philo Farnsworth]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergei Korolev]]&lt;!--born 1907--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[John Bardeen]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Shockley]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Wernher von Braun]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jack Kilby]]&lt;!--born 1923--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nicolaus Otto]] &lt;!--born 1832--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Mathematicians===
{{Vital article count|44}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Early modern====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gerolamo Cardano]]&lt;!--born 1501--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Fermat]]&lt;!--born 1601--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Blaise Pascal]]&lt;!--born 1623--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]&lt;!--born 1646--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jacob Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1655--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Johann Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1667--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Daniel Bernoulli]]&lt;!--born 1700--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1707--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]&lt;!--born 1717--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]&lt;!--born 1736--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gaspard Monge]]&lt;!--born 1746--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]&lt;!--born 1749--&gt;

====Modern====
{{Vital article count|32}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseph Fourier]]&lt;!--born 1768--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1777--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Siméon Denis Poisson]]&lt;!--born 1781--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]]&lt;!--born 1789--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]&lt;!--born 1792--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Niels Henrik Abel]]&lt;!--born 1802--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi]]&lt;!--born 1804--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]]&lt;!--born Feb. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[William Rowan Hamilton]]&lt;!--born Aug. 1805--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Évariste Galois]]&lt;!--born 1811--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Karl Weierstrass]]&lt;!--born Oct. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[George Boole]]&lt;!--born Nov. 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arthur Cayley]]&lt;!--born 1821--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Charles Hermite]]&lt;!--born 1822--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bernhard Riemann]]&lt;!--born 1826--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Georg Cantor]]&lt;!--born 1845--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gottlob Frege]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Henri Poincaré]]&lt;!--born 1854--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Karl Pearson]]&lt;!--born 1857--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[David Hilbert]]&lt;!--born 1862--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Emmy Noether]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1882--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hermann Weyl]]&lt;!--born 1885--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronald Fisher]]&lt;!--born 1890--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Stefan Banach]]&lt;!--born 1892--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Alfred Tarski]]&lt;!--born 1901--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Andrey Kolmogorov]]&lt;!--born Apr. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[John von Neumann]]&lt;!--born Dec. 1903--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Kurt Gödel]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Claude Shannon]]&lt;!--born 1916--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Benoit Mandelbrot]]&lt;!--born 1924--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alexander Grothendieck]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Computer scientists===
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Charles Babbage]]&lt;!--born 1791--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ada Lovelace]]&lt;!--born 1815--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grace Hopper]]&lt;!--born 1906--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konrad Zuse]]&lt;!--born 1910--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[Alan Turing]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Douglas Engelbart]]&lt;!--born 1925--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]&lt;!--born 1930--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Donald Knuth]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dennis Ritchie]]&lt;!--born 1941--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steve Wozniak]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tim Berners-Lee]]&lt;!--born 1955--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Linus Torvalds]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Sports figures==
{{Vital article count|77}}
===Individual sports===
{{Vital article count|48}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====Athletics==== 
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pierre de Coubertin]]&lt;!--born 1863--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Paavo Nurmi]]&lt;!--born 1897--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jesse Owens]]&lt;!--born 1913--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]]&lt;!--born 1918--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wilma Rudolph]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Florence Griffith Joyner]]&lt;!--born 1959--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Carl Lewis]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sergey Bubka]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Haile Gebrselassie]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hicham El Guerrouj]]&lt;!--born 1974--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Usain Bolt]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;

====Auto racing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Enzo Ferrari]]&lt;!--born 1898--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Schumacher]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;

====Boxing====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Joe Louis]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sugar Ray Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1921--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muhammad Ali]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;

====Chess====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Bobby Fischer]]&lt;!--born 1943--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Garry Kasparov]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;

====Climbing and mountaineering====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tenzing Norgay]]&lt;!--born 1914--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Edmund Hillary]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Cycling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Eddy Merckx]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;

====Figure skating====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sonja Henie]]&lt;!--born 1912--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Yuzuru Hanyu]]&lt;!--born 1994--&gt;

====Golf====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jack Nicklaus]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tiger Woods]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;

====Gymnastics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Larisa Latynina]]&lt;!--born 1934--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nadia Comăneci]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Simone Biles]]&lt;!--born 1997--&gt;

====Martial arts====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Kanō Jigorō]]&lt;!--born 1860--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bruce Lee]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;

====Skiing====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ingemar Stenmark]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Marit Bjørgen]]&lt;!--born 1980--&gt;

====Speed skating====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eric Heiden]]&lt;!--born 1958--&gt;

====Swimming====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johnny Weissmuller]]&lt;!--born 1904--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mark Spitz]]&lt;!--born 1950--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Michael Phelps]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;

====Tennis====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rod Laver]]&lt;!--born 1938--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Margaret Court]]&lt;!--born 1942--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Martina Navratilova]]&lt;!--born 1956--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Steffi Graf]]&lt;!--born 1969--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Roger Federer]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Serena Williams]]&lt;!--born 1981--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Novak Djokovic]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Wrestling====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aleksandr Karelin]]&lt;!--born 1967--&gt;

====Multiple sports====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jim Thorpe]]&lt;!--born 1887--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Babe Didrikson Zaharias]]&lt;!--born 1911--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

===Team sports===
{{Vital article count|29}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
====American football====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jim Brown]] &lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Tom Brady]] &lt;!--born 1977--&gt;

====Association football====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]&lt;!--born 1926--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lev Yashin]]&lt;!--born 1929--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Pelé]]&lt;!--born 1940--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]]&lt;!--born 1945--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Johan Cruyff]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Diego Maradona]]&lt;!--born 1960--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Mia Hamm]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Zinedine Zidane]]&lt;!--born 1972--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1976--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]&lt;!--born 1985--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Marta (footballer)]]&lt;!--born 1986--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Lionel Messi]]&lt;!--born 1987--&gt;

====Baseball====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Babe Ruth]]&lt;!--born 1895--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jackie Robinson]]&lt;!--born 1919--&gt;

====Basketball====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Wilt Chamberlain]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]&lt;!--born 1947--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Michael Jordan]]&lt;!--born 1963--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[LeBron James]]&lt;!--born 1984--&gt;

====Cricket====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[W. G. Grace]]&lt;!--born 1848--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Don Bradman]]&lt;!--born 1908--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Garfield Sobers]]&lt;!--born 1936--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]&lt;!--born 1973--&gt;

====Field hockey====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dhyan Chand]]&lt;!--born 1905--&gt;

====Ice hockey====
{{Vital article count|2}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Gordie Howe]]&lt;!--born 1928--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Wayne Gretzky]]&lt;!--born 1961--&gt;

====Rowing====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Steve Redgrave]]&lt;!--born 1962--&gt;

====Rugby union====
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Jonah Lomu]]&lt;!--born 1975--&gt;
{{Div col end}}

==Criminals==
{{vital article count|7}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Blackbeard]] &lt;!--born 1680--&gt;
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Jack the Ripper]] &lt;!--fl. 19th century--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Talaat Pasha]] &lt;!--born 1874--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Al Capone]] &lt;!--born 1899--&gt;
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Heinrich Himmler]] &lt;!--born 1900--&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pablo Escobar]] &lt;!--born 1949--&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} [[Osama bin Laden]] &lt;!--born 1957--&gt;
{{div col end}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>m8k4brll90gdnjjxulf303d9beftkya</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৰেৱতী (চুটিগল্প)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610840</id>
      <parentid>600705</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T14:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14370" sha1="ttyyu23c7vyxwwo0hx2y1ft7ly310ve" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox short story 
| name                = ৰেৱতী
| image               = 
| caption             = 
| author              = [[ফকীৰ মোহন সেনাপতি]]
| title_orig          = ରେବତୀ
| translator          = 
| country             = [[ভাৰত]]
| language            = [[ওড়িয়া]]
| series              = 
| genre               = 
| published_in        = 
| publication_type    = 
| publisher           = 
| media_type          = 
| pub_date            = ১৮৯৮
| english_pub_date    = 
| preceded_by         = 
| followed_by         = 
| preceded_by_italics = 
| followed_by_italics = 
}}
'''ৰেবতী''' ([[ওড়িয়া]]: '''ରେବତୀ''') হ'ল ওড়িয়া সাহিত্যিক [[ফকীৰ মোহন সেনাপতি]]ৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত আৰু ১৮৯৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত চুটিগল্প। সেই বছৰৰে অক্টোবৰ মাহত ''উৎকল সাহিত্য'' পত্ৰিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় বৰ্ষ দশম (কাৰ্ত্তিক ১৩০৬) সংখ্যাত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত  হৈছিল। ফকীৰ মোহনে এই পত্ৰিকাত ''শ্ৰী ধুৰ্জটি'' ছদ্ম নামেৰে এহি গল্পটো লিখিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;https://sambadepaper.com/ 2018 x765&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=ওড়িয়া ভাষা-বিদ্বেষ ও বিশ্বকবি | website=https://sambadepaper.com/ | date=12 November 2018 | url=https://sambadepaper.com/imageview_12542_1623682_4_71_10-11-2023_8_i_1_sf.html | access-date=10 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ওড়িয়া সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰথম আধুনিক চুটিগল্প হিচাপে ইয়াক মান্যতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;History of Oriya Literature: Dr. Mansinha, Mayadhar; Published by Sahitya Akademy, Delhi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fakir Mohan Samiksha: Mohanty, Surendra, Published by New Students Store, Binode Behari, Cuttack&lt;/ref&gt; ''লছমনিয়া'' ফকীৰ মোহনৰ প্ৰথম চুটিগল্প হ'লেও এয়া দুষ্প্ৰাপ্য হোৱা বাবে ''ৰেৱতী''ক  প্ৰথম ওড়িয়া চুটিগল্প হিচাপে মান্যতা দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Dharitri&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ওড়িআ ভাষাৰ ৰক্ষাকবচ |url=http://www.dharitri.com/main/news/46221 |website=Dharitri.com |accessdate=17 December 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aahwaan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=যুগজন্মা ব্যাসকবি ফকীৰমোহন সেনাপতি |url=http://www.aahwaan.com/blog/65 |website=www.aahwaan.com |accessdate=17 December 2018 |language=en |archivedate=19 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819163439/http://www.aahwaan.com/blog/65 |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; সমসাময়িক ব্যাবহাৰিক ওড়িয়া ভাষাত লিখিত এই গল্পটোত এজনী সৰু ছোৱালী ৰেৱতীৰ পঢ়া-শুনাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰবল উৎসাহ আৰু এইক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ অন্তৰায় হিচাপে পাৰম্পৰিক অন্ধবিশ্বাসেৰে ভৰা গ্ৰামীণ সমাজৰ ছবি দাঙি ধৰা হৈছে। পিছলৈ যেতিয়া গাঁৱত মহামাৰী বিয়পি পৰিছিল তেতিয়া তাৰ বাবে ৰেৱতীৰ অধ্যয়নক দায়ী কৰা হৈছিল। গল্পটোত কথাবস্তুক জীৱন্ত ভাবে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।

==কাহিনী আৰু চৰিত্ৰ==
কটক জিলাৰ এখন অখ্যাত গাঁও পাটপুৰৰ কাহিনী। কাহিনীটোৰ মূল চৰিত্ৰ ৰেৱতী, তেওঁৰ পিতৃ শ্যামবন্ধু, ভায়েক, মাক, বুঢ়ী আইতাক আৰু গাঁৱৰ স্কুলৰ মাষ্টৰ বসু।

ৰেৱতী ১০ বছৰীয়া এগৰাকী দুখীয়া কিন্তু বুদ্ধিমান ছোৱালী। সেই সময়ত ওড়িশাৰ এটা পিছপৰা অঞ্চলৰ কন্যা। তাই ভাগৱতৰ শ্লোক গাই ভালকৈ ভজন গাব পাৰে। কিন্তু সেই সময়ৰ ৰক্ষণশীল সমাজত এইজনী ছোৱালীৰ মাজত পঢ়া-শুনাৰ হেঁপাহ জাগি উঠে। তাইৰ পঢ়া-শুনা কৰিবলৈ মন গৈছে। সেই সময়ত সমাজত ছোৱালীৰ পঢ়া-শুনাৰ সৌভাগ্য নাছিল, বৰং ছোৱালীক ঘৰৰ কাম-কাজ যেনে ৰন্ধা-বঢ়া,  চিলাই কৰা, বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মীয় কাৰ্যসূচীত সহায় কৰা আৰু অন্যান্য ঘৰুৱা কাম-কাজবোৰ চম্ভালিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল। ৰেৱতীৰ পিতৃ শ্যামবন্ধু ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ এটা ৰক্ষণশীল পৰিয়ালৰ ধৰ্মীয় পণ্ডিত আছিল। গাঁৱৰ একাংশ ৰক্ষণশীল মানুহে নিৰীহ ৰেৱতীৰ পঢ়া-শুনাৰ হেঁপাহ সহজে মানি ল’ব পৰা নাছিল। ইয়াৰ বাবে ৰেৱতীয়ে ঘৰৰ বাহিৰত বহু হাৰাশাস্তিৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হৈছিল। বুঢ়ী আইতাই এই কথাৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰিছিল যদিও দেউতাক শ্যামবন্ধুৱে অতি কষ্টেৰে ৰেৱতীক গাঁৱৰ সৰু স্কুললৈ পঠিয়াবলৈ মান্তি হৈছিল। পিতৃ শ্যামবন্ধুৱে পুৰণি কালৰ মানুহ হ’লেও শিক্ষাৰ গুৰুত্ব বুজি পাইছিল। তেওঁ অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰিছিল যে নাৰী শিক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত আমাৰ সমাজৰ নাৰীক অৱহেলিত। তেওঁ এইটোও জানিছিল যে এগৰাকী নাৰী শিক্ষিত হ’লে গোটেই পৰিয়ালটো শিক্ষিত হ’বলৈ কেতিয়াও পলম নহয়। তেতিয়া ৰেৱতীৰ আইতাকো চুবুৰীয়াই এই ধাৰণাটোৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰিলে। তাই ক'লে, &quot;মোৰ ছোৱালীজনী শিশু; শিক্ষা কি? স্বাধীনভাৱে জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ শিকক, ঘৰৰ কাম কৰিবলৈ শিকক, ঘৰৰ কাম কৰিবলৈ শিকক।&quot; সকলো বাধাৰ মাজতো ৰেৱতীয়ে গাঁৱৰ স্কুলৰ শিক্ষকৰ আস্থা লৈ স্কুললৈ যাবলৈ জোৰ দিয়ে। দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে গাঁওখনত এক মহামাৰী বিয়পি পৰে। মহামাৰীত বহু লোকৰ প্ৰাণ যায়। কিন্তু আইতাকে ৰেৱতীকলৈ ভাবিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যে ৰেৱতীৰ পঢ়া-শুনাত জোৰ দিয়াটোৱেই এই সকলোবোৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ একমাত্ৰ কাৰণ। এটা ধৰ্মীয় পৰিয়ালত ৰেৱতীৰ পঢ়া-শুনাৰ হেঁপাহ মাথোঁ এটা হেঁপাহ হৈয়েই থাকে। এই সকলোবোৰ ঘটনা আৰু দুৰ্ঘটনাক লৈ লিখা এই কাহিনীটোৱে প্ৰকৃততে আজিও নাৰী শিক্ষাৰ জাগৰণৰ এক মহান উপমা হিচাপে নিজৰ স্থান অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখিছে। ফকীৰ মোহনৰ এই কাহিনী আজিও আমাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। ফকীৰ মোহনৰ সংস্কাৰবাদী মনোভাৱৰ স্পষ্ট প্ৰতিফলন। এই কাহিনীটো নাৰী শিক্ষা আৰু মুক্তি আন্দোলনৰ এক উপমা। কাহিনীটোৰ মাজেৰে ফকীৰ মোহনৰ নাৰীৰ প্ৰতি থকা সংস্কাৰবাদী মনোভাৱৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;Odishareview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Values of Women in the Literature ofFakir Mohan Senapati |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/aug-sept/engpdf/136-141.pdf |website=magazines.odisha.gov.in |accessdate=17 December 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171506/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/aug-sept/engpdf/136-141.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=20 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920171506/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/aug-sept/engpdf/136-141.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

সংস্কাৰবাদী লেখক ফকীৰ মোহন সেনাপতিয়ে সেই সময়ৰ সমাজত প্ৰচলিত পক্ষপাতিত্ব আৰু অন্ধবিশ্বাসক আঙুলিয়াই দি তেওঁৰ এই চুটিগল্পটো ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম চুটিগল্প ‘ৰেৱতী’ত এই কথা স্পষ্ট হৈ পৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;odiasahitya&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ফকীৰ মোহনঙ্ক প্ৰথম গল়্প ‘ৰেবতী’ৰে লোক সাহিত্যিক উপাদান - ৰমেশ চন্দ্ৰ দাস {{!}} Odia Bhasha Ebam Sahitya |url=http://www.odiasahitya.com/odia-language-literature-discussion/fakira-mohananka-prathama-galpa-babadare-alochana/3/ |website=www.odiasahitya.com |accessdate=17 December 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825220125/http://www.odiasahitya.com/odia-language-literature-discussion/fakira-mohananka-prathama-galpa-babadare-alochana/3/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=25 August 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825220125/http://www.odiasahitya.com/odia-language-literature-discussion/fakira-mohananka-prathama-galpa-babadare-alochana/3/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰেৱতী উপন্যাসখনে বহু ওডিয়া লেখক আৰু ঔপন্যাসিকক নাৰী শিক্ষা আৰু অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত বহুতো গল্প আৰু নাটক ৰচনা কৰিবলৈ অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;“Album”-Short Stories Collection by Jagadish Mohanty, Published by Grantha Mandir, Binode Behari, Cuttack&lt;/ref&gt;

== ওড়িয়া সাহিত্যৰ বিকাশত &quot;ৰেৱতী&quot;ৰ ভূমিকা ==

এই গল্পটোক ফকীৰমোহনৰ সংস্কাৰবাদী উৎসাহৰ এক নিদৰ্শন হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। এই কাহিনীটোৱে ওড়িয়া ভাষাত সৰলা দেৱী, কুন্তলা কুমাৰী সাৰাট, কোকিলা দেৱী আদিৰ দৰে এক নতুন মহিলা লেখকৰ ধাৰাৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। ই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ওড়িশাৰ চুটিগল্প লেখকসকলকো প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৮০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে জগদীশ মহান্তিয়ে &quot;ৰেৱতী&quot; নামৰ মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰটোক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি এটা গল্প লিখিছিল আৰু ই এক নতুন পৰম্পৰাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই নাৰীৰ যন্ত্ৰণাৰ ওপৰত শ শ গল্প লিখা হৈছে, যিবোৰত &quot;ৰেৱতী&quot;য়ে সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তিত পৰিস্থিতিত নাৰীৰ ভাগ্যক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। পিছলৈ অসিত কুমাৰ মহান্তিয়ে ফকীৰ মোহন আৰু জগদীশ—উভয়ৰে &quot;ৰেৱতী&quot;ৰ লগতে আন সকলো গল্প একেটা শীৰ্ষকৰ দুটা সংকলনত প্ৰকাশ কৰে।

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
* [http://www.ameodia.com/odia-kathaa/odia-story/odia-story-rebati-fakir-mohan-senapati/ ওড়িয়া ভাষাত সম্পূৰ্ণ গল্পটো]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িয়া ভাষা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্য]]</text>
      <sha1>ttyyu23c7vyxwwo0hx2y1ft7ly310ve</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য:PK2/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>128984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610885</id>
      <parentid>610787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:19:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PK2</username>
        <id>25505</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>610885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38844" sha1="9rrq92fa0dpu0tuar8x7rua8sokuiy4" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Pages I have in my sandbox
|-
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%&quot;&gt;My sandbox pages in different languages by language code&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ A
|-
| [[:ab:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ace:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ace&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ady:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ady&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:af:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;af&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:als:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;als&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:alt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;alt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:am:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;am&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ami:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ami&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:an:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;an&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ang:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ang&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ann:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ann&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:anp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;anp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ar:User:PK2/ملعب|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ary:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ary&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arz:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arz&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:as:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;as&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ast:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ast&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:atj:User:PK2/Kokwetcitasinahikan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;atj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:av:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;av&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:avk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;avk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:awa:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;awa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ay:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:az:User:PK2/Qaralama|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;az&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:azb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;azb&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ B
|-
| [[:ba:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ban:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ban&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bar:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bat-smg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bat-smg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bbc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bbc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bcl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bcl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bdr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bdr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be-tarask:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be-tarask&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:bew:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bew&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bjn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bjn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:blk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;blk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bn:User:PK2/খেলাঘর|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bo&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:bpy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bpy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:br:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;br&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bs:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:btm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;btm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bug:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bxr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bxr&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ C
|-
| [[:ca:User:PK2/proves|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ca&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cbk-zam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cdo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cdo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ce:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ce&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ceb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ceb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ch:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ch&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chy&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ckb:User:PK2/خۆڵەپەتانێ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ckb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:co:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;co&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:crh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;crh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cs:User:PK2/Pískoviště|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:csb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;csb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cy:User:PK2/Pwll Tywod|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ D
|-
| [[:da:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;da&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:de:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:German language|German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;de&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dga:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:din:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;din&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:diq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;diq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dsb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dtp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dtp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dty:User:PK2/प्रयोगस्थल|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dz:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ E
|-
| [[:ee:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ee&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:el:User:PK2/πρόχειρο|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;el&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eml:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:en:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;en&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eo:User:PK2/provejo|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:es:User:PK2/Taller|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;es&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:et:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;et&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eu:User:PK2/Proba orria|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ext:User:PK2/obraol|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ext&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ F
|-
| [[:fa:User:PK2/صفحه تمرین|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fat:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ff:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fiu-vro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fo&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:fon:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fon&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fr:User:PK2/Brouillon|/sandbox]] in [[:en:French language|French]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fur:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ G
|-
| [[:ga:User:PK2/Clár Dubh|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gan:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gcr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gcr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:glk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;glk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gom:User:PK2/proiogpan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gom&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:gor:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gor&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:got:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;got&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gpe:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gpe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gur:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ H
|-
| [[:ha:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ha&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hak:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hak&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:haw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;haw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:he:User:PK2/טיוטה|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;he&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hi:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hif:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hif&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:hr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hsb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ht:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ht&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hu:User:PK2/próbalap|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hy:User:PK2/Ավազարկղ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hyw:User:PK2/Սեւագրութիւն|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hyw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ I
|-
| [[:ia:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iba:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:id:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ie:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ie&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ig:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:igl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ik:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ik&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ilo:User:PK2/pagipadasan|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ilo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:inh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;inh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:io:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;io&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:is:User:PK2/sandkassi|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;is&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:it:User:PK2/Sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;it&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ J
|-
| [[:ja:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ja&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jbo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jbo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jv:User:PK2/bak wedhi|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ K
|-
| [[:ka:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ka&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaa:User:PK2/qaralama|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kab:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kai:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbp:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kcg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kcg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kge:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kge&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ki:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kk:User:PK2/зертхана|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:km:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;km&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kn:User:PK2/ಪ್ರಯೋಗಪುಟ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:knc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;knc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ko:User:PK2/연습장|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ko&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:koi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;koi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:krc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;krc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ks:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ks&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ksh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ksh&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ku:User:PK2/ceribandin|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ku&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kus:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kus&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ky:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ky&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ L
|-
| [[:la:User:PK2/Harenarium|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;la&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lad:User:PK2/Kutí de prova|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lbe:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lbe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lez:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lez&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lfn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lfn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:li:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;li&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:lij:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lij&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lld:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lld&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lmo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lmo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ln:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ln&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lt:User:PK2/juodraštis|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ltg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ltg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lv:User:PK2/Smilšu kaste|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ M
|-
| [[:mad:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mai:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:map-bms:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;map-bms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mdf:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mdf&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mhr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mhr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:min:User:PK2/bak kasiak|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;min&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:mk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ml:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mni:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mni&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mnw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mnw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:m:mos:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mrj:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mrj&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ms:User:PK2/Kotak pasir|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mwl:User:PK2/Testes|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mwl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:my:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;my&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:myv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;myv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mzn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mzn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ N
|-
| [[:nah:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nap:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds-nl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds-nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ne:User:PK2/प्रयोगस्थल|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ne&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:new:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;new&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nia:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nl:User:PK2/Kladblok|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nn:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:no:User:PK2/sandkasse|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;no&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nov:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nov&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nqo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nqo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nrm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nrm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nso:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nso&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nup:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nup&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ny:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ny&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ O
|-
| [[:oc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;oc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:olo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;olo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:om:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;om&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:or:User:PK2/ପରଖଘର|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:os:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;os&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ P
|-
| [[:pa:User:PK2/ਕੱਚਾ ਖ਼ਾਕਾ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pag:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pam:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pap:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pdc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pdc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pfl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pfl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:pl:User:PK2/brudnopis|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pms:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnb:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ppl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ppl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ps:User:PK2/ازمون‌مخ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pt:User:PK2/Testes|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pwn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pwn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Q
|-
| [[:qu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;qu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ R
|-
| [[:rki:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rmy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rmy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ro:User:PK2/teste|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:roa-rup:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-rup&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:roa-tara:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-tara&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rsk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rsk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ru:User:PK2/Черновик|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ru&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rue:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ S
|-
| [[:sa:User:PK2/प्रयोगपृष्ठम्|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sah:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sat:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sc:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:scn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;scn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sco:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sco&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sd:User:PK2/مشق پٽي|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:se:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;se&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sg:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sh:User:PK2/igralište|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:shi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:shn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:si:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;si&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:simple:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;simple&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sk:User:PK2/pieskovisko|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:skr:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;skr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:smn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;smn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:so:User:PK2/Bacaadka|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;so&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sq&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:sr:User:PK2/песак|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:srn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;srn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ss:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ss&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:st:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;st&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:stq:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;stq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:su:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;su&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sv:User:PK2/sandlåda|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sw:User:PK2/ukurasa wa majaribio|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:syl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;syl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szl:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szy:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ T
|-
| [[:ta:User:PK2/மணல்தொட்டி|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ta&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tay:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tcy:User:PK2/ಕಲ್ಪುನ ಕಳ|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tcy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tdd:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tdd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:te:User:PK2/ప్రయోగశాల|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;te&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tet:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tet&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tg:User:PK2/Сиёҳнавис|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:th:User:PK2/ทดลองเขียน|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;th&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ti:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ti&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tig:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tk:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tk&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:tl:User:PK2/burador|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tly:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tly&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tn:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:to:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;to&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tok:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tok&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tpi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tpi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tr:User:PK2/deneme tahtası|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:trv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;trv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ts:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ts&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tt:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tum:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tum&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:tw:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ty:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tyv:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tyv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ U
|-
| [[:udm:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;udm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ug:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uk:User:PK2/Чернетка|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ur:User:PK2/تختۂ مشق|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uz:User:PK2/qumloq|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ V
|-
| [[:ve:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ve&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vec:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vec&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vep:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vep&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vi:User:PK2/nháp|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vls:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vls&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ W
|-
| [[:wa:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:war:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;war&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wuu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wuu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ X
|-
| [[:xal:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xal&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xmf:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xmf&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Y
|-
| [[:yi:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:yo:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Z
|-
| [[:za:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;za&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zea:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zea&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zgh:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zgh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh:User:PK2/沙盒|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-classical:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-classical&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-min-nan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-yue:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-yue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zu:User:PK2/sandbox|/sandbox]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}</text>
      <sha1>9rrq92fa0dpu0tuar8x7rua8sokuiy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৰুবানা হক</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>131439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610836</id>
      <parentid>599499</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:34:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14297" sha1="5r2pfy2k4355x73384wkyvw7bcqw5tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = ৰুবানা হক
| native_name = ৰুবানা হক
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Rubana Huq at the 21st Year Celebration Ceremony of TechnoVista Limited.jpg
| caption = ৰুবানা হক,এপ্ৰিল ২০১৯
| office = [[এছিয়ান ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি ফৰ উইমেন|এছিয়ান ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি ফৰ উইমেন (AUW)ৰ উপাচাৰ্য]]
| chancellor = [[Cherie Blair]]
| term_start = ১৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২২
| predecessor = [[নাৰ্মলা ৰাও]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Rubana Huq, new vice chancellor of Asian University of Women |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/rubana-huq-new-vice-chancellor-asian-university-women-2962556 |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| office1 = [[বাংলাদেশ গাৰ্মেণ্ট মেনুফেকচাৰ্ছ এণ্ড এক্সপ’ৰ্টাৰ্ছ এছ’চিয়েচন|বাংলাদেশ গাৰ্মেণ্ট মেনুফেকচাৰ্ছ এণ্ড এক্সপ’ৰ্টাৰ্ছ এছ’চিয়েচনৰ সভানেত্ৰী]]
| term_start1 = ১২ এপ্ৰিল ২০১৯
| term_end1 = ১২ এপ্ৰিল ২০২১
| predecessor1 = ছিদ্দিকুৰ ৰহমান
| successor1 = ফাৰুক হুছেইন
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|02|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[ঢাকা]], পূব পাকিস্তান, পাকিস্তান 
| spouse = [[আনছুল হক|আনছুল হক]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[ইষ্ট ৱেষ্ট ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি]]|[[জাদৱপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]}}
}}
'''ৰুবানা হক''' ({{lang-en|: Rubana Haque; জন্ম: ৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৬৪}})&lt;ref name=eka&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/we-are/article/1566111/ৰুবানা-হক-একা-এবং-অনেক |script-title=bn:ৰুবানা হক একা এবং অনেক |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=2019-04-26 |date=2018-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; এগৰাকী বাংলাদেশী ব্যৱসায়ী, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষাবিদ আৰু কবি।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2012/10/40066.html |url-status=live |title=From Milan Fashion Week to Dhaka |last=Moshiri |first=Nazanine |work=Al Jazeera |date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324112232/http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2012/10/40066.html |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ ২০২২ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহৰপৰা এছিয়ান ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি ফৰ উইমেন (AUW)ৰ উপাচাৰ্য হিচাপে কাৰ্য্য নিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rubana Huq, new vice chancellor of Asian University of Women |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/rubana-huq-new-vice-chancellor-asian-university-women-2962556 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=The Daily Star |date=15 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰুবানা বাংলাদেশী সংঘবদ্ধ সংস্থা মহম্মদী গ্ৰুপৰ অধ্যক্ষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mohammadigroup.com/rubana-huq-elected-bgmeas-first-female-president/ |title=Rubana Huq elected as BGMEA's first female President |date=2019-04-07 |website=Mohammadi Group |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dsun&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/158054/Rubana-Huq-gives-a-talk-at-AIUB |url-status=live |title=Rubana Huq gives a talk at AIUB |work=Daily Sun |place=Dhaka |date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228052505/http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/158054/Rubana-Huq-gives-a-talk-at-AIUB |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৩ আৰু ২০১৪ চনত বিবিচি ১০০ উইমেনত তেওঁক তালিকাত ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;dhakatribune&quot; /&gt; ২০১৯–২০২১ চনৰ ভিতৰত বিজিএমইএৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা সভানেত্ৰী হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Faruque Hassan is set to head BGMEA as Sammilita Parishad wins polls |url=https://bdnews24.com/business/2021/04/05/faruque-hassan-is-set-to-head-bgmea-as-sammilita-parishad-wins-polls |access-date=2022-03-09 |work=bdnews24.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা==
১৯৬৪ চনৰ ৯ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত তেতিয়াৰ পূব পাকিস্তান আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ বাংলাদেশৰ ঢাকাত ৰুবানাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=eka/&gt; তেওঁ ভিকাৰুনিছা নন স্কুলৰপৰা স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা সাং কৰাৰ পাছত, হলি ক্ৰছ কলেজত উচ্ছশিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে।&lt;ref name=eka/&gt;ইয়াৰ পিছত ২০০৮ চনত ইষ্ট ৱেষ্ট ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিৰপৰা ইংৰাজী সাহিত্যত স্নাতকোত্তৰ আৰু ২০১৮ চনত জাদৱপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা পি এইচ ডি সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।&lt;ref name=eka/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aiub.edu/talk-show-on-women-entrepreneurs-of-bangladesh-status-problems-prospects-2 |url-status=live |title=Talk Show on 'Women Entrepreneurs of Bangladesh: Status, Problems &amp; Prospects' |work=[[American International University-Bangladesh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218123851/http://www.aiub.edu/talk-show-on-women-entrepreneurs-of-bangladesh-status-problems-prospects-2 |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==কৰ্ম জীৱন==
১৯৯৫ চনৰপৰা ২০১৭ চনলৈকে ৰুবানাই তেওঁৰ স্বামী আননিছুল হকে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা ৰেডি মেড গাৰ্মেণ্টছ সংঘ মহম্মদী গ্ৰুপৰ পৰিচালন সঞ্চালক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-10-03 |title=Outstanding Business Woman Triumping in Man's World |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/triumphing-mans-world-150856 |access-date=2021-07-13 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰুবানাই ২০০৬ চনৰপৰা ২০১০ চনলৈকে টিভি চাউথেছিয়াৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী বিষয়া হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;berkeley&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Isas Departmental |title=Price and Progress: Beyond Rana Plaza in Bangladesh |date=2016-04-27 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8x7kXfq0cyU |access-date=2019-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://bbcwe.com/members/rubana-huq/ |title=British Bangladesh Chamber of Women Entrepreneurs (BBCWE) |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-19 |archivedate=2019-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319095157/http://bbcwe.com/members/rubana-huq/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৭ চনত আননিছুলৰ মৃত্যু হয়। স্বামীৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত তেওঁ মহম্মদী গ্ৰুপৰ অধ্যক্ষা পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mohammadigroup.com/fashion-bosses-rubana-huq-kim-winser/ |title=Fashion Bosses:Rubana Huq and Kim Winser |date=2019-09-20 |website=Mohammadi Group |language=en-US |access-date=2019-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৯ চনত তেওঁ [[বাংলাদেশ গাৰ্মেণ্ট মেনুফেকচাৰ্ছ এণ্ড এক্সপ’ৰ্টাৰ্ছ এছ’চিয়েচন]]ৰ (বিজিএমইএ) প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা সভানেত্ৰী হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;dtribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-04-12 |title=Rubana Huq elected first female BGMEA President |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2019/04/12/rubana-huq-elected-first-female-bgmea-president |access-date=2019-04-19 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰুবানাই বিজিএমইএ, ইউএনএফচিচিচি ফেশ্বন চাৰ্টাৰ, এছিয়ান ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি ফৰ উইমেন (এউডব্লিউ), আৰু গন সহযোগ সংস্থা (জিএছএছ)ৰ ব’ৰ্ডতো কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;award&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-16 |title=Rubana Huq elected a member of board of UNFCCC fashion industry charter |url=https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/rubana-huq-elected-supplier-representative-steering-committee-unfccc-fashion-charter-climate-action/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=Textiletoday |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AUW Board of Trustees |url=http://www.auw.edu.bd/about/governance/auw-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |work=[[Asian University for Women]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522104759/http://www.auw.edu.bd/about/governance/auw-board-of-trustees/ |archivedate=22 May 2016 |access-date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are – GSS Bangladesh |url=http://www.gssbangladesh.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyeconomist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-16 |title=Mother, son become first ever BGMEA directors together |url=https://dailyeconomist.net/eco-business/news/25835 |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=Daily Economist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২২ চনৰ ১৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ৰুবানা এছিয়ান ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি ফৰ উইমেনৰ উপাচাৰ্য হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Express |first1=The Financial |title=Dr Rubana Huq new VC of Asian University for Women |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/education/dr-rubana-huq-new-vc-of-asian-university-for-women-1644902195 |access-date=15 February 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=15 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Dr. Rubana Huq new VC of Asian University for Women |url=https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/dr-rubana-huq-new-vc-asian-university-women |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Textile News, Apparel News, RMG News, Fashion Trends |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু তাৰ লগে লগে বাংলাদেশ গাৰ্মেণ্ট মেনুফেকচাৰ্ছ এণ্ড এক্সপ’ৰ্টাৰ্ছ এছ’চিয়েচনৰ (বিজিএমইএ)ৰ সভাপতি পদৰপৰা পদত্যাগ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rubana Huq resigns from BGMEA board of directors {{!}} Daily Sun {{!}} |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/610793/Rubana-Huq-resigns-from-BGMEA-board-of-directors |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=daily sun |date=March 2022 |language=en |archivedate=2024-05-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524093308/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/610793/Rubana-Huq-resigns-from-BGMEA-board-of-directors |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; বিজিএমইএত তেওঁৰ ঠাইত ক্ৰনি গ্ৰুপৰ অধ্যক্ষা নীলা হোছন আৰাক নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-16 |title=Neela replaces Rubana as BGMEA director |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/rmg/neela-replaces-rubana-bgmea-director-386142 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি==
২০১৩ আৰু ২০১৪ চনত [[বিবিচি ১০০ মহিলা]]ৰশৃংখলাত ৰুবানাক স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;dhakatribune&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Samira Sadeque |first=Syeda |date=8 March 2014 |title=Rubana Huq: Emblem of empathy |work=Dhaka Tribune |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2014/mar/08/rubana-huq-emblem-empathy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218040841/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/feature/2014/mar/08/rubana-huq-emblem-empathy |archive-date=18 December 2016 |access-date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁক ''&quot;বছৰৰ অসাধাৰণ ব্যাৱসায়িক মহিলা&quot;''ৰ বাবে ডি এইচ এল-ডেইলী ষ্টাৰ বাংলাদেশ ব্যাৱসায়িক বঁটাৰে সন্মানিত কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-10-03 |title=Cheers for Change Makers, DHL-The Daily Star Business Award-2014 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/cheers-change-makers-150868 |access-date=2021-07-13 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন==
ৰুবানা, উত্তৰ ঢাকাৰ প্ৰাক্তন মেয়ৰ আনছুল হকৰ বিধৱা পত্নী। আনছুল হক আৰু ৰুবানাৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ তিনিজন সন্তান আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;eka&quot; /&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{reflist}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>5r2pfy2k4355x73384wkyvw7bcqw5tv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইন্দ্ৰাণী পাল-চৌধুৰী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610901</id>
      <parentid>597681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:37:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9610" sha1="ahu87zyhefbxwt93g9ozn0czo5ww19c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name = ইন্দ্ৰাণী পাল-চৌধুৰী
|image = Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri at Tribeca Disruptive Innovation Awards.jpg
|caption = ২০১৯ চনত ট্ৰাইবেঁকা ডিচৰাপ্টিভ ইনোভেশ্যন এৱাৰ্ড গ্ৰহণ কৰা মুহূৰ্তত ইন্দ্ৰাণী
|birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], পশ্চিমবংগ, ভাৰত
|birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983}}
|education = প্ৰিন্সটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (সাংস্কৃতিক নৃবিজ্ঞান)
|occupation = চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ, লেখিকা, প্ৰযোজক, প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক, ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ সঞ্চালক, প্ৰাক্তন মডেল আৰু অভিনেত্ৰী, ৰাজহুৱা বক্তা, শৈক্ষিক প্ৰবক্তা
|awards = মেক্স মাৰ্ক-ক্ৰেনব্ৰুক ২০১৯ গ্ল’বেল পিচ মেকাৰ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ ২০১৮ উইমেনছ এণ্ট্ৰপ্ৰেনিউৰশ্বিপ ডিচটিংগুইচড ফেলোশ্বিপ, ট্ৰাইবেঁকা ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেল ২০১৯ ডিচৰাপ্টিভ ইনোভেশ্যন এৱাৰ্ড, চিএনএন ২০১৮ এক্সপোজ এৱাৰ্ডত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবি
|website = {{URL|indrani.com}}
}}
'''ইন্দ্ৰাণী পাল-চৌধুৰী''' ([[ইংৰাজী]]: Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয়-কানাডিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক, ভৱিষ্যতদ্ৰষ্টা, চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক আৰু শিল্পী। 

তেওঁ লেডী গাগা, বিয়ন্স, জেনিফাৰ লোপেজ, আলিচিয়া কিজ, জয়-জি আৰু কান্যে ৱেষ্টৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;huffingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/shinjini-das/i-am-girl-rising_b_8097090.html|title=I Am Girl Rising|work=The Huffington Post|date=8 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাল-চৌধুৰীৰ কৰ্মৰাজিয়ে ২০১৯ চনৰ ট্ৰাইবেঁকা ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেলত 'ডিচৰাপ্টিভ ইনোভেশ্যন এৱাৰ্ড' লাভ কৰিছিল, য’ত তেওঁক &quot;মহিলাৰ সবলীকৰণৰ এজন অগ্ৰণী পৰিচালক আৰু কণ্ঠস্বৰ&quot; বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribecafilm.com/press-center/festival/press-releases/tribeca-film-festival-and-disruptor-foundation-announce-10th-anniversary-of-the-tribeca-disruptive-innovation-awards|title=TRIBECA FILM FESTIVAL AND DISRUPTOR FOUNDATION ANNOUNCE 10th ANNIVERSARY OF THE TRIBECA DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION AWARDS|website=Tribeca}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ চিএনএন এক্সপোজ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবি বঁটা আৰু দুটা সোণৰ কান লায়ন্স বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://welovedexter.com/2019/10/20/peace-in-the-streets-2019-conference-oct-25-27/|title=Peace in the Streets 2019 Conference Oct. 25-27 – We Love Ann Arbor Dexter|website=welovedexter.com|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223000759/https://welovedexter.com/2019/10/20/peace-in-the-streets-2019-conference-oct-25-27/|url-status=dead|archivedate=23 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223000759/https://welovedexter.com/2019/10/20/peace-in-the-streets-2019-conference-oct-25-27/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁৰ সম্পাদকীয় গ্ৰাহকসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''ভৌগ'', ''জিকিউ'', ''ভেনিটী ফেয়াৰ'', ''হাৰ্পাৰছ বজাৰ'' আৰু ''ইণ্টাৰভিউ'' মেগাজিন। নাইকী, পেপচি, লৰিয়েল পেৰিছ, লেনকোম, এলভিএমএইচ, হুগো বছ, আন্না চুই, স্কাই ভদকা আৰু ৰেমি মাৰ্টিনৰ দৰে ব্ৰেণ্ডসমূহে বিজ্ঞাপন অভিযান সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে পাল-চৌধুৰীক নিয়োজিত কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ 'কিপ এ চাইল্ড এলাইভ' অভিযানে ৩.৫ নিযুত ডলাৰৰো অধিক পুঁজি সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু আফ্ৰিকা তথা ভাৰতত এইচআইভি আক্ৰান্ত পৰিয়ালসমূহক এণ্টি-ৰেট্ৰ’ভাইৰেল চিকিৎসা প্ৰদানৰ বাবে ১.৫ বিলিয়নতকৈও অধিক ইম্প্ৰেশ্যন লাভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Markus And Indrani's 'Icons' Features Eerie Photos Of Celebrities In Coffins (PHOTOS)&quot;. Huffingtonpost.com. 2012-11-20. Retrieved 2015-08-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;They're alive! Kardashian, Gaga resurrected from 'digital death'&quot;. NY Daily News. New York. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2015-08-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Keep A Child Alive | Josh DiMarcantonio&quot;. Jdimarcantonio.com. 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2015-08-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Keep A Child Alive digital death campaign Achieves Goal of $1 million for those affected by HIV/AIDS&quot; (PDF). Keep a Child Alive. 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-22&lt;/ref&gt;

''জেজেবেল''ৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদিকা জুলিয়ান ই শ্বে ফাৰ্ডে তেওঁক এগৰাকী &quot;ৰেড ফেচিনিষ্ট&quot; আৰু &quot;বিশ্বই সন্মুখীন হোৱা ডাঙৰ সমস্যাসমূহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়া এগৰাকী সক্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title=Watch This Rad Feminist Short Film of Girls Playing Soccer in Jodhpur |url=https://jezebel.com/watch-this-rad-feminist-short-film-of-girls-playing-soc-1639677259 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Jezebel |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415173018/https://jezebel.com/watch-this-rad-feminist-short-film-of-girls-playing-soc-1639677259 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/former-fashion-photographer-becomes-peace-in-the-streets-activist/ | title=Fashion photographer becomes Peace in the Streets activist }}&lt;/ref&gt; পাল-চৌধুৰী মানৱ অধিকাৰ, বহনক্ষম উন্নয়ন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক সবলীকৰণৰ এগৰাকী অধিবক্তা।&lt;ref name=&quot;somamagazine.com&quot;&gt;Zee Chang, [http://www.somamagazine.com/indrani-pal-chaudhuri/], Soma Magazine, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁক ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘই 'উইমেনছ এণ্ট্ৰপ্ৰেনিউৰশ্বিপ ডিচটিংগুইচড ফেলো', 'মেক্স মাৰ্ক-ক্ৰেনব্ৰুক গ্ল’বেল পিচ মেকাৰ', ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ 'গ্ল’বেল পিপলছ চাবমিট'ৰ সহ-আঁতধৰোঁতা আৰু প্ৰিন্সটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ লুইচ চেণ্টাৰৰ &quot;আৰ্ট অৱ এণ্টি-ৰেচিজম এণ্ড চচিয়েল জাষ্টিচ&quot; আলোচনাচক্ৰৰ উদ্যোক্তা তথা আঁতধৰোঁতা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arts.princeton.edu/events/the-arts-of-anti-racism-and-social-justice-exhibition-and-conversation/|title=The Art of Anti-Racism and Social Justice: A Conversation with Academy Award Winner Mo'Nique, NY Black Lives Matter's Hawk Newsome, and Indigenous Superhero Eugene Brave Rock|website=Lewis Center for the Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ প্ৰিন্সটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত &quot;মানৱ অধিকাৰ আৰু সামাজিক পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ বাবে শিল্প আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে লাখ লাখ মানুহক প্ৰভাবিত কৰা&quot; বিষয়ত এগৰাকী অতিথি প্ৰবক্তাও। 

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== 
* {{official website|http://www.indrani.com}}
* {{IMDb name|3818078}}
* [http://www.accesshollywood.com/dish-of-salt/dish-of-salt-its-complicated-on-double-exposure_videotab_1223824 Interview at AccessHollywood]

[[শ্ৰেণী:কানাডাৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]]</text>
      <sha1>ahu87zyhefbxwt93g9ozn0czo5ww19c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য:যদুমণি</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>136691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610841</id>
      <parentid>609187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T14:42:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>যদুমণি</username>
        <id>32127</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="3ppdwo6gpcsa414kcfodedu7hcmquc8" xml:space="preserve">=== মোৰ পৃষ্ঠালৈ স্বাগতম ===

====&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:BLUE 2px 2px 3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#E9967A&quot;&gt;মোৰ বিষয়ে&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ====
[[চিত্ৰ:JGOGOI.png|thumb|'''নামঃ-''' &lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:green 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[সদস্য:যদুমণি|&lt;font color=&quot;#DDE310&quot;&gt;'''যদুমণি গগৈ'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:যদুমণি|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;

''' জন্মদিনঃ- ১৩ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৪'''
'''জন্মস্থানঃ- [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|&lt;font color=&quot;#92CCF0&quot;&gt;শিৱসাগৰ&lt;/font&gt;]], [[অসম]] ।'''&lt;br&gt;

'''জাতীয়তাঃ-''' ''' {{flagicon|IND}} [[ভাৰতীয়]] । &lt;br&gt;
মোৰ অন্য এটি পৃষ্ঠাঃ- [https://eanuvab.blogspot.com অনুভৱ]'''

|194x194px|left]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:যদুমণি}}</text>
      <sha1>3ppdwo6gpcsa414kcfodedu7hcmquc8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>136851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610857</id>
      <parentid>610086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:21:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2285" sha1="t39dx6twybzbm5o5h48dwvk60spp7et" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা মূলপৃষ্ঠা
| ৱিকিউৎস = &lt;!--yes--&gt;
| সংখ্যা = &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:10px 10px 10px #FCE205; font-size:20px&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=#6A5ACD&gt; পঞ্চদশ বৰ্ষ &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; জুন &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ২০২৬ &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ষষ্ঠ
| ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি বিশেষ
| সম্পাদকীয় = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/ৱিকিমিডিয়ানৰ মনৰ কথা
| ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ
| সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ
| যোৱা মাহ = মে’-২০২৬
| পৰৱৰ্তী মাহ = জুলাই-২০২৬
| সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (মধ্য) = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/মে’-২০২৬ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ
| বিশেষ অভিলেখ = 
| নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ
| পদক = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/পদক
| উল্লেখনীয় কাম = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/উল্লেখনীয় কাম
| উল্লেখনীয় ৱিকিমিডিয়ান = 
| নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি
}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰিকা]]</text>
      <sha1>t39dx6twybzbm5o5h48dwvk60spp7et</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610860</id>
      <parentid>610857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:36:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2474" sha1="4ws5zfpdem0143uqva0r74vspa7ulug" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা মূলপৃষ্ঠা
| ৱিকিউৎস = &lt;!--yes--&gt;
| সংখ্যা = &lt;center&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:10px 10px 10px #FCE205; font-size:20px&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=#6A5ACD&gt; পঞ্চদশ বৰ্ষ &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; জুন &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ২০২৬ &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; ষষ্ঠ
| ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/সদ্য প্ৰয়াত ব্যক্তি বিশেষ
| সম্পাদকীয় = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/ৱিকিমিডিয়ানৰ মনৰ কথা
| ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/ভাল প্ৰবন্ধ
| সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/সক্ৰিয় সদস্যসমূহ
| যোৱা মাহ = মে’-২০২৬
| পৰৱৰ্তী মাহ = জুলাই-২০২৬
| সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ (মধ্য) = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/মে’-২০২৬ত সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ
| বিশেষ অভিলেখ = 
| নিৰ্বাচিত গ্ৰন্থ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/নিৰ্বাচিত গ্ৰন্থ
| নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/নিৰ্বাচিত চিত্ৰ
| পদক = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/পদক
| উল্লেখনীয় কাম = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/উল্লেখনীয় কাম
| উল্লেখনীয় ৱিকিমিডিয়ান = 
| নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি = ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপত্ৰিকা/জুন-২০২৬/নিৰ্বাচিত উদ্ধৃতি
}}
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰিকা]]</text>
      <sha1>4ws5zfpdem0143uqva0r74vspa7ulug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>বাৰ্তা:চাৰহ মিচিং</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>136908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610913</id>
      <parentid>606877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hemchandra Mili, Dergaon</username>
        <id>49582</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* পৃষ্ঠাটোৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ</comment>
      <origin>610913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="291" sha1="2u8q53d0bqt825lgj45z2qr0itfb2cb" xml:space="preserve">== পৃষ্ঠাটোৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা ==

Hemchandra Mili, Dergaon [[সদস্য:Hemchandra Mili, Dergaon|Hemchandra Mili, Dergaon]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Hemchandra Mili, Dergaon|বাৰ্তা]]) 03:25, 2 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>2u8q53d0bqt825lgj45z2qr0itfb2cb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610950</id>
      <parentid>608089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33347" sha1="3x6alw4u3tynow52dyeftj1leeqs50x" xml:space="preserve">{{Current}}
{{Infobox political party
| party_name = ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি&lt;br&gt;&lt;small style=&quot;font-weight:normal; color:#555; &quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;(শ্লোগান: ভয়্চ অৱ দ্য লেজী এণ্ড আনএমপ্লয়ড)&lt;/small&gt;
| native_name = Cockroach Janta Party
| logo = 
| abbreviation = CJP
| leader = অভিজিত দীপকে
| foundation = {{Start date|2026|05|16|df=y}}
| ideology = {{ubl|ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰহসন|যুৱ অধিকাৰ|প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বিৰোধী|ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষতা|[[সমাজবাদ]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://cockroachjantaparty.org}}
| country = [[ভাৰত]]
}}

'''ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি''' (CJP) [[আম আদমী পাৰ্টি]]ৰ প্ৰাক্তন ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়া কৌশলবিদ অভিজিত দীপকেই [[২০২৬]] চনৰ [[১৬ মে']]ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা ভাৰতীয় সত্ৰবাদী ৰাজনৈতিক আন্দোলন।&lt;ref name=&quot;bt_dipke&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Who is Abhijeet Dipke? Founder of Cockroach Janta Party |url=https://www.businesstoday.in |website=Business Today |date=18 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=CJI may clarify but Cockroach Janata Party is ready for dissent, one laugh at a time |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/cji-surya-kant-may-clarify-but-cockroach-janata-party-is-ready-for-dissent-one-laugh-at-a-time/cid/2161212 |website=The Telegraph India |date=18 May 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party debuts, admits two TMC MPs within 2 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cockroach-janta-party-40000-members-mahua-moitra-kirti-azad-gen-z-convention-2913347-2026-05-18 |website=India Today |date=18 May 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_news&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Indian politics has acquired an unusual mascot: the cockroach |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz72y11jjq1o |work=BBC News |date=21 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ভাৰতৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ]] সূৰ্য কান্তই ২০২৬ চনৰ ১৫ মে’ত নিবনুৱা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক “পঁইতাচোৰা” আৰু “সমাজৰ পৰজীৱী” বুলি কৰা মন্তব্যৰ ব্যংগমূলক সঁহাৰি হিচাপে দলটোৱে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
বাতৰি অনুসৰি ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টিৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে বিহাৰৰ আগন্তুক বাংকিপুৰ বিধানসভাৰ উপ-নিৰ্বাচনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰাৰ কথা চিন্তা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Cockroach Janta Party: How A CJI Comment Became A Movement |url=https://www.boomlive.in/explainers/the-cockroach-janta-party-how-a-cji-comment-became-a-movement-31586 |website=BOOM Fact Check |date=18 May 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ কিছুদিনৰ ভিতৰতে এই আন্দোলনে ৩ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক চাইন-আপ আৰু ১.৮ কোটি ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়া অনুগামী লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cockroach Janta Party explodes online after top judge's remark; CJP gains 3.7 million followers in 24 hours |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/cockroach-janta-party-top-judges-comment-sparks-viral-satire-protest/ |work=The Tribune |date=20 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই আন্দোলনে অফলাইন কাৰ্য্যকলাপতো লিপ্ত হৈছে, স্বেচ্ছাসেৱকসকলে পঁইতাচোৰাৰ বেশ ধাৰণ কৰি প্ৰতিবাদ আৰু চাফাই অভিযানত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_news&quot;/&gt; এই আন্দোলন ভাৰতৰ নিৰ্বাচন আয়োগত পঞ্জীয়ন হোৱা নাই। 

==উৎপত্তি==
২০২৬ চনৰ ১৫ মে’ত [[উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়]]ৰ এক শুনানিৰ সময়ত মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ সূৰ্য কান্তই মন্তব্য কৰিছিল যে-
&quot;সমাজত পঁইতাচোৰাৰ দৰে যুৱক আছে, যিয়ে কোনো ধৰণৰ কৰ্মসংস্থাপন নাপায় বা পেছাত কোনো স্থান নাপায়। ইয়াৰে কিছুমান মিডিয়া হৈ পৰে, কিছুমান ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়া, আৰ টি আই কৰ্মী আৰু অন্যান্য কৰ্মী হৈ পৰে আৰু তেওঁলোকে সকলোকে আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;/&gt; পাছদিনা অভিজিত দীপকেই এক্স (পূৰ্বতে টুইটাৰ)ত &quot;বাহিৰৰ সকলো 'পঁইতাচোৰা'ৰ বাবে&quot; এটা প্লেটফৰ্ম মুকলি কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। ইয়াৰ যোগ্যতাৰ মাপকাঠীসমূহ নিবনুৱা, এলেহুৱা, দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়াকৈ অনলাইন থকা আৰু পেছাদাৰীভাৱে প্ৰতিবাদী ক্ষমতা থকা আদি তালিকাত ৰখা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalherald&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Laugh if you like but cockroaches uniting, joining 'Cockroach Janta Party' in droves |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/laugh-if-you-want-but-cockroaches-uniting-joining-cockroach-janata-party-in-droves |website=National Herald |date=18 May 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৬ মে’ত দলটোৰ ৱেবছাইট ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party |url=http://cockroachjantaparty.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ভইচ অৱ দ্য লেজি এণ্ড আনএমপ্লয়ড&quot; টেগলাইনৰ অধীনত লাইভ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;/&gt; ৪৮ ঘণ্টাৰ ভিতৰতে এই আন্দোলনে ৪০,০০০ তকৈ অধিক পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত সদস্য দাবী কৰে আৰু পিছৰ প্ৰতিৱেদনত এই সংখ্যা ৭০,০০০ তকৈ অধিক হোৱাৰ কথা কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;timesnow&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What Is Cockroach Janta Party? Manifesto Creates Buzz |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/cockroach-janta-party-5-point-manifesto-creates-buzz-mahua-moitra-kirti-azad-reacts-abhijeet-dipke-article-154349051 |website=Times Now |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২৬ চনৰ ২১ মে’লৈকে এই আন্দোলনে [[ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম]]ত এক কোটিতকৈ অধিক অনুগামী আৰু [[এক্স]]ত ১ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰৰো অধিক অনুগামী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল। দলটোৱে অনলাইন প্ৰ-পত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে ৩ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰৰো অধিক সদস্য পঞ্জীয়ন কৰা বুলি দাবী কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party crosses 3.5 lakh members, Sabeer Bhatia extends support |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cockroach-janta-party-350k-members-sabeer-bhatia-support-2914567-2026-05-20 |website=India Today |date=20 May 2026 |access-date=20 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ত সৌৰভ মিৰাজকাৰে ইচালকাৰঞ্জীত ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি আৰু এম মুফাছিৰে (চিজেপি) পৰিচালনা কৰি আছে।{{cn}} ইয়াৰ পিছত এই আন্দোলন [[বিহাৰ]], [[মধ্যপ্ৰদেশ]], [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]], [[জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰ]] (কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল) আৰু [[হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ]]কে ধৰি কেইবাখনো ৰাজ্যত বিয়পি পৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=20 May 2026 |title=Cockroach Janata Party: Top Indian judge's comment sparks satire protest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/5/20/cockroach-janata-party-top-indian-judges-comment-sparks-satire-protest |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশৰ সঁহাৰি==
এই প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ পিছতে ১৬ মে’ত মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ সূৰ্য কান্তই স্পষ্টীকৰণ জাৰি কৰি কয় যে তেওঁৰ মন্তব্য বিকৃতভাবে উপস্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ কয় যে দেশৰ নিবনুৱা যুৱক-যুৱতীক নহয়, ভুৱা আৰু ভুৱা ডিগ্ৰী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আইনী বৃত্তিত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা ব্যক্তিকহে বিশেষভাৱে সমালোচনা কৰিছে। &quot;অকল আমাৰ বৰ্তমান আৰু ভৱিষ্যতৰ মানৱ সম্পদক লৈ গৌৰৱ কৰাই নহয়, ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতিজন যুৱকে মোক অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰে। মই তেওঁলোকক উন্নত ভাৰতৰ স্তম্ভ হিচাপে বিচাৰ কৰিছোঁ। ’’&lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;/&gt;

এক্স সন্দৰ্ভত স্পষ্টীকৰণৰ উত্তৰ দি দিপকেই কয় যে, প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰীৰ সৈতে মোৰ মতানৈক্য আছে, কিন্তু মই বিশ্বাস কৰোঁ যে চিজেআইৰ তেওঁক অপমান কৰাৰ কোনো অধিকাৰ নাই। বৈধ ডিগ্ৰী নথকাৰ বাবে কাকো সহ নাগৰিকক 'পৰজীৱী' বুলি কোৱাৰ অধিকাৰ দিয়া নহয়।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;/&gt; ইণ্ডিয়া টুডেৰ সৈতে হোৱা এক সাক্ষাৎকাৰত তেওঁ আৰু কয় যে মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশগৰাকীৰ মন্তব্য বিশেষভাৱে আঘাতজনক কাৰণ এই মন্তব্য সংবিধানৰ ৰক্ষকৰপৰা আহিছে, যিজনক মত প্ৰকাশৰ স্বাধীনতা ৰক্ষাৰ দায়িত্ব দিয়া হৈছে: &quot;আমাৰ মত প্ৰকাশৰ স্বাধীনতা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ থকা কোনোবাই কেৱল আমাৰ মতামত আগবঢ়াই দিয়াৰ বাবেই আমাক পঁইতাচোৰা আৰু পৰজীৱীৰ লগত তুলনা কৰিছে।&quot; এই মন্তব্য শাসকীয় দলৰ আন কোনোবাই কৰা হ’লে... ই ইমান আলোড়নৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰিলেহেঁতেন।&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;it_celebs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Kateel |first=Avinash |date=21 May 2026 |title=Cockroach party beats BJP on the 'gram with 10 million followers in 5 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cockroach-janta-party-10-million-followers-on-instagram-bjp-followers-cji-remarks-genz-youth-2914805-2026-05-21 |website=India Today |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==অন্তৰ্নিহিত বিষয়সমূহ==
মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ সূৰ্য কান্তৰ মন্তব্যৰ প্ৰতি ব্যংগাত্মক উত্তৰ হিচাপেই ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি আৰম্ভ হৈছিল যদিও ভাৰতীয় যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ দ্ৰুত বৃদ্ধিয়ে মন্তব্যকাৰী আৰু বিশ্লেষকসকলে চিনাক্ত কৰা গভীৰ গাঁথনিগত বিষয়সমূহ প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;newsaz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='Cockroach Janta Party': Indian judge's remark sparks massive movement |url=https://news.az/news/cockroach-janta-party-indian-judges-remark-sparks-massive-movement |website=News.az |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===নিবনুৱা সমস্যা===
ভাৰতৰ স্নাতক নিবনুৱাৰ হাৰ ২৯.১ শতাংশ, যিটো কেতিয়াও স্কুলত নপঢ়া লোকৰ তুলনাত ৯ গুণ বেছি। দেশখনত বছৰি ৮০ লাখতকৈ অধিক স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰীধাৰী সৃষ্টি হয় যদিও অৰ্থনীতিয়ে তেওঁলোকক গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পৰাকৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত চাকৰিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা নাই।&lt;ref name=&quot;newsaz&quot;/&gt; চিজেপিৰ সদস্যপদৰ মাপকাঠীয়ে নিবনুৱাৰ উল্লেখ কৰে, আবেদনকাৰীসকল &quot;নিবনুৱা (বলপূৰ্বকভাৱে, পছন্দৰদ্বাৰা বা নীতিৰদ্বাৰা)&quot; হ'ব লাগিব।&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyjagran&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party: Millions Of 'Parasites' Unite For Satirical Movement Of The 'Democratic And Lazy' |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/dhnews/Jagran+English/Cockroach+Janta+Party-Millions-Of-Parasites-Unite-For-Satirical-Movement-Of-The-Democratic-And-Lazy-newsid-n712959262 |website=The Daily Jagran |date=20 May 2026 |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===প্ৰশ্নকাকত ফাদিল===
চিজেপি প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ আগৰ সপ্তাহটোত প্ৰশ্নকাকত ফাদিল হোৱাৰ পিছত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগ্যতা সহ প্ৰৱেশ পৰীক্ষা (NEET-UG) বাতিল হোৱাৰ বাবে দেশজুৰি প্ৰতিবাদৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। এই পৰীক্ষা ২০২৬ চনৰ ২১ জুনত পুনৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;mathrubhumi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='Haan Main Hoon Cockroach': Viral NEET paper leak protest song sparks buzz as 'CJP' trends |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/cockroach-janta-party-neet-2026-protest-song-wdolda0z |website=Mathrubhumi English |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; NEETৰ প্ৰশ্নকাকত ফাদিল হোৱা, ছাত্ৰৰ হেঁচা আৰু পৰীক্ষা ব্যৱস্থাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ক্ষোভৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ উল্লেখ কৰি চিজেপিয়ে &quot;হাঁ মেই হুঁ ককৰোচ&quot; শীৰ্ষক এটা প্ৰতিবাদী গীত মুকলি কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;mathrubhumi&quot;/&gt; দলটোৰ ইস্তাহাৰত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই &quot;NEET আৰু CBSEৰ দৰে পৰীক্ষাৰ জালিয়াতিৰ বলি হোৱা প্ৰতিজন ছাত্ৰৰ সৈতে চিজেপি থিয় দিছে।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nationalherald&quot;/&gt;

===সম্পদৰ বৈষম্য আৰু সখ্যতাৰ পুঁজিবাদ===
ভাৰতে সম্পদৰ তীব্ৰ কেন্দ্ৰীভূতকৰণৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে, সমালোচকসকলে অভিযোগ কৰিছে যে বিগত দশকত গঢ় লৈ উঠা অৰ্থনৈতিক গাঁথনিয়ে মূলতঃ গৌতম আদানী আৰু মুকেশ আম্বাণীৰ দৰে উদ্যোগপতিসকলক উপকৃত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;rahul&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A ferocious economic storm will hit ordinary people, small biz: Rahul Gandhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-ferocious-economic-storm-will-hit-ordinary-people-small-biz-rahul-gandhi/articleshow/131209132.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; চিজেপিক সমৰ্থন কৰা কৰ্মী-অধিবক্তা প্ৰশান্ত ভূষণে কয় যে ভাৰতৰ &quot;অম্বাণী আৰু আদানীৰ দৰে সহযোগী পুঁজিপতিৰ সুবিধাৰ বাবে অৰ্থনীতি আৰু সমাজ ৰক্তক্ষৰণ হৈছে।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;newsaz&quot;/&gt; চিজেপিৰ ইস্তাহাৰত আদানী গ্ৰুপ আৰু ৰিলায়েন্স ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰীজৰ মালিকানাধীন মিডিয়া হাউছৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ বাতিল কৰাৰ লগতে &quot;গোডী মিডিয়া এংকৰ&quot;ৰ বেংক একাউণ্টৰ তদন্তৰ দাবী স্পষ্টভাৱে কৰা হৈছে। দলটোৱে লগতে কয় যে তেওঁলোকে বেনামী অনুদান বা নিৰ্বাচনী বণ্ড গ্ৰহণ নকৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalherald&quot;/&gt;

===অৱসৰৰ পিছৰ ন্যায়িক নিযুক্তি আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক আস্থা===
অৱসৰৰ পিছত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাক্তন মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশসকলে চৰকাৰী পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ প্ৰথাই যথেষ্ট সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। অৱসৰৰ ১৬ সপ্তাহৰ পাছত ৰাজ্যসভাৰ এখন আসন গ্ৰহণ কৰে প্ৰাক্তন চিজেআই [[ৰঞ্জন গগৈ]]য়ে, আনহাতে প্ৰাক্তন চিজেআই পি.
সথাশিৱম কেৰালাৰ ৰাজ্যপাল হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;gavai&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian CJ, colleagues publicly pledge to refuse post-retirement jobs |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/front-page/Indian-CJ-colleagues-publicly-pledge-to-refuse-post-retirement-jobs/238-310954 |website=Daily Mirror |date=7 June 2025 |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমানৰ চিজেআই বি.আৰ. গাভায়ে কয় যে অৱসৰৰ পিছৰ এনে নিযুক্তিয়ে &quot;উল্লেখযোগ্য নৈতিক উদ্বেগ উত্থাপন কৰে&quot; আৰু &quot;এটা ধাৰণা সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে যে ন্যায়িক সিদ্ধান্তসমূহ ভৱিষ্যতে চৰকাৰী নিযুক্তিৰ সম্ভাৱনাৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰভাবিত হৈছিল।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphgavai&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=CJI Gavai flags ethical concerns over judges taking government jobs after retirement |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chief-justice-of-india-gavai-flags-ethical-concerns-over-judges-taking-government-jobs-after-retirement-prnt/cid/2106180 |website=The Telegraph India |date=5 June 2025 |access-date=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; চিজেপিৰ প্ৰথম ইস্তাহাৰৰ দাবীত এই বিষয়টোক প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে সম্বোধন কৰা হৈছে, অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশসকলৰ বাবে ৰাজ্যসভাৰ আসন নিষিদ্ধ কৰাৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalherald&quot;/&gt; ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা ভাৰতৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়িক বিষয়াসকলক ৰাজনৈতিক পদবীৰদ্বাৰা পুৰস্কৃত কৰা হয় বুলি বহল ধাৰণা প্ৰতিফলিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত ন্যায়পালিকা আৰু কাৰ্যবাহীৰ মাজৰ সীমা অস্পষ্ট হৈ পৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;sinarharian&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title='Parti Lipas' cetus gelombang sindiran politik di India |url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/780770/global/parti-lipas-cetus-gelombang-sindiran-politik-di-india |website=Sinar Harian |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; প্ৰশান্ত ভূষণে যুক্তি দিছিল যে মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ কান্তৰ মন্তব্যই &quot;সাধাৰণতে কৰ্মী আৰু যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰভাৱে শিপাই থকা পক্ষপাতিত্ব আৰু বিদ্বেষ প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিছে&quot; আৰু লগতে কয় যে &quot;ঠিক এইটোৱেই বৰ্তমানৰ এই চৰকাৰৰ মানসিকতাও।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;sinarharian&quot;/&gt;

===যুৱ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক বিচ্ছিন্নতা===
মন্তব্যকাৰীসকলে লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে এই আন্দোলনে ভাৰতীয় যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ মাজত যুগ যুগৰ ক্লান্তিৰ প্ৰতিফলন ঘটাইছে, যিসকলে অনলাইনত অহৰহ সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকাৰ পিছতো আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাজনীতিত নিজকে অপ্ৰতিনিধিত্বশীল অনুভৱ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_news&quot;/&gt; ভাৰতত বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম কম বয়সীয়া জনসংখ্যা, ইয়াৰ ১.৪ বিলিয়ন লোকৰ প্ৰায় আধা ৩০ বছৰৰ তলৰ, তথাপি আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাজনৈতিক অংশগ্ৰহণ সীমিত।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_news&quot;/&gt; বিবিচি নিউজে উদ্ধৃত কৰা এক সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি ২৯ শতাংশ ভাৰতীয় যুৱকে ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে জড়িত হোৱাৰপৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আঁতৰি থাকে আৰু মাত্ৰ ১১ শতাংশইহে কোনো ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ সদস্য।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_news&quot;/&gt; দিপকেই কয় যে এই সামূহিকতাই পৰম্পৰাগত ৰাজনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থাত শুনা বা প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব অনুভৱ নকৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ হতাশাৰ প্ৰকাশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_news&quot;/&gt;

===মতানৈক্যৰ বাবে স্থান===
চিজেপিত যোগদান কৰা অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত ভাৰতীয় আমোলা আশিস যোশীয়ে আল জাজিৰাক জনাইছে, &quot;যোৱা এটা দশকত দেশত যথেষ্ট ত্ৰাসৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে’’ আৰু মানুহে কথা ক’বলৈ ভয় কৰে। ভাৰত ইমানেই ঘৃণনীয় হৈ পৰিছে যে ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি এছাটি উশাহৰ নিৰ্মল বায়ুৰ দৰে।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;newsaz&quot;/&gt; চিজেপিৰ ব্যংগ আৰু মিমৰ ব্যৱহাৰক মন্তব্যকাৰীসকলে প্ৰত্যক্ষ মতানৈক্যই বিপদ কঢ়িয়াই অনা পৰিৱেশত &quot;য'ত আছে তাত মানুহক লগ পোৱাৰ&quot; কৌশল বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;slguardian&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=India's 'Cockroach Janta Party' Goes Viral as Meme Politics Challenges Establishment |url=https://slguardian.org/indias-cockroach-janta-party-goes-viral-as-meme-politics-challenges-establishment/ |website=Sri Lanka Guardian |date=19 May 2026 |access-date=20 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===অন্তৰ্নিহিত বিষয়সমূহৰ গ্ৰহণ===
চিজেপিৰ এই পন্থাক লৈ ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়া ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীসকল বিভক্ত হৈ আছে। কোনোৱে ইয়াক &quot;কেৱল মিম ৰাজনীতি&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে, আন কোনোৱে ইয়াক &quot;ভাৰতৰ জেন জেড ৰাজনীতিৰ নতুন মুখ&quot; আৰু &quot;দেশৰ প্ৰথমটো দল যিয়ে অন্ততঃ যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ যন্ত্ৰণা বুজি পায়&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;nationalherald&quot;/&gt; ইউটিউবাৰ মেঘনাদ এছে কয় যে: &quot;ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টি এটা ব্যংগমূলক, অস্তিত্বহীন দল, তথাপি মানুহে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ই বাস্তৱৰ উন্নত বিকল্প।&quot; সাধাৰণতে ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলসমূহৰ ওপৰত সেইটো এক ধৰণৰ বিশাল মন্তব্য।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;slguardian&quot;/&gt;
==আগন্তুক নিৰ্বাচন==
বাতৰি অনুসৰি ২০২৬ চনৰ মে’ মাহত ব্যংগাত্মক অনলাইন আন্দোলন ককৰোচ জনতা পাৰ্টিৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে আগন্তুক বাংকিপুৰ বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ উপ-নিৰ্বাচনত বিহাৰত প্ৰথম প্ৰাৰ্থী প্ৰক্ষেপ কৰাৰ কথা চিন্তা কৰি আছিল। ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি, জন সূৰাজ পাৰ্টিকে ধৰি বৃহৎ ৰাজনৈতিক দলসমূহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে এই প্ৰস্তাৱিত প্ৰাৰ্থিত্বৰ খবৰ পোৱা গৈছে। ৰাজনৈতিক পৰ্যবেক্ষকসকলে এই পদক্ষেপক অনলাইন সক্ৰিয়তা আৰু ব্যংগৰপৰা নিৰ্বাচনী ৰাজনীতিলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ প্ৰয়াস বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;/&gt;
==মতাদৰ্শ আৰু স্থিতি==
চিজেপিয়ে নিজকে &quot;যুৱকসকলৰ, যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰদ্বাৰা, যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ বাবে এক ৰাজনৈতিক ফ্ৰণ্ট: ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ, সমাজবাদী, গণতান্ত্ৰিক আৰু এলেহুৱা&quot; বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;/&gt; দিপকেই কয় যে এই প্ৰচাৰ অভিযান পৰম্পৰাগত ৰাজনৈতিক দল হোৱাৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী নহয় আৰু প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলক মঞ্চত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰাৰ কোনো আগ্ৰহ নাই, লক্ষ্য কৰিছে যে &quot;বৰ্তমানৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে চিজেপিত যোগদান কৰিলে জেন জেডে ভাল নাপাব।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;it_celebs&quot;/&gt;

ব্যংগ প্ৰকৃতিৰ সত্ত্বেও দলটোৱে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পাঁচ দফীয়া ইস্তাহাৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে:&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;boom&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday&quot;/&gt;

*কোনো মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশক অৱসৰৰ পিছৰ পুৰস্কাৰ হিচাপে ৰাজ্যসভাৰ আসন প্ৰদান কৰা নহ’ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CJP |url=https://cockroachjantaparty.org/#manifesto |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*যদি কোনো বৈধ ভোট বাদ দিয়া হয়, তেন্তে ইউএপিএৰ অধীনত মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্তক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হ’ব, কাৰণ ভোটাধিকাৰ কাঢ়ি লোৱাটো &quot;সন্ত্ৰাসবাদতকৈ কম নহয়।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*সংসদৰ শক্তি বৃদ্ধি নকৰাকৈ মহিলাসকলে ৫০% সংৰক্ষণ (৩৩%ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে) লাভ কৰিব; কেবিনেটৰ সকলো পদৰ ৫০% পদ মহিলাৰ বাবে সংৰক্ষিত হ’ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*আদানী গ্ৰুপ আৰু ৰিলায়েন্স ইণ্ডাষ্ট্ৰীজ (&quot;আম্বাণী&quot;)ৰ মালিকানাধীন সকলো মিডিয়া হাউছৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ বাতিল কৰি স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ বাবে ঠাই দিব লাগিব। &quot;গোডী মিডিয়া এংকৰ&quot;ৰ বেংক একাউণ্টৰ তদন্ত কৰা হ’ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*যিকোনো বিধায়ক বা সাংসদ যিয়ে এটা দলৰপৰা আন এটা দললৈ গুচি যায় তেন্তে ২০ বছৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পদবীত অধিষ্ঠিত হোৱাত বাধা দিয়া হ’ব।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

সমাজকৰ্মী অঞ্জলি ভৰদ্বাজে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া আৰু দলটোৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰা অতিৰিক্ত বিষয়সমূহ হ’ল-&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday&quot;/&gt;

*আৰ টি আই আইনৰ অধীনতপক্ষই জবাবদিহি হ’ব। 
*ই &quot;গুপ্ত ককৰোচ কেয়াৰছ ফাণ্ড&quot; (পি এম কেয়াৰছ ফাণ্ডৰ উল্লেখ কৰি) স্থাপন কৰিব নোৱাৰিব। 

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 
{{Reflist}} 

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== 
* {{Official website|https://cockroachjantaparty.org}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/cockroachjantaparty/ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰামত CJP]
* [https://x.com/Cockroachisback এক্স হেণ্ডেলত CJP] 

[[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজনৈতিক দল]]</text>
      <sha1>3x6alw4u3tynow52dyeftj1leeqs50x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইৰান-পাকিস্তান গেছ পাইপলাইন</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610917</id>
      <parentid>608556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:34:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41388" sha1="o4pjuj9jhxm2zrj8f4vfmxvgll9pjlf" xml:space="preserve">
'''ইৰাণ–পাকিস্তান গেছ পাইপলাইন ({{lang-en|Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline}})''' ক ‘শান্তি পাইপলাইন’ বা ‘আই পি গেছ’ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/the-peace-pipeline-1.484985/ | title=The 'peace pipeline' | newspaper = [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] | date=28 May 2009 | access-date=17 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ইৰাণৰপৰা [[পাকিস্তান]]লৈ প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছ পৰিবহণৰ লক্ষ্যৰে ২,৭৭৫ কিলোমিটাৰ (১,৭২৪ মাইল) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ নিৰ্মাণ চলি থকা পাইপলাইন। যদিও ২০১১ চনত পাইপলাইনৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, ২০২৪ চনলৈকে পাকিস্তান চৰকাৰে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ইয়াক সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ অনুমোদন দিয়া নাছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Islamuddin |first1=Sajid |title=Pakistan approves work on long-awaited Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-approves-work-on-long-awaited-iran-pakistan-gas-pipeline-project/3146216 |publisher=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2024-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Begins Work on Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline Segment Despite US Sanctions |url=https://www.pipeline-journal.net/news/pakistan-begins-work-iran-pakistan-gas-pipeline-segment-despite-us-sanctions |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Pipeline Technology Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ইতিহাস ==
===১৯৫০-২০০৯: আৰম্ভণি===
এই ধাৰণাটো ১৯৫০ চনৰ মাজভাগত এজন যুৱ পাকিস্তানী চিভিল ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ মালিক আফতাব আহমেদ খানে (সীতাৰা-ই-জুৰাট) পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এন ই ডি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ ৰিছালপুৰৰ মিলিটাৰী কলেজ অৱ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিংত তেওঁৰ এখন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত এই কথা প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। &quot;পাৰ্চিয়ান পাইপলাইন&quot; শীৰ্ষক গৱেষণা পত্ৰখনত বেলুচিস্তান আৰু সিন্ধৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰস্তাৱিত পথত শত্ৰুতাপূৰ্ণ ভূ-খণ্ডৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ যোৱাৰ সময়ত পাইপলাইনটোৰ নিৰাপত্তা নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ উপায়ো বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, য'ত সৰু বেটেলিয়ন আকাৰৰ কেণ্টনমেণ্ট স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=pt251111&gt;
{{cite news
 |url= http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/11/iran-pakistan-gas-pipeline-traversing-history/
 |title= Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline traversing history
 |newspaper = Pakistan Today
 |first = Kunwar khuldune |last = Shahid
 |date=25 November 2011
 |access-date=26 November 2011}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=noor&gt;{{cite web
 |url = http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff124.pdf
 |title = Iran-Pakistan Peace Pipeline. IPRI Factfile
 |publisher = Islamabad Policy Research Institute
 |first = Noor
 |last = ul Haq
 |date = 31 July 2010
 |access-date = 20 November 2011
 |archive-date = 11 June 2014
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140611074427/http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff124.pdf
 |url-status = dead
 |archivedate = 11 June 2014
 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140611074427/http://ipripak.org/factfiles/ff124.pdf
 |deadurl = yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; এই প্ৰকল্পৰ ৰূপৰেখা ১৯৮৯ চনত ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ কে পাছাৰী, আলী ছামছ আৰ্দেকানী আৰু ইৰাণৰ প্ৰাক্তন উপ-বিদেশ মন্ত্ৰী সৰ্বশ্বাহৰদ্বাৰা ৰূপৰেখা প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। পাচাৰীয়ে ইৰাণ আৰু ভাৰত দুয়োখন চৰকাৰক এই পৰিকল্পনাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। ইৰাণ চৰকাৰে এই প্ৰস্তাৱৰ প্ৰতি ইতিবাচক সঁহাৰি জনায়। 

১৯৯৫ চনত ইৰাণ আৰু পাকিস্তান চৰকাৰৰ মাজত আলোচনা আৰম্ভ হয়; &lt;ref name=downstream1&gt;
{{cite news
 |url=http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=10718
 |title=IPI Implementation Nearing 'Final Stage' – Pakistani Official
 |publisher=Downstream Today
 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]
 |date=8 May 2008
 |access-date=10 May 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt; সেই বছৰতে প্ৰাথমিক চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। এই চুক্তিত দক্ষিণ পাৰ্ছ গেছ ক্ষেত্ৰৰপৰা পাকিস্তানৰ কৰাচীলৈ পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। পিছত ইৰানে পাকিস্তানৰ মাজেৰে এই পাইপলাইন ভাৰতলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ইৰাণ আৰু ভাৰতৰ মাজত প্ৰাথমিক চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়।&lt;ref name=chaudhary&gt;
{{cite web
 |url= http://www.american.edu/TED/iranpipeline.htm
 |title= Iran to India Natural Gas Pipeline: Implications for Conflict Resolution &amp; Regionalism in India, Iran, and Pakistan
 |publisher= [[School of International Service]]
 |first= Shamila N. |last = Chaudhary
 |access-date=20 March 2010}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

২০০৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত পাকিস্তানী পেট্ৰলিয়াম অভিযন্তা গুলফৰাজ আহমেদৰ ইউএনডিপিৰ (UNDP) প্ৰতিৱেদন ''শান্তি আৰু সমৃদ্ধি গেছ পাইপলাইন'' প্ৰকাশ পোৱাৰ পিছত এই প্ৰকল্পটো পুনৰ সজীৱ হৈ উঠে। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project is a lifeline for Pakistan's economy,' Dr Gulfaraz Ahmed, Energy Expert|url=http://www.brecorder.com/brief-recordings/0/1204543/|work=Business Recorder|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718060854/http://www.brecorder.com/brief-recordings/0/1204543|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718060854/http://www.brecorder.com/brief-recordings/0/1204543|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[file:Iran-Pakistan-India.JPG|thumb|right|২০০৭ চনত ভাৰতীয় অৱদানকে ধৰি প্ৰস্তাৱিত পথসমূহ ]]
২০০৭ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানে ইৰাণক প্ৰতি মিলিয়ন ব্ৰিটিছ থাৰ্মেল ইউনিটৰ বাবে ৪.৯৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (৪.৬৭ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ/জিজে) দিবলৈ সন্মত হয়, কিন্তু মূল্য সালসলনিৰ কিছু সবিশেষ আৰু আলোচনা হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে। &lt;ref name=irandaily1&gt;
{{cite news
 |url=http://iran-daily.com/1386/2880/html/economy.htm#s238905
 |title=Peace Pipeline Contract Soon, Gas Flow by 2011
 |newspaper=Iran Daily
 |date=1 July 2007
 |access-date=10 May 2008
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080506083012/http://iran-daily.com/1386/2880/html/economy.htm#s238905
 |archive-date = 6 May 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

২০০৮ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত ইৰাণে এই প্ৰকল্পত [[চীন]] গণৰাজ্যৰ অংশগ্ৰহণৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ প্ৰকাশ কৰে।&lt;ref name=downstream3&gt;
{{cite news
 |url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=10460
 |title=Ahmadinehjad Would Welcome Chinese Role in Gas Pipeline
 |publisher=Downstream Today
 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]
 |date=28 April 2008
 |access-date=10 May 2008}}
&lt;/ref&gt; সেই বছৰতে ভাৰতে [[আমেৰিকা]]ৰ সৈতে অসামৰিক পাৰমাণৱিক চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰ কৰে আৰু ২০০৯ চনত মূল্য নিৰ্ধাৰণ আৰু নিৰাপত্তাৰ বিষয়ক লৈ গেছ পাইপলাইন প্ৰকল্পৰপৰা আঁতৰি যায়।&lt;ref name=reuters170310/&gt;&lt;ref name=upi190310a&gt;
{{cite news
 |url= https://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2010/03/19/Pakistan-gas-pipeline-is-Irans-lifeline/UPI-27741269029633/
 |title=Pakistan gas pipeline is Iran's lifeline
 |agency=[[United Press International|UPI]]
 |date=19 March 2010
 |access-date=20 March 2010}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

===২০১০-২০১২: প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ===
২০১০ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত [[আমেৰিকা]]ই [[পাকিস্তান]]ক পাইপলাইন প্ৰকল্প পৰিত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ কয়। যদিহে পাকিস্তানে এই প্ৰকল্প বাতিল কৰিলেহেঁতেন তেন্তে তৰলীকৃত প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছ টাৰ্মিনেল নিৰ্মাণ কৰি [[আফগানিস্তান]]ৰ ৱাখান কৰিডৰৰ জৰিয়তে [[তাজিকিস্তান]]ৰপৰা বিদ্যুৎ আমদানি কৰিবলৈ [[আমেৰিকা]]ৰ সাহায্য লাভ কৰিলেহেঁতেন। &lt;ref name=thaindian140110&gt;{{cite news
 |url= http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/us-asks-pak-to-pull-out-of-iran-gas-pipeline-project-to-qualify-for-extensive-assistance_100303715.html
 |title= US asks Pak to pull out of Iran gas pipeline project to qualify for extensive assistance
 |date= 14 January 2010
 |work= Thaindian News
 |agency= [[Asian News International|ANI]]
 |access-date= 20 March 2010
 |archive-date= 4 March 2016
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112916/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/us-asks-pak-to-pull-out-of-iran-gas-pipeline-project-to-qualify-for-extensive-assistance_100303715.html
 |url-status= dead
 |archivedate= 4 March 2016
 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112916/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/us-asks-pak-to-pull-out-of-iran-gas-pipeline-project-to-qualify-for-extensive-assistance_100303715.html
 |deadurl= yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

২০১০ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ভাৰতে এই প্ৰকল্পৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ নবীকৰণ কৰে আৰু ২০১০ চনৰ মে' মাহত তেহৰাণত অনুষ্ঠিত হ'বলগীয়া ত্ৰিপাক্ষিক আলোচনাৰ বাবে পাকিস্তান আৰু ইৰাণক আহ্বান জনায়।&lt;ref name=reuters170310&gt;{{cite news
 |url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62G12C20100317
 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130104142518/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62G12C20100317
 |url-status= dead
 |archive-date= 4 January 2013
 |title= Pakistan, Iran sign deal on natural gas pipeline
 |first= Zeeshan
 |last= Haider
 |date= 17 March 2010
 |work= [[Reuters]]
 |access-date= 20 March 2010
 |archivedate= 4 January 2013
 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20130104142518/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62G12C20100317
 |deadurl= yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ইৰাণ আৰু পাকিস্তানে ১৬ মাৰ্চত আংকাৰাত পাইপলাইনৰ ওপৰত চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰ কৰে। চুক্তি অনুসৰি ২০১৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰতিখন দেশে নিজৰ ধাৰা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব লাগিছিল। &lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg290312&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news
 |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-29/pakistan-sending-team-to-russia-to-seek-iran-gas-pipeline-help.html
 |title= Pakistan Seeks Russia's Help to Finance Iran Gas Pipeline
 |author= Anwar, Haris
 |date=29 March 2012
 |work= [[Bloomberg News]]
 |access-date=16 April 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১০ চনত আন্তৰ্জাতিক শক্তি অৰ্থনীতি সংস্থাৰ বাৰ্ষিক সন্মিলনত আলী ছামছ আৰ্ডাকানীয়ে পাচৌৰীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱৰ পোষকতা কৰে,&lt;ref name=noor/&gt; আৰু ২০১০ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইৰাণে [[বাংলাদেশ]]ক এই প্ৰকল্পত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ আমন্ত্ৰণ জনায়। &lt;ref name=fe150810&gt;
{{cite news
 |url= http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=109098&amp;date=2010-08-15
 |title= Iran invites Bangladesh to join cross-border gas grid
 |first = Humayan | last = Kabir
 |newspaper=[[Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]
 |date=15 August 2010
 |access-date=20 November 2011}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১১ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ইৰাণে ঘোষণা কৰে যে তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ অংশটো নিৰ্মাণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=dt141111&gt;
{{cite news
 |url= http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\11\14\story_14-11-2011_pg7_7
 |title=Pakistan to renegotiate price formula with Iran
 |first = Zeeshan |last = Javaid
 |date= 14 November 2011
 |newspaper = [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]
 |access-date=20 November 2011}}
&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৪ চনৰ শেষৰফালে যদি পাকিস্তানে নিজৰপক্ষৰ পাইপলাইন সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব পালন নকৰে তেন্তে সম্পূৰ্ণ নোহোৱালৈকে ইৰাণক দৈনিক ১০ লাখ ডলাৰৰ জৰিমনা ভৰিব লাগিব। &lt;ref name=&quot;pt070612&quot;&gt;{{Cite news
 |url= http://paktribune.com/news/Russia-to-help-Pakistan-build-IP-gas-pipeline-248932.html
 |title= Russia to help Pakistan build IP gas pipeline
 |date= 7 April 2012
 |newspaper= [[PakTribune]]
 |access-date= 16 April 2012
 |archive-date= 16 October 2017
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016131357/http://paktribune.com/news/Russia-to-help-Pakistan-build-IP-gas-pipeline-248932.html
 |url-status= dead
 |archivedate= 16 October 2017
 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016131357/http://paktribune.com/news/Russia-to-help-Pakistan-build-IP-gas-pipeline-248932.html
 |deadurl= yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

২০১২ চনৰ ১৩ মাৰ্চত পাকিস্তানৰ বিত্ত মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে ঘোষণা কৰে যে ব্যক্তিগত বিনিয়োগকাৰীয়ে বিশেষ আগ্ৰহ প্ৰকাশ কৰা নাই আৰু পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে চৰকাৰে গ্ৰাহকৰ ওপৰত কৰ আৰোপ কৰিবলগীয়া হ’ব পাৰে বা [[ইৰাণ]], [[চীন]] আৰু [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে চৰকাৰৰ মাজত চুক্তি কৰিব লাগিব। ২৯ মাৰ্চত খবৰ আহিছিল যে পাকিস্তানৰ পেট্ৰলিয়াম মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ বিষয়াসকলে এপ্ৰিলৰ আৰম্ভণিতে গেজপ্ৰমৰ সৈতে আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ ৰাছিয়ালৈ যাব।&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg290312&quot;/&gt; ইয়াৰ পিছত ৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ দৈনিক কাকত ''পাকট্ৰিবিউনে'' প্ৰকাশ কৰা প্ৰতিৱেদনত গেজপ্ৰমে পাইপলাইনটোৰ বাবে বিত্তীয় সাহায্য আৰু নিৰ্মাণ কৰিব বুলি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত ৰাজহুৱা ক্ৰয় নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ নিয়ম আওকাণ হ’ব, য’ত ইমান বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিবিদাৰ প্ৰয়োজন। অৰ্থনৈতিক সমন্বয় সমিতিক পৰৱৰ্তী বৈঠকত এনে অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰা হ’ব। আমেৰিকাৰ বিৰোধিতাৰ বাবে ব্যক্তিগত কনচৰ্টিয়ামে এই প্ৰকল্পত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰা বুলিও প্ৰতিৱেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। &lt;ref name=&quot;pt070612&quot;/&gt;

২০১২ চনৰ ১৫ এপ্ৰিলত ইছলামবাদৰ নাম প্ৰকাশ নকৰা কূটনৈতিক সূত্ৰই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে চৌদি আৰবে [[পাকিস্তান]]ক “বিকল্প পেকেজ” আগবঢ়াইছে যদিহে পাকিস্তানে ইৰাণৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা শেষ কৰে। তেলৰ উপৰি এই পেকেজত নগদ ঋণ আৰু তেলৰ সুবিধাও থাকিব। এই খবৰটো চৌদি আৰৱৰ উপ-বিদেশ মন্ত্ৰীৰ পাকিস্তান ভ্ৰমণৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত আহিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn150412&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news
 |url= https://www.dawn.com/news/710605/iran-gas-pipeline-saudi-offer
 |title= Iran gas pipeline: Saudi offer
 |date=15 April 2012
 |work= [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan
 |access-date=16 April 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু ২০১২ চনৰ ১ মে’ত খবৰ আহিছিল যে পাকিস্তানৰ বৈদেশিক মন্ত্ৰী হিনা ৰাব্বাণী খাৰে কয় যে ইছলামবাদে প্ৰকল্পটোক আমেৰিকাৰ হেঁচাত শিৰ নত নকৰে আৰু বৃহৎ পাইপলাইন প্ৰকল্পটো “যিকোনো মূল্যত” সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব; লগতে কয় যে এই প্ৰকল্পটো দেশৰ জাতীয় স্বাৰ্থত প্ৰয়োজন আছে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-01 |title=Pakistan will not give in to U.S. pressure on Iran pipeline: Khar |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/398748/Pakistan-will-not-give-in-to-U-S-pressure-on-Iran-pipeline |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১২ চনৰ ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত এই প্ৰকল্পটো ২০১২ চনৰ অক্টোবৰৰ আগতে আৰম্ভ হৈ আৰু ২০১৪ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত সম্পূৰ্ণ হ'ব বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title= Iranian gas will start flowing from December 2014: Dr Asim Hussain |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/430894/iranian-gas-will-start-flowing-from-december-2014-dr-asim-hussain/ |newspaper= [[The Express Tribune]] |date= 4 September 2012 |access-date=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===২০১৩-২০১৪: পাকিস্তানত বিতৰ্ক===
২০১৩ চনৰ ২৯ জানুৱাৰীত আমেৰিকাৰ কনছুল জেনেৰেল মাইকেল ডডমেনে পাকিস্তানে এই প্ৰকল্প পৰিত্যাগ নকৰিলে অৰ্থনৈতিক নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰাৰ ভাবুকি দিয়ে। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-20587-US-warns-Pakistan-of-sanctions-over-Iran-gas-pipeline-deal
 |title=US warns Pakistan of sanctions over Iran gas pipeline deal
 |date=29 January 2013
 |access-date=29 January 2013
 |archivedate=29 January 2013
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129044851/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-20587-US-warns-Pakistan-of-sanctions-over-Iran-gas-pipeline-deal
 |deadurl=yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; পাছদিনা পাকিস্তানৰ ফেডাৰেল চৰকাৰে ইৰাণৰ সৈতে পাকিস্তানৰ অংশটো পাইপলাইন স্থাপনৰ বাবে চুক্তিত অনুমোদন জনায়। &lt;ref name=naturalgasasia3101013&gt;{{cite news
 |url= http://www.naturalgasasia.com/pakistan-ratifies-iran-pakistan-pipeline-agreement
 |title= Pakistan Ratifies Iran-Pakistan Pipeline Agreement
 |date= 31 January 2013
 |access-date= 2 February 2013
 |archive-date= 2 April 2016
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160402131317/http://www.naturalgasasia.com/pakistan-ratifies-iran-pakistan-pipeline-agreement
 |url-status= dead
 |archivedate= 2 April 2016
 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160402131317/http://www.naturalgasasia.com/pakistan-ratifies-iran-pakistan-pipeline-agreement
 |deadurl= yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৩ চনৰ ২৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত পাকিস্তানী অংশ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে সহমতত উপনীত হয়। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url= http://www.naturalgasasia.com/pakistan-ratifies-iran-pakistan-pipeline-agreement
 |title= Pakistan Ratifies Iran-Pakistan Pipeline Agreement
 |date= 27 February 2013
 |access-date= 28 February 2013
 |archive-date= 2 April 2016
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160402131317/http://www.naturalgasasia.com/pakistan-ratifies-iran-pakistan-pipeline-agreement
 |url-status= dead
 |archivedate= 2 April 2016
 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160402131317/http://www.naturalgasasia.com/pakistan-ratifies-iran-pakistan-pipeline-agreement
 |deadurl= yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url= https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-21263-Pakistan-Iran-agree-to-complete-gas-pipeline-in-15-months
 |title= Pakistan, Iran agree to complete gas pipeline in 15 months
 |date= 28 February 2013
 |access-date= 28 February 2013
 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৩ চনৰ ১১ মাৰ্চত পাইপলাইনৰ পাকিস্তানী অংশৰ নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য্য শুভাৰম্ভ কৰে পাকিস্তানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি আছিফ আলী জাৰ্দাৰী আৰু ইৰাণৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি মাহমুদ আহমদিনেজাদে। &lt;ref&gt;
{{cite news
 |title=Pakistan-Iran gas pipeline defies US
 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21736725
 |publisher = [[BBC News]]
 |date= 11 March 2013
 |access-date=11 March 2013}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite news
 |title=Zardari, Ahmedinijad inaugurate Pak-Iran gas pipeline project
 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/11-Mar-2013/zardari-ahmedinijad-inaugurate-pak-iran-gas-pipeline-project
 |newspaper = [[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]
 |date= 11 March 2013
 |access-date=11 March 2013}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |title=Pakistan-Iran gas pipeline inaugurated defying US opposition
 |url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/03/11/pakistan-iran-gas-pipeline-inaugurated-defying-us-opposition/
 |work=[[Euronews]]
 |date=11 March 2013
 |access-date=11 March 2013
 |archive-date=26 September 2020
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926224158/https://www.euronews.com/2013/03/11/pakistan-iran-gas-pipeline-inaugurated-defying-us-opposition
 |url-status=dead
 |archivedate=26 September 2020
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926224158/https://www.euronews.com/2013/03/11/pakistan-iran-gas-pipeline-inaugurated-defying-us-opposition
 |deadurl=yes
 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

২০১৩ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ত ইৰাণৰ পেট্ৰ’লিয়াম উপ-মন্ত্ৰী এ খালিদীয়ে পাকিস্তান চৰকাৰলৈ লিখা এখন পত্ৰযোগে পাইপলাইনৰ পাকিস্তানী অংশৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰাত পলম হোৱাক লৈ উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কয় যে দুয়োখন দেশৰ মাজত চৰকাৰ আৰু চৰকাৰৰ চুক্তিৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে পাইপলাইনৰ দ্বিতীয় অংশ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে সত্তা নিৰ্বাচন কৰিব লাগিছিল যদিও পাইপলাইনৰ পাকিস্তানী অংশৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰিবলৈ পাকিস্তানে এতিয়াও আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে তাদবীৰ শক্তি আৰু স্থানীয় উপ-ঠিকাদাৰক মনোনীত কৰা নাই। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bhutta|first=Zafar|title=Iran upset about slow progress on gas pipeline|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/561464/iran-upset-about-slow-progress-on-gas-pipeline/|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=1 July 2013|date=10 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৩ চনৰ ১২ জুনত পাকিস্তানৰ নৱনিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী নৱাজ শ্বৰীফে প্ৰকল্পটো পৰিত্যাগ হ’ব পাৰে বুলি আশংকা দূৰ কৰি কয় যে পাকিস্তান চৰকাৰে প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিবদ্ধ আৰু ২০১৪ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত পাইপলাইনৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰথমটো গেছৰ প্ৰৱাহৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখিছে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰীয়ে লগতে কয় যে তেওঁৰ চৰকাৰে [[তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান]]-[[আফগানিস্তান]]-[[পাকিস্তান]]-[[ভাৰত]] গেছ পাইপলাইন প্ৰকল্পটো পুনৰ কাৰ্য্যকৰী কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছে। &lt;ref name = nsharif.&gt;{{cite web|last=Bhutta|first=Zafar|title=Annual plan 2013–14: Govt will not scrap Iran gas pipeline project|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/562558/annual-plan-2013-14-govt-will-not-scrap-iran-gas-pipeline-project/|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=1 July 2013|date=13 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৩ চনৰ অক্টোবৰৰ শেষৰফালে বহনক্ষম নীতি উন্নয়ন প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে প্ৰস্তাৱিত পাইপলাইনক পাকিস্তানৰ বাবে “মৃত্যুৰ শাস্তি” বুলি অভিহিত কৰি এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰে। যিহেতু চুক্তিৰ মূল্য খাৰুৱা তেলৰ মূল্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত, সেয়েহে চৰকাৰে &quot;এই চুক্তিৰ আলোচনাৰ সময়ত শক্তিৰ পৰিৱেশ আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল্য নিৰ্ধাৰণক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আওকাণ কৰিছিল।&quot; পাকিস্তানক বিক্ৰী কৰা গেছৰ মূল্য দেশৰ বৰ্তমানৰ ঘৰুৱা গেছৰ মূল্যতকৈ অধিক হ’ব। &lt;ref name=&quot;sdpi.org&quot;&gt;https://sdpi.org/index.php/publications/files/IP-Report.pdf{{Dead link | date=January 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===২০১৪ আৰু তাৰ পিছত: আংশিক সম্পূৰ্ণতা আৰু অধিক বিবাদ===
২০১৭ চনৰ ভিতৰত ভাৰতে পাইপলাইন প্ৰকল্পৰপৰা আঁতৰি আহি ইৰাণৰ সৈতে পোনপটীয়াকৈ কম খৰচী, স্বাধীন সাগৰৰ তলৰ পাইপলাইন অনুসৰণ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/undersea-pipeline-from-iran-can-bring-cheaper-gas-to-india-tnr-rao/60379977| title=Undersea pipeline from Iran can bring cheaper gas to India: TNR Rao| access-date=7 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৯ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে প্ৰকল্পটো যথেষ্ট পলমকৈয়ে থাকিল; পাইপলাইনৰ ইৰাণী অংশ সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল যদিও পাকিস্তানী অংশৰ নিৰ্মাণকাৰ্য্য এতিয়াও চলি আছে আৰু ইৰাণৰ ওপৰত আমেৰিকাৰ নিষেধাজ্ঞাৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ বাবে ইয়াক আৰু অধিক পলম হোৱাৰ আশা কৰা হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454952|title=IP gas project in limbo: Pakistan wants Iran to interpret sanctions|last=Hasnain|first=Khalid|date=2019-01-02|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=2019-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/islamabad-keen-to-complete-super-delayed-iran-pakistan-gas-pipeline/|title=Islamabad Keen To Complete 'Super-Delayed' Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline|last=Times|first=EurAsian|date=2019-05-08|website=EurAsian Times: Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৪ চনৰ ২৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত পাকিস্তানে ইৰাণ-পাকিস্তান গেছ পাইপলাইন প্ৰকল্প সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাত অনুমোদন জনায়; প্ৰকল্পটো সময়মতে সম্পূৰ্ণ নহ’লে ১৮ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ পৰ্যন্ত সম্ভাৱ্য জৰিমনা ভৰিবলগীয়া হোৱাৰ ভাবুকি থকাৰ পিছতো তেওঁলোকে এই পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-24 |title=Pakistan approves construction of Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline amid fear of penalty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-approves-construction-of-iran-pakistan-gas-pipeline-amid-fear-of-penalty/articleshow/107962202.cms |access-date=2024-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইৰাণে ২০২৪ চনৰ শেষৰফালে পাকিস্তানে পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণ সম্পূৰ্ণ নকৰিলে এই গোচৰটো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মধ্যস্থতা আদালতলৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ ভাবুকি দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2024-08-27 |title=Iran to take Pakistan to Paris Arbitration Court over stalled gas pipeline project |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330376530/iran-to-take-pakistan-to-paris-arbitration-court-over-stalled-gas-pipeline-project |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Aaj English TV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২৪ চনৰ ৩০ অক্টোবৰত এই সম্ভাৱ্য গোচৰৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰিবলৈ পাকিস্তানে কেইবাটাও আইন সংস্থা নিযুক্তি দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Pakistan hires 2 law firms to fight Iran's pipeline delay claim |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-hires-two-law-firms-to-fight-iran-s-pipeline-delay-claim-/7844624.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৪ চনৰ ৯ ডিচেম্বৰলৈকে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মধ্যস্থতা আদালতত কোনো গোচৰ ৰুজু হোৱা নাছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ICC Case Information |url=https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/arbitrators/?fwp_taxonomy_country=iran-islamic-rep-of |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=ICC - International Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==প্ৰকল্পৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য==
এই প্ৰকল্পৰ জৰিয়তে ইৰাণৰপৰা পাকিস্তানলৈ ২৭৭৫ কিলোমিটাৰ গেছ পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ব। এই প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত ইৰাণত ১১৭২ কিলোমিটাৰ গেছ পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ব। ইয়াৰে ৯২০ কিলোমিটাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ব। ইৰাণৰ গেছ ক্ষেত্ৰৰপৰা ইৰাণশ্বহৰলৈ আৰু ইৰাণচহৰৰপৰা পাকিস্তান সীমান্তলৈকে ২৭০ কিলোমিটাৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হ’ব। ইয়াৰ পিছত পাকিস্তানী অংশত নিৰ্মাণ হ’ব ৭৮৫ কিলোমিটাৰ। ইয়াৰ অন্ত পৰিব [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ মুলতানত। বৰ্তমান ইয়াক পাকিস্তানৰ গাদাৰ বন্দৰলৈকে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ পিছত ই পাকিস্তানৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চহৰ কৰাচী, লাহোৰ আৰু ইছলামবাদক সংযোগ কৰিব। পৰৱৰ্তী পৰ্যায়ত গেছ পাইপলাইনে [[ভাৰত]]ৰ চহৰ [[মুম্বাই]], [[দিল্লী]] আৰু [[কলকাতা]]ক সংযোগ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছে। 

==কোম্পানীসমূহ==
কেইবাটাও কোম্পানীয়ে বিভিন্ন সময়ত পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে আগ্ৰহ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এই কোম্পানীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল গেজপ্ৰম, বি এইচ পি, নেশ্যনেল ইৰাণী গেছ কোম্পানী, পেট্ৰ’নাছ আৰু টোটেল। ৰয়েল ডাচ শ্বেল, বি জি গ্ৰুপ, পেট্ৰ’নাছ আৰু ইৰাণৰ এটা ব্যাৱসায়িক গোটৰ এটা কনচৰ্টিয়ামে দক্ষিণ পাৰ্ছৰপৰা পাকিস্তানলৈ গেছ ৰপ্তানিৰ বাবে আলোচনাত মিলিত হৈছিল। ভাৰতীয় অংশৰ সৈতে GAIL জড়িত আছিল। কিন্তু পাইপলাইনৰ ইৰাণী অংশটো নেচনেল ইৰাণী গেছ কোম্পানীয়ে খাটাম আল-আনবিয়া নিৰ্মাণ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়ক উপ-ঠিকাদাৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। পাকিস্তানত আন্তঃৰাজ্যিক গেছ ব্যৱস্থাই পাইপলাইন নিৰ্মাণৰ দায়িত্ব লয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
|url= http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\03\17\story_17-3-2010_pg5_8
|title= IP pipeline project to cost $3-4bn
|newspaper = [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]
|first =Zeeshan | last = Javaid
|date=17 March 2010
|access-date=20 March 2010}}
&lt;/ref&gt; পাকিস্তানী অংশৰ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক, ক্ৰয়, নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বিত্তীয় চুক্তি ইৰাণৰ তাদবীৰ এনাৰ্জীৰ সৈতে স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। ইৰাণে নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ৫০ কোটি ডলাৰৰ ঋণ দিবলৈ সন্মত হয়, যিটো ২০ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত পৰিশোধ কৰা হ'ব।&lt;ref name=naturalgasasia3101013/&gt; কিন্তু ২০১৩ চনৰ ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰত পাকিস্তানৰ পেট্ৰলিয়াম আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ মন্ত্ৰী শ্বাহিদ খাকান আব্বাছীয়ে ঘোষণা কৰে যে ইৰাণে “গুৰুতৰ আৰ্থিক অসুবিধাৰ” কাৰণে এই প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে বিত্তীয় সাহায্য দিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ পিছতো পাকিস্তানী বিষয়াসকলে এই প্ৰকল্পৰ প্ৰতি সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে দায়বদ্ধ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰে। দুয়োপক্ষই এটা কৰ্মগোট গঠন কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয় যিয়ে দুমাহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে নতুন মাপকাঠী নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিব; ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত নতুন সময়সীমা আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ ভূ-খণ্ডৰ মাজেৰে পাইপলাইন স্থাপনৰ বিত্তীয় সাহায্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্যান্য গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিষয়সমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ'ব।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/karachi/iran-withdraws-500-mil-funding-offer-to-pakistan-26546608|title=Iran withdraws $500 mil funding offer to Pakistan for gas pipeline project|access-date=18 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/644785/in-limbo-iran-takes-back-pipeline-financing-deal/|title=In limbo: Iran takes back pipeline financing deal|date=12 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== তথ্যৰ উৎস ==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=tribune.com.pk}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
* [http://www.iags.org/n0507071.htm Iran-Pakistan-India Pipeline: A View from Washington] by Gal Luft, 15 June 2007.
* [https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2009/05/iran-pakistan-pipeline-irans-new-lifeline/ Iran-Pakistan pipeline: Iran’s new lifeline] by Gal Luft, 29 May 2009.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰান]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:পাকিস্তান]]</text>
      <sha1>o4pjuj9jhxm2zrj8f4vfmxvgll9pjlf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সাঁচ:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>137023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610846</id>
      <parentid>608357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:07:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135" sha1="g5miwv9l0bi4tq6726xzx2v8d642fn1" xml:space="preserve">{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬}}</text>
      <sha1>g5miwv9l0bi4tq6726xzx2v8d642fn1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>137025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610845</id>
      <parentid>608399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:02:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>দিব্য দত্তয়ে পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ নেৰাকৈ পৃষ্ঠা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/মে’,২০২৬]]ৰ পৰা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬]]লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে</comment>
      <origin>608399</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="691" sha1="59v28snrn43ak39pc4yjgs184n4fz10" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:100%; border:none; margin: 0; padding:.5em; color:#000&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
{{MOTD
|image=Bogejari Dance of Rabhas.webm
|size=350
|texttitle= ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/মে’,২০২৬
|caption=[[বগেজাৰী নৃত্য]] ভাৰতৰ অসমৰ পাতিৰাভা জনগোষ্ঠীৰ এক পৰম্পৰাগত লোকনৃত্য।
&lt;br /&gt;মিডিয়া সংগ্ৰহকাৰী: [[সদস্যা:Das Kamal|কমল দাস]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>59v28snrn43ak39pc4yjgs184n4fz10</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণ</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>137027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610855</id>
      <parentid>608391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="374" sha1="i9kyol72el90corwqrjbq8u7yld9p04" xml:space="preserve">[[শ্ৰেণী:নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া]]
'''২০২৬'''

[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬|মে’]]
{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬}}</text>
      <sha1>i9kyol72el90corwqrjbq8u7yld9p04</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610856</id>
      <parentid>610855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:58:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="374" sha1="lupg6t37mu350edrdgcf4tc3wco9lsm" xml:space="preserve">[[শ্ৰেণী:নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া]]
'''২০২৬'''

[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬|জুন]]
{{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:বেটুপাতৰ নিৰ্বাচিত মিডিয়া/জুন,২০২৬}}</text>
      <sha1>lupg6t37mu350edrdgcf4tc3wco9lsm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137047</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610895</id>
      <parentid>610816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T02:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="98122" sha1="8k67bbm65gij1vzmd1by4tkxtrk1pxl" xml:space="preserve">{{পোখালি}}
{{Infobox religious group
|flag= Om symbol.svg |flag_size= 25px
|group= ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম&lt;br&gt;{{nobold|{{lang|id|}}}}
|population={{increase}} '''৪.৮ মিলিয়ন''' (২০২৩)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= https://e-database.kemendagri.go.id/dataset/1203/tabel-data?page=23| title=Religion in Indonesia }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|Muslim 244 Million (87.1), Christianity 29.4 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.73 million (1.7), Buddhist 2 million (0.7), Confucianism 76.019 (0.03), Folk and others 99.045 (0.04), Total 280.725.428 Million}}&lt;br/&gt; '''১.৬৮%''' জনসংখ্যাৰ 
|image= File:Salah Satu Upacara Besar Di Pura Agung Besakih.jpg
|scriptures=[[বেদ]], [[উপনিষদ্‌]], [[পুৰাণ]], &lt;br/&gt;[[ইতিহাস-পুৰাণ|ইতিহাস]] (মূলতঃ [[ৰামায়ণ]] আৰু [[মহাভাৰত]]) &lt;br/&gt;আৰু অন্যান্য 
|languages='''পৱিত্ৰ &lt;br/&gt;[[সংস্কৃত]]''' &lt;br/&gt;'''কথিত ভাষা'''&lt;br/&gt;[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষা|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান]] (অফিচিয়েল),&lt;br/&gt;[[বালি ভাষা|বালিনী]], [[জাভানিজ ভাষা|জাভানিজ]], [[দয়ক ভাষা|দয়ক]], [[ছাণ্ডানীজ ভাষা|ছাণ্ডানীজ]],, টেংগেৰিজ উপভাষা, ওচিং &lt;br/&gt;আৰু অন্যান্য ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষা|religions='''[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]'''&lt;br/&gt;[[বালি হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]] (গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যক), [[জাভাত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|জাভানী হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]], আৰু [[হিন্দু ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠী|অন্য ধৰ্মগোষ্ঠী]] ৰ সংখ্যালঘু লোকক হিন্দু হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে
|region1=[[বালি]]
|pop1=৩,৬৮২,৪৮৪
|
|region2=মধ্য কালিমন্তন
|pop2=১৫৫,৫৯৫
|
|region3=পশ্চিম নুছা টেংগাৰা
|pop3=১২৮,৬০০	
|
|region4=লামপুং
|pop4=১২৭,৯০৩
|
|region5=মধ্য চুলাৱেছি
|pop5=১০৯,৩০৮
|
|region6=পূব জাভা
|pop6=১০৭,৯৭১
|
|region7=উত্তৰ সুমাত্ৰা
|pop7=৮৮,৩৪৬
|
|image_caption= ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ [[বালি, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া|বালি]]ৰ বেছাকিহ মন্দিৰত পূজা অনুষ্ঠান। }}
[[File:Religious affiliation by district (kecamatan) in Indonesia (2022).svg|thumb|350px|প্ৰতিখন ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান জিলাত হিন্দূৰ বিতৰণ (২০২২)। মানচিত্ৰখনত কাহাৰিংগান বা চুলাওৱেছীৰ স্থানীয় ধৰ্মও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে যাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান চৰকাৰে হিন্দু হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীবদ্ধ কৰিছে আৰু পূব জাভাত তেংগেৰেছী হিন্দূৰ বিতৰণও দেখুৱাইছে। ]]
[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]] হৈছে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম ধৰ্ম, যাক গৃহ মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ ২০২৩ চনৰ নাগৰিক পঞ্জীয়ন তথ্য অনুসৰি দেশৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় ১.৬৮ শতাংশ লোকে পালন কৰে। [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ অধিকাংশই [[বালি, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া|বালি]] দ্বীপত বাস কৰে, য'ত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম আৰু স্থানীয় জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় ৮৭ শতাংশ লোকে এই ধৰ্ম পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অধিকাংশ হিন্দুৱে বালিনীজ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম পালন কৰে, যি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাস আৰু ঐতিহাসিক হিন্দু-বৌদ্ধ প্ৰভাৱৰদ্বাৰা গঠিত এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ স্থানীয় পৰম্পৰা। 

ইছলামৰ বিস্তাৰৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ অধিকাংশ অংশত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম প্ৰভাৱশালী ধৰ্ম আছিল আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত ছটা ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত এটা হৈ আছে। খ্ৰীষ্টীয় প্ৰথম শতিকাৰপৰা ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ সৈতে বাণিজ্য আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক আদান-প্ৰদানৰ মাধ্যমেৰে হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ ধাৰণাসমূহে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে, এই ধাৰণাবোৰ স্থানীয় অষ্ট্ৰনেছিয়ান পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে মিলিত হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰায় ৬ শতিকৰ পৰা, বৌদ্ধ প্ৰভাৱৰ সৈতে মিলিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত হিন্দু-বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতিৰ এক সমন্বয়মূলক ৰূপৰ উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/192841.pdf Religious Freedom Report - Indonesia] U.S. State Department (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

এই ধৰ্মীয় সংশ্লেষণে ইছলাম-পূৰ্বৰ শ্ৰীৱিজয়া আৰু মাজাপাহিত সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ দৰে প্ৰধান ৰাজনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ অধীনত সমৃদ্ধি লাভ কৰিছিল। চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ পৰা, উপকূলীয় বাণিজ্য নেটৱৰ্কৰ জৰিয়তে ইছলামৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ফলত সমগ্ৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ পতন ঘটে, যদিও ই বালিত গভীৰভাৱে প্ৰোথিত হৈ থাকে। আধুনিক যুগত, মাজাপাহিত যুগৰ পৰম্পৰা, শৈবধৰ্ম আৰু জাভানীয় আধ্যাত্মিক দৰ্শনৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত পুনৰুজ্জীৱন আন্দোলনৰ জৰিয়তে জাভাৰ কিছু অংশকে ধৰি অন্যান্য অঞ্চলতো হিন্দুধৰ্ম পুনৰ উদ্ভাসিত হৈছে। 

তদুপৰি, ধৰ্মীয় স্বীকৃতিৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আইনী প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ, যি এক সৰ্বোচ্চ দেৱতা আৰু আনুষ্ঠানিক ধৰ্মীয় গঠনত বিশ্বাস কৰাটো বাধ্যতামূলক কৰে, বালিৰ বাহিৰত থকা বহুকেইটা স্থানীয় বিশ্বাস প্ৰণালী আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত ধৰ্মক প্ৰশাসনিকভাৱে হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰকাৰ হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে। ফলস্বৰূপে, হিন্দু ধৰ্ম জাতীয়ভাৱে সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্ম হোৱা সত্ত্বেও, আজি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্বাধিক [[হিন্দু]] জনসংখ্যা আছে। 

== ইতিহাস ==
ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ স্থানীয় লোকসকলে এনিমিজম আৰু ডায়নামিজমত বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল, যি বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন উপজাতিৰ লোকসকলৰ মাজত সাধাৰণতে প্ৰচলিত আছে। প্ৰথম ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াবাসীসকলৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত, তেওঁলোকে বিশেষকৈ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মাক সন্মান আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা কৰিছিল; তেওঁলোকে এনে এটা বিশ্বাস গঢ়ি তুলিছিল যে কিছুমান ব্যক্তিৰ আধ্যাত্মিক শক্তি বিভিন্ন প্ৰাকৃতিক বস্তু, প্ৰাণী আৰু স্থান, যেনে পশু, কীট-পতঙ্গ, গছ, উদ্ভিদ, শিল, বন, পৰ্বত বা পৱিত্ৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা যিকোনো স্থানত বাস কৰিব পাৰে (বা পুনৰ্জন্ম ল'ব পাৰে)।{{Sfn|Damle|Damle|2020|p=|pp=76-89}} এই অদৃশ্য আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা আৰু অপ্ৰাকৃতিক জ্ঞানক প্ৰাচীন জাভানীয়, চুন্দানীয় আৰু বালিনীয়সকলে &quot;হ্যাং&quot; বুলি চিহ্নিত কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে &quot;ঈশ্বৰীয়&quot; বা &quot;পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ।&quot; আধুনিক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত, &quot;হ্যাং&quot; শব্দটো সাধাৰণতে ঈশ্বৰৰ ধাৰণাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Greenfieldt|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLQPAQAAMAAJ|title=Public Library Core Collection: A Selection Guide to Reference Books and Adult Nonfiction. Nonfiction|last2=Bartell|first2=Patrice|date=2008|publisher=H.W. Wilson Company|isbn=978-0-8242-1094-6|location=|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MLQPAQAAMAAJ 1186]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&amp;q=Southeast+Asia:+A+historical+encyclopedia,+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor+(3+volume+set)|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|location=|pages=175–190|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ আগমন ===
[[চিত্ৰ:Tarumanagara.svg|thumb|প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক প্ৰমাণে তৰুমানাগৰা ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আদিম হিন্দু ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মানচিত্ৰখনত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫ম শতিকাত পশ্চিম জাভাত ইয়াৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তাৰ দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ]]
হিন্দু প্ৰভাৱ প্ৰথম শতিকাৰপৰাই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত উপনীত হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;jgonda&quot;&gt;[[Jan Gonda]], The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in {{Google books|X7YfAAAAIAAJ|Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions|page=1}}, pp. 1-54&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;কিদুং হৰ্ষ বিজয়&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bade|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GT3AwAAQBAJ|title=Of Palm Wine, Women and War: The Mongolian Naval Expedition to Java in the 13th Century|date=2013-09-04|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4517-82-9|location=|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6GT3AwAAQBAJ 233]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰ দৰে কাহিনীত পঢ়িব পাৰি যে &quot;ৰত ভট্টাৰ নৰসিংহ&quot; কথিতভাৱে হৰি বংশৰ বংশধৰ আছিল আৰু হৰি হৈছে &quot;বিষ্ণু&quot;ৰ আন এটা শব্দ। কবি পাণ্ডুলিপিৰ আদিম অনুবাদকসকলে &quot;পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ নাম&quot; ভুল বুজিছিল আৰু বিষ্ণুৰ প্ৰকৃততে মানুহৰ সন্তান বুলি ধৰি লৈছিল ইত্যাদি ইত্যাদি। ইয়াত অৱশ্যে ধৰ্মীয় চিন্তাধাৰা বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'ব লাগিব।{{Sfn|Pringle|2004|p=7}} সেয়েহে জাভা, বালি, সুমাত্ৰাৰ আদিম হিন্দু ধৰ্ম হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ দুয়োটা প্ৰধান গোটেৰে গঠিত আছিল। এইদৰে ভাৰতৰপৰা সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক ধাৰণাসমূহৰ প্ৰসাৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰমাণ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে অস্পষ্ট নহয়। জাভাৰ কিংবদন্তিসমূহে সাকা যুগৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰে, যিটো খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৭৮ চনৰপৰাই অনুসন্ধান কৰা হয়।{{Sfnm|1a1=Pringle|1y=2004|1pp=11-24|2a1=Hefner|2y=2018|2pp=23-26}}মহাভাৰত মহাকাব্যৰ কাহিনীবোৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপসমূহত ১ম শতিকালৈকে অনুসন্ধান কৰা হৈছে; যাৰ সংস্কৰণসমূহে দক্ষিণ-পূব ভাৰতীয় উপদ্বীপ অঞ্চলত (বৰ্তমান তামিলনাডু আৰু দক্ষিণ অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ) পোৱা সংস্কৰণসমূহক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gonda|first=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA1|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, Religionen|date=1975-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-04330-5|location=|pages=1|language=en|author-link=Jan Gonda}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাচীন কাহিনী, কলা আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ সংকলন, চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ জাভানীজ গদ্য গ্ৰন্থ টাণ্টু পেগেলাৰনত সংস্কৃত শব্দ, ভাৰতীয় দেৱতাৰ নাম আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Soekmono|first=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N84bAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Pengantar+Sejarah+Kebudayaan+Indonesia+2|title=Pengantar sejarah kebudayaan Indonesia|date=1973|publisher=Yayasan Kanisius|isbn=|location=|pages=119|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; একেদৰে জাভা আৰু পশ্চিম ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপসমূহত খনন কৰা প্ৰাচীন চণ্ডী (মন্দিৰ)ৰ লগতে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত আৱিষ্কাৰ হোৱা অষ্টম শতিকাৰ কংগল শিলালিপিৰ দৰে প্ৰাচীন শিলালিপিসমূহেও প্ৰায় মধ্যৰপৰা শেষলৈকে শিৱ লিংগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, তেওঁৰ সংগী দেৱী পাৰ্বতী, গণেশ, বিষ্ণু, ব্ৰহ্ম, অৰ্জুন আৰু অন্যান্য হিন্দু দেৱতাক ব্যাপকভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰাটো নিশ্চিত কৰে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১ম সহস্ৰাব্দ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Kenneth R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC|title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500|date=2010-12-28|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7|location=|pages=40–55|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৪১৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত চিলনৰপৰা চীনলৈ উভতি অহাৰ সময়ত ফা হিয়েনৰ প্ৰাচীন চীনা ৰেকৰ্ডত জাভাত হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ দুখন বিদ্যালয়ৰ উল্লেখ আছে, আনহাতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ চীনা নথি-পত্ৰত ৰজা সঞ্জয়ৰ হিন্দু ৰাজ্যক হোলিং বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াক &quot;অতি ধনী&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ই বৌদ্ধ লোক আৰু জাভা সমভূমিৰ কেডু সমভূমিত শৈলেন্দ্ৰ শাসকৰ সৈতে শান্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে সহাৱস্থান কৰিছিল দ্বীপ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Kenneth R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjsEn3w4TPgC|title=A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100–1500|date=2010-12-28|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6762-7|location=|pages=122–123|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ আগমনৰ বাবে দুটা প্ৰধান তত্ত্ব হ’ল যে দক্ষিণ ভাৰতীয় সাগৰীয় ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে হিন্দু ধৰ্মক লগত লৈ আহিছিল, আৰু দ্বিতীয়টো হ’ল ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰজাঘৰীয়াই ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্ম আৰু সংস্কৃতিক আদৰণি জনাইছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকেহে প্ৰথমে এই আধ্যাত্মিক ধাৰণাসমূহ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু জনসাধাৰণেও অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপসমূহে হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ দুয়োটা ধাৰণা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল, ইয়াক পূৰ্বতে থকা থলুৱা লোক ধৰ্ম আৰু অনিমবাদী বিশ্বাসৰ সৈতে মিহলাই লৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;junemcdaniel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2010-08-01|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/14/1/93/70401/Agama-Hindu-Dharma-Indonesia-as-a-New-Religious?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Nova Religio|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93|issn=1092-6690|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; চতুৰ্থ শতিকাত এই অঞ্চলত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত আদিম হিন্দু ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পূব কালিমন্তনৰ কুটাই, পশ্চিম জাভাৰ তৰুমানগৰা, আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ হোলিং (কলিংগা) ৰাজ্য আছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰপৰা ২০০৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষকৈ চিবুয়ায়া আৰু বাটুজয়া স্থানত কৰা খননৰপৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে তৰুমানগৰাই হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ দেৱতা উইষ্ণু (বিষ্ণু)ক শ্ৰদ্ধা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=John|first=Guy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Lost+Kingdoms:+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Early+Southeast+Asia|title=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia|date=2014-04-07|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-524-5|location=|pages=130–135|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন হিন্দু ৰাজ্যসমূহে বহুতো বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, দ্বীপটোৰ নদীসমূহৰ নাম গোমতী আৰু গংগা বুলি ৰাখিছিল আৰু জলসিঞ্চন আৰু আন্তঃগাঁথনিৰ ডাঙৰ প্ৰকল্প সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dalsheimer|first1=Nadine|last2=Manguin|first2=Pierre-Yves|date=1998|title=Visnu mitrés et réseaux marchands en Asie du Sud-Est : nouvelles données archéologiques sur le Ier millénaire apr. J.-C.|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1998_num_85_1_2545|journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=85|issue=1|pages=87–123|doi=10.3406/befeo.1998.2545|s2cid=129818020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Simanjuntak|first=Truman|authorlink=Harry Truman Simanjuntak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&amp;q=Archaeology:+Indonesian+Perspective|title=Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift|date=2006|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-26-2499-1|location=|pages=406–419|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 200
| image1 = Bali Omkara Black.svg
| alt1 = top view
| width1 = 650
| height1 = 885
| image2 = Simbol aum.svg
| image3 = Simbol ahung aksara sunda digayakan.png
| footer = ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন জনগোষ্ঠীৰপৰা [[ঔঁ]] ৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰতীক, য'ত ক্ৰমে বালিনী (ওপৰ), জাভানী (মাজ), আৰু চুণ্ডানী (তলত) অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। 
| direction = vertical
}}
ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কেইবাখনো উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰাচীন হিন্দু ৰাজ্য আছিল মাতাৰাম, যিটো বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ হিন্দু মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্স - প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল, তাৰ পিছত কেদিৰি আৰু সিংসাৰী। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ লগতে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম দ্বীপপুঞ্জত বিয়পি পৰিল।{{Sfn|Hefner|2018|p=91}} হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ বহুতো শাস্ত্ৰ আৰু সূত্ৰ জাভানী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু শিল্প ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।{{Sfnm|1a1=Ramstedt|1y=2005|1pp=89-93|2a1=Hefner|2y=2018|2pp=98-103}} উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে ঋষি অগস্ত্যক একাদশ শতিকাৰ জাভানী গ্ৰন্থ অগস্ত্য পৰ্বত প্ৰধান ব্যক্তি হিচাপে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে; এই গ্ৰন্থত পুৰাণ আৰু হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ সাংখ্যা আৰু বেদান্ত বিদ্যালয়ৰ ধাৰণাসমূহৰ মিশ্ৰণ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gonda|first=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA14|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, Religionen|date=1975-01-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-04330-5|location=|pages=14|language=en|author-link=Jan Gonda}}&lt;/ref&gt; হিন্দু-বৌদ্ধ ধাৰণাই চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত প্ৰভাৱৰ শিখৰত উপনীত হৈছিল। হিন্দু-বৌদ্ধ জাভানীজ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত শেষ আৰু আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য মাজাপাহিতে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জক প্ৰভাবিত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aiyar|first=Pallavi|date=2013-10-14|title=Lessons from Indonesia's Hindu legacy|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/lessons-from-indonesias-hindu-legacy/article5231758.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ঔপনিৱেশিক যুগত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ==
শ্বাফী ফিকহৰ চুন্নী মুছলমান ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ লগতে ভাৰত, ওমান আৰু য়েমেনৰ চুফী [[মুছলমান]] ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ালৈ ইছলাম আনিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;gbindonesia&quot;&gt;Gerhard Bowering et al. (2012), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691134840}}, pp. xvi&lt;/ref&gt; ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ মাজত এটা সৰু ইছলামিক সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বিষয়ে আটাইতকৈ আগতে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে প্ৰায় ১২৯৭ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ মাৰ্কো প'লোক, যাক তেওঁ পেৰলাকত মূৰীয়া ব্যৱসায়ীৰ নতুন সম্প্ৰদায় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tanasaldy|first=Taufiq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbFiAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Regime+Change+and+Ethnic+Politics+in+Indonesia|title=Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia: Dayak Politics of West Kalimantan|date=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25348-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; উত্তৰ সুমাত্ৰা (আচেহ), দক্ষিণ সুমাত্ৰা, পশ্চিম আৰু মধ্য জাভা আৰু দক্ষিণ বৰ্নিও (কালিমন্তান)ত চাৰিটা বৈচিত্ৰ্যমজ় আৰু বিতৰ্কিত ইছলামিক চুলতানেটৰ উত্থান ঘটে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bowering|first1=Gerhard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&amp;q=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|last2=Crone|first2=Patricia|last3=Kadi|first3=Wadad|last4=Mirza|first4=Mahan|last5=Stewart|first5=Devin J.|last6=Zaman|first6=Muhammad Qasim|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13484-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এই চুলতানসকলে ইছলামক নিজৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ধৰ্ম হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল আৰু ইজনে সিজনৰ লগতে হিন্দু আৰু অন্যান্য অমুছলমানৰ বিৰুদ্ধেও যুঁজিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=David O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANiaBAAAQBAJ|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries|last2=Reid|first2=Anthony|date=2010-11-04|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-18436-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clarify|date=June 2021}}কিছুমান অঞ্চলত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মানুহে নিজৰ পুৰণি বিশ্বাস অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ইছলামৰ এক সংহত সংস্কৰণ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। আন কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত [[হিন্দু]] আৰু [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম|বৌদ্ধ]]সকলে গুচি গৈছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে ৰক্ষা কৰিব পৰা দ্বীপসমূহত সম্প্ৰদায় হিচাপে কেন্দ্ৰীভূত হৈছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, পূব জাভাৰ হিন্দুসকলে বালি আৰু ওচৰৰ সৰু সৰু দ্বীপসমূহলৈ গুচি যায়। .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Pringle|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ys8lAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=indonesian+Heritage:+Religion+and+ritual,+Volume+9+of+Indonesian+heritage|title=Understanding Islam in Indonesia: Politics and Diversity|date=2010|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3415-9|location=|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ys8lAQAAMAAJ 125]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=June 2021}}ধৰ্মীয় সংঘাত আৰু আন্তঃচুলতানী যুদ্ধৰ এই যুগ আৰম্ভ হৈ থকাৰ সময়তে আৰু নতুন শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰসমূহে নিজৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত থকা অঞ্চলসমূহক একত্ৰিত কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰাৰ সময়তে ইউৰোপীয় ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ আগমন ঘটে।&lt;ref name=&quot;jfox&quot;&gt;James Fox, Indonesian Heritage: Religion and ritual, Volume 9 of Indonesian heritage, Editor: Timothy Auger, {{ISBN|978-9813018587}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত অতি সোনকালেই ডাচ ঔপনিৱেশিক সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ আধিপত্য আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=STAFF|first1=MERRIAM-WEBSTER|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&amp;q=Merriam-Webster's+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|last2=Inc|first2=Merriam-Webster|date=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|location=|pages=516–517|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডাচ ঔপনিৱেশিক সাম্ৰাজ্যই আন্তঃধৰ্মীয় সংঘাত ৰোধ কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল আৰু ই লাহে লাহে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাচীন হিন্দু-বৌদ্ধ সাংস্কৃতিক ভেটিসমূহ বিশেষকৈ জাভা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পশ্চিম দ্বীপসমূহত খনন, বুজা আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMnt1iIEzdAC|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6|location=|pages=21–83|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আধুনিক যুগত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ===
[[চিত্ৰ:Suasana Kasada Di Gunung Bromo Taman Nasional Bromo, Tengger Semeru.jpg|thumb|যাদন্যা কাছাদাৰ সময়ত মাউণ্ট ব্ৰমোৰফালে ট্ৰেইল বগাই যোৱা ভক্তসকল। ]]
ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই ডাচ ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসনৰপৰা [[স্বাধীনতা দিৱস (ভাৰত)|স্বাধীনতা]] লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত ৰাজনৈতিক ইছলামৰ হেঁচাত কেৱল একেশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্মকহে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃতি দিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ নাগৰিকত্ব অধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিবলৈ এজন ব্যক্তিৰ ধৰ্ম থাকিব লাগিব আৰু আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই হিন্দুসকলক স্বীকৃতি নিদিলে।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=9-11}}ইয়াত হিন্দুসকলক অৰাং ইয়াং বেলুম বেৰাগামা (ধৰ্মহীন লোক) আৰু ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হ'বলগীয়া লোক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=12}} ১৯৫২ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ধৰ্ম মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে বালি আৰু হিন্দুসকলৰ সৈতে অন্যান্য দ্বীপসমূহক ইছলাম গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণৰ এক পদ্ধতিগত অভিযানৰ প্ৰয়োজন বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। এই চৰকাৰী জাতীয় নীতিত স্তম্ভিত হৈ বালিৰ স্থানীয় চৰকাৰে ১৯৫৩ চনত নিজকে স্বায়ত্তশাসিত ধৰ্মীয় অঞ্চল বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। {{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=|pp=13-15}} বালি আৰু ভাৰতৰ মাজত ছাত্ৰ আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিনিময়ৰ ধাৰাবাহিক পদক্ষেপে বালি হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ আঁৰৰ মূল নীতিসমূহ (চতুৰ [[বেদ]], [[উপনিষদ্‌|উপনিষদ]], [[পুৰাণ]], ইতিহাস) প্ৰণয়ন কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। বিশেষকৈ ১৯৫০ চনৰ মাজভাগত বালিত ৰাজনৈতিক আত্মনিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আন্দোলনৰ ফলত অহিংস নিষ্ক্ৰিয় প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলন আৰু ১৯৫৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰক হিন্দু ধৰ্মক স্বীকৃতি দিয়াৰ দাবী জনোৱা যৌথ আবেদনৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{Sfnm|1a1=Ramstedt|1y=2005|1pp=15-16|2a1=Pringle|2y=2004|2pp=78-81}} এই যৌথ আবেদনত হিন্দু শাস্ত্ৰৰপৰা তলত দিয়া সংস্কৃত মন্ত্ৰ উদ্ধৃত কৰা হৈছিল।{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|p=|pp=56-74}}
{{Blockquote|text=ওম তত সত একম এভা অদ্বিতিয়াম&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;অনুবাদ: ওম, এইদৰেই সৰ্বব্যাপক, অসীম, অবিভক্তৰ সাৰ। |author=বালিৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ যুটীয়া আৱেদন|title=১৯৫৮ চনৰ ১৪ জুন}}
&quot;অবিভক্ত&quot;টোৰ ওপৰত আবেদনখনৰ গুৰুত্ব আছিল ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ নাগৰিকসকলৰ এক [[ঈশ্বৰ]]ৰ ওপৰত একশ্বৰবাদী বিশ্বাস থকা সাংবিধানিক প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণ কৰা। আৱেদনকাৰীয়ে ইডা সংঘয়াং ৱিধি ৱাছাক অবিভক্ত বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰে। বালি ভাষাত এই শব্দটোৰ দুটা অৰ্থ আছে: বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ ঈশ্বৰীয় শাসক আৰু ঈশ্বৰীয় নিৰপেক্ষ মহাজাগতিক নিয়ম। এই সৃষ্টিশীল বাক্যাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ধৰ্ম মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ৰ একশ্বৰবাদী প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাক পূৰ্বৰ অৰ্থত পূৰণ কৰিছিল, আনহাতে ইয়াৰ অৰ্থৰ পিছৰ অৰ্থই হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰাচীন লিপিসমূহত ধৰ্মৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ধাৰণাসমূহ সংৰক্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=|pp=34-37}}১৯৫৯ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি চুকাৰ্ণোৱে এই আবেদনক সমৰ্থন কৰে আৰু ড্জুয়াণ্ডা মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ অধীনত ধৰ্মীয় পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে হিন্দু-বালিন পৰিক্ৰমা বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=Balinese Hinduism - Bali.com - Religion of Harmony, Holy Water, Ancestors|url=https://bali.com/bali-travel-guide/culture-religion-traditions/balinese-hinduism-religion/|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Bali.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712161304/https://bali.com/bali-travel-guide/culture-religion-traditions/balinese-hinduism-religion/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

১৯৫৯ চনৰপৰা ১৯৬২ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাজনীতি আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিষয়ত অস্থিৰতা অৱলম্বন হয় আৰু চুকাৰ্ণোৱে কনষ্টিটিউয়েণ্টক ভংগ কৰি ৰাজনৈতিক ইছলামৰ লগতে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত কমিউনিষ্ট আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰভাৱ দুৰ্বল কৰি পেলায়।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=|pp=12-16}} তথাপি তেওঁলোকৰ ধৰ্মক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰাটো ১৯৬২ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে আইনী সম্ভাৱনা নাছিল, যেতিয়া ই পঞ্চম ৰাষ্ট্ৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত ধৰ্মত পৰিণত হয়। এই স্বীকৃতি প্ৰথমে বালিৰ ধৰ্মীয় সংগঠনে বিচাৰিছিল আৰু বালিৰ স্বাৰ্থত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, য'ত গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যক হিন্দু আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=BAKKER|first=FREEK L.|date=1997|title=Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=153|issue=1|pages=15–41|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003943|jstor=27864809|s2cid=162277591|issn=0006-2294|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৬৬ চনৰপৰা ১৯৮০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বালি হিন্দূৰ সৈতে পশ্চিম জাভাৰ লগতে দক্ষিণ চুলাৱেছি, উত্তৰ সুমাট্ৰা, মধ্য আৰু দক্ষিণ কালিমন্তানৰ কিছু অংশত বৃহৎসংখ্যক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিজকে হিন্দু বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|pp=17-18}} তেওঁলোকে ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজকে সংগঠিত কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ অধিকাৰ সাব্যস্ত কৰিব পাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ramstedt|first=Martin|date=2008|title=Hindu Bonds at Work: Spiritual and Commercial Ties between India and Bali|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/hindu-bonds-at-work-spiritual-and-commercial-ties-between-india-and-bali/48BA19BD11B1C021B75FCAF043474D9A|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1227–1250|doi=10.1017/S0021911808001769|s2cid=46562270|issn=1752-0401|via=|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই সংগঠনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ সংগঠন পৰিষদ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম বালিয়ে ১৯৮৬ চনত নাম সলনি কৰি পৰিষদ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া লৈছিল, যিয়ে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হিন্দু ধৰ্মক কেৱল বালিৰ চিন্তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে জাতীয় হিচাপে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|pp=57-56}} 

বালিৰ হিন্দুসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ বৃহৎ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতাৰে নিজৰ ধৰ্মৰ বিকাশ আৰু মুক্তভাৱে পালন কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আন দ্বীপসমূহত তেওঁলোকে স্থানীয় বিষয়াসকলৰ বৈষম্য আৰু অত্যাচাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হ’বলগীয়া হৈছিল কাৰণ এই হিন্দুসকলক সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ ধৰ্ম ইছলাম এৰি যোৱা লোক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে হিন্দুসকলক সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=17, 19-21}} ১৯৬০ চনত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম আছিল এটা ছাতি যিটো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল যাৰ বিশ্বাস আছিল বৌদ্ধ আৰু কনফুচিয়াছ ধৰ্ম, কিন্তু যেতিয়া এই দুয়োটাৰে কোনোটোৱেই আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা নাছিল। তদুপৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ হিন্দু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মীসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ধৰ্ম মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ত লাভ কৰা অধিকাৰৰ অধীনত সেই ধৰ্মৰ লোকসকলক সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদানৰ বাবে কাম কৰিছিল।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|p=|pp=17-20}} 

মুছলমান প্ৰধান দেশত চৰকাৰী গ্ৰহণযোগ্যতা আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিবলৈ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে খাপ খুৱাবলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;junemcdaniel2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2010-08-01|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/14/1/93/70401/Agama-Hindu-Dharma-Indonesia-as-a-New-Religious?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Nova Religio|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93|issn=1092-6690|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমান ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পাঁচটা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত একশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম অন্যতম।[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;junemcdaniel2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hosen|first=N|title=Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=36|issue=3|pages=419–440|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2005-09-08|url=http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002795/01/hosen-JSEAS.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0022463405000238|s2cid=1636786|access-date=2006-10-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828034442/http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002795/01/hosen-JSEAS.pdf|archive-date=August 28, 2006|archivedate=2006-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828034442/http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002795/01/hosen-JSEAS.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পৰম্পৰাগত পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ ধৰ্ম ৰক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গভীৰভাৱে চিন্তিত লোকধৰ্ম আৰু সৰ্বপ্ৰাণবাদী লোকসকলে ইছলাম বা খ্ৰীষ্টধৰ্মতকৈ হিন্দু ধৰ্মক অধিক নমনীয় বিকল্প হিচাপে গণ্য কৰি বহিঃদ্বীপসমূহত নিজৰ ধৰ্ম 'হিন্দু ধৰ্ম' বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছিল। সত্তৰৰ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণিতে, ছুলাৱেছীৰ টোৰাজা জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকসকলে 'হিন্দু ধৰ্ম'ৰ এই বিশাল ছত্ৰছায়াত নিজৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ ধৰ্মটোক আশ্ৰয় দিয়াৰ এই সুযোগটো প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অনুভৱ কৰিছিল, আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছতেই ১৯৭৭ চনত সুমাত্ৰাৰ কাৰো বাটাকসকলেও একেই পথ অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল। মধ্য আৰু দক্ষিণ কালিমন্থানত স্থানীয় থলুৱা দায়াক জনসংখ্যাৰ মাজত এক বৃহৎ হিন্দু আন্দোলন গঢ়ি উঠিছিল, যাৰ ফলত ১৯৮০ চনত এই দ্বীপটোত ব্যাপক হাৰত 'হিন্দু ধৰ্ম' গ্ৰহণৰ ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Relations|first=United States Congress House Committee on International|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ly7bazDp3EEC&amp;q=Hinduism+in+kalimantan+and+other+islands+of+indonesia&amp;pg=PA150|title=Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2001: Report Submitted to the Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate|date=2001|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=|location=|pages=150|language=en|author-link=United States Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce}}&lt;/ref&gt;অৱশ্যে, এই ক্ষেত্ৰখন জাভানিজসকলৰ ঘটনাটোতকৈ পৃথক আছিল, কাৰণ এই ধৰ্মান্তৰকৰণ এক স্পষ্ট জাতিগত বিভাজনৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত আছিল। থলুৱা দায়াকসকল চৰকাৰী পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত অহা প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী (যিসকলৰ বেছিভাগেই আছিল মাডুৰীজ) আৰু বিষয়াৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, আৰু নিজৰ মাটি তথা প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ কাঢ়ি লোৱাৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকৰ মনত গভীৰ ক্ষোভৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Aritonang|first1=Jan Sihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC&amp;q=Hinduism+in+kalimantan+and+other+islands+of+indonesia|title=A History of Christianity in Indonesia|last2=Steenbrink|first2=Karel Adriaan|date=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17026-1|location=|pages=160–164|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জাভানিজ হিন্দুসকলৰ তুলনাত, বহুতো দায়াক নেতা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত হিন্দু ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি মানকীকৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে বালিনীয়সকলে চলোৱা প্ৰচেষ্টাক লৈ অধিক চিন্তিত আছিল; তেওঁলোকে ভয় কৰিছিল যে ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁলোকৰ নিজা অনন্য 'হিন্দু কাহাৰিংগান' পৰম্পৰাৰ অৱনতি ঘটিব আৰু পুনৰ বাহ্যিক আধিপত্যৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=February 2000|title=Special Feature: Meet The Hindus of Java - Magazine Web Edition October/November/December 2014 - Publications - Hinduism Today Magazine|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2017-07-16|title=Religious change and experimentation in Indonesian Hinduism|journal=International Journal of Dharma Studies|volume=5|issue=1|article-number=20|doi=10.1186/s40613-017-0056-x|issn=2196-8802|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে, সেই সময়ত বেছিভাগ জাভানিজ লোকে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কথা ভাবিবলৈ কুণ্ঠাবোধ কৰিছিল, কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত জাতিগত ভিত্তিত কোনো সুকীয়া সংগঠন নাছিল আৰু স্থানীয়ভাৱে শক্তিশালী ইছলামিক সংগঠন যেনে 'নাহদাতুল উলামা' ৰপৰা প্ৰতিশোধ লোৱাৰ ভয় আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc7iAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=nahdlatul+ulama+world%27s+largest&amp;pg=PA570|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics|last2=Shahin|first2=Emad El-Din|publisher=OUP USA|year=2013k|isbn=978-0-19-539589-1|location=|pages=570–571|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ছুন্দানিজ সুন্দা উইৱিতান, বুগিনেজ টোলোটাং, টোৰাজান আলুক টোডোলো, টেংগেৰিজ বুধো, আৰু বাটাক মালিম আদিৰ দৰে নিজা অনন্য সমন্বয়বাদী বিশ্বাস থকা কেইবাটাও থলুৱা জনজাতীয় লোকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আইন মানি চলিবলৈ নিজক হিন্দু বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছে। ইয়াৰদ্বাৰা তেওঁলোকে বালিনীয়সকলৰ প্ৰাধান্য থকা মূলসুঁতিৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে থকা পাৰ্থক্যসমূহ বজাই ৰাখি নিজৰ সুকীয়া পৰম্পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Aiyar|first=Pallavi|date=2013-10-14|title=Lessons from Indonesia's Hindu legacy|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/lessons-from-indonesias-hindu-legacy/article5231758.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127045221/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/lessons-from-indonesias-hindu-legacy/article5231758.ece|archive-date=2021-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই কাৰকসমূহ আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক সক্ৰিয়তাই বালিনীয় দুৰ্গৰ বাহিৰতো হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ একপ্ৰকাৰৰ পুনৰুত্থান ঘটাইছে।{{Sfn|KUMAR|2014|p=|pp=78-79}}&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel 333–362&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2013-11-01|title=A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as 'People of the Book'|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article/6/3/333/2188638|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=333–362|doi=10.1093/jhs/hit030|issn=1756-4255|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২০ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত, ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি জোকো উইডোডোৱে বালিৰ ডেনপাছাৰত অৱস্থিত 'হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ষ্টেট ইনষ্টিটিউট'ক দেশৰ প্ৰথমখন হিন্দু চৰকাৰী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়লৈ উন্নীত কৰি এক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিীয় অধিনিয়ম জাৰি কৰে, যাৰ নাম 'আই গুষ্টি বাগুছ সুগ্ৰীৱা ষ্টেট হিন্দু ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি' ৰখা হয়। হিন্দু উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখনে ১৯৯৩ চনত হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষকসকলৰ বাবে এখন চৰকাৰী একাডেমী হিচাপে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত ১৯৯৯ চনত ইয়াক 'হিন্দু ৰিলিজন ষ্টেট কলেজ'লৈ আৰু ২০০৪ চনত 'হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ষ্টেট ইনষ্টিটিউট'লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jokowi creates country's first Hindu state university|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/02/03/jokowi-creates-countrys-first-hindu-state-university.html|access-date=2021-02-07|website=The Jakarta Post|date=3 February 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস আৰু আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Acintya Bali.jpg|thumb|261x261px|বালি হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অচিন্ত্য পৰম দেৱতা। ]]
আগামা হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস আৰু অনুশীলনসমূহ প্ৰাচীন পৰম্পৰা আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আইনৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত সমসাময়িক চাপৰ মিশ্ৰণ যি পাঞ্চশীলাৰ জাতীয় মতাদৰ্শৰ অধীনত কেৱল একেশ্বৰবাদী বিশ্বাসক অনুমতি দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=&quot;junemcdaniel3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2010-08-01|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/14/1/93/70401/Agama-Hindu-Dharma-Indonesia-as-a-New-Religious?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Nova Religio|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93|issn=1092-6690|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Yamashita|2003|p=56}} পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্মত দেৱতাসমূহৰ এটা পেন্থিয়ন আছিল আৰু সেই বিশ্বাসৰ পৰম্পৰা বৰ্তমানেও চলি আছে; তদুপৰি, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্মই হিন্দুসকলক কেতিয়া, কেনেকৈ আৰু ক'ত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰিব লাগে সেই বিষয়ত স্বাধীনতা আৰু নমনীয়তা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ হিন্দুধৰ্মক একেশ্বৰবাদী ধৰ্ম হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰে আৰু প্ৰচাৰ কৰে, যাৰ কিছুমান আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত বিশ্বাস আছে, যিবোৰ ইয়াৰ জাতীয় মতাদৰ্শৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ।&lt;ref name=&quot;junemcdaniel4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2010-08-01|title=Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/14/1/93/70401/Agama-Hindu-Dharma-Indonesia-as-a-New-Religious?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Nova Religio|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=93–111|doi=10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93|issn=1092-6690|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Yamashita|2003|pp=58-61}}{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|pp=56-72}} ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্কুলৰ পাঠ্যপুথিত হিন্দু ধৰ্মক এজন সৰ্বোচ্চ দেৱতা থকা, হিন্দুসকলে দৈনিক তিনিবাৰ বাধ্যতামূলক প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰা আৰু হিন্দু ধৰ্মত কিছুমান সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস থকা বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰ আংশিকভাৱে ইছলামৰ বিশ্বাসৰ সমান্তৰাল।{{Sfn|Yamashita|2003|p=70}}&lt;ref name=&quot;McDaniel 333–3622&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDaniel|first=June|date=2013-11-01|title=A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as 'People of the Book'|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article/6/3/333/2188638|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=333–362|doi=10.1093/jhs/hit030|issn=1756-4255|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিদ্বানসকলে আপত্তি কৰে যে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে স্বীকৃত আৰু নিৰ্ধাৰিত এই বিশ্বাসসমূহে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই ডাচ ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসনৰপৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰাৰ আগতে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত হিন্দুসকলৰ পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাস আৰু অনুশীলনসমূহ প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে নে নাই।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Setia|first=Putu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBEaAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Cendekiawan+Hindu+Bicara|title=Cendekiawan Hindu bicara|date=1992|publisher=Yayasan Dharma Maradha|isbn=978-979-8357-00-8|location=|pages=371|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|p=111-114}}{{Sfn|Yamashita|2003|pp=71-72}}

এই আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত হিন্দু বিশ্বাসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইটামান হৈছে:

* 'ইদা সংহ্যাং উইদি ৱাসা', 'সং হ্যাং তুংগল', বা 'সং হ্যাং অচিন্ত্যা' নামে এক সৰ্বোচ্চ সত্তাৰ ওপৰত বিশ্বাস। মধ্য চুলাওৱেছিৰ টোৰাজানীজ সংস্কৃতিত সৰ্বশক্তিমান ঈশ্বৰক আলুক টু ডোলো বিশ্বাসত &quot;পুয়াং মাতুয়া&quot; বুলি জনা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;MIJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 30, 2018|title=Modi in Jakarta: How Muslim-majority Indonesia keeps its Hinduism alive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/modi-in-jakarta-how-muslim-majority-indonesia-keeps-its-hinduism-alive-1246013-2018-05-30|access-date=2021-02-07|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[চিত্ৰ:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Stenen beeld voorstellende Shiva of Vishnu TMnr 20014750.jpg|thumb|308x308px|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ শিৱৰ এটা দিশ &quot;বতৰা গুৰু&quot;ৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্য। ]]সকলো দেৱতাই এই সৰ্বোচ্চ সত্তাৰ প্ৰকাশ হয় বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। এই বিশ্বাসটো স্মাৰ্টিজমৰ বিশ্বাসৰ সমান, যি এইটোও বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ঈশ্বৰ, বিষ্ণু, শিৱৰ বিভিন্ন ৰূপ একেই সৰ্বোচ্চ সত্তাৰ বিভিন্ন দিশ। ভগৱান শিৱক আন ৰূপতো পূজা কৰা হয় যেনে &quot;বাতাৰা গুৰু&quot; আৰু &quot;মহাৰাজ দেৱা&quot; (মহাদেৱ) হিন্দু ধৰ্ম বা কেবাতিনানৰ স্থানীয় ৰূপত সূৰ্যৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে চিহ্নিত হৈছে, আৰু মুছলমানসকলৰ জিনীৰ কিংবদন্তিতো।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kekai|first=Paul|url=https://sambali.blogspot.com/2005_02_02_archive.html|title=Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Wednesday, February 02, 2005|publisher=Sambali.blogspot.com|date=2005-02-02|access-date=2010-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ত্ৰিমূৰ্তিত বিশ্বাস, যাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছে::&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brahma Vishnu Mahesh Trimurti Puja - Rudraksha Ratna|url=https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/buy/brahma-vishnu-mahesh-trimurti-puja|access-date=2021-02-07|website=www.rudraksha-ratna.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** ব্ৰহ্মা, সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা। 
** বিষ্ণু, সংৰক্ষক। 
** চিৱা বা শিৱ, ধ্বংসকাৰী। 

* অন্য সকলো হিন্দু দেৱ-দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি বিশ্বাস (হ্যাং, দেৱতা আৰু বাতাৰা-বাতাৰী)।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reuter|first=Thomas|date=2001|title=Great Expectations: Hindu Revival Movements in Java|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2001.tb00081.x|journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=327–338|doi=10.1111/j.1835-9310.2001.tb00081.x|issn=1757-6547|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

আগম [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]]ত পোৱা পৱিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহ হৈছে [[বেদ]] আৰু [[উপনিষদ্‌|উপনিষদ]]।{{Sfn|Ramstedt|2005|pp=91-95}} সেইবোৰ [[ভাৰতীয়]] আৰু বালিনীয় হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি। ধৰ্মীয় তথ্যৰ অন্যান্য উৎসৰ ভিতৰত আছে সৰ্বজনীন হিন্দু পুৰাণ আৰু ইতিহাস (মূলত [[ৰামায়ণ]] আৰু [[মহাভাৰত]])। [[মহাভাৰত]] আৰু ৰামায়ণ মহাকাব্যসমূহ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিশ্বাসীসকলৰ মাজত স্থায়ী পৰম্পৰা হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ প্ৰকাশ ছায়া পুতলা (ৱায়াং) আৰু নৃত্য অনুষ্ঠানত হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Xing|first1=Jun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAPOCgAAQBAJ&amp;q=BALINESE+ARTS+AND+CULTURE:+A+flash+understanding+of+Concept+and+Behavior,+Mudra+-+JOURNAL+SENI+BUDAYA|title=Indigenous Culture, Education and Globalization: Critical Perspectives from Asia|last2=Ng|first2=Pak-sheung|date=2015-10-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-662-48159-2|location=|pages=5–11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাৰতৰ দৰে, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মই আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ চাৰিটা পথ স্বীকাৰ কৰে, যাক চতুৰ মাৰ্গা বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SINTA - Science and Technology Index|url=https://sinta.ristekbrin.go.id/journals/detail?page=21&amp;id=722|access-date=2021-02-07|website=sinta.ristekbrin.go.id}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; এইবোৰ হৈছে ভক্তি মাৰ্গ (দেৱতাসকলৰ প্ৰতি ভক্তিৰ পথ), জ্ঞান মাৰ্গ (জ্ঞানৰ পথ), কৰ্ম মাৰ্গ (কৰ্মৰ পথ) আৰু ৰাজা মাৰ্গ (ধ্যানৰ পথ)। ভক্তি মাৰ্গৰ বালিত সৰ্বাধিক অনুগামী আছে। ঠিক সেইদৰে, ভাৰতৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ দৰে, বালিৰ হিন্দুসকলেও বিশ্বাস কৰে যে মানৱ জীৱনৰ চাৰিটা উপযুক্ত লক্ষ্য আছে, যাক তেওঁলোকে কাটুৰ পুৰুশাৰ্থা বুলি কয় - ধৰ্ম (নৈতিক আৰু নীতিগত জীৱনৰ অনুসন্ধান), অৰ্থ (সম্পদ আৰু সৃজনশীল কাৰ্যকলাপৰ অনুসন্ধান), কাম (আনন্দ আৰু প্ৰেমৰ অনুসন্ধান) আৰু মোক্ষ (আত্মজ্ঞান আৰু মুক্তিৰ অনুসন্ধান)।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY7v18r2ZnYC&amp;q=Widya+Dharma+-+Agama+Hindu,+Ganeca+Indonesia&amp;pg=PT1|title=Widya Dharma Agama Hindu SMP kls 9|date=1990|publisher=Ganeca Exact|isbn=978-979-744-740-3|language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sugandhi|first=I. G. P.|date=2005|title=SENI (RUPA) BALI HINDU DALAM PERSPEKTIF EPISTEMOLOGI BRAHMA WIDYA|url=https://jurnal.isi-ska.ac.id/index.php/ornamen/article/view/815|journal=Ornamen|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=58–69|issn=2685-614X|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ গঠন ==

=== বালিত হিন্দু ধৰ্ম ===
বালিনীজ হিন্দু ধৰ্ম হৈছে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰচলিত হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰধান ৰূপ। এই ধৰ্মটো ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মসমূহ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ইছলামৰ আগমন তথা পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত ওলন্দাজ (ডাচ) ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ পূৰ্বে বিদ্যমান থকা স্থানীয় প্ৰাণবাদী (এনিমিষ্ট) ৰীতি-নীতিৰ এক সংমিশ্ৰণ।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Simmonds|first=Nigel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pgdBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Bali:+Morning+of+the+World|title=Bali Morning of the World|date=2013-12-24|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1359-6|location=|pages=41–43|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াত হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ বহুতো মূল বিশ্বাসক বালিৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ কলা আৰু আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ সৈতে একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। সমসাময়িক সময়ত, বালিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ধৰ্ম মন্ত্ৰ্যালয়ে চৰকাৰীভাৱে 'আগামা হিন্দু ধৰ্ম' বুলি অভিহিত কৰে, কিন্তু পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে এই ধৰ্মক তিৰ্তা, ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি, হিন্দু, আগামা তিৰ্তা, শিৱ, বুদ্ধ আৰু শিৱ-বুদ্ধ আদি বহু নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল।{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|p=Chapter-v}} 'তিৰ্তা' আৰু 'ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি' শব্দ দুটা ভাৰতীয় হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰপৰা অহা, যাৰ অৰ্থ ক্ৰমে 'তীৰ্থ' (পৱিত্ৰ জলভাগৰ ওচৰত আধ্যাত্মিক যাত্ৰা) আৰু 'ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি' (ব্ৰহ্মা, বিষ্ণু আৰু শিৱ)। ভাৰতৰ দৰেই বালিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মও এক নমনীয়তাৰ মাজেৰে গঢ়ি উঠিছে, যি জীৱন-ধাৰণৰ এক বৈচিত্ৰ্যমজ় শৈলী প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। ইয়াত বহুতো ভাৰতীয় আধ্যাত্মিক ধাৰণা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে, ভাৰতীয় পুৰাণ আৰু হিন্দু মহাকাব্যৰ আখ্যান তথা উপকথাসমূহক আদৰ কৰা হয়, আৰু ইয়াৰ লগতে স্থানীয় আৰু পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা ‘হিয়াং’ ৰ সৈতে জড়িত এক অনন্য উৎসৱ আৰু ৰীতি-নীতি তথা ভাৰতত সচৰাচৰ দেখা নোযোৱা পশু বলিৰ মাধ্যমেৰে নিজৰ পৰম্পৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|p=chapter-vi}}

=== বালিৰ হিন্দু মন্দিৰ ===
[[চিত্ৰ:Bali-Ubud 0704a.jpg|left|thumb|বালিত হিন্দু বালি মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰসাদ]]
বালিৰ হিন্দু মন্দিৰসমূহক 'পুৰা' বুলি কোৱা হয়। এই মন্দিৰসমূহ এখন বৰ্গাকাৰ হিন্দু মন্দিৰৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়, যিবোৰ আবদ্ধ দেৱালৰ ভিতৰত থকা একো একোটা মুকলি আকাশৰ তলৰ উপাসনা স্থল। ইয়াৰ মূল চত্বৰত উপনীত হ’বলৈ ইখনৰ পিছত সিখনকৈ অতি সূক্ষ্মভাৱে কাৰুকাৰ্য কৰা তোৰণ সংযোগ কৰা থাকে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davison|first1=Julian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyCF_UoqMAgC|title=Introduction to Balinese Architecture|last2=Tettoni|first2=Luca Invernizzi|last3=Enu|first3=Nengah|date=2003-10-15|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited|isbn=978-0-7946-0071-6|location=|pages=32–45|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই মন্দিৰসমূহৰ প্ৰতিটোৰে সদস্যপদ কম-বেছি পৰিমাণে নিৰ্ধাৰিত; বংশানুক্ৰমিকভাৱে, বাসস্থানৰ ভিত্তিত বা সংযোগৰ সূত্ৰে প্ৰতিজন বালিবাসী কোনোবা নাকোনো মন্দিৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কিছুমান ঘৰুৱা মন্দিৰ পাৰিবাৰিক গৃহ চৌহদৰ (যাক বালিত 'বাঞ্জাৰ' বুলিও কোৱা হয়) সৈতে সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে, আন কিছুমান ধানখেতিৰ পথাৰৰ সৈতে আৰু আন কিছুমান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক স্থানৰ সৈতে জড়িত। বালিৰ গ্ৰাম্য উচ্চভূমি অঞ্চলত, প্ৰতিখন 'দেছা' (গাঁৱত) 'বানুৱা' (বা ৱানৱা, অৰণ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ) মন্দিৰসমূহ অতি সাধাৰণ কথা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIlRAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Custodians+of+the+Sacred+Mountains:+Culture+and+Society+in+the+Highlands+of+Bali|title=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=|location=|pages=170|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; বালি দ্বীপটোত ২০,০০০ তকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰতি ১০০ ৰপৰা ২০০ জন লোকৰ বিপৰীতে প্ৰায় এটা কৈ মন্দিৰ আছে। &lt;ref&gt;Janet Descutner (2004), Asian Dance, {{ISBN|978-0791077771}}, pp. 66&lt;/ref&gt; মন্দিৰসমূহ স্থানীয় আত্মা (অপদেৱতা/পূৰ্বপুৰুষ) আৰু ভাৰতত পোৱা দেৱ-দেৱী যেনে— সৰস্বতী, গণেশ, বিষ্ণু, শিৱ, পাৰ্বতী, অৰ্জুন আদিৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত। একেদৰে, মন্দিৰৰ স্থাপত্যশৈলীত ভাৰতৰ হিন্দু মন্দিৰৰ স্থাপত্য নীতি আৰু স্থানীয় ধাৰণাসমূহৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Davison|first1=Julian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyCF_UoqMAgC|title=Introduction to Balinese Architecture|last2=Tettoni|first2=Luca Invernizzi|last3=Enu|first3=Nengah|date=2003-10-15|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited|isbn=978-0-7946-0071-6|location=|pages=32–45|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰে এজন কুলদেৱতা থাকে, যাক 'কুলা দেৱা' বুলি কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ পাৰিবাৰিক মন্দিৰ বুলি জনাজাত মন্দিৰটোত বাস কৰে, যিটো মন্দিৰক সেই ব্যক্তিজন আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালে পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰে। বালিৰ হিন্দুসকলে ২১০ দিনীয়া এটা দিনপঞ্জী (ধান খেতি আৰু চন্দ্ৰ চক্ৰৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত) অনুসৰণ কৰে, আৰু প্ৰতিটো মন্দিৰেই প্ৰতি ২১০ দিনত এবাৰকৈ নিজৰ বাৰ্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠা দিৱস উদ্‌যাপন কৰে (এই দিনপঞ্জীখনক 'পাৱুকন দিনপঞ্জী' বুলি জনা যায়)।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McCarthy|first=Daniel|date=1998|title=Review of Calendrical Calculations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/236740|journal=Isis|volume=89|issue=4|pages=703–704|doi=10.1086/384162|jstor=236740|issn=0021-1753|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kelley|first=David H.|date=2016-07-22|title=Book Review: Calendrical Systems Explored: Calendrical Calculations, Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182869903000404|journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy|language=en|volume=30|issue=4|pages=407–409|bibcode=1999JHA....30..407D|doi=10.1177/002182869903000404|s2cid=126134279|via=|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; বালিৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ কিছুমান অনন্য ৰীতি-নীতি আৰু উৎসৱ, যিবোৰ ভাৰতত দেখা পোৱা নাযায়, সেইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰিয়জনৰ মৃত্যু আৰু তাৰ পিছৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া (দাহ সংস্কাৰ), কুকুৰা যুঁজ, দাঁত মিহি কৰা ৰীতি, 'ন্যেপী' আৰু 'গালুংগান' অন্যতম। মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰতিটো বাৰ্ষিক উৎসৱৰ লগতে বিবাহৰ দৰে পাৰিবাৰিক অনুষ্ঠান আৰু উৎসৱসমূহত ফুল, নৈৱেদ্য, মূৰৰ অংশ সজোৱা ওখ ওখ বাঁহ আৰু শোভাযাত্ৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থাকে। সমাজৰ লোকসকলে একেলগে প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু ভোজ-ভাতৰ মাধ্যমেৰে এইবোৰ উদ্‌যাপন কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Simmonds|first=Nigel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pgdBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Bali:+Morning+of+the+World|title=Bali Morning of the World|date=2013-12-24|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1359-6|location=|pages=41–43|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ উৎসৱৰে থলী হৈছে মন্দিৰসমূহ, আৰু এইবোৰ প্ৰায়েই প্ৰাৰ্থনা, কলা আৰু সামাজিক মিলনৰ উৎসৱ হৈ পৰে। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে, কিছুমান পৰম্পৰাত প্ৰাণবাদী (এনিমিষ্ট) ৰীতি-নীতি জড়িত হৈ থাকে, যেনে— 'চাৰু' (পশুৰ তেজ বলি দিয়া), যেনে— 'তাবুহ ৰাহ' (মাৰাত্মক কুকুৰা যুঁজ) বা 'বুটা কালা' (পৃথিৱীৰ আত্মা/ভূ-প্ৰেত)-ক সন্তুষ্ট কৰিবলৈ পশু বধ কৰা। অৱশ্যে, এই পশুবলিসমূহ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ বাহিৰতহে সম্পন্ন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Reuter|first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZwBEAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Custodians+of+the+Sacred+Mountains:+Culture+and+Society+in+the+Highlands+of+Bali|title=Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali|date=2002-01-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6210-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Eliot|first1=Joshua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koq6AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Indonesia+Handbook,+3rd,+Joshua+Eliot,+Liz+Capaldi,+&amp;pg=PP1|title=Indonesia Handbook|last2=Bickersteth|first2=Jane|last3=Capaldi|first3=Liz|date=1996|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn=978-0-8442-4910-0|location=|pages=461|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== বালিৰ হিন্দু শিল্প ===
বালিৰ হিন্দুসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰকাশৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য হ’ল নৃত্য, সংগীত, ৰঙীন ৰীতি-নীতিৰ পোছাক আৰু অন্যান্য কলা। ভাৰতৰ দৰেই এই প্ৰকাশভংগীসমূহে বিভিন্ন ভাৱপ্ৰকাশ, সৌন্দৰ্য, ভদ্ৰতা আৰু সংস্কৃতিক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ বিভিন্ন 'মুদ্ৰা' উদ্‌যাপন কৰে। নৃত্য-নাটিকা ইয়াত অতি সুলভ। বিভিন্ন কাহিনী ইয়াৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এটা কাহিনীত পৌৰাণিক চৰিত্ৰ ডাইনী ৰাংডা (যিয়ে অধৰ্ম, অৰ্থাৎ একপ্ৰকাৰৰ বিশৃংখলাক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে) আৰু সিংহৰ মুখা পিন্ধা সুৰক্ষাকাৰী আত্মা বাৰঙৰ (যিয়ে ধৰ্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে) মাজৰ যুদ্ধৰ কথা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, য’ত প্ৰদৰ্শনকাৰীসকল গভীৰ ভাবাবেশত মগ্ন হৈ পৰে, সৎ শক্তিয়ে অসৎ শক্তিক পৰাজিত কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু নৰ্তকসকলে এই ধাৰণাটো প্ৰকাশ কৰে যে প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ ভিতৰতে ভাল আৰু বেয়া দুয়োটা শক্তিয়েই বিদ্যমান, আৰু বেয়াক জয় কৰাৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল নিজৰ ভিতৰৰপৰা বেয়াক আতৰ কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Eiseman|first=Fred and Margaret|title=Woodcarving of Bali|publisher=Periplus|year=1988}}&lt;/ref&gt; বালিৰ চিত্ৰকলা ইয়াৰ অত্যন্ত সজীৱ তথা পৰিশোধিত আৰু জটিল শিল্পকৰ্মৰ বাবে জনাজাত, যি ক্ৰান্তীয় বিষয়-বস্তুৰ সৈতে বাৰোক লোককলাৰ দৰে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Forge, Anthony|date=1978|title=Balinese Traditional Paintings|url=http://aclhs-web-pro-1.ucc.usyd.edu.au/HEURIST_FILESTORE/balipaintings/Forgecataloguesinglefile.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200212/http://aclhs-web-pro-1.ucc.usyd.edu.au/HEURIST_FILESTORE/balipaintings/Forgecataloguesinglefile.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=20 December 2016|publisher=The Australian Museum|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200212/http://aclhs-web-pro-1.ucc.usyd.edu.au/HEURIST_FILESTORE/balipaintings/Forgecataloguesinglefile.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই নৃত্য-নাটিকাখন সাধাৰণতে কোনো ধৰণৰ মীমাংসা বা কোনো একপক্ষৰ জয় নোহোৱাকৈয়ে শেষ হয়, কাৰণ ইয়াৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে ভৰসাম্য ঘূৰাই অনা আৰু এই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰা যে ধৰ্ম আৰু অধৰ্মৰ (ভাল আৰু বেয়াৰ) মাজৰ এই যুঁজখন প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ ভিতৰতে চলি থাকে আৰু ই কেতিয়াও শেষ নোহোৱা এক সংগ্ৰাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Belo|first=Jane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdIlAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Bali:+Rangda+and+Barong,|title=Bali: Rangda and Barong|date=1966|publisher=University of Washington Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; বাৰং, বা ধৰ্ম হ’ল এক প্ৰধান প্ৰতীকী আৰু ধৰ্মীয় আৰ্হি যি বিভিন্ন উৎসৱ-পাৰ্বণ, নৃত্য, কলা আৰু মন্দিৰসমূহত দেখা পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Reuter|first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZwBEAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Custodians+of+the+Sacred+Mountains:+Culture+and+Society+in+the+Highlands+of+Bali|title=Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali|date=2002-01-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6210-7|location=|pages=171, 202–203|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

জীৱন চক্ৰৰ ৰীতি-নীতিসমূহো ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰকাশ আৰু শৈল্পিক প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উপলক্ষ্য। যৌৱনপ্ৰাপ্তি, বিবাহ আৰু আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্যভাৱে মৃত্যুৰ পিছৰ শৱদাহৰ অনুষ্ঠানসমূহে বাৰীৰ লোকসকলক সমাজ, মৰ্যাদা আৰু পৰলোকলৈ থকা তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰণাসমূহ ব্যক্ত কৰাৰ সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে।[{{Sfn|Yamashita|2003|p=68}}

=== বালিনীয় হিন্দু সমাজ ===
মধ্যযুগীয় আৰু সমসাময়িক বালিদ্বীপীয় হিন্দু সমাজত সামাজিক স্তৰবিন্যাসৰ মাত্ৰা আৰু প্ৰকৃতি সন্দৰ্ভত পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মাজত মতভেদ আছে।{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|p=Chapter-VI (56)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Results {{!}} Scholars Portal Journals|url=https://journals.scholarsportal.info/search?q=Annette%20Sanger&amp;search_in=AUTHOR&amp;sub=|access-date=2021-02-07|website=journals.scholarsportal.info|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ সামাজিক গাঁথনি 'চতুৰ্ বৰ্ণ'ৰে গঠিত আছিল - ব্ৰাহ্মণ (পুৰোহিত), ক্ষত্ৰিয় বা &quot;দেৱ&quot; (যোদ্ধা), বৈশ্য (ব্যৱসায়ী) আৰু শূদ্ৰ (কৃষক, শিল্পী, সাধাৰণ জনতা)।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=HOWE|first=L. E. A.|title=Hierarchy and Equality: Variations in Balinese Social Organization|date=1989|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|volume=145|issue=1|pages=47–71|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003268|jstor=27863998|issn=0006-2294|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; বালিদ্বীপীয় হিন্দু সমাজত অস্পৃশ্য বা দলিত শ্ৰেণীৰ কোনো ঐতিহাসিক বা সমসাময়িক সাংস্কৃতিক নথি পোৱা নাযায়। এই বৰ্ণক কোনো কোনো বিৱৰণত জাতি আৰু আন কিছুমানত শ্ৰেণী বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে— বালি বা জাভাৰ হিন্দু সমাজত এইবোৰ কাৰ্যভিত্তিক আছিল, শ্ৰেণীবিভাজিত বা পৃথকীকৃত নাছিল। তদুপৰি, ইয়াত সামাজিক গতিশীলতাও আছিল— মানুহে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে নিজৰ বৃত্তি আৰু জাতি সলনি কৰিব পাৰিছিল।{{Sfn|Hefner|1990|p=67}}&lt;ref&gt;Kapur, in The Lab, the Temple, and the Market (Editor: Sharon Harper), {{ISBN|978-0889369207}}, pp. 26-27&lt;/ref&gt; বালিৰ অন্তৰ্ভাগৰ পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলসমূহৰ গাঁৱত (দেশ) কোনো জাতিভেদ নাছিল, তাত এজন ব্যক্তিৰ সামাজিক মৰ্যাদা আৰু বৃত্তি পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল আছিল আৰু বিবাহসমূহো নিজৰ জাতি বা সমাজৰ মাজতে আবদ্ধ নাছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;tar2&quot;&gt;Thomas Anton Reuter (2002), Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824824501}}, Chapter 1&lt;/ref&gt; ঐতিহাসিক শিলালিপিসমূহে ইংগিত দিয়ে যে বালিদ্বীপীয় হিন্দু ৰজা আৰু গাঁৱৰ মুৰব্বীসকল সমাজৰ সকলো শ্ৰেণীৰপৰাই আহিছিল— পুৰোহিত, যোদ্ধা, ব্যৱসায়ী আৰু শিল্পী।{{Sfn|Picard|Madinier|2011|p=781}}

== জনসংখ্যাৰ বিৱৰণ ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Location Bangli Regency.png|thumb|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সৰ্বাধিক হিন্দু ৰিজেন্সি বাংলি ৰিজেন্সিৰ মানচিত্ৰ, য'ত ৯৮.৭৩% জনসংখ্যা হিন্দু]]
২০১৮ চনৰ পঞ্জীয়ন অনুসৰি হিন্দু ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী লোকৰ সংখ্যা আছিল ৪,৬৪৬,৩৫৭ জন, যাৰ প্ৰায় ৯০% লোকেই হিন্দুসকলৰ প্ৰাণকেন্দ্ৰ বালিদ্বীপত বসবাস কৰে। 

বালিৰ বাহিৰত, জাভাৰ পাচুৰুৱান ৰিজেন্সীৰ তোচাৰী জিলাত (৬৬.৩%),&lt;ref name=&quot;sp2010.bps.go.id2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Peringatan|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/page/warning|access-date=2021-02-06|website=sp2010.bps.go.id}}&lt;/ref&gt; মধ্য সুলাৱেচীৰ পাৰিগী মৌটং ৰিজেন্সীৰ বালিংগী জিলাত (৭৭.৩%),আৰু দক্ষিণ সুলাৱেচীৰ তানা তোৰাজা ৰিজেন্সীৰ মাপ্পাক জিলাত (৫০%) হিন্দুসকল সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ। ইয়াৰ উপৰি পাৰিগী মৌটঙৰ তোৰুৱে (৪১%) আৰু চাউচু (৩০%) জিলা; দক্ষিণ সুলাৱেচীৰ তোমোনী তিমুৰ (৩৫%), আংকোনা (২৭%), চিম্বুয়াং (৩৬%) আৰু তেল্লুলিম্পো ই (৪০%) জিলা; আৰু লম্বকৰ মাতাৰামৰ (১৪%) অন্তৰ্গত চাক্ৰানেগৰা জিলাত (৩৯%) বুজনসংখ্যক হিন্দু জনসংখ্যা পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;sp2010.bps.go.id&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Peringatan|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/page/warning|access-date=2021-02-06|website=sp2010.bps.go.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ঐতিহাসিক জনসংখ্যা ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! বৰ্ষ
! শতকৰা হাৰ
! পৰিৱৰ্তন
(বয়সৰ হাৰ)
! উদ্ধিতি
|-
|'''১৯৭১'''
|১.৯৪
|–
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c24.pdf |title=The Population of Indonesia, 1974 World Population Year |publisher=Lembaga Demografi (Demographic Institute), [[University of Indonesia|Universitas Indonesia]] |year=1973 |isbn= |series=C.I.C.R.E.D. 2 |location=Jakarta |pages=31–32 |lccn=77366078 |oclc=3362457 |ol=4602999M |quote=The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87.1 per cent of the population of Indonesia (National Socio Economic Survey, 1969). The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5.2%), while Catholic is the third (2.5%). The rest are Hindu (2.0%) and Buddhist (1.1%) and other religions which are not included in the above classification.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''১৯৮০'''
|২.০১%
| style=&quot;background: lightgreen&quot;|+০.০৭
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Buku Saku Statistik Indonesia 1982 |publisher=Biro Pusat Statistik |year=1983 |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |trans-title=Statistical Pocketbook Of Indonesia 1982 |oclc=72673205}}, which contains 1980 census data.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''১৯৮৫'''
|১.৯৪%
| style=&quot;background: pink&quot;|-০.০৭
|&lt;ref name=&quot;cholil&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cholil |first1=Suhadi |url=http://crcs.ugm.ac.id/files/759Annual%2520Report%2520CRCS%25202009.pdf |title=Annual Report on Religious Life in Indonesia 2009 |last2=Bagir |first2=Zainal Abidin |last3=Rahayu |first3=Mustaghfiroh |last4=Asyhari |first4=Budi |date=Aug 2010 |publisher=Center for Religious &amp; Cross-cultural Studies, [[Gadjah Mada University]] |others=Max M. Richter, Ivana Prazic |isbn=978-602-96257-1-4 |place=Yogyakarta |page=15 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235027/http://crcs.ugm.ac.id/files/759Annual%20Report%20CRCS%202009.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012}}. Cites BPS-Statistics Indonesia for intercensal population survey 1985, census 1990, census 2000, and intercensal population survey 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''১৯৯০'''
|১.৮৩%
| style=&quot;background: red&quot;|-০.১১
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ricklefs |first1=Merle Calvin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC |title=A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5 |edition=3d |location=Stanford, CA |page=379 |quote=The 1990 census recorded 156.3 million Muslims in Indonesia, 87.2 per cent of the population and the largest Muslim population of any nation in the world. This was a steady percentage, having been 87.1 per cent in 1980. Christians (Catholics and Protestants) totalled 17.2 million, 9.6 per cent of the population, whereas in 1971 the figure was 7.5 per cent and in 1980 it was 8.8 per cent. So Christianity was still growing. In the large cities of Central Java in particular, Christians constituted nearly 20 per cent of the population. The rising tide of religiosity was also reflected in the much smaller communities of Hindus (3.3 million, 1.8 per cent of the population in 1990) and Buddhists (1.8 million, 1.0 per cent of the population). |authorlink1=M. C. Ricklefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''২০০০'''
|১.৮১%
| style=&quot;background: pink&quot;| -০.০২
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Indonesia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |archive-date=10 December 2008 |access-date=8 November 2011 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency |at=People and Society |issn=1553-8133 |quote=Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census) |location=Washington, D.C. |archivedate=10 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210041527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''২০০৫'''
|১.৭৩%
|style=&quot;background: pink&quot;| -০.০৮
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''২০১০'''
|১.৬৯%
|style=&quot;background: pink&quot;| -০.০৪
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bps&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''২০২৪'''
|১.৬৮%
|style=&quot;background: pink&quot;| -০.০১
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Ministry Of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia&quot; /&gt;
|}

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==</text>
      <sha1>8k67bbm65gij1vzmd1by4tkxtrk1pxl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>এলনাজ নৌৰুজি</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610925</id>
      <parentid>609610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17144" sha1="teiss68kxzhhnurnen43drdat94vf3w" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Iranian-German actress (born 1996)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = এলনাজ নৌৰুজি
| native_name = {{nastaliq|الناز نوروزی}}
| native_name_lang = fa
| image = Elnaaz Norouzi snapped at the Lakme Fashion Week 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = ২০২৫ চনত নৌৰুজি
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|7|9}}
| birth_place = [[তেহৰাণ]], [[ইৰাণ]]
| citizenship = [[জাৰ্মানী]]
| alma_mater = গৱেথেচুলে
| occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী
| years_active = ২০১০-বতমানলৈকে
}}


'''এলনাজ নৌৰুজি ({{lang-en| Elnaaz Norouzi}})'''; জন্ম: ৯ জুলাই ১৯৯২)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://biotalkies.com/elnaaz-norouzi-biography/ |title=Elnaaz Norouzi Biography |website=Bio Talkies |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejiMBGNAQv4 |title=Elnaaz Norouzi Durex 2011 advertisement (video) |website=YouTube |access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCnk50UJr6k |title=Instagram post|website=Instagram.com|access-date=2026-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; এগৰাকী ইৰানীমূলীয় জাৰ্মান অভিনেত্ৰী। 
==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
এলনাজ নৌৰুজীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ [[তেহৰাণ]]ত।&lt;ref name=&quot;niksho&quot;&gt;{{cite web |script-title=fa:بیوگرافی الناز نوروزی بازیگر و مدل ایرانی بالیوود |url=http://niksho.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1.html |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=niksho.com |language=Persian |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805033440/http://niksho.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1.html |url-status=dead |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |archivedate=5 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805033440/http://niksho.com/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; জন্মৰ কিছুসময়ৰ পাছতে তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালটো জাৰ্মানীৰ হানোভাৰলৈ গুচি যায়। নোৰুজীয়ে জাৰ্মান নাগৰিকত্ব লাভ কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOCpCalkjBo |title=Elnaaz Norouzi reveals her first job, first crush, first movie - Sacred Games 2 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Youtube|date=27 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; চৈধ্য বছৰ বয়সৰপৰাই অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে কাম কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। স্কুলত পঢ়াৰ সময়ত ছুটিৰ দিনত ফটোশ্বুট কৰাটো দৈনন্দিন কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯ বছৰ বয়সলৈকে তাই সমগ্ৰ এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। হেনোভাৰৰ গ’থেছচুলৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পাছত তাই ভাৰতলৈ যোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bild.de/regional/hannover/hannover-aktuell/elnaaz-norouzi-vom-fluechtlings-maedchen-zum-bollywood-star-59808780.bild.html |title=(Vom Flüchtlings-Mädchen zum Bollywood-Star - Elnaaz (26) kam als Kind aus dem Iran nach Hannover (From refugee girl to Bollywood star - Elnaaz (age 26) came to Hanover from Iran as a child) |date=2019-01-21 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.bild.de |last=Perrevoort |first=Cori|language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== কৰ্মজীৱন ==
১৪ বছৰ বয়সত জাৰ্মানীত মডেল হিচাপে নিজৰ কেৰিয়াৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elnaaz Norouzi bags a role in Apple TV series Tehran, to star alongside Glenn Close |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/elnaaz-norouzi-bags-a-role-in-apple-tv-series-tehran-to-star-alongside-glenn-close-1861670-2021-10-06 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=India Today |date=6 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৭ চনত তেওঁ পাকিস্তানী ছবি মান জাও নাত এগৰাকী কণমানি ছোৱালী ''ৰানিয়া''ৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-01 |title=This Iranian actress is set to make her Pakistani film debut |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1342501/i |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; নেটফ্লিক্স বলীউডৰ ৱেব ধাৰাবাহিক ছেক্ৰেড গেমছত জোয়াৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mahamood |first=Neha |title=Sacred Games' Elnaaz Norouzi opens up on her Bollywood journey |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/city-times/sacred-games-elnaaz-norouzi-opens-up-on-her-bollywood-journey |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; পিছলৈ নোৰুজীয়ে হেলো চাৰ্লি, চুট্জপাহ, তেহৰাণ, অভয়, খিডো খুণ্ডি আৰু মেড ইন হেভেন আদি বহুতো চিনেমা আৰু ধাৰাবাহিকত কাম কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Elnaaz Norouzi shares how it was to work with Gerard Butler in 'Kandahar' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/elnaaz-norouzi-shares-how-it-was-to-work-with-gerard-butler-in-kandahar/articleshow/99290525.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-25 |title=Elnaaz Norouzi to perform dance number in 'JugJugg Jeeyo' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/elnaaz-norouzi-to-perform-dance-number-in-jugjugg-jeeyo/articleshow/91789455.cms |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

কৰণ জোহৰৰদ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ কাৱচ ওম আৰু জগ জগ জীয়ো ছবিত তেওঁ নৃত্যৰ সংখ্যা পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-25 |title=Elnaaz Norouzi to perform dance number in 'JugJugg Jeeyo' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/elnaaz-norouzi-to-perform-dance-number-in-jugjugg-jeeyo/articleshow/91789455.cms |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২২ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত তেওঁ &quot;লা লা লাভ&quot; গীতটোৰ জৰিয়তে গীতৰ অভিষেক ঘটায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elnaaz Norouzi announces new single 'La La Love'; to release on July 27 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/elnaaz-norouzi-announces-new-single-la-la-love-to-release-on-july-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২২ চনৰ মিলিন্দ কাভাডেৰ পৰিচালনাত নিৰ্মিত টাকাটক ২ ছবিৰ আইটেম নম্বৰ মাৰাঠী গীত &quot;হৃদয়ী বসন্ত ফুলতানা&quot;ত তেওঁ বিশেষভাৱে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-08-16 |title='Takatak 2' new song: Elnaaz channels her inner 'Marathi mulgi' in the evergreen chartbuster 'Hridayi Vasant Phultana'- Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/takatak-2-new-song-elnaaz-channels-her-inner-marathi-mulgi-in-the-evergreen-chartbuster-hridayi-vasant-phultana-watch/articleshow/93577652.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৫ চনৰ জুন মাহত প্ৰাইম ভিডিঅ' শ্ব' &quot;দ্য ট্ৰেইটাৰ্ছ&quot;ত প্ৰতিযোগী হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে; ৭ম দিনত বাহিৰ হৈ ১১ নম্বৰ স্থান লাভ কৰে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Cyril|first=Grace|date=1 July 2025|title=The Traitors' Elnaaz Norouzi Says She Was 'Under Pressure' On The Show: 'I Enjoyed But…'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/webseries/the-traitors-elnaaz-norouzi-says-she-was-under-pressure-on-the-show-i-enjoyed-but-exclusive-ws-l-9414109.html|access-date=1 July 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন ==

এলনাজ নৰুজীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল [[ইৰাণ]]ত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui to star opposite 'Maan Jao Naa' actor Elnaaz Norouzi |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2269954/nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-star-opposite-maan-jao-naa-actor-elnaaz-norouzi |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল জাৰ্মানীলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়, য'ত তেওঁ ডাঙৰ হয় আৰু কিশোৰ বয়স তাতেই কটায়। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sarym |first=Ahmed |date=2018-04-09 |title=Maan Jao Na's Elnaaz Norouzi opens up about Bollywood breakthrough |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1179816 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Images |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৫ চনত ভাৰতত নতুন ঘৰ বিচাৰি পায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Independence Day special {{!}} Elnaaz Norouzi: I am from Iran phir bhi dil hai Hindustani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/independence-day-special-elnaaz-norouzi-i-am-from-iran-phir-bhi-dil-hai-hindustani-101692073423292.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; নৌৰুজীয়ে [[ইংৰাজী]], জাৰ্মান, [[ফৰাচী]], [[পাৰ্চী]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাঞ্জাবী]] আৰু [[উৰ্দু]] ভাষা ক'ব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ বিভিন্ন চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় কৰাত সহায় কৰিছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Melissa |title=Elnaaz Norouzi |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/alumni/elnaaz-norouzi/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=NYFA |language=en-US |archivedate=2023-11-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102091411/https://www.nyfa.edu/alumni/elnaaz-norouzi/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৮ চনত তেওঁ পৰিচালক বিপুল শ্বাহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন নিৰ্যাতনৰ অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/every-time-i-went-to-vipul-amrutlal-shahs-office-he-tried-to-kiss-me-19903156|title='Vipul Shah tried to kiss me, he touched my butt'|date=19 October 2018 |publisher=Mid-day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/metoo-movement-celebs-accused-of-sexual-harassment-1903001.html|title=MeToo Movement: Celebs Accused of Sexual Harassment|publisher=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২২ চনত মাহছা আমিনিৰ প্ৰতিবাদৰ সময়ত নোৰুজীয়ে বলপূৰ্বক মূৰ ঢাকি ৰখাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে হোৱা প্ৰতিবাদৰ সমৰ্থন জনাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/elnaaz-norouzi-what-happened-to-mahsa-amini-in-iran-couldve-happened-to-me/articleshow/94457284.cms|title= Elnaaz Norouzi: What happened to Mahsa Amini in Iran could’ve happened to me}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত তেওঁ ২০২৫–২০২৬ চনৰ ইৰাণৰ প্ৰতিবাদ আৰু ৰেজা পাহলৱীৰ সমৰ্থনত তেওঁৰ গীত &quot;জাভিদ শ্বাহ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxDTvnTcd2k|title=Elnaz Norouzi - Javid Shah}}&lt;/ref&gt; মুকলি কৰে। 
==ফিল্মগ্ৰাফী ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! বছৰ
! শীৰ্ষক
! ভূমিকা
! ভাষা
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018
|''মান জাও না ''
|ৰাণিয়া
|[[ঊৰ্দূ]]
|-
|''খিদো খুন্দি''
|নাজ গ্ৰেৱাল
|পাঞ্জাৱী ভাষা
|-
|২০২১
|''হেল্ল চাৰ্লি''
|মনা মালহোত্ৰা
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[হিন্দী]]
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |২০২২
|''জুগজুগ জীয়ো ''
|ৰাছিয়ান পাৰ্টি গাৰ্ল
|-
|''ৰাষ্ট্ৰ কৱচ ওম ''
|নৰ্তকী
|-
|''তাকাটাক ২ ''
|&quot;হৃদয়ী বসন্ত ফুলতানা&quot; গীতটিত অতিথি হিচাপে উপস্থিতি। &quot;
|মাৰাঠী
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |২০২৩
|''কান্দাহাৰ(২০২৩ ফিল্ম)''
|শিনা আছাদি
|ইংৰাজী
|-
|''ডেভিল: ব্ৰিটিছ ছিক্ৰেট এজেণ্ট ''
|ৰজি
|তেলেগু
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |২০২৫
|''তেহৰাণ (২০২৫ চনৰ ছবি) ''
|লায়লা
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |হিন্দী
|-
|''মস্তি ৪''
|বিন্দিয়া সক্সেনা
|-
|TBA
|''হোটেল তেহৰাণ ''
|জাৰা
|ইংৰাজী
|}

===দূৰদৰ্শন ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! বছৰ
! শীৰ্ষক
! ভূমিকা
! ভাষা
! টোকা
|-
|২০১৮-২০১৯
|''চেক্ৰেড গেমছ''
|জোয়া মিৰ্জা
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|হিন্দী
|
|-
|২০১৯
|''অভয় (টিভি ধাৰাবাহিক) ''
|নাটাছা
|
|-
|২০২১
|''চুট্জপাহ (ৱেব ছিৰিজ) ''
|ছাৰা খান
|
|-
|২০২২
|''তেহৰাণ (টিভি ধাৰাবাহিক) ''
|ইয়াছামান হাদ্দাদি
|পাৰ্চী
|
|-
|২০২৩
|''মেড ইন হেভেন (টিভি ধাৰাবাহিক) ''
|লেইলা শ্বিৰাজী
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|হিন্দী
|
|-
|২০২৪
|''ৰান্নীতি: বালাকোট এণ্ড বিয়ণ্ড ''
|ফাহিমা নাকভি
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |২০২৫
|''হাই জুনুন! ''
|গোল্ডি
|
|-
|''ট্ৰেইটাৰ্ছ ইণ্ডিয়া ছিজন ১ ''
|প্ৰতিযোগী
|একাদশ স্থান
|-
| ২০২৬
| ''হুইল অৱ ফৰচুন ইণ্ডিয়া''
| সহ-আয়োজক
| হিন্দী
|
|-
|}

=== মিউজিক ভিডিঅ' ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
! বছৰ
! শীৰ্ষক
! গায়িকা
! টোকা
|-
|২০১৮
|''মেইড ইন ইণ্ডিয়া''
|গুৰু ৰানধাৱা
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Watch: Guru Randhawa's new single 'Made In India' has him trying everything to woo his lady-love |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-guru-randhawa-s-new-single-made-in-india-has-him-trying-everything-to-woo-his-lady-love-2622816 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|২০২৬
|''জাভিদ শ্বাহ ''
|নিজেই
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxDTvnTcd2k|title=Elnaz Norouzi - Javid Shah}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== তথ্যৰ উৎস ==
{{Reflist}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norouzi, Elnaaz}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অভিনেত্ৰী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰান]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:জাৰ্মানী]]</text>
      <sha1>teiss68kxzhhnurnen43drdat94vf3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>নাজিলা মাৰুফিয়ান</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610923</id>
      <parentid>609935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:05:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32767-16</username>
        <id>50216</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>610923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15043" sha1="1jn6ufygcz2jwouytgcmr27lhdx3nje" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Iranian journalist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = নাজিলা মাৰুফিয়ান
| alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;
| caption = 
| native_name = {{langx|fa|نازیلا معروفیان}}
| birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[ছাককেজ]]
| death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;
| death_place = 
| other_names = 
| occupation = সাংবাদিক
| years_active = 
| known_for = মাহছা আমিনীৰ পিতৃৰ সৈতে হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ আৰু বাধ্যতামূলক হিজাবৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ
| notable_works = 
}}
'''নাজিলা মাৰুফিয়ান ({{lang-en| Nazila Maroufian}})''' (জন্ম: ২০ মে' ২০০০) এগৰাকী [[ইৰাণ]] নাগৰিক কৰ্মী, ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দী আৰু সাংবাদিক, [[ছাকজেজ]]।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazila Maroufian - Journalism |url=https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/8213/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=ipa.united4iran.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1691952449-iranian-reporter-who-interviewed-amini-s-father-freed-from-jailhttps://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1691952449-iranian-reporter-who-interviewed-amini-s-fat Iranian Reporter Who Interviewed Amini's Father], I24, August 13, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cheeseman |first=Abbie |date=2023-08-18 |title=Iranian woman jailed for not wearing headscarf defies morality police once again |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/18/iran-woman-nazila-maroufian-release-no-hijab-mahsa-amini/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0307-1235}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২২ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত মাহছা আমিনিৰ প্ৰতিবাদ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছৰেপৰা কেইবাবাৰো গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈকে ইভিন কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী হৈ আছিল। প্ৰথমে মাহছা জিনা আমিনিৰ পিতৃৰ কন্যাৰ মৃত্যুৰ সবিশেষ সন্দৰ্ভত সাক্ষাৎকাৰ লোৱাৰ বাবে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-01-30 |title=Kurdish journalist convicted for interviewing Jina Mahsa Amini’s father |url=https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/en/news/prison-sentences/2023/01/30/kurdish-journalist-convicted-for-interviewing-mahsa-zhina-aminis-father/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=KHRN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gulf Centre for Human Rights
https://www.gc4hr.org
Nazila Maroofian &lt;/ref&gt;

== প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
মাৰুফিয়ান, ছাককেজত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু [[তেহৰান]]ত থাকে। আল্লামে তাবাতাবাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে আৰু ''ইভেণ্ট ২৪'' আৰু ''মস্তাগেল অনলাইন''ৰ সাংবাদিক। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran: Kurdish Journalist Nazila Maroufian Arrested In Tehran |url=https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/iran-kurdish-journalist-nazila-maroufian-arrested-in-tehran |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Coalition For Women in Journalism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazila Maroufian |url=https://www.igfm.de/nazila-maroufian/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (IGFM) |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সাংবাদিকতা আৰু কাৰাবাস ==

===প্ৰথমে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ আৰু কাৰাদণ্ড ===

মাৰুফিয়ানে ২০২২ চনৰ ১৪ অক্টোবৰত মাহছা জিনা আমিনিৰ পিতৃ আমজাদ আমিনিৰ সৈতে হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ কয় যে ইৰাণৰ নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ ভাবুকি দিছে। তেওঁ লগতে টুইট কৰিছিল:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=maroofian%20n |url=https://twitter.com/maroofian%20n |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;অৱশেষত মই মাহছা আমিনিৰ পিতৃৰ সৈতে হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰটো প্ৰকাশ কৰিলোঁ। এই সাক্ষাৎকাৰটো প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ বাবে মই মোষ্টাগেল অনলাইনক ধন্যবাদ জনাইছো। আন এটা কথা হ'ল মোৰ আত্মহত্যাৰ কোনো উদ্দেশ্য নাই আৰু মোৰ কোনো শাৰীৰিক ৰোগ নাই। মই এই টুইট থ্ৰেডত সাক্ষাৎকাৰটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কথাবোৰ উজ্জ্বল কৰিম।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; সাক্ষাৎকাৰটোত আমজাদ আমিনীয়ে কয় যে সহকাৰী চিকিৎসা পৰীক্ষকে আত্মহত্যাৰ কোনো উদ্দেশ্য নাই ছোৱালীজনীৰ মৃত্যুৰ বিষয়ে &quot;দেশৰ বাবে কি উপকাৰী&quot; লিখিবলৈ ক'লে।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.radiofarda.com/a/mahsa-amini-s-father-rejects-official-explanation-on-his-daughter-s-death/32091931.html Mahsa Amini's father: The Deputy Medical Examiner said that we will write whatever is good for the country], Radio Farda, October 19, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mardomsalari.ir/news/177843/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%B1%DA% Mahsa Amini's father: The forensic doctor said that I can do whatever I want in my report...]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Mardomsalari.ir, October 19, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=255603 Mahsa Amini's father: The deputy coroner said whatever is good for the country]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Peykeiran.com, October 19, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২২ চনৰ ৩০ অক্টোবৰত মাৰুফিয়ানক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়, আৰু ইভিন কাৰাগাৰৰ ২০৯ নং ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰলৈ বদলি কৰা হয় &lt;ref&gt;[https://kurdpa.net/en/news/2023/01/35 Nazila Maroufian was sentenced to two years of imprisonment], Kurdpa, January 29, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://iranwire.com/en/journalism-is-not-a-crime/111608-iranian-police-arrested-journalist-nazila-maroufian/ Iranian Police Arrested Journalist Nazila Maroufian], IranWire, October 30, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;


২০২৩ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত মাৰুফিয়ানৰ হৃদযন্ত্ৰৰ ক্ৰিয়া বন্ধ হোৱাত চিকিৎসালয়লৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়। 

২০২৩ চনৰ ২৮ জানুৱাৰীত মাৰৌফিয়ানে ৰিপ’ৰ্ট কৰিছিল যে ন্যায়াধীশ আফছাৰীৰ আদালতৰদ্বাৰা তেওঁক দুবছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড, পাঁচ বছৰৰ বাবে কাৰ্ফিউ আৰু ১.৫ কোটি টমান জৰিমনা বিহা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran journalist Nazila Maroufian arrested again for defying headscarf law: report |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/iran-journalist-rearrested-defying-headscarf-law?amp=1 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=New Arab |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== কামৰপৰা বৰ্খাস্ত ===
২০২৩ চনৰ মে’ মাহত মাৰুফিয়ানে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল যে বিশেষ ইউনিট এজেণ্টৰদ্বাৰা যৌন নিৰ্যাতনৰ কথা উদঙাই দিয়াৰ বাবে তেওঁক চাকৰিৰপৰা বৰ্খাস্ত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ এই পৰিস্থিতিক আত্মহত্যা বা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সৈতে মিল থকা বুলি অভিহিত কৰে আৰু যিকোনো পৰিস্থিতিত তেওঁ ইৰাণতে থাকিব বুলি জোৰ দিয়ে। 

=== পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ ===

২০২৩ চনৰ ৮ জুলাইত ইৰাণৰ বাধ্যতামূলক হিজাব আইন উলংঘা কৰাৰ অপৰাধত মাৰুফিয়ানক পুনৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি ইভিন কাৰাগাৰলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে চোৰাংচোৱা বিষয়াসকলে তেওঁৰ ঘৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি তেওঁৰ লেপটপ আৰু ফোন জব্দ কৰি ঘৰত তালাচী চলায় আৰু ৮ জুলাইত অভিযুক্তৰ কাৰ্যালয়ত হাজিৰ হ'বলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=AFP |title=Iran reporter defiant after release from prison for posting photo without headscarf |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-reporter-defiant-after-release-from-prison-for-posting-photo-without-headscarf/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মাৰুফিয়ানক পুনৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ পাছত ২০২৩ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত সাংবাদিক সুৰক্ষা সমিতিয়ে এক বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰি তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰক তীব্ৰ গৰিহণা দিয়ে আৰু বিনাচৰ্তে মুক্তিৰ দাবী জনায়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://azureserv.com/a/authorities-rearrest-journalist-nazila-maroofian---committee-to-protect-journalists/7177124.html?%20cpo=aHR0cHM6Ly9pci52b2FuZXdzLmNvbQ The Committee to Protect Journalists demanded the &quot;unconditional&quot; release of investigative journalist Nazila Maroufian.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, VOA farsi, July 12, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৩ চনৰ ২৪ আগষ্টত ইৰাণীৰ আন এজন কৰ্মী তথা সংগীতজ্ঞ মেহদি ইয়াৰাহীক সমৰ্থন কৰাৰ অপৰাধত চতুৰ্থবাৰৰ বাবে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The re-arrest of Nazila Maroufian, along with her mother, has raised concerns regarding the situation of the journalist in prison |url=https://hengaw.net/en/news/2023/08/the-re-arrest-of-nazila-maroufian-along-with-her-mother-has-raised-concerns-regarding-the-situation-of-the-journalist-in-prison |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hengaw |language=ku-Arab}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Journalist Nazila Maroufian Re-Arrested in Tehran |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/journalist-nazila-maroufian-re-arrested-in-tehran/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hrana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Nazila Maroufian, journaliste iranienne ayant interviewé le père de Mahsa Amini, arrêtée pour non port du voile |url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/nazila-maroufian-journaliste-iranienne-ayant-interviewe-le-pere-de-mahsa-amini-arretee-pour-non-port-du-voile,1458965.asp |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Marie Claire |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==বলপূৰ্বক প্ৰস্থান==
মাৰুফিয়ানে কয় যে তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ চৰকাৰী এজেণ্টে তেওঁক শেষবাৰৰ বাবে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত যৌন নিৰ্যাতন চলাইছিল।ইৰাণৰ বাহিৰৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যমে প্ৰকাশ কৰা তেহৰাণৰ ইভিন কাৰাগাৰৰ পৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা অডিঅ’ বাৰ্তাত ইৰাণৰ ইৰাণ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল আৰু ৰেডিঅ’ ফাৰ্দাৰ লগতে কুৰ্দিস্তান হিউমেন ৰাইটছ নেটৱৰ্ক (কে এইচ আৰ এন) আৰু চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ হিউমেন ৰাইটছ ইন ইৰাণ (চি এইচ আৰ আই) আদিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা অডিঅ’ বাৰ্তাত কয় যে, &quot;মোৰ ওপৰত যৌন নিৰ্যাতন চলোৱা হৈছিল।&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-journalist-says-she-was-sexually-assaulted-during-arrest/7257161.html Iran Journalist Says She Was Sexually Assaulted During..], VOA, September 6, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;


ইৰাণৰপৰা [[ইৰাক]]ৰ কুৰ্দিস্তানলৈ আৰু তাৰ পাছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]লৈও গৈছিল কাৰণ ইৰাণৰ চৰকাৰী এজেণ্টে মাকক হত্যা কৰা হ’ব বুলি কৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230906-iran-journalist-says-was-sexually-assaulted-during-arrest Iran journalist says was sexually assaulted during arrest..], France 24, September 6, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;
==তথ্যৰ উৎস==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maroufian, Nazila}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰাণৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সাংবাদিক]]</text>
      <sha1>1jn6ufygcz2jwouytgcmr27lhdx3nje</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610949</id>
      <parentid>610923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T08:14:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>±</comment>
      <origin>610949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15104" sha1="9olnhc76js07unkj78ydr2jm5gmlfxl" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Iranian journalist}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = নাজিলা মাৰুফিয়ান
| alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;
| caption = 
| native_name = {{langx|fa|نازیلا معروفیان}}
| birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[ছাককেজ]]
| death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;
| death_place = 
| other_names = 
| occupation = সাংবাদিক
| years_active = 
| known_for = মাহছা আমিনীৰ পিতৃৰ সৈতে হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ আৰু বাধ্যতামূলক হিজাবৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ
| notable_works = 
}}
'''নাজিলা মাৰুফিয়ান ({{lang-en| Nazila Maroufian}})''' (জন্ম: ২০ মে' ২০০০) এগৰাকী [[ইৰাণ]] নাগৰিক কৰ্মী, ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দী আৰু সাংবাদিক, [[ছাকজেজ]]।{{Clarify|reason=বুজা নগল৷|date=02 June 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazila Maroufian - Journalism |url=https://ipa.united4iran.org/en/prisoner/8213/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=ipa.united4iran.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1691952449-iranian-reporter-who-interviewed-amini-s-father-freed-from-jailhttps://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1691952449-iranian-reporter-who-interviewed-amini-s-fat Iranian Reporter Who Interviewed Amini's Father], I24, August 13, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cheeseman |first=Abbie |date=2023-08-18 |title=Iranian woman jailed for not wearing headscarf defies morality police once again |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/08/18/iran-woman-nazila-maroufian-release-no-hijab-mahsa-amini/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |issn=0307-1235}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২২ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত মাহছা আমিনিৰ প্ৰতিবাদ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছৰেপৰা কেইবাবাৰো গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ২০২৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈকে ইভিন কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী হৈ আছিল। প্ৰথমে মাহছা জিনা আমিনিৰ পিতৃৰ কন্যাৰ মৃত্যুৰ সবিশেষ সন্দৰ্ভত সাক্ষাৎকাৰ লোৱাৰ বাবে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-01-30 |title=Kurdish journalist convicted for interviewing Jina Mahsa Amini’s father |url=https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/en/news/prison-sentences/2023/01/30/kurdish-journalist-convicted-for-interviewing-mahsa-zhina-aminis-father/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=KHRN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gulf Centre for Human Rights
https://www.gc4hr.org
Nazila Maroofian &lt;/ref&gt;

== প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
মাৰুফিয়ান, ছাককেজত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু [[তেহৰান]]ত থাকে। আল্লামে তাবাতাবাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে আৰু ''ইভেণ্ট ২৪'' আৰু ''মস্তাগেল অনলাইন''ৰ সাংবাদিক। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran: Kurdish Journalist Nazila Maroufian Arrested In Tehran |url=https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/iran-kurdish-journalist-nazila-maroufian-arrested-in-tehran |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Coalition For Women in Journalism |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazila Maroufian |url=https://www.igfm.de/nazila-maroufian/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (IGFM) |language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সাংবাদিকতা আৰু কাৰাবাস ==

===প্ৰথমে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ আৰু কাৰাদণ্ড ===

মাৰুফিয়ানে ২০২২ চনৰ ১৪ অক্টোবৰত মাহছা জিনা আমিনিৰ পিতৃ আমজাদ আমিনিৰ সৈতে হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ কয় যে ইৰাণৰ নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ ভাবুকি দিছে। তেওঁ লগতে টুইট কৰিছিল:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=maroofian%20n |url=https://twitter.com/maroofian%20n |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;অৱশেষত মই মাহছা আমিনিৰ পিতৃৰ সৈতে হোৱা সাক্ষাৎকাৰটো প্ৰকাশ কৰিলোঁ। এই সাক্ষাৎকাৰটো প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ বাবে মই মোষ্টাগেল অনলাইনক ধন্যবাদ জনাইছো। আন এটা কথা হ'ল মোৰ আত্মহত্যাৰ কোনো উদ্দেশ্য নাই আৰু মোৰ কোনো শাৰীৰিক ৰোগ নাই। মই এই টুইট থ্ৰেডত সাক্ষাৎকাৰটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কথাবোৰ উজ্জ্বল কৰিম।&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; সাক্ষাৎকাৰটোত আমজাদ আমিনীয়ে কয় যে সহকাৰী চিকিৎসা পৰীক্ষকে আত্মহত্যাৰ কোনো উদ্দেশ্য নাই ছোৱালীজনীৰ মৃত্যুৰ বিষয়ে &quot;দেশৰ বাবে কি উপকাৰী&quot; লিখিবলৈ ক'লে।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.radiofarda.com/a/mahsa-amini-s-father-rejects-official-explanation-on-his-daughter-s-death/32091931.html Mahsa Amini's father: The Deputy Medical Examiner said that we will write whatever is good for the country], Radio Farda, October 19, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mardomsalari.ir/news/177843/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%B1%DA% Mahsa Amini's father: The forensic doctor said that I can do whatever I want in my report...]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Mardomsalari.ir, October 19, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.peykeiran.com/Content.aspx?ID=255603 Mahsa Amini's father: The deputy coroner said whatever is good for the country]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Peykeiran.com, October 19, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২২ চনৰ ৩০ অক্টোবৰত মাৰুফিয়ানক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়, আৰু ইভিন কাৰাগাৰৰ ২০৯ নং ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰলৈ বদলি কৰা হয় &lt;ref&gt;[https://kurdpa.net/en/news/2023/01/35 Nazila Maroufian was sentenced to two years of imprisonment], Kurdpa, January 29, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://iranwire.com/en/journalism-is-not-a-crime/111608-iranian-police-arrested-journalist-nazila-maroufian/ Iranian Police Arrested Journalist Nazila Maroufian], IranWire, October 30, 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৩ চনৰ ৫ জানুৱাৰীত মাৰুফিয়ানৰ হৃদযন্ত্ৰৰ ক্ৰিয়া বন্ধ হোৱাত চিকিৎসালয়লৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়। 

২০২৩ চনৰ ২৮ জানুৱাৰীত মাৰৌফিয়ানে ৰিপ’ৰ্ট কৰিছিল যে ন্যায়াধীশ আফছাৰীৰ আদালতৰদ্বাৰা তেওঁক দুবছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড, পাঁচ বছৰৰ বাবে কাৰ্ফিউ আৰু ১.৫ কোটি টমান জৰিমনা বিহা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran journalist Nazila Maroufian arrested again for defying headscarf law: report |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/iran-journalist-rearrested-defying-headscarf-law?amp=1 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=New Arab |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== কামৰপৰা বৰ্খাস্ত ===
২০২৩ চনৰ মে’ মাহত মাৰুফিয়ানে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল যে বিশেষ ইউনিট এজেণ্টৰদ্বাৰা যৌন নিৰ্যাতনৰ কথা উদঙাই দিয়াৰ বাবে তেওঁক চাকৰিৰপৰা বৰ্খাস্ত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁ এই পৰিস্থিতিক আত্মহত্যা বা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সৈতে মিল থকা বুলি অভিহিত কৰে আৰু যিকোনো পৰিস্থিতিত তেওঁ ইৰাণতে থাকিব বুলি জোৰ দিয়ে। 

=== পৰৱৰ্তী গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ ===

২০২৩ চনৰ ৮ জুলাইত ইৰাণৰ বাধ্যতামূলক হিজাব আইন উলংঘা কৰাৰ অপৰাধত মাৰুফিয়ানক পুনৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি ইভিন কাৰাগাৰলৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে চোৰাংচোৱা বিষয়াসকলে তেওঁৰ ঘৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি তেওঁৰ লেপটপ আৰু ফোন জব্দ কৰি ঘৰত তালাচী চলায় আৰু ৮ জুলাইত অভিযুক্তৰ কাৰ্যালয়ত হাজিৰ হ'বলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=AFP |title=Iran reporter defiant after release from prison for posting photo without headscarf |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-reporter-defiant-after-release-from-prison-for-posting-photo-without-headscarf/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মাৰুফিয়ানক পুনৰ গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ পাছত ২০২৩ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত সাংবাদিক সুৰক্ষা সমিতিয়ে এক বিবৃতি প্ৰকাশ কৰি তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰক তীব্ৰ গৰিহণা দিয়ে আৰু বিনাচৰ্তে মুক্তিৰ দাবী জনায়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://azureserv.com/a/authorities-rearrest-journalist-nazila-maroofian---committee-to-protect-journalists/7177124.html?%20cpo=aHR0cHM6Ly9pci52b2FuZXdzLmNvbQ The Committee to Protect Journalists demanded the &quot;unconditional&quot; release of investigative journalist Nazila Maroufian.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, VOA farsi, July 12, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২৩ চনৰ ২৪ আগষ্টত ইৰাণীৰ আন এজন কৰ্মী তথা সংগীতজ্ঞ মেহদি ইয়াৰাহীক সমৰ্থন কৰাৰ অপৰাধত চতুৰ্থবাৰৰ বাবে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The re-arrest of Nazila Maroufian, along with her mother, has raised concerns regarding the situation of the journalist in prison |url=https://hengaw.net/en/news/2023/08/the-re-arrest-of-nazila-maroufian-along-with-her-mother-has-raised-concerns-regarding-the-situation-of-the-journalist-in-prison |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hengaw |language=ku-Arab}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Journalist Nazila Maroufian Re-Arrested in Tehran |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/journalist-nazila-maroufian-re-arrested-in-tehran/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Hrana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Nazila Maroufian, journaliste iranienne ayant interviewé le père de Mahsa Amini, arrêtée pour non port du voile |url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/nazila-maroufian-journaliste-iranienne-ayant-interviewe-le-pere-de-mahsa-amini-arretee-pour-non-port-du-voile,1458965.asp |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Marie Claire |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==বলপূৰ্বক প্ৰস্থান==
মাৰুফিয়ানে কয় যে তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ চৰকাৰী এজেণ্টে তেওঁক শেষবাৰৰ বাবে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত যৌন নিৰ্যাতন চলাইছিল।ইৰাণৰ বাহিৰৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যমে প্ৰকাশ কৰা তেহৰাণৰ ইভিন কাৰাগাৰৰ পৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা অডিঅ’ বাৰ্তাত ইৰাণৰ ইৰাণ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল আৰু ৰেডিঅ’ ফাৰ্দাৰ লগতে কুৰ্দিস্তান হিউমেন ৰাইটছ নেটৱৰ্ক (কে এইচ আৰ এন) আৰু চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ হিউমেন ৰাইটছ ইন ইৰাণ (চি এইচ আৰ আই) আদিয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা অডিঅ’ বাৰ্তাত কয় যে, &quot;মোৰ ওপৰত যৌন নিৰ্যাতন চলোৱা হৈছিল।&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-journalist-says-she-was-sexually-assaulted-during-arrest/7257161.html Iran Journalist Says She Was Sexually Assaulted During..], VOA, September 6, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;


ইৰাণৰপৰা [[ইৰাক]]ৰ কুৰ্দিস্তানলৈ আৰু তাৰ পাছত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]লৈও গৈছিল কাৰণ ইৰাণৰ চৰকাৰী এজেণ্টে মাকক হত্যা কৰা হ’ব বুলি কৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230906-iran-journalist-says-was-sexually-assaulted-during-arrest Iran journalist says was sexually assaulted during arrest..], France 24, September 6, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;
==তথ্যৰ উৎস==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maroufian, Nazila}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰাণৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সাংবাদিক]]</text>
      <sha1>9olnhc76js07unkj78ydr2jm5gmlfxl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৰেইহানেহ জব্বাৰী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610837</id>
      <parentid>609948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:51:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16725" sha1="s8g3cakdttvnqv30csdy7d01g2fhj8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Iranian prisoner executed by hanging (c. 1988–2014)}}
{{Infobox criminal
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = ৰেইহানেহ জব্বাৰী
| honorific_suffix = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| birth_name = ৰেইহানেহ জব্বাৰী
| birth_date = {{circa}}&amp;nbsp; 1988
| birth_place = [[ইৰান]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|10|25|1988|08|08|df=y}}
| death_place = গোহৰদষ্ট কাৰাগাৰ, [[তেহৰাণ]], [[ইৰাণ]]
| death_cause = ফাঁচীৰ মৃত্যুদণ্ডত মৃত্যু
| occupation = ইণ্টেৰিয়ৰ ডেকোৰেটৰ
| criminal_status = [[Executed]]
| criminal_penalty = মৃত্যুদণ্ড
| known_for = তাইৰ কথিত ধৰ্ষণকাৰীক হত্যা কৰাৰ অপৰাধত দোষী সাব্যস্ত আৰু মৃত্যুদণ্ড
}}


'''ৰেহানে জব্বাৰী ({{lang-en| Rehane Jabbari}})'''; (জন্ম,১৯৮৮ – মৃত্যু,২৫ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৪) ইৰাণৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন চোৰাংচোৱা বিষয়া মৰ্টেজা আব্দোলালি সৰবন্দীৰ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ریحانه جباری اعدام شد|url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/jabbari-execution/2495540.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=صدای آمریکا|date=24 October 2014 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=واکنش مقام‌های ایران به بازتاب حکم اعدام جباری در غرب|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f2-iran-reihaneh-jabbari-execution-larijani-western-propaganda/26665981.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=رادیو فردا|date=30 October 2014 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-10-31|title=حوادث|url=http://etemadnewspaper.ir/Released/93-01-30/97.htm|access-date=2021-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031214343/http://etemadnewspaper.ir/Released/93-01-30/97.htm|archive-date=2014-10-31|archivedate=2014-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031214343/http://etemadnewspaper.ir/Released/93-01-30/97.htm|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ গোচৰত দোষী সাব্যস্ত হোৱা এগৰাকী [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ মহিলা। ২০০৭ চনৰপৰা ২০১৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত ফাঁচি দিয়ালৈকে কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী হৈ আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irannewsupdate.com/news/human-rights/841-iran-a-26-year-old-young-woman-about-to-be-executed.html|title=Iran news update|author=Taher|date=24 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰেহানে নিজৰ কথিত ধৰ্ষণকাৰীক হত্যা কৰিছিল। কাৰাগাৰত থকাৰ সময়তে তেওঁ এই ঘটনাৰ স্মৃতিগ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। মহম্মদ মোস্তাফাই আছিল তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম অধিবক্তা। এই কাহিনীটো তেওঁ নিজৰ ব্লগত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mohegh.blogfa.com/post-260.aspx|title=محمد مصطفایی|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031173134/http://mohegh.blogfa.com/post-260.aspx|archivedate=2014-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইৰাণৰ আইন অনুসৰি &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Chris |date=2014-10-25 |title=Iran executes Reyhaneh Jabbari despite global appeals for retrial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/25/iran-reyhaneh-jabbari-executes-appeals |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰেহানেৰ দোষ প্ৰমাণিত হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰু তেওঁৰ আত্মৰক্ষাৰ দাবীক মিছা বুলি গণ্য কৰাৰ পাছত ফাঁচি ৰোধ কৰাৰ অধিকাৰ কেৱল ভুক্তভোগীৰ পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল; অভিযুক্তৰ কাৰ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা সত্ত্বেও ভুক্তভোগীৰ পৰিয়ালে ফাঁচিৰ ওপৰত অটল আছিল। 
==পটভূমি==

২০০৭ চনত সৰবন্দীয়ে এখন কেফেত ইণ্টেৰিয়ৰ ডেকোৰেটৰ জববাৰীক লগ পাইছিল। সৰবন্দীয়ে ৰেইহানেক তেওঁৰ নিজৰ অফিচলৈ আহি এটা ব্যাৱসায়িক চুক্তিৰ আলোচনা কৰিবলৈ পতিয়ন নিয়াইছিল। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে সৰবন্দীয়ে ৰেইহানেহ জব্বাৰীক ধৰ্ষণৰ চেষ্টা চলোৱা বুলি অভিযোগ উঠিছে। জব্বাৰীয়ে সৰবন্দীক ছুৰীৰে আঘাত কৰি পলায়ন কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ তেজ ওলাই মৃত্যুমুখত পৰে। &lt;ref name=&quot;aj1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2014-10-26 |title=Iran hangs woman despite international uproar |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/amnesty-iran-set-hang-woman-at-dawn-2014102422855125759.html |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; অৱশ্যে অভিযুক্তসকলৰ মতে জব্বৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ এজন বন্ধুক মেছেজ কৰিছিল যে তেওঁৰ সৰ্বন্দীক হত্যাৰ পৰিকল্পনা। সৰবন্দীক হত্যা কৰাৰ দুদিন আগতেই তেওঁ কটাৰীখন ক্ৰয় কৰা বুলি প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

ইৰাণৰ সন্দৰ্ভত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ প্ৰতিবেদক আহমদ শ্বহীদে জনোৱা মতে, ছাৰবন্দীয়ে জববাৰীক নিজৰ কাৰ্যালয় পুনৰ সজাবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিছিল আৰু তেওঁক এটা এপাৰ্টমেণ্টলৈ লৈ গৈছিল য’ত তেওঁ তেওঁক যৌন নিৰ্যাতন চলাইছিল। ছাৰবন্দীৰ পৰিয়ালে জোৰ দি কয় যে এইটো এটা পৰিকল্পিত হত্যাকাণ্ড, কিয়নো হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ দুদিন পূৰ্বে জব্বৰীয়ে কটাৰী কিনা বুলি স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু আৰক্ষীয়ে তেওঁক অত্যাচাৰ কৰাৰ লগতে জেৰাকাৰীয়ে ভগ্নীক ক্ষতি কৰাৰ ভাবুকি দি মিছা স্বীকাৰোক্তি দিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন হৈছে। কেইবাটাও আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মানৱ অধিকাৰ সংস্থাই দুৰ্নীতি আৰু ইৰাণী কৰ্তৃপক্ষই গোচৰটো বাৰে বাৰে ভুল চম্ভালি লোৱাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰি নতুন বিচাৰৰ আহ্বান জনাইছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
==গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ আৰু বিচাৰ==

গ্ৰেপ্তাৰৰ পিছত জব্বাৰীক দুমাহ ধৰি একক কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল, পৰিয়াল বা অধিবক্তাৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। &lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29769468|title=Iran hangs Reyhaneh Jabbari despite campaign|work=BBC News|date=25 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০০৯ চনত তেহৰাণৰ আদালতে তেওঁক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিছিল।  এম্নেষ্টী ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি জববাৰীয়ে চাৰ্বন্দীক ছুৰীৰে আঘাত কৰা বুলি স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল যদিও ঘৰৰ আন কোনোবাই তেওঁক হত্যা কৰা বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;/&gt;


এম্নেষ্টী ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/blogs/womens-action-network/stop-reihaneh-jabbari-execution|title=Stop Reihaneh Jabbari Execution|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  , [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] আৰু [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ই ৰইহানেহৰ জীৱন ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে বিশ্বব্যাপী সমৰ্থন আদায় কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। ২০১৪ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত তেওঁৰ ফাঁচী বন্ধ কৰাৰ বাবে বিশ্বব্যাপী অভিযানে ২০ হাজাৰ স্বাক্ষৰ সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ফাঁচীৰ মূল তাৰিখৰ পৰা স্থগিত ৰখা হৈছিল।

২০১৪ চনৰ ২৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ঘোষণা কৰা হয় যে তেওঁক ফাঁচী দিয়াৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hra-news.org/en/2-women-scheduled-executed-tomorrow-morning|title=HRANA News Agency: 2 women are scheduled to be executed tomorrow morning|work=Hrana - News Agancy|date=29 September 2014|access-date=30 May 2026|archivedate=7 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007054033/https://hra-news.org/en/2-women-scheduled-executed-tomorrow-morning|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ২০১৪ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত তেওঁক ফাঁচী দিয়াৰ পৰিকল্পনা আপাততঃ স্থগিত ৰখা বুলি খবৰ ওলাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/01/iran-stop-woman-s-execution|title=Human Rights Watch: Iran: Stop Woman's Execution|access-date=2016-12-04|archive-date=2014-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002004547/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/01/iran-stop-woman-s-execution|url-status=dead|archivedate=2014-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002004547/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/01/iran-stop-woman-s-execution|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/reyhaneh-jabbari-iran-postpones-execution-of-woman-due-to-hang-for-murder-of-her-alleged-attempted-rapist-9765187.html?origin=internalSearch|title=Reyhaneh Jabbari: Iran postpones execution of woman due to hang for murder of her alleged attempted rapist|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ছ'চিয়েল মিডিয়াত তেওঁক ফাঁচী বন্ধ কৰাৰ বাবে এক অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও তাছনিমে ৰিপ'ৰ্ট কৰিছিল যে জববাৰীৰ আত্মীয়ই ফাঁচী স্থগিত ৰাখিবলৈ ভুক্তভোগীৰ পৰিয়ালৰ পৰা সন্মতি লাভ কৰাত ব্যৰ্থ হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot; /&gt;

==মৃত্যু আৰু উত্তৰাধিকাৰ==
২০১৪ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত ভোৰভোৰাই কাৰাজৰ উত্তৰত থকা গোহৰদষ্ট কাৰাগাৰত ৰেইহানেহ জব্বাৰীক ফাঁচি দিয়া হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2014/10/141024_u01-jabbari-executed|title=ریحانه جباری اعدام شد|work=BBC News|date=25 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/amnesty-iran-set-hang-woman-at-dawn-2014102422855125759.html|title=Amnesty: Iran set to hang woman at dawn|author=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰেইহানেৰ অংগসমূহ বেনামীভাৱে দান কৰাটো নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰি ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰা চূড়ান্ত বাৰ্তা এটা মাকক এৰি থৈ গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/10/26/reyhaneh_jabbari_hanged_iranian_woman_leaves_heartbreaking_last_message.html|title=Hanged Iranian Woman Leaves Heartbreaking Last Message|author=Daniel Politi|journal=Slate|date=26 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া==
[[File:2014-10-05 International Committee Against Executions I.C.A.E, save Reyhaneh Jabbari, 021 Hannover Bahnhofstraße Ernst-August-Platz.JPG|thumb|ৰেইহানেহৰ ফাঁচীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আন্তুঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সমিতি ,২০১৪]]
এম্নেষ্টী ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলে মন্তব্য কৰে যে জববাৰীক ত্ৰুটিপূৰ্ণ তদন্তৰ অন্তত দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ঘৰটোত উপস্থিত থকা আন এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে সৰবন্দীক হত্যা কৰা বুলি তেওঁৰ দাবীৰ সঠিক তদন্ত কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

ইটালীৰ সাহিত্যৰ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী ডাৰিয়া ফ’ৱে জাববাৰীৰ নামত ''ৰেইহানেহ জব্বাৰীৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি'' বুলি এখন ছবি উৎসৰ্গা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|it}} [http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/11/06/iran-reyhaneh-uninaccettabile-violenza/1196439/ Dario Fo, ''Iran: Reyhaneh, un’inaccettabile violenza''] (&quot;Iran: Reyhaneh, an unacceptable violence&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৃতিত ==
২০২৩ চনত জাৰ্মান চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা ষ্টেফি নিডাৰজোলে &quot;ছেভেন উইণ্টাৰছ ইন টেহৰান&quot; শীৰ্ষক এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰ মুক্তি দিয়ে, য'ত জাববাৰীৰ গোচৰৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল। সেই বছৰতে জব্বাৰীৰ মাতৃ শোলে পকৰাৱনে &quot;হাউ ৱান বিকমছ এ বাটাৰফ্লাই: দ্য শ্বৰ্ট, ব্ৰেভ লাইফ অৱ মাই ড'টাৰ ৰেহানেহ জব্বাৰী&quot; শীৰ্ষক এখন গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল, য'ত তেওঁ কন্যাৰ কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী আগবঢ়াইছিল। 
==তথ্যৰ উৎস==
{{Reflist}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
*[https://soundcloud.com/lama-dalbah/yoip4qzjsqlr Artistic re-recording of Reyhaneh's last voice message, made by Loulou R. D. (Lama)]
*[http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/17419-iran-text-of-reyhaneh-jabbari-s-will English text of Reyhaneh Jabbari's last voice message, National Council of Resistance of Iran]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabbari, Reyhaneh}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰানৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>s8g3cakdttvnqv30csdy7d01g2fhj8o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৰেজা পাহলৱী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610839</id>
      <parentid>610055</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T13:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33548" sha1="nujo3s592y2siib1l6egr68ca9irh40" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Former Crown Prince of Iran (born 1960)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = ৰেজা পাহলৱী
| title = ইৰাণৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজপুত্ৰ
| image = رضا پهلوی در گفتگو با سیامک دهقانپور از صدای آمریکا، تیر ۱۴۰۳ 02 (cropped).jpg
| caption = ২০২৪ চনত পাহলৱী
| succession = পাহলৱী পৰিয়ালৰ মুৰব্বী
| reign = ১৯৮০ চনৰ ৩১ অক্টোবৰ – বৰ্তমান
| reign-type = কাৰ্যকাল
| predecessor = [[মহম্মদ ৰেজা পাহলৱী ]]
| suc-type = [[Heir apparent]]/[[Heir presumptive|presumptive]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[তেহৰাণ]], ইৰাণ
| spouse = {{marriage|ইয়াছমিন ইটেমাদ-আমিনি|12 June 1986}}
| issue = নূৰ পহলৱী &lt;br /&gt;ইমান পাহলৱী&lt;br /&gt;ফাৰা পাহলৱী
| full name = ''ৰেজা পাহলৱী''
| house = পাহলৱী বংশ
| father = [[মহম্মদ ৰেজা পাহলৱী ]]
| mother = ফাৰাহ পাহলৱী
| signature = Reza Pahlavi signature.svg
| religion = টুৱেলভাৰ ছিয়া ইছলাম&lt;ref name=&quot;AlSulaiti2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web 
| last = Al-Sulaiti 
| first = Yousef 
| title = Reza Pahlavi's card for a new Iran 
| website = Global Affairs. Universidad de Navarra 
| date = 2023-06-06 
| url = https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/reza-pahlavis-card-for-a-new-iran 
| access-date = 2026-03-09 
| quote = While some regime opponents blame Islam, Pahlavi affirms his Shia Muslim religion and repeatedly calls ‘non-regime clerics’ to join the people.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''ৰেজা পাহলাৱী ({{lang-en| Reza Pahlavi}})''' ( জন্ম: ৩১ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৬০) এজন ইৰাণৰ ৰাজনৈতিক ব্যক্তি আৰু ইৰাণৰ পাহলৱী বংশৰ [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজপুত্ৰ। [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ শেষৰজন শ্বাহ মহম্মদ ৰেজা পাহলৱী আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী সম্ৰাজ্ঞী ফাৰহৰ ডাঙৰ পুত্ৰ। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bragg |first=Julianna |date=2026-02-28 |title=What to know about Reza Pahlavi, a potential successor to lead Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/02/28/us-iran-leader-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Axios |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমান তেওঁ বিৰোধী হিচাপে আমেৰিকাত নিৰ্বাসিত হৈ আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Britannica.com|Britannica]] |title=Reza Pahlavi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Reza-Pahlavi |accessdate=25 April 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[তেহৰাণ]]ত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ৰেজা পাহলাৱীক ১৯৬৭ চনত পিতৃৰ ৰাজ অভিষেকৰ পিছত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্স হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ১৯৭৮ চনত ইম্পেৰিয়েল ইৰাণী বায়ুসেনাৰ কেডেট হিচাপে তেওঁ আমেৰিকালৈ গুচি যায় আৰু ৰিজ বায়ুসেনা ঘাটিত পাইলটৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ লয়। পিছৰ বছৰত [[ৰুহোল্লাহ খোমেইনী]]ৰ নেতৃত্বত ইৰাণী বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ পিতৃক উৎখাত কৰি ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয়। ১৯৮০ চনত কাইৰোত নিৰ্বাসনত পিতৃৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ৰেজা পাহলৱীয়ে নিজকে ইৰাণৰ শ্বাহ ঘোষণা কৰি &quot;দ্বিতীয় ৰেজা শ্বাহ&quot; উপাধি গ্ৰহণ কৰে; তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ বহিঃৰাজ্যৰপৰা ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিকৰ ৰাজনৈতিক বিৰোধিতাত সক্ৰিয় হৈ পৰে। 

২০১৩ চনত তেওঁ ‘ইৰাণ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰিষদ’ (INC) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। দেশৰ ভৱিষ্যৎ শাসন-ব্যৱস্থা নিৰ্ধাৰণৰ বাবে দেশজোৰা গণভোট অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ সপক্ষে তেওঁ দৃঢ় স্থিতি গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। ইৰাণৰ জনসাধাৰণক ইছলামিক ৰিপাব্লিকৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাই পাহলৱীয়ে বৰ্তমানৰ শাসক শ্ৰেণীক অপসাৰণৰ দাবী জনাইছে। ইৰাণক পশ্চিমীয়া বিশ্ব আৰু [[ইজৰাইল]]ৰ মিত্ৰ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ সপক্ষেও তেওঁ নিজৰ মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। 

বহু ইৰাণীয়ে পাহলৱীক সমৰ্থন জনাইছে যদিও সমগ্ৰ বিৰোধীৰ মাজত তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থন অস্পষ্ট হৈ আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;APexiled&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=Iran's exiled crown prince rises as a figure in protests, decades after leaving his homeland |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-protests-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-cec4123ec75a0953bc0726e46ad32f1f |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The exiled royal urging Iranians on to the streets |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c930adea-b9f8-4bcd-bfe5-ad9dad497106 |work=[[Financial Times]]|date=10 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Son of Iran's toppled shah seeks a role as protests expand |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/son-irans-toppled-shah-seeks-role-protests-expand-2026-01-11/ |work=Reuters|date=11 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Amid Iran's unrest, is Reza Pahlavi gaining support? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/amid-irans-unrest-is-reza-pahlavi-gaining-support/video-75421199 |work=DW|date=11 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২৫–২০২৬ চনৰ ইৰাণৰ প্ৰতিবাদৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বিশিষ্ট বিৰোধী ব্যক্তি হিচাপে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62wx1gr8y4o|title=Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's last shah at centre of protest chants|work=BBC News|access-date=20 January 2026|quote=&quot;Critics counter that he remains too dependent on foreign backing and question whether Iranians inside the country, weary after decades of political turmoil, are ready to trust any exiled leader.&quot;&quot;Some Iranians still revere his family name; others fear replacing one unelected ruler with another, even under a democratic guise.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://jacobin.com/2026/01/iran-protests-authoritarianism-trump-israel|title=Iran Is Facing Its Deepest Crisis Since the 1979 Revolution|publisher=Jacobin|access-date=20 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ সমৰ্থকসকলৰ বাবে এজন প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তি হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে। &lt;ref name=Axios&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ravid |first=Barak |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/01/13/pahlavi-witkoff-iran-protest-meeting-trump|title=Scoop: Trump's envoy secretly met Iran's exiled crown prince |date=13 January 2026 |website=Axios (website)}}&lt;/ref&gt; কিন্তু আন কিছুমানে তেওঁক মেৰুকৰণকাৰী ব্যক্তি বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে, কিছুমান সমালোচকে তেওঁৰ বিদেশী সমৰ্থনৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীলতাক আঙুলিয়াই দিছে।   শাসকীয় ইছলামিক চৰকাৰখন ওফৰাই পেলোৱা হ’লে পাহলৱীয়ে নিজকে গণতান্ত্ৰিক ইৰাণৰ সম্ভাৱ্য পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল নেতা হিচাপে স্থান দিছে। 

==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
[[File:Mohammad Reza Shah and his newborn son, Crown Prince Reza.jpg|thumb|ৰেজা (মাজত) পিতৃ [[মহম্মদ ৰেজা পাহলৱী]] (সোঁফালে) আৰু তেহৰাণৰ জুম্মাৰ নামাজ ইমাম হাছান ইমামি ( বাঁওফালে)]] 
[[File:Crpcairo.jpg|thumb|left|১৯৮০ চনৰ ৩১ অক্টোবৰত কায়ৰোৰ কৌবেহ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদত ৰেজা পাহলৱীয়ে ইৰাণৰ নতুন শ্বাহ হিচাপে শপত গ্ৰহণ কৰা অৱস্থাত। |219x219px]] 

[[ইৰাণ]]ৰ শ্বাহ [[মহম্মদ ৰেজা পাহলৱী]] আৰু শ্বাহবানু [[ফাৰাহ পাহলৱী]]ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ ৰেজা পাহলৱীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল তেহৰাণত। পাহলৱীৰ ভাই-ভনীৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁৰ ভগ্নী ফাৰাহনাজ, ভাতৃ আলী ৰেজা, আৰু ভগ্নী লাইলা; তেওঁৰ এগৰাকী আঢ়ৈবছৰীয়া ভগ্নীও আছে শ্বাহনাজ। জন্মৰ সময়ত শ্বাহে ৯৮ জন ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দীক ক্ষমা কৰি দিছিল আৰু চৰকাৰে আয়কৰ ২০ শতাংশ হ্ৰাস কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Jonathan|last=Freedland|title=The Prince's Trust: The Boy Who Lost Everything|work=The Observer|location=London, United Kingdom|date=26 January 1997|pages=97, 168–169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেকাকালত তেওঁ আছিল এজন উৎসুক ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ আৰু দৰ্শক। তেওঁ ৰাজধানীৰ ফুটবল ক্লাব এষ্টেগলালৰ অনুৰাগী আছিল। সেই সময়ত তাজ (আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত, &quot;মুকুট&quot;) নামেৰে জনাজাত; আনকি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইৰাণী ৰেডিঅ' আৰু টেলিভিছনতো সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ক্লাবটোৱে তেওঁৰ জন্মদিনত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা বাৰ্ষিক ৰেলীত নিজৰ ক্ৰীড়া দক্ষতা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল, যিয়ে ক্লাবটোক পাহলৱী শাসনৰ সৈতে জড়িত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Fringe Nations in World Soccer|author=Kausik Bandyopadhyay |author2=Sabyasachi Mallick |page=87|isbn=978-1-317-99810-5|year=2013|publisher=Routledge}}&lt;/ref&gt; সেই সময়ত ইৰাণৰ আন এটা ফুটবল দলৰ সমৰ্থক আছিল ''তাজ আবাদান ফুটবল ক্লাব''। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Houchang E. Chehabi|title=A Political History of Football in Iran|journal=Iranian Studies|date=Autumn 2002|volume=35|issue=4|page=387|doi=10.1080/14660970600615328|s2cid=144616657}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
===পাইলট প্ৰশিক্ষণ===

তেওঁৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা &quot;ৰেজা পাহলৱী স্কুল&quot;ত পঢ়িছিল। ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত এখন ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় আছিল আৰু ইয়াত কেৱল ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালী আৰু দৰবাৰীসকলকহে নামভৰ্তি কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first1=Pete|last1=Axthelm|first2=Victoria|last2=Brynner|title=The Man Who Would Be Shah|url=https://people.com/archive/the-man-who-would-be-shah-vol-31-no-13/|volume=31|number=13|magazine=People|date=3 April 1989|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030458/https://people.com/archive/the-man-who-would-be-shah-vol-31-no-13/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ পাইলটৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰিছিল; ১১ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ প্ৰথম একক বিমান যাত্ৰা কৰে আৰু এবছৰৰ পাছত অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pahlavi recalls 'tremendous boost to my morale' during Air Force training in Lubbock|url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/news/local-news/2018-01-09/pahlavi-recalls-tremendous-boost-my-morale-during-air-force-training|work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]|date=9 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030431/https://www.lubbockonline.com/news/local-news/2018-01-09/pahlavi-recalls-tremendous-boost-my-morale-during-air-force-training|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ইম্পেৰিয়েল ইৰাণী বায়ুসেনাৰ কেডেট হিচাপে ১৯৭৮ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত তেওঁক পাইলটৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ অব্যাহত ৰাখিবলৈ আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হয়। টেক্সাছৰ লুবকৰ ওচৰৰ ৰিজ বায়ুসেনা ঘাটিত এবছৰীয়া পাইলট প্ৰশিক্ষণ কাৰ্যসূচীত নামভৰ্তি কৰা ৪৩ জন কেডেট পাইলটৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ অন্যতম। এই প্ৰশিক্ষণত চেছনা টি-৩৭ টুইটাৰ আৰু নৰ্থৰপ টি-৩৮ টেলনৰ দৰে উৰণীয়া বিমান অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ইৰাণী বিপ্লৱৰ বাবে তেওঁ ১৯৭৯ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত প্ৰায় চাৰি মাহ আগতে ঘাটি এৰি যায়। &lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Caprock Chronicles: Lubbock once home to crown prince of Iran|url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/caprock-chronicles/local-news/news/2018-02-10/caprock-chronicles-lubbock-once-home-crown-prince-iran|work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]] |date=10 February 2018|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082900/https://www.lubbockonline.com/caprock-chronicles/local-news/news/2018-02-10/caprock-chronicles-lubbock-once-home-crown-prince-iran|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে কঠোৰ নিৰাপত্তাৰ অধীনত মৰক্কোৰপৰা বাহামালৈ আৰু তাৰ পিছত মেক্সিকোলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে। 

===উচ্চ শিক্ষা ===

১৯৭৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত পাহলৱীয়ে উইলিয়ামছ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন আৰম্ভ কৰে,&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;/&gt; কিন্তু ১৯৮০ চনত উইলিয়ামছ কলেজত পঢ়া এৰি দিয়ে। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Empress Farah Dibah Pahlavi: My son may one day return to his country and take over his father's throne|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/07/23/Empress-Farah-Dibah-Pahlavi-widow-of-the-deposed-shah/3013459403200/|date=23 July 1984|access-date=25 January 2019|agency=United Press International}}&lt;/ref&gt; তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ কায়ৰোৰ আমেৰিকান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানৰ ছাত্ৰ হিচাপে নামভৰ্তি কৰে যদিও তেওঁৰ উপস্থিতি অনিয়মিত আছিল। খবৰ অনুসৰি ১৯৮১ চনত তেওঁ সেই পাঠ্যক্ৰম পৰিত্যাগ কৰি ইৰাণৰ অধ্যাপকৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত ব্যক্তিগত অধ্যয়ন অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল; সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ অধ্যয়নৰ মূল বিষয় আছিল পাৰ্চী সংস্কৃতি আৰু ইতিহাস, দৰ্শন আৰু ইৰাণৰ তেল সম্পদ।&lt;ref name=&quot;Berkshire&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Former Student Prince Aims at Iranian Throne|agency=United Press International|work=The Berkshire Eagle|location=Pittsfield, Massachusetts|date=6 August 1981|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

মৰক্কোত থকাৰ সময়ত পাহলৱীয়ে ১৯৮৫ চনত দক্ষিণ কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ডাকযোগে জৰিয়তে ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানত ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ৰেজা পাহলৱী নিজৰ মাতৃভাষাৰ উপৰি ইংৰাজী আৰু ফৰাচী ভাষাতো সাৱলীল। 

===উত্তৰাধিকাৰ===
প্ৰয়াত পিতৃৰ পিছত ৰাজপাটত বহাৰ শাৰীত প্ৰথম ৰেজা পাহলৱী। ২০১১ চনত আত্মহত্যা নকৰালৈকে তেওঁৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভাতৃ আলী-ৰেজাই দ্বিতীয় স্থানত আছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040830,00.html |title=Iran Reacts to Suicide of the Shah's Son |date=5 January 2011 |magazine=Time |access-date=22 May 2019 |quote=Pahlavi's older brother Reza, first in line to the throne |last1=Moaveni |first1=Azadeh |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518135938/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040830,00.html |url-status=live |archivedate=18 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518135938/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2040830,00.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন ==
[[File:Pahlavi family coronation (cropped).jpg|thumb|268x268px|১৯৬৭ চনত পিতৃৰ ৰাজ অভিষেকত পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে ৰেজা পাহলৱী। ]] 

===সম্পৰ্ক আৰু বিবাহ===

১৯৭৮ চনৰ পিপল আলোচনীৰ এটা প্ৰবন্ধ অনুসৰি ৰোমত লগ পোৱা এগৰাকী &quot;সোণালী চুলিৰ, নীলা চকুৰ ছুইডিছ মডেল&quot;ৰ সৈতে পাহলৱীৰ ৰোমাণ্টিক সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। একেটা প্ৰকাশনেই তেওঁ টেক্সাছৰ লুবকত প্ৰেমিকাৰ সৈতে বাস কৰা বুলিও প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। ১৯৮০ চনলৈকে তেওঁৰ এগৰাকী ইজিপ্তৰ প্ৰেমিকা আছিল যি কায়ৰোৰ আমেৰিকান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰী আছিল; তেওঁক দেহৰক্ষীয়ে &quot;পহৰা&quot; দিছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=A Shah-in-Training Learns About Air Force Tradition and Sweet Texas Accents|url=https://people.com/archive/a-shah-in-training-learns-about-air-force-tradition-and-sweet-texas-accents-vol-10-no-15/|last1=Demaret|first1=Kent|last2=Williams|first2=Keith|date=9 October 1978|access-date=25 January 2019|work=People}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

১৯৮৫ চনৰ আশে-পাশে পাহলৱীয়ে ইয়াছমিন এতমাদ-আমিনিৰ সৈতে প্ৰেমৰ সম্পৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Shah Without a Country|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/05/21/the-shah-without-a-country/f0faf362-f2c1-4a3b-83e5-25ef1b0ecb87|last1=Hall|first1=Carla|date=21 May 1989|access-date=25 January 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/05/21/the-shah-without-a-country/f0faf362-f2c1-4a3b-83e5-25ef1b0ecb87/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৮৬ চনৰ ১২ জুনত কানেকটিকাটৰ গ্ৰীণউইচত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ হয়; সেই সময়ত পাহলৱীৰ বয়স আছিল ২৫ আৰু ইয়াছমিনৰ বয়স আছিল ১৭।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pahlavi|first=Farah|year=2003|title=Kohan Diārā|script-title=fa:کهن دیارا|publisher=Farzad|language=Persian|page=462}}&lt;/ref&gt; দম্পতীহালৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যা আছে: নূৰ জাহৰা (জন্ম ৩ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৯২), ইমান লয়া (জন্ম ১২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৯৩), আৰু ফাৰাহ মিত্ৰ (জন্ম ১৭ জানুৱাৰী ২০০৪)।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independentpersian.com/node/94311/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D8%B4%D8%B5%D8%AA%25E2%2580%258C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%25E2%2580%258C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|title=شصت‌سالگی شاهزاده رضا پهلوی و چشم‌انداز حضور زنان در آینده ایران |trans-title=The Sixtieth Anniversary of Prince Reza Pahlavi and the Prospects for Women's Presence in the Future of Iran |work=Independent Farsi|first=Camelia|last=Fard|date=28 October 2020|access-date=11 January 2026|language=Persian}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২৫ চনত ইমানে ইহুদী-আমেৰিকান ব্যৱসায়ী ব্ৰেডলি শ্বাৰমানক বিয়া কৰায়; শ্বাৰমান ড্ৰোন ভিত্তিক সামগ্ৰী যোগানকাৰী মেটাৰনেটৰ অংশীদাৰিত্বৰ মুৰব্বী।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Jordan |first=Eliana |title=Who is Bradley Sherman, the Jewish husband of an Iranian princess? |work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]] |date=11 June 2025 |accessdate=16 January 2026 |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/who-is-bradley-sherman-the-jewish-husband-of-an-iranian-princess-fjys1bgv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০০৪ চনত পাহলৱীক বেলজিয়ামৰ ৰজা দ্বিতীয় এলবাৰ্টৰ অষ্টম নাতিনী ৰাজকুমাৰী লুইজৰ &quot;বেচৰকাৰী গডফাদাৰ&quot; হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;The [[Roman Catholic Church]], the Church of the child being baptized, does not accept non-Catholics as godparents, given the religious nature of the role, so Pahlavi's role was downgraded to unofficial, not formal. {{cite web|last=Kadivar|first=Darius|title=ROYAL CURTSY: Crown Prince Reza Godfather to Belgium's Prince Prince Laurent's Daughter|url=http://iranian.com/main/blog/darius-kadivar/royal-curtsy-crown-prince-reza-godfather-belgiums-prince-prince-laurents-daughte.html|publisher=Iranian.com: Persian Realm|access-date=4 October 2017|archive-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219090456/http://iranian.com/main/blog/darius-kadivar/royal-curtsy-crown-prince-reza-godfather-belgiums-prince-prince-laurents-daughte.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==সন্মান==
=== ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ===
* [[File:Order of Pahlavi (Iran).gif|60px]]ছ'ভাৰেইন এণ্ড গ্ৰেণ্ড কলাৰ অৱ দ্য অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ পাহলাভি (২৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৬৭, ইৰাণ) 
* [[File:Mohammad_Rezā_Shāh_Pahlavi_Coronation_Medal_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg|60px]] মহম্মদ ৰেজা শ্বাহ পাহলৱী ৰাজ অভিষেক পদক (২৬ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৬৭, ইৰাণ) 
* [[File:25th_Centennial_Anniversary_Medal_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg|60px]] ২৫বছৰীয়া শতবাৰ্ষিকী পদক (১৪ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৭১, ইৰাণ) 
* [[File:Persepolis_Medal's_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg|60px]] পাৰ্চেপলিছ পদক (১৫ অক্টোবৰ ১৯৭১, ইৰাণ)

=== বিদেশী ===
* [[File:Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg|60px]] নাইট অৱ দ্য ৰয়েল অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য চেৰাফিম (২৪ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৭০, ছুইডেন) 
* [[File:Cordone di gran Croce di Gran Cordone OMRI BAR.svg|60px]] ইটালিয়ান ৰিপাব্লিকৰ অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ মেৰিটৰ নাইট গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ (১৫ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৭৪, ইটালী) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/35145 | title = REZA S.A.I. Ciro decorato di Gran Cordone | language = it | access-date = 16 October 2012 | archive-date = 20 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210820112538/https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/35145 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg|60px]] নাইট অৱ দ্য কলাৰ অৱ দ্য ৰয়েল অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ইছাবেলা দ্য কেথলিক (১৯ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৭৫, স্পেইন) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1975/04/22/pdfs/A08445-08445.pdf|title=Boletín Oficial del Estado|access-date=18 July 2013|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415044015/https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1975/04/22/pdfs/A08445-08445.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;ৈ
* [[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|60px]]গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অৱ দ্য নেচনেল অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য লিজিয়ন অৱ অনাৰ (১৪ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৭৬, ফ্ৰান্স) 
* [[File:AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class BAR.svg|60px]]গ্ৰেণ্ড ষ্টাৰ অৱ দ্য ডেকোৰেচন অৱ অনাৰ ফৰ চাৰ্ভিচ টু দ্য ৰিপাব্লিক অৱ অষ্ট্ৰিয়া (১৯৭৬, অষ্ট্ৰিয়া) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question | language = de | page = 458 | access-date = 16 October 2012 | archive-date = 22 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200522081548/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File: Royal_Order_of_the_Drum_(Rwanda)_-_ribbon_bar.gif|60px]] গ্ৰেণ্ড কলাৰ অৱ দ্য ৰয়েল অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য ড্ৰাম (ৰুৱাণ্ডা) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://king-kigeli.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725120712/http://king-kigeli.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 July 2011|title=King Kigeli|website=King Kigeli|access-date=30 May 2026|archivedate=25 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725120712/http://king-kigeli.org/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg|60px]]নাইট অৱ দ্য ছুপ্ৰিম অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য মষ্ট হলি এনাউন্সেচন (২৬ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৩, হাউচ অৱ চেভয়) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/site/wp-content/uploads/ELENCO_Ordine-Santissima-Annunziata_21.07.2023.pdf.|title=Elenco dei Cavalieri dell'Ordine supremo della Santissima Annunziata|access-date=21 November 2023|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615205026/https://www.ordinidinasticicasasavoia.it/site/wp-content/uploads/ELENCO_Ordine-Santissima-Annunziata_21.07.2023.pdf.|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===অন্যান্য স্বীকৃতি ===
*ৰেডিঅ' ফাৰ্দাৰ বছৰৰ ব্যক্তি অনলাইন সমীক্ষা (২০ মাৰ্চ ২০১১) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=RFE/RL|title=Farda Audience Picks Late Shah's Son As Iran's Person of the Year|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/farda_audience_late_shah_pahlavi_son_iran_person_of_year/24523974.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=22 March 2012|archive-date=6 October 2014|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074727/http://www.rferl.org/content/farda_audience_late_shah_pahlavi_son_iran_person_of_year/24523974.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*মেয়ৰ জন এ মিৰিচৰপৰা বেভাৰলী হিলছ চহৰৰ &quot;কি টু দ্য চিটি&quot; গ্ৰহণ (২৩ জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৭, লছ এঞ্জেলছ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Victoria |last=Talbot |url=http://bhcourier.com/beverly-hills-news-iranian-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-seeks-support-for-peaceful-revolution/ |title=Beverly Hills News – Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi Seeks Support For Peaceful Revolution |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110428/http://bhcourier.com/beverly-hills-news-iranian-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-seeks-support-for-peaceful-revolution/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110428/http://bhcourier.com/beverly-hills-news-iranian-crown-prince-reza-pahlavi-seeks-support-for-peaceful-revolution/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUbst7VOb2c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/sUbst7VOb2c |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=The Mayor of Beverly Hills Presenting the Key to the City to The Crown Prince of Iran Reza Pahlavi |via=YouTube |date=January 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী==
*''Gozashteh va Ayandeh'', London: Kayham Publishing, 2000. (in Persian)
*''Winds of Change: The Future of Democracy in Iran'', [[Regnery Publishing]] Inc., 2002, {{ISBN|0-89526-191-X}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.meforum.org/articles/2007/winds-of-change-the-future-of-democracy-in-iran|title=Winds of Change: The Future of Democracy in Iran|date=1 June 2002|access-date=5 September 2018|journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]]|volume=14|issue=1|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905180153/https://www.meforum.org/articles/2007/winds-of-change-the-future-of-democracy-in-iran|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Iran: L'Heure du Choix'', Denoël, 2009. (in French)

== টোকা ==
{{Notelist}}

==তথ্যৰ উৎস==
{{reflist}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
* {{official website|https://www.rezapahlavi.org/}}
* {{C-SPAN|5960}}


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pahlavi, Reza}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:শাসক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰাণৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজনীতিবিদ]]</text>
      <sha1>nujo3s592y2siib1l6egr68ca9irh40</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>আমীৰ হাছান ছেহেলতান</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610882</id>
      <parentid>610132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T23:44:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10383" sha1="gp5spgcyr9iki9s53ffi8c9nm2vb076" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Iranian writer (born 1956)}}
[[File:Amir Hassan Cheheltan.jpg|thumb|আমিৰ হাছান চেহেলতান ]]
'''আমিৰ হাছান চেহেলতান ({{lang-en| Amir Hassan Cheheltan}})'''; (জন্ম ১৯৫৬) এজন ইৰাণী লেখক। তেওঁৰ ১২খন উপন্যাস, ছটা খণ্ডৰ চুটিগল্প আৰু ইয়াৰ এখন চিত্ৰনাট্য ইৰাণত নিষিদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ বহুতো গ্ৰন্থ [[ইংৰাজী]], [[জাৰ্মান]], ইটালীয়, নৰৱেজিয়ান, লিথুৱেনিয়ান, [[আৰবী]] আৰু হিব্ৰুলৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। 
==জীৱনী==
১৯৫৬ চনত তেহৰাণত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা চেহেলটানৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ ধ্ৰুপদী পাৰ্চী সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amir Hassan Cheheltan — internationales literaturfestival berlin|url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren/autoren-2009/amir-hassan-cheheltan|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.literaturfestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;হাইস্কুল শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ইলেক্ট্ৰিকেল ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং অধ্যয়ন কৰে আৰু ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ইৰাণী বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত তেওঁ অধ্যয়ন অব্যাহত ৰাখিবলৈ গ্ৰেট ব্ৰিটেইনলৈ গুচি যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; পঢ়া-শুনা সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পাছত ইৰাণ–ইৰাক যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত তেওঁ সেনাবাহিনীত সেৱা আগবঢ়াইছিল। &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stipendiaten Details – VATMH (de)|url=https://www.vatmh.org/de/stipendiaten-details/grant/41-amir-hassan-cheheltan.html|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.vatmh.org|archivedate=2021-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225235659/https://www.vatmh.org/de/stipendiaten-details/grant/41-amir-hassan-cheheltan.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সাহিত্যিক জীৱন ==

তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম গ্ৰন্থ আছিল গল্প সংকলন ছিগেহ (অস্থায়ী পত্নী) যি ১৯৭৬ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। দেশৰ বুদ্ধিজীৱীসকলৰ বাবে কঠিন পৰিস্থিতিৰ বাবে ১৯৯৯ চনত ইৰাণৰপৰা পলায়ন কৰি দুবছৰৰ পাছত উভতি আহে। &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; কেইবাবছৰ ধৰি বাৰ্লিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাহিত্য মহোৎসৱৰ অতিথি হিচাপে কাম কৰি আহিছে &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ জাৰ্মান কাকত যেনে ফ্ৰেংকফৰ্টৰ আলজেমেইন জাইটুং আৰু ছুড'চে চাইটুংত প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vahabzadeh|first=Susan|title=Zwischen den Zeilen|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/schriftsteller-amir-hassan-cheheltan-zwischen-den-zeilen-1.2765806|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=3 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; জাৰ্মান হাইনৰিখ বল ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন, বেলজিয়ামৰ লেইডেনহাউছ[1] আৰু কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ ভিলা অৰোৰাৰপৰা বৃত্তি লাভ কৰিছে। 

আমীৰ হাছানৰ উপন্যাস ''তেহৰাণ, চিটি উইদাউট এ স্কাই'' (২০০১) ত এজন ব্যক্তিৰ উত্থানৰ কথা কোৱা হৈছে যিয়ে এজন পতিতালয়ৰ মালিকৰ নিষ্ঠুৰ সহযোগীৰ পৰা ইছলামিক বিপ্লৱক সমৰ্থন কৰা আৰু ক'লা বজাৰত ধন ঘটাৰ ব্যৱসায়ীলৈ উত্থান ঘটায়।

''এ লাভ ইন কায়ৰো'' (২০২২) কায়ৰোত [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ এজন ৰাষ্ট্ৰদূত ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা ইহুদী মহিলাৰ প্ৰেমত পৰাৰ বিষয়ে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। লগতে উপন্যাসখনত মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্যৰ সংঘাতৰ শিপা পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছে।
==বিদেশত কটোৱা সময়==
১৯৭৭ চনৰ পৰা চেহেলটানে ইৰাণী লেখক সংস্থাত সক্ৰিয় হৈ আছিল, ২০০১ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৪ চনলৈকে ইয়াৰ ব’ৰ্ডৰ অন্যতম সদস্য হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।“ইৰাণৰ শৃংখলাবদ্ধ হত্যাকাণ্ড” নামেৰে জনাজাত সময়ছোৱাত ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত হোৱা দুটা হত্যাকাণ্ডৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱাৰ পিছত লেখকে ইৰাণ এৰি  [[ইটালী]] লৈ গুচি যায়।  আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় লেখক সংসদে (আই পি ডব্লিউ) প্ৰদান কৰা ষ্টাইপেণ্ডিয়ামৰ বাবেই চেহেলটানে ১৯৯৯-২০০১ চনটো ইটালীৰ চেৰটাল্ডোত বাসগৃহত লেখক হিচাপে পত্নী আৰু সন্তানৰ সৈতে কটায়।  তাত থকাৰ সময়তে তেওঁ লিখিছিল ''তেহৰাণ উইদাউট এ ষ্কাই'' (“তেহৰাণ, আকাশবিহীন চহৰ”&lt;ref&gt;AmirHassan Cheheltan
http://www.cheheltan.net
AmirHassan Cheheltan Official Website - AmirHassan Cheheltan &lt;/ref&gt;

==কৰ্মৰাজি==

===উপন্যাস===
* ''দ্য মৌৰনিং অৱ কাছিম'', নাউ, তেহৰাণ, ১৯৮৪ চন
* ''হল অৱ মিৰৰ'', বেহ নগৰ, তেহৰান,১৯৯১
* ''তেহৰান,চিটি উইদাউট স্কাই'', নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ২০০২
* ''লভ এণ্ড দ্য ইনকমপ্লিট ৱমেন'', নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ২০০৩। 
* ''ইৰানীয়ান ডন'', নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ২০০৫
* ''তেহৰান, ৰিভল্যুছন ষ্ট্ৰীট'', কিৰ্চহেইম, মিউনচেন, ২০০৯
* ''এমেৰিকান কিলিং ইন তেহৰান'', চি.এইচ. বেক, মিউনচেন, ২০১১
* ''দ্য কেলিগ্ৰাফাৰ অৱ ইছফাহান '', চি.এইচ. বেক, মিউনচেন, ২০১৫
* ''দ্য পাৰ্চিচটেণ্ট পেৰট'', মেথেছ এণ্ড চেইট্জ, বাৰ্লিন, ২০১৮
* ''দ্য চাৰ্কল অৱ লিটাৰেচাৰ লভাৰচ্‌'', চি.এইচ. বেক, মিউনচেন, ২০২০
* ''এ লভ ইন কাইৰো'', C.H. Beck, München, 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chbeck.de/cheheltan-hassan-liebe-kairo/product/32390691|title=Cheheltan, Amir Hassan &amp;#124; Eine Liebe in Kairo|website=www.chbeck.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===চুটি গল্প===
* ''টেম্পৰৰী ৱাইফ'', বু-আলি, তেহৰাণ, ১৯৭৬
* ''ৰৰেলিক ক্লথ অন দ্যা চ্ছ্ৰাৰাইন ষ্টিল গ্ৰীলৱৰ্ক'', ৰাৱাঘ, তেহৰাণ, ১৯৭৮
* ''ন ৱান কলড মি এনিম'ৰ'', নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ১৯৯৩
* ''নট লং ৰিমেইনচ টিল টুমৰো'',নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ১৯৯৮
* ''ফাইভ অ'ক্লক ইজ টু লেট টু ডাই'', নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ২০০২
* ''চেভেৰেল আনবিলিভিবল ট্ৰুথ'',নেগাহ, তেহৰাণ, ২০১৭ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://negahpub.com/book-authors/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%86/|title=موسسه انتشارات نگاه – اطلاع رسانی‌های انتشارات و فروش آنلاین کتاب|access-date=2026-05-30|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814153231/https://negahpub.com/book-authors/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%DA%86%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%86/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==বঁটা==
*২০২১ চনত ''দ্য চাৰ্কল অৱ লিটাৰেচাৰ লভাৰ্ছ''ৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাহিত্য বঁটা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/international-literature-award-honors-6-books/a-53686282|title=International Literature Award honors 6 books &amp;#124; DW &amp;#124; 04.06.2020|website=DW.COM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==তথ্যৰ উৎস ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#http://www.cheheltan.net
AmirHassan Cheheltan Official Website - AmirHassan Cheheltan
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheheltan, Amir Hassan}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰাণৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>gp5spgcyr9iki9s53ffi8c9nm2vb076</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইছমাইল বাৰাৰী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610893</id>
      <parentid>610170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T01:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8301" sha1="plkx9cv63rdsy0hk46m8t89xyi8xic9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = ইছমাইল বাৰাৰী
| native_name = اسماعیل براری
| image = اسماعیل براری.jpg
| caption = 
| birthname = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|10|26}}
| birth_place = বন্দৰ অঞ্জলি, [[ইৰান]]
| occupation = চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক
| years_active = ১৯৮৮–বৰ্তমান
| nationality = 
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| parents = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
}}
'''ইছমাইল বাৰাৰী''' ([[ফাৰ্চী]]: اسماعیل براری; জন্ম ১৯৬৫) এজন ইৰানী চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা, চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ, চলচ্চিত্ৰ সম্পাদক আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক। তেওঁ ৱৰ্ল্ড ইৰানীয়ান ফিল্ম চেণ্টাৰৰ পৰিচালক,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wifc.org/ |title=Home |website=wifc.org |access-date=2011-04-01 |archive-date=2010-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708220054/http://www.wifc.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ইৰানীয়ান চিনেমা প্ৰডিউচাৰ্ছ ইউনিয়নৰ এজন সদস্য আৰু ম’ষ্ট্ৰা ভেলেঞ্চিয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জুৰীৰ এজন সদস্য। 

== চলচ্চিত্ৰ কেৰিয়াৰ ==
ইছমাইল বাৰাৰীয়ে আৰ্ট ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিৰপৰা চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ১৯৮৮ চনত তেওঁৰ চুটি ছবি ''ৰিয়েকচন''-এ তেহৰানৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ছাত্ৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত শীৰ্ষ বঁটা আৰু ১৯৮৯ চনৰ এবেনচি ফেষ্টিভেল অৱ নেচনছত ৰূপৰ ফলক লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ আন কেইখনমান চুটি ছবি হৈছে ''নাদেৰ্ছ গিফ্ট'' (১৯৮৯) আৰু ''লোনলিনেশ্য এণ্ড দি ক’ল্ড'' (১৯৯০)। এই ''লোনলিনেশ্য এণ্ড দি ক’ল্ড'' ছবিখন এফআইপিএ কান-৯১ ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল আৰু ৫ম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিশু আৰু যুৱ প্ৰজন্মৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু ভিডিঅ’ মহোৎসৱত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ গোল্ডেন বাটাৰফ্লাই বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। এতিয়ালৈকে তেওঁ ২০খনতকৈও অধিক পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য ছবি, তথ্যচিত্ৰ, চুটি ছবি আৰু টিভি ধাৰাবাহিক নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ অনুজ ভাতৃ আহমদ বাৰাৰী কানাডাৰ ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি অৱ ওণ্টাৰিও ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন’লজীৰ যান্ত্ৰিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিভাগৰ এজন অধ্যাপক। 

== চিনেমেটিক শৈলী ==
বাৰাৰী আধুনিক ইৰানী চিনেমাৰ এজন চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা, যিটো ১৯৮০ৰ দশকত আৰম্ভ হোৱা এটা পাৰ্চী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আন্দোলন আছিল। এই আন্দোলনত মহচেন মাখমালবাফ, আমিৰ নাদেৰি, আবুলফজল জলিলী, জাফৰ পানাহী, বাহমান ঘোবাদী, ৰাখচান বাণী-এতেমাদ আৰু মজিদ মজিদীৰ দৰে অগ্ৰগামী পৰিচালকসকল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। এই চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতাসকলে ডকুমেণ্টৰী শৈলীৰ আখ্যানমূলক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ জৰিয়তে ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু দৰ্শনৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহ উপস্থাপন কৰিবলৈ কাব্যিক সংলাপ আৰু ৰূপকধৰ্মী কাহিনী কথন পদ্ধতিৰ দৰে বহুতো উমৈহতীয়া কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 

বাৰাৰীৰ কৰ্মৰাজিত তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা মৰ্তেজা অভিনী আৰু আখ্যানমূলক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক আব্বাছ কিয়াৰোস্তামীৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। কিয়াৰোস্তামী মূলতঃ শিশু চৰিত্ৰক মূল নায়ক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা, ডকুমেণ্টৰী শৈলীৰ আখ্যানমূলক চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কাহিনী বাছনি কৰা আৰু এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট স্থানত স্থাপন কৰা কেমেৰা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গাড়ীৰ ভিতৰত হোৱা কথোপকথনসমূহ চিত্ৰায়িত কৰাৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত আছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰি বাৰাৰী তেওঁৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ সংলাপ, শিৰোনাম আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুত সমসাময়িক ইৰানী কবিতা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত। 

&quot;বাৰাৰী হৈছে কিয়াৰোস্তামী আৰু হিচককৰ এক স্পষ্ট প্ৰতিচ্ছবি!&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Dead Heat under the Shrubs at 2005 Indianapolis International Film Festival
|url=http://indyfilmfest.org/2005competition.html
|access-date=2011-04-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208115613/http://indyfilmfest.org/2005competition.html
|archive-date=2009-02-08
|url-status=dead
|archivedate=2009-02-08
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208115613/http://indyfilmfest.org/2005competition.html
|deadurl=yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Iranian Film Center|url=http://www.wifc.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=92:barari-is-the-unvarnished-offspring-of-kiarostami-and-hitchcock&amp;catid=34:demo-category|publisher=2005 Indianapolis International Film Festival lineup|access-date=2011-04-01|archive-date=2024-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902221822/http://www.wifc.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=92:barari-is-the-unvarnished-offspring-of-kiarostami-and-hitchcock&amp;catid=34:demo-category|url-status=dead|archivedate=2024-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902221822/http://www.wifc.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=92:barari-is-the-unvarnished-offspring-of-kiarostami-and-hitchcock&amp;catid=34:demo-category|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 
{{Reflist}} 

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
* {{IMDb name|1823197|Esmael Barari}}
*[http://www.wifc.org World Iranian Film Center] Official Website

{{Commons}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰানৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক]]</text>
      <sha1>plkx9cv63rdsy0hk46m8t89xyi8xic9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ইৰাজ ঘাদেৰী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610914</id>
      <parentid>610594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:29:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5150" sha1="odnnxnki0nkqkfnhuz15ow89r9s5j81" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = ইৰাজ ঘাদেৰি
| native_name = ایرج قادری
| image = Iraj Ghaderi.jpg
| image_size = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|4|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[তেহৰাণ]], [[ইৰান]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|5|6|1934|4|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[তেহৰাণ]], [[ইৰান]]
| birth_name = আমিৰ ইৰাজ ঘাদেৰি
| occupation = অভিনেতা, চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু পেনোৰামা ফিল্মছৰ পৰিচালন সঞ্চালক (প্ৰথম ইৰানীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক আৰু বিতৰক কোম্পানী)
| years_active = ১৯৫৬–২০১০
| spouse = হোমা ঘাদেৰি (মেহমুদী)
| partner = ফাতেমেহ মেহমুদী (১৯৫০–১৯৫৩)
| children = ৩
}}

'''ইৰাজ ঘাদেৰি''' (জন্ম: ১৭ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৩৪ – মৃত্যু: ৬ মে’, ২০১২) এগৰাকী ইৰানীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক আৰু অভিনেতা আছিল। তেওঁ ফাৰ্মাচিষ্ট হ’বলৈ অলপ দিন অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল, কিন্তু সোনকালেই কলেজ এৰি দিয়ে। ২০১২ চনৰ ৬ মে’ত ৭৭ বছৰ বয়সত [[তেহৰাণ]]ত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nabz.com/news/iranian-director-iraj-ghaderi-dies|title=Iranian director Iraj Ghaderi dies|publisher=Nabz.com|accessdate=2012-05-07|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713173539/http://nabz.com/news/iranian-director-iraj-ghaderi-dies|archivedate=2012-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=.: Iranian Movie DataBase ايرج قادري :.|url=http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138112190027|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.sourehcinema.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ایرج قادری {{!}} بیوگرافی + عکس‌های ایرج قادری {{!}} سلام‌سینما|url=https://salamcinama.ir/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.salamcinama.ir|archivedate=2025-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719091305/https://salamcinama.ir/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1391|title=ایرج قادری درگذشت|url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/242659|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Tabnak|language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জীৱন ==
ইৰাজ ঘাদেৰিয়ে ফাৰ্মাক’লজী অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল কিন্তু পাঠ্যক্ৰম শেষ কৰা নাছিল। ১৯৫৬ চনত চামুৱেল খাচিকিয়ানৰ ''ইণ্টাৰচেকশ্বন এক্সিডেণ্টছ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰখনত অভিনয় কৰাৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁৰ শৈল্পিক কৰ্মজীৱন আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ মুছা আফছাৰৰ সৈতে লগ লাগি 'পেনোৰামা' নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ কোম্পানীটো প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰাক-বিপ্লৱকালীন ইৰানীয় চিনেমাৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা হিচাপে সততে পৰিচিত ঘাদেৰিয়ে ১৯৮৫ চনত মুক্তি পোৱা ''তাৰাজ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ জৰিয়তে বিপ্লৱৰ পিছতো চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। 
== মৃত্যু ==
২০১২ চনৰ মে’ মাহত হাওঁফাওঁৰ কৰ্কট ৰোগৰ বাবে স্বাস্থ্যৰ অৱনতি ঘটাত ইৰাজ ঘাদেৰিক মেহৰদাদ হাস্পতালত ভৰ্তি কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ অলপ দিনৰ পিছত ৬ মে’ত তেওঁ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। তেওঁক কাৰাজৰ বেহেষ্ট-এ চাকিনেহ কবৰস্থানত মৈদাম দিয়া হয়। 

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 
{{Reflist}} 

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{IMDb name|0994308}}
* [http://www.bartarinha.ir/fa/news/22966/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA ایرج قادری درگذشت]

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰানৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অভিনেতা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক]]</text>
      <sha1>odnnxnki0nkqkfnhuz15ow89r9s5j81</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>আলীৰেজা গাছেমী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610883</id>
      <parentid>610610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:10:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7328" sha1="cjmtoz3vjry1f4cjdibvqnb5mrrxteq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = আলীৰেজা গাছেমী
| image = علیرضا قاسمی - Alireza Ghasemi.jpg
| native_name = علیرضا قاسمی
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[তেহৰাণ]], [[ইৰান]]
| education = তেহৰাণ কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| occupation = চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা
}}
'''আলীৰেজা গাছেমী''' (জন্ম: ১৯৯০) এগৰাকী ইৰানীয় চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ, চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰযোজক। তেওঁ মূলতঃ ''ইন দা লেণ্ড অৱ ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ'' চলচ্চিত্ৰখন পৰিচালনা কৰাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁ ছাণ্ডান্স চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত পৰিচালনাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=2024 Sundance Film Festival Announces Award Winners - sundance.org |url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/2024-sundance-film-festival-announces-award-winners/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
গাছেমীয়ে তেহৰাণ কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে, য’ত তেওঁ চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তেওঁ জাৰ্মানীৰ ফিল্ম একাডেমী বাডেন-ৱুৰ্টেমবাৰ্গত অধ্যয়ন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alireza Ghasemi - Locarno Festival|url=https://www.locarnofestival.ch/pardo/Locarno-Young/Locarno-Academy/critics-academy/past-editions/Critics-2019/alireza-ghasemi.html|access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2021-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205172543/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/pardo/Locarno-Young/Locarno-Academy/critics-academy/past-editions/Critics-2019/alireza-ghasemi.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205172543/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/pardo/Locarno-Young/Locarno-Academy/critics-academy/past-editions/Critics-2019/alireza-ghasemi.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ কান চিনেমা ডি ডেমেইন (২০১৮) আৰু বাৰ্লিনেল টেলেণ্টছ (২০২২)-ৰ এজন প্ৰাক্তন ছাত্ৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berlinale Talents - Alireza Ghasemi |url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/alireza-ghasemi2/profile |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Berlinale Talents |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== কৰ্মজীৱন ==
গাছেমীয়ে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''লাঞ্চ টাইম'' (২০১৭)-ৰ জৰিয়তে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে, যিখন ৭০সংখ্যক কান চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ পাম ডি অ’ৰ বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল। পিছলৈ তেওঁ কেইবাখনো হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালনা আৰু সহ-লেখন কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ''বেটাৰ দেন নীল আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং'' (২০১৯), ''এক্সট্ৰা চচ'' (২০২০) আৰু ''ছলাৰ ইক্লিপ্স'' (২০২১)। এই কৰ্মৰাজি বহুতো চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ অভিনৱ কাহিনীভাগ আৰু বিষয়-বস্তুৰ গভীৰতাৰ বাবে সমালোচকৰ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰিছিল। 

চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ উপৰি গাছেমী চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ আয়োজনৰ সৈতেও সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে জড়িত আছিল। তেওঁ ২০১৪ চনত ১১সংখ্যক নাহাল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ পৰিচালক হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল আৰু ২০১৫ চনত গ্ল’ব আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰ্বাক চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=1st Tehran Intl. Silent filmfest. kicks off |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/116220/1st-Tehran-Intl-Silent-filmfest-kicks-off |accessdate=18 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০২১ চনত তেওঁক ইৰানীয় হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ একাডেমী বঁটা (আইএছএফএ বঁটা)-ৰ পৰিচালক হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে ইৰানত হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতাসকলৰ স্বীকৃতিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অধিক অৱদান যোগায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran short filmfest picks secretary |url=https://en.ifilmtv.ir/News/Content/28056/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=ifilm-آیفیلم |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''ইন দা লেণ্ড অৱ ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছ'' (২০২৪) ছাণ্ডান্স চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হয় আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড চিনেমা প্ৰতিযোগিতা শাখাত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালনাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elfadl |first=Murtada |date=2024-01-28 |title='In the Land of Brothers' Review: An Assured Debut From Iranian Filmmakers Raha Amirfazli and Alireza Ghasemi |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/in-the-land-of-brothers-review-1235889900/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 
{{Reflist}} 

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
*{{IMDb name|8517859|Alireza Ghasemi}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰানৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰনাট্য লেখক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক]]</text>
      <sha1>cjmtoz3vjry1f4cjdibvqnb5mrrxteq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৰামিন বাহৰানী</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610828</id>
      <parentid>610623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:34:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17444" sha1="5bnaxox0a7d8qq1p7ghgoq4bbcsel7c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = ৰামিন বাহৰানী
| image              = Ramin Bahrani, 2014 Venice International Film Festival.jpg
| caption            = ২০১৪ চনৰ ভেনিছ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত বাহৰানী
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|3|20}}
| birth_place        = ৱিনষ্টন-চালেম, উত্তৰ কেৰোলিনা, [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]
| alma_mater         = কলম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| occupation         = পৰিচালক, লেখক, প্ৰযোজক
| years_active       = ২০০৫–বৰ্তমান
| spouse             = 
}}

'''ৰামিন বাহৰানী''' ([[ফাৰ্চী]]: رامین بحرانی; জন্ম: ২০ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৭৫) এজন আমেৰিকান পৰিচালক আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ। চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমালোচক ৰজাৰ ইবাৰ্টে বাহৰানীৰ ''চপ শ্বপ'' (২০০৭) ছবিখনক ২০০০ দশকৰ ষষ্ঠ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবি হিচাপে স্থান দিছিল আৰু তেওঁক দশকটোৰ নতুন পৰিচালক বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|url=http://suntimes.com|title=Roger Ebert's Journal|publisher=://suntimes.com|date=22 March 2009|access-date=9 November 2013|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117132832/http://suntimes.com|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; বাহৰানীয়ে ২০০৯ চনৰ গুগেনহাইম ফেলোশ্বিপ লাভ কৰিছিল। বাহৰানী তেওঁৰ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠান কলম্বিয়া ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি স্কুল অৱ দি আৰ্টছৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালনাৰ এজন অধ্যাপক।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://columbia.edu |title=Ramin Bahrani | Columbia University School of the Arts |access-date=2012-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128054014/http://columbia.edu |archive-date=2012-01-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০আই১ চনত বাহৰানীয়ে ''দা হোৱাইট টাইগাৰ'' ছবিৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিযোজিত চিত্ৰনাট্যৰ একাডেমী বঁটা (অস্কাৰ) ৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;oscar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Whitten|date=15 March 2021|title=Here is the complete list of Oscar nominees for 2021|url=https://cnbc.com |publisher=CNBC|access-date=18 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ বাফটা আৰু প্ৰাইমটাইম এমি বঁটাৰ বাবেও মনোনীত হৈছে।

== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা ==
বাহৰানীৰ জন্ম উত্তৰ কেৰোলিনাৰ ৱিনষ্টন-চালেমত হৈছিল। তেওঁ ইৰানীয় প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ পুত্ৰ আছিল। মূলতঃ চিৰাজৰ বাসিন্দা তেওঁৰ পিতৃয়ে তেওঁক প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত হাফেজৰ কাব্যিক সৃষ্টিৰাজিৰ সৈতে চিনাকি কৰাই দিছিল আৰু কলাৰ প্ৰতি থকা তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহক আগবঢ়াই নিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;pay and&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/may/1078.html|title=&quot;The New Great American Director&quot;- Iranian American Ramin Bahrani|website=www.payvand.com|access-date=2020-02-17|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115070032/http://www.payvand.com/news/09/may/1078.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2020-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115070032/http://www.payvand.com/news/09/may/1078.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ ১৯৯৬ চনত কলম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা কলা শাখাৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AitN: July 16, 2018|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/latest/alumni-news/aitn-july-16-2018|access-date=December 21, 2020|website=Columbia College Today|date=12 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; বাহৰানীয়ে ইৰানতো চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু কলেজৰ শিক্ষা সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে পেৰিছত বসবাস কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Walters |first=Ben |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/mar/04/ramin-bahrani|title=Ben Walters meets Ramin Bahrani, the chronicler of the new American reality|date=2009-03-04|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-17|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== কৰ্মজীৱন ==
বাহৰানীৰ প্ৰথম পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''ম্যান পুশ কাৰ্ট'' (২০০৫)-ৰ ভেনিছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰিমিয়াৰ হৈছিল আৰু ২০০৬ চনত ছাণ্ডান্স চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। চিনেমাখনে দহটাতকৈও অধিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰে, বিশ্বজুৰি মুক্তি পায় আৰু তিনিটা ইণ্ডিপেণ্ডেন্ট স্পীৰিট বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়।

বাহৰানীৰ দ্বিতীয়খন ছবি ''চপ শ্বপ'' (২০০৭)-ৰ কান আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ ডিৰেক্টৰ্ছ ফৰ্টনাইটত প্ৰিমিয়াৰ হৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত ছবিগৃহত মুক্তি পোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে টৰণ্টো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ (২০০৭) আৰু বাৰ্লিন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ (২০০৮)-ত ই প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল আৰু বহুল তথা ইতিবাচক সমীক্ষা লাভ কৰিছিল। বাহৰানীয়ে ২০০৭ চনৰ ইণ্ডিপেণ্ডেন্ট স্পীৰিট 'চামৱান টু ৱাচ বঁটা' লাভ কৰে আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ ইণ্ডিপেণ্ডেন্ট স্পীৰিট শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালকৰ বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiritawards.com/nomination/ramin-bahrani Bahrani at SpiritAwards.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206102531/http://www.spiritawards.com/nomination/ramin-bahrani|date=6 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''গুডবাই চলো'' নামৰ বাহৰানীৰ তৃতীয়খন পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ ভেনিছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ (২০০৮)-ৰ এক চৰকাৰী বাছনি হিচাপে প্ৰিমিয়াৰ হৈছিল, য’ত ই শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছবিৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ সমালোচকৰ 'ফি প্ৰেছকী বঁটা' লাভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fipresci.org/awards/awards/awards_2008.htm#venice |title=Fipresci.Org|publisher=Fipresci.Org|access-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008115307/http://www.fipresci.org/awards/awards/awards_2008.htm#venice|archive-date=8 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; পিছলৈ টৰণ্টো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ (২০০৮)-ত ইয়াৰ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tiff08.ca/filmsandschedules/films/goodbyesolo|title=Goodbye Solo at Toronto International Film Festival|publisher=Tiff08.ca|access-date=9 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; চিনেমাখনক ৰজাৰ ইবাৰ্ট আৰু দা নিউয়ৰ্ক টাইমছৰ এ. অ'. স্কটকে ধৰি বহুতো সমালোচকে এক &quot;শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/movies/27solo.html?8dpc Goodbye Solo: Movie Review] ''The New York Times''&lt;/ref&gt;

২০০৯ চনত তেওঁ ''প্লাষ্টিক বেগ'' নামেৰে এখন হ্ৰস্বদৈৰ্ঘ্য ছবি নিৰ্মাণ কৰে, য’ত জাৰ্মান চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাতা ৱাৰ্নাৰ হাৰ্জোগৰ কণ্ঠ আৰু চিলুৰ ৰোচ বেণ্ডৰ কিয়াৰ্টান চভেইনছনৰ সংগীত আছিল। ''প্লাষ্টিক বেগ''-ৰ ভেনিছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱৰ কৰ্টো কৰ্টিচিমোৰ মুকলি নিশাৰ ছবি হিচাপে প্ৰিমিয়াৰ হৈছিল, য’ত বাহৰানী শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰথম চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ জুৰী সদস্যও আছিল। পিছলৈ ই টেলুৰাইড আৰু নিউয়ৰ্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। ২০১২ চনত তেওঁ চিলুৰ ৰোচৰ এলবাম 'ভালটাৰি'-ৰ &quot;এগ আন্দা&quot; গীতটোৰ এটা মিউজিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰে।

বাহৰানীৰ চতুৰ্থখন পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''এট এনী প্ৰাইচ'' (২০১৩)-ত ডেনিছ কুৱেইড, জেক এফ্ৰন, হিদাৰ গ্ৰাহাম, কিম ডিকেন্স, ক্লেন্সী ব্ৰাউন আৰু চেলছী ৰছে অভিনয় কৰিছিল। ৬৯ সংখ্যক ভেনিছ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত গোল্ডেন লায়ন বঁটাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হ’বলৈ ইয়াক বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;labiennale&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/festival/lineup/off-sel/venezia69/|title=Venezia 69|access-date=26 July 2012|work=labiennale|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728223053/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/festival/lineup/off-sel/venezia69|archive-date=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; আপেক্ষিকভাৱে তাৰকা শিল্পীৰ উপস্থিতি আৰু ডেনিছ কুৱেইডৰ উল্লেখনীয় অভিনয় থকা সত্ত্বেও ছবিখনে বেছিভাগ সমালোচকৰ পৰা মিশ্ৰিত সমীক্ষা লাভ কৰে আৰু বক্স অফিচত ৫০০,০০০ ডলাৰতকৈ কম উপাৰ্জন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/at_any_price_2012/ | title=At Any Price (2013)| website=Rotten Tomatoes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

বাহৰানীৰ পঞ্চমখন পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''৯৯ হোমছ'' (২০১৫) ভেনিছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত শক্তিশালী সমীক্ষাৰে মুকলি হয় আৰু গোল্ডেন গ্ল’ব বঁটাৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়।

ৰেই ব্ৰেডবেৰীৰ ১৯৫৩ চনৰ একে নামৰ ডিষ্টোপিয়ান উপন্যাসৰ আধাৰত এইচবিঅ'-ৰ বাবে নিৰ্মিত বাহৰানীৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''ফাৰেনহেইট ৪৫১'' ২০১৮ চনৰ ১২ মে’ত মুক্তি পায় আৰু ই বেছিভাগেই নেতিবাচক সমীক্ষা লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fahrenheit_451/ | title=Fahrenheit 451| website=Rotten Tomatoes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiewire.com/2016/04/99-homes-director-ramin-bahrani-to-helm-fahrenheit-451-for-hbo-292612/|title='99 Homes' Director Ramin Bahrani To Helm 'Fahrenheit 451' For HBO|last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin|date=13 April 2016|publisher=IndieWire|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815104222/https://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/99-homes-director-ramin-bahrani-to-helm-fahrenheit-451-for-hbo-292612/|url-status=dead|archivedate=15 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815104222/https://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/99-homes-director-ramin-bahrani-to-helm-fahrenheit-451-for-hbo-292612/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Petski|first1=Denise |url=https://deadline.com/2017/08/fahrenheit-451-saad-siddiqui-cast-hbo-films-adaptation-1202142756/|title='Fahrenheit 451′: Saad Siddiqui Cast In HBO Films' Adaptation Of Bradbury Classic|date=4 August 2017|access-date=14 August 2017|publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC|website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২১ চনত তেওঁ অৰবিন্দ আদিগাৰ ২০০৮ চনৰ উপন্যাস ''দা হোৱাইট টাইগাৰ''-ক নেটফ্লিক্সত একে নামৰ এখন পূৰ্ণদৈৰ্ঘ্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ হিচাপে অভিযোজিত কৰে, যিখন সমালোচকৰ ইতিবাচক সঁহাৰি লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Del Rosario|first=Alexandra|date=2021-01-29|title='The White Tiger': Read The Screenplay For Ramin Bahrani's Rags-To-Riches Drama|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/the-white-tiger-screenplay-read-ramin-bahrani-script-1234681082/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ৯৩ সংখ্যক একাডেমী বঁটাত ছবিখনে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিযোজিত চিত্ৰনাট্যৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু ''দা ফাদাৰ'' ছবিৰ হাতত পৰাজিত হয়।

২০২৬ চনত নেটফ্লিক্সৰ বাবে গ্ৰাম্য টেক্সাছৰ পটভূমিত নিৰ্মিত নাৰী-প্ৰধান থ্ৰিলাৰ চিনেমা ''দা ৰেঞ্চাৰ''-ৰ পৰিচালক আৰু সহ-লেখক হিচাপে বাহৰানীৰ নাম ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। মেলানী টোষ্টৰ এক স্পেকৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এই ছবিখন আৰডিভি ফিল্মছৰ বাবে টবি জাফীয়ে প্ৰযোজনা কৰিছে। এই প্ৰজেক্টটো বাহৰানীৰ পূৰ্বৰ কাম ''ভেগাছ: এ লাভ ষ্ট'ৰী'' আৰু ইতিপূৰ্বে ঘোষিত ড্ৰামা ''লাষ্ট মিলছ''-ৰ পৰৱৰ্তী কাম।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2026-03-26 |title=Ramin Bahrani To Direct 'The Rancher' For Netflix (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://deadline.com/2026/03/ramin-bahrani-to-direct-the-rancher-netflix-1236767117/ |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 
{{Reflist}} 

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Commons category|Ramin Bahrani}}
*{{IMDb name|1023919|Ramin Bahrani}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰনাট্য লেখক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰানৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
      <sha1>5bnaxox0a7d8qq1p7ghgoq4bbcsel7c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত/ইতিহাস</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>137271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610936</id>
      <parentid>610406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:54:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>±</comment>
      <origin>610936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46756" sha1="c7bvts9851fx3jtlpicatyh4739e54z" xml:space="preserve">
{{shortcut|WP:VAH|WP:VA/H|WP:VAHISTORY}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|Random level 4 vital article in History|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20History&amp;category5=&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''Vital articles''' is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|centralized watchlist]] to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of eleven [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4|Level 4]] sub-lists of ten thousand articles and is currently under construction.


This list is tailored to the English-language Wikipedia. There is also a [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|list of ten thousand articles]] considered vital to Wikipedias of all languages.

For more information on this list and the process for adding articles, please see the [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page]].
&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
Total 695 articles.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || 18
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || 27
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || 4
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || 322
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || 324
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || 38
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || 41
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || 2
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;

=ইতিহাস=
{{Vital article count|695}}
==প্ৰধান==
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মানৱ ইতিহাস]] '''''[[:en:Human history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/১|প্ৰথম স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ইতিহাস]] '''''[[:en:History]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[:en:Historical method]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[সভ্যতা]] '''''[[:en:Civilization]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[:en:Archive]]

==মহাদেশ আৰু দেশ অনুসৰি==
{{Vital article count|15}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[আফ্ৰিকাৰ ইতিহাস]] '''[[:en:History of Africa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ইতিহাস]] [[:en:History of North Africa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[ইউৰোপৰ ইতিহাস]] '''[[:en:History of Europe]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Scandinavia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Mediterranean region]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of North America]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Caribbean]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of South America]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Oceania]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of Asia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of East Asia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Southeast Asia]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Central Asia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Middle East]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Antarctica]]
{{Div col end}}

==History by country==
{{Vital article count|42}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=31%}}
===Africa===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Egypt]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Ethiopia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Morocco]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Nigeria]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[History of South Africa]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Sudan]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Argentina]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Brazil]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Canada]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Colombia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Mexico]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Peru]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[History of the United States]]

===Oceania===
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Australia]]
{{Col-break|width=35%}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Afghanistan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of China]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of the People's Republic of China]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Korea]]
#{{Icon|B}} [[History of India]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of India (1947–present)]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Indonesia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Iran]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Iraq]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Mesopotamia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Israel]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[History of Japan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Pakistan]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of the Philippines]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Saudi Arabia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Thailand]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Turkey]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Vietnam]]
{{Col-break|width=34%}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of the British Isles]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the United Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Greece]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of France]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Italy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Poland]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Portugal]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Russia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Spain]]


{{Col-end}}

==Prehistory==
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Prehistory]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Early human migrations]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Stone Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Paleolithic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Lower Paleolithic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Middle Paleolithic]]
#### {{Icon|B}} [[Control of fire by early humans]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Upper Paleolithic]]
#### {{Icon|C}} [[Behavioral modernity]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Mesolithic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Neolithic]]
### {{Icon|B}} '''[[Neolithic Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|B}} [[Cradle of civilization]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Prehistoric Egypt]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]]

==Ancient==
{{Vital article count|129}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Ancient: General===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Ancient history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Bronze Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Chalcolithic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Late Bronze Age collapse]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Iron Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Classical antiquity]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Hellenistic period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Late antiquity]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Silk Road]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ancient Egypt]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[New Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Pharaoh]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Valley of the Kings]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Aksum]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bantu expansion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ancient Carthage]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Punic Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nok culture]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nubia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Kush]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Land of Punt]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ancestral Puebloans]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Andean civilizations]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chavín culture]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Caral–Supe civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mesoamerica]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Maya civilization]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Olmecs]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Zapotec civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paleo-Indians]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis culture]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peopling of the Americas]]

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|61}}
====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Achaemenid Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atropatene]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bactria]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caucasian Albania]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elam]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Iberia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Medes]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Parthian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Roman–Persian wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sasanian Empire]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sogdia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tocharians]]
{{Col-break}}

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}
&lt;!-- ancient China and Imperial China before the Sui Dynasty --&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Old Chosŏn]]
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Han dynasty]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jōmon period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shang dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sixteen Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qin dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spring and Autumn period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Three Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Warring States period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xia dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xiongnu]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yayoi period]]
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Zhou dynasty]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nanyue]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pyu city-states]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Gupta Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Indus Valley Civilisation]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Chola dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kushan Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Magadha]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maurya Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Satavahana dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vedic period]]

====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fertile Crescent]]
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mesopotamia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|B}} '''[[Sumer]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|C}} [[Assyria]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Babylonia]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chaldea]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akkadian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amorites]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ebla]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ancient Israel and Judah]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hittites]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lydia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mitanni]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Phoenicia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phrygia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucid Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sheba]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trojan War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Urartu]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|33}}
&lt;!-- see also under &quot;Cities, Europe&quot; for Athens --&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ancient Greece]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Minoan civilization]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Mycenaean Greece]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Classical Athens]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Sparta]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Battle of Marathon]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Delian League]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Greco-Persian Wars]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Peloponnesian War]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Etruscan civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ancient Rome]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Roman Kingdom]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Roman Republic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Macedonian Wars]]
### {{Icon|GA}} [[Gallic Wars]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Roman Empire]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Crisis of the Third Century]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Western Roman Empire]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Celts]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dacians]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Odrysian kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sarmatians]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scythians]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Migration Period]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Alans]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Goths]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Huns]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Saxons]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Vandals]]
{{Col-end}}

==Post-classical==
{{Vital article count|133}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Post-classical: General===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Post-classical history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Early Muslim conquests]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Feudalism]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Serfdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guild]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nobility]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Boyar]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Knight]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Chivalry]]

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ajuran Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Almoravid dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ethiopian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghana Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kanem–Bornu Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mali Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Songhai Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Trans-Saharan trade]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Aztecs]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Inca Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chimor]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mississippian period (North America)]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Moche culture]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Pre-Columbian era]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wari culture]]

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|43}}
====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Islamic Golden Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} '''[[Crusades]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Crusader states]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sultanate of Rum]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mamluk]]

====Central Asia and Iran====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aq Qoyunlu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Göktürks]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Golden Horde]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seljuk Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qara Qoyunlu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khwarazmian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Timurid Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Uyghur Khaganate]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Champa]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khmer Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Majapahit]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Malacca Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pagan kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Srivijaya]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần dynasty]]
{{Col-break}}

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[An Lushan rebellion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Goryeo]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heian period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Great Jin]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Liao dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mongol Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mongol conquests]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ninja]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samurai]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Song dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sui dynasty]]
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Tang dynasty]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tibetan Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yuan dynasty]]

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|66}}
====Europe: General====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Middle Ages]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Black Death]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[East–West Schism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Habsburg]]

====Eastern Europe and Central====
{{Vital article count|23}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pannonian Avars]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[First Bulgarian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Byzantine Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Byzantine–Ottoman wars]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Fall of Constantinople]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cumans]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grand Principality of Moscow]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hussite Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khazars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kievan Rus']]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Great Moravia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Novgorod Republic]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rurikids]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Teutonic Order]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Volga Bulgaria]]
{{Col-break}}

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|39}}
&lt;!-- see also in another section: Venice --&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franks]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Normans]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wends]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ostsiedlung]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Viking Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Vikings]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Holy Roman Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Investiture Controversy]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Knights Templar]]
# {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[House of Plantagenet]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Northern Crusades]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanseatic League]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Inquisition]]

=====England=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anglo-Saxons]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of England]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Norman Conquest]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wars of the Roses]]

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carolingian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Merovingian dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of France]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Duchy of Burgundy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Capetian dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hundred Years' War]]

=====Spain=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Visigothic Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Andalus]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Umayyad state of Córdoba]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Reconquista]]
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Kingdom of Aragon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Castile]]

=====Italy=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lombards]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Republic of Venice]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Papal States]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Republic of Genoa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Kingdom of Sicily]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Medici]]
{{Col-end}}

==Early modern==
{{Vital article count|92}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Early modern: General===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Early modern period]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Age of Discovery]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Magellan expedition]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Colonization]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Ice Age]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Renaissance]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Scientific Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seven Years' War]]

===Colonial empires===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Portuguese Empire]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Columbian exchange]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Treaty of Tordesillas]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French colonial empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Spanish Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[British Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slavery in Africa]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Atlantic slave trade]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hausa Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Kongo]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mutapa Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Funj Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Oyo Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Asante Empire]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[American Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[American Revolutionary War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[European colonization of the Americas]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[British colonization of the Americas]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French and Indian War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haitian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Spanish American wars of independence]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|24}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Western imperialism in Asia]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[East India Company]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dutch East India Company]]

====Central and West Asia====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kazakh Khanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khanate of Bukhara]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Safavid dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dzungar Khanate]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ming dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imjin War|Japanese invasions of Korea]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edo period]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa shogunate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qing dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sino-Burmese War]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lan Xang]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toungoo dynasty]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deccan sultanates]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mughal Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maratha Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sikh Empire]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe ===
{{Vital article count|35}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Reformation]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Age of Enlightenment]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Counter-Reformation]]
# {{Icon|A}} [[Thirty Years' War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peace of Westphalia]]

====Eastern Europe and Central====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cossacks]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Cossack Hetmanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khanate of Kazan]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Crimean Khanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsardom of Russia]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Livonian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|Polish–Muscovite War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Romanov]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Great Turkish War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Northern War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Partitions of Poland]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Battle of Vienna]]

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enclosure]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Spanish Inquisition]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Italian Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prussia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[French Wars of Religion]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Huguenots]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puritans]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eighty Years' War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dutch Golden Age]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[English Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anglo-Dutch wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[War of the Spanish Succession]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[French Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
{{Col-end}}

==Modern==
{{Vital article count|175}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Modern: General===
{{Vital article count|43}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''''[[Modern era]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Late modern period]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Contemporary history]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abolitionism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Civil rights movements]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Collective farming]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Industrial Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Decolonization]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[New Imperialism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Industrial Revolution]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Spanish flu]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Great Depression]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Post–World War II economic expansion]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Information Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cold War]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Nuclear arms race]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Space Race]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Moon landing]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sexual revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Green Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[1973 oil crisis]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[War on terror]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[2008 financial crisis]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[COVID-19 pandemic]]

====World War I====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[World War I]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Balkan Front (World War I)|Balkans Front]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian Front]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Balfour Declaration]]

====World War II====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[World War II]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]
## {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[The Holocaust]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Pacific War]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Battle of Stalingrad]]
## {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Yalta Conference]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|21}}
====North America====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[American frontier]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[American Indian Wars]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Monroe Doctrine]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican–American War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[American Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish–American War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[New Deal]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dust Bowl]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manhattan Project]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cuban Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Civil rights movement]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[September 11 attacks]]

====South America====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gran Colombia]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Empire of Brazil]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paraguayan War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[War of the Pacific]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Operation Condor]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|49}}
====Central Asia and Iran====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Game]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Iranian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Afghan conflict]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iran–Iraq War]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[First Opium War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taiping Rebellion]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Opium War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Meiji Restoration]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empire of Japan]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boxer Rebellion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russo-Japanese War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1911 Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chinese Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1931 China floods]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Nanjing Massacre]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Great Leap Forward]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Korean War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cultural Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1976 Tangshan earthquake]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Reform and opening up]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konbaung dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dutch East Indies]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nguyễn dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[French Indochina]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philippine Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philippine–American War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Indonesian National Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[First Indochina War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vietnam War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cambodian genocide]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Indian independence movement]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[British Raj]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Partition of India]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sri Lankan civil war]]

====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Armenian genocide]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Turkish War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gulf War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iraq War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arab Spring]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|49}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Austrian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Congress of Vienna]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Revolutions of 1848]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Austria-Hungary]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Treaty of Versailles]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iron Curtain]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[European integration]]

====Eastern Europe====
{{Vital article count|25}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Russian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French invasion of Russia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Greek War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Crimean War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Congress of Berlin]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Balkan Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Russian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Czechoslovakia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yugoslavia]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Soviet War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Soviet Union]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Gulag]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Holodomor]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Great Purge]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Eastern Bloc]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Warsaw Pact]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Prague Spring]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chernobyl disaster]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Revolutions of 1989]]

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Napoleonic Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German Confederation]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[July Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Unification of Italy]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Unification of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franco-Prussian War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paris Commune]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dreyfus affair]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Sinking of the Titanic|Sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'']]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Spanish Civil War]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nazi Germany]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Nazi concentration camps]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Berlin Wall]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Troubles]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German reunification]]

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sokoto Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Scramble for Africa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Congo Free State]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Second Boer War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Apartheid]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Algerian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nigerian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ethiopian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Angolan Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rwandan genocide]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Congo War]]
{{Col-end}}

==Historical cities==
{{Vital article count|31}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Africa===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carthage]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Meroë]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Timbuktu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Zimbabwe]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tikal]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Teotihuacan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tiwanaku]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chichen Itza]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cahokia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tenochtitlan]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Göbekli Tepe]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jericho]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Çatalhöyük]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ugarit]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Uruk]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Susa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ur]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Troy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nineveh]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Palmyra]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Babylon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohenjo-daro]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Persepolis]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petra]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antioch]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ctesiphon]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knossos]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pompeii]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Constantinople]]
{{Col-end}}

==History by subject matter==
{{Vital article count|46}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

===History of art===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of art]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of architecture]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of film]]
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of literature]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of music]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of opera]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of theatre]]

===History of everyday life===
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of human sexuality]]

===History of philosophy and religion===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of atheism]]
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[History of philosophy]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of political thought]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of religion]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Buddhism]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[History of Christianity]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of Hinduism]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of Islam]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Jewish history]]

===History of science and technology===
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[History of agriculture]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of communication]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of writing]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of mathematics]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[History of science]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of astronomy]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[History of biology]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of chemistry]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of geography]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of geology]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of linguistics]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of physics]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of medicine]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of technology]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of computing hardware]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of transport]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of aviation]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of spaceflight]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Maritime history]]

===History of society and the social sciences===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of economic thought]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of psychology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of slavery]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of sociology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Legal history]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Military history]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Women's history]]

===History of games and sport===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of games]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of sport]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of video games]]
{{Div col end}}

==Auxiliary historical sciences==
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Archaeology]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Archaeological culture]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Archaeological excavation|Excavation]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Radiocarbon dating]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chronology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Epigraphy]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Flag]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[National flag]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Genealogy]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraldry]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Historiography]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Palaeography]]
{{Div col end}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>c7bvts9851fx3jtlpicatyh4739e54z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610966</id>
      <parentid>610936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:35:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46907" sha1="5jruql4int0am5421grz54l3e6pl8u9" xml:space="preserve">
{{shortcut|WP:VAH|WP:VA/H|WP:VAHISTORY}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|ইতিহাসৰ যিকোনো এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ প্ৰবন্ধ ৰ বাবে ইয়াত টিপক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20History&amp;category5=&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''Vital articles''' is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|centralized watchlist]] to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of eleven [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4|Level 4]] sub-lists of ten thousand articles and is currently under construction.


This list is tailored to the English-language Wikipedia. There is also a [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|list of ten thousand articles]] considered vital to Wikipedias of all languages.

For more information on this list and the process for adding articles, please see the [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page]].
&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
Total 695 articles.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || 18
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || 27
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || 4
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || 322
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || 324
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || 38
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || 41
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || 2
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;

=ইতিহাস=
{{Vital article count|695}}
==প্ৰধান==
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মানৱ ইতিহাস]] '''''[[:en:Human history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/১|প্ৰথম স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ইতিহাস]] '''''[[:en:History]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[:en:Historical method]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[সভ্যতা]] '''''[[:en:Civilization]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[:en:Archive]]

==মহাদেশ আৰু দেশ অনুসৰি==
{{Vital article count|15}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[আফ্ৰিকাৰ ইতিহাস]] '''[[:en:History of Africa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ইতিহাস]] [[:en:History of North Africa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[ইউৰোপৰ ইতিহাস]] '''[[:en:History of Europe]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Scandinavia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Mediterranean region]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of North America]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Caribbean]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of South America]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Oceania]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of Asia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of East Asia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Southeast Asia]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Central Asia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Middle East]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Antarctica]]
{{Div col end}}

==History by country==
{{Vital article count|42}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=31%}}
===Africa===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Egypt]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Ethiopia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Morocco]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Nigeria]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[History of South Africa]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Sudan]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Argentina]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Brazil]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Canada]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Colombia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Mexico]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Peru]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[History of the United States]]

===Oceania===
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Australia]]
{{Col-break|width=35%}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Afghanistan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of China]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of the People's Republic of China]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Korea]]
#{{Icon|B}} [[History of India]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of India (1947–present)]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Indonesia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Iran]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Iraq]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Mesopotamia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Israel]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[History of Japan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Pakistan]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of the Philippines]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Saudi Arabia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Thailand]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Turkey]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Vietnam]]
{{Col-break|width=34%}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of the British Isles]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the United Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Greece]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of France]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Italy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Poland]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Portugal]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Russia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Spain]]


{{Col-end}}

==Prehistory==
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Prehistory]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Early human migrations]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Stone Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Paleolithic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Lower Paleolithic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Middle Paleolithic]]
#### {{Icon|B}} [[Control of fire by early humans]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Upper Paleolithic]]
#### {{Icon|C}} [[Behavioral modernity]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Mesolithic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Neolithic]]
### {{Icon|B}} '''[[Neolithic Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|B}} [[Cradle of civilization]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Prehistoric Egypt]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]]

==Ancient==
{{Vital article count|129}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Ancient: General===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Ancient history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Bronze Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Chalcolithic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Late Bronze Age collapse]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Iron Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Classical antiquity]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Hellenistic period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Late antiquity]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Silk Road]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ancient Egypt]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[New Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Pharaoh]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Valley of the Kings]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Aksum]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bantu expansion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ancient Carthage]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Punic Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nok culture]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nubia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Kush]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Land of Punt]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ancestral Puebloans]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Andean civilizations]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chavín culture]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Caral–Supe civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mesoamerica]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Maya civilization]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Olmecs]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Zapotec civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paleo-Indians]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis culture]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peopling of the Americas]]

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|61}}
====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Achaemenid Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atropatene]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bactria]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caucasian Albania]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elam]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Iberia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Medes]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Parthian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Roman–Persian wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sasanian Empire]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sogdia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tocharians]]
{{Col-break}}

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}
&lt;!-- ancient China and Imperial China before the Sui Dynasty --&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Old Chosŏn]]
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Han dynasty]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jōmon period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shang dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sixteen Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qin dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spring and Autumn period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Three Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Warring States period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xia dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xiongnu]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yayoi period]]
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Zhou dynasty]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nanyue]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pyu city-states]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Gupta Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Indus Valley Civilisation]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Chola dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kushan Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Magadha]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maurya Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Satavahana dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vedic period]]

====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fertile Crescent]]
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mesopotamia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|B}} '''[[Sumer]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|C}} [[Assyria]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Babylonia]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chaldea]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akkadian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amorites]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ebla]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ancient Israel and Judah]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hittites]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lydia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mitanni]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Phoenicia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phrygia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucid Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sheba]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trojan War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Urartu]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|33}}
&lt;!-- see also under &quot;Cities, Europe&quot; for Athens --&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ancient Greece]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Minoan civilization]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Mycenaean Greece]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Classical Athens]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Sparta]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Battle of Marathon]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Delian League]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Greco-Persian Wars]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Peloponnesian War]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Etruscan civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ancient Rome]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Roman Kingdom]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Roman Republic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Macedonian Wars]]
### {{Icon|GA}} [[Gallic Wars]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Roman Empire]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Crisis of the Third Century]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Western Roman Empire]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Celts]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dacians]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Odrysian kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sarmatians]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scythians]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Migration Period]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Alans]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Goths]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Huns]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Saxons]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Vandals]]
{{Col-end}}

==Post-classical==
{{Vital article count|133}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Post-classical: General===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Post-classical history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Early Muslim conquests]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Feudalism]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Serfdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guild]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nobility]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Boyar]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Knight]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Chivalry]]

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ajuran Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Almoravid dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ethiopian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghana Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kanem–Bornu Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mali Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Songhai Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Trans-Saharan trade]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Aztecs]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Inca Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chimor]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mississippian period (North America)]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Moche culture]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Pre-Columbian era]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wari culture]]

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|43}}
====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Islamic Golden Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} '''[[Crusades]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Crusader states]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sultanate of Rum]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mamluk]]

====Central Asia and Iran====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aq Qoyunlu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Göktürks]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Golden Horde]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seljuk Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qara Qoyunlu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khwarazmian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Timurid Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Uyghur Khaganate]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Champa]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khmer Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Majapahit]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Malacca Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pagan kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Srivijaya]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần dynasty]]
{{Col-break}}

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[An Lushan rebellion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Goryeo]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heian period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Great Jin]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Liao dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mongol Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mongol conquests]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ninja]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samurai]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Song dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sui dynasty]]
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Tang dynasty]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tibetan Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yuan dynasty]]

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|66}}
====Europe: General====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Middle Ages]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Black Death]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[East–West Schism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Habsburg]]

====Eastern Europe and Central====
{{Vital article count|23}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pannonian Avars]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[First Bulgarian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Byzantine Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Byzantine–Ottoman wars]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Fall of Constantinople]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cumans]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grand Principality of Moscow]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hussite Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khazars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kievan Rus']]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Great Moravia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Novgorod Republic]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rurikids]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Teutonic Order]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Volga Bulgaria]]
{{Col-break}}

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|39}}
&lt;!-- see also in another section: Venice --&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franks]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Normans]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wends]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ostsiedlung]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Viking Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Vikings]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Holy Roman Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Investiture Controversy]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Knights Templar]]
# {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[House of Plantagenet]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Northern Crusades]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanseatic League]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Inquisition]]

=====England=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anglo-Saxons]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of England]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Norman Conquest]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wars of the Roses]]

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carolingian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Merovingian dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of France]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Duchy of Burgundy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Capetian dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hundred Years' War]]

=====Spain=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Visigothic Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Andalus]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Umayyad state of Córdoba]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Reconquista]]
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Kingdom of Aragon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Castile]]

=====Italy=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lombards]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Republic of Venice]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Papal States]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Republic of Genoa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Kingdom of Sicily]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Medici]]
{{Col-end}}

==Early modern==
{{Vital article count|92}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Early modern: General===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Early modern period]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Age of Discovery]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Magellan expedition]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Colonization]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Ice Age]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Renaissance]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Scientific Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seven Years' War]]

===Colonial empires===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Portuguese Empire]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Columbian exchange]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Treaty of Tordesillas]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French colonial empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Spanish Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[British Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slavery in Africa]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Atlantic slave trade]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hausa Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Kongo]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mutapa Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Funj Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Oyo Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Asante Empire]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[American Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[American Revolutionary War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[European colonization of the Americas]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[British colonization of the Americas]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French and Indian War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haitian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Spanish American wars of independence]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|24}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Western imperialism in Asia]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[East India Company]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dutch East India Company]]

====Central and West Asia====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kazakh Khanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khanate of Bukhara]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Safavid dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dzungar Khanate]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ming dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imjin War|Japanese invasions of Korea]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edo period]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa shogunate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qing dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sino-Burmese War]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lan Xang]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toungoo dynasty]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deccan sultanates]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mughal Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maratha Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sikh Empire]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe ===
{{Vital article count|35}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Reformation]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Age of Enlightenment]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Counter-Reformation]]
# {{Icon|A}} [[Thirty Years' War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peace of Westphalia]]

====Eastern Europe and Central====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cossacks]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Cossack Hetmanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khanate of Kazan]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Crimean Khanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsardom of Russia]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Livonian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|Polish–Muscovite War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Romanov]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Great Turkish War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Northern War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Partitions of Poland]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Battle of Vienna]]

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enclosure]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Spanish Inquisition]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Italian Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prussia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[French Wars of Religion]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Huguenots]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puritans]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eighty Years' War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dutch Golden Age]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[English Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anglo-Dutch wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[War of the Spanish Succession]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[French Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
{{Col-end}}

==Modern==
{{Vital article count|175}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Modern: General===
{{Vital article count|43}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''''[[Modern era]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Late modern period]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Contemporary history]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abolitionism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Civil rights movements]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Collective farming]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Industrial Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Decolonization]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[New Imperialism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Industrial Revolution]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Spanish flu]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Great Depression]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Post–World War II economic expansion]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Information Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cold War]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Nuclear arms race]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Space Race]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Moon landing]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sexual revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Green Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[1973 oil crisis]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[War on terror]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[2008 financial crisis]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[COVID-19 pandemic]]

====World War I====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[World War I]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Balkan Front (World War I)|Balkans Front]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian Front]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Balfour Declaration]]

====World War II====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[World War II]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]
## {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[The Holocaust]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Pacific War]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Battle of Stalingrad]]
## {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Yalta Conference]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|21}}
====North America====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[American frontier]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[American Indian Wars]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Monroe Doctrine]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican–American War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[American Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish–American War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[New Deal]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dust Bowl]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manhattan Project]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cuban Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Civil rights movement]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[September 11 attacks]]

====South America====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gran Colombia]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Empire of Brazil]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paraguayan War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[War of the Pacific]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Operation Condor]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|49}}
====Central Asia and Iran====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Game]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Iranian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Afghan conflict]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iran–Iraq War]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[First Opium War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taiping Rebellion]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Opium War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Meiji Restoration]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empire of Japan]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boxer Rebellion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russo-Japanese War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1911 Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chinese Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1931 China floods]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Nanjing Massacre]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Great Leap Forward]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Korean War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cultural Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1976 Tangshan earthquake]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Reform and opening up]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konbaung dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dutch East Indies]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nguyễn dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[French Indochina]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philippine Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philippine–American War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Indonesian National Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[First Indochina War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vietnam War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cambodian genocide]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Indian independence movement]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[British Raj]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Partition of India]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sri Lankan civil war]]

====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Armenian genocide]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Turkish War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gulf War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iraq War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arab Spring]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|49}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Austrian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Congress of Vienna]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Revolutions of 1848]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Austria-Hungary]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Treaty of Versailles]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iron Curtain]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[European integration]]

====Eastern Europe====
{{Vital article count|25}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Russian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French invasion of Russia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Greek War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Crimean War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Congress of Berlin]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Balkan Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Russian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Czechoslovakia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yugoslavia]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Soviet War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Soviet Union]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Gulag]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Holodomor]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Great Purge]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Eastern Bloc]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Warsaw Pact]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Prague Spring]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chernobyl disaster]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Revolutions of 1989]]

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Napoleonic Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German Confederation]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[July Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Unification of Italy]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Unification of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franco-Prussian War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paris Commune]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dreyfus affair]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Sinking of the Titanic|Sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'']]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Spanish Civil War]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nazi Germany]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Nazi concentration camps]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Berlin Wall]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Troubles]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German reunification]]

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sokoto Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Scramble for Africa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Congo Free State]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Second Boer War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Apartheid]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Algerian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nigerian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ethiopian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Angolan Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rwandan genocide]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Congo War]]
{{Col-end}}

==Historical cities==
{{Vital article count|31}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Africa===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carthage]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Meroë]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Timbuktu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Zimbabwe]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tikal]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Teotihuacan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tiwanaku]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chichen Itza]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cahokia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tenochtitlan]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Göbekli Tepe]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jericho]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Çatalhöyük]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ugarit]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Uruk]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Susa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ur]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Troy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nineveh]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Palmyra]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Babylon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohenjo-daro]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Persepolis]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petra]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antioch]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ctesiphon]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knossos]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pompeii]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Constantinople]]
{{Col-end}}

==History by subject matter==
{{Vital article count|46}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

===History of art===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of art]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of architecture]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of film]]
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of literature]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of music]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of opera]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of theatre]]

===History of everyday life===
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of human sexuality]]

===History of philosophy and religion===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of atheism]]
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[History of philosophy]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of political thought]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of religion]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Buddhism]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[History of Christianity]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of Hinduism]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of Islam]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Jewish history]]

===History of science and technology===
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[History of agriculture]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of communication]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of writing]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of mathematics]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[History of science]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of astronomy]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[History of biology]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of chemistry]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of geography]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of geology]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of linguistics]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of physics]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of medicine]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of technology]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of computing hardware]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of transport]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of aviation]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of spaceflight]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Maritime history]]

===History of society and the social sciences===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of economic thought]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of psychology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of slavery]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of sociology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Legal history]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Military history]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Women's history]]

===History of games and sport===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of games]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of sport]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of video games]]
{{Div col end}}

==Auxiliary historical sciences==
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Archaeology]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Archaeological culture]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Archaeological excavation|Excavation]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Radiocarbon dating]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chronology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Epigraphy]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Flag]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[National flag]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Genealogy]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraldry]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Historiography]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Palaeography]]
{{Div col end}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>5jruql4int0am5421grz54l3e6pl8u9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610967</id>
      <parentid>610966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T11:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>610967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46906" sha1="22nc3uoxpcuucv9rwuiibjpie4g0fzg" xml:space="preserve">
{{shortcut|WP:VAH|WP:VA/H|WP:VAHISTORY}}
{{center|{{Clickable button 2|ইতিহাসৰ যিকোনো এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বাবে ইয়াত টিপক|class=mw-ui-progressive|url=https://randomincategory.toolforge.org/?category=Wikipedia%20level-4%20vital%20articles%20in%20History&amp;category5=&amp;server=en.wikipedia.org&amp;cmnamespace=&amp;cmtype=&amp;returntype=subject}}}}

'''Vital articles''' is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:Vital articles|centralized watchlist]] to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of eleven [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4|Level 4]] sub-lists of ten thousand articles and is currently under construction.


This list is tailored to the English-language Wikipedia. There is also a [[m:List of articles every Wikipedia should have/Expanded|list of ten thousand articles]] considered vital to Wikipedias of all languages.

For more information on this list and the process for adding articles, please see the [[Wikipedia:Vital articles/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page]].
&lt;!-- update summary table: The text between update comments will be automatically overwritten by the bot. --&gt;
Total 695 articles.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Class !! #Articles
|-
| {{Icon|FA}} [[:Category:FA-Class vital articles|FA]] || 18
|-
| {{Icon|GA}} [[:Category:GA-Class vital articles|GA]] || 27
|-
| {{Icon|A}} [[:Category:A-Class vital articles|A]] || 4
|-
| {{Icon|B}} [[:Category:B-Class vital articles|B]] || 322
|-
| {{Icon|C}} [[:Category:C-Class vital articles|C]] || 324
|-
| {{Icon|FFA}} [[:Category:Wikipedia former featured articles|FFA]] || 38
|-
| {{Icon|DGA}} [[:Category:Delisted good articles|DGA]] || 41
|-
| {{Icon|Start}} [[:Category:Start-Class vital articles|Start]] || 2
|}
&lt;!-- update end: summary table --&gt;

=ইতিহাস=
{{Vital article count|695}}
==প্ৰধান==
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[মানৱ ইতিহাস]] '''''[[:en:Human history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/১|প্ৰথম স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|FA}} [[ইতিহাস]] '''''[[:en:History]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[:en:Historical method]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[সভ্যতা]] '''''[[:en:Civilization]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[:en:Archive]]

==মহাদেশ আৰু দেশ অনুসৰি==
{{Vital article count|15}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[আফ্ৰিকাৰ ইতিহাস]] '''[[:en:History of Africa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ইতিহাস]] [[:en:History of North Africa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[ইউৰোপৰ ইতিহাস]] '''[[:en:History of Europe]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Scandinavia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Mediterranean region]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of North America]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Caribbean]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of South America]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Oceania]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of Asia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of East Asia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Southeast Asia]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Central Asia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the Middle East]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Antarctica]]
{{Div col end}}

==History by country==
{{Vital article count|42}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=31%}}
===Africa===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Egypt]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Ethiopia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Morocco]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Nigeria]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[History of South Africa]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Sudan]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Argentina]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Brazil]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Canada]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Colombia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Mexico]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Peru]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[History of the United States]]

===Oceania===
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Australia]]
{{Col-break|width=35%}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|18}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Afghanistan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of China]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of the People's Republic of China]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Korea]]
#{{Icon|B}} [[History of India]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of India (1947–present)]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Indonesia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Iran]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Iraq]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of Mesopotamia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Israel]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[History of Japan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Pakistan]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of the Philippines]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Saudi Arabia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Thailand]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Turkey]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Vietnam]]
{{Col-break|width=34%}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of the British Isles]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of the United Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Greece]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of France]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of Italy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Poland]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Portugal]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Russia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of Spain]]


{{Col-end}}

==Prehistory==
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Prehistory]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Early human migrations]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Stone Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Paleolithic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Lower Paleolithic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Middle Paleolithic]]
#### {{Icon|B}} [[Control of fire by early humans]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Upper Paleolithic]]
#### {{Icon|C}} [[Behavioral modernity]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Mesolithic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Neolithic]]
### {{Icon|B}} '''[[Neolithic Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|B}} [[Cradle of civilization]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Prehistoric Egypt]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]]

==Ancient==
{{Vital article count|129}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Ancient: General===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Ancient history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Bronze Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Chalcolithic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Late Bronze Age collapse]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Iron Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Classical antiquity]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Hellenistic period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Late antiquity]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Silk Road]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Ancient Egypt]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[New Kingdom of Egypt]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Pharaoh]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Valley of the Kings]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Aksum]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Bantu expansion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ancient Carthage]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Punic Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nok culture]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Nubia]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Kush]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Land of Punt]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ancestral Puebloans]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Andean civilizations]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chavín culture]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Caral–Supe civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mesoamerica]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Maya civilization]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Olmecs]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Zapotec civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paleo-Indians]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Clovis culture]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Peopling of the Americas]]

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|61}}
====Central Asia, Iran, Caucasus====
{{Vital article count|12}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Achaemenid Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Atropatene]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bactria]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Caucasian Albania]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Elam]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Iberia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Medes]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Parthian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Roman–Persian wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Sasanian Empire]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Sogdia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tocharians]]
{{Col-break}}

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|16}}
&lt;!-- ancient China and Imperial China before the Sui Dynasty --&gt;
# {{Icon|C}} [[Old Chosŏn]]
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Han dynasty]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jōmon period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Northern and Southern dynasties]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Shang dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sixteen Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Qin dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spring and Autumn period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Three Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Warring States period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xia dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Xiongnu]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yayoi period]]
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Zhou dynasty]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nanyue]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pyu city-states]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|10}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Gupta Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Indus Valley Civilisation]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Chola dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kushan Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Magadha]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Maurya Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Satavahana dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vedic period]]

====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|20}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fertile Crescent]]
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mesopotamia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|B}} '''[[Sumer]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|C}} [[Assyria]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Babylonia]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chaldea]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Akkadian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Amorites]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Ebla]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ancient Israel and Judah]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hittites]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lydia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mitanni]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Phoenicia]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Phrygia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seleucid Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sheba]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Trojan War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Urartu]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|33}}
&lt;!-- see also under &quot;Cities, Europe&quot; for Athens --&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ancient Greece]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Minoan civilization]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Mycenaean Greece]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Classical Athens]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Sparta]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Battle of Marathon]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Delian League]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Greco-Persian Wars]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Peloponnesian War]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Etruscan civilization]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Ancient Rome]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Roman Kingdom]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Roman Republic]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Macedonian Wars]]
### {{Icon|GA}} [[Gallic Wars]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Roman Empire]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Nerva–Antonine dynasty]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Crisis of the Third Century]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Western Roman Empire]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Celts]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dacians]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Odrysian kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sarmatians]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Scythians]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Migration Period]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Alans]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Goths]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Huns]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Saxons]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Vandals]]
{{Col-end}}

==Post-classical==
{{Vital article count|133}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Post-classical: General===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Post-classical history]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Early Muslim conquests]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Feudalism]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Serfdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Guild]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nobility]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Boyar]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Knight]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Chivalry]]

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ajuran Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Almoravid dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ethiopian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ghana Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kanem–Bornu Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mali Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Songhai Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Trans-Saharan trade]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Aztecs]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Inca Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chimor]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mississippian period (North America)]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Moche culture]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Pre-Columbian era]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wari culture]]

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|43}}
====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Islamic Golden Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} '''[[Crusades]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Crusader states]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Fatimid Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sultanate of Rum]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Mamluk]]

====Central Asia and Iran====
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Aq Qoyunlu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Göktürks]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Golden Horde]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Seljuk Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qara Qoyunlu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khwarazmian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Timurid Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Uyghur Khaganate]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Champa]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khmer Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Majapahit]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Malacca Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pagan kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Srivijaya]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Trần dynasty]]
{{Col-break}}

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|15}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[An Lushan rebellion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Goryeo]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Heian period]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Great Jin]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Liao dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mongol Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mongol conquests]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ninja]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Samurai]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Song dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sui dynasty]]
# {{Icon|FA}} '''[[Tang dynasty]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tibetan Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yuan dynasty]]

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|66}}
====Europe: General====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Middle Ages]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Black Death]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[East–West Schism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Habsburg]]

====Eastern Europe and Central====
{{Vital article count|23}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Pannonian Avars]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[First Bulgarian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[Byzantine Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Byzantine–Ottoman wars]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Fall of Constantinople]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cumans]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Grand Principality of Moscow]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hussite Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Khazars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kievan Rus']]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Great Moravia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Novgorod Republic]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Rurikids]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Teutonic Order]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Volga Bulgaria]]
{{Col-break}}

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|39}}
&lt;!-- see also in another section: Venice --&gt;
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Franks]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Normans]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wends]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ostsiedlung]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Viking Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Vikings]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Holy Roman Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Investiture Controversy]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Knights Templar]]
# {{Icon|A}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[House of Plantagenet]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Northern Crusades]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Hanseatic League]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Inquisition]]

=====England=====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Anglo-Saxons]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of England]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Norman Conquest]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Wars of the Roses]]

=====France=====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Carolingian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Francia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Merovingian dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of France]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Duchy of Burgundy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Capetian dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hundred Years' War]]

=====Spain=====
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Visigothic Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Al-Andalus]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Umayyad state of Córdoba]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Reconquista]]
# {{Icon|Start}} [[Kingdom of Aragon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kingdom of Castile]]

=====Italy=====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lombards]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Republic of Venice]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Papal States]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Republic of Genoa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Kingdom of Sicily]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Medici]]
{{Col-end}}

==Early modern==
{{Vital article count|92}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Early modern: General===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''''[[Early modern period]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Age of Discovery]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Magellan expedition]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Colonization]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Little Ice Age]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Renaissance]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Scientific Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} [[Seven Years' War]]

===Colonial empires===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Portuguese Empire]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Columbian exchange]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Treaty of Tordesillas]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French colonial empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Spanish Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[British Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Slavery in Africa]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Atlantic slave trade]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Hausa Kingdoms]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Kingdom of Kongo]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mutapa Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Funj Sultanate]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Oyo Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Asante Empire]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[American Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[American Revolutionary War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[European colonization of the Americas]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[British colonization of the Americas]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French and Indian War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Haitian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Spanish American wars of independence]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|24}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Western imperialism in Asia]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[East India Company]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dutch East India Company]]

====Central and West Asia====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Kazakh Khanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khanate of Bukhara]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Safavid dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dzungar Khanate]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Ming dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Joseon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Imjin War|Japanese invasions of Korea]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Edo period]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Tokugawa shogunate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Qing dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sino-Burmese War]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|4}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Lan Xang]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Lê dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Toungoo dynasty]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Deccan sultanates]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Mughal Empire]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Maratha Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sikh Empire]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe ===
{{Vital article count|35}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Reformation]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Age of Enlightenment]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Counter-Reformation]]
# {{Icon|A}} [[Thirty Years' War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Peace of Westphalia]]

====Eastern Europe and Central====
{{Vital article count|14}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cossacks]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Cossack Hetmanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Khanate of Kazan]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Crimean Khanate]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tsardom of Russia]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Livonian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|Polish–Muscovite War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[House of Romanov]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Great Turkish War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Northern War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Partitions of Poland]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Battle of Vienna]]

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Enclosure]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Spanish Inquisition]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Italian Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Prussia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[French Wars of Religion]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Huguenots]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Puritans]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Eighty Years' War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Dutch Golden Age]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[English Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Anglo-Dutch wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[War of the Spanish Succession]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[French Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
{{Col-end}}

==Modern==
{{Vital article count|175}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Modern: General===
{{Vital article count|43}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''''[[Modern era]]''''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|দ্বিতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Late modern period]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Contemporary history]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Abolitionism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Civil rights movements]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Collective farming]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Industrial Revolution]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Decolonization]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[New Imperialism]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Industrial Revolution]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Spanish flu]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[Great Depression]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Post–World War II economic expansion]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Information Age]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Cold War]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Nuclear arms race]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Space Race]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Moon landing]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sexual revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Green Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[1973 oil crisis]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[War on terror]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[2008 financial crisis]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[COVID-19 pandemic]]

====World War I====
{{Vital article count|8}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} '''[[World War I]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Balkan Front (World War I)|Balkans Front]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian Front]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Balfour Declaration]]

====World War II====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[World War II]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]
## {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFAC}} [[The Holocaust]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Pacific War]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Battle of Stalingrad]]
## {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|A}} [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Yalta Conference]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|21}}
====North America====
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[American frontier]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[American Indian Wars]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Monroe Doctrine]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican–American War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[American Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Spanish–American War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mexican Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[New Deal]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dust Bowl]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Manhattan Project]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cuban Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Civil rights movement]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]
# {{Icon|GA}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[September 11 attacks]]

====South America====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gran Colombia]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Empire of Brazil]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paraguayan War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[War of the Pacific]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Operation Condor]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|49}}
====Central Asia and Iran====
{{Vital article count|5}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Game]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Iranian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Afghan conflict]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iran–Iraq War]]

====East Asia====
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[First Opium War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Taiping Rebellion]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Opium War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Meiji Restoration]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Empire of Japan]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Boxer Rebellion]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russo-Japanese War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1911 Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chinese Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1931 China floods]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Nanjing Massacre]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Great Leap Forward]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Korean War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cultural Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1976 Tangshan earthquake]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Reform and opening up]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]

====Southeast Asia====
{{Vital article count|11}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Konbaung dynasty]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Dutch East Indies]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nguyễn dynasty]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[French Indochina]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Philippine Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Philippine–American War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Indonesian National Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[First Indochina War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Vietnam War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cambodian genocide]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]

====South Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Indian independence movement]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[British Raj]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Partition of India]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Sri Lankan civil war]]

====West Asia====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Armenian genocide]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Turkish War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Gulf War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iraq War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Arab Spring]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|49}}
====Basics====
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Austrian Empire]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Congress of Vienna]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Revolutions of 1848]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Austria-Hungary]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Treaty of Versailles]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Iron Curtain]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[European integration]]

====Eastern Europe====
{{Vital article count|25}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Russian Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[French invasion of Russia]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Greek War of Independence]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Crimean War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Congress of Berlin]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Balkan Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Russian Revolution]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Russian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Czechoslovakia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Yugoslavia]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Polish–Soviet War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Soviet Union]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[Gulag]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Holodomor]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Great Purge]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Eastern Bloc]]
### {{Icon|B}} [[Warsaw Pact]]
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Prague Spring]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Chernobyl disaster]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Revolutions of 1989]]

====Western Europe====
{{Vital article count|17}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Napoleonic Wars]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German Confederation]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[July Revolution]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Unification of Italy]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Unification of Germany]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Franco-Prussian War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German Empire]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Paris Commune]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Dreyfus affair]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Sinking of the Titanic|Sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'']]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Spanish Civil War]]
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Nazi Germany]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[Nazi concentration camps]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Berlin Wall]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[The Troubles]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[German reunification]]

===Africa===
{{Vital article count|13}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Sokoto Caliphate]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Scramble for Africa]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[Congo Free State]]
## {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Second Boer War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Apartheid]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Algerian War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nigerian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ethiopian Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Angolan Civil War]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Rwandan genocide]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Second Congo War]]
{{Col-end}}

==Historical cities==
{{Vital article count|31}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
===Africa===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Carthage]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Meroë]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Timbuktu]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Great Zimbabwe]]

===Americas===
{{Vital article count|6}}
# {{Icon|GA}} [[Tikal]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Teotihuacan]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Tiwanaku]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Chichen Itza]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Cahokia]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Tenochtitlan]]
{{Col-break}}

===Asia===
{{Vital article count|16}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[Göbekli Tepe]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Jericho]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Çatalhöyük]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ugarit]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Uruk]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Susa]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ur]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Troy]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Nineveh]]
# {{Icon|FA}} [[Palmyra]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Babylon]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Mohenjo-daro]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Persepolis]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Petra]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Antioch]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Ctesiphon]]
{{Col-break}}

===Europe===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[Knossos]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Pompeii]]
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Constantinople]]
{{Col-end}}

==History by subject matter==
{{Vital article count|46}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

===History of art===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of art]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of architecture]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of film]]
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of literature]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of music]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of opera]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of theatre]]

===History of everyday life===
{{Vital article count|1}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of human sexuality]]

===History of philosophy and religion===
{{Vital article count|9}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of atheism]]
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[History of philosophy]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of political thought]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of religion]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of Buddhism]]
## {{Icon|GA}} [[History of Christianity]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of Hinduism]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of Islam]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[Jewish history]]

===History of science and technology===
{{Vital article count|19}}
# {{Icon|GA}} '''[[History of agriculture]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of communication]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of writing]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of mathematics]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[History of science]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of astronomy]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[History of biology]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of chemistry]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of geography]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of geology]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[History of linguistics]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of physics]]
# {{Icon|B}} '''[[History of medicine]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[History of technology]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|B}} {{Icon|FFA}} [[History of computing hardware]]
## {{Icon|B}} [[History of transport]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of aviation]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[History of spaceflight]]
### {{Icon|C}} [[Maritime history]]

===History of society and the social sciences===
{{Vital article count|7}}
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of economic thought]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of psychology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of slavery]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of sociology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Legal history]]
# {{Icon|C}} '''[[Military history]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
# {{Icon|C}} [[Women's history]]

===History of games and sport===
{{Vital article count|3}}
# {{Icon|B}} [[History of games]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of sport]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[History of video games]]
{{Div col end}}

==Auxiliary historical sciences==
{{Vital article count|12}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} '''[[Archaeology]]''' ([[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা|তৃতীয় স্তৰ]])
## {{Icon|C}} [[Archaeological culture]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[Archaeological excavation|Excavation]]
## {{Icon|FA}} [[Radiocarbon dating]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Chronology]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Epigraphy]]
# {{Icon|C}} {{Icon|DGA}} [[Flag]]
## {{Icon|C}} [[National flag]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Genealogy]]
# {{Icon|B}} [[Heraldry]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Historiography]]
# {{Icon|C}} [[Palaeography]]
{{Div col end}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Core topics}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Wikipedia article lists|All languages should have]]
[[Category:Wikipedia core topics|Vital articles]]
[[Category:Wikipedia vital articles| ]]</text>
      <sha1>22nc3uoxpcuucv9rwuiibjpie4g0fzg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>আৰাশ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610886</id>
      <parentid>610634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T00:53:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>610886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17332" sha1="kxlc3i55b868x40366zxd89n8opzpu2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
|name = আৰাশ দ্য আৰ্চাৰ
|image = Sa'dabad Palace Darafshs (2).jpg
|image_size = 260px
}}

'''আৰাশ দ্য আৰ্চাৰ''' ([[ফাৰ্চী]]: آرش کمانگیر) হৈছে ইৰানী পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী আৰু ঐতিহাসিক পৰম্পৰাৰ এজন বীৰ ধনুৰ্ধৰ চৰিত্ৰ। ইৰানী লোককথা অনুসৰি ইৰান আৰু টুৰানৰ মাজৰ সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰাশে নিক্ষেপ কৰা এটা কাঁড়ৰদ্বাৰা, যিটো কাঁড় নিক্ষেপ কৰিবলৈ তেওঁ নিজৰ জীৱন ত্যাগ কৰিছিল। এটা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰপৰা নিক্ষেপ কৰা এই কাঁড়টোৱে কেইবাদিনো ধৰি যাত্ৰা কৰি অৱশেষত শ শ মাইল দূৰৈৰ অক্সাছ নদীৰ সিপাৰে থকা এটা আখৰোট গছৰ ছালত বিদ্ধ হৈছিলহি।

== নামৰ উৎপত্তি ==
যদিও কেইবাটাও উৎসই (যেনে: আল-বিৰুনী) ''আৰাশ'' নামটোক ''আৰ্ছাক'' (অৰ্থাৎ আৰ্চাচেছ) নামৰ মূল উৎস বুলি গণ্য কৰা যেন লাগে, তথাপি পাৰ্থিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজবংশৰ নামটো আচলতে ''আৰ্দাশিৰ'' অৰ্থাৎ ''আৰ্টাক্সাৰাক্সেছ'' (বিশেষকৈ আৰ্টাক্সাৰাক্সেছ ২) ৰ এক পাৰ্থিয়ান বা পূব ইৰানী ভাষাৰ সমকক্ষ নামৰপৰা আহিছে, যাৰপৰা আৰ্চাচিডসকলে নিজৰ বংশধৰ বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। (ইৰানী ৰাজবংশসমূহৰ পৌৰাণিক মিশ্ৰিত বংশাৱলীৰ আঁচনিৰ ভিতৰত, আৰ্চাচিডসকলে আনজন আৰাশৰ জৰিয়তে কাই কোবাদৰপৰাও নিজৰ বংশধৰ বুলি দাবী কৰিছিল। )

মৌখিক পৰম্পৰাৰপৰা অহা নামসমূহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সাধাৰণতে দেখা পোৱাৰ দৰেই ''আৰাশ'' নামটোৰো কেইবাটাও তাৰতম্য আছে। আৱেষ্টাত এই নামটো ''এৰেশ্ব'' হিচাপে দেখা পোৱা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে &quot;দ্ৰুত কাঁড়ৰ অধিকাৰী, ইৰানীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বেগী কাঁড় থকা ধনুৰ্ধৰ&quot; (য়াষ্ট ৮.৬)। এই আৱেষ্টান ভাষাৰ ৰূপটো জৰথুষ্ট্ৰীয় মধ্য পাৰ্চী ভাষাত ''এৰাশ'' হিচাপে চলি থাকে (বুন্দাহিশ্ন, শাহ্ৰাস্তানহা-ই ইৰান, জান্দ-ই ভহুমান য়াষ্ট, মাহ ই ফ্ৰাৱাৰ্দিন), যাৰপৰা ইংৰাজী ৰূপ ''এৰুচ'' উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। নতুন পাৰ্চী ৰূপসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আল-তাবাৰী আৰু ইবন আল-আথিৰৰ গ্ৰন্থত ''এৰাশ'' আৰু ''ইৰাশ''; আল-তাবাৰীৰ গ্ৰন্থত ''আৰাশশ্বেবাতিৰ''; আল-তালেবীৰ গ্ৰন্থত ''আৰাশ''; মাকদেছী, বালামী, মজমল, মাৰাছী, আল-বিৰুনী আৰু গৰ্গানীৰ ''ভিছ অ ৰামিন''ত ''আৰাশ'' আদি অন্যতম। আৱেষ্টান &quot;দ্ৰুত কাঁড়&quot;ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা এটা উপাধিযুক্ত নামৰ ভিতৰত আল-তাবাৰীৰ ''আৰাশশ্বেবাতিৰ'' আৰু মজমলৰ ''আৰাশ-ই শ্বেৱাতিৰ'' অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইয়াৰ এটা উপাধিযুক্ত ৰূপৰ ভিতৰত ''আৰাশ কমান-গীৰ'' অৰ্থাৎ &quot;আৰাশ, ধনু-বিশেষজ্ঞ&quot; অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। তদুপৰি তাত বাস কৰা লোকসকলৰ মাজত ই এটা অতি সুলভ নাম। 

== সাৰাংশ ==
ধনুৰ্ধৰজনৰ মূল কাহিনীটো এইদৰে পোৱা যায়: &quot;ৰাজকীয় গৌৰৱ&quot; লাভৰ বাবে ইৰানীয় আৰু টুৰানীয়সকলৰ মাজত হোৱা এক যুদ্ধত, টুৰানীয় সেনাপতি ''আফ্ৰাছিয়াবে'' ধাৰ্মিক ৰজা ''মানুচেহ্ৰ''ৰ বাহিনীক ঘেৰি ধৰে আৰু অৱশেষত দুয়োপক্ষই শান্তি চুক্তি কৰিবলৈ সন্মত হয়। দুয়োপক্ষই এই চুক্তিত উপনীত হয় যে এটা কাঁড় যিমান দূৰলৈকে যাব, সিমানখিনি মাটি ''মানুচেহ্ৰ'' আৰু ইৰানীয়সকলক ঘূৰাই দিয়া হ'ব আৰু বাকী থকা অংশ ''আফ্ৰাছিয়াব'' তথা অন-ইৰানীয়সকলৰ হাতলৈ যাব। এজন স্বৰ্গদূতে (আল-বিৰুনীৰ মতে তেওঁ আছিল ''ইছফান্দাৰামাদ'', অৰ্থাৎ আমেশা স্পেণ্টা স্পেণ্টা আৰ্মাইটি, যাক মধ্য পাৰ্চী ভাষাত ''স্পেন্দাৰমাড'' বুলি কোৱা হয়) ''মানুচেহ্ৰ''ক এটা বিশেষ ধনু আৰু কাঁড় তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে আৰু আৰাশক ধনুৰ্ধৰ হ'বলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত আৰাশে প্ৰত্যুষতে সেই বিশেষভাৱে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা কাঁড়টো নিক্ষেপ কৰে, যিটোৱে এক সুদূৰ দূৰত্ব অতিক্ৰম কৰি অৱশেষত মাটিত পৰেহি আৰু এইদৰেই ইৰানীয় আৰু অন-ইৰানীয়সকলৰ মাজৰ ভৱিষ্যতৰ সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। 

তালেবী আৰু মহম্মদ বালামীৰ বৰ্ণনা অনুসায়ী, কাঁড় নিক্ষেপ কৰাৰ ফলত আৰাশ ধ্বংস হৈ যায় আৰু নোহোৱা হৈ পৰে। আনহাতে আল-তাবাৰীৰ মতে, তেওঁ জনসাধাৰণৰদ্বাৰা অত্যন্ত সমাদৃত হয়, তেওঁক ধনুৰ্ধৰসকলৰ অধিনায়ক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয় আৰু তেওঁ অতি সন্মানেৰে জীৱন অতিবাহিত কৰে। কাঁড়টোৱে অতিক্ৰম কৰা দূৰত্বৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ভিন্নতা দেখা যায়: এটা উৎসৰ মতে ই এহাজাৰ লীগ (ফাৰছাখ) আৰু আন এটা উৎসৰ মতে চল্লিছ দিনৰ খোজকঢ়া দূৰত্ব আছিল। কেইবাটাও উৎসত উল্লেখ আছে যে কাঁড়টোৱে ৰাতিপুৱাৰপৰা দুপৰীয়ালৈকে যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল; আন কিছুমানৰ মতে আকৌ ৰাতিপুৱাৰপৰা সূৰ্যাস্তলৈকে। কিছুসংখ্যক উৎসই এই ঘটনাটোৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট তাৰিখো উল্লেখ কৰিছে। মধ্য পাৰ্চী গ্ৰন্থ ''মাহ ই ফ্ৰাৱাৰ্দিন''ত প্ৰথম মাহৰ ষষ্ঠ দিনটোৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ফ্ৰাৱাৰ্দিন মাহৰ খোৰদাদ দিন) কথা উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে; পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ৰ উৎসসমূহে এই ঘটনাটোক তান্দৰেস্তী বা তিৰেগান উৎসৱৰ দিনটোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত কৰে, যিটো সম্ভৱতঃ য়াজাতা তিৰ বা তিৰ অৰ্থাৎ &quot;কাঁড়&quot; শব্দটোৰ সমনাম হোৱাৰ বাবে হৈছিল। 

আৰাশে যি স্থানৰপৰা কাঁড় নিক্ষেপ কৰিছিল, সেই স্থানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো ভিন্নতা দেখা যায়। আৱেষ্টাত (য'ত পশ্চিম ইৰানৰ ঠাইসমূহৰ উল্লেখ নাই) ইয়াক ''আইৰিয়াও-খশ্বাউথা'' বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, যিটো মধ্য জলবায়ু অঞ্চলৰ এক অজ্ঞাত স্থান। ইছলামিক যুগৰ উৎসসমূহে সাধাৰণতে এই স্থান কেছপিয়ান সাগৰৰ ঠিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰে, বিভিন্ন মতেৰে ই টাবাৰিস্তান আৰু আমোল দুৰ্গ (মজমল); দমাৱান্দ পাহাৰ (বালামী) বা ছাৰী (গৰ্গানী)। কাঁড়টো যি ঠাইত পৰিছিলহি, সেই ঠাইখন আৱেষ্টাত 'মাউণ্ট খভাৱন্ত' বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে (যিখনো এক অজ্ঞাত স্থান); বলখৰ এখন নদী (তাবাৰী, আল-আথিৰ); বলখৰ পূব দিশ (তালেবী); বেক্ট্ৰিয়া বা তোখাৰিস্তান (মাকদেছী, গাৰ্দিজী); অক্সাছ নদীৰ পাৰ (বালামী) বা মেৰ্ভ (মজমল)। আল-বিৰুনীৰ মতে, এই কাঁড়টোৱে গ্ৰেটাৰ খোৰাছানৰ আটাইতকৈ দূৰৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত &quot;ফাৰগানা&quot; আৰু টাবাৰিস্তানৰ মাজৰ এটা আখৰোট গছত আঘাত কৰিছিল। 

আৰাশ নামটো আজিও ইৰানীয়সকলৰ মাজত এটা অতি জনপ্ৰিয় নাম হৈ আছে। 

== আধুনিক আখ্যান ==
ইৰানৰ এজন কবি ''ছিয়াভাশ কাছৰাই''য়ে ১৯৫৯ চনত ''আৰাশ দ্য আৰ্চাৰ'' নামৰ দীঘলীয়া কবিতাটো ৰচনা কৰিছিল। প্ৰাচীন পাৰ্চী পৌৰাণিক কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এই মহাকাব্যিক আখ্যানটোত নিজৰ দেশক বিদেশী শাসনৰপৰা মুক্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰাশে কৰা বীৰত্বপূৰ্ণ আত্মত্যাগৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caroun.com/Literature/Iran/Poets/SiavoshKasrai/SiavoshKasrai.html Siavosh Kasrai, Iranian Poet], Caroun.com, Iranian literature&lt;/ref&gt; আনহাতে ''বাহৰাম বেইজাই''য়ে ''আৰাশ-ই কমানগীৰ''ৰ প্ৰত্যুত্তৰ হিচাপে ''আৰাশ'' নামৰ এখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল, যিখন ১৯৭৭ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। চুটি গল্প বা নাটক কোনোখনৰ গণ্ডীতেই আবদ্ধ নথকা বেইজাইৰ এই ''আৰাশ'' সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে কেইবাবাৰো মঞ্চস্থ কৰা হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত ২০১৩ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ষ্টেনফৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এনেনবাৰ্গ অডিটৰিয়ামৰ মঞ্চায়ন বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখনীয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aras-avestan-erexsa|title=ĀRAŠ – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|access-date=19 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[চিত্ৰ:Peykan Zarrin Arash.jpg|thumb|আৰাশ কমানগীৰৰ সোণালী কাঁড়]]

== আৰাশ কমানগীৰৰ সোণালী কাঁড় ==
বিশ্ব শান্তি দিৱস (২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০২০) উপলক্ষ্যে নৱৰোজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ইনষ্টিটিউটৰ উদ্যোগত আৰাশ কমানগীৰৰ সোণালী কাঁড়ৰ (শান্তি, ৰোমাণ্টিক প্ৰতিৰক্ষা) উন্মোচনী অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=fa:رونمایی از پیکان زرین آرش کمانگیر- عکس خبری تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1399/06/31/2353553/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B4-%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1/photo/19 |access-date=2020-10-08 |publisher=[[Tasnim News Agency]] |language=fa }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |script-title=fa:عکس/ رونمایی از پیکان زرین آرش کمانگیر |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/photo/1121011/عکس-رونمایی-از-پیکان-زرین-آرش-کمانگیر |access-date=2020-10-08 |website=مشرق نیوز |language=fa }}&lt;/ref&gt; সোণ আৰু অলংকাৰেৰে সুশোভিত এটা কাঁড়ৰ প্ৰতি আৰাশ কমানগীৰৰ এই প্ৰতীকী দৃষ্টি দৰাচলতে সম্পূৰ্ণ শান্তিপূৰ্ণ পৌৰাণিক কাহিনীসমূহক চিত্ৰিত কৰাৰ এক শৈল্পিক আদৰ্শ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=fa:&quot;آرش&quot;های ایرانی همیشه زنده هستند |url=https://www.asianews.ir/fa/newsagency/2599/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF |access-date=2020-10-08 |work=[[Asia (economic newspaper)|Asia]] |language=fa |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |archivedate=2021-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516013909/https://www.asianews.ir/fa/newsagency/2599/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{commons category|Arash Kamangir}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tafażżolī |first=Ahmed |ref=Tafazzoli |chapter=Āraš i |title=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |volume=2 |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul]] |pages=266–267 |chapter-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aras-avestan-erexsa }}.
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=ʿĀbedi |first= Kāmyār | title=KASRA'I, Siavash |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] | access-date=2009-08-20 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kasrai-siavash-marxist-poet |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul]] }}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইৰান]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:পৌৰাণিক কথা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:লোককথা]]</text>
      <sha1>kxlc3i55b868x40366zxd89n8opzpu2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610858</id>
      <parentid>610642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:29:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>610858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17632" sha1="gmyftvmn711xobwzh7bdpw5h2sxg3pp" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==
হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়, যিয়ে সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।[2][3][4][5]
ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: 
হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,[6] আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।[7]
পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।[8][9] 
হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।[10][11]

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন (অলিগুৰিয়া), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন (পলিউৰিয়া), আৰু আৰোগ্য। 
সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।[12] 
বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ (হেমেটুৰিয়া)ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। 
আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ'ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া (পেটেচিয়া), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।[2][13]
বৃক্ক বিকল হ'লে অলিগুৰিয়া হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় বহুমুত্ৰুৰ সৈতে।[2][6]
আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।[14]
অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,[15] বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।[6]

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ আৰু চিন নম্ব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ। 
এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। 
ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। 
কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। 
এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16]
কাৰ্ডিঅ'পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। 
এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ'পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ'লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ'পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ'ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ'ব পাৰে।[16][17]
==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাছ পৰিয়াল]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ]]</text>
      <sha1>gmyftvmn711xobwzh7bdpw5h2sxg3pp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610861</id>
      <parentid>610858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ৰোগ */</comment>
      <origin>610861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17642" sha1="7vrod7isy0tkmv0xxs9g2hzxnii47lr" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==
সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।[2][3][4][5] ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,[6] আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।[7] পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।[8][9] হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।[10][11]

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন (অলিগুৰিয়া), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন (পলিউৰিয়া), আৰু আৰোগ্য।  সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।[12] বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ (হেমেটুৰিয়া)ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।[2][13] বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।[2][6] আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।[14] অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,[15] বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।[6]

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16] কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।[16][17]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাছ পৰিয়াল]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ]]</text>
      <sha1>7vrod7isy0tkmv0xxs9g2hzxnii47lr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610862</id>
      <parentid>610861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:48:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ৰোগ */</comment>
      <origin>610862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21317" sha1="69j8054elpkdkc6j0eulk8phofett82" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==

সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।&lt;ref name=chen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Gong H, Wang X, Sun M, Ji Y, Tan S, Chen J, Shao J, Liao M |date=8 August 2023 |title=Zoonotic ''Hantaviridae'' with Global Public Health Significance |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1705 |doi=10.3390/v15081705 |doi-access=free |pmc=10459939 |pmid=37632047}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toledo &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Toledo J, Haby MM, Reveiz L, Sosa Leon L, Angerami R, Aldighieri S |date=17 October 2022 |title=Evidence for Human-to-Human Transmission of Hantavirus: A Systematic Review |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=226 |issue=8 |pages=1362–1371 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiab461 |pmc=9574657 |pmid=34515290}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kim &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW |date=8 January 2021 |title=Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=532388 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388 |doi-access=free |pmc=7819890 |pmid=33489927}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC  |date=9 November 2023 |title=Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen |journal=Biology (Basel) |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=1143 |doi=10.3390/biology12111413 |doi-access=free |pmc=10669331 |pmid=37998012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,&lt;ref name=tariq &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tariq M, Kim DM |date=March 2022 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Literature Review, Epidemiology, Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis |journal=Infect Chemother |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.3947/ic.2021.0148 |pmc=8987181 |pmid=35384417}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।&lt;ref name=klempa2013 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Klempa B, Avsic-Zupanc T, Clement J, Dzagurova TK, Henttonen H, Heyman P, Jakab F, Kruger DH, Maes P, Papa A, Tkachenko EA, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A |year=2013 |title=Complex Evolution and Epidemiology of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus: Definition of Genotypes and Their Characteristics |journal=Arch Virol |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1514-5 |pmc=3586401 |pmid=23090188}}&lt;/ref&gt; পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=ricco &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccò M, Peruzzi S, Ranzieri S, Magnavita N |date=25 October 2021 |title=Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis |journal=Viruses |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=2150 |doi=10.3390/v13112150 |doi-access=free |pmc=8621010 |pmid=34834957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=afzal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hantavirus: An Overview and Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Infection |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=14 |issue= |article-number=1233433 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433 |doi-access=free |pmc=10601933 |pmid=37901807}}&lt;/ref&gt; হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=hansen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, Williams C, Han GS, Bi P |date=April 2015 |title=Transmission of Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China and the Role of Climate Factors: A Review |journal=Int J Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue= |pages=212–218 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.010 |pmc= |pmid=25704595 |hdl=2440/94644 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kruger2011 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B |date=June 2011 |title=Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses and Prevention of Infection |journal=Hum Vaccin |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=685–693 |doi=10.4161/hv.7.6.15197 |pmc=3219076 |pmid=21508676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন (অলিগুৰিয়া), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন (পলিউৰিয়া), আৰু আৰোগ্য।  সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।[12] বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ (হেমেটুৰিয়া)ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।[2][13] বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।[2][6] আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।[14] অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,[15] বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।[6]

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16] কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।[16][17]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাছ পৰিয়াল]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ]]</text>
      <sha1>69j8054elpkdkc6j0eulk8phofett82</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610863</id>
      <parentid>610862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ৰোগ */</comment>
      <origin>610863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22830" sha1="su0r7whszzjeff941vi3p0tq8hs3kte" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==

সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।&lt;ref name=chen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Gong H, Wang X, Sun M, Ji Y, Tan S, Chen J, Shao J, Liao M |date=8 August 2023 |title=Zoonotic ''Hantaviridae'' with Global Public Health Significance |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1705 |doi=10.3390/v15081705 |doi-access=free |pmc=10459939 |pmid=37632047}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toledo &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Toledo J, Haby MM, Reveiz L, Sosa Leon L, Angerami R, Aldighieri S |date=17 October 2022 |title=Evidence for Human-to-Human Transmission of Hantavirus: A Systematic Review |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=226 |issue=8 |pages=1362–1371 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiab461 |pmc=9574657 |pmid=34515290}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kim &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW |date=8 January 2021 |title=Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=532388 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388 |doi-access=free |pmc=7819890 |pmid=33489927}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC  |date=9 November 2023 |title=Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen |journal=Biology (Basel) |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=1143 |doi=10.3390/biology12111413 |doi-access=free |pmc=10669331 |pmid=37998012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,&lt;ref name=tariq &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tariq M, Kim DM |date=March 2022 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Literature Review, Epidemiology, Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis |journal=Infect Chemother |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.3947/ic.2021.0148 |pmc=8987181 |pmid=35384417}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।&lt;ref name=klempa2013 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Klempa B, Avsic-Zupanc T, Clement J, Dzagurova TK, Henttonen H, Heyman P, Jakab F, Kruger DH, Maes P, Papa A, Tkachenko EA, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A |year=2013 |title=Complex Evolution and Epidemiology of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus: Definition of Genotypes and Their Characteristics |journal=Arch Virol |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1514-5 |pmc=3586401 |pmid=23090188}}&lt;/ref&gt; পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=ricco &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccò M, Peruzzi S, Ranzieri S, Magnavita N |date=25 October 2021 |title=Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis |journal=Viruses |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=2150 |doi=10.3390/v13112150 |doi-access=free |pmc=8621010 |pmid=34834957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=afzal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hantavirus: An Overview and Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Infection |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=14 |issue= |article-number=1233433 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433 |doi-access=free |pmc=10601933 |pmid=37901807}}&lt;/ref&gt; হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=hansen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, Williams C, Han GS, Bi P |date=April 2015 |title=Transmission of Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China and the Role of Climate Factors: A Review |journal=Int J Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue= |pages=212–218 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.010 |pmc= |pmid=25704595 |hdl=2440/94644 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kruger2011 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B |date=June 2011 |title=Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses and Prevention of Infection |journal=Hum Vaccin |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=685–693 |doi=10.4161/hv.7.6.15197 |pmc=3219076 |pmid=21508676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[অলিগুৰিয়া]]), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[পলিউৰিয়া]]), আৰু আৰোগ্য। সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=zhang &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Ma R, Wang Y, Sun W, Yang Z, Han M, Han T, Wu XA, Liu R |date=30 September 2021 |title=Viruses Run: The Evasion Mechanisms of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by Hantavirus |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=12 |issue= |article-number=759198 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.759198 |doi-access=free |pmc=8516094 |pmid=34659193}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ ([[হেমেটুৰিয়া]])ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=sehgal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sehgal A, Mehta S, Sahay K, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Baranwal M, Chandy S, Khaiboullina S, Kabwe E, Davidyuk Y |date=18 February 2023 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=2 |article-number=561 |doi=10.3390/v15020561 |doi-access=free |pmc=9966805 |pmid=36851775}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt; আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।&lt;ref name=lupusoru &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupuşoru G, Lupuşoru M, Ailincăi I, Bernea L, Berechet A, Spătaru R, Ismail G |date=September 2021 |title=Hanta Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Pathology in Whose Diagnosis Kidney Biopsy Plays a Major Role (Review) |journal=Exp Ther Med |volume=22 |issue=33 |article-number=984 |doi=10.3892/etm.2021.10416 |pmc=8311249 |pmid=34345266}}&lt;/ref&gt; অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,&lt;ref name=avsic &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=April 2019 |title=Hantavirus Infections |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |issue= |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |doi-access=free |pmc= |pmid=24750436}}&lt;/ref&gt; বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt;

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16] কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।[16][17]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাছ পৰিয়াল]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ]]</text>
      <sha1>su0r7whszzjeff941vi3p0tq8hs3kte</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610864</id>
      <parentid>610863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:ভাইৰাছ পৰিয়াল]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>610864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22766" sha1="oclyso2dh2yc4fozrg4h1dcuxm5o0n5" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==

সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।&lt;ref name=chen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Gong H, Wang X, Sun M, Ji Y, Tan S, Chen J, Shao J, Liao M |date=8 August 2023 |title=Zoonotic ''Hantaviridae'' with Global Public Health Significance |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1705 |doi=10.3390/v15081705 |doi-access=free |pmc=10459939 |pmid=37632047}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toledo &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Toledo J, Haby MM, Reveiz L, Sosa Leon L, Angerami R, Aldighieri S |date=17 October 2022 |title=Evidence for Human-to-Human Transmission of Hantavirus: A Systematic Review |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=226 |issue=8 |pages=1362–1371 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiab461 |pmc=9574657 |pmid=34515290}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kim &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW |date=8 January 2021 |title=Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=532388 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388 |doi-access=free |pmc=7819890 |pmid=33489927}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC  |date=9 November 2023 |title=Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen |journal=Biology (Basel) |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=1143 |doi=10.3390/biology12111413 |doi-access=free |pmc=10669331 |pmid=37998012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,&lt;ref name=tariq &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tariq M, Kim DM |date=March 2022 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Literature Review, Epidemiology, Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis |journal=Infect Chemother |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.3947/ic.2021.0148 |pmc=8987181 |pmid=35384417}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।&lt;ref name=klempa2013 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Klempa B, Avsic-Zupanc T, Clement J, Dzagurova TK, Henttonen H, Heyman P, Jakab F, Kruger DH, Maes P, Papa A, Tkachenko EA, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A |year=2013 |title=Complex Evolution and Epidemiology of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus: Definition of Genotypes and Their Characteristics |journal=Arch Virol |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1514-5 |pmc=3586401 |pmid=23090188}}&lt;/ref&gt; পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=ricco &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccò M, Peruzzi S, Ranzieri S, Magnavita N |date=25 October 2021 |title=Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis |journal=Viruses |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=2150 |doi=10.3390/v13112150 |doi-access=free |pmc=8621010 |pmid=34834957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=afzal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hantavirus: An Overview and Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Infection |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=14 |issue= |article-number=1233433 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433 |doi-access=free |pmc=10601933 |pmid=37901807}}&lt;/ref&gt; হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=hansen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, Williams C, Han GS, Bi P |date=April 2015 |title=Transmission of Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China and the Role of Climate Factors: A Review |journal=Int J Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue= |pages=212–218 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.010 |pmc= |pmid=25704595 |hdl=2440/94644 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kruger2011 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B |date=June 2011 |title=Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses and Prevention of Infection |journal=Hum Vaccin |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=685–693 |doi=10.4161/hv.7.6.15197 |pmc=3219076 |pmid=21508676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[অলিগুৰিয়া]]), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[পলিউৰিয়া]]), আৰু আৰোগ্য। সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=zhang &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Ma R, Wang Y, Sun W, Yang Z, Han M, Han T, Wu XA, Liu R |date=30 September 2021 |title=Viruses Run: The Evasion Mechanisms of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by Hantavirus |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=12 |issue= |article-number=759198 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.759198 |doi-access=free |pmc=8516094 |pmid=34659193}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ ([[হেমেটুৰিয়া]])ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=sehgal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sehgal A, Mehta S, Sahay K, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Baranwal M, Chandy S, Khaiboullina S, Kabwe E, Davidyuk Y |date=18 February 2023 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=2 |article-number=561 |doi=10.3390/v15020561 |doi-access=free |pmc=9966805 |pmid=36851775}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt; আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।&lt;ref name=lupusoru &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupuşoru G, Lupuşoru M, Ailincăi I, Bernea L, Berechet A, Spătaru R, Ismail G |date=September 2021 |title=Hanta Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Pathology in Whose Diagnosis Kidney Biopsy Plays a Major Role (Review) |journal=Exp Ther Med |volume=22 |issue=33 |article-number=984 |doi=10.3892/etm.2021.10416 |pmc=8311249 |pmid=34345266}}&lt;/ref&gt; অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,&lt;ref name=avsic &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=April 2019 |title=Hantavirus Infections |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |issue= |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |doi-access=free |pmc= |pmid=24750436}}&lt;/ref&gt; বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt;

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16] কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।[16][17]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ]]</text>
      <sha1>oclyso2dh2yc4fozrg4h1dcuxm5o0n5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610865</id>
      <parentid>610864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>610865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22706" sha1="5joxgpkuj731uckp2obff85umgdqt59" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==

সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।&lt;ref name=chen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Gong H, Wang X, Sun M, Ji Y, Tan S, Chen J, Shao J, Liao M |date=8 August 2023 |title=Zoonotic ''Hantaviridae'' with Global Public Health Significance |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1705 |doi=10.3390/v15081705 |doi-access=free |pmc=10459939 |pmid=37632047}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toledo &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Toledo J, Haby MM, Reveiz L, Sosa Leon L, Angerami R, Aldighieri S |date=17 October 2022 |title=Evidence for Human-to-Human Transmission of Hantavirus: A Systematic Review |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=226 |issue=8 |pages=1362–1371 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiab461 |pmc=9574657 |pmid=34515290}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kim &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW |date=8 January 2021 |title=Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=532388 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388 |doi-access=free |pmc=7819890 |pmid=33489927}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC  |date=9 November 2023 |title=Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen |journal=Biology (Basel) |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=1143 |doi=10.3390/biology12111413 |doi-access=free |pmc=10669331 |pmid=37998012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,&lt;ref name=tariq &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tariq M, Kim DM |date=March 2022 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Literature Review, Epidemiology, Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis |journal=Infect Chemother |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.3947/ic.2021.0148 |pmc=8987181 |pmid=35384417}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।&lt;ref name=klempa2013 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Klempa B, Avsic-Zupanc T, Clement J, Dzagurova TK, Henttonen H, Heyman P, Jakab F, Kruger DH, Maes P, Papa A, Tkachenko EA, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A |year=2013 |title=Complex Evolution and Epidemiology of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus: Definition of Genotypes and Their Characteristics |journal=Arch Virol |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1514-5 |pmc=3586401 |pmid=23090188}}&lt;/ref&gt; পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=ricco &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccò M, Peruzzi S, Ranzieri S, Magnavita N |date=25 October 2021 |title=Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis |journal=Viruses |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=2150 |doi=10.3390/v13112150 |doi-access=free |pmc=8621010 |pmid=34834957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=afzal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hantavirus: An Overview and Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Infection |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=14 |issue= |article-number=1233433 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433 |doi-access=free |pmc=10601933 |pmid=37901807}}&lt;/ref&gt; হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=hansen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, Williams C, Han GS, Bi P |date=April 2015 |title=Transmission of Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China and the Role of Climate Factors: A Review |journal=Int J Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue= |pages=212–218 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.010 |pmc= |pmid=25704595 |hdl=2440/94644 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kruger2011 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B |date=June 2011 |title=Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses and Prevention of Infection |journal=Hum Vaccin |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=685–693 |doi=10.4161/hv.7.6.15197 |pmc=3219076 |pmid=21508676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[অলিগুৰিয়া]]), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[পলিউৰিয়া]]), আৰু আৰোগ্য। সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=zhang &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Ma R, Wang Y, Sun W, Yang Z, Han M, Han T, Wu XA, Liu R |date=30 September 2021 |title=Viruses Run: The Evasion Mechanisms of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by Hantavirus |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=12 |issue= |article-number=759198 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.759198 |doi-access=free |pmc=8516094 |pmid=34659193}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ ([[হেমেটুৰিয়া]])ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=sehgal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sehgal A, Mehta S, Sahay K, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Baranwal M, Chandy S, Khaiboullina S, Kabwe E, Davidyuk Y |date=18 February 2023 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=2 |article-number=561 |doi=10.3390/v15020561 |doi-access=free |pmc=9966805 |pmid=36851775}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt; আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।&lt;ref name=lupusoru &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupuşoru G, Lupuşoru M, Ailincăi I, Bernea L, Berechet A, Spătaru R, Ismail G |date=September 2021 |title=Hanta Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Pathology in Whose Diagnosis Kidney Biopsy Plays a Major Role (Review) |journal=Exp Ther Med |volume=22 |issue=33 |article-number=984 |doi=10.3892/etm.2021.10416 |pmc=8311249 |pmid=34345266}}&lt;/ref&gt; অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,&lt;ref name=avsic &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=April 2019 |title=Hantavirus Infections |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |issue= |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |doi-access=free |pmc= |pmid=24750436}}&lt;/ref&gt; বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt;

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16] কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।[16][17]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
      <sha1>5joxgpkuj731uckp2obff85umgdqt59</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610866</id>
      <parentid>610865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T17:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাচ পৰিয়াল]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাচ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>610866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22831" sha1="moqpcu746nx4xd7o7297ld4dd129y8h" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==

সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।&lt;ref name=chen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Gong H, Wang X, Sun M, Ji Y, Tan S, Chen J, Shao J, Liao M |date=8 August 2023 |title=Zoonotic ''Hantaviridae'' with Global Public Health Significance |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1705 |doi=10.3390/v15081705 |doi-access=free |pmc=10459939 |pmid=37632047}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toledo &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Toledo J, Haby MM, Reveiz L, Sosa Leon L, Angerami R, Aldighieri S |date=17 October 2022 |title=Evidence for Human-to-Human Transmission of Hantavirus: A Systematic Review |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=226 |issue=8 |pages=1362–1371 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiab461 |pmc=9574657 |pmid=34515290}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kim &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW |date=8 January 2021 |title=Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=532388 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388 |doi-access=free |pmc=7819890 |pmid=33489927}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC  |date=9 November 2023 |title=Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen |journal=Biology (Basel) |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=1143 |doi=10.3390/biology12111413 |doi-access=free |pmc=10669331 |pmid=37998012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,&lt;ref name=tariq &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tariq M, Kim DM |date=March 2022 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Literature Review, Epidemiology, Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis |journal=Infect Chemother |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.3947/ic.2021.0148 |pmc=8987181 |pmid=35384417}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।&lt;ref name=klempa2013 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Klempa B, Avsic-Zupanc T, Clement J, Dzagurova TK, Henttonen H, Heyman P, Jakab F, Kruger DH, Maes P, Papa A, Tkachenko EA, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A |year=2013 |title=Complex Evolution and Epidemiology of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus: Definition of Genotypes and Their Characteristics |journal=Arch Virol |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1514-5 |pmc=3586401 |pmid=23090188}}&lt;/ref&gt; পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=ricco &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccò M, Peruzzi S, Ranzieri S, Magnavita N |date=25 October 2021 |title=Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis |journal=Viruses |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=2150 |doi=10.3390/v13112150 |doi-access=free |pmc=8621010 |pmid=34834957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=afzal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hantavirus: An Overview and Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Infection |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=14 |issue= |article-number=1233433 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433 |doi-access=free |pmc=10601933 |pmid=37901807}}&lt;/ref&gt; হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=hansen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, Williams C, Han GS, Bi P |date=April 2015 |title=Transmission of Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China and the Role of Climate Factors: A Review |journal=Int J Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue= |pages=212–218 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.010 |pmc= |pmid=25704595 |hdl=2440/94644 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kruger2011 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B |date=June 2011 |title=Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses and Prevention of Infection |journal=Hum Vaccin |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=685–693 |doi=10.4161/hv.7.6.15197 |pmc=3219076 |pmid=21508676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[অলিগুৰিয়া]]), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[পলিউৰিয়া]]), আৰু আৰোগ্য। সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=zhang &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Ma R, Wang Y, Sun W, Yang Z, Han M, Han T, Wu XA, Liu R |date=30 September 2021 |title=Viruses Run: The Evasion Mechanisms of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by Hantavirus |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=12 |issue= |article-number=759198 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.759198 |doi-access=free |pmc=8516094 |pmid=34659193}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ ([[হেমেটুৰিয়া]])ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=sehgal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sehgal A, Mehta S, Sahay K, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Baranwal M, Chandy S, Khaiboullina S, Kabwe E, Davidyuk Y |date=18 February 2023 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=2 |article-number=561 |doi=10.3390/v15020561 |doi-access=free |pmc=9966805 |pmid=36851775}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt; আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।&lt;ref name=lupusoru &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupuşoru G, Lupuşoru M, Ailincăi I, Bernea L, Berechet A, Spătaru R, Ismail G |date=September 2021 |title=Hanta Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Pathology in Whose Diagnosis Kidney Biopsy Plays a Major Role (Review) |journal=Exp Ther Med |volume=22 |issue=33 |article-number=984 |doi=10.3892/etm.2021.10416 |pmc=8311249 |pmid=34345266}}&lt;/ref&gt; অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,&lt;ref name=avsic &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=April 2019 |title=Hantavirus Infections |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |issue= |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |doi-access=free |pmc= |pmid=24750436}}&lt;/ref&gt; বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt;

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।[2][5][16] কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,[16] বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।[16][17]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাচ পৰিয়াল]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাচ]]</text>
      <sha1>moqpcu746nx4xd7o7297ld4dd129y8h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610867</id>
      <parentid>610866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T18:00:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ৰোগ */</comment>
      <origin>610867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23621" sha1="2w1g59u952ouq864d9zmlt43dxw8cq2" xml:space="preserve">{{Virusbox
| image = Sin Nombre virus Hanta TEM 1137 lores.jpg
| image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of &quot;Sin Nombre virus&quot;
| image_caption = [[ছিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]ৰ [[সংবহন ইলেক্ট্ৰন মাইক্ৰ’গ্ৰাফ]]
| taxon = Orthohantavirus
| synonyms = * ''হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''
| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref name=orthohistory &gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Taxon: Genus: ''Orthohantavirus'' (2023 Release, MSL #39) |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202300020&amp;taxon_name=Orthohantavirus |website=ictv.global |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ref =
| subdivision = [[#Classification]]
}}

মানুহৰ ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰা সকলো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা '''অৰ্থোহাণ্টাভাইৰাছ''' হৈছে এটা ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰজাতি। হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে প্ৰধানকৈ ৰোডেণ্টত পোৱা যায়। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ এটাকৈ ৰোডেণ্ট প্ৰজাতিৰদ্বাৰা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কঢ়িয়াই অনা প্ৰতিটো ৰোডেণ্টে এটাকৈ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰজাতি কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক জলাশয়ত থকা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে সাধাৰণতে লক্ষণবিহীন, স্থায়ী সংক্ৰমণৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অৱশ্যে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছে দুটা ৰোগ সৃষ্টি কৰে: [[ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰম]] (HFRS) আৰু [[হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম(HPS)ৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ]]। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ মূলতঃ আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয় আৰু এইচ পি এছ সাধাৰণতে আমেৰিকাৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়, যাক নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ প্ৰধানকৈ এৰ’ছল আৰু ড্ৰপলেটৰ জৰিয়তে সংক্ৰমিত হয় য’ত ৰোডেণ্টৰ নিৰ্গমন থাকে, লগতে দূষিত খাদ্য, কামোৰ আৰু আঁচোৰৰ জৰিয়তেও সংক্ৰমিত হয়। বৰষুণ, উষ্ণতা, আৰ্দ্ৰতা আদি পৰিৱেশৰ কাৰকে সংক্ৰমণক প্ৰভাবিত কৰে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ নিগৰা আদিৰদ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়। ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%তকৈ কমৰপৰা ১৫%লৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। নেফ্ৰ’পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা নামৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ এটা মৃদু ৰূপ প্ৰায়ে পুমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়। এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰম্ভিক লক্ষণসমূহ ফ্লুৰ দৰে, জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, তাৰ পিছত হঠাতে শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত বিকলতা। এইচ পি এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছতকৈ বেছি, ৩০–৬০%। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আৰু এইচ পি এছ দুয়োটাৰে বাবে অসুস্থতা হৈছে ভেছকুলাৰ পাৰ্যমান্যতা বৃদ্ধি, প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস আৰু ৰোগ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতাৰ অতিমাত্ৰা প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ ফল। 

হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ জিনম তিনিটা একক-ডাল ঋণাত্মক-চেন্স আৰ এন এ খণ্ডৰে গঠিত যিয়ে এটাকৈ প্ৰটিন সংকেত কৰে: এটা আৰ এন এ-নিৰ্ভৰশীল আৰ এন এ পলিমেৰেজ (RdRp), এটা স্পাইক গ্লাইকোপ্ৰটিন পূৰ্বসূৰী আৰু এন প্ৰটিন। খণ্ডবোৰ N প্ৰটিনত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰাইবনিউক্লিঅ’প্ৰটিন (RNP) কমপ্লেক্স গঠন কৰা হয় যিবোৰৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে RdRp ৰ কঁপি সংলগ্ন থাকে। আৰ এন পি কমপ্লেক্সবোৰ লিপিড আৱৰণেৰে আগুৰি থাকে যাৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা স্পাইক প্ৰটিন নিৰ্গত হয়। প্ৰতিলিপিকৰণ আৰম্ভ হয় যেতিয়া স্পাইক কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠত সংলগ্ন হয়। কোষত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পাছত খামটো এণ্ড’জম আৰু লাইছ’জমৰ সৈতে সংযোজন হয়, যিয়ে আৰ এন পি সমূহ চাইট’প্লাজমত খালী কৰে। তাৰ পিছত RdRp এ জিনমটোক ট্ৰান্সক্ৰিপচন কৰি গৃহস্থ ৰাইব’জমৰদ্বাৰা অনুবাদৰ বাবে মেচেঞ্জাৰ আৰ এন এ (mRNA) উৎপন্ন কৰি ভাইৰাছৰ প্ৰটিন উৎপন্ন কৰে আৰু বংশধৰ ভাইৰাছৰ বাবে জিনমটোৰ প্ৰতিলিপি কৰে। পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে গলজি যন্ত্ৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে, তাৰ পিছত এক্স’চাইট’ছিছৰ জৰিয়তে কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যাবলৈ কোষৰ পৰ্দালৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হয়। নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছবোৰে কোষৰ আৱৰণৰ ওচৰত একত্ৰিত হয় আৰু কোষৰ পৃষ্ঠৰপৰা ফুলি কোষৰপৰা ওলাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰপৰাই নিজৰ খামটো লাভ কৰে। 

কোৰিয়া যুদ্ধৰ পিছত প্ৰথমে হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত হাণ্টান নদীৰ ওচৰত নিয়োজিত সৈনিকৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ আছিল এক সাধাৰণ ৰোগ। ১৯৭৮ চনত দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়াত প্ৰথম হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পৃথক কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ নাম [[হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছ]] ৰখা হৈছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে ইয়াক দায়ী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল। কেইবছৰমানৰ ভিতৰতে সমগ্ৰ ইউৰেছিয়াতে এইচ এফ আৰ এছ সৃষ্টি কৰা আন হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ’ল। ১৯৮২ চনত বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থাই এইচ এফ আৰ এছক নাম দিছিল আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এটা প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত আমেৰিকাৰ ফোৰ কৰ্ণাৰ অঞ্চলত এইচ পি এছৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটে, যাৰ ফলত ৰোগ সৃষ্টিকাৰী নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ আৰু হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হোৱা দ্বিতীয়টো ৰোগ আৱিষ্কাৰ হয়। তেতিয়াৰপৰাই হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ কেৱল ৰোডেণ্টতে নহয়, নিগনি, চিকা আৰু বাদুলীতো পোৱা গৈছে। 
==ৰোগ==

সাধাৰণতে আফ্ৰিকা, এছিয়া আৰু ইউৰোপত ৰেনাল চিনড্ৰমৰ সৈতে ৰক্তক্ষৰণজনিত জ্বৰ (HFRS) আৰু আমেৰিকাত হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ পালমোনাৰী চিনড্ৰম (HPS)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত নিউ ৱৰ্ল্ড হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (NWHVs)ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হাণ্টাভাইৰাছক পুৰণি বিশ্বৰ হাণ্টাভাইৰাছ (OWHVs) হিচাপে বিভক্ত কৰা হয়। এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ ৰোগীৰ মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ ১%ৰপৰা ১৫%তকৈ কম, আনহাতে এইচ পি এছৰ বাবে ই ৩০–৬০%।&lt;ref name=chen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Gong H, Wang X, Sun M, Ji Y, Tan S, Chen J, Shao J, Liao M |date=8 August 2023 |title=Zoonotic ''Hantaviridae'' with Global Public Health Significance |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1705 |doi=10.3390/v15081705 |doi-access=free |pmc=10459939 |pmid=37632047}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=toledo &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Toledo J, Haby MM, Reveiz L, Sosa Leon L, Angerami R, Aldighieri S |date=17 October 2022 |title=Evidence for Human-to-Human Transmission of Hantavirus: A Systematic Review |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=226 |issue=8 |pages=1362–1371 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiab461 |pmc=9574657 |pmid=34515290}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kim &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW |date=8 January 2021 |title=Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=532388 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388 |doi-access=free |pmc=7819890 |pmid=33489927}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC  |date=9 November 2023 |title=Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen |journal=Biology (Basel) |volume=12 |issue=11 |article-number=1143 |doi=10.3390/biology12111413 |doi-access=free |pmc=10669331 |pmid=37998012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভাইৰাছৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ লক্ষণৰ তীব্ৰতা ভিন্ন হয়: হাণ্টান ভাইৰাছে গুৰুতৰ এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, ছিউল ভাইৰাছে মধ্যমীয়া এইচ এফ আৰ এছ, পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ মৃদু এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে,&lt;ref name=tariq &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Tariq M, Kim DM |date=March 2022 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Literature Review, Epidemiology, Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis |journal=Infect Chemother |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.3947/ic.2021.0148 |pmc=8987181 |pmid=35384417}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰ সংক্ৰমণ জিনপ্ৰকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মৃদুৰপৰা গুৰুতৰলৈকে ভিন্ন হয়।&lt;ref name=klempa2013 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Klempa B, Avsic-Zupanc T, Clement J, Dzagurova TK, Henttonen H, Heyman P, Jakab F, Kruger DH, Maes P, Papa A, Tkachenko EA, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A |year=2013 |title=Complex Evolution and Epidemiology of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus: Definition of Genotypes and Their Characteristics |journal=Arch Virol |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1514-5 |pmc=3586401 |pmid=23090188}}&lt;/ref&gt; পুউমালা ভাইৰাছ আৰু ডব্ৰাভা-বেলগ্ৰেড ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ মৃদু ৰূপক প্ৰায়ে নেফ্ৰ'পেথিয়া এপিডেমিকা (NE) বুলি কোৱা হয়।&lt;ref name=ricco &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Riccò M, Peruzzi S, Ranzieri S, Magnavita N |date=25 October 2021 |title=Occupational Hantavirus Infections in Agricultural and Forestry Workers: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis |journal=Viruses |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=2150 |doi=10.3390/v13112150 |doi-access=free |pmc=8621010 |pmid=34834957}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=afzal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Afzal S, Ali L, Batool A, Afzal M, Kanwal N, Hassan M, Safdar M, Ahmad A, Yang J |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hantavirus: An Overview and Advancements in Therapeutic Approaches for Infection |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=14 |issue= |article-number=1233433 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233433 |doi-access=free |pmc=10601933 |pmid=37901807}}&lt;/ref&gt; হাণ্টাভাইৰাছৰ বাৰে বাৰে সংক্ৰমণ দেখা পোৱা নাই, গতিকে সংক্ৰমণৰপৰা সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলে সম্ভৱতঃ আজীৱন প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=hansen &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hansen A, Cameron S, Liu Q, Sun Y, Weinstein P, Williams C, Han GS, Bi P |date=April 2015 |title=Transmission of Haemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China and the Role of Climate Factors: A Review |journal=Int J Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue= |pages=212–218 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.010 |pmc= |pmid=25704595 |hdl=2440/94644 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kruger2011 &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B |date=June 2011 |title=Human Pathogenic Hantaviruses and Prevention of Infection |journal=Hum Vaccin |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=685–693 |doi=10.4161/hv.7.6.15197 |pmc=3219076 |pmid=21508676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়: জ্বৰ, হাইপটেনচিভ, কম প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[অলিগুৰিয়া]]), অধিক প্ৰস্ৰাৱ উৎপাদন ([[পলিউৰিয়া]]), আৰু আৰোগ্য। সাধাৰণতে ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ ১২–১৬ দিনৰ পিছত লক্ষণসমূহ দেখা দিয়ে।&lt;ref name=zhang &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Ma R, Wang Y, Sun W, Yang Z, Han M, Han T, Wu XA, Liu R |date=30 September 2021 |title=Viruses Run: The Evasion Mechanisms of the Antiviral Innate Immunity by Hantavirus |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=12 |issue= |article-number=759198 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.759198 |doi-access=free |pmc=8516094 |pmid=34659193}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক ফুলা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত অতিৰিক্ত প্ৰটিন (প্ৰটিন ইউৰিয়া), আৰু প্ৰস্ৰাৱত তেজ ([[হেমেটুৰিয়া]])ৰ সৈতে তীব্ৰ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ হয়। আন লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল মূৰৰ বিষ, কঁকালৰ বিষ, বমি, বমি, ডায়েৰিয়া, তেজ ওলোৱা মল, ছালত দাগ দেখা দিয়া ([[পেটেচিয়া]]), আৰু শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসতন্ত্ৰত ৰক্তক্ষৰণ।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=sehgal &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Sehgal A, Mehta S, Sahay K, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Baranwal M, Chandy S, Khaiboullina S, Kabwe E, Davidyuk Y |date=18 February 2023 |title=Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |journal=Viruses |volume=15 |issue=2 |article-number=561 |doi=10.3390/v15020561 |doi-access=free |pmc=9966805 |pmid=36851775}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৃক্ক বিকল হ’লে [[অলিগুৰিয়া]] হয় আৰু বৃক্কৰ স্বাস্থ্য পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ হয় [[পলিইউৰিয়া]]ৰ সৈতে।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt; আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে কেইমাহমান সময় লাগে।&lt;ref name=lupusoru &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupuşoru G, Lupuşoru M, Ailincăi I, Bernea L, Berechet A, Spătaru R, Ismail G |date=September 2021 |title=Hanta Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Pathology in Whose Diagnosis Kidney Biopsy Plays a Major Role (Review) |journal=Exp Ther Med |volume=22 |issue=33 |article-number=984 |doi=10.3892/etm.2021.10416 |pmc=8311249 |pmid=34345266}}&lt;/ref&gt; অধিক মৃদু ক্ষেত্ৰত এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ বিভিন্ন পৰ্যায় পৃথক কৰাটো কঠিন হ'ব পাৰে,&lt;ref name=avsic &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=April 2019 |title=Hantavirus Infections |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |issue= |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |doi-access=free |pmc= |pmid=24750436}}&lt;/ref&gt; বা কিছুমান পৰ্যায় অনুপস্থিত হ'ব পাৰে, আনহাতে অধিক গুৰুতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পৰ্যায়সমূহ ওপৰত ওপৰত ওপৰ হ'ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=tariq /&gt;

এইচ পি এছ মূলতঃ দুটা ভাইৰাছৰদ্বাৰা হয়: [[এণ্ডিজ ভাইৰাছ]] আৰু [[চিন নমব্ৰে ভাইৰাছ]]। এই ৰোগৰ তিনিটা পৰ্যায় থাকে: প্ৰড্ৰ’মেল (আৰম্ভণি), কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী আৰু আৰোগ্য। ভাইৰাছৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহাৰ প্ৰায় ১–৮ সপ্তাহৰ পিছত লক্ষণ দেখা দিয়ে। প্ৰাথমিক লক্ষণসমূহ হ’ল জ্বৰ, মূৰৰ বিষ, পেশীৰ বিষ, উশাহ লোৱাত কষ্ট (dyspnea), আৰু প্লেটলেটৰ সংখ্যা কম (thrombocytopenia)। কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়ত হৃদস্পন্দন বৃদ্ধি পায় (টেকিকাৰ্ডিয়া), হৃদস্পন্দন অনিয়মিত (এৰিথমিয়া), কাৰ্ডিঅ’জেনিক শ্বক। পালমোনাৰী কেপিলাৰী লিকেজৰ ফলত তীব্ৰ শ্বাস-প্ৰশ্বাসজনিত অসুবিধা চিনড্ৰম, হাওঁফাওঁত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (পালমোনাৰী ইডিমা), হাইপ’টেনচন, বুকুৰ গহ্বৰত তৰল পদাৰ্থ জমা হোৱা (প্লুৰাল ইফিউজন) হ’ব পাৰে। এই লক্ষণসমূহৰ ফলত হঠাৎ মৃত্যু হ’ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=chen /&gt;&lt;ref name=jacob /&gt;&lt;ref name=koehler &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Koehler FC, Di Cristanziano V, Späth MR, Hoyer-Allo KJ, Wanken M, Müller RU, Burst V |date=29 January 2022 |title=The Kidney in Hantavirus Infection-Epidemiology, Virology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management |journal=Clin Kidney J |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1231–1252 |doi=10.1093/ckj/sfac008 |pmc=9217627 |pmid=35756741}}&lt;/ref&gt; কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী পৰ্যায়টো সমাধান হোৱাৰ পিছত আৰোগ্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতে ৩ৰপৰা ৬ মাহ সময় লাগে,&lt;ref name=koehler /&gt; বহু ইউৰিয়াৰ সৈতে। এইচ এফ আৰ এছ বৃক্কৰ ৰোগৰ সৈতে আৰু এইচ পি এছ কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হ’লেও এইচ এফ আৰ এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ পি এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত কাৰ্ডিঅ’পালমোনাৰী লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে আৰু এইচ পি এছত কেতিয়াবা এইচ এফ আৰ এছৰ সৈতে জড়িত বৃক্কৰ লক্ষণসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে।&lt;ref name=koehler /&gt;&lt;ref name=noack &gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Noack D, Goeijenbier M, Reusken CB, Koopmans MP, Rockx BH |date=4 August 2020 |title=Orthohantavirus Pathogenesis and Cell Tropism |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |volume=10 |issue= |article-number=399 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.00399 |doi-access=free |pmc=7438779 |pmid=32903721}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাইৰাচ পৰিয়াল]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:হাণ্টাভাইৰাচ]]</text>
      <sha1>2w1g59u952ouq864d9zmlt43dxw8cq2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সাঁচ:Indonesia topics</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>137314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:09:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>610825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7018" sha1="2amdbvlsn9u25qnqpe2nrx8q7plzype" xml:space="preserve">{{Country topics
| country = Indonesia
| state = {{{state|{{{1|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}}}}

| history =
* [[Timeline of Indonesian history|Timeline]]
* [[Prehistoric Indonesia|Prehistory]]
* [[History of Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist civilizations|Hindu-Buddhist era]]
* [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|Spread of Islam]]
* [[Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago|Portuguese era]] (1512–1605)
* [[Company rule in the Dutch East Indies|VOC era]] (1603–1800)
* [[French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies|French and British era]] (1806–1816)
* [[Dutch East Indies]] (1800–1949)
* [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]] (1942–1945)
* [[Indonesian National Revolution|National Revolution]] (1945–1949)
* [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Liberal democracy era]] (1950–1959)
* [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|Guided Democracy era]] (1959–1966)
* [[Transition to the New Order|Transitional era]] (1965–1968)
* [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] (1966–1998)
* [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|''Reformasi'']] (since 1998)

| geography = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[:Category:Borders of Indonesia|Borders]]
* [[Climate of Indonesia|Climate]]
** [[Climate change in Indonesia|Climate change]]
* [[Conservation in Indonesia|Conservation]]
** [[List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia|Biosphere reserves]]
** [[List of national parks of Indonesia|National parks]]
* [[Deforestation in Indonesia|Deforestation]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia|Earthquakes]]
* [[Environmental issues in Indonesia|Environmental issues]]
* [[Geology of Indonesia|Geology]]
* [[List of islands of Indonesia|Islands]]
* [[List of lakes of Indonesia|Lakes]]
* [[:Category:Mountains of Indonesia|Mountains]]
* [[List of Indonesian provinces by highest point|Provincial highest points]]
* [[:Category:Natural history of Indonesia|Natural history]]
** [[Fauna of Indonesia|Fauna]]
** [[Flora of Indonesia|Flora]]
* [[Regions of Indonesia|Regions]]
* [[List of rivers of Indonesia|Rivers]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Indonesia|Volcanoes]]

| politics = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Subdivisions of Indonesia|Administrative divisions]]
** [[Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies|Historical]]
** [[Provinces of Indonesia|Provinces]]
** [[List of regencies and cities in Indonesia|Regencies and cities]]
** [[Districts of Indonesia|Districts]]
* [[Cabinet of Indonesia|Cabinet]]
* [[Constitution of Indonesia|Constitution]]
* [[Corruption in Indonesia|Corruption]]
* [[Elections in Indonesia|Elections]]
* [[Foreign relations of Indonesia|Foreign relations]]
* [[Human rights in Indonesia|Human rights]]
* [[Law of Indonesia|Law]]
** [[Censorship in Indonesia|Censorship]]
** [[Law enforcement in Indonesia|Enforcement]]
* [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Military]] ([[Babinsa]])
* [[Capital of Indonesia|National capital]]
* [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]
* [[People's Consultative Assembly]]
* [[Indonesian National Police|Police]]
* [[List of political parties in Indonesia|Political parties]]
* [[President of Indonesia|President]] ([[List of presidents of Indonesia|List]])
* ''[[Wawasan Nusantara]]''

| economy = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Agriculture in Indonesia|Agriculture]]
* [[Automotive industry in Indonesia|Automotive]]
* [[Aviation in Indonesia|Aviation]]
* [[List of banks in Indonesia|Banks]]
* [[Energy in Indonesia|Energy]]
* [[Economic history of Indonesia|History]]
* [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal codes]]
* [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]]
* [[Science and technology in Indonesia|Science and technology]]
* [[Indonesia Stock Exchange|Stock exchange]]
* [[Communications in Indonesia|Telecommunications]]
** [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Telephone numbers]]
* [[Tourism in Indonesia|Tourism]]
* [[Transport in Indonesia|Transport]] 
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia|Water supply and sanitation]]

| culture = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Architecture of Indonesia|Architecture]]
** [[Candi of Indonesia|Candi]]
** [[Colonial architecture of Indonesia|Colonial]]
** [[Mosque architecture in Indonesia|Mosques]]
** [[Rumah adat]]
* [[Indonesian art|Art]]
* [[Batik in Indonesia|Batik]]
* [[Cinema of Indonesia|Cinema]]
* [[National costume of Indonesia|Costume]]
* [[Indonesian cuisine|Cuisine]]
* [[Dance in Indonesia|Dance]]
* [[List of festivals in Indonesia|Festivals]]
* [[Folklore of Indonesia|Legends]]
* [[List of libraries in Indonesia|Libraries]]
* [[Indonesian literature|Literature]]
* [[Indonesian martial arts|Martial arts]]
* [[Mass media in Indonesia|Media]]
* [[Music of Indonesia|Music]]
* [[Mythology of Indonesia|Mythology]]
* [[National Hero of Indonesia|National heroes]]
* [[National Pedestrian Day]]
* [[Indonesian painting|Painting]]
* [[Cultural properties of Indonesia|Properties]]
* [[Public holidays in Indonesia|Public holidays]]
* [[Sport in Indonesia|Sport]]
* [[Theatre of Indonesia|Theatre]]
* [[Video games in Indonesia|Video games]]

| society = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Abortion in Indonesia|Abortion]]
* [[Crime in Indonesia|Crime]]
* [[Human trafficking in Indonesia|Human trafficking]]
* [[Indonesian migrant workers|Migrant workers]]
* [[Piracy in Indonesia|Piracy]]
* [[Prostitution in Indonesia|Prostitution]] 
* [[Smoking in Indonesia|Smoking]]

| demographics = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Education in Indonesia|Education]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]]
** [[List of Indonesians|Indonesian]]
* [[Health in Indonesia|Health]]
** [[Healthcare in Indonesia|Healthcare]]
* [[Homelessness in Indonesia|Homelessness]]
* [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages]]
* [[Refugees in Indonesia|Refugees]]
* [[Women in Indonesia|Women]]
* [[LGBT rights in Indonesia|LGBT rights]] 

| symbols = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Indonesia Raya|Anthem]]
* [[National costume of Indonesia|Costume]]
* [[National emblem of Indonesia|Emblem]]
** [[Armorial of Indonesia#Historical|Historical]]
** [[Armorial of Indonesia#Provincial|Subdivision]]
* [[List of Indonesian faunal emblems|Faunal emblems]]
* [[Flag of Indonesia|Flag]]
** [[List of Indonesian flags#Provincial|Subdivision]]
* [[List of Indonesian floral emblems|Floral emblems]]
* [[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika|Motto]]
* [[Nusantara (term)|Nusantara]]
* [[Ibu Pertiwi|Personification]]
* [[:Category:Indonesian songs|Songs]]

| religion = 
*[[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]
*[[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]]
**[[Catholic Church in Indonesia|Catholicism]]
**[[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestantism]]
*[[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhism]]
*[[Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia|Confucianism]]
*[[History of the Jews in Indonesia|Judaism]]
*[[Sikhism in Indonesia|Sikhism]]

|addtobelow=
* [[commons:Indonesia|Gallery]]
* [[commons:Atlas of Indonesia|Atlas]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Navbox documentation|3=
{{Asia topics templates|uncollapsed}}
}}
[[Category:Indonesia navigational boxes|Indonesia navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Asia country and territory topics templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2amdbvlsn9u25qnqpe2nrx8q7plzype</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610826</id>
      <parentid>610825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T12:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+-</comment>
      <origin>610826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6995" sha1="4hxeeowk0wwi9eqy6f3urstgetxbpjm" xml:space="preserve">{{Country topics
| country = Indonesia
| state = {{{state|{{{1|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}}}}

| history =
* [[Timeline of Indonesian history|Timeline]]
* [[Prehistoric Indonesia|Prehistory]]
* [[History of Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist civilizations|Hindu-Buddhist era]]
* [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|Spread of Islam]]
* [[Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago|Portuguese era]] (1512–1605)
* [[Company rule in the Dutch East Indies|VOC era]] (1603–1800)
* [[French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies|French and British era]] (1806–1816)
* [[Dutch East Indies]] (1800–1949)
* [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]] (1942–1945)
* [[Indonesian National Revolution|National Revolution]] (1945–1949)
* [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Liberal democracy era]] (1950–1959)
* [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|Guided Democracy era]] (1959–1966)
* [[Transition to the New Order|Transitional era]] (1965–1968)
* [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] (1966–1998)
* [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|''Reformasi'']] (since 1998)

| geography = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[:Category:Borders of Indonesia|Borders]]
* [[Climate of Indonesia|Climate]]
** [[Climate change in Indonesia|Climate change]]
* [[Conservation in Indonesia|Conservation]]
** [[List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia|Biosphere reserves]]
** [[List of national parks of Indonesia|National parks]]
* [[Deforestation in Indonesia|Deforestation]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia|Earthquakes]]
* [[Environmental issues in Indonesia|Environmental issues]]
* [[Geology of Indonesia|Geology]]
* [[List of islands of Indonesia|Islands]]
* [[List of lakes of Indonesia|Lakes]]
* [[:Category:Mountains of Indonesia|Mountains]]
* [[List of Indonesian provinces by highest point|Provincial highest points]]
* [[:Category:Natural history of Indonesia|Natural history]]
** [[Fauna of Indonesia|Fauna]]
** [[Flora of Indonesia|Flora]]
* [[Regions of Indonesia|Regions]]
* [[List of rivers of Indonesia|Rivers]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Indonesia|Volcanoes]]

| politics = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Subdivisions of Indonesia|Administrative divisions]]
** [[Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies|Historical]]
** [[Provinces of Indonesia|Provinces]]
** [[List of regencies and cities in Indonesia|Regencies and cities]]
** [[Districts of Indonesia|Districts]]
* [[Cabinet of Indonesia|Cabinet]]
* [[Constitution of Indonesia|Constitution]]
* [[Corruption in Indonesia|Corruption]]
* [[Elections in Indonesia|Elections]]
* [[Foreign relations of Indonesia|Foreign relations]]
* [[Human rights in Indonesia|Human rights]]
* [[Law of Indonesia|Law]]
** [[Censorship in Indonesia|Censorship]]
** [[Law enforcement in Indonesia|Enforcement]]
* [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Military]] ([[Babinsa]])
* [[Capital of Indonesia|National capital]]
* [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]
* [[People's Consultative Assembly]]
* [[Indonesian National Police|Police]]
* [[List of political parties in Indonesia|Political parties]]
* [[President of Indonesia|President]] ([[List of presidents of Indonesia|List]])
* ''[[Wawasan Nusantara]]''

| economy = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Agriculture in Indonesia|Agriculture]]
* [[Automotive industry in Indonesia|Automotive]]
* [[Aviation in Indonesia|Aviation]]
* [[List of banks in Indonesia|Banks]]
* [[Energy in Indonesia|Energy]]
* [[Economic history of Indonesia|History]]
* [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postal codes]]
* [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]]
* [[Science and technology in Indonesia|Science and technology]]
* [[Indonesia Stock Exchange|Stock exchange]]
* [[Communications in Indonesia|Telecommunications]]
** [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Telephone numbers]]
* [[Tourism in Indonesia|Tourism]]
* [[Transport in Indonesia|Transport]] 
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia|Water supply and sanitation]]

| culture = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Architecture of Indonesia|Architecture]]
** [[Candi of Indonesia|Candi]]
** [[Colonial architecture of Indonesia|Colonial]]
** [[Mosque architecture in Indonesia|Mosques]]
** [[Rumah adat]]
* [[Indonesian art|Art]]
* [[Batik in Indonesia|Batik]]
* [[Cinema of Indonesia|Cinema]]
* [[National costume of Indonesia|Costume]]
* [[Indonesian cuisine|Cuisine]]
* [[Dance in Indonesia|Dance]]
* [[List of festivals in Indonesia|Festivals]]
* [[Folklore of Indonesia|Legends]]
* [[List of libraries in Indonesia|Libraries]]
* [[Indonesian literature|Literature]]
* [[Indonesian martial arts|Martial arts]]
* [[Mass media in Indonesia|Media]]
* [[Music of Indonesia|Music]]
* [[Mythology of Indonesia|Mythology]]
* [[National Hero of Indonesia|National heroes]]
* [[National Pedestrian Day]]
* [[Indonesian painting|Painting]]
* [[Cultural properties of Indonesia|Properties]]
* [[Public holidays in Indonesia|Public holidays]]
* [[Sport in Indonesia|Sport]]
* [[Theatre of Indonesia|Theatre]]
* [[Video games in Indonesia|Video games]]

| society = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Abortion in Indonesia|Abortion]]
* [[Crime in Indonesia|Crime]]
* [[Human trafficking in Indonesia|Human trafficking]]
* [[Indonesian migrant workers|Migrant workers]]
* [[Piracy in Indonesia|Piracy]]
* [[Prostitution in Indonesia|Prostitution]] 
* [[Smoking in Indonesia|Smoking]]

| demographics = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Education in Indonesia|Education]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]]
** [[List of Indonesians|Indonesian]]
* [[Health in Indonesia|Health]]
** [[Healthcare in Indonesia|Healthcare]]
* [[Homelessness in Indonesia|Homelessness]]
* [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages]]
* [[Refugees in Indonesia|Refugees]]
* [[Women in Indonesia|Women]]
* [[LGBT rights in Indonesia|LGBT rights]] 

| symbols = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Indonesia Raya|Anthem]]
* [[National costume of Indonesia|Costume]]
* [[National emblem of Indonesia|Emblem]]
** [[Armorial of Indonesia#Historical|Historical]]
** [[Armorial of Indonesia#Provincial|Subdivision]]
* [[List of Indonesian faunal emblems|Faunal emblems]]
* [[Flag of Indonesia|Flag]]
** [[List of Indonesian flags#Provincial|Subdivision]]
* [[List of Indonesian floral emblems|Floral emblems]]
* [[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika|Motto]]
* [[Nusantara (term)|Nusantara]]
* [[Ibu Pertiwi|Personification]]
* [[:Category:Indonesian songs|Songs]]

| religion = 
*[[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]
*[[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]]
**[[Catholic Church in Indonesia|Catholicism]]
**[[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestantism]]
*[[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhism]]
*[[Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia|Confucianism]]
*[[History of the Jews in Indonesia|Judaism]]
*[[Sikhism in Indonesia|Sikhism]]

|addtobelow=
* [[commons:Indonesia|Gallery]]
* [[commons:Atlas of Indonesia|Atlas]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Navbox documentation|3=
{{Asia topic}}
}}
[[Category:Indonesia navigational boxes|Indonesia navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Asia country and territory topics templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4hxeeowk0wwi9eqy6f3urstgetxbpjm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐক্যমত</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>137315</id>
    <redirect title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐকমত্য" />
    <revision>
      <id>610852</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T16:48:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিব্য দত্ত</username>
        <id>9244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>পৃষ্ঠা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐক্যমত]]ৰ পৰা [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐকমত্য]]লৈ দিব্য দত্তয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে</comment>
      <origin>610852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="66" sha1="cb4rbrd2fo6ing6ch3jo3a4bsdadbbj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ঐকমত্য]]</text>
      <sha1>cb4rbrd2fo6ing6ch3jo3a4bsdadbbj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Stewartluke21</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>137316</id>
    <redirect title="সদস্য বাৰ্তা:EucalyptusSaligna" />
    <revision>
      <id>610875</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-01T20:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>48384</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>পৃষ্ঠা [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Stewartluke21]]ৰ পৰা [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:EucalyptusSaligna]]লৈ Mfieldয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Stewartluke21|Stewartluke21]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/EucalyptusSaligna|EucalyptusSaligna]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>610875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="66" sha1="gcpys185c9p5lea02w2txs94gy3g1kh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:EucalyptusSaligna]]</text>
      <sha1>gcpys185c9p5lea02w2txs94gy3g1kh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>137317</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610911</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:00:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* অনুবাদ */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ</comment>
      <origin>610911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="849" sha1="8ipvhsla3bypt951bpy7iykmqkxfzk5" xml:space="preserve">== অনুবাদ  ==

'''ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা'''টো আক্ষৰিক অনুবাদ ([[En:Word-for-word translation|Word-for-word translation]]) যেন লাগিছে আৰু সম্পাদক সকলে ইয়াৰ অসমীয়া অৰ্থ বুজাত অসুবিধা হোৱাটো স্বাভাৱিক। সেয়েহে [[En:Sense-for-sense translation| ভাৱানুবাদ (Sense-for-sense translation)]] কৰি '''ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিজা গৱেষণা নকৰিব'''লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰস্তাৱ জনালোঁ। [[সদস্য:KhiLanTzi|KHI-LAN-TZI]] 03:00, 2 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>8ipvhsla3bypt951bpy7iykmqkxfzk5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>610951</id>
      <parentid>610911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T09:03:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* অনুবাদ */</comment>
      <origin>610951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="855" sha1="ml5ge78if1bzyutpdb6f296jj4b77ce" xml:space="preserve">== অনুবাদ  ==

'''ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা'''টো আক্ষৰিক অনুবাদ ([[En:Word-for-word translation|Word-for-word translation]]) যেন লাগিছে আৰু সম্পাদক সকলে ইয়াৰ অসমীয়া অৰ্থ বুজাত অসুবিধা হোৱাটো স্বাভাৱিক। সেয়েহে [[En:Sense-for-sense translation| ভাৱানুবাদ (Sense-for-sense translation)]] কৰি '''ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিজৰ গৱেষণা নিলিখিব'''লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰস্তাৱ জনালোঁ। [[সদস্য:KhiLanTzi|KHI-LAN-TZI]] 03:00, 2 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>ml5ge78if1bzyutpdb6f296jj4b77ce</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা:Lead section</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>137318</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610915</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T03:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KhiLanTzi</username>
        <id>23530</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* অনুবাদ */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ</comment>
      <origin>610915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="421" sha1="7upv6vklqch65gftv601c38j6nm1h9f" xml:space="preserve">== অনুবাদ  ==

'''ৱিকিপিডিয়া:Lead section''' পৃষ্ঠাটো অসমীয়ালৈ অনুবাদ কৰি '''ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আৰম্ভণি অংশ'''লৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰস্তাৱ জনালোঁ। [[সদস্য:KhiLanTzi|KHI-LAN-TZI]] 03:31, 2 June 2026 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>7upv6vklqch65gftv601c38j6nm1h9f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ছাকজেজ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>610924</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:12:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32767-16</username>
        <id>50216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: [[File:Saqqezphotos2.jpg|300px|right|টাৰ্পেন্টাইন]] [[ইৰাণ]]ৰ [[কুৰ্দিস্তান]] প্ৰদেশৰ এখন চহৰ ছাকজেজৰ জনসংখ্যা ১ লাখ ৬৫ হাজাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ লোকসকলে কুৰ্দি ভাষা কয়।</comment>
      <origin>610924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="352" sha1="dw8z94eve82u1pivhk5qotntknh3q60" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Saqqezphotos2.jpg|300px|right|টাৰ্পেন্টাইন]]
[[ইৰাণ]]ৰ [[কুৰ্দিস্তান]] প্ৰদেশৰ এখন চহৰ ছাকজেজৰ জনসংখ্যা ১ লাখ ৬৫ হাজাৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ লোকসকলে কুৰ্দি ভাষা কয়।</text>
      <sha1>dw8z94eve82u1pivhk5qotntknh3q60</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ৱিকিপিডিয়া:Vital articles/Level/3</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>137320</id>
    <redirect title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা" />
    <revision>
      <id>610926</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-02T07:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>হানিফ আলী</username>
        <id>19725</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirect</comment>
      <origin>610926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143" sha1="mdgqs12lynj3h0qo5hwn7bkcnuznv4o" xml:space="preserve">#Redirect [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা]]</text>
      <sha1>mdgqs12lynj3h0qo5hwn7bkcnuznv4o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>