Wikipedia avwiki https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Медиа Хъулухъалъулаб БахӀс ГӀахьалчи ГӀахьалчиясул бахӀс Википедия Википедиялъул бахӀс Файл Файлалъул бахӀс MediaWiki MediaWiki-ялъул бахӀс Халип Халипалъул бахӀс Кумек Кумекалъул бахӀс Категория Категориялъул бахӀс TimedText TimedText talk Модуль Обсуждение модуля Event Event talk 0 14032 97455 96464 2026-05-16T00:14:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Гьижа&#769;''', '''силлаба''' — каламалъул гьаркьазул тартибалъул гІуцІиялъул цобутІа, ай жиндир компонентазул (гьелде гъорлъе кколел гьаркьазул) бищун цІцІикІкІараб цолъиялъ жиндие хасият кьолеб минималияб фонетикиябгин фонологияб цобутІа. Гьижаялъул гьечІо бухьен магІнадулал хурхенал гІуцІиязда ва загьирлъизариялда, гьеб буго гІицІго абиялъул цобутІа ва гьеб рикІкІуна рагІаби "ралел блокаллъун"<ref>{{cite book|last=de Jong|first=Kenneth|year=2003|chapter=Temporal constraints and characterising syllable structuring|editor1-last=Local|editor1-first=John|editor1-link=John Local|editor2-last=Ogden|editor2-first=Richard|editor3-last=Temple|editor3-first=Rosalind|title=Phonetic Interpretation: Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=253–268|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511486425.015|isbn=978-0-521-82402-6}} Page 254.</ref>. Гьижабазда кІола мацІалъул изохрониялде, просодиялде, поэтикияб метралде, кьабизабиялде асар гьабизе. Гьижаялда жанир группалъула гьаракьхиналъул даража батІи-батІиял гьаркьал, бищун гьаракьхарал — гьижа гІуцІулел, хутІарал — гьижаялъулал гурел; гІемерисеб гьижа гІуцІун букІуна гІищалдаса (гІемерисеб [[рагьарал]]) рукІаниги рукІинчІониги рукІине бегьулел бутІабаздаса ([[рагьукъал]]). [[Лингвистика|МацІазул гІелмуялъул]] рахъалъан гьижаялъул бичІчІиялъе баян кьолелъуб буго кІиго батІияб нух. Лъугьиналъул рахъалъан, яги физиологияб хурхеналда, гьижаялъе интерпретация гьабула гьаракь яги гьаркьазул дандбай хІисабалда, жал абулаго инсанасул каламалъул аппараталъ тІе-тІечІеб угьулеб хІухьелалъулаб тунки гьабулеб. Акустикаялъул, ялъуни гьаракьхиналъул рахъалъ гьижа бичІчІизе бегьула каламалъул цо бутІа хІисабалда, жинда жаниб цо гьаракь гьелда аскІор цун ругезде данде ккун бищун цІикІкІараб даражаялъ загьирлъулеб<ref>{{книга|заглавие=Словарь-справочник лингвистических терминов. Изд. 2-е. — М.: Просвещение|часть=слог|год=1976|автор=Розенталь Д. Э., Теленкова М. А.|язык=ru}}</ref>. ==Транскрипция== ==Компонентал== ==Гьижалъизаби== ==Супрасегменталиял хасиятал== == Тарих== ==Балагье гьединго== == ХІужжаби == {{хІужжаби}} == Адабият == == МугъчІваял == [[Ингилис мацІ|Ингилис мацІалда]] * [https://www.HowManySyllables.com Syllable Dictionary: Look up the number of syllables in a word. <small>Learn to divide into syllables. Hear it pronounced.</small>] * [http://www.cunyphonologyforum.net/syllable.php Do syllables have internal structure? What is their status in phonology? <small>CUNY Phonology Forum</small>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211920/http://www.cunyphonologyforum.net/syllable.php |date=2015-09-23 }} * [https://www.syllablewords.net/ Syllable Word Counter <small>A comprehensive database of words and their syllables</small>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224135950/https://syllablewords.net/ |date=2023-02-24 }} * [http://yuba.ch/translate/u5sys.content.php?c=erkennesilbe&l=en Syllable drill. <small>Listen to syllables and select its representation in Latin letters</small>] * [https://www.madeintext.com/syllable-counter/ Syllable counter: <small>Count the number of syllables for any word or sentence.</small>] {{Супрасегментал}} [[Категория:Лингвистикиял цобутІаби]] [[Категория:Фонотактика]] [[Категория:Фонология]] lfr9ur9dtbq2i7iyenc4kpfedji9rdp 0 14659 97456 97356 2026-05-16T03:03:57Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main|НекӀсияб Рум}} {{Тарихияб пачалихъ |цӀар = Римская империя |оригинал_цӀар = {{Lang-la|Imperium Romanum}} |статус = империя |байрахъ = Flag of the Roman Empire.svg |байрахъ_гъоркьхъвай = |герб = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg |герб_гъоркьхъвай = [[Румалъул легион|Румалъул легионазул]] [[вексиллум]] |шигӀар = {{Lang-la|[[SPQR|Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR)]]}} |шигӀаралъул_таржама = Румаб сенатги халкъги |карта = Roman_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg |сипат-сурат = {{Legend|#008000|Румалъул империя 117 соналъ.}} {{Legend|#a5dfa5|<small>Румалъул клиерт-пачалихъал 117 соналъ</small>}} {{Legend|#55c255|<small>Румалъул Германия, 9 сон, Румалъул Шотландия, 83 сон, Румалъул Либия, 203 сон.</small>}} |p1 = Румалъул республика |flag_p1 = Spqrstone.jpg |гӀуцӀана = [[27 н. щ.|Н. щ. 27]] |тӀагӀинабуна = [[476]] |s1 = БакътӀерхьул Румалъул империя |image_s1 = [[Файл:Labarum of Constantine the Great.svg|30px]] |s2 = Бизантиялъул империя |image_s2 = [[Файл:Labarum.svg|30px]] |тахшагьар = [[Рум]], [[330 сон]]алдаса — [[Константинополь]] |шагьарал = [[Рум]], [[Константинополь]], [[Александрия]], [[Къудс]], [[Сиракузал]], [[Агридженто|Акрагант]], [[Эфес (шагьар)|Эфес]], [[Картаген (шагьар)|Картаген]], [[Антиохия]], [[Коринф]], [[Афинал]], [[Кесарея]], [[Вейи]], [[Апамея (Сурия)|Фарнакес (Клавдива Апамея)]], [[Пергам]], [[Лион]], [[Милан|Медиолан]], [[Таранто|Тарент]], [[Равенна]], [[Магна Лептида]], [[Гадир]], [[Кротон]], [[Фессалоникал]], [[Родос (шагьар)|Родос]], [[Эдесса]], [[Аквилея]], [[Филиппал]] |мацӀ = [[Латин мацӀ|латин]], [[НекӀсияб грек мацӀ|некӀсияб грек]], [[Румалъул империялъул мацӀал|бакӀазул мацӀал]] |расмияб_мацӀ = [[Латин мацӀ|латин]], [[НекӀсияб грек мацӀ|некӀсияб грек]] |валюта = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title=[[сестерций]], [[денарий]], [[ауреус]]|Багьа-къадар бихьизабулаан сестерциязда, бищун тӀибитӀараб гӀарац букӀана [[денарий]]; хӀалтӀизарулаан цогидал монетабиги. Бл.<br> «[[НекӀсияб Румалъул монатарияб система]]»}} |гӀатӀилъи = 4 790 000 км² ([[117 сон]]);<br>4 250 000 км² ([[161 сон]]) |халкъ = 50 000 000 чи (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ.-ш. 16 %) [[14 сон]]алде;<br>60 000 000 чи. (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ.-ш. 20 %) [[117 сон]]алде;<br>65 000 000 чи [[150 сон]]алде (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ-ш. 22 %);<br>50 000 000 чи [[400 сон]]алде (Дунялалъул халкъалъул гӀ.-ш. 16 %) |хӀакимлъиялъул_форма = [[Принципат]] (284 соналде щвезегӀан)<br>[[Доминат]] (284 соналдаса) |наслу = [[румалъул императоразул сияхӀ|5 наслу, 22 император]] |бутӀрузул_титул = [[Румалъул император|Император]] <small>[[Румалъул императоразул сияхӀ|(бл. тӀубараб сияхӀ)]]</small> |бетӀер1 = [[Октавиан Август]] <small>(тӀоцевесев)</small> |бетӀерасул_сон1 = [[27 н. щ.|Н. щ. 27]]–[[14 сон|14]] |бетӀер2 = [[Ромул Август|Ромул Август]] <small>(ахирисев император антикияб империялъул)</small> |бетӀерасул_сон2 = [[475]]–[[476]] |дин = пачалихъияб — цин [[румалъул дин]], [[380 сон]]алдаса хадуб — [[кӀристианлъи]] |этап1 = Акциумалъул рагъ |дата1 = 32–31 н. щ. |этап2 = Империя гӀуцӀи |дата2 = 30–1 н. щ. |этап3 = Константинополь лӀугьана тахшагьарлъун |сон3 = 11 май 330 |этап4 = Империя кӀийиде бикьи |сон4 = 17 января 395 |цебе = Румалъул Республика |хадуб=БакътӀерхьул Румалъул Империя}} '''Румалъул Империя''' ({{lang-la|Imperium Rōmānum}} {{IPA-la|ɪmˈpɛri.ũː roːˈmaːnũː|}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων|Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn}}) — [[НекӀсияб Рум|НекӀсияб Румалъул]] пост-[[Румалъул Республика|республиканияб]] период. [[Пачалихъ]] хӀисабалда гьелъ гъорлӀе рачунеб рукӀана кӀудиял территориял [[Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъад|Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъадалда]] сверун [[Европа|Европаялда]], [[Шималияб Африка|Шималияб Африкаялда]] ва [[БакътӀерхьул Азия|БакътӀерхьул Азиялда]] ругел, [[Румалъул император|императоразул]] нухмалъиялда гъоркь. Кайсар [[Августил конституционалиял реформаби|Август бетӀерлъуде вачӀиналдаса]] бахъараб [[III гӀасруялъул кризис|III гӀасруялъул рагъулаб анархиялде]] щвезегӀан, гьеб букӀана [[принципат]], провинциязул [[метрополия]] хӀисабалда [[Румаб Италия|Италияги]], цохӀо бугеб тахшагьарлъун [[Рум|Румги]] (н. щ. 27–286) бугеб. Рагъулаб кризисалдаса хадуб империялъе нухмалъи гьабулеб букӀана [[Доминат|чанго императорас]], жидеца хӀакимлъи бикьарал [[БакътӀерхьул Румалъул Империя|БакътӀерхьул Румалъул Империялдаги]] [[Бакъбаккул Румалъул Империя|Бакъбаккул Румалъул Империялдаги]] тӀад. Рум букӀана кӀиябго бутӀаялъул тахшагьарлъун 476 соналъ [[Одоакер|Одоакерил]] варвараз Равеннаги бахъун [[Ромул Августул]] тахидасаги вахъун хадуб [[империял регалиял]] Константинополалде ритӀизегӀан. == Тарих == == География ва демография == == МацӀ == == ЖамгӀият == == ХӀукумат ва рагъулал == == Экономика == == Архитектура == == РукӀа-рахъин == == Гьунарлъи == == Адабият == == Дин == == Сиясияб ирс == == Баянал == {{Reflist|group="n"}} == ХӀужжаби == === Цитатаби === {{Reflist |25em|refs= <ref name="ritti">{{Cite journal |last1=Ritti |first1=Tullia |last2=Grewe |first2=Klaus |last3=Kessener |first3=Paul |year=2007 |title=A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |volume=20 |pages=138–163 (156, fn. 74) |doi=10.1017/S1047759400005341 |s2cid=161937987}}</ref> <ref name="Santosuosso">[[Antonio Santosuosso|Santosuosso, Antonio]] (2001) ''Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire'', Westview Press. pp. 43–44. {{ISBN|0-8133-3523-X}}.</ref> <ref name="Schnitter">{{Cite journal |last=Schnitter |first=Niklaus |year=1978 |title=Römische Talsperren |journal=Antike Welt |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=25–32 (28)}}</ref> <ref name="Smith1">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Norman |year=1970 |title=The Roman Dams of Subiaco |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=58–68 |doi=10.2307/3102810 |jstor=3102810}}</ref> <ref name="Smith2">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Norman |title=A History of Dams |publisher=Peter Davies |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-432-15090-0 |location=London |page=26}}</ref> }} ===Иццал=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |last=Abbott, Frank Frost |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Elibron Classics |year=1901 |isbn=978-0-543-92749-1 |ref=Abbott |author-link=Frank Frost Abbott}} * {{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=J. N. |year=2003 |title='Romanitas' and the Latin Language |journal=The Classical Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=184–205 |doi=10.1093/cq/53.1.184 |jstor=3556490 |ref=Adams}} * {{Cite book |last=Albrecht, Michael von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrYatgm2MWoC |title=A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-04-10709-0 |volume=2 |ref=Albrecht}} * {{Cite book |last=Ando, Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXqIG1NIU2IC |title=Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire |date=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22067-6 |ref=Ando}} * {{Cite book |last=Auguet, Roland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-3BfuPqIeUC |title=Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-09343-3 |ref=Auguet}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-26335-1 |editor-last=Boardman, John |volume=Vol. 11 |ref=Boardman}} * {{Cite book |last=Bohec, Yann Le |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2hBqYtZWNEC |title=The Imperial Roman Army |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-22295-2 |ref=Bohec}} * {{Cite book |last1=Bowersock, Glen Warren |url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |last2=Brown, Peter |last3=Grabar, Oleg |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/625 625] |ref=Bowersock |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337 |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-30199-2 |editor-last=Bowman, Alan |ref=Bowman |editor-last2=Garnsey, Peter |editor-last3=Cameron, Averil}} * {{Cite book |last=Bradley, Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu3rkG9dVY8C |title=Slavery and Society at Rome |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37887-1 |ref=Bradley}} * {{Cite book |last1=Cavallo, Guglielmo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doywQgAACAAJ |title=A History of Reading in the West |last2=Chartier, Roger |publisher=Polity Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7456-1936-1 |ref=Cavallo}} * {{Cite book |last=Clarke, John R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q7qcegqaRYC |title=The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration |publisher=University of California Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-08429-2 |ref=Clarke}} * {{Cite book |last=Dyson, Stephen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfN5dd5wbWgC |title=Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City |date=2010 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0101-0 |ref=Dyson}} * {{Cite book |last=Edmondson, J.C. |title=Roman Theater and Society |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1996 |chapter=Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire |ref=Edmondson}} * {{Cite book |last=Edwards, Catharine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioq6GmIyLQIC |title=Death in Ancient Rome |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-11208-5 |ref=Edwards}} * {{Cite book |last1=Elsner, Jaś |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjrqo62-IwC |title=Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi |last2=Huskinson, Janet |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-11-020213-7 |ref=Elsner}} * {{Cite book |last1=Frier, Bruce W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg8wp9crNhkC |title=A Casebook on Roman Family Law |last2=McGinn, Thomas A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-516185-4 |ref=Frier}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj69DAEACAAJ |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |editor-last=Gagarin, Michael |ref=Gagarin}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=The Complete Roman Army |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-500-05124-5 |location=London |ref=Goldsworthy2003}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |url=https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold |title=How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-300-13719-4 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |quote=Commodus Gibbon. |ref=Goldsworthy2009 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Habinek, Thomas N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Em_XpAvaT9oC |title=The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order |date=2005 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8105-3 |ref=Habinek2005}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris, W. V. |title=Ancient Literacy |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-674-03381-8 |ref=Harris}} * {{Cite book |last=Holleran, Claire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO7NwmbyxwAC |title=Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate |date=2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969821-9 |ref=Holleran}} * {{Cite book |last=Humphrey, John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=couetXBQO9AC |title=Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-04921-5 |ref=Humphrey}} * {{Cite book |last=Huzar |first=Eleanor Goltz |url=https://archive.org/details/markantonybiogra00huza_0 |title=Mark Antony: a Biography |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8166-0863-8 |location=Minneapolis |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Johnson, William A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrTUcYJTMewC |title=Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome |last2=Parker, Holt N |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-971286-1 |ref=Johnson2009}} * {{Cite book |last=Johnson, William A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45eXJSpxdn4C |title=Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972105-4 |ref=Johnson2010}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=A. H. M. |year=1960 |title=The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1960.tb02114.x |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=183–192 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.1960.tb02114.x |doi-broken-date=31 October 2021 |jstor=2591177 |ref=Jones}} * {{Cite book |last=Kelly, Christopher |title=The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-280391-7 |ref=Kelly}} * {{Cite book |last=Kousser, Rachel Meredith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mea2-zywyYAC |title=Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture: The Allure of the Classical |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87782-4 |ref=Kousser}} * {{Cite book |last=Laes, Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxo5kMPLoagC |title=Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89746-4 |ref=Laes}} * {{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Anthony J. |year=1976 |title=Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome |journal=Phoenix |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=252–264 |doi=10.2307/1087296 |jstor=1087296 |ref=Marshall}} * {{Cite journal |last=Millar |first=Fergus |year=2012 |title=Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |volume=73 |pages=76–96 |doi=10.2307/300073 |jstor=300073 |ref=Millar}} * {{Cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodore |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/abq2762.0001.001/332?page=root;size=100;view=image |title=The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian |publisher=University of Michigan Library |year=2005 |editor-last=William P. Dickson |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |translator-last=William P. Dickson |orig-year=1909}} * {{Cite book |last1=Morris, Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vnkts2rOJUC |title=The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium |last2=Scheidel, Walter |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970761-4 |ref=Morris}} * {{Cite book |last=Naerebout, Frederick G. |title=Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire |publisher=Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, 5–7 July 2007), Brill |year=2009 |chapter=Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents |ref=Naerebout}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicolet, Claude |url=https://archive.org/details/spacegeographypo00nico |title=Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-472-10096-5 |ref=Nicolet |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDSI1V12ueIC |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-518800-4 |editor-last=Peachin, Michael |ref=Peachin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Potter, David Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPjqJWakX7IC |title=Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire |last2=Mattingly, D. J. |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-472-08568-2 |ref=Potter1999}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4ZmqsyC5kEC |title=A Companion to the Roman Empire |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-9918-6 |editor-last=Potter, David S. |ref=Potter2009}} * {{Cite book |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |title=A Companion to the Latin Language |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4443-4339-7 |pages=549–563 |chapter=Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire |doi=10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 |ref=Rochette}} * {{Cite book |last=Rawson, Beryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85Gdul_43DEC |title=The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8014-9460-4 |ref=Rawson1987}} * {{Cite book |last=Rawson, Beryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah9XwjhyM8gC |title=Children and Childhood in Roman Italy |date=2003 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-151423-4 |ref=Rawson2003}} * {{Cite book |last=Roberts, Michael John |url=https://archive.org/details/jeweledstylepoet00robe |title=The jeweled style: poetry and poetics in late antiquity |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2265-2 |ref=Roberts |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Rüpke, Jörg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1357R8OscQC |title=A Companion to Roman Religion |date=2007 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-76645-3 |ref=Rupke}} * {{Cite book |last=Stambaugh, John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mZufizhH0C |title=The Ancient Roman City |date=1988 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-3692-3 |ref=Stambaugh}} * {{Cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Richard, D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU5DwAAQBAJ |title=Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8020-2682-8 |location=Toronto}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vout |first=Caroline |year=2009 |title=The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress |journal=Greece and Rome |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=204–220 |doi=10.1093/gr/43.2.204 |jstor=643096 |ref=Vout}} * {{Cite book |last=Winterling, Aloys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_35eZH6_vT8C |title=Politics and Society in Imperial Rome |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-7969-0 |ref=Winterling}} * {{Cite journal |last=Wiseman, T.P. |year=1970 |title=The Definition of ''Eques Romanus'' |journal=Historia |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=67–83 |ref=Wiseman}} * {{Cite book |last=Wood, Gordon S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjSmze-mQVIC |title=The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-101-51514-3 |ref=Wood}} {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|voy=Roman Empire}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans Romans for Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424072929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans/ |date=24 April 2009 }}, a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary-school level. * [https://darmc.harvard.edu/ The Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations] * [https://plantspeopleplanet.org.au/o1/s4/h27/h30/ Roman Society & Sustainability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020014520/https://plantspeopleplanet.org.au/o1/s4/h27/h30/ |date=2021-10-20 }} at planspeopleplanet.org.au * [http://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm Historical Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801171701/http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm |date=2015-08-01 }} showing the expansion of the Roman Empire. * [http://roman-empire.net/ Roman-Empire.net], learning resources and re-enactments * [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11745/ The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD, in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201125/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11745/ |date=2013-10-29 }} {{Ancient Rome topics |autocollapse}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Roman history by territory}} {{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact}} {{Empires}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia}} {{History of Europe}} }} {{authority control}} [[Категория:Румалъул Империя| ]] [[Категория:НекӀсияб Италиялъул тарих]] [[Категория:Италиял пачалихъал]] [[Категория:Азиялда рукӀарал пачалихъал]] [[Категория:НекӀсияб Африкаялда пачалихъал]] [[Категория:Суперкъуватлъиял]] [[Категория:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire|*]] [[Категория:Н. щ. 27 соналъ гӀуцӀарал]] [[Категория:1st-century BC establishments in Italy]] [[Категория:States and territories established in the 1st century BC]] [[Категория:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]] [[Категория:States and territories disestablished in 1453]] [[Категория:476 disestablishments]] [[Категория:470s disestablishments]] [[Категория:5th-century disestablishments in Italy]] [[Категория:Ракьдагьоркьобралъадлъиялъул тарих]] [[Категория:ТӀагӀарал империял Европаялда]] [[Категория:Вестерн маданият]] [[Категория:Тарихиял трансконтиненталиял империял]] 7jf4zdcfb7ise8ia2blai9ne9q7pezk 0 19967 97454 90980 2026-05-15T23:58:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox IPA |ipa number=101 + 401 |ipa symbol=pʼ |imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0070+0x02BC.svg |imagesize=150px |decimal1=112|decimal2=700 |x-sampa=p_&gt; |braille=p |braille2=⠐ |braille3=⠄ }} '''Билабиалаб эйектив''' буго [[рагьукъаб]] гьаркьил тайпа, жиб цо-цо [[КӀалъай|кӀалъалеб]] [[мацӀ]]алда хӀалтӀизабулеб. [[Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабет|Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабеталда]] гьеб гьаракь бихьизабулеб симбол буго {{angbr IPA|pʼ}}. ==Ружби== Билабиалаб эйективалъул ружби: {{plosive}} {{bilabial}} {{oral}} {{central-lateral}} {{ejective}} ==ХӀалтӀизаби== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| МацӀ ! РагӀи ! [[Интернационалаб фонетикияб алфабет|ИФА]] ! МагӀна ! Баянал |- |colspan=2| [[Адигъ мацӀ|Адигъ]] | {{lang|ady|[[Кириллияб хъвай-хъвагӀи|'''пӏ'''акӏэ]]}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|пӏакӏэ.ogg|[pʼaːt͡ʃʼa]}} | 'тӀеренаб' | |- |colspan=2| [[Амгьар мацӀ|Амгьар]] | {{lang|am|[[Амгьар хъвай-хъвагӀи|ጴጥሮስ]]}}/{{transl|am|p̣iéṭros}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼetʼros]}} | 'Петро' | |- | [[Армен мацӀ|Армен]] | Ереваналъул диалект<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–18}}</ref> | {{lang|hy|[[Армен алфабет|'''պ'''ոչ]]}}/{{transl|hy|'''p'''ochʿ}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼotʃʰ]}} | 'раччӀ' | Дандеккола {{IPA|[p⁼]}} гьаркьие цогидал [[Бакъаккул армен мацӀ|бакъаккулал]] диалектазда |- | colspan="2" | [[Ганза мацӀ|Ганза]]<ref name="Smolders-2016">{{cite journal |last = Smolders |first = Joshua |date = 2016 |title = A Phonology of Ganza |url = http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/document/1070 |format = pdf |journal = Linguistic Discovery |volume = 14 |issue = 1 |pages = 86–144 |doi = 10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470 |access-date = 2017-01-16 |doi-access = free |archive-date = 2021-02-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210213061720/https://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/document/1070 |url-status = dead }}</ref>{{rp|95}} |colspan=2 align=center| {{IPA|[pʼá̰bḭ́]}} | 'данчӀвай' | |- | colspan=2 | [[Гуржи мацӀ|Гуржи]] | {{lang|ka|[[Гуржи алфабет|'''პ'''ე'''პ'''ელა]]}}/{{transl|ka|pepela}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼɛpʼɛlɑ]}} | 'кӀалкӀучӀ' | |- |colspan=2| [[Гьандза мацӀ|Гьадза]] | {{lang|hts|hû'''bb'''u}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ɦuːpʼu]}} | 'щиб букӀаниги бакӀаб жо кодобе босизе' | (миметикияб) |- |colspan=2| [[Гьалкомелем мацӀ|Гьакомелем]] | {{lang|hur|'''p̓'''əq̓}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼəqʼ]}} | 'хъахӀаб' | |- ||[[Гьири мацӀ|Гьири]] |Гьири диалект | {{lang|os|'''пъ'''овыр}}/{{transl|os|'''ph'''ovyr}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈpʼovɪ̈r]}} |'гьабизе' <small>(квен)</small> | |- |colspan=2| [[Кабардин мацӀ|Кабардин]] | {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|цӏа'''пӏ'''э]]}} / {{lang|kbd-Latn|ça'''ṗ'''e}} / {{lang|kbd-Arab|ڗا'''ࢠ'''ه}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|цӏапӏэ.ogg|[t͡sʼaːpʼa]}} | 'магӀна' | |- |colspan=2| [[Кунигами мацӀ|Кунигами]] | {{lang|xug|'''p{{'}}'''aapaa}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼaːpː]}} | 'кӀодоэбел' | |- |colspan=2| [[Кечва мацӀ|Кечва]] | {{lang|qu|[[Кечва алфабет|'''p’'''acha]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼat͡ʃa]}} | 'ретӀел' | |- |colspan=2| [[Нез Персе мацӀ|Нез Персе]] | {{lang|nez|[[Американистияб фонетикияб нотация|'''p’'''íłin]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈpʼiɬin]}} | 'каратӀ' | |- |colspan=2| [[Убих мацӀ|Убих]] | {{lang|uby|wıp'ts'e}} |{{IPA|[wɨpʼtsʼɜ]}} | 'дур цӀар' | Балагье [[Убих фонология]] |- |colspan=2| [[ХӀайда мацӀ|ХӀайда]] | {{lang|hai|tta'''pp'''ad}} |align=center| {{IPA|[tʼapʼat]}} | 'бекизе' | (миметикияб) |- |- |colspan=2| [[Чачан мацӀ|Чачан]] | {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Кириллияб хъвай-хъвагӀи|'''пӏ'''елг]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''ph'''elg}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʼelɡ]}} | 'килищ' | |- | colspan="2" |[[Юрок мацӀ|Юрок]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yurok consonants|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Yurok Language Project|publisher=UC Berkeley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203820/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php |archive-date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> |{{lang|yur|kaa'''p{{'}}'''}} |{{IPA|[kaːpʼ]}} |'тӀанхал' | |} ==Ралагье гьединго== *[[Фонетикалъул макъалабазул индекс]] ==Баянал== {{reflist}} ==МугъчӀваял== *{{Cite book |last=Dum-Tragut |first=Jasmine |title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian |publisher=John Benjamins |year=2009 |location=Amsterdam |series=London Oriental and African Language Library |volume=14 |isbn=978-90-272-8879-0 |lccn=2009037609}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== * {{phoible|pʼ}} {{IPA navigation}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Билабиалаб эйектив}} [[Category:Билабилал рагьукъал]] [[Category:Эйективал]] [[Category:КӀалзул рагьукъал]] bacfogh4ndevt8zw7g13pfog7yj1q7t 10 22150 97457 2026-05-16T08:14:38Z Soul Train 3177 Новая страница: «Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit).jpg» 97457 wikitext text/x-wiki Gurudongmar Lake Sikkim, India (edit).jpg p4zvme9zxo6ivzlr2xijwuc3bgbarow 10 22151 97458 2026-05-16T08:15:08Z Soul Train 3177 Новая страница: «Zitrone -- 2025 -- 7294.jpg» 97458 wikitext text/x-wiki Zitrone -- 2025 -- 7294.jpg akactozzctcxdojmru14se3so6i9ks9 10 22152 97459 2026-05-16T08:15:34Z Soul Train 3177 Новая страница: «Scuol-Motta Naluns, 11-10-2024. 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