Wikipedia avwiki https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Медиа Хъулухъалъулаб БахӀс ГӀахьалчи ГӀахьалчиясул бахӀс Википедия Википедиялъул бахӀс Файл Файлалъул бахӀс MediaWiki MediaWiki-ялъул бахӀс Халип Халипалъул бахӀс Кумек Кумекалъул бахӀс Категория Категориялъул бахӀс TimedText TimedText talk Модуль Обсуждение модуля Event Event talk Кореял 0 4476 102152 95018 2026-09-24T01:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Кореял'''{{efn|<small>[[Бакъдасеб Кореялъул стандартаб мацӀ|Бакъадасеб коре]]:</small> {{lang|ko|한민족/한국인/한국사람, 韓民族/韓國人/韓國사람}}, {{transliteration|ko|Han minjok (Хан этникияб група), Hanguk-in (Хан мухъалъул чагӀи), Hanguksaram (Хан мухъалъул чагӀи)}}, <small>[[Хьондасеб Кореялъул стандартаб мацӀ|Хьондасеб коре]]:</small> {{lang|ko|조선민족/조선인/조선사람, 朝鮮民族/朝鮮人/朝鮮사람}}, {{transliteration|ko|Joseon minjok (Кореязул этникияб група), Joseon-in (Чосон чагӀи)/Joseonsaram (Чосон халкъ)}}}} руго [[Бакъбаккул Азиялъул халкъал|Бакъбаккул Азиялъул]] [[этниклъи|этникияб група]], жиндер лӀугьен Кореялъул бащдабчӀинкӀиллъудаса бугеб.<ref name="Cell Press">{{Cite journal |last1= Horai |first1=Satoshi |last2=Murayama |first2=Kumiko |date=1996 |title=mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_1996-09_59_3/page/579 |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |publication-date=1996 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=579–590 |pmid=8751859 |pmc=1914908}}</ref><ref name="John Wiley & Sons">{{Cite journal |last1= Yi |first1=SoJeong |last2=An |first2=Hyungmi| last3=Lee |first3=Howard | last4=Lee |first4=Sangin |date= 2014 |title=Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean |journal=[[Annals of Human Genetics]] |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |publication-date=2013 |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=477–485 |doi=10.1097/FPC.0000000000000075 |pmid=25029633 |s2cid=43243512}}</ref><ref name="GW">{{cite journal |author1=Siska, Veronika|author2=Jones, Eppie Ruth |author3=Jeon, Sungwon |author4=Bhak, Youngjune |author5=Kim, Hak-Min |author6= Cho, Yun Sung|author7= Kim, Hyunho |author8= Lee, Kyusang|author9= Veselovskaya, Elizaveta |author10=Balueva, Tatiana |author11=Gallego-Llorente, Marcos|author12=Hofreiter, Michael |author13=Bradley, Daniel G.|author14= Eriksson, Anders |author15=Pinhasi, Ron |author16=Bhak, Jong |author17= Manica, Andrea |title=Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e1601877 |publication-date=1 фебруар 2017 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601877 |pmid=28164156 |pmc=5287702|year=2017 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1877S}}</ref><ref name="Wang Yuchen">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yuchen |last2=Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations|journal=Hereditas|volume=155 |article-number=19 |publication-date=6 април 2018 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid=29636655 |pmc=5889524 |year=2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Кореязул цӀикӀкӀанисел гӀумру гьабун руго Шималиябги Жанубиябги Кореялъул кӀиго суверенияб пачалихъалда, жидеда цадахъ босун Корея илан абулел. == Баянал == {{notelist}} == Референсал == {{Reflist}} === Иццал === * {{cite book|author1=서의식|author2=강봉룡|date=6 фебруар 2024 |script-title=ko:뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국|isbn=978-89-8133-536-6}} * {{cite book |last = Barnes |first = Gina Lee |title = The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: The Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y1c_cAAACAAJ |year = 1993 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn = 978-0-500-27974-8 }} * {{cite book |last = Nelson |first = Sarah M. |title = The Archaeology of Korea |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sANORB_MSRUC&pg=PA147 |year = 1993 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-40783-0 }} * {{citation |ref=CITEREFMOFA2013 |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/webmodule/htsboard/template/read/korboardread.jsp?typeID=6&boardid=232&seqno=347383&c=&t=&pagenum=1&tableName=TYPE_DATABOARD&pc=&dc=&wc=&lu=&vu=&iu=&du= |script-title=ko:재외동포현황 |trans-title=Status of Compatriots Abroad |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |date=30 септембер 2013 |access-date=30 април 2015}} {{ТIинчI}} [[Категория:Миллатал]] [[Категория:Корея]] 3pbrixjcufkrat4cjmxkrh8hzeilxhb ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер 0 14177 102151 102039 2026-09-24T01:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Таксон | fossil_range = Хадусеб [[Валанжин]] — [[Гьолоцен|гьанжелъи]], {{fossilrange|134|0}} |regnum = ГъветӀ-хер |image file = Magnolia.jpg |image title = Магнолиялъул тӀегь |image descr = [[Магнолия|Магнолиялъул]] [[тӀегь]] |latin = Magnoliophyta |rang = БутӀа |author = <br>[[Cronq.]], [[Takht.]] & [[W.Zimm.]], 1966 |syn = * {{btname|Anthophyta}} * {{btname|Angiospermae |[[Lindl.]] ([[P.D.Cantino]] & [[M.J.Donoghue]])}} |children name = [[Класс (биология)|Классал]] |children = * {{bt-avlat|Цомугьал|Monocotyledones}} * {{bt-avlat|КӀимугьал|Dicotyledones}} |баккана = 140 |wikispecies= Magnoliophyta |commons = Category:Magnoliophyta |itis = 18061 |ncbi = 3398 | Гъоркьпачалъи = ТӀадегӀанаб гъветӀ-хер | ТӀадбутӀа = Хьонбугел }} '''ТӀогьо́лаб гъве́тӀ-хер''', яги '''Хьонбацарал''', ({{lang-la|Magnoliophyta}}, яги ''Angiospermae'', {{lang-grc|ἀγγεῖον}} — рихь, мащу, {{lang-grc2|σπέρμα}} — хьон) — тӀадегӀанаб гъветӀ-хералъул [[Тайпа (биология)|бутӀа]], жиб батӀа-гьабулеб хаслъилъун бугеб жинсияб гӀемерлъиялъул орган хӀисабалда [[ТӀегь|тӀегьги]] [[ХьонбекӀ|хӀонбекӀалъул]] (хадуб гьелдаса лӀугьунеб [[Хьон|хьоналъулги]]) бацараб сурахӀиги букӀин. ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хералъул цоги хаслъи буго [[кӀицӀулаб эндосперм]] букӀинги. Хьонбацараз, {{bt-avlat|ХьонгӀицӀал{{!}}хьонгӀицӀазда|Gymnospermae}} цадахъ, гӀуцӀула {{bt-avlat|Хьонаб гъветӀ-хер{{!}}хьонаб гъветӀ-хералъул|Spermatophytae}} кӀиго къокъаялъул цояб. ==Таксоналъул кӀодолъи== == Морфологиял хаслъиял== == ЛӀугьин == == Систематикияб хӀал == == Классификация == === Класс КӀимугьал=== === Класс Цомугьал=== == Филогения== ==Баянкьелал== {{Notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal |last=APG|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free }}</ref> }} ==Библиография== ===Макъалаби, тӀахьал=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Angiosperms}} * {{cite journal|last=APG|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=141|pages=399–436|year=2003|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x|issue=4|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last=APG|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2009|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Becker KM |title=A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=February 1973|volume=22|issue=1|pages=19–50|doi=10.2307/1218032|jstor=1218032}} * {{cite book |vauthors=Bell AD |title=Plant Form. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology |date=2008 |orig-date=1991 |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |isbn=978-0-88192-850-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210216/https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC |url-status=live }} ** [https://archive.org/details/plantform00adri 1st edition published by Oxford University Press in 1991] {{ISBN|978-0-19854-219-3}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Bell CD, Soltis DE, Soltis PS | title = The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 97 | issue = 8 | pages = 1296–303 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 21616882 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900346 | s2cid = 207613985 | author-link2 = Douglas Soltis | author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis }} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Chase MW, Reveal JL |year=2009|title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2 |pages=122–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x|name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free}} * Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030714120417/https://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/12.16/angiosperms.html "Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes"]. Harvard University Gazette. * {{cite journal| vauthors = Cronquist A |author-link=Arthur Cronquist|title=The divisions and classes of plants| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_october-december-1960_26_4/page/n2 |journal=The Botanical Review|date=October 1960|volume=26|issue=4|pages=425–482|doi=10.1007/BF02940572|s2cid=43144314}} * {{cite book|vauthors=Cronquist A|author-link=Arthur Cronquist|year=1981|title=An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron|url-access=registration|publisher=Columbia Univ. Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-03880-5}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Dahlgren RM |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=A revised system of classification of the angiosperms|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=February 1980|volume=80|issue=2 |pages=91–124 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x}} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Dahlgren RM |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren|title=General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany|date=February 1983|volume=3|issue=1|pages=119–149|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Dilcher D | title = Toward a new synthesis: major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2000-06-20_97_13/page/7030 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 13 | pages = 7030–6 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10860967 | pmc = 34380 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030 | bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.7030D | doi-access = free }} * {{cite web|vauthors=Dilcher DL, Cronquist A, Zimmermann, Huldrych H, Stevens P, Stevenson DW, Berry PE|author-link2=Arthur Cronquist|author-link4=Peter F. Stevens|title=Angiosperm|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=31 January 2017|date=8 March 2016|ref={{harvid|Dilcher et al|2016}}|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503102316/https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm|url-status=live}} * {{cite book| vauthors = Heywood VH, Brummitt RK, Culham A, Seberg O |title = Flowering Plant Families of the World| url = https://archive.org/details/floweringplantfa0000unse | publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2007| location = Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada|isbn = 978-1-55407-206-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia |vauthors=Hill C, Crane P |veditors=Joysey KA, Friday AE |encyclopedia=Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction |title=Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275374707 |date=January 1982 |publisher=Systematics Association |series=Special Volumes |volume=21 |location=London |isbn=978-0-12-391250-3 |pages=269–361 }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Lersten NR|title=Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Ames, Iowa|isbn=9780470752678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202201726/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Pooja|title=Angiosperms|date=2004|publisher=Discovery|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171417889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pZxuyUllJIC|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726055313/https://books.google.com/books?id=3pZxuyUllJIC|url-status=live}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE | title = Biology of Plants | edition = 7th | publisher = W.H. Freeman | date = 2004 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Sattler R | date = 1973 | title = Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0802018645 | publisher = University of Toronto Press }} * {{cite book|vauthors=Simpson MG|title=Plant Systematics|year=2010|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=9780080922089|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C|edition=2nd|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426091747/https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Soltis PS, Soltis DE | title = Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms | journal = Current Opinion in Plant Biology | volume = 30 | pages = 159–65 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27064530 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015 | doi-access = free | author-link2 = Douglas Soltis | author-link1 = Pamela Soltis }} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Takhtajan A |author-link=Takhtajan|title=The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=June 1964|volume=13|issue=5|pages=160–164|doi=10.2307/1216134|jstor=1216134}} * {{cite journal| vauthors = Takhtajan A |author-link=Takhtajan|title=Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_botanical-review_july-september-1980_46_3/page/225 |journal=Botanical Review|date=July–September 1980|volume=46|issue=3|pages=225–359|jstor=4353970|doi=10.1007/bf02861558|s2cid=30764910}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Zeng L, Zhang Q, Sun R, Kong H, Zhang N, Ma H | title = Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | issue = 4956 | pages = 4956 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25249442 | pmc = 4200517 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms5956 | ref = {{harvid|Zeng et al|2014}} | bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.4956Z }} {{Refend}} ===Вебсайтал=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite web |vauthors=Cole TC, Hilger HH, Stevens PF |date=2017 |url=https://www.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster{{spaced ndash}} Flowering Plant Systematics |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119082212/http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |vauthors=Watson L, Dallwitz MJ |date=1992 |url=https://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio |title=The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval |version=14 December 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802080838/https://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead }} * {{EOL|282}} {{Refend}} == РегӀелал == * {{Commons category-inline|Angiosperms}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Magnoliophyta}} * {{Wikibooks-inline|Dichotomous Key|Magnoliophyta}} {{Plant classification}} {{Botany}} {{Angiosperm orders}} {{Angiosperm families}} {{Life on Earth}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q25314}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер}} [[Категория:Хьонбацарал| ]] [[Категория:ГъветӀ-хералъул жинс]] [[Категория:ГъветӀ-хер]] [[Категория:Поллинация]] b13ildjxy6kj76vj38quwpx3duc4oeu ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ 0 15477 102149 102102 2026-09-24T01:41:08Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ | image = WWImontage.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = СагӀтинухалда рекъон тӀаса байбихьун: {{flatlist| * [[Бапом]]алде нух [[Соммаялъул рагъел]] лӀугӀун хадуб, 1916 * Британ [[Mark V танк]]аби [[Гьинденбургил линия ]] бахунел, 1918 * {{HMS|Irresistible|1898|6}} гама тӀерхьин Дарданеллазда [[Ралъдал мин|миналде]] тӀаде ккедал, 1915 * Британ [[Викерсил гулларечӀчӀалъул]] речӀчӀарухъаби [[газалде данде маска]]бигун Соммаялда рагъелалъул заманалда, 1916 * Герман [[Albatros D.III]] биплан-роржунал [[Дуэ]]ялда гӀагарлъухъ, Франсия, 1917 }} | date = {{start and end dates|1914|7|28|1918|11|11|df=yes}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) {{Collapsible list | bullets = yes | title = Ракълил къотӀаби |[[Версалалъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 28 юналда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=28|year2=1919}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз ратификация гьабичӀо цониги [[Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференция, 1919|Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялда]] хъварал къотӀаби.}}<!--Since World War I didn't actually end for most states until the Paris Peace Conference treaties were signed...--> |[[Сен-Жермен-ан-Лейялъулаб къотӀи (1919)|Сен-Жермен-ан-Леялъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 10 септембералда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=9|day2=10|year2=1919}}) |[[Нейи-сюр-Сеналъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 27 новембералда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=14|year1=1915|month2=11|day2=27|year2=1919}}){{efn|Булгариял гъорлӀлъана Централиял къуватлъабазда 1915 соналъул 14 октобералда.}} |[[Трианоналъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 4 юналда, 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=4|year2=1920}}) |[[Севралъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 10 августалда, 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=8|day2=10|year2=1920}}){{efn|ГӀусманияб империял раилъана Германиялъулгун балъгояб алянсалъе 1914 соналъул 2 августалда 1914. Гьеб рагъулӀе лӀугьна Централиял Къуватлъабазул рахъалда 1914 соналъул 29 октобералда.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазулги Австриялъулги ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Австриялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 24 августалда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=24|year2=1921}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз Австриягин Гьунгариялда рагъ лъазабуна 7{{nbsp}}декембералда 1917 соналъул.}}{{efn|[[Австриялъул ТӀоцебесеб Республика|Австрия]] рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул [[ирсилал пачалихъал|ирсилал пачалихъазул]] цояблъун.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазул ва Германиялъул ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Германиялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 25 авсгусталда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=4|day1=6|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=25|year2=1921}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз Германиялъе рагъ лъазабуна 6{{nbsp}}априлалда, 1917-лъул.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазул ва Гьунгариялъул ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Гьунгариялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 29 августалда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=29|year2=1921}}){{efn|[[Гьунгариялъул къиралат (1920–46)|Гьунгария]] рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазулцояблъун.}} |[[Лозаннаялъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 24 юлалда, 1923<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=29|year1=1914|month2=7|day2=24|year2=1923}}){{efn|Although the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the [[Republic of Turkey]], the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.}} }} | place = Европа, Африка, ГӀагараб Машрикъ, ГӀодоцараб Океаналъул чӀинкӀиллъаби, Чин, Гьиндустаналъулаб Океан, Шималияб ва Жанубияб Атлантика | casus = [[Эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀвай]] (28 юн), хадубцун Австрияин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазаби [[Сербиялъул Къиралаталъе]] (28 юл) ва Россиялъ мобилизация гьаби [[Австриягин Гьунгариялде данде]] (29 юл). | territory = {{bulletlist|Европаялда ва ГӀагараб Машрикъалда цӀиял пачалихъал лӀугьин|[[Герман колониалияб империя|Германиялъул колониял]] ва территориял цогидал пачалихъазе кьей, [[ГӀусманияб империя гьоркьоб бикьи]] ва хадусеб [[турказул эркенлъиялъе гӀоло рагъ]], [[dissolution of Austria-Hungary]], the [[October Revolution|collapse of the Russian Empire]] and the [[revolutions of 1917-1923]] }} | result = [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|Алянсалъул]] бергьенлъи | combatant1 = '''[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|Алянсалъул КъуватӀлъаби]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|Лъабабилеб Паранс Республика}} |{{clist|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|{{flag|Британиялъул империя}}}} |{{flagcountry|КӀудияб Британиялъул ва Ирландиялъул Цолъараб Къиралат}} |{{flag|Канада|1905}} |{{flag|Австралия}} |{{flagcountry|Британ Радж}} |{{flagcountry|Британ Цейлон}} |{{flag|ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул доминион|name=ЦӀияб Зеландия}} |{{flag|Newfoundland}} |{{flagcountry|Жанубияб Африкаялъул Цолъи|1912}}}} | {{flagdeco|Россия|1914}} [[Россиялъул империя]]{{Efn|[[ГӀурус Республика]] 1917 соналдаса. [[Болшевикал|Болшевиказул]] хӀукуматалъ хъвана [[Брест-Литовскалъулаб ракълилаб къотӀи|сепаратияб рекъел]] Централиял Къуватлъаигун гьебго соналъул новембералда [[October Revolution|яръидгӀуцӀун хӀакимлъи бахъун]] дагьабго заман иналде.}}<br />{{small|(1917 соналъ-лъагӀан)}} | {{flagcountry|Сербиялъул къиралат}} | {{flagcountry|Белгилъул къиралат|1831}} | {{flagcountry|Япониялъул империя}} | {{flagcountry|Черногориялъул къиралат}} | {{flagcountry|Италиялъул къиралат|1861}} {{small|(1915 соналдаса)}} | {{flag|Цолъарал Штатал|1912}}<br />{{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagcountry|Руманиялъул къиралат}} {{small|(1916 соналдаса)}} | {{flagcountry|Щуабилеб Португал Республика}} {{small|(1916) соналдаса}} | {{flagcountry|ХӀӀиджазалъул къиралат|1917}} {{small|(1916)}} | {{flagcountry|Грециялъул къиралатe|state}} {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagdeco|Таиланд}} [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)#World War I|Siam]] {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagicon|Чиналъул республика (1912–1949)|1912}} [[Beiyang government|Чин]] {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|...{{nbsp}}''ва цогидал'']] }} | combatant2 = '''[[Централиял къуватлъаби]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flag|Германиялъул империя}} * {{flag|Австриягин Гьунгария}} * {{flag|ГӀусманияб империя}} * {{flagcountry|Булгариялъул къиралат}} {{small|(1915 соналдаса)}} * [[Централиял къуватлъаби|...{{nbsp}}''во цогиял'']] }} | commander1 = {{plainlist| * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Раймонд Пуанкаре]] * {{nowrap|{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Жорж Клемансо]]}} * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[Георг V]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[H. H. Asquith]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[Дэвид Ллойд Джорджe]] * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} [[Николай II|Николай II]]{{Executed|Death of the Romanov family}} * {{flagicon|Russian Republic}} [[Georgy Lvov]] * {{flagicon|Russian Republic}} [[Alexander Kerensky]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Victor Emmanuel III]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Vittorio Orlando]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Emperor Taishō]] * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} [[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]]<br />[[Allied leaders of World War I|''and others''{{nbsp}}...]] }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Franz Joseph I]]{{efn|Died in 1916 of pneumonia, succeeded by Charles (Karl) I of Austria}} * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Charles I of Austria|Karl I]] * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed V]]{{efn|Died in July 1918 and succeeded by Mehmed VI}} * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed VI]] * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Three Pashas]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]]<br />[[Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I|''and others''{{nbsp}}...]] }} | strength1 = '''Кинавниги: 42,928,000''' чи<ref name="Tucker 2005 273">{{harvnb|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}}</ref>{{plainlist| * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} 12,000,000 * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 8,660,000{{efn|Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies}} * {{flagicon|British Empire}} 5,839,000{{efn|Figures are for Britain and her colonies; the dominions and India are listed separately}} * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 5,093,000 * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} 4,744,000 * {{flagicon|British Raj}} 1,680,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} 1,234,000 * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} 800,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} 707,000 * {{flagicon|Canada|1905}} 629,000 * {{flagicon|Australia}} 417,000 * {{flagicon|Belgium}} 380,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} 230,000 * {{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 200,000 * {{flagicon|Union of South Africa|1912}} 136,000 * {{flagicon|Dominion of New Zealand}} 129,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} 50,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}} 50,000 }} | strength2 = '''Кинаниги: 25,248,000''' чи<ref name="Tucker 2005 273" />{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} 13,250,000 * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} 7,800,000 * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 2,998,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 1,200,000 }} | strength3 = '''68,176,000 чи (Кинавнги гӀаммго)''' | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Рагъда хварал''': 5,525,000 * '''Рагъда лӀукъарал''': 12,832,000 * '''Кинавниги:''' 18,357,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA ва MIA * '''ВатӀанчагӀазул:''' 4,000,000}}[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда камиял|''тӀадеги деталал''{{nbsp}}...]] ---- '''Рагъда хварал пачалихъазда рекъон''':<ref name="crb.org">{{cite web|last=Mougel|first=Nadège|title=World War I casualties|url=http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf|work=Centre européen Robert Schuman|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202015715/http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nash">{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=Jay Robert |title=Darkest Hours |date=1976 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775 |isbn=978-1-59077-526-4 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011655/https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{plainlist| * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} 1,811,000 * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 1,398,000 * {{flagicon|British Empire}} 1,115,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 651,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} 250,000–335,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} 275,000 * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} 117,000 * {{flagicon|Belgium}} 59,000–88,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} 26,000 * {{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 7,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} 3,000 * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} <1,000 }} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Рагъда хварал:''' 4,386,000 * '''Рагъда лӀукъарал:''' 8,388,000 * '''Кинавниги:''' 12,774,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA and MIA * '''ВатӀанчагӀазул:''' 3,700,000}}[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда камиял|''тӀадеги деталал''{{nbsp}}...]] ---- '''Рагъда хварал пачалихъазда рекъон''':<ref name="crb.org" /><br />{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} 2,051,000 * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} 1,200,000 * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 772,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 88,000 }} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ''', гьединго лъалеб '''КӀудияб рагъ''' абун ва [[#ЦӀарал|цогидал цӀараздалъунги]], — [[дунялалъулаб рагъ|интернационалияб конфликт]], жибги байбихьараб 1914 соналъул 28&nbsp;юлалда ва лӀугӀараб 1918 соналъул 11&nbsp;новембералда. Гьеб тӀибитӀана [[Европа]]ялъул кӀудияб бутӀаялде, гьединго [[Россиялъул империя|Россиялде]], [[Цолъарал Штатал|Цолъарал Штатазде]] ва [[ГӀусманияб империя|Туркиялде]], ва гьединго унеб букӀана [[ГӀагараб Машрикъ]]алда, [[Африка]]ялда ва [[Азия]]лъул бутӀаялда. [[Хваразул къадаралда рекъон рагъазул ва антропогениял катастрофабазул сияхӀ| тарихалда бищун хвел цӀикӀкӀарал конфликтазул]] цояб, жиндир заманалда, кьурал къиматазда рекъон, рагъда 9 миллион чӀвараб, 5&nbsp;миллионалдаса цӀикӀкӀун ватӀанчилъиял гӀадамал оккупация, бомбагъинаби, ракъи ва унтаби сабаблъун хвараб.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=xv}} ГӀусманияз гьабураб [[Тарихалда жаниб геноцид (ТӀоцебеселдаса кӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъалде щвезегӀан)|геноцид]] ва рагъул заманалъ комбатантазул багъа-бачариялъ тӀибитӀизабураб 1918 соналъул [[Испан грипп]]алъул пандемия сабаблъун тӀолго дунялалда хвана чанго миллион чи.{{Sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}}{{Sfn|Williams|2014|pp=4–10}} 1914 соналъ [[КӀудияб къуватлъи|КӀудиял къуватлъаби]] рикьун рукӀана цоцаде данде чӀараб кӀиго алянсалде: [[Лъабгоязул Антанта]], жинда гъорлӀ [[Британиялъул империя|КӀудияб Британия]], [[Лъабабилеб Паранс Республика|Франсия]] ва [[Россиялъул империя|Россия]] ругеб, ва [[Лъабгоязул Алянс (1882)|Лъабгоязул Алянс]], [[Германиялъул империя|Германиялдасаги]], [[Австриягин Гьунгария|Австриягин Гьунгариялдасаги]], [[Италиялъул къиралат|Италиялдасаги]] гӀуцӀараб. Балкъаназда букӀараб хӀалуцин ботӀроде бахана 1914 соналъул 28 юналда Босниялдаса сербав Гаврило Принципица Австриягин Гьунгариялъул варисав, эрцгерцог [[Эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀвай|Франц Фердинанд чӀван хадуб]]. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ гӀайиб гӀунтӀизабуна Сербиялде, ва цоцада рухьарал алянсаз къуватлъаби цӀана дипломатиял дандрайиязул сериялде, жал [[юлалъул кризис]] абун лъалел. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазабуна [[Сербиялъул къиралат|Сербиялда]]; Россия бахъана Сербия цӀунизе, в 4 августалде конфликт тӀибитӀана Германиялде, Парансалде ва КӀудияб Британиялде гьезул колониалиял империялгун цадахъ. Новембералда [[ГӀусманилазул пачалихъ|ГӀусманияб империялъги]], Германиялъги Австриялъги гӀуцӀана [[Централиял къуватлъаби]], [[Лондоналъулаб къотӀи-къай (1915)|1915 соналъул априлалда]] абуни Италия (жиб Централиял къуватлъабазул цояб букӀараб) ана КӀудияб Британиялъулги, Франсиялъулги, Россиялъулги, Сербиялъулги рахъалде [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъул алянсал|Алянсалъул къуватлъи]] хӀисабалда. КӀиго фронталда рагъда цебе 1914 соналъ германиязул стратегия, [[Шлиффенил план]] абун жиндир цӀар араб,{{Sfn|Zuber|2011|pp=46–49}} букӀана цин Франсиялда тӀад бергьенлъи босизе, хадур жидерго къуватал [[Бакъбаккул Европа|бакъбаккуде]] рехизе ва Россия рагъулӀа бахъизе. Гьелъул жо ккечӀо Франсиялде цереин [[Марнаялда тӀоцебесеб рагъел|Марнаялда чӀезабиялъ]]; 1914 соналъул ахиралде кӀиябго рахъ цоцаде данде чӀун букӀана [[БакътӀерхьул фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|бакътӀерхьул фронталда]] — гьеб букӀана [[Ингилис Канал|Ла-Маншалдаса]] [[Швейцария|Швейцариялде]] щвезегӀан халатбахъараб траншеязулаб мухъ, жиб 1917 соналде щвезегӀанги кӀудияб хисичӀеб. Гьелде дандеккун, [[Бакъбаккул фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|бакъбаккул фронт]] букӀана хисардулеб: Австриягин Гьунгариялъ ва Россиялъ цин рахъулел рукӀана чӀахӀиял территориял, хадур гьел гьезухъа унел рукӀана. Цогидал кӀвар бугел театразда гъорлӀе унел рукӀана [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул ГӀагараб Машрикъалъулаб театр|ГӀагараб Машрикъ]], [[Италияб фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|Алпазулаб фронт]] ва [[Балкъанияб театр|Балкъанал]], рагъулӀе Булгарияги, [[Руманиялъул къиралат|Руманияги]], [[Грециялъул къиралат|Грецияги]] цӀан. Алянсалъ рагъулабгин ралъдалаб блокада лъеялъ лӀугьараб дефицит сабаблъун, 1917 соналъул авалалда Германиялъ гӀорхъи гьечӀеб лъекьаб рагъ байбихьана, гьелъул хӀасилалда 1917 соналъул 6 априлалда церегӀан нейтралиял рукӀарал [[Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьин (1917)|Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьана]]. 1917-лъул [[Октобералъул революция|Октобералъул революциялъул]] хӀасилалда Россиялда хӀакимлъм бахъана [[Болшевикал|болшевиказ]] ва рекъел хъвана 1918 соналъул марталда [[Брест-Литовскалъул къотӀи-къай|Брест-Литовскалда хъвараб сепаратияб къотӀиялда]] рекъон, гьелдалъун германиязул аскаразул кӀудияб къадар эркенлъана бакъбаккул фронталдаса. Гьел бакътӀерхьул фронталде реххулаго, Германиялъул генералияб штабалъул хьул букӀана тӀубан бергьенлъи босизе, американ кумекалъ рагъалъел иналде асар гьабилалде, ва гьез байбихьана [[Германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум|германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум 1918 соналъул марталда]]. Байбихьуда битӀ ккканиги, кватӀичӀого гьеб чӀчӀезабуна захӀматал камиязги ачуяб дандечӀеялъги; августалда алянсчагӀаз байбихьана нускъойил гьужум, германиязул аскар хӀалуцун данде чӀолеб букӀаниги, гьелда тӀокӀаб кӀвечӀо гьезул тӀаде рачӀин чӀезабизе.{{Sfn|Sheffield|2002|p=251}} 1918 соналъул ахиралда Централиял къуватлъабаз байбихьана рикьа-риххун ине; 29 септембералда Булгариялъ хъвана рекъел, 31 октобералъ — гӀусманияз, 3 новембералъ абуни — Австриягин Гьунгариялъ. Живго цо ххутӀарав, рокъоб [[Герман революция (1918–1919)|революциягун]] ва аскар питнадиналда хӀинкъараб хӀалгун дандчӀварав [[Вилгьелм II|Вилгьелм кайзерас]] инкар гьабуна тахидаса 9 новембералда, ва цӀияб герман хӀукуматалъ заманалъе рекъел хъвана 1919 соналъул 11 новембералда, рагъелазе ахирги лъун. [[Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференция (1919–1920)|1919-лъул Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялъ]] къурал къуватлъабазда хъвазаруна батӀи-батӀиял къотӀи-къаял, жидер бищун цӀар араблъун [[Версалалъулаб къотӀи]] букӀараб. Россиялъул, Германиялъул, ГӀусманиязул ва Австриягин Гьунгариялъул империял риххиялъ лӀугьана гӀемерал [[1917–1923 соназул революциял|революциял]], гӀуцӀана чиядарачӀел пачалихъал, гьезда гъорлӀ Полша, Чехословакия ва Югославия. Жакъа къоялъги тӀасан бахӀс бугел гӀиллаби, рагъазда гьоркьоб периодалъ баккараб хисарди инабизе бажарунгутӀи сабаблъана [[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]] байбихьиялъе 1939 соналъ. == ЦӀарал == == Цебетарих == == Багьанаби == == Рагъул ин == Сербиялъул кампания Цералъул рагъ 29 июля-11 август-Австро-Венгриял Аскар гӀарада бай  байбихьана северияб цадахъ севералъул бакътӀерхьул рахъалдехунисалги Сербиялда, хадуб кӀвана гӀарада бай гьабизе, бан системагун понтонных мостазул ахчихъа Сава и Дрина == ХӀасилал == == Технология == == Рагъулал такъсирал == == Солдатияб хӀалбихьи == == Рагъалъул рахъкквей == == Рагъалде дандечӀей == == Рагъулаб хъулухъалде ахӀи == === Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТӀоцебесеб рагъалда === Дагъистаналъул чотӀахъабазулин (яги ГӀалхулаб дивизия) цӀар лъураб кӀиго полк машгьурлъана гьеб рагъда букӀана. Амма гьенир хъулухъ гьабулел рукӀун руго дагъистаниял гурелги, Кавказалъул цогидал халкъалги<ref name="orient">{{cite web |url = https://avariya.wixsite.com/orient/av/post/%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB-%D1%82i%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0 |title = Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда |author = Даку Зургъалов |date = 19.03.2022 |work = Онлайн-журнал «Ориент» |publisher = avariya.wixsite.com/orient |accessdate = 2022-04-04 |lang = av |archiveurl = |archivedate = }}</ref>. [[1852 сон]]алдаго гӀурус пачаясул генерал Аргутинский-Долгоруковас кьураб гӀакълу букӀун буго пачаясе гьеб – [[Имам Шамил|имам Шамилида]] дандечӀезелъун хас гьабун дагъистанияздасан полк гӀуцӀизе. Гьедин гьелда гъорлӀе рачун руго Шамилидаса рази гьечӀел магӀарулалги, бидулалги, имамасе хиянатлъарал чагӀиги. Гьедин гьеб полк дунялалъул тӀоцебесеб рагъдаго гӀадин, гӀурусазулгун япониязул рагъдаги, гӀурусазулгун турказул рагъдаги гӀахьаллъун буго. Гьенив гӀахьаллъарал дагъистаниязул цоявлъун шагӀир [[ХъахӀабросолъа МахӀмуд]]ги ккола<ref name="orient"></ref>. == Дипломатия == == Ирс ва ракӀалде щвей == == Ралагье гьединго == * [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда хурхарал темабазул сияхӀ]] * [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъул рагъалъул хӀакъалъулӀ хъвай]] {{clear right}} == Баянкьелал == {{Notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} == Библиография == <!--This list is too long already, please make any additions in the linked list articles rather than here.--> <!--DO ''not'' SIMPLY ADD BOOKS ABOUT WORLD WAR I HERE—ADD THEM TO "LIST OF WORLD WAR I BOOKS".--> '''''Ингилис мацӀалда''''' {{Refbegin|30em}} === Иццал === * {{cite book |last=Axelrod |first=Alan|author-link=Alan Axelrod |title=How America Won World War I |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4930-3192-4 |year=2018}} * {{cite book |last=Ayers |first=Leonard Porter |author-link=Leonard Porter Ayres |title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1919 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OCLC01187647 |page=1111}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Bade |first1=Klaus J. |last2=Brown |first2=Allison (tr.) |title=Migration in European History |url=https://archive.org/details/migrationineurop0000bade |series=The making of Europe |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-18939-8 |oclc=52695573}} (translated from the German) * {{cite magazine |last=Baker |first=Kevin |title=Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth |periodical=Harper's Magazine |date=June 2006}} * {{cite book |last=Ball |first=Alan M. |title=And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20694-6}}, reviewed in {{cite journal |last=Hegarty |first=Thomas J. |title=And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 |date=March–June 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223328/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2013 |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223328/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |date=9 May 2013 }} (via Highbeam.com) * {{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Michael B|title=Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0253008657}} * {{cite book |last=Barry |first=J.M. |author-link=John M. Barry |title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john }} * {{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary Jonathan |title=Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=2002 |pages=424 |isbn=978-0-691-09278-2 |oclc=248021790}} * {{cite book|last=Beckett|first=Ian|title=The Great War|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar191419180000beck_v6h7|year=2007|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8}} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Dale |title=No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915–1918 |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-74027-291-9 |oclc=62514621 |publisher=Ginninderra Press |location=Charnwood, Australia}} * {{cite book |last=Brands |first=Henry William |author-link=H.W. 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Workshop Summary |year=2005 |location=Washington DC |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-09504-4 |oclc=57422232 |doi=10.17226/11150 |pmid=20669448 |others=Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats |editor-last1=Knobler |editor-first1=S. L. |editor-last2=Mack |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Mahmoud |editor-first3=A. |editor-last4=Lemon |editor-first4=S. M.}} * {{cite book |last=Kurlander |first=Eric |year=2006 |title=Steffen Bruendel. Volksgemeinschaft oder Volksstaat: Die "Ideen von 1914" und die Neuordnung Deutschlands im Ersten Weltkrieg |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=101921145898314 |publisher=H-net |format=Book review |access-date=17 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610212755/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=101921145898314 |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Lehmann |editor1-first=Hartmut |editor2-last=van der Veer |editor2-first=Peter |title=Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/nationreligionpe0000unse |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-691-01232-2 |oclc=39727826}} * {{cite book |last1=Lieven |first1=Dominic |title=Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-139974-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Love |first=Dave |date=May 1996 |title=The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915 |journal=Sabretache |volume=26 |issue=4 |url=http://www.worldwar1.com/sf2ypres.htm |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183801/http://www.worldwar1.com/sf2ypres.htm |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Ludendorff |first=Erich |author-link=Erich Ludendorff |title=My War Memories, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/mywarmemories19101lude |oclc=60104290 |year=1919}} also published by Harper as "Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914&nbsp;– November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army" {{OCLC |561160}} (original title ''Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918'') * {{cite book|author-link=Margaret MacMillan|last=MacMillan|first=Margaret|title=The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/warthatendedpeac0000macm_u3b9|publisher=Profile Books|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8129-9470-4}} * {{cite book|author-link=Margaret MacMillan|last=MacMillan|first=Margaret|title=Peacemakers; Six Months that Changed The World: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War|publisher=John Murray|year=2001|edition=2019|isbn=978-1-5293-2526-3}} * {{cite book |last=Magliveras |first=Konstantinos D. |year=1999 |title=Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-411-1239-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Marks |first=Sally |title=The Myths of Reparations |journal=[[Central European History]] |volume=11 |issue=3 |year=1978 |pages=231–255 |doi=10.1017/S0008938900018707|s2cid=144072556 }} * {{cite journal |last=Marks |first=Sally |title=Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_2013-09_85_3/page/650 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=85 |issue=3 |date=September 2013 |pages=650–651|doi=10.1086/670825 |s2cid=154166326 }} * {{cite book |last=Martel |first=Gordon |year=2003 |title=The Origins of the First World War |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-92865-7|edition=2016}} * {{cite book |last=Martel|first=Gordon|year=2014|title=The Month that Changed the World: July 1914|url=https://archive.org/details/monththatchanged0000mart|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-966538-9}} *{{cite book | last1=Marshall | first1=S. L. A. | last2=Josephy | first2=Alvin M. | title=The American heritage history of World War I | publisher=American Heritage Pub. 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S. Hammond & Company |date=1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/hammondsfrontier00csha/page/n4 }} Containing Large Scale Maps of All the Battle Fronts of Europe and Asia, Together With a Military Map of the United States. === Тариххъвай ва ракӀалде щвеял === * Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. ''Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present'' (2020) [https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting online free] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075020/https://berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting |date=29 November 2020 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Deak | first1 = John | year = 2014 | title = The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_2014-06_86_2/page/n111 | journal = Journal of Modern History | volume = 86 | issue = 2| pages = 336–380 | doi = 10.1086/675880 | s2cid = 143481172 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Iriye | first1 = Akira | year = 2014 | title = The Historiographic Impact of the Great War | journal = Diplomatic History | volume = 38| issue = 4| pages = 751–762| doi = 10.1093/dh/dhu035 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = Heather | year = 2013 | title = As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_2013-09_56_3/page/857 | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 56 | issue = 3| pages = 857–878 | doi = 10.1017/s0018246x13000216 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = Heather | year = 2014 | title = Goodbye to all that?: Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war | journal = Juncture | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 287–291 | doi = 10.1111/j.2050-5876.2014.00767.x }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Kitchen |editor-first=James E. |editor-first2=Alisa |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first3=Laura |editor-last3=Rowe |title=Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War |date=2011}} [https://www.amazon.com/Other-Combatants-Fronts-Competing-Histories/dp/1443827371/ Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502230135/https://www.amazon.com/Other-Combatants-Fronts-Competing-Histories/dp/1443827371/ |date=2 May 2019 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kramer | first1 = Alan | year = 2014 | title = Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 1| pages = 5–27 | doi = 10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5 | s2cid = 202927667 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kramer | first1 = Alan | year = 2014 | title = Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II) | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 155–174 | doi = 10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155 | s2cid = 146860980 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Mulligan | first1 = William | year = 2014 | title = The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2014-06_129_538/page/639 | journal = English Historical Review | volume = 129 | issue = 538| pages = 639–666 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/ceu139 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/longshadowgreatw0000reyn |date=2014}} [https://www.amazon.com/Long-Shadow-Legacies-Twentieth-Century/dp/0393088634/ Excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051430/https://www.amazon.com/Long-Shadow-Legacies-Twentieth-Century/dp/0393088634/ |date=3 May 2019 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Sanborn | first1 = Joshua | year = 2013 | title = Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2013-04_48_2/page/350 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | volume = 48 | issue = 2| pages = 350–362 | doi = 10.1177/0022009412472716 | s2cid = 159618260 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Sharp | first1 = Heather | year = 2014 | title = Representing Australia's Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 | journal = [[Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1| pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.3167/jemms.2014.060101 }} * {{cite book |last=Trout |first=Stephen |title=On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919–1941 |date=2013}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Turan | first1 = Ömer | year = 2014 | title="Turkish Historiography of the First World War". Middle East | journal = Critique | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 241–257 | doi = 10.1080/19436149.2014.905079 | s2cid = 144673625 }} * {{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Jay |last2=Prost |first2=Antoine |title=The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwarinhistor0000wint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005}} [https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804153443/https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963 |date=4 August 2021 }} {{Refend}} == ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе == * {{cite book |author=American Battle Monuments Commission |title=American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book |publisher=US Government Printing Office |year=1938 |url=http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/ww1/maps.aspx |oclc=59803706 |author-link=American Battle Monuments Commission }} * {{cite book |last=Balakian |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Balakian |title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-019840-4 |oclc=56822108 |url=https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala }} * {{cite book |last=Bond |first=Brian |chapter=The First World War |editor=C.L. Mowat |title=[[The New Cambridge Modern History]] |series= Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945 |edition=2nd |date=1968 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/iB_CMH/12#page/n3/mode/1up |pages=171–208 |via=archive.org}} * {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Michael |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/somme.htm |title=Somme |publisher=First World War.com |access-date=25 February 2007 |isbn=978-0-297-84689-5 |year=2006 }} * {{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=12th |date=1922 |title-link=s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica}} Comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. ** {{cite wikisource|title=1922 Encyclopædia Britannica }} ** [[commons:Category:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica scans|scans of each page of vol 30-31-32]] * {{Cite news |last=Fortescue |first=Granville Roland |author-link=Granville Roland Fortescue |title=London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost |work=The New York Times |date=28 October 1915 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/10/28/archives/london-in-gloom-over-gallipoli-captain-fortescue-in-book-and.html }} * {{cite book |editor-link=Gerhard Hirschfeld |editor-last=Hirschfeld |editor-first=Gerhard |display-editors=et al |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War |date=2012}} * {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Burris A. |title=Facing the Hindenburg Line |publisher=BiblioBazaar |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-110-81238-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Goldrick|first1=James|editor-last=Hill|editor-first=J. R.|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4|chapter=10. The Battleship Fleet: The Test of War, 1895–1919|year=1995|place=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4/page/299 299]–318|isbn=978-0-19-211675-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Daniel |year=2014 |title=Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field |journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=282–302 |doi= 10.1080/02684527.2012.727070|s2cid=154714213 }} * {{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Michael J. |title=World War I: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwarishorthi0000lyon |edition=2nd |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-13-020551-3}} * {{cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Allan H.|author-link=Allan H. Meltzer|title=A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffederal0001melt|year=2003|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|place=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffederal0001melt/page/65 65]–90|isbn=978-0-226-52000-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Moon |first=John Ellis van Courtland |title=United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1996-07_60_3/page/495 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=60 |issue=3 |date=July 1996 |pages=495–511 |doi=10.2307/2944522 |jstor=2944522}} * {{cite web |url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/Italy/Page04.htm |first=Thomas Nelson |last=Page |work=Italy and the World War |title=Chapter XI: Italy's Attitude in the Beginning of the War |publisher=Brigham Young University }} cites "Cf. articles signed XXX in ''La Revue de Deux Mondes'', 1{{nbsp}}and 15 March 1920" * {{cite book |last=Prior |first=Robin |year=1999 |title=The First World War |location=London |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-35256-2}} * {{cite book |last=Repington |first=Charles à Court |author-link=Charles à Court Repington |title=The First World War, 1914–1918 |year=1920 |volume=2 |publisher=Constable |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar19102repiuoft |isbn=978-1-113-19764-1 |via=archive.org}} * {{cite thesis |type=MMAS thesis |last=Sisemore |first=James D. |year=2003 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=113 |title=The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned |publisher=[[US Army Command and General Staff College]] |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123247/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=113 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book|last=Symonds|first=Craig L.|title=The U.S. Navy: A Concise History|year=2016|place=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=68–70|isbn=978-0-19-939494-4}} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Alan John Percivale |author-link=A.J.P. Taylor |title=The First World War: An Illustrated History |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-399-50260-6 |oclc=2054370 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00tayl }} * {{cite book |last=Wilgus |first=William John |title=Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe, 1917–1919 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1931 |oclc=1161730}} * {{cite journal |last=Winegard |first=Timothy |title=Here at Vimy: A Retrospective&nbsp;– The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge |journal=Canadian Military Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no2/winegard-eng.asp }} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=24 June 2006 |World War I (part 1).ogg |World War I (part 2).ogg |World War I (part 3).ogg}} {{Sister project links|voy=World War I|World War I}} * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/ Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections] * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213101606/http://www.greatwar.nl/ |date=2005-02-13 }} * [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ A multimedia history of World War I] * European Newspapers from the [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 start of the First World War] and the [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 end of the war] * [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 WWI Films on the European Film Gateway] * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive] * [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/WWIphoto World War I British press photograph collection] – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections * [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari Personal accounts of American World War I veterans], Veterans History Project, Library of Congress. === Анимациониял картаби === * [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ "Europe plunges into war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165152/http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ |date=4 June 2020 }} * [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ Europe at the end of the war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165145/http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ |date=4 June 2020 }} === Библиотекабазул гидал === * [http://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул Националияб Библиотека (инг.)] * [http://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia ЦӀияб Жанубияб Велсалъул Пачалихъияб Библиотека (инг.)] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/wwi/wwi.html ЦШ-ялъул Конгресалъул Библиотека (инг.)] * [http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources Индианаялъул Университеталъул Блумингтон (инг.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources |date=5 June 2015 }} * [http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 Ню Йоркалъул Университет (инг.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 |date=2015-04-05 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914 Албертаялъул Университет (инг.)] * [https://oac.cdlib.org/search?style=oac4;Institution=California%20State%20Library::California%20History%20Room;idT=AEK-6409 California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.] {{Balkan Wars}} {{World War I}} {{WWI history by nation}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Категория:Дунялалъулал рагъал]] [[Категория:Рагъ]] [[Категория:Видео клипал ругел макъалаби]] [[Категория:Глобалиял конфликтал]] [[Категория:ГӀурусгин турк рагъал]] [[Категория:Армения гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Австралия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Азербайжан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Белгия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Боливия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Бразилия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Британ Гьиндустан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Булгария гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Канада гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Коста-Рика гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Куба гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Франсия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Германия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Греция гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гватемала гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьаити гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьондурас гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Ирландия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Италия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Япония гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Корея гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Либерия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Малта гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Черногория гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Непал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:ЦӀияб Зеландия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Никарагва гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Панама гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Португалия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Родезия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Румания гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Россия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Сербия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Жанубияб Африка гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Шри-Ланка гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Судан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Тайван гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Таиланд гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьабсбургазул Монархия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:ГӀусманилазул Империя гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Синалъул Республика гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Океаниялъул пачалихъал ва халкъал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Цолъараб Къиралат гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Цолъарал Штатал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] i1ayvfoz73m17lkk99cj4z78z1ga1k8 Маданият 0 15826 102156 97916 2026-09-24T01:53:10Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Маданият''', ялъуни '''култура''' ккола гӀамм гьабулеб термин, жинца гӀадамазул жамгӀиятазе хасиятал жамгӀияб гӀамал, интитутал ва нормаби, гьединго [[Лъабабилеб Рейх|лъаял]], [[Божи|диниял божиял]], [[гьунарлъи|гьунарлъаби]], [[Къанун|къанунал]], [[ГӀадат|гӀадатал]], гьел къокъабазда ругел индивидазул [[ЖамгӀияб норма|хасиятал]] ва ругьунлъаби гъорлӀе рачунеб.<ref name= tyor1871 >Tylor, Edward. (1871). Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son</ref> ГӀадамазе маданият щола [[инкултурация|инкултурациялъул]] ва [[социализация|социализациялъул]] лъайщвеялъул процессаздасан, гьелъие нугӀлъи гьабула батӀи-батӀиял жамгӀиятазда ругел батӀи-батӀиял маданиятаз. [[Маданияб норма]]ялъ кодгъинабула жамгӀияталда букӀине бегьулеб гӀамал-хасият; гьеб букӀуна ориентирлъун гӀамалалъе, рукӀа-рахъиналъе, ретӀел-тӀеххалъе, мацӀалъе ва ситуациялъе, жал жамгӀияб къокъаялда хьуллъиялъул халиплъун рукӀунеб. ЖамгӀияталда гӀицӀго [[монокултура]] босиялъулӀ букӀине бегьула риск, гьединго гӀадин, жидеде функционалияб реакция гьечӀолъиялъ, сверухълъиялъул хисиялда цебе батӀагояб тайпаги къине бегьула.<ref>Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203</ref> == Сипаткьей == == Этимология == == Хиси == == Антропология == == Социология == == ЦӀех-рехелал == == Психология == == Маданият цӀуни == == Ралагье гьединго == ==МугъчӀваял== {{Reflist}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== ===ТӀахьал=== * {{cite book|last=Barker|first=C. |year=2004|title=The Sage dictionary of cultural studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sagedictionaryof0000bark|publisher=Sage}} * {{cite book |author=Terrence Deacon |year=1997 |title=The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolicspeciesc00deac |url-access=registration |location=New York and London |publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=9780393038385 }} <!-- {{sfn|Terrence Deacon|1997|p=}} --> * {{cite journal |author=Ralph L. Holloway Jr. |year=1969 |title=Culture: A Human domain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1969-10_10_4/page/270 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=10 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.1086/201036 |pages=395–412|s2cid=144502900 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ralph L. Holloway Jr.|1969|p=}} --> * {{cite book |author=Dell Hymes |year=1969 |title=Reinventing Anthropology}} <!-- {{sfn|Dell Hymes|1969|p=}} --> * {{Cite book | year= 2010 | last1= James | first1= Paul | author-link= Paul James (academic)|author-link2=Imre Szeman | last2= Szeman | first2= Imre | title= Globalization and Culture, Vol. 3: Global-Local Consumption | url= https://www.academia.edu/4501557 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{cite journal |author=Michael Tomasello |year=1999 |title=The Human Adaptation for Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-anthropology_1999_28/page/509 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=28|doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.509 |pages=509–29}} <!-- {{sfn|Michael Tomasello|1999|p=}} --> * {{cite journal |last=Whorf |first=Benjamin Lee |year=1941 |title=The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language |journal=Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Honor of Edward Sapir }} <!-- {{sfn|Whorf|1941|p=}} --> * {{cite book |author=Walter Taylor |year=1948 |title=A Study of Archeology. Memoir 69, American Anthropological Association |location=Carbondale IL |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press}} <!-- {{sfn|Walter Taylor|1948|p=}} --> * "Adolf Bastian", [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55606/Adolf-Bastian Encyclopædia Britannica Online], January 27, 2009 * {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |orig-year= 2000 |series= INU societal research |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 978-2-88155-004-1 |year= 2000}} * Arnold, Matthew. 1869. [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html ''Culture and Anarchy.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118211142/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html |date=2017-11-18 }} [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan.]] Third edition, 1882, available online. Retrieved: 2006-06-28. * [[Bakhtin]], M.M. (1981) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JKZztxqdIpgC The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays]''. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Press. {{ISBN|978-0-252-06445-6}}. * Barzilai, Gad. 2003. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-11315-1}} * {{Cite book |first=Ruth| last=Benedict| year=1934| title=Patterns of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/patternsofcultu00bene|url-access=registration| location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company}} * Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. ''Outline of a Theory of Practice.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29164-4}} * Michael C. Carhart, ''The Science of Culture in Enlightenment Germany'', Cambridge, [[Harvard University Press|Harvard University press]], 2007. * Cohen, Anthony P. 1985. ''The Symbolic Construction of Community.'' Routledge: New York, * Dawkins, R. 1982. ''[[The Extended Phenotype|The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene.]]'' Paperback ed., 1999. Oxford Paperbacks. {{ISBN|978-0-19-288051-2}} * Findley & Rothney. ''Twentieth-Century World'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1986) * Geertz, Clifford. 1973. ''The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays''. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-465-09719-7}}. * {{cite journal | last1 = Geertz | first1 = Clifford | year = 1957 | title = Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 59 | pages = 32–54| doi = 10.1525/aa.1957.59.1.02a00040 | doi-access = free }} * Goodall, J. 1986. 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Walnut Creek: AltaMira, 1998. 528–29. * Middleton, R. 1990. ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-335-15275-9}}. * O'Neil, D. 2006. [http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm Cultural Anthropology Tutorials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204152854/http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm |date=2004-12-04 }}, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10. * [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan, Ronald]]. [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm "Final Radio Address to the Nation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130224216/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm |date=2016-01-30 }}, January 14, 1989. Retrieved June 3, 2006. * Reese, W.L. 1980. ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.'' New Jersey U.S., Sussex, U.K: Humanities Press. * {{cite book|last=Tylor|first=E.B.|date=1974|title=Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom|location=New York|publisher=Gordon Press|orig-year=1871|isbn=978-0-87968-091-6}} * [[UNESCO]]. 2002. [http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002/unversal_decla.shtml Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity], issued on [[International Mother Language Day]], February 21, 2002. Retrieved: 2006-06-23. * White, L. 1949. ''The Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization.'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. * Wilson, Edward O. (1998). ''[[Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge]].'' Vintage: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-679-76867-8}}. * Wolfram, Stephen. 2002 ''[http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline A New Kind of Science].'' Wolfram Media, Inc. {{ISBN|978-1-57955-008-0}}. ===Макъалаби=== * [http://www.newyorker.com/books/joshua-rothman/meaning-culture The Meaning of "Culture"] (2014-12-27), Joshua Rothman, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' ==ХъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|voy=Маданият}} <!-- Please be cautious, adding more external links, and ensure that links are relevant to the subject and preferably in English. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. --> * [http://www.international-journal-of-axiology.net/ ''Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604182356/http://international-journal-of-axiology.net/ |date=2013-06-04 }} * [https://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html What Is Culture?] {{Culture}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Маданият| ]] [[Категория:Социалиял концепциял]] [[Категория:Социалиял конструктионизм]] [[Категория:Аслияб темаялъул макъалаби]] 9qjasdrzoi5qdgiw5vc9u7aaytxjfss Винсент ван Гог 0 18723 102157 97923 2026-09-24T01:54:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Винсент Виллем ва Гог (Гъохь)''' ({{lang-nl|Vincent Willem van Gogh}}, {{IPA-nl|ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləm vɑŋ ˈɣɔx|pron|Vincent_willem_van_gogh.ogg}};{{efn|group=note|''Van Gogh'' цӀалиялъул нидерланд мацӀалда батӀи-батӀиял руго къагӀидаби. [[Гьолландалъул диалект]]алда цӀалула {{IPA-nl|ˈvɪnsɛnt fɑŋˈ xɔx||Nl-Vincent_van_Gogh.ogg}} гӀадин, гъугъаб ''v'' (''в'') ва ''g'' (''г''). Гьев гӀуна Брабанталда ва гьес хӀалтӀизабулаан [[Брабанталъул диалект]] жиндирго хъвай-хъвагӀаязда; гьединлъидал гьес жинцаго абулеб къагӀида букӀун батище буго {{IPA-all|vɑɲ ˈʝɔç|}}, гъугъаб ''v'' ва [[Стандартияб герман фонология|палаталлъараб]] ''g'' ва ''gh''. Парансиялда, гьесул цӀикӀкӀанисел хӀалтӀаби гьабураб бакӀалда,цӀалулеб куц ккола {{IPA-fr|vɑ̃ ɡɔɡ(ə)|}}.{{refn|{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922202031/http://www.vggallery.com/misc/pronunciation.htm|archive-date=22 Септембер 2015|title=Pronunciation of the Name 'Van Gogh'|first=Paul|last=Veltkamp|url=http://www.vggallery.com/misc/pronunciation.htm|publisher=vggallery.com}}}}}} 30 март 1853 — 29 юл 1890) — гьолланд [[Пост-импрессионизм|пост-импрессионизмалъулав]] суратчи, жив хун хадув БакътӀерхьул гьунарлъиялъул тарихалда бищун машгьуразул ва асар цӀикӀкӀаразул цоявлъун лӀугьарав. АнцӀго соналда жаниб, гьес гьабуна 2100-гӀанасеб гьунаржо, гьездаго гъорлӀ 860 сурат, жидер цӀикӀкӀанисел гьесул гӀумрудал ахирисеб кӀиго соналде кколел. Гьезда гьоркьор руго пейзажал, натюрмортал, [[Винсент ван Гогил портретал|портретал]] ва [[Винсент ван Гогил портретал|авто-портретал]], ва гьесие хасиятаб буго цӀакъад кьерал ва драматикияб, импулсивияб ва экспрессивияб хъванкъагӀида, жидец гьанжесеб гьунарлъиялъе аслу лъурал. Жиндирго крйераялда битӀ букӀинчев, гьев къеркьолаан согӀаб депрессиягун ва мискинлъигун, ахирги гьел сабаблъун ахирги гьес [[Винсент ван Гог хвей|живго чӀвана]] лъебералда анкьго сонил гӀужалда. ==МугъчӀваял== === Баянал === {{Reflist|group=note}} === Цитатал === {{Reflist}} === ГӀаммал ва цитатулел иццал=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last= Arnold |first=Wilfred Niels |title=Vincent van Gogh: Chemicals, Crises, and Creativity|url= https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghch0000arno |publisher=Birkhäuser |date=1992 |isbn=978-3-7643-3616-5 }} * {{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Wilfred Niels|title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the History of the Neurosciences]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=22–43|year=2004|doi=10.1080/09647040490885475|pmid=15370335|s2cid=220462421|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8345093|access-date=23 Октобер 2018|archive-date=23 Октобер 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234318/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8345093|url-status=live}} <!-- * {{cite book |last= Bailey |first=Martin |title=The Sunflowers are Mine: The Story of Van Gogh's Masterpiece|publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-7112-3298-3}} --> * {{cite journal |last=Blumer |first=Dietrich |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519 |doi-access=free|title=The Illness of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2002-04_159_4/page/519 |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=2002 |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=519–526 |pmid=11925286}} * {{cite book |last=Callow |first=Philip |title=Vincent van Gogh: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghli00call_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |date=1990 |isbn=978-1-56663-134-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Channing |first1=Laurence |first2=Barbara J. |last2=Bradley |title=Monet to Dalí: Impressionist and Modern Masterworks from the Cleveland Museum of Art|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-940717-90-9 }} * {{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Ben |year=2003|title=A Tale of Two Ears|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|volume=96 |issue=6|pmc=539517 |pmid=12782701 |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1177/014107680309600615}} * {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Christopher|title=Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSWCwAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-35028-8|access-date=20 Октобер 2016|archive-date=7 Март 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307072526/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSWCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Doiteau |first1=Victor |last2=Leroy |first2=Edgard |title=La Folie de Vincent Van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/lafoliedevincent00doit |language=fr |publisher=Éditions Aesculape |date=1928 |oclc=458125921 }} * {{cite book |last=Dorn |first=Roland |title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Werkreihe für das Gelbe Haus in Arles |trans-title=Décoration: Vincent van Gogh's Series of Works for the Yellow House in Arles |language=de |publisher=Olms Verlag |date=1990 |isbn=978-3-487-09098-6 }} * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Leeman |first2=Fred |contribution=(exh. cat.) |editor-last=Költzsch |editor-first=Georg-Wilhelm |title=Vincent van Gogh and the Modern Movement, 1890–1914|year=1990 |isbn=978-3-923641-33-8 }} Цогидал басмаби: {{ISBN|978-3-923641-31-4}} (герман); {{ISBN|978-90-6630-247-1}}(гьолланд) * {{cite contribution |last1=Dorn |first1=Roland |last2=Keyes |first2=George |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits |year=2000 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-89558-153-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghfacetofac0000gogh }} <!-- (REFCHECK alt) --> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Dorn |editor1-first=Roland |editor2-last=Schröder |editor2-first=Albrecht |editor3-last=Sillevis |editor3-first=John |title= Van Gogh und die Haager Schule|publisher= Bank Austria Kunstforum |date=1996 |isbn=978-88-8118-072-1 }} * {{cite contribution |last1=Druick |first1=Douglas |last2=Zegers |first2=Pieter |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-500-51054-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghgauguinth00drui }} * {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Cliff |title=Van Gogh and God: A Creative Spiritual Quest |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghgodcreati0000edwa |publisher=Loyola University Press|date=1989 |isbn=978-0-8294-0621-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Kathleen Powers |title=At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/ateternitysgate00eric |url-access=registration |publisher=Eerdmans |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-8028-4978-6 }} * {{cite book |last1=Farr |first1=Dennis |last2=Peppiatt |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael Peppiatt |last3=Yard |first3=Sally |title=Francis Bacon: A Retrospective |url=https://archive.org/details/francisbaconretr0000farr |url-access=registration |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-8109-2925-8 }} <!-- WorldCat says place of publication not identified --> * {{ cite book | last=Feilchenfeldt | first=Walter | year=2013 | title=Vincent Van Gogh: The Years in France: Complete Paintings 1886–1890 | url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghye0000feil | publisher=Philip Wilson | isbn=978-1-78130-019-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Fell |title=The Impressionist Garden|url=https://archive.org/details/impressionistgar0000fell_u4h9 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-7112-1148-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Fell |first=Derek |title=Van Gogh's Women: His Love Affairs and Journey into Madness |publisher=Pavilion Books |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-910232-42-2 }} <!-- WorldCat only has 2005; Carrol & Graf --> * {{cite book |last=Gayford |first=Martin |title=The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles |publisher=Penguin |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-670-91497-5 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Geskó |editor-first=Judit |title=Van Gogh in Budapest|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinbudapes0000gogh |publisher=Vince Books |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7063-34-3 }}; {{ISBN|978-963-7063-33-6}} (гьунгар) * {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Patrick|title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh: A Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|date=2014|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-927356-74-6|access-date=20 Октобер 2016|archive-date=7 Март 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307050125/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2L7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Hammacher |first=Abraham M. |title=Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-8109-8067-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghge0000hamm }} * {{cite book |last=Hayden |first=Deborah |title=Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis |url=https://archive.org/details/poxgeniusmadness0000hayd |url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-465-02881-8 }} * {{cite journal |last =Hemphill |first= R. E. |title=The illness of Vincent van Gogh|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |year= 1961 |volume= 54 |issue= 12 |pages =1083–1088| doi= 10.1177/003591576105401206 |pmid=13906376| pmc= 1870504 | s2cid= 38810743 }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hughes (critic) |title=Nothing If Not Critical |publisher=The Harvill Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-016524-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nothingifnotcrit00robe }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=The Portable Van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/portablevangogh0000gogh |publisher=Universe |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7893-0803-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Hulsker |title=The Complete Van Gogh, paintings, drawings, sketches |publisher=Phaidon |date=1980 |isbn=978-0-7148-2028-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Hulsker |first=Jan|title=Vincent and Theo Van Gogh: A Dual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/vincenttheovango0000huls |publisher=Fuller Publications |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-940537-05-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Lubin |first=Albert J. |title=Stranger on the Earth: A Psychological Biography of Vincent van Gogh |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-03-091352-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/strangeronearth00lubi }} * {{cite book |last=McQuillan |first=Melissa |title=Van Gogh |publisher=Thames and Hudson |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-500-20232-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/vangogh00mcqu }} * {{cite book |last1=Naifeh |first1=Steven W. |author-link1=Steven Naifeh |first2=Gregory White |last2=Smith |author-link2=Gregory White Smith |title=Van Gogh: The Life|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghlife0000naif |publisher=Random House |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-375-50748-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Nemeczek |first=Alfred |title=Van Gogh in Arles|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinarles0000neme | publisher=Prestel Verlag |date=1999 |isbn=978-3-7913-2230-8 }} * {{cite journal|last=Perry|first=Isabella H.|title=Vincent van Gogh's illness: a case record|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_march-april-1947_21_2/page/146|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=21|pages=146–172|year=1947|issue=2|pmid=20242549}} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=English Influences on Vincent van Gogh, an exhibition organised by the Fine Art Department, University of Nottingham and the Arts Council of Great Britain, 1974-5 |id=University of Nottingham, 1974/75|publisher=Arts Council |year=1974 }} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Arles |id=[[Гьунарлъиялъул Метрополитен музей|Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |publisher=Abrams |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87099-375-6 }} * {{cite contribution |last=Pickvance |first=Ronald |contribution=(exh. cat) |title=Van Gogh in Saint-Rémy and Auvers |id=Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Abrams |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87099-477-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghinsaintre0000pick }} * {{cite book |last=Pomerans |first=Arnold |author-link=Arnold Pomerans |title=The Letters of Vincent van Gogh |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofvincent0000gogh |publisher=Penguin Classics |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-14-044674-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |author-link=John Rewald |title=Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin|publisher=Secker & Warburg |date=1978 |isbn=978-0-436-41151-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Rewald |first=John |title=Studies in Post-Impressionism |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinpostimp0000rewa |publisher=Abrams |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-8109-1632-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Rosenblum |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Rosenblum |date=1975 |title=Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition: Friedrich to Rothko|publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-430057-5 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rovers |first=Eva |year=2007 | title='He Is the Key and the Antithesis of so Much': Helene Kröller-Müller's Fascination with Vincent van Gogh|journal=Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art|volume= 33|issue=4 |pages=258–272 |jstor=25608496 }} * {{cite book|last=Selz|first=Peter Howard|title=German Expressionist Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UimQfCpawyUC&pg=PA82|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02515-8|access-date=20 Октобер 2016|archive-date=7 Март 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307074229/https://books.google.com/books?id=UimQfCpawyUC&pg=PA82|url-status=live}} * {{cite journal |last=Sund |first=Judy |year= 1988|title=The Sower and the Sheaf: Biblical Metaphor in the Art of Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_1988-12_70_4/page/660 |journal=[[College Art Association|The Art Bulletin]] |volume= 70|issue=4 |pages=660–676 |jstor=3051107 |doi=10.2307/3051107}} * {{cite book |last=Spurling |first=Hilary |author-link = Hilary Spurling |date= 1998|title=The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869–1908|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|isbn=978-0-679-43428-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Sund |first=Judy |title=Van Gogh |publisher=Phaidon |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7148-4084-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/vangogh00sund }} * {{cite book |last=Sweetman |first=David |author-link=David Sweetman |title=Van Gogh: His Life and His Art |publisher=Touchstone |date=1990 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Van_Gogh/rN7qAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22&dq=Sweetman+1990+%22Van+Gogh:+His+Life+and+His+Art%22&printsec=frontcover |isbn=978-0-671-74338-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Tralbaut |first=Marc Edo |title=Vincent van Gogh, le mal aimé |language=fr|publisher=Alpine Fine Arts |orig-year=1969 |date=1981 |isbn=978-0-933516-31-1 }} * {{cite book |last1=Van der Veen |first1=Wouter |first2=Peter |last2=Knapp |title=Van Gogh in Auvers: His Last Days|publisher=Monacelli Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-58093-301-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Van der Wolk |first=Johannes |title=De schetsboeken van Vincent van Gogh |trans-title=The Sketchbooks of Vincent van Gogh |language=nl |publisher=Meulenhoff/Landshoff|isbn=978-90-290-8154-2 |date=1987 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Van Gogh |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent van Gogh |url=http://www.vangoghletters.org/ |title=Vincent van Gogh – The Letters |editor1=Leo Jansen |editor2=Hans Luijten |editor3=Nienke Bakker |publisher=Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING |date=2009 |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811194851/https://vangoghletters.org/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Van Heugten |first=Sjraar |title=Vincent van Gogh: tekeningen 1: Vroege jaren 1880–1883 |trans-title=Vincent van Gogh: Drawings 1: Early years 1880–1883 |language=nl|publisher=V+K |date=1996 |isbn=978-90-6611-501-9 }} * {{cite journal |last=Van Uitert |first=Evert |year= 1981|title=Van Gogh's Concept of His ''Oeuvre''|journal=Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art |volume= 12|issue=4 |pages=223–244 |jstor=3780499 | ref = {{sfnRef|van Uitert|1981}} |doi=10.2307/3780499}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=van Uitert |editor1-first=Evert |editor2-last=van Tilborgh |editor2-first=Louis |editor3-last=van Heugten |editor3-first=Sjraar |contribution=(exh. cat) |title= Vincent van Gogh|url=https://archive.org/details/vincentvangoghdr0000wolk |publisher= Arnoldo Mondadori Arte de Luca |date=1990 |isbn=978-88-242-0022-6 }}<!-- ISBN 13 conversion shows a false result --> * {{cite book |last1=Walther |first1=Ingo |last2=Metzger |first2=Rainer |title=Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings|publisher=Taschen |date=1994 |isbn=978-3-8228-0291-5 }} * {{cite journal |last=Weikop |first=Christian |year= 2007|title=Exhibition Reviews: Van Gogh and Expressionism. Amsterdam and New York |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_burlington-magazine_2007-03_149_1248/page/208 |journal=The Burlington Magazine|volume= 149|issue=1248 |pages=208–209 |jstor=20074786 }} * {{cite book |last=Wilkie |first=Kenneth |title=The Van Gogh File: The Myth and the Man|url=https://archive.org/details/vangoghfilemythm0000wilk |publisher=Souvenir Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-285-63691-0 }} {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== * [http://www.vggallery.com/ The Vincent van Gogh Gallery], Ван Гогил хӀалтӀабазул ва кагътазул тӀубараб бакӀари (инг.) * [http://vangoghletters.org/ Vincent van Gogh The letters] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121025195053/http://vangoghletters.org/vg/ |date=2012-10-25 }}, Ван Гогил кагътал (ингилис мацӀалде руссинарурал) * [http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/teaching-packets/van-gogh.html/ Vincent Van Gogh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920143009/https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/teaching-packets/van-gogh.html/ |date=2017-09-20 }}, Ван Гогил хӀакъалъул малълъул ресурс * {{Gutenberg author | id=Gogh,+Vincent+Van}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Vincent van Gogh}} * {{Librivox author |id=6171}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Гог, Винсент ван}} [[Category:Винсент ван Гог| ]] [[Category:1853 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Category:1890 соналъ хварал]] [[Category:Пост-импрессионист суратчагӀи]] ddev3j5mo7h6w5fuakk314x0suzpwwt Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен 0 18802 102153 97910 2026-09-24T01:47:07Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен''' ({{lang-de|Ludwig van Beethoven}}, {{IPA-de|ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːtˌhoːfn̩|lang|De-Ludwig van Beethoven.ogg}}; 17 декембер 1770{{spaced ndash}}26 март 1827) — герман [[композитор]] ва [[пианист]]. Бетгьовен ккола БакътӀерхьул музикаялъул тарихалда бищун рикӀкӀунел композиторзабазул цоявлъун; гьесул хӀалтӀаби руго классикияб музикадул репертваралда бищун гӀемер перформация гьабулезда гъорлӀ. == РегӀелал == === Иццал === {{div col|colwidth=45em}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Anton Schindler as destroyer and forger of Beethoven's conversation books: A case for decriminalization|first=Theodore|last=Albrecht|author-link=Theodore Albrecht|url=https://rilm.org/historiography/talbrecht.pdf|encyclopedia=Music's Intellectual History|editor-first=Zdravko|editor-last=Blažeković|year=2009|publisher=RILM|location=New York|pages=169–181|isbn=978-1-932765-05-2|access-date=28 Март 2020|archive-date=22 Октобер 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022030919/https://rilm.org/historiography/talbrecht.pdf|url-status=хвараб}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Brandenburg |editor-first=Sieghard |title=Ludwig van Beethoven: Briefwechsel. Gesamtausgabe |location=Munich |publisher=Henle |year=1996|isbn=978-3-87328-061-8 }} *{{cite book|last=Brendel|first=Alfred|author-link=Alfred Brendel|title=Music Sounded Out|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=0-37452-331-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/musicsoundedout00alfr}} * {{Cite journal|title=Beethoven the Romantic: How E. T. A. Hoffmann Got It Right|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_2010-01_71_1/page/1|first=Steven|last=Cassedy|journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]|volume=71|issue=1|date=Январ 2010|pages=1–34|doi=10.1353/jhi.0.0071|jstor=20621921|s2cid=170552244|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|first=H.P. |last=Clive|title=Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenhisworl0000cliv |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-816672-6 }} * {{cite book|title=The Changing Image of Beethoven: A Study in Mythmaking |url=https://archive.org/details/changingimageofb0000comi_p9z8 |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-86534-661-1|last1=Comini |first1=Allesandra|publisher=Sunstone Press|location=Santa Fe}} * {{cite book|title=Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-01538-8|last1=Conway|first1=David|author-link=David Conway (music historian)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book|title=The Beethoven Compendium: A Guide to Beethoven's Life and Music|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovencompend0000unse_e3i0|editor-first=Barry|editor-last=Cooper|edition=revised|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|year=1996|isbn=978-0-50-027871-0 }} * {{Cite book|title=Beethoven|first=Barry|last=Cooper|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531331-4 }} *{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Cooper (musicologist)|title=Beethoven, The Last Decade 1817–1827|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|year=1970|isbn=0-19-315310-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenlastdec00coop}} * {{Cite journal|title=Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethoven's Hearing Perception|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nineteenth-century-music_spring-1994_17_3/page/262|first=George Thomas|last=Ealy|journal=[[19th-Century Music]]|volume=17|issue=3|date=Spring 1994|pages=262–273|jstor=746569|doi=10.1525/ncm.1994.17.3.02a00050}} * {{cite book|first=Alfred |last=Einstein|author-link=Alfred Einstein|title=Essays on Music|year=1958|publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London|oclc=713913183}} * {{cite journal|title=The lead in Beethoven's hair|year=2008|last1=Eisinger|first1=Josef|journal=Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry|volume=90|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.1080/02772240701630588|s2cid=95824344}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/948240|title=Beethoven's Conversation Books|last1=Hammelmann|first1=Han|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=106|issue=1465|date=March 1965|jstor=948240|pages=187–189}} * {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Music Online|title=Ludwig van Beethoven|last1=Kerman|first1=Joseph|author-link1=Joseph Kerman|last2=Tyson|first2=Alan|author-link2=Alan Tyson|last3=Burnham|first3=Scott G.|year=2001|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026}} * {{cite book|first=Lewis |last=Lockwood|title=Beethoven: The Music and the Life|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenmusicli0000lock |year=2005|publisher=W.W. Norton|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-32638-3}} * {{cite journal|last=Lorenz|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Lorenz (musicologist)|title=Commentary on Wawruch's Report: Biographies of Andreas Wawruch and Johann Seibert, Schindler's Responses to Wawruch's Report, and Beethoven's Medical Condition and Alcohol Consumption|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1543548641|journal=Beethoven Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=92–100|date=Winter 2007|access-date=2023-03-30|archive-date=2021-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216103955/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia|url-status=хвараб}} * {{cite journal|pmid=17214130|year=2006|last1=Mai|first1=F. M. M.|title=Beethoven's terminal illness and death|volume=36|issue=3|pages=258–263|journal=[[Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]}} * {{cite journal |first1=William Rhea |last1=Meredith |year=2005 |title=The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1552096671 |journal=Beethoven Journal |volume=20 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–46 |oclc=64392567 |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2021-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216103908/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |url-status=хвараб }} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Edmund|author-link=Edmund Morris (writer)|title=Beethoven: The Universal Composer|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenunivers0000edmu|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London|isbn=978-0-06-075975-9}} * {{cite book|last=Nettl|first=Paul|title=Beethoven Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenencyclo0000nett_m3b4|year=1994|publisher=Carel Publishing|location=Secaucus, New Jersey|isbn= 978-0-7351-0113-5}} * {{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=William S.|author-link=William S. Newman|date=1970|title=Beethoven's Pianos versus His Piano Ideals|journal=[[Journal of the American Musicological Society]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=484–504|doi=10.2307/830617|jstor=830617}} * {{cite journal |first1=Julia |last1=Ronge |year=2013 |title=Beethoven's Studies with Joseph Haydn (With a Postscript on the Length of Beethoven's Bonn Employment)|journal=Beethoven Journal |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=4–25 }} * {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Rosen|title=The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalstyleha0000rose_g3p1|year=1972|publisher=Faber|location=London|isbn= 978-0-571-10234-1}} * {{anchor|{{harvid|Saccenti2011}}}}{{cite journal |first1=Edoardo |last1=Saccenti |first2=Age K |last2=Smilde |first3=Wim H M |last3=Saris |year=2011 |title=Beethoven's deafness and his three styles |journal=[[The BMJ]]|pmid=22187391 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d7589 |volume=343 |pages=d7589|s2cid=206894214 }} * {{anchor|{{harvid|Saccenti2012}}}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.e512 |title=Beethoven's deafness and his three styles |first1=Edoardo |last1=Saccenti |first2=Age K |last2=Smilde |first3=Wim H M |last3=Saris|year=2012 |journal=[[The BMJ]]|volume=344 |pages=e512|doi-access=free }} * {{Cite book|last=Scherer|first=E. M.|title=Quarter Notes and Bank Notes: the Economics of Music Composition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/quarternotesbank00fmsc|location=Princeton|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-6911-1621-1}} * {{cite journal|last=Skowroneck|first=Tilman|author-link=|year=2002|title=Beethoven's Erard Piano: Its Influence on His Compositions and on Viennese Fortepiano Building|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_early-music_2002-11_30_4/page/n27|journal=[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]]|volume=30|issue=4|pages=522–538|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/em/XXX.4.523|jstor=3519211}} * {{cite journal|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|author-link=Maynard Solomon|year=1972|title=Beethoven's Productivity at Bonn|journal=[[Music & Letters]]|volume=LIII|issue=2|pages=165–172|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|doi=10.1093/ml/LIII.2.165}} * {{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven Essays|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=2ZH3v2_-4F4C|page=124}}|access-date=4 August 2011|year=1990|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-06379-2|page=124}} * {{Cite book|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780825672682|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|date=November 1998|publisher=Schirmer Trade Books|isbn=978-0-8256-7268-2}} * {{Cite book|date=2000|editor-last=Stanley|editor-first=Glenn|title=The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_f9p8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-58074-8}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Steblin | first1 = Rita | author-link = Rita Steblin | year = 2009 | title = 'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi | journal = Bonner Beethoven-Studien | volume = 8 | pages = 89–152 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Stevens|first=Michael|display-authors=etal|date=November 2013|title=Lead and the Deafness of Ludwig van Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_laryngoscope_2013-11_123_11/page/n283|journal=[[The Laryngoscope]]|volume=123|issue=11|pages=2854–2858|doi=10.1002/lary.24120|pmid=23686526|s2cid=34595828}} * {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Swafford|author-link=Jan Swafford|title=Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenanguish0000jans_v5y5|year=2014|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-31255-9|location=London}} * {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Taruskin|author-link=Richard Taruskin|title=Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538482-6|location=Oxford}} * {{cite book|first=Alexander Wheelock |last=Thayer|author-link=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|editor-first=Elliot|editor-last=Forbes|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven|volume=1|year=1967a|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02717-3|location=Princeton}} * {{cite book|first=Alexander Wheelock |last=Thayer|author-link=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|editor-first=Elliot|editor-last=Forbes|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven|volume=2|year=1967b|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02718-0|location=Princeton}} * {{Cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Alan|date=February 1969|author-link=Alan Tyson|title=Beethoven's Heroic Phase|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=110|issue=1512|pages=139–141|doi=10.2307/952790|jstor=952790}} *{{cite journal |last1=Winston |first1=David|date=1993 |title=The Restoration of Beethoven's 1817 Broadwood Grand Piano |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_galpin-society-journal_1993-03_46/page/147|journal=The Galpin Society Journal |volume=46 |issue= |pages=147–151 |doi=10.2307/842353 |jstor=842353}} {{refend}} {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Бетггьовен, Лудвиг ван}} [[Category:Лудвиг ван Бетгьовен| ]] [[Category:1770 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Category:1827 соналъ хварал]] q8fn8ermgxpxkbuxv1ickn4jnkwym1z Философия 0 19654 102150 97804 2026-09-24T01:42:03Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Философия''' — гӀаммал ва фундаменталал гьикъазул систематикияб цӀех-рех, жал рукӀин, гӀакълу, [[лъай]], [[мацӀ]] гӀадал темабазда хъвалел. Эб ккола рационалабги критикиябги хадурчӀей, жиндирго методазда эргъолеб. Философиялъул бищун кӀвар бугел бутӀабилъун руго [[эпистемология]], [[этика]], [[логика]], [[метафизика]]. Эпистемологиялъ цӀех-рех гьабула щиб жо кколеб лъай ва кин гьеб щвезе бегьулебали. Этикалъ лъазарула моралиял принципалги ва битӀараб рагъари щиб кколебали. Логика буго ритӀарал ургъазул цӀех-рех гьабулеб рахъ, жинца рес кьолеб лъикӀал аргументал квешаздаса ратӀахъизе. Метафизикалъ цӀех-рех гьабула бищун гӀаммал куц-мухъал унголъул, рукӀиналъул, обйектазул, рижадул. Цогидал рахъаллъун ккола эстетика, мацӀалъул философия, историялъул философия, политикалъул философия цги. Щибалда жанирги руго философиялъул батӀи-батӀиял конкурентиял школаби. жидеца батӀи-батӀиял принципал, теорияби яги методал рилӀинарулел. == Этимология == Философия абураб рагӀи бачӀараб буго некӀсияб грек {{lang|grc|φίλος}} ({{transl|grc|philos}}) {{gloss|рокьи}} ва {{lang|grc|σοφία}} ({{transl|grc|sophia}}) {{gloss|гӀакълу}} рагӀабаздаса.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Hoad|1993|p=350}}|{{harvnb|Simpson|2002|loc=Philosophy}}|{{harvnb|Jacobs|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw9sEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}}}</ref>{{efn|НекӀсияб грек ''philosophos'' ('философчи') жибгоги батизе бегьула бачӀараблъун некӀоэгиптияб ''mer-rekh'' (''mr-rḫ'') терминалдаса, жиндир магӀна 'гӀакълу бокьулев' абун бугеб.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Herbjørnsrud|2021|p=123}} |2={{harvnb|Herbjørnsrud|2023|p=X}} }}</ref>}} Цо-цо иццазда абулеб буго гьеб термин ургъанилан пре-Сократияв философчи Питагорасица, хӀо гьеб жо битӀараб гьабун гьечӀо.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Bottin|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ7UBP_jYeMC&pg=PA151 151]}}|{{harvnb|Jaroszyński|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fsZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}}}}</ref> == МугъчӀваял == === Баянал === {{notelist}} === Цитация === {{reflist|22em}} ===Библиография=== :'''''Инглисалда:''''' <!-- PLEASE MAINTAIN ALPHABETICAL ORDER WITH ANY ADDITIONS YOU MAKE. 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|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1 |language=en |chapter=Introduction and Historical Overview |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1057/9781137344557_1 |access-date=18 Април 2022 |archive-date=1 Май 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501081115/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Christopher |title=An Introduction to Philosophical Methods |date=2010 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-55111-934-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wilaDwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Introduction |access-date=7 Юн 2022 |archive-date=3 Юл 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150050/https://books.google.com/books?id=wilaDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Daniels |first1=Norman |title=Reflective Equilibrium |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154218/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdl0smlDVtEC |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Dehsen |first1=Christian von |title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-95102-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=28 Май 2023 |archive-date=28 Май 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074908/https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Dellsén |first1=Finnur |last2=Lawler |first2=Insa |last3=Norton |first3=James |title=Thinking about Progress: From Science to Philosophy |journal=Noûs |date=2021 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=814–840 |doi=10.1111/nous.12383 |s2cid=235967433 |doi-access=free|hdl=11250/2836808 |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=Dever |first1=Josh |editor-first1=Herman |editor-first2=Tamar Szabó |editor-first3=John |editor-last1=Cappelen |editor-last2=Gendler |editor-last3=Hawthorne |chapter=What Is Philosophical Methodology? |title=The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Methodology |date=2016 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.34 |isbn=978-0-19-966877-9 |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199668779-e-34 |language=en |access-date=18 Април 2022 |archive-date=5 Декембер 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205194742/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199668779-e-34 |url-status=live |publisher=Oxford University Press }} * {{cite web |last1=Dittmer |first1=Joel |title=Ethics, Applied |url=https://iep.utm.edu/applied-ethics/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=2 Юл 2023 |archive-date=1 Юн 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601064729/https://iep.utm.edu/applied-ethics/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Dougherty |first1=Trent |title=Faith, Trust, and 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721164906/https://books.google.com/books?id=ye-cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author=EB Staff |title=Chinese Philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-philosophy |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=12 Юн 2023 |language=en |date=2017 |archive-date=2 Май 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502233005/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112694/Chinese-philosophy |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author=EB Staff |title=History and Periods of Indian Philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Indian-philosophy |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=10 Юн 2023 |language=en |date=2023 |archive-date=11 Юн 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611075241/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Indian-philosophy |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |author=EB Staff |title=Islamic Philosophy |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-philosophy |website=Encyclopædia 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Юл 2023 |archive-date=16 Юл 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120016/https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512559-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC |language=en |date=2003 |access-date=10 Новембер 2023 }} * {{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Eugen |last2=Collins |first2=John |title=Experimental Philosophy, Rationalism, and Naturalism: Rethinking Philosophical Method |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50027-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VuhCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |language=en |access-date=10 Новембер 2023 |archive-date=4 Новембер 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104125334/https://books.google.com/books?id=4VuhCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Eugen |last2=Sytsma |first2=Justin |editor1-last=Bauer 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What Is Phenomenology? |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/#WhatPhen |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=20 Септембер 2021 |date=2018 |archive-date=23 Юн 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623203855/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/#WhatPhen |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Joel |title=Phenomenology |url=https://iep.utm.edu/phenom/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=10 Октобер 2021 |archive-date=25 Май 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525234910/https://www.iep.utm.edu/phenom/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Brown |first2=Matthew |last3=Duncan |first3=Randy |title=More Critical Approaches to Comics: Theories and Methods |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-78275-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkmqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |language=en |access-date=21 Юл 2023 |archive-date=21 Юл 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721082044/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkmqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Robert C. |last2=Higgins |first2=Kathleen M. |title=From Africa to Zen: An Invitation to World Philosophy |date=2003 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-7425-8086-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVgdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |language=en |access-date=19 Август 2023 |archive-date=19 Август 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819084521/https://books.google.com/books?id=gVgdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Stambaugh |first1=Joan |editor1-last=Eliade |editor1-first=Mircea |editor2-last=Adams |editor2-first=Charles J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion |date=1987 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-909480-8 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philosophy-overview |language=en |chapter=Philosophy: An Overview |access-date=5 Юл 2023 |archive-date=30 Юн 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630162728/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/philosophy-overview |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Stehn |first1=Alexander V. |title=Latin American Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/latin-am/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=7 Новембер 2023 |archive-date=1 Юн 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601201527/https://iep.utm.edu/latin-am/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Epistemology |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=30 Юн 2020 |archive-date=21 Юл 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721023728/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/ |url-status=live |last1=Steup |first1=Matthias |last2=Neta |first2=Ram |date=2020 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Taliaferro |first1=Charles |title=Philosophy of Religion |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/philosophy-religion/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=6 Септембер 2023 |date=2023 |archive-date=23 Новембер 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162439/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/philosophy-religion/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Ten |first1=C. L. |title=Routledge History of Philosophy: The nineteenth century |date=1999 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-05604-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04yBhMdnd3MC&pg=PA9 |language=en |access-date=10 Новембер 2023 |archive-date=6 Новембер 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106010128/https://books.google.com/books?id=04yBhMdnd3MC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Tian |first1=Chenshan |chapter=Development of Dialectical Materialism in China |editor1-last=Mou |editor1-first=Bo |title=History of Chinese Philosophy |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-00286-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Tieszen |first1=Richard L. |title=Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83782-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fgQ_fuCcKAC&pg=PA100 |language=en |access-date=10 Новембер 2023 |archive-date=10 Юл 2023 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{{cite book |last1=Verene |first1=Donald Phillip |title=The History of Philosophy: A Reader's Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-5197-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkDX-dxMHpoC |language=en |access-date=25 Май 2023 |archive-date=25 Май 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525075441/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkDX-dxMHpoC |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Vickers |first1=John M. |title=Inductive Reasoning |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0171.xml |website=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=18 Январ 2023 |language=en |date=2022 |archive-date=29 Март 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329200504/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0171.xml |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Vintiadis |first1=Elly |title=Philosophy by Women: 22 Philosophers 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Introduction |year=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-184724-0 |url=https://www.veryshortintroductions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198810001.001.0001/actrade-9780198810001-chapter-1 |access-date=18 Април 2022 |archive-date=7 Март 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307131007/https://www.veryshortintroductions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780198810001.001.0001/actrade-9780198810001-chapter-1 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Wolf |first=Michael P. |year=2023 |title=Philosophy of Language |website=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/lang-phi/ |access-date=13 Юл 2023 |archive-date=15 Юн 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615132016/https://iep.utm.edu/lang-phi/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Wolff |first1=Jonathan |last2=Leopold |first2=David |title=Karl Marx |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=4 Септембер 2023 |date=2021 |archive-date=16 Январ 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010243/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Wolff |first=Jonathan |year=2006 |title=An Introduction to Political Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontopo0000wolf_t1j0 |edition=revised |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965801-5}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Woollard |first1=Fiona |last2=Howard-Snyder |first2=Frances |title=Doing vs. Allowing Harm |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/#TrolProb |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=7 Септембер 2023 |date=2022 |archive-date=5 Октобер 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005193642/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/#TrolProb |url-status=live }} {{Refend}} [[Category:Философия| ]] 2ep0fg0a5a5j4xx5ddbt02b2z6ktuwl Глоттис 0 19768 102155 90448 2026-09-24T01:49:04Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Гьаркьил сукӀбазда гьоркьоб рагьу}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Глоттис | Latin = | Image = Arytenoid cartilage.png | Caption = Аритеноидаб (гелгӀадаб) цӀил | Width = | Image2 = Glottis positions.png | Caption2 =Глоттисалъул позициял | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = }} '''Глоттис''' ({{plural form}}: '''глоттисал'''; {{lang-la|glottis}}, {{plural form}}: ''glottides'') ккола гьаркьил сукӀбазда гьоркьоб бугеб рагьу<ref>Ladefoged, Peter. 2006. A course in Phonetics. UCLA.</ref> ([[rima glottidis]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=WebMD |chapter=glottis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8UfI3BH78wC&pg=PA178 |page=178 |year=2009 |title=Webster's New World Medical Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18897-6}}</ref> Глоттисалъ кӀулияб рол хӀала гьаркьил сукӀбаздасан гьаракь лӀугьиналда. ==Этимология== НекӀсияб грек ''γλωττίς'' (glōttís) рагӀудаса, жибго грек рагӀи буго лӀугьараб ''γλῶττα'' (glôtta), ''γλῶσσα'' (glôssa, "мацӀ") рагӀул варианталдаса.<ref>[[wikt:glottis]]</ref> ==Функция== ===Фонация=== {{Main|Фонация}} Гьаркьил сукӀби сородулелъул, элъул вибрациялъ кӀалъ гьабула "зузуди" кинлъи бугеблъун, гьелде абула '''[[Гьаракь (фонетика)|гьаракь]]''' яги '''пронунциация'''. Гьаракьазда, жал рахъулалго сукӀби цоцаде къалел, абула ''глотталал'' абун.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Introductory Phonology|last=Hayes|first=Bruce|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-8411-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryphon00haye}}</ref> Мисалалъе, аваралда буго [[гъугъаб глотталаб фрикатив|гъугъаб глотталияб транзиция]], жиб бихьизабизе "h"/"гь" хъвалеб. Гьеб гьаракь бахьула гьаркьил сукӀби дагьалъго рахъ-рахъалде ун, гьэлдалъун глоттисалдасан уна турбулент-гуреб хӀухьалил чвахи<ref name=":0" /> Австралаб [[диджериду]]ялда хӀалел махщалилаз гьаркьил рагьу дандекъала гьеб тӀагӀалида щолел тембразул диапазон бахъизе.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/43639a |pmid=16001056 |title=Acoustics: The vocal tract and the sound of a didgeridoo |journal=Nature |volume=436 |issue=7047 |pages=39 |year=2005 |last1=Tarnopolsky |first1=Alex |last2=Fletcher |first2=Neville |last3=Hollenberg |first3=Lloyd |last4=Lange |first4=Benjamin |last5=Smith |first5=John |last6=Wolfe |first6=Joe |bibcode=2005Natur.436...39T |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/82233/8/01_Fletcher_Vocal_Tract_2005.pdf |hdl=1885/125584 |s2cid=4395889 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ЛӀугьунеб сороди буго ''[[рагьукъаб|рагьукъал]]'' гьаркьазул, гьединго ''[[рагьараб|рагьаразул]]'' кӀвар цӀикӀкӀараб компонент. Гьаркьил сукӀби рахъ-рахъалде ун ругони, хӀухьалил чвахи уна гьоркьосан эл сородизаричӀого, гъугъал рагьукъал рахъулаго гӀадинан.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De'Ath |first=Leslie |date=2016 |title=Linguistics and Lyric Diction - A Personal Retrospective and a Selective Glossary |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1774332500 |journal=Journal of Singing |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=465–474 |id={{ProQuest|1774332500}} |via=ProQuest}}</ref> Глоттисалъул гьединго кӀвар буго [[Валсалвал манёвр]]алда. * Зирарал рагьукъаз гъорлӀе рачуна {{IPA|/v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /d͡ʒ/, /ð/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /w/.}} * Зирарал рагьукъаз гъорлӀе рачуна {{IPA|/f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/, /θ/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʍ/, /h/.}} ==ТӀадеги суратал== {{Галерея |File:Illu07 larynx01.jpg|Ларинкс |File:Gray955.png|Ларинксалъул кӀалтӀу, нахъаса бихьухъе. |File:Gray1204.png|Ларинксалъул кӀалтӀу. |File:Slide7vvv.JPG|Глоттис |File:Slide1kuku.JPG|Ларинксги, фаринксги, мацӀги. Гъваридаб ссуй. Нахъаса бихьухъе. |File:Slide2kuku.JPG|Ларинксги, фаринксги, мацӀги. Гъваридаб ссуй. Нахъаса бихьухъе. |File:Slide3kuku.JPG|Ларинксги, фаринксги, мацӀги. Гъваридаб ссуй. Нахъаса бихьухъе. }} ==МугъчӀваял== {{Reflist}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Commons category}} * [http://web.uvic.ca/ling/research/phonetics/SOG/ States of the Glottis] (Esling & Harris, University of Victoria) * [http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page4.htm Universität Stuttgart Speech production] *{{cite journal |doi=10.1213/00000539-199906000-00044 |pmid=10357358 |title=Glottis Simulator |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anesthesia-and-analgesia_1999-06_88_6/page/1422 |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=1422–3 |year=1999 |last1=De Menezes Lyra |first1=Roberto |doi-access=free }} {{Larynx anatomy}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Фонетика]] [[Category:Чиясул бетӀерги габурри]] [[Category:Чиясул гьаракь]] [[Category:Ларинкс]] [[Category:КӀалъайдул лугби]] acou049akhhtkb0wozlwv9ywd93ecjs Диалект 0 19883 102154 90737 2026-09-24T01:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Диалект''' ([[латин]] {{wikt-lang|la|dialectus}}, {{wikt-lang|la|dialectos}}, [[некӀсияб грек мацӀ|некӀсияб грек]] {{wikt-lang|grc|διάλεκτος}}, {{grc-tr|διάλεκτος}} 'дискурс', {{wikt-lang|grc|διά}}, {{grc-tr|διά}} 'тӀасан' ва {{wikt-lang|grc|λέγω}}, {{grc-tr|λέγω}} 'дица абула' рагӀабаздаса) ялъуни '''сверел''' ккола [[лингвистика|мацӀазулаб]] гьоркьолъул кӀиго тӀобан батӀияб типалъе гӀахьалаб термин. Гьеб терминалъул цӀиккӀанисеб хӀалтӀизаби ккола жиб кӀалъалазул цо кинаб-букӀаниги къакъадул характеристикалъун кколеб [[МацӀ|мацӀалъулаб]] [[вариант (лингвистика)|варианталда]] хурхараб.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161002130314/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dialect Oxford Living Dictionaries – English.] Retrieved 18 January 2019.</ref> Конкретияб мацӀалъул диалект яги вариант цоцада гъункун рухьарал рукӀуна ва, гьоркьоб бугеб батӀалъуде балагьичӀого, цӀиккӀаниселъ цоцада риччӀулеллъун рукӀуна, хасго [[Диалектияб континуум|диалектияб континуумалда]] жаниб географияб рахъалъ цоцаде гӀагарги ругони. Эб термин цӀиккӀаниселъ гӀахьал гьабула регионалаб гарулаб моделалде, хӀо диалект гьединго букӀине бегьула баян гьабун цогидал факторазги, [[социалаб класс]] яги [[этниклъи]] гӀадинал.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dialect|title=Definition of DIALECT|website=Merriam-webster.com|date=30 Юл 2023 }}</ref> Кинаб букӀаниги соцалаб классалда хурхараб диалекталда абун букӀине бегьула [[социолект]]–илан, [[Этникияб къокъа|этникияб групалда]] хурхинабураб диалекталъе хӀалтӀизабула [[этнолект]] термин, географикияб/регионалаб диалекталъе термин кьола региолект<ref name="auto1">Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. ''American English: Dialects and Variation.'' West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, p. 184.</ref> (алтернативиял терминаз гъорлӀе рачуна 'регионалект',<ref name="auto2">{{citation|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214606/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-12 |url-status=live|page=8|author= Daniel. W. Bruhn |title=Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed}}</ref> 'геолект',<ref name="auto6">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5N9VUT5Tl4C|page=250|chapter =Varieties of the Greek language |title=The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development |author = Christopher D. Land |date=21 Фебруар 2013|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004234772|editor=Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts}}</ref> ва 'тополект'<ref name="auto10">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title =topolect |encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston |edition=4th}}</ref>). Кьураб мацӀалъул бокьараб вариант классификатизе бегьула "диалект" гӀадин, гъорлӀе [[стандартаб мацӀ|стандартарал варианталги]] рачун. Цогидаб хӀалтӀизаби, жиб [[Коллоквиализм|гарулаб]] ралълие хасиятаб [[Италия]]лда,<ref name="auto3">«The often used term "Italian dialects" may create the false impression that the dialects are varieties of the standard Italian language.» Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 2.</ref> ''[[:it:Dialetto|dialetto]]'' гӀадин,<ref name="battaglia">«Parlata propria di un ambiente geografico e culturale ristretto (come la regione, la provincia, la città o anche il paese): contrapposta a un sistema linguistico affine per origine e sviluppo, ma che, per diverse ragioni (politiche, letterarie, geografiche, ecc.), si è imposto come lingua letteraria e ufficiale». Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). ''Grande dizionario della lingua italiana'', UTET, Torino, V. IV, pp.321–322.</ref> ''[[:fr:patois|patois]]'' [[Парансия]]лда гӀадин, Централаб Европалъул гӀемерисел ракьмухъазда,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamusella |first=Tomasz |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896495625 |title=Creating languages in Central Europe during the last millennium |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-50783-9 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England] |page=10|oclc=896495625 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan }}</ref> [[Филипинал|Филипиназда]],<ref name="auto">{{cite book |author = Peter G. Gowing, William Henry Scott |title = Acculturation in the Philippines: Essays on Changing Societies. A Selection of Papers Presented at the Baguio Religious Acculturation Conferences from 1958 to 1968 |year = 1971 |publisher = New Day Publishers |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zfjZAAAAMAAJ | page=157 }}</ref><ref name="maiden">{{cite book |last1=Maiden |first1=Martin |last2=Parry |first2=Mair |title=The Dialects of Italy |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |page=2 |isbn=9781134834365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dz_LyQF_eAC&q=dialects+of+italy}}</ref> буго гӀодегӀанлъизабулеб тоналда, элъ гьоркь хӀучч ццӀала цо бугеб официалаб мацӀалъе националаб-гуреб мацӀалъул политикиябги социалабги мукӀурлъиялда. Гьеб бакӀалда эл "диалектал" кколаро унгоял диалекталъул тӀоцӀебесеб хӀалтӀизабиялда гӀадин, щай гурелъул гьел нуцояб мацӀалдаса лӀугьарал гьечӀо ва элъул варианталлъун кколаро, эзул церетӀейги букӀуна ратӀа-ратӀаго ва параллелго нухаздалъун. Эл рукӀинени бегьулел исторкииял [[Когнат|когнаталлъун]] ва нуцояб националаб мацӀалъулгун эбго [[МацӀазул хъизан|субхъизаналда]] жаниб цого [[Генетикияб гьоркьолъи (лингвистика)|генетикияб кьолбодаса]] лӀугьараллъун, тӀаде жоялъе тӀарамагъадиселъулгун кинаб букӀаниги даражаялда цоцалӀ биччӀиги, эдинал "диалектал" лъикӀ букуна стандартаб яги националаб мацӀалдаса батӀиял мацӀаллъун риккӀани. Гьеб баян кьеялда рекъон, жибго стандартаб яги националаб мацӀ риккӀунаро диалектлъун, щай абуни эб нуцояб мацӀлъун [[престиж (социолингвистика)|лингвистикияб престижалъул]], социалаб яги политикияб ([[официалаб мацӀ|официалаб]]) статусалъул, тӀибитӀиялъулги яги риккӀадул, яги рехсарабщиналъул рахъалъ. ''Диалект'' эдин хӀалтӀизабиялъулӀ букӀуна политикияб коннотация, цӀиккӀаниселъ гӀахьал гьабула "гӀодегӀан-престижиял" мацӀазде (националаб мацӀалдаса эзул бугеб унгояб риккӀалъиялде ралагьичӀого), институционалаб кверчӀвай гьечӀел яги хъвай-хъвагӀай букӀинабизе кӀолареллъун риккӀунел мацӀазе.<ref name="auto8">{{cite book |author = Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago |title = Filipino is Not Our Language: Learn why it is Not and Find Out what it is |year = 2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3oLAQAAMAAJ | page=26}}</ref> ''Диалект'' абураб дисигнация гьединго гӀатӀид хӀалтӀизабула цӀеретӀолел ракьмухъаздаги яги чӀинкӀарал территориязда ругел хъвай-хъвагӀи гьечӀел яги кодификатичӀел мацӀазде абизеги,<ref name="auto4">{{cite book |last = Fodde Melis | first= Luisanna |title = Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States |year = 2002 |isbn = 9788846439123 |publisher = FrancoAngeli |language = en |page=35}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite book |last=Crystal | first=David |title=A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarylingui00crys_715 |url-access=limited |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |edition=6 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4051-5296-9 |language=en |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarylingui00crys_715/page/n167 142]–144}}</ref> лингвистаз халкъияб мацӀ абураб термин хӀалтӀизабулелъул.<ref>{{cite journal |page=927 |title=Dialect, Language, Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1966-08_68_4/page/927 |first=Einar | last=Haugen |journal=American Anthropologist |series=''American Anthropologist'' New Series, Vol. 68, No. 4 |year=1966 |volume=68 |issue=4 |doi=10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 |language=en |jstor= 670407|doi-access=free }}</ref> Диалектал цоцадаса ратӀа гьарулел ружби ратизе бегьула [[Лексикон|лексиконалдаги]], [[Грамматика|грамматикалдаги]], гьединго абул куцалдаги ([[Фонология|фонологиялда]], гъорлӀго [[Просодия|просодиягун]]). ЦохӀо яги цӀиккӀаниселъ бихьулеб батӀалъи буго абулеб куцалда, ''далект'' рагӀул бакӀалда хӀалтӀизабун букӀине бегьула дагьабги конкретияб термин — ''акцент''. ГӀемерисеб лексиконалъулӀ бакӀарун бугеб батӀалъи букӀине бегьула классификатун [[Креол мацӀ|креолаллъун]]. Лексикалаб батӀалъи бугони профессионияб яги цогидаб организационияб специаллъараб рагӀабазул бакӀарулӀ, эб ккола [[Жаргон|жаргоналлъун]]. РагӀабазулаб батӀалъи, жиб тӀасабищун култиватулеб къватӀисел гьоркьоса ратӀа гьаризе, яги [[Шибболет|шибболеталлъун]] ругел, лъала криптолектал яги кант гӀадинан, энире гъорлӀе рачуна [[Сленг|сленгал]] ва [[Кант (лингвистика)|агротал]]. Цо чияс хӀалтӀизаубеб конкретияб гарулаб паттерналда абула гьесул [[идиолект]]–илан. МацӀал диалекталъун классификати бараб буго [[Лингвитикияб дистанция|лингвитикияб дистанциялда]] тӀад. [[Хъвавул система]] бугел мацӀазул диалектал рукӀуна батӀи-батӀияб дистанциялда стантартаблъун гьабураб хъвавулаб формалдаса. МацӀалъул цо-цо диалектал рукӀуна гарулелъул гьоркьоб бичӀчӀи гьечӀеллъунги, гьелъ рачуна эл региолекталлъун яги батӀаял мацӀаллъун рукӀиналда сверун дебатазде. == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Диалектал| ]] [[Category:МацӀ]] [[Category:МацӀазулал вариантал ва стилал]] [[Category:Лексикология]] [[Category:Лингвистикияб терминология]] qb4lhu88917s51dpl9aus6222muj9a1 ХӀайда мацӀ 0 19965 102148 97908 2026-09-24T01:38:24Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260923sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 102148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ХӀайда | nativename = ''{{lang|hai|X̱aat Kíl, X̱aadas Kíl, X̱aayda Kil, Xaad kil}}'' | states = {{Plainlist}} * [[Британ Колумбия]] ([[ХӀайда Гваии]]) * [[Аласка]] ([[Велсалъул Принцасул чӀинкӀ (Аласка)|Велсалъул Принцасул чӀинкӀ]]) {{Endplainlist}} | ethnicity = [[ХӀайдал]] | speakers = 13 | date = 2018, 2020 | ref = e25 | familycolor = Isolate | family = [[Изолат мацӀ]] | script = [[Латин хъвай-хъвагӀи|Латин]] | nation = [[ХӀайда халкъалъул данделъи]] <br> [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|27px]] [[Аласка]] | iso2 = hai | iso3 = hai | lc1 = hdn | ld1 = Northern Haida | lc2 = hax | ld2 = Southern Haida | map = Haida lang.png | mapcaption = ХӀайда мацӀ тӀибитӀун букӀараб бакӀ | map2 = Lang Status 20-CR.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Хьондасеб ХӀайда классификатун буго ЮНЕСКОдул ХӀинкъаликь ругел дунялалъул мацӀазул атласалъ тӀагӀине хӀинкъи бугеблъун}}}} | notice = IPA|||| | glotto = haid1248 | glottorefname = Haida | image = | imagecaption = }} '''ХӀайда мацӀ''' (''{{lang|hai|X̱aat Kíl}}{{Efn|{{IPA|/ħaːjd̥a/}}; Хьондасеб ХӀайда варианат ''xaad'' {{IPA|/ħaːd̥/}}.}}'', ''{{lang|hai|X̱aadas Kíl}}'', ''{{lang|hai|X̱aayda Kil}}'', ''{{lang|hai|Xaad kil}}''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://vancouversun.com/Opinion/Columnists/stephen-hume-a-high-tech-fight-to-save-bcs-indigenous-languages?r |title=A high-tech fight to save B.C.'s indigenous languages |first=Stephen |last=Hume |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=Март 17, 2014 }}</ref>) ккола [[ХӀайдал]] абулеб халкъалъул мацӀ, жинда [[Канада|Канадалъул]] рагӀалда бугеб [[ХӀайда Гваии]] архипелагалдаги [[Аласка|Аласкалда]] Велсалъул Принцасул чӀинкӀиллъудаги кӀалъалеб. ТӀагӀиналъул хӀинкъи бугеб мацӀ, элда кӀалъала 24 чи, эб букӀахъинабиялда тӀахӀалтӀиги буго жеги гьабулеб. ХӀайда Гваииялде ({{lang|hai|Haida Gwaii}}) 1774 соналъ европиял рачӀинегӀан, ХӀайда мацӀалда кӀалъалезел риккӀен букӀана 15,000 чи. Эпидемияз кватӀичӀого ХӀайдазул риккӀен гӀодобе инабуна, эл ххутӀана лъабго росулӀ: [[Массет, Британ Колумбия|Массет]], [[Скидигит, Британ Колумбия|Скидигит]], ва [[Гьайдбург, Аласка|Гьайдбург]]. ==Диалектал== ХӀайда мацӀалъул диалектал рикьула аслия куцалъ Хьондасеб ва Бакъдасеб диалектазде.<ref name="e1">{{Harvcoltxt|Enrico|2003|p=1}}</ref> Хьондасеб ХӀайда бикьун буго Аласкалъул (яги Кайгани) ХӀайда ва Массет (яги Хьондасеб Грэгьем чӀинкӀил) ХӀайда гӀадин.<ref name="e1" /> Бакъдасеб ХӀайда бикьун букӀана цин Скидигит ХӀайдалде ваги Нинстинц ХӀайдалде, хӀо Нинстинц ХӀайда тӀокӀаб гьечӀо ва квеш документун букӀана.<ref name="e1" /> Диалектал ратӀа гьарула фонологиялдалъун ва дагьабго къадар лексконалдалъун; хӀо грамматикияб рахъалъ эл руго релълъарал.<ref name="hlorg">{{cite web |title=Haida Language Mainpage |last=Lachler |first=Jordan |url =http://haidalanguage.org/ |access-date=23 Май 2008 }}</ref> Хьондасеб ХӀайдалда руго [[фарингеалаб рагьукъаб|фарингеалал рагьукъал]].<ref name="m18"/> Фарингеалал рагьукъал дунялалъул мацӀазе цӀакъ къанагӀатал ккола, Хьондасеб Америкаялъул мацӀазецин.<ref name="m17">{{Harvcoltxt|Mithun|2001|p=17}}</ref> Гьел руго хасиятал Хьондасеб БакътӀерхьул Америкалъул гьитӀинабго ареалалда ругел цо-цо мацӀазе, [[Салишан мацӀ|Салишан]] ва [[Вакашан мацӀ]], гьедин ХӀайда мацӀазе руго.<ref name="m18" /> Вакашан ва Хьондасеб ХӀайда мацӀазда, лъалеб жо буго, фарингеалал рагьукъал раккун руго гӀемер цегӀан гуро.<ref name="m18">{{Harvcoltxt|Mithun|2001|p=18}}</ref> ==Баянал== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==МугъчӀвая== {{reflist|30em}} ==Библиография== * {{cite book|last1=Enrico|first1=John|last2=Stuart|first2=Wendy Bross|title=Northern Haida Songs|year=1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1816-8}} * {{cite book|last=Enrico|first=John|title=Haida Syntax|year=2003|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1822-2}} * {{cite journal|last=Enrico|first=John|year=2004|title=Toward Proto – Na-Dene|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=46|issue=3|pages=229–302}} * {{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Erma|year=1977|title=Haida dictionary|location=Fairbanks|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED162532&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno=ED162532&_nfls=false }} * {{cite book|last=Mithun|first=Marianne|year=2001|title=The Languages of Native North America|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesofnativ0000mith|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=052129875X}} * {{cite book |last1=Schoonmaker |first1=Peter K. |first2=Bettina |last2=Von Hagen |first3=Edward C. |last3=Wolf |title=The Rain Forests of Home: Profile of a North American Bioregion |publisher=Island Press |year=1997 |isbn=1-55963-480-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHFKeC--U9cC }} * {{cite book |last1=Steedman |first1=Scott |last2=Collison |first2=Nika (Jisgang) |year=2011 |title=That Which Makes Us Haida &mdash; the Haida Language |location=Skidegate |publisher=Haida Gwaii Museum Press |isbn=978-0-920651-32-2 }} ==Цогидал публикацияби== {{refbegin}} #{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Doris |year=1974 |title=Slave of the Haida |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveofhaida0000ande |location=Toronto |publisher=Macmillan Co. of Canada |isbn=9780770516338}} #{{cite journal |last=Bengtson |first=John D |year=2008 |title=Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages |journal=Aspects of Comparative Linguistics |volume=3 |location=Moscow |publisher=RSUH Publishers |pages=45–118}} #{{cite book |editor-last1=Dauenhauer |editor-first1=Nora |editor-last2=Dauenhauer |editor-first2=Richard |editor-last3=Black |editor-first3=Lydia |year=2008 |title=Anóoshi lingit aaní ká: Russians in Tlingit America: the battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804 |publisher=University of Washington Press}} #{{Cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |chapter=Appendix B: Vocabulary of the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands |title=Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1878 |access-date=26 Август 2012 |year=1880 |isbn=9780665148880 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_14888}} #{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Dürr |first1=Michael |last2=Renner |first2=Egon |year=1995 |title=The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch |encyclopedia=Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow |editor-last1=Renner |editor-first1=Egon |editor-last2=Dürr |editor-first2=Michael |pages=3–18 |series=Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics |volume=2 |location=Munich |publisher=Lincom Europa}} #{{cite book |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1983a |chapter=The Haida Language |title=The Outer Shores |editor-last1=Scudder |editor-first1=G. E. |editor-last2=Gessler |editor-first2=Nicholas |location=Queen Charlotte City, BC |publisher=Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press |pages=223–248}} #{{cite journal |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1983b |title=Tense in the Haida Relative Clause |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=52 |pages=91–123|doi=10.1086/466008 |s2cid=144085511 }} #{{cite journal |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1986 |title=Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=49 |pages=136–166}} #{{cite book |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1991 |title=The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida |series=Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers |volume=8 |location=Fairbanks |publisher=Alaska Native Language Center}} #{{cite journal |last=Enrico |first=John |year=1998 |title=Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida |journal=Gengo Kenkyu |volume=12 |pages=115–120}} # Enrico, John. 2003. ''Haida Syntax''. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. # Enrico, John. 2005. ''Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects.'' (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute. # Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press. # Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. ''Language in the Americas.'' Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. # Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp.&nbsp;321–330. # Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby. # {{Cite book | last1 = Harrison | first1 = Charles | last2 = Royal Society of Canada | title = Haida grammar (microform) | access-date = 26 Август 2012 | year = 1895 | isbn = 9780665063992 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_06399 }} # {{Cite book | last = Hibben & Carswell | title = Dictionary of Indian tongues (microform) : containing most of the words and terms used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook, with their meaning or equivalent in the English language | access-date = 26 Август 2012 | year = 1865 | isbn = 9780665143663 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_14366 }} # {{Cite book | publisher = Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge | last1 = Keen | first1 = John Henry | title = A grammar of the Haida language | access-date = 26 Август 2012 | year = 1906 | url = https://archive.org/details/agrammarhaidala00keengoog }} #{{cite journal |last=Levine |first=Robert D. |year=1979 |title=Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1979-04_45_2/page/157 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=157–70|doi=10.1086/465587 |s2cid=143503584 }} #{{cite journal |last=Manaster Ramer |first=Alexis |year=1996 |title=Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=38 |pages=179–215}} #{{cite book |last=Pinnow |first=Heinz-Jürgen |year=1976 |title=Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung |isbn=3-7861-3027-2}} # Pinnow. H-J. 1985. ''Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache.'' (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. # Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. ''Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification.'' Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert. # Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. ''Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache.'' (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert. #{{cite book |last1=Rosman |first1=Abraham |last2=Rubel |first2=Paula G. |year=1971 |title=Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/feastingwithmine0000rosm |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231034838}} #{{cite journal |last=Ruhlen |first=M |year=1998 |title=The Origin of the Na-Dene |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1998-11-10_95_23/page/13994 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |number=23 |pages=13994–13996|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 |pmid=9811914 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9513994R |doi-access=free |pmc=25007 }} #{{cite journal |last=Sapir |first=Edward |year=1915 |title=The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_july-september-1915_17_3/page/534 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=534–558|doi=10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080 }} #{{cite book |last=Stearns |first=Mary Lee |year=1981 |title=Haida Culture in Custody |url=https://archive.org/details/haidacultureincu0000stea |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295957630}} # Swanton, John R. 1905. ''[https://archive.org/details/haidatextsandmy04swangoog Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect].'' (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. # Swanton, John R. 1908. ''[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_hdn_vertxt-1 Haida Texts. Masset Dialect].'' (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill. {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602153057/http://www.haidalanguage.org/ Haida language], archive * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602153049/http://www.haidalanguage.org/sounds-of-haida.html Listen to the sounds of Haida], archive * [http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Hlgaagilda-Xaayda-Kil Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602151729/http://www.haidalanguage.org/raven.html Raven, a story in the Haida language] * [http://www.languagegeek.com/isolate/xaadas.html Haida writing systems], archive * [http://www.ydli.org/biblios/haidbib.htm Haida linguistics bibliography] * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Haida/index.html The Book of Common Prayer in Haida] * [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-haida/en/hai/ How to count in Haida] * [http://www.firstvoices.com/en/apps FirstVoices Haida iPhone App] * [http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Hlgaagilda-Xaayda-Kil FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hai\hai&limit=-1 Haida basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] *ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0218 Northern (Massett) Haida language documentation materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601110300/http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0218 |date=1 June 2016 }} * [http://sealaskaheritage.org/programs/Language%20Resources/Haida_dictionary_web.pdf Dictionary of Alaska Haida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113051135/https://sealaskaheritage.org/programs/Language%20Resources/Haida_dictionary_web.pdf |date=2023-11-13 }} * [http://www.sealaskaheritage.org/sites/default/files/AlaskanHaidaPhrasebook_web.pdf Alaskan Haida Phrasebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802074941/https://www.sealaskaheritage.org/sites/default/files/AlaskanHaidaPhrasebook_web.pdf |date=2023-08-02 }} * [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/227 Northern Haida] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]]) {{Languages of Alaska}} {{Languages of Canada}} {{Language families}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ХӀайда мацӀ}} [[Category:ХӀайда мацӀ| ]] [[Category:ХӀайда| ]] [[Category:Тоналал мацӀал]] fggx229v3ylgjb52g6zg6e2mu2tw7s0 Халип:Potd/2026-09-11 10 22304 102124 2026-09-23T13:13:34Z Soul Train 3177 Новая страница: «Baikal, Cape Burhan, Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal, Russia.jpg» 102124 wikitext text/x-wiki Baikal, Cape Burhan, Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal, Russia.jpg 125spb3r89bafdm0h492vad6rm2l372 Халип:Potd/2026-09-12 10 22305 102125 2026-09-23T13:14:06Z Soul Train 3177 Новая страница: «Sankt Olofs kyrkoruin september 2013 01.jpg» 102125 wikitext text/x-wiki Sankt Olofs kyrkoruin september 2013 01.jpg 20bj5r24fs8s0wdi8qi4lc3u4p3s5na Халип:Potd/2026-09-13 10 22306 102126 2026-09-23T13:14:32Z Soul Train 3177 Новая страница: «Breil-Brigels. 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