Wikipedia avwiki https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Медиа Хъулухъалъулаб БахӀс ГӀахьалчи ГӀахьалчиясул бахӀс Википедия Википедиялъул бахӀс Файл Файлалъул бахӀс MediaWiki MediaWiki-ялъул бахӀс Халип Халипалъул бахӀс Кумек Кумекалъул бахӀс Категория Категориялъул бахӀс TimedText TimedText talk Модуль Обсуждение модуля Event Event talk ГьаракӀуни 0 7044 102265 99471 2026-10-15T01:41:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Dagestan inhabited locality | av_name = ГьаракӀуни | ru_name = | inhabloc_type = Росу | inhabloc_type_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | image_skyline = | image_caption = | etymology = | image_map = | district_map = Russia Dagestan Onsokolo District | map_caption = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_outside = | coordinates = | adm_district_jur = [[Онсоколо мухъ]] | adm_district_jur_ref = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | adm_selsoviet_type = Росдал поселение | adm_selsoviet_jur = [[ГьаракӀуни росдал совет]] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | pop_latest = {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|ГьаракӀуни|р}} | pop_latest_date = {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|ГьаракӀуни|с}} | pop_latest_ref = {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|ГьаракӀуни|л}} | pop_density = | population_demonym = Гьере́кӀ | ethnicity = [[Аварал]] | adm_ctr_of = ГьаракӀуни росдал советалъул | adm_ctr_of_ref = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | rural_settlement_jur = ''«ГьаракӀуни росдал совет»'' муниципалаб гӀуцӀи́ | mun_admctr_of = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | postal_codes = | postal_codes_ref = }} '''Гьара́кӀуни''' буго [[Дагъистан|Дагъистаналъул]] [[Онсоколо мухъ|Онсоколо мухъалъул]] росу, жиб [[хьиндалазул бо|хьиндалазул бодул]] кколеб.<ref name="Khapizov2022" /> Эб ккола [[ГьаракӀуни росдал совет|ГьаракӀуни росдал советалъул]] административияб центер. == История == Археологиял цӀех-рехаздаги, бакӀалъул биценаздаги, гӀарабалъ хъварал иццаздаги рекъон, гьоркьохъел гӀасрабазда, гьанжесеб ГьаракӀуни росдал ракьазда букӀана чанго росу: ГӀарцалиб, КӀазиниб, КӀарщаб, КӀерекьуб (КӀирикьуб), Къариб, МагӀмиз, ЦӀиниб, Шиширахъ.<ref name="Khapizov2022">{{cite journal|last1= Нурмагомедов|first1= А. М.|last2= Хапизов|first2= Ш. М.|date= 2022|title= Опыт реконструкции процесса формирования сельской общины в нагорном Дагестане (на примере сел. Аракани)|url= http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/86/5.pdf|journal= ВЕСТНИК ДАГЕСТАНСКОГО НАУЧНОГО ЦЕНТРА|volume= |issue= 86|publisher= |pages= 33–40|doi= 10.31029/vestdnc86/5|access-date= 18 септембер 2025|archive-date= 2023-06-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173507/http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/86/5.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Абакаров|first1= А. И.|last2= Давудов|first2= О. М.|date= 1993|title= Археологическая карта Дагестана |trans-title= Дагъистаналъул археологияб карта|url= https://instituteofhistory.ru/library/publications/arheologicheskaya-karta-dagestana|place= Москва |publisher= Наука|pages= 165–166|doi= |access-date=}}</ref> [[Файл:PG - Dagestan. Shamil's village (colour).jpg|thumb|ГьаракӀуни росдал фотография Прокудин-Горскияс бахъараб (1904)]] [[Файл:Daghestan. Arakane dans le Koissoubou Григорий Гагарин.jpg|thumb]] == География == Росу буго [[Хьиндаллъи|Хьиндаллъуда]], Онсоколо мухъалъул жанубияб бакъбаккул рахъалдехун, [[Хьаргаби мухъ|Хьаргаби мухъалъул]] гӀорхъода. == Демография == {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|ГьаракӀуни}} {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|ГьаракӀуни|д}} == ЦӀарагӀарал росулӀасел == *[[ГьаракӀуниса СагӀид]] == Референсал == <references/> == Линкал == * [http://www.odnoselchane.ru/?com=photogallery&page=photos_of_category&sect=1164 Росдал суратал] * [http://www.outdoors.ru/foto/bd_pre.php?n=0?&idcity=1005 Росдал суратал] * [http://www.fatiha.ru/regiony/uncukul/ziyrat/arakani.htm Росдал администрациялъул суратал] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314191413/http://www.fatiha.ru/regiony/uncukul/ziyrat/arakani.htm |date=2011-03-14 }} * [http://www.outdoors.ru/foto/view.php?id=19555 ГьаракӀуниса СагӀидил зиярат] {{Хьиндалазул бо}} {{Онсоколо мухъ|rosu}} {{Хьиндаллъи}} [[Категория:Хьиндалазул бо]] [[Категория:Онсоколо мухъалъул росаби]] adbumszd12crkgydovqlbaxjlle5xvt Сафар 0 7692 102257 102033 2026-10-15T00:10:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Исламияб календарь}} '''Сафар''' ({{lang-ar|صفر}}) — [[Исламияб календарь|бусурбабазул календаралъул]] кӀиабилеб мрцӀ. [[2008]] соналъ гьеб байбихьана 8 февралалъ, лӀугӀана 8 марталъ. __NOTOC__ {| border=0 class="toccolours plainlinks" | |- valign= ! ЛӀугьа-бахъинал: |'''[[#1 къо|1]] [[#2 къо|2]] [[#3 къо|3]] [[#4 къо|4]] [[#5 къо|5]] [[#6 къо|6]] [[#7 къо|7]] [[#8 къо|8]] [[#9 къо|9]] [[#10 къо (Ашура)|10]] [[#11 къо|11]] [[#12 къо|12]] [[#13 къо|13]] [[#14 къо|14]] [[#15 къо|15]] [[#16 къо|16]] [[#17 къо|17]] [[#18 къо|18]] [[#19 къо|19]] [[#20 къо|20]] [[#21 къо|21]] [[#22 къо|22]] [[#23 къо|23]] [[#24 къо|24]] [[#25 къо|25]] [[#26 къо|26]] [[#27 къо|27]] [[#28 къо|28]] [[#29 къо|29]] [[#30 къо|30]] [[#22 Баян|Баян]]''' |} === 1 къо === === 2 къо === === 3 къо === === 4 къо === === 5 къо === === 6 къо === === 7 къо === {{comment|691 гь.с.|29 январалъ 1292 соналъул}} — гьавуна кӀудияв гӀалимчи [[Ибн Къаййим ал-Жаузия]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamhouse.com/152888/ru/ru/articles/Биография_Ибн_Кайима_аль-Джаузийя|title=Биография Ибн Кайима аль-Джаузийя|author=Абу Абдурахман Дагестани|publisher=IslamHouse.com|accessdate=2013-11-23|archive-date=2013-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204152437/http://www.islamhouse.com/152888/ru/ru/articles/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8F|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 8 къо === === 9 къо === === 10 къо === === 11 къо === === 12 къо === === 13 къо === === 14 къо === === 15 къо === === 16 къо === === 17 къо === === 18 къо === === 19 къо === === 20 къо === === 21 къо === * 702 соналъ — хвана [[Ибну Дакъикъ ал-ГӀид]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assalam.ru/content/story/3255|title=Человек, которым гордится Египет|last=Дациев|first=Абубакр |publisher=assalam.ru|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref>. === 22 къо === === 23 къо === === 24 къо === === 25 къо === === 26 къо === === 27 къо === === 28 къо === === 29 къо === === 30 къо === == Ссылкаби == * [http://askimam.ru/news/sueverija_i_mesjac_safar/2011-01-28-110 Суеверия и месяц Сафар] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114092341/http://askimam.ru/news/sueverija_i_mesjac_safar/2011-01-28-110 |date=2012-01-14 }} == ХӀужаби == <references/> [[Категория:Исламияб календарь]] sqtoc8v1ffopdzpfcwnwdl9yak4v7oj РабигӀул-Аввал 0 7693 102270 102028 2026-10-15T02:42:56Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Исламияб календарь}} '''РабигӀул-Авваль''' ({{lang-ar|صفر}}) — [[Исламияб календарь|бусурбабазул календаралъул]] лъабабилеб моцӀ. Гьаб моцӀалъ гьавуна халкъазул бищун хирияв [[МухӀаммад]] авараг {{сав}}. __NOTOC__ {| border=0 class="toccolours plainlinks" | |- valign= ! ЛӀугьа-бахъинал: |'''[[#1 къо|1]] [[#2 къо|2]] [[#3 къо|3]] [[#4 къо|4]] [[#5 къо|5]] [[#6 къо|6]] [[#7 къо|7]] [[#8 къо|8]] [[#9 къо|9]] [[#10 къо (Ашура)|10]] [[#11 къо|11]] [[#12 къо|12]] [[#13 къо|13]] [[#14 къо|14]] [[#15 къо|15]] [[#16 къо|16]] [[#17 къо|17]] [[#18 къо|18]] [[#19 къо|19]] [[#20 къо|20]] [[#21 къо|21]] [[#22 къо|22]] [[#23 къо|23]] [[#24 къо|24]] [[#25 къо|25]] [[#26 къо|26]] [[#27 къо|27]] [[#28 къо|28]] [[#29 къо|29]] [[#30 къо|30]] [[#22 Баян|Баян]]''' |} === 1 къо === === 2 къо === === 3 къо === === 4 къо === === 5 къо === === 6 къо === === 7 къо === * {{comment|691 гь.с.|29 январалъ 1292 соналъул}} — гьавуна кӀудияв гӀалимчи [[Ибн Къаййим ал-Жаузия]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamhouse.com/152888/ru/ru/articles/Биография_Ибн_Кайима_аль-Джаузийя|title=Биография Ибн Кайима аль-Джаузийя|author=Абу Абдурахман Дагестани|publisher=IslamHouse.com|accessdate=2013-11-23|archive-date=2013-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204152437/http://www.islamhouse.com/152888/ru/ru/articles/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8F|url-status=dead}}</ref><!-- === 8 къо === === 9 къо === === 10 къо === === 11 къо === === 12 къо === === 13 къо ===--> === 14 къо === * {{comment|179 гь.с.|10 июналъ 795 с.}} — хвана [[маликил мазгьаб]] гӀуцӀцӀарав, [[Малик ибн Анас]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://askimam.ru/dir/uchenye_alimy/imam_malik/1-1-0-5|title=Имам Малик|publisher=Аскимам.ру|accessdate=2013-12-19|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221095535/http://askimam.ru/dir/uchenye_alimy/imam_malik/1-1-0-5|url-status=хвараб}}</ref> <!-- === 15 къо === === 16 къо === === 17 къо === === 18 къо === === 19 къо === === 20 къо === === 21 къо === * 702 соналъ — хвана [[Ибну Дакъикъ ал-ГӀид]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assalam.ru/content/story/3255|title=Человек, которым гордится Египет|last=Дациев|first=Абубакр |publisher=assalam.ru|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref>. === 22 къо === === 23 къо === === 24 къо === === 25 къо === === 26 къо === === 27 къо === === 28 къо === === 29 къо === === 30 къо === == Ссылкаби == * {{cite web|url=http://askimam.ru/news/2009-02-22-3|title=Месяц Раби-уль-Авваль|author=Сухайл Тармахомед|date=2009-02-22|publisher=Askimam.ru|accessdate=2013-12-19|archive-date=2014-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913021726/http://askimam.ru/news/2009-02-22-3|url-status=хвараб}} == ХӀужаби == {{хІужаби}} [[Категория:Исламияб календарь]] mxjk6fhbx2yon2dy52y6cbgchg3xq6o Ражаб 0 7697 102271 102029 2026-10-15T02:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Исламияб календарь}} '''Ражаб''' ({{lang-ar|رجب‎‎}}) — [[Исламияб календарь|бусурбабазул календаралъул]] анкьабилеб моцӀ. __NOTOC__ {| border=0 class="toccolours plainlinks" | |- valign= ! ЛӀугьа-бахъинал: |'''[[#1 къо|1]] [[#2 къо|2]] [[#3 къо|3]] [[#4 къо|4]] [[#5 къо|5]] [[#6 къо|6]] [[#7 къо|7]] [[#8 къо|8]] [[#9 къо|9]] [[#10 къо (Ашура)|10]] [[#11 къо|11]] [[#12 къо|12]] [[#13 къо|13]] [[#14 къо|14]] [[#15 къо|15]] [[#16 къо|16]] [[#17 къо|17]] [[#18 къо|18]] [[#19 къо|19]] [[#20 къо|20]] [[#21 къо|21]] [[#22 къо|22]] [[#23 къо|23]] [[#24 къо|24]] [[#25 къо|25]] [[#26 къо|26]] [[#27 къо|27]] [[#28 къо|28]] [[#29 къо|29]] [[#30 къо|30]] [[#22 Баян|Баян]]''' |} === 11 къо === * {{comment|571 гь.с.|25 январалъ 1176 соналъул}} — хвана исламалъул тарихчи [[Ибну ГӀасакир]]а<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamdag.ru/lichnosti/10186|title=Ибн Асакир – учёный Ислама|last=Дациев|first=Абубакр|date=2012-06-19|publisher=islamdag.ru|accessdate=2013-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625043822/http://islamdag.ru/lichnosti/10186|archivedate=2013-06-25|url-status=хвараб}}</ref>. === 13 къо === * {{comment|751 гь.с.|16 сентябралъ 1350 соналъул}} — хвана кӀудтяв гӀалимчи [[Ибн Къаййим ал-Жаузия]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamhouse.com/152888/ru/ru/articles/Биография_Ибн_Кайима_аль-Джаузийя|title=Биография Ибн Кайима аль-Джаузийя|author=Абу Абдурахман Дагестани|publisher=IslamHouse.com|accessdate=2013-11-23|archive-date=2013-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204152437/http://www.islamhouse.com/152888/ru/ru/articles/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8F|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 22 къо === == Ссылкаби == == ХӀужаби == {{хІужаби}} [[Категория:Исламияб календарь]] fum8mx8a52rvk4hyxsqgmjdi6e5nzkc МахӀмуд Жалалудин-апанди ад-Дагъистани 0 7996 102267 100065 2026-10-15T02:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Исламалъул гӀалимчи | ЦӀар = МахӀмуд Жалалудин-апанди Дагъистани | Эбелаб мацӀалъ цӀар = {{lang-tr|Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi Dağıstanî}} |сурат = Hilye Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi.JPG |гӀеблъи = 300px |сураталда цӀар = МахӀмуд Жалалудинил квералъ гьабураб хъвай-хъвагӀай | Гьавураб мехалъ букӀараб цӀар = МахӀмудил Мавдуд | Машгьурав вуго = | Гьабулеб хӀалтӀи = хатӀатӀ, гӀалимчи | Хъулухъал = турк каллиграфиялъул устар | Гьави = 1750 {{ПачБайрахъ|Дагъистан}} | Хвей = 1829 {{ПачБайрахъ|ГІусманиязул империя}} | Пачалихъ = | Миллат = [[МагӀарулал|магӀарулав]] | ВатӀанчилъи = {{ПачБайрахъ|ГІусманиязул империя}} | Эмен = шайих МахIмуд-апанди | Лъимал = | Мадраса, мазгьаб = суннитав | Лъай = | МугІалимзаби = | МутагІилзаби = | Сайт = | Шапакъатал = | Викисклад = }} '''МахӀмуд Жалалудин-апанди Дагъистани''' ({{lang-tr|Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi Dağıstanlı}}, гьав. [[1750]] соналъ) — турк каллиграфиялъул устар, хатӀатӀ, гӀалимчи. == Гьави == Гьавураб тарих мухӀканго лъалеб гьечӀо, амма 1774 соналда хъвараб цо пуланаб мажмугӀалда ругел баяназда рекъон, МахӀмуд­ апанди гьавураб сонлъун рикӀкӀине бегьулеб буго 1750 сон. == ГӀусманиязул империялде ин == Гьев Турциялде вачӀана жиндирго эмен накъшубандияб тӀарикъаталъул шайих МухӀамад-­апандигун цадахъ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi ve Ekolü |url=http://www.kalemguzeli.org/index.php?go=icerikgoster2&MKNO=7&KNO=255 |access-date=2015-07-01 |archive-date=2015-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702050304/http://www.kalemguzeli.org/index.php?go=icerikgoster2&MKNO=7&KNO=255 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. ва гӀумру гьабизе тӀаса бищула ГӀусманиязул империялъул тахшагьар [[Истанбул|Истамбул]]. Рокъоб [[ислам]] диналъул гӀелмаби цӀаларав, гӀараб хатӀалдехун гӀишкъу ккарав ва пагьму бугев МахӀмуд Жалалудиница хӀукму гьабула доб заманалъул машгьурал хатӀатал Ахъ Малла ГӀумар­апанди, МухӀаммад Расим­апандил тӀалиб ГӀабдулатӀип­апанди, Ямакзаде СалихӀ­апанди ва Абубакар Рашид­апанди гӀадал устарзабазухъа дарс босизе. Амма, цо биценалда рекъон, хъачӀаб гӀамал­-хасияталъул, согӀаб тӀабигӀаталъул чи вукӀиналъ, гьез МахӀмуд восун гьечӀо жидедаго цеве цӀализе. Сабур гьабунгутӀиялъе гӀиллалъун магӀаруласе хасиятаб гӀамалкӀодолъиялъул асар жиндилъ букӀиналъ, цониги устарасул дарс, бетӀералдаса байбихьун аххаде щвезегӀан бачун, тӀадкъарал хӀалтӀаби тӀуран, кколеб ижаза босун гьечӀо МахӀмуд Жалалудиница. Гьединлъидал, живго хӀалтӀун, доб заманаялъул турказул машгьурал хатӀатал шайих ХӀамдуллагьил ва хӀапиз ГӀусманил асаразухъ балагьун, хъвадаризе ругьунлъиялъ, жинцаго жиндирго махщел цебетӀезабун ва устарасул даражаялде вахун, цо хасаб стилалъул бетӀергьанасул даражаялде щола МахӀмуд Жалалудин. ГӀелмияб гӀумруялъул байбихьуда гьев магӀарулав турк жамагӀаталда жанив лъалаан МахӀмудил Мавдуд абураб цӀар гъоркь хъварал асараздалъун. Хадуб гьес босана МахӀмуд Жалалудин абураб цӀар. Гьелъие гӀиллаги лъаларо. Устар гьечӀого, живго жинцаго гӀезавун, бищун машгьурав хатӀатлъун вахъарав МахӀмуд Жалалудин­апанди, шайих ХӀамдулагьил ва хӀапиз ГӀусманил хъвай­хъвагӀаязда тӀад халатаб заманалъ хӀалтӀулаго, гьес жиндирго хасаб "Жалали ХатӀ" абураб машгьураб цо къагӀида ургъула ва гьелъул хӀасилалда, "насхӀ" хатӀалъул школалъул бетӀерасул даражаялда гьайбатаб цо къагӀидаялъул бетӀергьанлъун лӀугьуна гьев<ref>[http://www.hatvesanat.com/ekoller/mahmud_celaleddin.html Mahmud Celaleddin Ekolü]</ref>. == Нахъе тараб ирс == [[Файл:Signed Mahmud Celaleddin - Levha (calligraphic inscription) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|260px|МахӀмуд Жалалудинил хатӀ]] [[Файл:Signed Mahmud Celaleddin - Levha (calligraphic inscription) - Google Art Project (591903).jpg|thumb|left|260px|МахӀмуд Жалалудинил хатӀ]] Бечедаб ирс нахъе тана МахӀмуд­апандица. Гьесул цӀакъ берцинаб хатӀалъ хъварал Къуръаналъулги, Къуръаналъул аятазулги ва диниял шигӀрабазул, дугӀабазул тӀахьазги, хъорщодаги, ххамидаги хъварал шигӀрабазул мухъазги, батӀи-­батӀиял хатӀазул мисалал жанире рачарал мажмугӀазги жидерго мустахӀикъаб бакӀ ккун буго турказул музеяздаги коллекциябаздаги. Гьединго гьес нахъе тана некӀсиял хатӀазул асаразда релълъенарун хъварал шигӀрабиги мажмугӀалги. Амма, биценазда рекъон, гьесул цогидаб, «жали сулс» абураб хатӀ букӀун буго дагьабго хъачӀаб, камиллъи гьечӀеб, хӀаракал загӀипаб. Гьеб сабаблъун, гьеб дандекквезе бегьулареб букӀун буго гьесулго заманаялъул машгьурав цогидав хатӀат МустӀапа Ракъимил хӀаракатаб ва хӀалуцараб сурат бугеб гьайбатаб къагӀидаялде. Гьеб гьедин бугониги МахӀмуд­апандил машгьурав тӀалиб МухӀаммад ­ТӀагьирил бихьизабиялда рекъон, султӀан ГӀабдул Мажидица жиндир заманалда МустӀапа Ракъимил нух босараб хатӀатазул цо къокъа МахӀмуд Жалалудин-­апандил нухдасан билълъине тӀамун букӀун буго. Амма падишагь хун хадуса гьезул гӀемерисел жидерго устарасул нухде тӀадруссун руго. «Ислам каллиграфиялъул вакилзаби» абураб макъалаялъул автор МухӀамад ­ТӀагьирица гьадинаб къимат кьолеб буго магӀаруласул махщелалъе: <blockquote>''«ХӀатта бищун ругьунаб, гӀадатаб хӀалтӀицин МахӀмуд Жалалудиница гьабулаан цӀакъ ургъун, кӀваркьун. Жиндирго килщазда къаламги нахъбилълъинабулаго, гьес щибаб хӀарпалъе кьолаан цо хасаб, такрарлъи гьечӀеб гугьар».''</blockquote> Цогидаб асаралда тӀадегӀанаб къимат кьолеб буго устарасул махщалилал къагӀидабазе: <blockquote>''«МахӀмуд Жалалудин вукӀана анцӀила кӀиго батӀияб хатӀалъул бетӀергьанлъун ва жеги цӀиялги ургъулел рукӀана гьес. Гьелда релълъараб жо дунялалда букӀинчӀо. Дагъистанияв вукӀана тӀадегӀанаб къадруялъул ва устарлъиялъул инсан. Гьелъул бицунеб хӀужалъун ккола, гьев вукӀин султан Селим III­-абилесул эбел МихӀрамшагь Валиде СултӀанил хабада, тарихияб мармар ганчӀида гьарурал хъвай­хъвайгӀаязул авторлъун».''</blockquote> ГӀусманиязул империялда билълъараб практикаялда рекъон, падишагьасул пурманал хъвалеб цо хасаб хатӀ букӀун буго – "дивани хатӀ" абураб. Гьеб хатӀалъ МахӀмуд Жалалудиница падишагьасул пурманал хъвалел рукӀанилан абураб жо кибниги хъван гьечӀониги, амма дивани хатӀалъ МахӀмудица хъвараб ва гьес гъоркь квер лъураб цо шигӀруялъ нугӀлъи гьабулеб буго гьев гьеб хасаб хатӀалъулги кӀудияв, бажари бугев устар вукӀараблъиялъе. Гьаниб абизе ккола, МахӀмуд Жалалудин­апандил чӀужу Асма Ибратицаги танин жиндирго цӀар хатӀалъул сангӀаталдайилан. Ахираб заманалда Турциялда гьарурал цӀех­рехазул хӀасилалда ратана МахӀмуд Жалалудин­апандица нахъе тарал гӀемерал асарал: хъорщода, ганчӀида, ххамида, батӀи­батӀиял бакӀазда гьарурал хъвай­ хъвагӀаял, гьесул квералъ хъварал диниял шигӀрабазул мажмугӀал ва гьел гурел цогидалги. Гьединго ратун руго гьесул лъади Асмал ва тӀалиб МахӀмуд­ТӀагьирил квераз хъварал асаралги. == Хвел == [[Файл:Михришах Валиде Султанил тюрбе.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Михришах Валиде СултӀан]]ил [[тюрбе]]. Гьанив вукъун вугин хъвалеб буго МахӀмуд Жалалудин]] Истамбулалда, Босфоралъул рагӀалда бугеб Иставроз районалда хъизангун цадахъ гӀумру гьабулев вукӀарав МахӀмуд Жалалудин­апанди ад­-Дагъистани хвана 1829 соналда (гьижрияб 1245) ва вукъун вуго шайих МахӀмудил дергахӀалъул хабалазда. Гьанже гьев кӀудияв гӀалимчиясул ва хатӀатасул хоб бугеб бакӀ лъалеб гьечӀо, амма гьесул жибго зани цӀунун буго гьеб дергахӀалда. Гьеб зонода [[Туркал-гӀусманиял|гӀусманиязул мацӀалда]] хъван руго гьадинал рагӀаби: '''''Huvel­Hayyul­Baki. Meєayih­i hattatinden Cennetmekan merhum ve mağfur Mahmud Celalledin Efendinin Ruh için el- Fatiha. Sene 1245''''', гьелъул магӀна буго гьадинаб: '''''Абадияв гӀицӀго Дов вуго. ХатӀат шайихзабаздаса Алжаналда бакӀ щварав, рахӀмат насиблъарав ва БетӀергьан тӀасалӀугьарав МахӀмуд Жалалудин­ апандил рухӀалъе гӀоло ал­ПатихӀа. Сон 1245 (1829)'''''. == ХӀужаби == {{ХІужаби}} [[Категория:Дагъистан]] [[Категория:Турция]] [[Категория:Суннитал]] [[Категория:АшгӀариял]] [[Категория:Дагъистаниял апараглъиялда]] imatj70etqa7bkxm0n7yiinie6l201c Халид ибн ГӀабдул ГӀазиз Ал СагӀуд 0 10273 102259 101370 2026-10-15T00:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Пачалихъалъул хӀалтӀухъан |цӀар = <small>Халид ибн ГӀабдул ГӀазиз Ал СагӀуд</small> |аслияб цӀар = {{lang-ar2|خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}} |сурат = King Khalid bin Abdulaziz 1.jpg |гӀеблъи = 280px |сураталда гъоркь хъвай-хъвагӀай = |хъулухъ = [[СагӀудиялъул ханзабазул сияхӀ|СагӀудиязул ГӀарабиялъул хан]] |байрахъ = Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia.svg{{!}}border |хъулухъ байбихьи = [[25 март]] [[1975]] |хъулухъ лӀугӀи = [[13 июнь]] [[1982]] |цеве вукӀарав = [[Фейсал ибн ГӀабдул ГӀазиз Ал СагӀуд|Фейса]] |хадув вачӀарав = [[Фагьд ибн ГӀабдул ГӀазиз Ал СагӀуд|Фагьд]] |тухум = [[СагӀудиял|Ал СагӀуд]] |гьавураб къо-моцӀ = 13.02.1913 |гьавураб бакӀ = {{БакІГьавураб|Ар-Рияд}} |хвараб къо-моцӀ = 13.6.1982 |хвараб бакӀ = {{БакІХвараб|АтІ-ТІаиф}} |эмен = [[ГӀабдул ГӀазиз ибн ГӀабдуррахӀман Ал СагӀуд|ГӀабдул ГӀазиз I]] |эбел = |лъади = |лъимал = '''васал:''' ГӀабдуллагь, Бандар, Фейсал, СагӀд, Фагьд, СагӀуд, ал-Бандари |партия = |лъай = |гӀелмияб даража = |аслияб хъулухъ = [[сиясатчи]] |миллат = [[ГӀарабал|гӀарабав]] |дин = [[ислам]], [[суниял|сунияб мазгьабалъул]] |шапакъатал = {{{!}} {{!}} {{!}}} }} '''Ха́лид ГӀабдул ГӀази́з Ал СагӀу́д''' ({{lang-ar|خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}; [[1913]], {{БакІГьавураб|Ар-Рияд}} — [[1982]], {{БакІХвараб|АтІ-ТІаиф}}) — [[СагӀудиялъул ханзабазул сияхӀ|СагӀудиязул ГӀарабиялъул ункъабилев хан]] [[1975]]—[[1982 сон]]азда.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khalid ibn Abdulaziz Al Saud|url=http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Khalidibn/khalid-ibn-abd-al-aziz-al-saud|work=The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=Columbia University Press|accessdate=7 September 2013|format=6th edition|year=2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928214051/http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Khalidibn/khalid-ibn-abd-al-aziz-al-saud|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Биография == Гьавуна [[Нажд]]алъул амир [[ГӀабдул ГӀазиз ибн ГӀабдуррахӀман Ал СагӀуд|ГӀабдул ГӀазизил]] хъизамалда<ref name=kkf>{{cite web|title=King Khalid database|url=http://www.kingkhalid.org.sa/Gallery/Text/ViewBooks.aspx?View=Page&PageID=45&PageNo=1&BookID=7&cntrlId=1|work=King Khalid Foundation|accessdate=27 May 2012|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084956/http://www.kingkhalid.org.sa/Gallery/Text/ViewBooks.aspx?View=Page&PageID=45&PageNo=1&BookID=7&cntrlId=1|url-status=хвараб}}</ref><ref name=rulers>{{cite web|title=King Khalid|url=http://rulers.org/indexk2.html#khali|work=Rulers|accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref>. Халид лӀугьана валигӀагьдлъун [[1965 сон]]алда, гьеб хъулухъалдаса гьесул вац [[МухӀаммад ибн ГӀабдул ГӀазиз Ал СагӀуд|амир МухӀаммадица]] инкар гьабун хадуб. ТахбакӀалде гӀагарлъизегӀан хӀалтӀана [[Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀи]]ялда. Халид хвана 1982 соналда рекӀел унтиялъул хӀасилалда. Гьесул цӀар кьун буго [[Ар-Рияд]]алъул халкъаздагьоркьосеб аэропорталъе. Гьесда хадуб ханлъун вачӀана гьесул вац [[Фагьд ибн ГӀабдул ГӀазиз Ал СагӀуд|Фагьд]], Хадид чӀаго вугеб заманаялъги пачалихъ цебе бачине кумек гьабулев вукӀарв. == ХӀужаби == {{ХІужаби}} == МугъчӀваял == {{СагІудиязул ГІарабиялъул ханзаби}} {{СагІудиязул ГІарабиялъул ханзабазул хъизан}} [[Категория:СагӀудиязул ГӀарабиялъул ханзаби]] [[Категория:СагӀудиязул ГӀарабиялъул сиясатчагӀи]] [[Категория:СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия]] [[Категория:ХӀижазалъул ханзаби]] ouec6l7i8t2t74okb9im9tivmmyw8n3 Кудали 0 11239 102266 102098 2026-10-15T02:10:53Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Dagestan inhabited locality | av_name = Кудали | other_name = | image_skyline = File:Kudali (2).jpg | image_caption = Кудали росу | district_map = | map_label_position = top | coordinates = | elevation_m = | adm_district_jur = [[Гъуниб мухъ]] | adm_selsoviet_jur = [[Кудали росдал совет]] | adm_selsoviet_type = Росдал совет | adm_ctr_of1 = Кудали росдал советалъул | inhabloc_type = Росу | inhabloc_type_ref = <!-- municipal status --> | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = ''«Кудали росдал совет»'' муниципалаб гӀуцӀи́ | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | mun_admctr_of1_ref = <!--| pop_density= --> | pop_latest = {{ЧР|Кудали|р}} | pop_latest_date = {{ЧР|Кудали|с}} | pop_latest_ref = {{ЧР|Кудали|л}} | population_demonym = Куде́л | ethnicity = [[Аварал]] | website = }} '''Куда́ли''' — [[Дагъистан|Дагъистаналъул]] [[Гъуниб мухъ|Гъуниб мухъалда]] бугеб росу<ref name="RDagestan_admlaw">{{Cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802038531 |title=Закон Республики Дагестан от 10 апреля 2002 года N 16 «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Дагестан» |trans-title= Дагъистаналъул Республикаялъул акт 2002 сонил 10 апрелалдаса N 16 «Дагъистаналъул Республикалъул административиябгун территориалаб гӀуцӀи́ялъул» |access-date=2016-09-23 |archive-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402175449/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/802038531 }}</ref> ва [[Кудали росдал совет|Кудали росдал советалъул]] административияб центр. == Росдал тарих == Кудалиб гӏуцӏун буго ичӏго росабаздасан: Ухичур, Къавохъ, Цӏадгьарихъ, Гъунабазул-Болола, Кӏибичӏараб-Ганчӏихъ, Сидохъ, Укикь, Кӏудаламаарда, Агьадиб, Кьодохъ, Багӏаралъул-Бакъдаб, Гӏенчӏасул-Гъегъ. Гьел росаби нахъа данделъуна, доб заман квешаб заманги букӏун. Доб мехалда цо квещаб заманги букӏун куделдерица базе байбихьана куллаби. Гьединал куллаби рукӏана [[Дарада]], [[Мурада]], [[МагӀлиб|Магӏлиб]], [[Кулиб]]. 1837 соналъ анив вукӏарав цо гӏурусав Костеницкиясда Мурада росулӀ ратун руго 125 сон барав цо херав, гьесул чӏужуялъеги 117 сон букӏун буго, гьездаса ккун рагӏула гьеб росуги, гьезул рукӏана 6 васги 4 ясги. Цо заманаялдасан 100 чи гӏуна гьеб хъизамалдасан. Гьанжеги [[Хъвартихьуни|Хъвартихьуниб]], [[Дарада]], [[Мурада]], [[Тунзиб]], [[МагӀлиб|Магӏлиб]], [[Кулиб]], [[Хъварада]], [[Горгониб]], [[Баганиб]], [[Хъуллиб]], [[СилтӀа]], Укикь, [[ИпутӀа|Ипутӏа]], [[ГӀахъушали|Гӏахъушалиб]] росабазда ругел гӏадамаз Кудалида Кӏудаб росу абулеб буго. Гьел киналго кӏалъалел руго куделдерил гаргаралда, жиб [[Авар мацӀ|авар мацӀалъул]] [[ГӀандалазул сверел|гӀандалазул свералиде]] унеб. Цере рукӏарал куделдерил росабазул бицилин: Укикь цӏар букӏун буго Икикь. ''Ик'' абула куделдерил гаргаралда цӏулакьода. Гьанжеги гьеб бакӏалда руго цӏулакьодул гъутӏби. Ухичурги букӏараб батила «ухи чурулеб бакӏги». ''Цӏадгьарихъги'' ккола «цӏад гьарулеб бакӏ»''.'' Гьанжеги гьеб бакӀалде рачӏула цӏад гьаризе. Сидохъ росуги букӏун буго бищун борхатаб 2005 метра бугеб магӏарда. Гьеб бакӏ букӀана хъаравуллъи гьабулеб бакӏ. Кӏибичӏараб-Ганчӏихъ росуги букӏана кӏибичӏараб ганчӏида. Къавохъ букӏараб росулӀ гьанже куделдерица гӏиял, гӏачи хьихьула. Гъуниб буго Рохьдол-Хъавохъ букӏараб росо. Гьунабазул-Болола букӏараб росу букӏана Ухичурги Кӏибичӏараб-Ганчихъги рукӏарал росабазда аскӏоб. Кӏудаламаарда букӏана Рохьомегӏералда. Гӏенчӏасул-Гъегъ букӏана Агьадиб лъаралда аскӏоб. === Дин === Кудалиб росулӀ киналго гӏадамал бусурбаби ккола. Бусурбан динги куделдерица къабул гьабуна 14 гӏасруялда. Кудалиб росулӀ кӏудияб кӏвар кьолаан гӏелмуялде. 33-ниги гӏалимчи вахъана росулӀ. Гьездаса гьоркьоса бищун цӏарарал гӏалимзаби рукӏана [[Кудалиса ХӀасан|Кӏудияв Хӏасан]], Гьитӏинав Хӏасан, [[Гӏумаржан]], Салман, Давуд ва цогидал гӏалимзаби. Гьанжеги исламияб гӏелмуялъе кӏудияб кӏвар кьолеб буго куделдерица, кудел цӏалана батӏи-батӏиял улкабазда, масала, Мисриялда, [[Сирия|Сириялда]], [[СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия|Сагӏудиялда]] ва цогидал улкабазда. == Миллатазул рикьи == Кудалиб росулӀ киналго [[МагӀарулал|аварал]] руго. === Гӏадамазул къадар === {| class="wikitable" !1869 !1886 !1889 !1896 !1899 !1902 !1904 !1905 !1906 !1913 |- |683 |978 |988 |969 |900 |929 |1029 |930 |934 |919 |} === Гӏадамазул къадар гьанже бугеб === {| class="wikitable" !2000 !2002 !2007 !2010 |- |900 |904 |925 |913 |} == Росу бугеб бакӏ == Кудалиб росу буго [[Дагъистан|Дагъистан республикалъул]] [[Гъуниб мухъ|Гъуниб мухъалда]] бугеб росу. Кудалиб росу буго ралъдал гьумералдаса тӀадегӀан 1463 метралъ. [[Файл:Кудалиб росу.jpg|центр|мини|220x220пкс|Кудалиб росу]] [[Файл:Кудалиб росдал ушкул.jpg|центр|мини| Кудалиб росдал ушкул ]] [[Файл:Тӏаса бахъараб сурат.jpg|центр|мини| Тӏаса бахъараб сурат ]] == Гьава-бакъ == Кудалиб росулӀ хасало цӏакъго цӏорораб бакӏ гуро, риидала багӏарун букӏуна. === '''Цӏар рагӏарал гӏадамал''' === [[Ахӏмадкъади Ахтаев]] - цӏар рагӏарав гӏалимчи, цевехъан. [[Кудалиса ХӀасан|Кудалиса Хасан]] - цӏар рагӏарав гӏалимчи. [[Салманил Мухӏамад]] - цӏар рагӏарав гӏалимчи. [[Жахӏпарилазул Мухӏамад]] - гӏурус пачаясул аскаралъул полковник. [[Кудалиса Гӏумаржан]] - цӏар рагӏарав гӏалимчи. [[Кудалиса Давуд]] - цӏар рагӏарав гӏалимчи. [[Патагӏалиев Халил]] - пизика гӏелмуялъул гӏалимчи. [[Муртаза Хӏасанов Кудалиса]] (1873–1937) [[Хӏасанов Мухӏамадбасир]] - гӏалимчи, Московалда бугеб исламияб университеталъул декан == МугъчӀваял == {{мугъчӀваял}} == Линкал == [http://www.odnoselchane.ru/?sect=406 Односельчане сайталда бугеб росдал тарих] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061234/http://www.odnoselchane.ru/?sect=406 |date=2016-09-19 }} [[:ru:Кудали|Гӏурус википедиялда бахъараб тӏамач Кудалиб хӏакъалъулӀ]] [https://profilib.com/chtenie/80413/amri-shikhsaidov-dagestanskie-svyatyni-kniga-vtoraya-14.php Кудалиб росдал тарих - '''З.А. Магомедова С.Х. Газимагомедова'''] [https://profilib.com/chtenie/80413/amri-shikhsaidov-dagestanskie-svyatyni-kniga-vtoraya-15.php Кудалиб росдал тарих - '''З.А. Магомедова С.Х. Газимагомедова'''] [https://profilib.com/chtenie/80413/amri-shikhsaidov-dagestanskie-svyatyni-kniga-vtoraya-16.php Кудалиб росдал тарих - '''З.А. Магомедова С.Х. Газимагомедова'''] [https://profilib.com/chtenie/80413/amri-shikhsaidov-dagestanskie-svyatyni-kniga-vtoraya-17.php Кудалиб росдал тарих - '''З.А. Магомедова С.Х. Газимагомедова'''] [https://profilib.com/chtenie/80413/amri-shikhsaidov-dagestanskie-svyatyni-kniga-vtoraya-18.php Кудалиб росдал тарих - '''З.А. Магомедова С.Х. Газимагомедова'''] [https://profilib.com/chtenie/80413/amri-shikhsaidov-dagestanskie-svyatyni-kniga-vtoraya-19.php Кудалиб росдал тарих - '''З.А. Магомедова С.Х. Газимагомедова'''] [http://kudali.ucoz.ru/ Юкоз сайталда Кудалиб сайт] [http://wp.wiki-wiki.ru/wp/index.php/Кудали Вики-вики сайталда Кудалиб росдал тарих]{{Хвараб регӀел|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.academia.edu/9217626/УМАР-ДЖАН_И_КУДАЛИ_ВЕРХОВНЫЙ_КАДИЙ_В_ШАМХАЛЬСТВЕ_ТАРКОВСКОМ Цӏар рагӏарав гӏалимчи Гӏумаржанил хӏакъалъулӀ] [http://velib.com/read_book/bez_avtora/dagestanskie_svjatyni_kniga_vtoraja/auly_stolicy_administrativnye_torgovo_remeslennye_centry/kudali_istoricheskijj_ocherk/ Кудалиб росдал тарих]{{Хвараб регӀел|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://kudalib.blogspot.ru/ Блогспоталда Кудалиб сайт] [https://caucasus.date/?id=1773441258 Кудалиб росдал шураялъул вакиллъи] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703152519/https://caucasus.date/?id=1773441258 |date=2022-07-03 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201205061038/http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/59/Kamilov.pdf Кудалиса Кӏудияв Хӏасанил хӏакъалъулӀ] [https://vk.com/kudalisa Вконтакте сайталда] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412222523/http://vk.com/kudalisa |date=2015-04-12 }} {{Дагъистан}} g70abp8locz5nkywt833h47bvtv4q0w Рамсес II 0 12204 102273 101294 2026-10-15T02:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ПиргӀавн |цӀар = Рамсес II ТӀадегӀанав |аслияб цӀар= Усирмаатра-сетепенра Рамсес-Мериамон |сурат = Luxor temple24.JPG |гӀеблъи = 300px |сураталда гъоркь хъвай-хъвагӀай = [[Лукъсур|Лукъсуралда]] бугеб II Рамсесил статуя |периодбайбихьи_=1279 |периодлъугӀи_=июль 1213 сс. н. щ. |коронация_= 31 май 1279 н. щ. |регент_= |регентӀпериодбайбихьи_= |регентӀпериодлъугӀи_= |цадахъ_ханлъи_гьабулев1_= |цадахъ_ханлъи_гьабулев1периодбайбихьи_= |цадахъ_ханлъи_гьабулев1периодлъугӀи_= |цеве вукӀарав_= [[Сети I]] |хадув вачӀарав_= [[МернептахӀ]] |ирсилав_= [[Хаемуас]], [[МернептахӀ]] |комментариял_= |тарихияб период = [[Египеталъул цӀияб ханлъи|ЦӀияб ханлъи]] |наслу = [[Египеталъул анцӀила ичӀабилеб Наслу|XIX Наслу]] |хронология =<br/> * 1279– 1213 н. щ. (66 сон) — Ю. фон Бекератида, K. A. Китченида, Р. Крауссида ва W. Helck-ида рекъон * 1279–1212 н. щ. (67 сон) — Э. Ф. Вентеда рекъон * 1290–1224 н. щ. (66 сон) — Э. Хорнунгида рекъон * 1290–1223 н. щ. (67 сон) — Р. Паркерида рекъон |преномен_= Усирмаатра-сетепенра |преномен_иероглифал = <hiero> ra-wsr-mAat-ra*stp:n- </hiero> |преномен_трансли = wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ stp.n-Rˁ |номен_= Рамсес-Мериамон |номен_иероглифал = <hiero> i-mn:n:N36-ra:Z1-ms-s-sw </hiero> |номен_транслит = Rˁ-msj-sw mrj-Jmn |номен_магӀна = Ра илагьас вижарав, Амуние вокьулев |хор-цӀар_= Канахт Меримаат |хор-цӀар_иероглифал = <hiero> E1:D44-C10-mr </hiero> |хор-цӀар_транслит =kȝ-nḫt mrj-Mȝˁt |небти-цӀар_= Мек-кеметуафхасут |небти_иероглифал = <hiero> G20-V31-I6-t:O49-G45-f:Z7 </hiero> |небти_транслит = mk-Kmt wˁf.-ḫȝswt |меседил цӀар_= Userrenput–aanehktu |меседил цӀар_иероглифал_= <hiero> wsr-s-M4-M4-M4-O29:D44:Z2 </hiero> |меседил цӀар_транслит_= wsr-rnpwt ˁȝ-nḫtw |титул_комментариял = балагье [[Рамсес ТӀадегӀанав#ЦӀар|ЦӀаралде]] |гьавураб къо-моцӀ = 22 февраль(?) 1303 с. н. щ. |гьавураб бакӀ = [[Гъоркьияб Египет]] |хвараб къо-моцӀ = июль [[1213 сон н. щ.|1213 с. н. щ.]] |хвараб бакӀ = [[Пер-Рамсес]], [[Египеталъул цӀияб ханлъи|Египеталъул империя]] |вукъун вуго = [[KV7]] ([[Ханзабазул расалъи]]) |эмен = [[Сети I]] |эбел = [[Туйя (I Сетил чӀужу)|Туйя]] |лъади = 1) [[Нефертари Меренмут]] <br>2) [[Меритамон]] <br>3) [[Иситнофрет]] <br>4) [[Бент-Анат]] <br>5) [[Небеттави]] <br>6) [[Хенутмира]] <br>7) [[Маатхорнефрура]] |лъимал = '''васал:''' [[Амонхерхопшеф]], [[Хаэмуас]], [[МернептахӀ]] <small>ва жеги 100-де гӀунтӀун лъимал</small> (бл. II Рамсесил лъималазул сияхӀ) |миллат = [[Египтянал|Египтянав]] |дин = [[НекӀсияб Египеталъул дин]] |рагъул цӀар = Египеталъул аскаразул цевехъан |аскаралъул тайпа = |бетӀерлъи гьабуна = [[НекӀсияб Египеталъул аскарал|Египеталъул аскар]] |рагъ = ГӀагараб Машрикъалда рагъул кампаниял, [[Рамсес ТӀадегӀанав#Хеттазулгун рагъ|Хеттазулгун рагъ]], [[Кадешалъул рагъ]], [[Рамсес ТӀадегӀанав#Дапур бахъи|Дапур бахъи]] |картуш = Ramesses II cartouches at Tanis.jpg |картушалъул гӀеблъи = |монументал = Абу-Симбел, Абидос<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philae.nu/akhet/ARamsTempl.html |title=Mortuary temple of Ramesses II at Abydos |accessdate=2008-10-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222024716/http://www.philae.nu/akhet/ARamsTempl.html |archivedate=2008-12-22 |df= }}</ref>, [[Рамессеум]], Лукъсур <ref name="Bart">{{cite web |url=http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Temples_of_Ramesses_II.html |title=Temples of Ramesses II |author=Anneke Bart |accessdate=2008-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428001908/http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Temples_of_Ramesses_II.html |archive-date=2008-04-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>, Карнак. |викигъамас = Ramses II |nocat = }} '''Рамсес II'''{{efn|Цогидал [[НекӀсияб египти транслитерация|египти транслитерациязда]] гъорлӀе рачуна '''Рамесес''' ва '''Рамессес''' ( {{langx|grc-x-koine|Ῥαμέσσης}}, {{Transliteration|grc|Rhaméssēs}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Rameses |encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=Wiley Publishing |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/Rameses |access-date=27 април 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183650/http://www.yourdictionary.com/Rameses |archive-date=2 октобер 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} ({{langx|egy|[[wikt:rꜥ-ms-sw|rꜥ-ms-sw]]}}, {{Transliteration|egy|Rīꜥa-masē-sə}},{{Efn|МагӀна "[[Ра]]ца жив гьавурав" [[Египти мацӀ]]алда.}} {{IPA|egy|ɾiːʕamaˈseːsə}}; {{nowrap|{{circa|1303 НЩ – 1213 НЩ}}}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Ramses |encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=Wiley Publishing |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/Ramses |access-date=27 април 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124063401/http://www.yourdictionary.com/ramses |archive-date=24 январ 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> жив '''Рамсес КӀудияв''' абунги лъалев, вукӀана [[НекӀсияб Египет|НекӀсияб Египталъул]] [[пиргӀан]], [[Египталъул анцӀила ичӀабилеб династия|анцӀила ичӀабилеб династиялъул]] лъабабилев. РикӀкӀуна [[НекӀсияб Египет|НекӀсияб Египеталъул]] бищун тӀадегӀанал ва гучал [[пиргӀавн|пиргӀавназул]] цоявлъун<ref name="putnam"/>. Гьесул ирсилаз ва хадусел египтяназ гьесда абулаан "КӀудияв Эменилан" ва "А-нахту", ай ''"Берьенлъи кколев"'', абун. Папирусазда ва монументазда гьединго рехсон вуго ''Сессу'' абун бугеб халкъияб цӀаралдалъуниги. Греказул ицазда гьев рехсон вуго Озимандиас абураб цӀаралда гъоркь ({{langx|grc|Οσυμανδύας}} ''Osymandýas''),<ref>{{cite web |author1=Diodorus Siculus |authorlink1=Diodorus Siculus |title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 1, chapter 47, section 4 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D47%3Asection%3D4 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=2011-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506022136/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D47%3Asection%3D4 |archive-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> жиб Рамсесил ''Усирмаатра Сетепенра'' абун бугеб [[Тахилаб цӀар|тахилаб цӀаралдаса]] лӀъугьараб.<ref name="pdsOzymandias">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/ramses.html|title=Ozymandias|accessdate=2008-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213185559/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/ramses.html|archive-date=2007-12-13|url-status=live}}</ref> КӀудияв рагъухъан II Рамсесица бетӀерлъи гьабуна чанго [[Левант|Леванталде]] гьабураб рагъул экспедициязе, жидедалъун [[КанагӀан|КанагӀаналда]] Египеталъ цӀидасан кверщел гьабураб. Жиндирго бахӀарчилъиялдалъун Рамсесица [[Кадешалъул рагъ|Кадешалъул рагъулӀ]] хвасар гьабуна аскар. Рамсесица ва хеттазул ханас хъвана тарихалда тӀоцебесеб раклил къотӀи, жиндалъун рагъ лӀугӀизабураб. Гьединго гьес гьабуна чанго экспедияция Нубиялдеги, жиндие Байт-ал-Валиялда ва Герф-ХӀусейналда ругел хъвай-хъвагӀабаз нугӀлъи гьабулел. Рамсесица кьучӀ лъуна [[Нилалъул делта|Делтаялда]] [[Пер-Рамсес]] шагьаралъе, жиб Египеталъул тахшагьарлъун ва [[Шам|Сириялде]] гьарурал рагъул кампаниязе базалъун гьабураб. 14 соналъул гӀужалда, жиндир эмен [[Сети I|I Сетица]] гьев гьавуна принц-регентлъун.<ref name="putnam">Putnam (1990)</ref> РикӀкӀуна, Рамсес II пиргӀанлъуде вачӀанин гӀолохъанго, ва, лъалеб жо, Египеталъе нухмалъе гьабуна НЩ 1279 соналдаса НЩ 1213 соналде щвезегӀан.<ref>Rice (1999), p. 165.</ref> [[Манефон|Манефоница]] II Рамсесил пиргӀанлъул мехалъе кьолеб буго 66 сонги 2 моцӀги, жакъасел египтологистаз, некӀсиял иццаздасан лъалеб мухӀканаб къо-моцӀги (БачӀиналъул моцӀалъул 27 къо) кьочӀое босун, рикӀкӀуна гьев тахиде вачӀанин н. щ. 1279 соналъул 31 маялда абун.<ref>von Beckerath (1997), pp. 108, 190</ref><ref>Brand (2000), pp. 302–05</ref> Рамсесица гӀумруда 90 ялъуни 91 сон бай мухӀканаблъун ккола<ref>von Beckerath (1997), pp. 108, 190.</ref><ref>Brand (2000), pp. 302–05.</ref>. II Рамсесица жиндир ханлъиялъул заманалда жаниб тӀобитӀула 13 яги 14 [[ХӀеб-Сед]] (тӀоцебесеб тӀобитӀулаан пиргӀавница 30 соналъ ханлъи гьабун хадуб, хадусел тӀоритӀулаан щибаб лъабго лъагӀалидасан) — тӀокӀав цониги пиргӀавнас тӀоритӀичӀелгӀан гӀемерал<ref>O'Connor & Cline (1998), p. 16.</ref>. Хун хадув, Рамсес II вукъула [[Ханзабазул расалъи|Ханзабазул расалъиялда]] гьабураб хоб-рукъалъув ([[KV7]])<ref>{{cite web|author=Christian Leblanc|url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Gerard_Flament/ramstomb.htm|title=Gerard |accessdate=2008-04-23 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204180741/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Gerard_Flament/ramstomb.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-12-04}}</ref> Гьесул жаназа батула [[Ханзабазул балъгояб рукъ|ханзабазул балъгояб рокъоб]] [[1881 сон|1881 соналъ]], жакъа къоялъ гьеб буго [[Египеталъул музей|Египеталъул музеялда]]<ref>Rice (1999), p. 166.</ref>. == ЦӀар == Рамсес абулеб цӀар буго грек ва латин мацӀалдаса бачӀараб Ра-меси-су ({{Lang-egy2|Rˤ-msj-sw}} абураб египтяназул цӀар, жиндир магӀнаги «Ра илагьас вижарав» абун бугеб. Рамсес ТӀадегӀанасесул жиндирго цӀар (номен) букӀана Рамесису Мериамон абун. Грек мацӀалда [[Диодор Сицилияв|Диодор Сицилияс]] абулеб буго II Рамсесида '''Осимандиас''' абун ({{lang-grc|Ὀσυμανδύας}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simposium.ru/ru/node/9859#_ftnref13|title=1.42-68. Египет: первые цари {{!}} Симпосий Συμπόσιον|publisher=simposium.ru|lang=ru|accessdate=2018-04-25}}</ref>, гьеб цӀарги бачӀун батизе ккола Рамсесит тах цӀар Усирмаатра абураб цӀаралдаса (ялъуни «Uashmuariya» — семитаз хъвалеб букӀараб цӀаралдаса). {{Бахчараб блокалъул бетІер|ЦІарал|Рамка=bold|Ссылка=|бетІералъул_шрифт=|бетІералъул_гьетІи=|бетІералъул_фон=#FFE39B|БетІер=}} {| style="border: 1px solid DarkGray; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%" | colspan="2" |'''ЦӀаралъул тайпа''' | colspan="2" style="border-left: 1px solid DarkGray; border-right: 1px solid DarkGray" |'''ЦӀар иероглифаздалъун''' |'''Транслитерация — МагӀна''' |- style="border-bottom: 1px solid DarkGray; border-top: 1px solid DarkGray" | colspan="5" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF; height:6px" | |- | rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF" |'''«Тах цӀар»'''([[ТӀасияб Египет|ТӀасияб]] ва [[Гъоркьияб Египет|Гъоркьияб]] Египеталъул хан хӀисабалда) | rowspan="15" style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>nswt*bity</hiero> | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-C10-O34</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | ''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ'' — усер-маат-Ра — ''«Рал хӀакъикъаталдалъун къуватав вуго»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-S29-C10</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C177-O34</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C178</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C178-N5*X1:D17</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ tjt-Rˁ'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C178-S38-R19</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ ḥqȝ-Wȝst'' — ''«Рал хӀакъикъаталдалъун къуватав, Уасеталъул хан»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C178-N5:F44</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ jwˁ-Rˁ'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C178-N5*Z1:U7</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ mrj-Rˁ'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-C10-U21:N35-N5::</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ stp.n-Rˁ'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-H6-U21:Z1*N5:N35</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Ca1-N5-F12-U5:D40-X1-H6-N5:U21-:N35-Ca2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-C10-V30:F23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ nb-ḫpš'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-C10-O34:V30-F23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-F12-C10-U21:N35-N5::-F9:X1*Z4-C2-W19</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ stp.n-Rˁ pḥtj-mj-Mnṯw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C59A-U21:N35-N5::</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-Mȝˁt-Rˁ'' |- style="border-bottom: 1px solid DarkGray; border-top: 1px solid DarkGray" | colspan="5" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF; height:6px" | |- | rowspan="20" style="text-align: center; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF" |'''«Жиндирго цӀар»'''([[Ра]]л вас хӀисабалда) | rowspan="20" style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G39-N5::</hiero> | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C59-C12I-N36:F31s*S29s*S29s</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''Rˁ-msj-sw mrj-Jmn'' — ''«[[Ра]] илагьас вижарав, [[Амун|Амуние]] вокьулев»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>M17-Y5:N35:N36-N5:Z1-F31-S29-M23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>M17-Y5:N35:N36-C2-F31-S29-M23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-M17-Y5:N35:U7-F31-S29-M23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-C12-F31-S29-S29-U6</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>M17-Y5:N35:N36-C2-F31s*S29s:O34</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>N5-M17-Y5:N35:N36-F31-S29-S29</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>U6-C12-C2-F31-S29-M23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>M17-Y5:N35:N36-C2-F31-O34:O34</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C12-C2-N36-F31-S29-M23</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Ca1-N5-F31-S29-M23-:Z7-U6-M17-Y5:N35-G7-Ca2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C12-C2-N36-F31s:O34-S38-R8-O28</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''Rˁ-msj-sw mrj-Jmn nṯr-ḥqȝ-Jwnw'' — ''«[[Ра]] илагьас вижарав, [[Амон|Амоние]] вокьулев, [[Иуну|Иунуялъул]] илагьияв бетӀер»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C12-C2-N36-F31-R8-S38-O28-O34:O34</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Ca1-N5-F31-S29-M23-:Z7-U6-M17-Y5:N35-G7-R8-S38-:N29-G7-O28-Z1-Ca2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C12-C2-N36-F31-S29-M23-U7:D21:X1*Z4-W19-C98B</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''Rˁ-msj-sw mrj-Jmn mrwtj-mj-Jtm'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>U6-C12-C2-F31-S29-M23-G36-Y5:W24*W24*W24</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''Rˁ-msj-sw mrj-Jmn wr-mnw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |{{Hiero/картуш|<hiero>C12H:N36-N5:Z1-F31s*S29s:O34</hiero>}} | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''Rˁ-msj-sw mrj-Jmn'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Ca1-S29-S29-:Z4-M23-:Z7-U6-M17-Y5:N35-G7-Ca2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ss(j)-sw mrj-Jmn'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Ca1-S29-S29-:X1-M23-:Z7-Ca2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ss-sw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Ca1-S29-:X1-M23-:Z7-Ca2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''s-sw'' |- | rowspan="28" style="text-align: center; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF" |'''«ХӀарув-цӀар»'''(ХӀарув хӀисабалда) | rowspan="28" style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G5</hiero> | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-C10-U6</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt mrj-Mȝˁt'' — ка-нахт мери-Маат — ''«Къуватаб бугъа хӀакъикъаб бокьулеб»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-Aa11:X1-C10-N36</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралад релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-C177</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралад релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-C10-U6-V30:W4-Z3-W19-X1:I9:Z1:I9-Q3:X1-V28-C18C</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt mrj-Mȝˁt nb-ḥȝbw-sd-mj-jt.f-Ptḥ-Tȝṯnn'' — ''«Къуватаб бугъа, хӀакъикъаталъе бокьулеб, ХӀеб-сед байрамазул бетӀер, жиндирго эмен ПтахӀида релъарав»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-C2-U6</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt mrj-Rˁ'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-C2-Q3:X1-Q3:X1-Z9:D40-N25:X1*Z1:V30-T28-S33*S33:I9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt mrj-Rˁ ptpt-ḫȝst-nb(t)-ḫr-ṯbwj.f'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-V28-D36:Z4-D2-C10</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt ḥˁj-ḥr-Mȝˁt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-S29-N29-A28-R19-X1:O49</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt sqȝj-Wȝst'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-S42-F9*F9:D40</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt sḫm-pḥtj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-F12-S29-F9:F9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt wsr-pḥtj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-G36:F9*F9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt wr-pḥtj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-X1:U15-H8:Z1</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt zȝ-Jtm'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-D34-D2:Z1-F23:I9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt ˁḥȝ-ḥr-ḫpš.f'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-G36:D21-n*xt-Z2:D40-D34-D2-F23:I9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt wr-nḫtw ˁḥȝ-ḥr-ḫpš.f'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-O29V-M23:X1-M17*M17:Z2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt ˁȝ-nsyt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-O29:F7*X1:Z2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt ˁȝ-šfjt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-U39-C10</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt wṯz-Mȝˁt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-F12-T16</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt wsr-ḫpš'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-M44-F16:F16</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt spd-ˁbwj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-N29-A28-S1</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt qȝj-ḥḏt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-V28-A24-N17:V30</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt ḥwj-tȝ-nb'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-S24:O34:D40-N19:N21*N21</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt ṯz-tȝwj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-mn: n:Y1-F34:Z1-S42-F9*F9:X1*X1:D40</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt mn-jb sḫm-pḥtj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-G36:D21-W4:Z2-N36:N19:N21*N21</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt wr ḥȝbw-sd mrj-tȝwj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-S29-D46:N21*Z9:D40-S22:X1*X1-G4</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt sḏ-Sṯtjw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-N35:N5:Z1-:A40-S29-D46:N21*Z9:D40-S22-X1-G4-Z2ss::</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-nḫt n-Rˁ sḏ-Sṯtjw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>E1:D40-E1:N35-S38-S38-S38-C2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''kȝ-n-ḥqȝw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G36:D21-W4-Z1:TWO-W19-C18C </hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wr-ḥȝbw(-sd)-mj-Tȝtnn'' |- style="border-bottom: 1px solid DarkGray; border-top: 1px solid DarkGray" | colspan="5" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF; height:6px" | |- | rowspan="9" style="text-align: center; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF" |'''«Небти цӀар»'''(кӀиябго тажалъул БетӀергьан хӀисабалда) | rowspan="9" style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G16</hiero> | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G20-V31:I6-X1:O49-G45-I9:Z7:D40-N25:X1*Z2ss</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''mk-Kmt wˁf.-ḫȝswt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>Aa15:D36:V31-I6:X1*O49-G45-I9:D40-N25:X1*Z2ss-C2-F31-S29-R8A-W11:D21-U17:Y1-N19:N21*N21</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''mk-Kmt wˁf.-ḫȝswt Rˁ-msj-nṯrw grg-tȝwj'' — ''«Египеталъул БахӀарчи, жиндие ирсалъе чияр вилаятал щварав, илагьазул рижи, жинца кӀиябго ракь рукӀалиде бачарав»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>S29-O43B:Q3-A53-R8-X1:D21:Z4-Y1:N35-L1:D21-A40</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''šzp-nṯrj-n-Ḫprj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G36:D21-F7:X1-G20-V31:I6-X1:O49............</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wr-šfjt mk-Kmt'' — уер-шефит-мек-Кемет — ''«Многоуважаемый защитник Египта»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>S29-Y5:N35:Aa1*U22-Y5:N35:W24*W24*W24-Aa15:O45*X1-M24-N35:X1:I9-M17-Y5:N35:D37-M23-G43-D2-X1:W11*O1:I9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''smnḫ-mnw-m-Jpt-rsj(t)-n-jt.f-Jmn-dj-sw-ḥr-nst.f'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>V71-:Z4-A28-Y1V-D2:Z1-Aa11:X1-C10-W19-N27:X1*Z4-O1:O1</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ḥˁj-ḥr-Mȝˁt-mj-ȝḫtj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>D34-D40:N35-C11-Z1:Z2-E22-S42-G17-F34::</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ˁḥȝ-n-ḥḥw mȝj-sḫm-jb'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>D34-D40:D2*Z1-F23:D40:I9-Aa15:D36:V31-A12*Z3:I9</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ˁḥȝ-ḥr-ḫpš.f mk-mšˁw.f'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>S29-Aa1:A15:D40-F22:D54-M23-W25-N35:F22-Z7*Z4:N17</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''sḫr-pḥw-sw jnj-pḥwj-tȝ'' |- style="border-bottom: 1px solid DarkGray; border-top: 1px solid DarkGray" | colspan="5" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF; height:6px" | |- | rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF" |'''«Меседил цӀар»''' (Маседил ХӀарув хӀисабалда) | rowspan="10" style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G8</hiero> | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>F12-S29-M4-M4-M4-O29:D40:Z2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-rnpwt ˁȝ-nḫtw'' — ''«Саназдалъун къуватав, бергьенлъабаздалъун кӀудияв»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>F12-S29-M4:I8:N33-M4:I8:N33-M4:I8:N33-O29:D36:Y1-n*xt-G45-Z3</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<small>цебе рехсаралда релъараб</small> |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>O29:F23-U6-M17-M17-N19:N21*N21</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ˁȝ-ḫpš mry-tȝwj'' — ''«КӀиябго улкаялда инициативияв ва вокьулев»'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>F12-F23:N36-N19:N21*N21</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wsr-ḫpš mrj-tȝwj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>S42-W19-Z11-R19-A40</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wḫȝ-mj-jmj-Wȝst'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>V28-V28-Z4:D54-:X1-G25-Aa1:Z2ss-S3-F31-S29-S29</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''ḥḥ-ȝḫwt-n-msj-sw'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>S42-Aa15:D40-F23-D46:D21:D40-T10:X1*Z2ss-Z2ss:Z2ss</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''sḫm-ḫpš dr-pḏt-9'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G36:D21-N35:M3-:X1-G45-Aa1:Z2ss-D2:Z1-N25:V30:X1</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wr-nḫtw-ḥr-ḫȝst-nbt'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G36:D21-I9:F40*X1:Z7*Z2-S42-F9*F9:D40</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wr-fȝw sḫm-pḥtj'' |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |<hiero>G45-I9:Z7:D40-N25:X1*Z2ss-D46:D21:D40-D58-N37:X1*Z7-A14:Z2</hiero> | style="border-right:1px solid DarkGray; border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray" |''wˁf.-ḫȝswt dr-bšṯw'' |- style="border-bottom: 1px solid DarkGray; border-top: 1px solid DarkGray" | colspan="5" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF; height:6px" | |- |} {{Бахчараб блокалъул ахир}} == Цересел санал == ===Лъимерлъи ва гӀолохъанлъи=== [[Файл:Egypte_louvre_124_enfant.jpg|мини|ГьитӀинав Рамсесил сурат. Лувр.]] Рамсес гьавуна гӀага-шагарго н. щ. 1303 соналъ, [[Сети I|I Сетил]] ва Туйял хъизаналда. Рамсесие 5 сон бугеб мехалъ, гьесул кӀудияв эмен [[Рамсес I]], цевесев пиргӀавн [[ХӀоремхӀеб|ХӀоремхӀебица]] жиндирго ирсилавлъун вищарав, лӀугьуна [[НекӀсияб Египет|Египеталъул]] [[ПиргӀавн|пиргӀавнлъун]]. Гьес ханлъи гьабула 2 соналъ, ва гьесдаса хадув н. щ. 1290 соналъ пиргӀавнлъун лӀугьуна II Рамсесил эмен [[Сети I]]. ГӀага-шагарго гьебго заманалда, Рамсесил яц росасе кьола Тийя хӀакимчиясе, ханасул къаламчи Амунуахил васлъун вукӀарав, ва II Рамсесил заманалда гьев лӀугьана пиргӀавнасул гӀакълучилъун ва пачалихъалъул хазиначилъун. Тийял хъизаналъул хоб-рукъ батана Саккараялда ХӀоремхӀебил букӀараб тӀоцебесеб хоб-рукъалда аскӀоб. 10 сонил гӀужалда II Рамсесие инсуца кьола хӀурматияб рагъул цӀар — аскаралъул бетӀерав цевехъан, — ва кӀудияб кӀвар кьеялда байбихьула рагъулаб хъулухъалде хӀадури; пиргӀавнасул бищун лъикӀал рагъул хъулухъалъул устарзабаз байбихьула Рамсесида рагъулаб гӀелму малъизе<ref>Tyldesley, op.cit., p.90</ref>. КӀиго соналдасан Рамсес вачуна инсуца Ливиялъул ''"техену"'' ва ''"мешвеш"'' къавмазул чабхъенал чӀезаризе гьарураб рагъул сапаралде, ва гьениб Рамсесица гӀахьаллъи гьабула жиндир тӀоцебесеб рагъулӀ. Хадусеб соналъ Рамсесица гӀахьаллъи гьабула хеттазде данде Шамалда гьабураб рагъулӀ, жиндир хӀасилалда египтяназ, хеттал нахъе къазарун, Кадеш шагьар Египеталъул кверщаликье бачараб. === Инсуда цадахъ ханлъи гьаби === Рамсесие 15 сон бугем мехалъ, [[Сети I|инсуца]] гьев тӀамула жиндаго цадахъ ханлъи гьабулевлъун, гьелъие нугӀлъи гьабизе бегьула инсуца Рамсесие [[Мемфис (Египет)|Мемфисалда]] бараб кӀалгӀаялъ<ref>Tyldesley, op. cit., p. 91</ref>. Гьебго заманалъ Рамсесица рачуна [[Нефертари Меринмут|Нефертари]] ва [[Исетнофрет]]. 16 сонил гӀужалда, II Рамсесица Египеталъул аскаразде нухмалъи гьабулеб букӀуна, ва гьеб заманалъул хъвай-хъвагӀабазда Рамсес рехсон вуго ''"цӀодорав гӀолохъанав цевехъан"'' хӀисабалда. Инсуда цадахъ ханлъи гьабулеб заманалда, Рамсесица къинабула [[Нубия|Нубиялда]] дагьа-макъаб данде рахъин ва гьабула чанго операция ралъдал хъачагъазде данде. Гьединго Рамсесил бетӀерлъуда гъоркь байбихьула Египеталъул бакътӀерхьул гӀурхъаби щула гьаризе ва [[Ливиялъул къавмал|Ливиялъул къавмазул]] чабхъенал къотӀизаризе. Рагъулал ишал гурелги, Рамсесица тӀуралел рукӀуна официалияв делегатасул ишалги, жинде гъорлӀе батӀи-батӀиял монументал раялдаги гьелъия материалал тӀала гьабиги кколе. ==Ханлъи байбихьи== ===Тахиде вачӀин === Н. щ. 1279 соналъ, [[Шему моцӀ|Шему моцӀалъул]] 26 къоялъ, [[Сети I]] накълулъула, нахъисеб къоялъ, [[Шему моцӀ|Шему моцӀалъул]] 27 къоялъ (нилӀер къагӀидаялъ 31 май) Рамсес II лӀугьуна [[НекӀсияб Египет|Египеталъул]] [[ПиргӀавн|пиргӀавнлъун]], жинцаго ханлъи бачунев, гьесие гӀумрудал букӀуна 20 сон. [[НекӀсияб Египеталъул календар|НекӀсияб Египеталъул къо-моцӀал]] нилӀер календаргун данде кквезе кумек гьабула Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 52 соналъ бихьараб [[МоцӀ цӀилъи|моцӀ цӀилъиялъ]], жиб египтологазул цӀех-рехалда рекъон, гьебго Рамсес тахиде вачӀараб Шему моцӀалъул 27 къоялде кколеб. ГӀага-шагарго [[7 Август|7 августалъ]] ([[Ахет моцӀ|Ахет моцӀалъул]] 12-б къо) Рамсесица [[Сети I|эмен]] вукъула, гьелде хӀадурлъиялъ, египтяназул гӀадатазда рекъон, балаан чи хваралдаса 70 къо. Гьелдаса хадуб гьабула Рамсесие коронация ва гьесие кьола [[ПиргӀавнасул титулал|тӀубараб ханасул титулатура]], щуго цӀаралдаса гӀуцӀараб. === Нубиялъул кампания === [[Файл:Ramses_II_charging_Nubians.jpg|мини|240x240пкс|Рамсес II жиндирко колесницаялда нубиязде данде вагъулев.]] [[Файл:Gerf_Hussein.jpg|слева|мини|Джирф ХӀусейналъул килисаялъул бутӀа, Нубия]] Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 2-б соналъ Египеталъул Нубиялда байбихьула кӀудияб данде рахъин, в Рамсесица бухьуна гьенибе кӀудияб рагъулаб сапар, гьесда цадахъ гьенире вукӀуна гьесул кӀиявго вас: [[Амон-хер-хепшеф]] ва [[Хаэмуас]]. Ирем абулеб вилаяталда чӀвала 7000 чи, данде рахъин къинабула. Гьелъи нугӀлъилъун руго Байт-ал-Валиялдаги<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/pa_egypt_bees_beit_el-wali/|title=Beit el-Wali|accessdate=2008-04-21|publisher=University of Chicago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906200351/http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/pa_egypt_bees_beit_el-wali/|archive-date=2008-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ricke & Wente (1967)</ref>, Джирфа-ХӀусейналдаги ва Калабшаялдаги ругел Рамсесил килисаби ва монументал. Байт-ал-Валиялда бугеб килисаялъул жанубияб къадада Рамсес вахъун вуго колесницаялдаги рекӀун нубиязде данде вагъилаго, гьенирго рихьизарун руго гьесул кӀиявго васги колесницабазда рекӀун. === Ливиялъул къавмазда тӀад бергьенлъи кквей === II Рамсесил заманалда Египеталъул кверщел бакътӀерхьудехун букӀуна [[Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъад|Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъдал]] рагӀаллъиялдаса ва гьенире мадугьалихъе кколел ракьазда 300 км-ялъул манзилалда, гъоркьяб къадар, Завият Ум-ал-Рахамалде щун<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zurdig.com/HomeFrame.htm|title=Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham|accessdate=2008-04-07|author=Geoff Edwards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913160440/http://www.zurdig.com/HomeFrame.htm|archive-date=2005-09-13|url-status=live}}</ref>. Гьенил хъули раялъе гӀиллалъун рукӀарал лӀугьа-бахъинал лъалел гьечӀо, амма гьеб вилаяталда Египеталъул кверщел букӀин битӀараблъун ккезе ккола. Ливиязде данде II Рамсесица кӀудиял рагъул экспедициял гьариялъул рагӀа-ракьанде щварал рехсеял гьечӀо, руго гӀамм гьабун рехсарал хъвай-хъвагӀиял, жидеца мугъчӀвай гьабизе бегьулел цо хасал лӀугьа-бахъиназда. [[Асван|Асваналда]] батараб гӀадал стелаязда рукӀине бегьула хъвай-хъвагӀиял. жеги [[Сети I|I Сетил]] заманалдаго Ливиялде гьарурал рагъул сапаразда релъараб информациягун. Гьелъ, батизе бегьулеб жо буго I Сетида ракӀалда букӀун бати Ливиялдаги цӀуниялъул хъулбузул мухъ гьабизе, жиндир заманалда Хорил нухалда рекъон [[Синаялъул бащдаб чӀинкӀиллъи|Синаялда]] гьабураб гӀадаб. ===Шерданал гъури=== Ханлъиялъул 2-б соналъ, II Рамсесица гъурана [[Шерданал|Шерданазул]] ралъдал хъачаъал, жал Египеталъул Ракъдагьоркьосеб ралъадал рагӀаллъиялдаса гӀебеде, ралъдал нухаздасан Египеталде рачӀунел гумузде тӀаде кӀанцӀун, хъачагълъи гьабулел рукӀарал<ref>Grimal (1992), pp. 250–53.</ref>. Шерданазул халкъ бачӀун батизе бегьула Иониялъул ва жанубияб-бакътӀерхьул [[Анатолия|Анатолиялдаса]], ва гьединго [[Сардиния|Сардиниялдаса]]<ref>Drews 1995, p.&nbsp;54: "1840 соналъго египтологазул букӀана бахӀс, жидеца ливиялъул къавмазул цевехъаназе Египеталде тӀаде кӀанцӀизе кумек гьабурал "шималияб рахъалдаса, киналго ракьаздаса рачӀарал" гӀадамал лӀугьиналда сверун. Цо-цо гӀалимзабаз рикӀкӀунаан гьел рукӀанин жалго Ливиялъул къавмалин, цогидаз гьел рикӀкӀунаан Шималияб Кавказалдаса рачӀарал индоевропиял ругин. ТӀоцебе ьединаб пикру загьир гьабуна Эммануэль де Ружеца, жинца бихьизабураб Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъдал шималияб рахъалда ругел ракьазул цӀарал ругин гьел къавмаздасан рачӀаралрукӀин ва Лукка, Эквеш, Турша, Шекелеш ва Шардан къавмазул гӀадамал Лидиялдаса, Ахеялдаса, Тирсенеялдаса (бакътӀерхьул Италия), Сицилиялдаса ва Сардиниялдаса рукӀин. Де Ружеца рикӀкӀунаан Ливиялъул къавмазул цевехъан Мерирал кумекчагӀи — жидеда ралъда чагӀи абулел — рукӀанин мухьдахъ ккурал рагъухъабилъун, щайгурелъул Шерданал гьединал мухьдахъ ккурал рагъухъабилъун рехсон руго Рамсесил ТӀадегӀанасесул ханлъиялъул байбихьудансаго. Гьединлъидал, цо бугеб гочин, жиндир хӀакъалъулӀ Карнакалъул стелаялда рехсон батизе бегьулеб, букӀун буго ливиялъул къавмазул мадугьалихъ бугеб ракьалде тӀаде кӀанцӀизе хӀалбихьи</ref><ref>Gale, N.H. 2011. ‘Source of the Lead Metal used to make a Repair Clamp on a [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic]] Vase recently excavated at Pyla-Kokkinokremos on Cyprus'. In V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka (eds.), ''On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights and Ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions'', Nicosia.</ref><ref>O'Connor & Cline 2003, pp. 112–13.</ref>. Рамсесица аскар ва гуми лъуна ралъдал рагӀалда бищун стратегияб рахъалъ кӀвар бугел бакӀазда. Цин, сабуралда чӀун, Рамсесица рес кьуна хъачагъазе хасал гьезие хӀадурарал гумузде тӀаде кӀанцӀизе, ва хадуб тохлъукье гьезде тӀаде кӀанцӀун, ккуна гьел киналго цо бакӀалда ва гьениб гъурана<ref>Tyldesley (2000), p. 53.</ref>. [[Тинис|Тинисалъул]] стелаялда бицунеб буго, гьел рачӀанин "ралъдал рахъалдасан жидерго гумузда ва гьезде данде чӀезе кӀолев чи вукӀинчӀо" абун. [[Нил|Нилалъул]] гӀурул ахиралда ккараб рагъалдаса хадуб, шерданазу нахъе хутӀарал мукӀурлъун ратизе руго. Гьеб заманалъул монументазда (Кадешалъул рагъалда хурхараздаги) шерданал рихьизарун руго пиргӀавнасул рагъухъабилъун, лълъурдул ругел шлемалгун ва кӀудиял хвалчабигун<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eclectichistorian.net/Griffzungenschwert|title=The Naue Type II Sword|accessdate=2008-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720183900/http://www.eclectichistorian.net/Griffzungenschwert/|archive-date=2008-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref>. Гьеб ралъдал рагъулӀ шерданазда цадахъ пиргӀавнас гъурула шерданазду цадахъ рукӀарал Лукка (L'kkw, хадур рукӀарал ликиял ратизе бегьула) ва Шекъелеш (Šqrsšw) халкъалги. ==Хеттазулгун рагъ== ===ТӀоцебесеб рагъул сапар === ===Кадешалъул рагъ=== ===Дапур шагьар бахъи=== ===Шамалде ва Финикияялде рагъул кампаниял === ===Хадусеб рагъул кампания=== ==Хеттазулгун ракълил къотӀи== ==Хеттазул ханасул ясазулгун ригьин == ==Дунялалъул даран-базар цебе тӀей== Египеталдаги Азиялдаги гьоркьоб лӀугьараб щулияб рекъел лӀугьун хадуб, гьеб регионалда байбихьула кутакалда цебетӀезе даран-базар. ГӀемерисел шагьарал, масала, Угарит гӀадал, гьеб даран-базаралъул хӀасалилалда кӀодолъула ва экономикаяб рахъалъ церетӀола. Египеталдаги Азиялдаги гьоркьор хурхеназеги хиса-басиял ккола. II Рамсесиде щвезегӀан египтянал рагъул сапараздаса хадур давлагун нахъруссунел рукӀун ратани ватӀаналде, Рамсесил заманалдаса байбихьула египтяназ цо-цо [[Шам|Шамалъул]] ва [[ПилистӀин|ПилистӀиналъул]] шагьаразда жидерго чӀей бугб бакӀал гьаризе. ==ХӀеб-Сед== Жинца ханлъи гьабулеб заман 30 соналде бахиндал, Египеталда билъараб гӀадаталда рекъон, Рамсесица тӀобитӀана тӀоцебесеб фестиваль [[ХӀеб-Сед|Сед]] ({{Lang-egy|Ḥb-sd}})<ref name="GEMHedSed">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=334|publisher=The Global Egyptian Museum|accessdate=2008-04-07|title=Sed festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906154922/http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=334|archive-date=2008-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref>. 66 сонил ханлъиялъул бащалъи лӀугӀилалде, Рамсесица батӀи-батӀиял бергьенлъабазул рахъалъ нахъа тана гӀемерисел жинда цере рукӀарал пиргӀавнал. Гьес чӀезабуна рекъел, цӀунана Египеталъул гӀурхъаби, рана гӀемерал ва кӀудиял монументал тӀолго империялда. Гьес Египет лӀугьинабуна тӀегьалеб ва кутакалда цебе тӀураб пачалихълъун. ТӀоцебесеб ХӀеб-Сед, гӀадаталда рекъон, тӀобитӀулаан пиргӀавнас жиндир ханлъиялъул сон 30 бахиндал, ва хадусеб щибаб лъабго лъагӀалидасан. Рамсесица жиндир ханлъиялъул заманалда жаниб тӀобитӀана бокьарав батӀияв пиргӀавнасдаса цӀикӀкӀун ХӀеб-Сед — 13 яги 14<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabworldbooks.com/egyptomania/sameh_arab_sed_heb.htm|title=Renewal of the kings' Reign : The Sed Heb of Ancient Egypt|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106064130/http://www.arabworldbooks.com/egyptomania/sameh_arab_sed_heb.htm|archive-date=2016-11-06|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Архитектуриял проектал гӀумруялде рахъинари== [[Файл:Statua di Ramesse II seduto tra il dio Amon e la dea Mut 10147222g.tif|мини|Ramesses II with [[Amun]] and [[Mut]], [[Museo Egizio]], [[Turin]], [[Italy]]]] [[Файл:Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_(10).jpg|слева|мини|Рамсес II, Лукъсур]] Рамсесица Египеталда ва нубиялда рана гӀемерал монументал ва минаби, гьесул картушал ратизе бегьула гьесде щвелалде рукӀарал монументаздаги<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/nile/nile-XV.html|title=Chapter XV: Rameses the Great|author=Amelia Ann Blandford Edwards|accessdate=2008-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513112609/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/nile/nile-XV.html|archive-date=2008-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref>. Гьесул хӀурматалъул хӀакъалъул бицуна ганчӀида рекӀкӀун гьарурал хъвай-хъвагӀабаз, статуяз, кӀалгӀабаз ва [[Египеталъул магӀбадал|магӀбадаз]] — тӀоцере [[Уасет|Уасеталдаса]] бакътӀерхьудехун бугеб [[Рамессеум|Рамессеумалда]] ругез ва [[Абу-Симбил|Абу-Симбилалда]] ругез. [[НекӀсияб Египет|Египеталда]] ва [[Нубия|Нубиялда]] Рамсесил гӀадал монуменатал рукӀинчӀо цониги гьесда цере рукӀарал пиргӀавназул<ref>Wolfhart Westendorf, Das alte Ägypten, 1969</ref>. Рамсесица кьучӀ лъуна [[Нилалъул Дельта|Дельтаялда]] цӀияб тахшагьаралъе, жиндие [[Пер-Рамсес]], ай "Рамсесил рукъ", абураб цӀар кьураб. Гьелдаса цебе, [[Сети I|I Сетил]] ханлъиялъул заманалдасаго гьеб бакӀалда букӀана риидалил резиденция<ref>Kitchen (1982), p. 119.</ref>. Гьесул мемориалияб магӀбад, жакъа къоялъ [[Рамессеум]] абулеб цӀаралда гъоркь машгьураб, букӀана Рамсесил архитектуриял проектазул байбихьилъун. Проектал гӀумруялде рахъинарулаго, Рамсесица гьел гьарулаан жеги киданиги рукӀинчӀел масштабазда. Жиндир ханлъиялъул лъабабилеб соналъ Рамсесица байбихьана гьелде щвелалде 1500 соналъ ран рукӀарал [[Египеталъул пирамидаби|пирамидабаздаса]] хадуб бищун кутакаб архитектурияб проект. Аза-азар къадахъабазулги, ганчӀил устарзабазулги суратчагӀазулги хӀалтиялдалъун байбихьана тӀолго [[НекӀсияб Египеталъул шагьарал|Египеталъул шагьарал]] хисизабизе. [[Уасет|Уасеталда]] щибаб магӀбадалъе гьабуна реконструкция, тӀаде рана цӀиял бутӀаби, ва гьеб щибалда букӀана Рамсесил къуват ва гьесие бугеб хӀурмат бихьизаби. Жиндирго хӀакъалъулӀ абадияб цӀар ганчӀида хӀутӀизе, Рамсесица лъазабуна ганчӀил устарзабазда гьезул гамачӀгун хӀалтӀулел къагӀидаби хисизареян абун. Гьесде щвелалде ганчӀида бекӀкӀун гьарурлаан гъваридал гурел рельефал, Рамсесица лъазабуна жиндие ганчӀида гьарулел хъвай-хъвагӀабиги сураталги гъваридго гьабеян, гьел хвечӀого рукӀине Гьел проектал гьарулаго, Рамсесица хӀалтӀизаруна гьезул кӀодолъи ва гуч, жиндирго ирсалда тӀад заманалъ кверщел гьабичӀого букӀине ва гьеб гӀасрабаз хвечӀого хутӀизе. Гьединго Рамсесица искусство хӀалтӀизабуна жиндирго къватӀисел пачалихъазда тӀад бергьенлъабазул пропаганда хӀисабалдаги. Гьесул гӀадал гӀемерал статуял гьечӀо цониги пиргӀавнасул. БукӀаниги, Рамсесил картушал руго цересица жиндирго гьарун руго цо-цо цересел пиргӀавназул статуялги, тӀад жиндирго картушалги лъун. ===Пер-Рамсес шагьаралъе кьучӀ лъей=== {{Main|Пер-Рамсес}}<br /> ===Рамессеум=== ===Абу-Симбел=== ===Нубиялда монументал=== ===Нефертарил хоб-рукъ=== ===Хоб-рукъ KV5=== ===КӀудияб статуя=== [[Файл:Egypt-Memphis-Giant-Ramses-II.jpg|мини|II Расесил кӀудияб статуя Мемфисалда бугеб.]] {{Main|II Рамсесил кІудияб статуя}}[[II Рамсесил кӀудияб статуя]], жиндие 3200 сон бугеб, тӀоцебе батана анлъго бутӀаялде бикьун Мемфисалда аскӀоб бугеб магӀбудалда. Гьелъул бакӀлъи буго 83 тонна. 1955 соналъ статуялъе гьабуна реконструкция ва лъуна Къагьиралда бугеб Рамсесил Майданалда. Августалда 2006 соналъул статуя гьениса нахъе босизе ккана машинабазул газал сабаблъун гьелъие хӀинкъи бижидал<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5282414.stm|publisher=BBC NEWS|title=Giant Ramses statue gets new home|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2008-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720194419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5282414.stm|archive-date=2008-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref>. Статуя лъезе ракӀалда буго [[КӀудияб Египеталъул музей|КӀудияб Египеталъул музеялда]] аскӀоб<ref name="ColossalHawass">{{cite web|last=Hawass|first=Zahi|authorlink=Zahi Hawass|title=The removal of Ramses II Statue|url=http://guardians.net/hawass/news/removal_of_ramses_ii_statue.htm|accessdate=2007-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312235259/http://guardians.net/hawass/news/removal_of_ramses_ii_statue.htm|archive-date=2007-03-12|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Хъизан== === Рамсесил лъудби ва лъимал === * '''[[Нефертари Меренмут]]''' — тӀоцеесей лъади, жий Рамсесил ханлъиялъул тӀосебесеб соналъго кӀудияй лъадилъун рикӀкӀуней йикӀарай<ref>{{Книга|автор=Kitchen, K. A.|заглавие=Pharaoh triumphant : the life and times of Ramesses II King of Egypt|ссылка=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9835142|ответственный=|издание=|место=Warminster|издательство=Aris & Phillips|год=1982|страницы=|страниц=272|isbn=0856682152|isbn2=}}</ref> (Амонил кагӀин Небуненефил хоб-рукъоб батараб хъвай-хъвагӀиялда рекъон). Гьей йикӀана [[Уасет|Уасеталдаса]] ханзабазул чукъбузул хъизаналдаса<ref name=":3">{{Книга|автор=John K. McDonald|заглавие=House of Eternity: The Tomb of Nefertari|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=upRQAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=Getty Publications|год=1996|страницы=15|страниц=124|isbn=9780892364152|isbn2=}}</ref>. Пикру буго гьей [[Египеталъул анцӀила микьабилеб Наслу|XVIII наслуялъул]] пиргӀавн [[Ай (пиргӀавн)|Айил]] гӀагарай кколин абун<ref>{{Книга|автор=|заглавие=The Cambridge Ancient History|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=Cambridge University Press|год=1970|страницы=81|страниц=1172|isbn=9780521086912|isbn2=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Книга|автор=Dodson, Aidan|заглавие=The complete royal families of Ancient Egypt|ссылка=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59265536|ответственный=|издание=|место=London|издательство=Thames & Hudson|год=2004|страницы=|страниц=320|isbn=0500051283|isbn2=}}</ref>, амма гьелъие кьучӀал далилал гьечӀо<ref>{{Книга|автор=|заглавие=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=fwQOAQAAMAAJ&q=Nefertari+Ay+knob&dq=Nefertari+Ay+knob&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr1oez6KLfAhVGCywKHVxKAl4Q6AEIVDAG|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=American Research Center in Egypt|год=1984|страницы=60|страниц=240|isbn=|isbn2=}}</ref>. Нефертарилги хеттазул ханасалул чӀужу Пудухеппалги букӀана хъвай-хъвагӀи ва цоцазе сайгъатал ритӀи<ref name=":2">{{Книга|автор=Tyldesley, Joyce|заглавие=Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=Thames & Hudson|год=2006|страницы=|страниц=|isbn=0-500-05145-3|isbn2=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Книга|автор=Joann Fletcher|заглавие=The Story of Egypt|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=MwXABQAAQBAJ&pg=PT272&dq=Meritamen+Ramses's+daughter&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu2MyIjLTXAhUDDJoKHatsDLIQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Meritamen%20Ramses's%20daughter&f=false|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=Hodder & Stoughton|год=2015|страницы=|страниц=552|isbn=9781444785159|isbn2=}}</ref>. Жиндир гьитӀинаб килиса Нефертарие бугеб [[Абу-Симбил|Абу-Симбилалда]] килисаби рай лӀугӀиялда хурхараб байрамалда, гӀага-шагарго н. щ. 1255 соналъ (Рамсесил ханлъиялъу 24 ва 26 саназда гьоркьоб), унтун йигей Нефертари хисула гьелъул яс Меритамоница; Нефертари хола гьебго соналъ<ref name=":1" />. Рамсесил ва Нефертарил васал хола Рамсесидаса цере ва ханлъуде рачӀунаро<ref name=":3" />. Нефертарил лъималлъун рикӀкӀуна<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />. ** вас '''Амонхирвенемеф''' — лъимерлъудаго хола; **'''[[Амонхерхопшеф]],''' киналго II Рамсесил васазул сияхӀазде тӀоцеве рехсон вугев. Рехсон вуго Рамессеумалдаса, Лукъсуралдаса ва Дерраялдаса стандартиял килисабазул сияхӀазда, гьединго туриналъулаб статуялда. **'''Парахерунемеф''' лъала чанго сияхӀалдасан ва Абу-Симбилалъул килисаялда ругел хъвай-хъвагӀабадасан. ГьесулцӀар хъвараб скарабейги буго. ** яс '''[[Меритамон]]''' — Лукъсуралъул сияхӀалда йиго ункъабилей, Абу-Симбилалъул — щуабилей. Бент-Анатго гӀадин, гьей юкъана Ханзабазул лъудбузул расалъиялда, гьелъулги букӀана «ханасул кӀудияй чӀужу» абураб титул, эбел хун хадуб щвараб<ref>{{Книга|автор=Farid Atiya|заглавие=Ancient Egypt|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=lEBiDW0JyyQC&pg=PA240&dq=Who+is+who+in+ancient+egypt+meritamun&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju2I6jlrTXAhXoDZoKHbMfChoQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=meritamun&f=false|издательство=American Univ in Cairo Press|год=2006|страниц=308|isbn=9789771736349}}</ref><ref>{{Книга|автор=Delia Pemberton, Joann Fletcher|заглавие=Treasures of the Pharaohs: The Glories of Ancient Egypt|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&id=YRXlAAAAMAAJ&dq=merit-amun+nefertari&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=meritamun|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=Duncan Baird|год=2004|страницы=150|страниц=234|isbn=9781844830480|isbn2=}}</ref>. Гьелъул сурат цӀурат цӀунун хутӀун буго Абу-Симбилалда, статуя батана Танисалда. **'''Хенуттави''' — II Рамсесил 7-й яс. **'''Мерира''' (Рамери) — II Рамсесил 11-в вас. **'''Мериатум''' — II Рамсесил 16-в вас. **'''Сети''' — 9-в вас. Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 53-б соналъ гьев жеги чӀаго вукӀуна. Карнакалда гьев вихьизавун вуго Дапур шагьар бахъулеб ва рагъулал сценабазда. **'''Бакетмут''', '''Нефертари''' ва '''[[Небеттави]]''' рукӀун ратизе бегьула цогидал лъималлъун. * II Рамсесил кӀиабилей лъадилъун — батизе бегьулеб жо, Нефертари Меренмутида цадахъ, йикӀана '''[[Иситнофрет]]'''. Иситнофрет жиндирго лъималазда цадахъ йихьизаюн йиго гӀемерал монументазда. [[Файл:Bentanat_Louxor.jpg|альт=|мини|285x285пкс|Дочь Рамсеса II — [[Бент-Анат]]]] **'''[[Бент-Анат]]''' — II Рамсесил кӀудияй яс, Лукъсуралда ясазул сияхӀалда бищун цее рехсон йигей. Гьелъул статуял рукӀана [[Синаялъул бащдаб чӀинкӀиллъи|Синаялда]], [[Танис|Танисалад]], Карнакалда, А[[Бу-Симбил|бу-Симбилалда]]. Гьелъул хоб-рукъ буго [[Ханзабазул лъудбузул расалъи|Ханзабазул лъудбузул расалъиялда]]. Бент-анат ханасул кӀудияй чӀужулъун яхъуна инсул ханлъиялъул 25-б соналъ, эбел хун хадуб<ref>{{Книга|автор=Gay Robins|заглавие=Women in Ancient Egypt|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?id=UTSA88SVHCMC&pg=PA205&dq=Meritamun&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi65rb1irTXAhUEDJoKHTt-B8AQ6AEIUzAG#v=onepage&q=Meritamun&f=false|издательство=Harvard University Press|год=1993|страниц=212|isbn=9780674954694}}</ref><ref>{{Книга|автор=Charlotte Booth|заглавие=People of ancient Egypt|ссылка=https://books.google.ru/books?hl=ru&id=BMotAQAAIAAJ&dq=meritamun+nefertari&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=meritamun|ответственный=|издание=|место=|издательство=Tempus|год=2007|страницы=173|страниц=312|isbn=|isbn2=}}</ref>. **'''Рамесесу''' — II Рамсесил 2-в вас. Вихьизавун вуго жиндирго эбелалда ва вац Хаэмуасида цадахъ кӀудияб гьечӀеб скульптурияб группаялда, гьабсагӀат [[Париж|Парижалда]] бугеб, ва гьединго [[Асван|Асваналда]] ва Джибал-ас-Сильсилаялда ругел стеллабазда, Абу-Симбилалъул килисаялда. Гьесие, зун хадуб, гьабураб буго вац Хаэмуасица статуя. Рамесесул [[ушебти]] фигура лъун буго [[Серапеум|Серапеумалда]] II Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 25-б соналъ. **'''[[Хаэмуас]]''' — II Рамсесил 4-в вас, инсуда аскӀоб бищун рагӀи билъаравлъун вукӀарав. Гьес Мемфисалда тӀубалаан ПтахӀил бетӀерав кагӀинасул хъулухъ ва II Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 30-б соналъ гьев лъазавун вукӀана пиргӀанасул ирсилавлъун. Хаэмуса рехсон вуго II Рамсесил лъималазул лъабго сияхӀалда. ГӀолохъанаб зааналда гӀахьаллъи гьабуна Шамалда гьарурал рагъазулӀ, жиндие Рамессеумалда ва Карнакалда ругел суратаз ва хъвай-хъвагӀабаз нугӀлъи гьабулеб. Мемфисалда ПтахӀил бетӀерав кагӀин хӀисабалда, Хаэмуасие нугӀи гьабун буго ушебти фигурабаз, жал Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 16, 26, 30-б ва жеги лъалареб соналъ Аписал (хасал бугъи) рукъиялда хурхун гьарурал. II Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 30-соналдаса 40-б (яги 42-б) соналде щун, Хаэмуасица нухмалъи гьабуна жиндирго инсул ункъго (батизе бегьула щугоги) «лъеберсонил» юбилеязе. ПтахӀил бетӀерав кагӀинасул хъулухъалда Хаэмуасет II Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 55-б соналъ хисула вац [[МернептахӀ|МернептахӀица]]. Хаэмуасил ушебтиял в хоб-рукъал ратана, гьединго Серапеумалда ратана батӀ-батӀиял тӀагӀалаби (каранда ралел, амулетал). Британиялъул музеялда буго гьесул берцинаб статуя. **'''[[Мернептах|МернептахӀ]]''' — II Рамсесил 13-в вас. II Рамсесил ханлъиялъул 55-б соналъ хисула вац Хаэмуас ПтахӀил бетӀерав кагӀинасул хъулухъалда. Гьебго соналъ лъазавула тахалъул исилавлъун ва эмен II Рамсесидаса хадув лӀугьуна пиргӀавнлъун. * '''[[Маатхорнефрура]]''' («Рал берцинлъи бихьулей»; гьелъул хетт цӀар лъаларо) — Рамсесил лъабабилей лъади, хеттазул хан [[Хаттусили III|III Хаттусилил]] кӀудияй яс. Гьезул сиясатаб ригьиналъул акталъ щула гьабуна кӀиябго пачалихъалда гьоркьоб хъвараб [[Египеталда ва хеттазда гьоркьоб ракълил къотӀи|ракълил къотӀи]]<ref>{{Книга|автор=Tyldesley, Joyce A.|заглавие=Ramesses : Egypt's greatest pharaoh|ссылка=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45437460|ответственный=|издание=|место=London|издательство=Penguin|год=2001|страницы=|страниц=225|isbn=0140280979|isbn2=}}</ref>. Маатхорнефрура ячӀана Пер-Рамсесалде 1245 соналъул февралалда<ref>{{Книга|автор=Wilkinson, Toby A. H.|заглавие=The rise and fall of ancient Egypt : the history of a civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra|ссылка=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/619919217|ответственный=|издание=|место=London|издательство=Bloomsbury|год=2010|страницы=340–341|страниц=646|isbn=9780747599494|isbn2=}}</ref>. Цо версиялда рекъон, Маатхорнефрура гӀумру гьабуна йикӀуна ''Mer-wer'' абулеб хӀаремалда (гьанжесеб Гуроб)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/gurob/papyri/maathorneferu.html|title=Papyrus from Gurob|publisher=www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-04-27|archive-date=2012-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908201617/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/gurob/papyri/maathorneferu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>, цогидаб версиялда — гьелъ пиргӀавнасе гьавула вас ва гьелдаса хадуб хекого хола<ref>{{Книга|автор=Tyldesley, Joyce A.|заглавие=Egypt's golden empire : the age of the New Kingdom|ссылка=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47036840|ответственный=|издание=|место=London|издательство=Headline Book Pub|год=2001|страницы=|страниц=304|isbn=0747251606|isbn2=}}</ref>. Маатхорнефрура йихьизаюн йиго жиндирго эмен III Хаттусилида цадахъ стелаялда, жиб Абу-Симбилалъул кӀудияб хӀарамалъул жанисеб залалъул жанубияб къадада бекӀкӀун гьабураб, ва гьединго йихьизаюн йиго II Рамсесида цадахъ гьесул Танисалда бугеб колоссазул цоялдаги. * II Рамсесил 4-й лъадилъун лӀугьуна III Хаттусилил цоги яс, амма гьелъул цӀар лъаларо. * '''[[Хенутмира]]''' («[[Ра]] илагь гӀадай») — II Рамсесил гьитӀинай яц ялъуни яс<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Книга|автор=Schneider, Thomas|заглавие=Lexikon der Pharaonen|ссылка=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49884678|ответственный=|издание=|место=Düsseldorf|издательство=Albatros|год=2002|страницы=270|страниц=327|isbn=3491960533|isbn2=}}</ref>. Гьеб гипотезаялъе далиллъун буго Ватиканалъул музеялда бугеб гьелъул сурат жиндирго эбел Туял, жий гьединго Рамсесилги эбеллъун кколей, статуялда бугеб. Ругел иццазда рекъон, Хенутмирал роль кӀудияб букӀунаро, лъелъул васал рукӀунаро ва гӀумруги букӀуна къокъаб. Юкъула гьей Ханзабазул лъудбузул расалъиялда гьабураб хоб-рокъоб ([[QV75]]) * Лъала II Рамсесил хӀаремалда Бабилалъул ханасул ва Зулапи улкаялъул (Шималияб Сирия) бетӀерасул ясал рукӀараблъи. * Рамсесил гӀемерисел васазул ва ясазул улбузул цӀар лъаларо.У ** '''Монтухерхепшеф''' — II Рамсесил 5-в вас, гӀахьаллъи гьабуна Азиялде гьарурал рагъул сапаразда. Гьесул скарабей буго [[Берлин|Берлиналда]]. Ментухерхопшеф вукӀана чуязда ва колесницабазда тӀад таравлъун. ** '''Небенхару''' — II Рамсесил анлъабилев вас., Дапур шагьар бахъиялда гӀахьаллъи гьабуна. ** '''Мериамун''' — II Рамсесил анкьабилев вас., рехсон вуго Рамессеумалда ва Лукъсуралда, вихьизавун вуго Дапур шагьар бахъиялдау. ** '''Аменемуа''' — II Рамсесил микьабилев вас., вихьизавун вуго Дерраялъул килисалда Сетимуа цӀаралда гъоркь. представлен в храме в Дерре под именем Сетимуа. Гьесги Дапур шагьар бахъиялда гӀахьаллъи гьабуна. ** Лъала гьединго '''Сетепенрал''' (10-в вас), '''Рамерил''' (11-в вас), '''Хорхерунемефил''' (12-в вас) ва цогидал васазул цӀарал. ** '''[[Небеттави]]''' — II Рамсесил яс. Йихьизаюн йиго гьесул колоссалда аскӀой Абу-Симбилалда. Гьелъул [[QV60]] хоб-рукъ буго [[Ханзабазул лъудбузул расалъи|Ханзабазул лъудбузул расалъиялда]]. Абидосалъул хӀарамалъул цебесеб къадада цӀунун хутӀун руго суратал ва цӀарал Рамсесил 59 васасул ва 60 ясалъул, гьездалъун бич8чӀула Рамсесил нилъеда лъалел лъудби гуребги, цогидалги гӀемерал руччаби рукӀин, цо-цояз рикӀкӀиналда Рамсесил рукӀун руго 111 вас ва 67 яс. === II Рамсесил тухум-кьибил === {{XIX Наслуялъул генеалогияб гъветІ}} ==Ханлъиялъул хӀасил== == Хун хадуб== ==Рамсес маданияталда== ==Кинематограф== == Балагье гьединго == * [[Абу-Симбел]] * [[Кадешалъул рагъ]] * [[ПиргӀавназул сияхӀ]] * [[Египеталъул анцӀила ичӀабилеб Наслу]] * [[Озимандиас]] * [[Рамссеум]] ==Референсал== ; Комментариял {{notelist|33em|group="~"}} ; Иццал {{reflist|27em}} ===Библиография=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|last1=Balout |first1 = L.|last2 = Roubet |first2 = C. | last3 = Desroches-Noblecourt | first3 = C.| title=La Momie de Ramsès II: Contribution Scientifique à l'Égyptologie|year=1985}} *{{cite book|last=Bietak|first=Manfred|title=Avaris: Capital of the Hyksos – Recent Excavations|year=1995|publisher=British Museum Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-7141-0968-8}} *{{cite book|last=von Beckerath|first=Jürgen|year=1997|title=Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten|location=Mainz|publisher=Philipp von Zabern}} *{{cite book|last=Brand|first=Peter J.|title=The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsetii0000bran|publisher=Brill|location=NV Leiden|year=2000|isbn=978-90-04-11770-9}} *{{cite book|last=Brier|first=Bob|title=The Encyclopedia of Mummies|publisher=Checkmark Books|year=1998}} *{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Peter|title=Chronology of the Pharaohs|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|year=1994}} *{{cite book|last=Dodson|first=Aidan|author2=Dyan Hilton |title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2004|isbn=978-0-500-05128-3}} *{{cite book|last=Grajetzki|first=Wolfram|year=2005|title=Ancient Egyptian Queens – a hieroglyphic dictionary|publisher=Golden House Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-9547218-9-3}} *{{cite book|last=Grimal|first=Nicolas|title=A History of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim|location = Oxford | publisher=Blackwell|year=1992|isbn=978-0-631-17472-1}} *{{cite book|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth|title=Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/pharaohtriumphan0000kitc_r6r6|year=1983|location=London|publisher=Aris & Phillips|isbn=978-0-85668-215-5}} *{{cite book|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth Anderson|year=2003|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityofo00kitc|location=Michigan|publisher=William B. [[Eerdmans Publishing|Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-8028-4960-1}} * {{cite book|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth Anderson|year=1996|title=Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|isbn=978-0-631-18427-0}} Translations and (in the 1999 volume below) notes on all contemporary royal inscriptions naming the king. * {{cite book|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth Anderson|year=1999|title=Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Notes and Comments. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell Publishers}} * {{cite book|last=Kuhrt|first=Amelie|year=1995|title=The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC|volume=Vol. 1|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]}} * {{cite book|last=O'Connor|first=David|author2=Eric Cline |title=Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1998}} * {{cite book|last=Putnam|first=James|title=An introduction to Egyptology|year=1990|title-link=Egyptology}} *{{cite book | last=Rice|first=Michael|title=Who's Who in Ancient Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinancient0000rice|publisher= Routledge | year = 1999 |isbn=978-0-415-15448-2}} *{{cite book | last1= Ricke|first1=Herbert|title=The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II| author2=George R. Hughes | author3=Edward F. Wente| year=1967}} *{{cite book | last = Rohl | first = David M. | title = Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest | author-link = David M. Rohl | edition = illustrated, reprint | publisher = Crown Publishers | year = 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aeKCAAAAIAAJ | isbn = 978-0-517-70315-1}} *{{cite web |author=RPO Editors |title=Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ozymandias |website=University of Toronto Department of English |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries, University of Toronto Press |url=http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1904.html |accessdate=2006-09-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010122400/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1904.html |archivedate=2006-10-10 |df= }} *{{cite book | last=Siliotti|first=Alberto|title=Egypt: temples, people, gods|year=1994}} *{{cite book | last=Skliar|first=Ania|title=Grosse kulturen der welt-Ägypten|year=2005}} *{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|first=Robert R.|last=Stieglitz|year=1991|title=The City of Amurru|volume=50.1}} *{{cite book|last=Tyldesley|first=Joyce|year=2000|title=Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh|url=https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld_o1b9|location=London|publisher=Viking/Penguin Books}} *{{cite book|last=Westendorf|first=Wolfhart|title=Das alte Ägypten|year=1969|language=de}} * Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 2004 Oct; 55(4):211–17, {{PMID|15362343}} * The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak III: The Bubastite Portal, Oriental Institute Publications, vol. 74 (Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]], 1954 {{refend}} == КъватӀисел линкал == {{Commonscat|Ramses II}} * [https://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/newkingdom/ramesses.html Egypt's Golden Empire: Ramesses II] * [http://www.aldokkan.com/egypt/ramses.htm Ramesses II] * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/ramsesii.html Ramesses II Usermaatre-setepenre (c. 1279–1213 BC)] * [http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/upper/luxorwest/temples/rameses2.html Egyptian monuments: Temple of Ramesses II] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724005332/http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Ramses-II.html List of Ramesses II's family members and state officials] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080924023718/http://www.netnewspublisher.com/remains-of-pharaoh-ramses-ii-temple-discovered-near-cairo-egypt/ Newly discovered temple] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210710204517/https://pharaoh.se/pharaoh/Ramesses-II Full titulary of Ramesses II including variants] * [http://ru-egypt.com/sources/63 Мирный договор между Рамсесом II и хеттским царём Хаттусили III] * [http://ru-egypt.com/library/53 Матье М. Э. Коронация Рамсеса II] * [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=100&callnum=DT57.C2_vol59&object=168 Фотографии мумии Рамсеса II] [[Категория:НекӀсияб Египеталъул пиргӀавнал]] [[Категория:Рамсес II| ]] [[Категория:XIII гӀ. н. щ. пиргӀавнал]] [[Категория:Египеталъул XIX Наслуялъул пиргӀавнал]] [[Категория:н. щ. 1213 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:н. щ. 1300 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:Египеталъул музей]] gdio76ssjfj3ksusaisltz0cr5tpf0l Батуми 0 13656 102263 99312 2026-10-15T01:20:48Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[файл:Flag of Batumi.svg|мини| Батумиялъул байрахъ]] '''Бату́ми''' ({{langx|ka|ბათუმი}}, {{IPA|ka|ˈbatʰumi|pron|Batumi.ogg}}, [[1936 сон]]алде щвезегӀан — '''Бату́м'''<ref name="je">{{ЭЕЭ|10438|Батуми}}</ref>) — ЧӀегӀераб ралъдал рагӀалда бугеб [[Хъизихъ|Хъизихъалъул]] [[шагьар]] ва [[порт]], [[Аджария|Аджариялъул]] тахшагьар. ГӀуцӀула Батуми муниципалитет ва ккола гьанжесеб Гуржиялъул аслияб туристияб центр.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=228&info_id=2263 |title=საქართველოს პრეზიდენტმა მიხეილ სააკაშვილმა ბათუმში ოპერის შენობის მშენებლობას ჩაუყარა საფუძველი |accessdate=2010-10-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119072949/http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=228&info_id=2263 |archivedate=2012-01-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Шагьар машгьураб буго жиндирго тарихияб централдалъунги, туризмалъул районалдалъунги. == География == Шагьар буго ЧӀегӀераб ралъдал бакъбаккул рагӀалда, Кахабер гӀодоблъиялда, ралъдал гьумералдаса 2–3 метраялъ борхалъуда. ГӀоблъиялъул форма буго бащдабмоцӀалда релълъараб, жиб шималияб рахъалдаса бакътӀерхьуде 7 км-ялъ цӀан бегараб. Батумиялъул аслияб бутӀа буго [[Батумиялъул бухта|Батумиялъул бухтаялъулхъ]], жиб Кахабер гӀоболъиялъул шималияб рахъалда, Барцхан ва[[Королисцкали]] лъаразул рагӀалда бугеб. Шагьаралъул гӀаммаб гӀатӀилъи буго 64,94 км².<ref name="Сайт о площади">[http://www.batumi.ge/ge/?page=show&sec=1 Официальный сайт Батуми. Информация о городе.] ''«ქალაქ ბათუმის ტერიტორია შეადგენს 6494,31 ჰექტარი»'' — Город занимает площадь 6494,31 га.</ref><ref name="Рост в 2012"> 2012 соналъ [[Хелвачаур муниципалитет|Хелвачаур муниципалитеталъул]] бутӀаги, гьелдаго цадахъ штгь [[Хелвачаури]] ва штгь [[Махинджаури]], рачана Батумиялде гъорлӀе, гьелъ шагьаралъул халкъалъул къадар цӀикӀкӀана 30 азрго чи тӀадеги, территория кӀодолъана 19-даса 65 км²-де.</ref> (2012 соналде щвезегӀан — 19 км²<ref name="batofgeo">[http://www.batumi.ge/ge/?page=show&sec=30 Официальный сайт города батуми — ზოგადი ინფორმაცია / გეოგრაფიული მდებარეობა]{{ref-ka}}</ref>). === Климат === Батумиялда щибаб лъагӀалил гӀазу-цӀадалъул къадар буго 2 435 мм. Ноябрь буго бищун регьел цӀикӀкӀараб моцӀ (312 мм), май — бищун ракъдалаб (108 мм). Батуми, кинабниги рагӀаллъиялъулаб Аджария гӀадин батӀабахъула [[Ракъадагьоркьосебралъадлъиялъул климат|Ракъадагьоркьосебралъадлъиялъул климаталъул]] тайпабаздалъун (Алисовасул классификация)<ref>{{книга|автор=Хромов С.П., Петросянц М.А.|заглавие=Метеорология и климатология|ссылка=|место=Москва|издательство=Издательство МГУ, Наука|год=2006|страницы=582(513-518)|isbn=5-211-05207-2}}</ref> ва цӀикӀкӀараб термалияб низамалдалъун. [[Кёппенил климатазулаб классификация|Кёппенил классификациялда]] рекъон, Батумиялъул климат буго рагьлилаб субтропикияб ([[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]). Хурхадулаб рагьлил гьоркьохъеб къадар буго 70–80 %.<ref name="batofgeo"/> == Халкъ == Муниципалитет хӀисабалда, шагьаралъул къадар 2020 соналъул 1 январалде буго 169 095 чи<ref name="оценка20152020">{{cite web ru|url=https://geostat.ge/media/31044/1-3---population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx|title=Численность населения Грузии с разбивкой по городам и районам на начало января 2015—2020 гг.|publisher=[https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/41/population Национальная статистическая служба Грузии]|accessdate=2020-05-04 }},</ref> 2014 соналъул халкъалъул къадаралъул хъвай-хъвагӀиялда гьабиялда рекъон шагьаралда вукӀун вуго 152 839 чи<ref name="Перепись2014">{{cite web ru|url=http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|title=Итоги переписи населения Грузии 2014 года (2014 General Population Census Main Results General Information)|subtitle=[http://census.ge/en/results/census 2014 GENERAL POPULATION CENSUS RESULTS]|publisher=Национальная статистическая служба Грузии|accessdate=2016-04-28|lang=en|archive-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808154843/http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>, 2014 соналъул 1 январалде — 161,2 аз. чи.<ref name="Рост в 2012" /><ref name="оценка 1">{{cite web ru|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls|title=Численность населения муниципалитетов и краёв Грузии на начало года в 2000—2016 гг.|publisher=[http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=473&lang=eng Национальная статистическая служба Грузии]|accessdate=29 Април 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625125249/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls|archivedate=2016-06-25|deadlink=yes}}{{ref-en}}</ref> == Архитектура ва гӀарасал == [[Файл:Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary at night, Batumi 2007.jpg|thumb|200px|Батумиялъул архитектура]] [[Файл:Batumi (view from the Radisson Blu hotel, 2012).jpg|thumb|200px|Батумиялъул панорама]] [[Файл:Batumi at night (2013).jpg|thumb|200px|Батуми къаселъухъ]] [[Файл:Building that looks like upside-down White House, Batumi.JPG|thumb|200px|«ХъахӀаб ресторан»]] [[Файл:Batumi University Fontain.jpg|thumb|200px|Фонтан]] [[Файл:Batumi - Pisaturm bei Nacht.JPG|thumb|200px|Батумиялъу архитектура]] == Балагье гьединго == * [[:Категория:Батумиялда гьарурал|Батумиялда гьарурал]] * [[Баку — Батуми нартилнух]] == ХӀужжаби == {{хІужжаби|2}} == РегӀелал == {{Навигация}} * [http://batumi.ge Батумиялъул мэр] * [http://goBatumi.com/ru/home Официальный гид для гостей Батуми] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426134450/http://gobatumi.com/ru/home |date=2018-04-26 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180056/http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2009/margiev_ozero.php Батумская жемчужина] * [http://memoirs.ru/texts/Spesh_IV89_38_11.pdf Спешнев Н. Н. Батум. (Путевой очерк) // Исторический вестник, 1889. — Т. 38. — № 11. — С. 375—393.] [[Категория:Батуми|*]] [[Категория:ЧӀегӀераб ралъдал портал]] [[Категория:Аджария]] [[Категория:Аджариялъул шагьарал]] 3xpg4zam7ugbdtyw4lqkq791pfpqxwi Юго, Виктор 0 14441 102260 100903 2026-10-15T00:57:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Хъвадарухъан |цӀар = Виктор Юго |оригинал_цӀар = Victor Hugo |код =fr |сурат = Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876 - full.jpg |гӀеблъи = |гъоркьхъвай = Юго, [[Этьен Карят]]ил хӀалтӀи, 1876 |жинс = m |гьавидал_цӀар = Виктор-Мари Юго ({{lang-fr|Victor-Marie Hugo}}) |тӀокӀцӀар = |тӀубараб_цӀар = |гьавуна = 26 февраль, 1802 |гьавураб_бакӀ = [[Безансон]], [[Франсиялъул тӀоцебесеб республика|Франсия]] |хвана = |хвараб_бакӀ = [[Париж]], [[Фарансиялъул лъабабилеб республика|Франсия]] |вукъараб_бакӀ = [[Пантеон (Франсия)|Пантеон]] |ватӀанчилъи = {{флагификация|Франсия}} |миллат = [[Парансал|Парансав]] |эмен = [[Джозеф Леопольд Юго]] |эбел = [[Софи Требуше]] |лъади = [[Адель Фуше]] |лъимал = {{Plainlist}} * васал: Леопольд Виктор Юго, Шарль Юго, Франсуа-Виктор Юго * ясал: Леопольдина Юго, Адель Юго |альма_матер = |пиша = {{Hlist| *сиясатчи *драматург *романчи *суратчи *либреттист *эссечи *мемуарчи *хъвадарухъан *иллюстратор *шагІир }} |гьунаралъул_сонал = 1829–1883 |мазгьаб = Романтизм |жанр = {{Hlist| * [[Роман]] *[[поэзия]] *[[театр]] }} |асаразул_мацӀ =[[Паранс мацӀ|Паранс]] |машгьурал_асарал = {{Unbulleted list | ''[[Les Misérables]]'' | ''[[Ruy Blas]]'' | {{nowrap|''[[Нотр-Дамалъул гьодкІичІ]]''}} }} |дебют = |премиял = |шапакъатал = |автограф = |гъулбас = |website = |сайт = |lib = |викитека = |викигъамас = |викицитата = }} '''Виктор-Мари Юго''' ({{lang-fr|Victor Marie Hugo}}, {{IPA-fr|viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo|lang|Victor_Hugo.ogg}}; 26 февраль, 1802 – 22 май, 1885) — романтизмалъул паранс шагӀир, романчи, эссечи, драматург. ==ХӀужжаби== {{Reflist}} ==Иццал== * {{cite book | last=Hugo | first=V. | author2=American Anti-Slavery Society | title=Letters on American Slavery from Victor Hugo, de Tocqueville, Emile de Girardin, Carnot, Passy, Mazzini, Humboldt, O. Lafayette—etc | publisher=American Anti-Slavery Society | series=HeinOnline: Slavery in America and the world: history, culture & law | year=1860 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlREAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7}} * {{cite book | last=Herrington | first=E. | title=The Afterlife of John Brown | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-4039-7846-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HebFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132}} * {{cite book | last=Langellier | first=J.P. | title=Dictionnaire Victor Hugo | publisher=Place des éditeurs | series=Dictionnaires-Atlas-Encyclopédies | year=2014 | isbn=978-2-262-04938-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_peBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT117 | language=fr}} * {{cite web | last=l'Esclavage | first=Mémoires des abolitions de | title=History | website=Road of Abolitions | url=http://en.abolitions.org/index.php?IdPage=1552143712 }} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== * Afran, Charles (1997). [http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134800/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml |date=2017-03-29 }}. Website: Discover France. (Originally published in ''Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia'', 1997, v.9.0.1.) Retrieved November 2005. * [[Joxe Azurmendi|Azurmendi, Joxe]], (1985). [http://www.jakingunea.com/aldizkaria/artikulua/victor-hugo-euskal-herrian/1670 Victor Hugo {{lang|eu|Euskal Herrian|nocat=y}}], ''[[Jakin (magazine)|Jakin]]'', 37: 137–66. Website: Jakingunea. * Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134812/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo001.html “Victor Hugo”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp.&nbsp;11–13.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135319/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo006.html “Hernani”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp.&nbsp;20–23.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bates, Alfred (1906). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135820/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo005.html “Hugo's Cromwell”]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp.&nbsp;18–19.) Retrieved November 2005. * Bittleston, Misha. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024428/http://www.bittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/ "Drawings of Victor Hugo"]. Website: Misha Bittleston. Retrieved November 2005. * Burnham, I.G. (1896). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134930/http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo008.html "Amy Robsart"]. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in ''Victor Hugo: Dramas''. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp.&nbsp;203–06, 401–02.) Retrieved November 2005. * Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001–05). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516093903/http://aol.bartleby.com/65/hu/Hugo-Vic.html "Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte"]. Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Retrieved November 2005. Retrieved November 2005. * Haine, W. Scott (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411025136/http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm "Victor Hugo"]. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Website: Ohio University. Retrieved November 2005. * Karlins, N.F. (1998). [http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/karlins/karlins5-5-98.asp "Octopus With the Initials V.H."] Website: ArtNet. Retrieved November 2005. * Liukkonen, Petri (2000). {{Books and Writers |id=vhugo |name=Victor Hugo}} * Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508103328/http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0226almanac.htm |date=8 May 2006 |title=Victor Hugo }}. Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Retrieved November 2005. * Portasio, Manoel (2009). [http://www.sirwilliam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138%3Avictor&catid=30%3Aspecial&Itemid=2&lang=en "{{lang|pt|Victor Hugo e o Espiritismo|nocat=y}}"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601005156/http://www.sirwilliam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138%3Avictor&catid=30%3Aspecial&Itemid=2&lang=en |date=2016-06-01 }}. Website: Sir William Crookes Spiritist Society. (Portuguese) Retrieved August 2010. * Robb, Graham (1997). [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robb-hugo.html "A Sabre in the Night"]. Website: ''The New York Times'' (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved November 2005. * Roche, Isabel (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080319092617/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=30497 "Victor Hugo: Biography"]. Meet the Writers. Website: Barnes & Noble. (From the Barnes & Noble Classics edition of ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'', 2005.) Retrieved November 2005. * Schneider, Maria do Carmo M (2010). http://www.miniweb.com.br/Literatura/Artigos/imagens/victor_hugo/face_oculta.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134544/http://www.miniweb.com.br/Literatura/Artigos/imagens/victor_hugo/face_oculta.pdf |date=29 March 2017 }}. Website: MiniWeb Educacao. (Portuguese) Retrieved August 2010. * State Library of Victoria (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180659/http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/victorhugo "Victor Hugo: {{lang|fr|Les Misérables|nocat=y}} – From Page to Stage"]. Website: Retrieved July 2014. * Uncited author. [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/EUhugo.htm "Victor Hugo"]. Website: Spartacus Educational. Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited author. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2004/09/20/victor_hugo_timeline_feature.shtml "Timeline of Victor Hugo"]. Website: BBC. Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited author. (2000–2005). [http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/ "Victor Hugo"]. Website: The Literature Network. Retrieved November 2005. * Uncited author. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020128084404/http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm "Hugo Caricature"]. Website: Présence de la Littérature a l'école. Retrieved November 2005. * Barbou, Alfred (1882). ''Victor Hugo and His Times''. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 paperback edition. {{ISBN|0-89875-478-X}} * Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). ''Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader''. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-12245-4}} * Brombert, Victor H. (1984). ''Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel''. Boston: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-93550-0}} * Davidson, A.F. (1912). ''Victor Hugo: His Life and Work''. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition. {{ISBN|1-4102-0778-1}} * Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). {{lang|fr|Adele Hugo: La Miserable}}. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. {{ISBN|0-86492-168-3}} * Falkayn, David (2001). ''Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo''. University Press of the Pacific. {{ISBN|0-89875-465-8}} * Feller, Martin (1988). {{lang|de|Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der Deutsch-Französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland.|nocat=y}} Marburg: Doctoral Dissertation. * Frey, John Andrew (1999). ''A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|0-313-29896-3}} * Grant, Elliot (1946). ''The Career of Victor Hugo''. Harvard University Press. Out of print. * Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). ''Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama''. University of Toronto Press. {{ISBN|0-8020-4322-4}} * Hart, Simon Allen (2004). ''Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo.'' Publish American. {{ISBN|1-4137-1133-2}} * Houston, John Porter (1975). ''Victor Hugo''. New York: Twayne Publishers. {{ISBN|0-8057-2443-5}} * Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), {{lang|fr|Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil}}. Paris: Fayard. {{ISBN|2-213-61094-0}} * Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), {{lang|fr|Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I}}. Paris: Fayard. {{ISBN|2-213-62078-4}} * Ireson, J.C. (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry''. Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-815799-1}} * Maurois, Andre (1956). ''Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo''. New York: Harper & Brothers. * Maurois, Andre (1966). ''Victor Hugo and His World''. London: Thames and Hudson. Out of print. * {{cite book |editor=O'Neill, J |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/102063 |title=Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection |location=New York |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |year=2000}} (contains information on Hugo's drawings) {{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?100364-1/victor-hugo-biography Presentation by Graham Robb on ''Victor Hugo: A Biography'', February 8, 1998], [[C-SPAN]]}} * Robb, Graham (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 paperback edition. {{ISBN|0-393-31899-0}}, ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080512023348/http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/spring99/victorhugo.htm description/reviews at wwnorton.com]) ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{external links|date=June 2021}} {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://cordite.org.au/translations/nashar-hugo/ Two poems by Victor Hugo], ''Cordite Poetry Review'' * [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 France of Victor Hugo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135841/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/ |date=2017-03-29 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408091638/http://www.victorhugo.gg/ Guernsey's official Victor Hugo website] * [http://www.vhfestival.com Guernsey's Victor Hugo International Music Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613054712/http://www.vhfestival.com/ |date=2016-06-13 }} * [http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo Victor Hugo Central] * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT187.HTM Victor Hugo's works]: text, concordances and frequency lists * [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/l/les-miserables/book-summary {{lang|fr|Les Misérables|nocat=y}}] at [http://www.cliffsnotes.com/ CliffsNotes.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130710085447/http://www.3dsrc.com/victorhugo/ Victor Hugo le dessinateur] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411175635/http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ Official site of the {{lang|fr|Société des Amis de Victor Hugo|italic=no|nocat=y}}] * [http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/ Official site of the {{lang|fr|Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux|italic=no|nocat=y}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134917/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/ |date=2017-03-29 }} * {{IBList |type=author|id=117|name=Victor Hugo}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200529014711/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/18322 Portrait of Victor Hugo] at the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]] *[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/9674 Study of Victor Hugo for 'Le panorama du siècle', (Panorama of the Century)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724090114/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/9674 |date=2021-07-24 }} by [[Alfred Stevens (painter)|Alfred Stevens]] at University of Michigan Museum of Art *[[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.hugo|Victor Hugo Collection]]. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. ===Онлайн хӀалтӀаби=== * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/victor-hugo}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=Hugo,+Victor }} * {{FadedPage|id=Hugo, Victor|name=Victor Hugo|author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Victor Marie Hugo}} * {{Librivox author |id=706}} * {{OL author|id=OL107571A}} * [http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2009/06/victor-hugo-at-dawn-tomorrow-from.html English translation of Hugo's ''At Dawn Tomorrow'' ({{lang|fr|Demain, dès l'aube|nocat=y}})] * [http://uclue.com/?xq=924 Translation of Victor Hugo note found in ''Hunchback of Notre Dame'', french edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105055/http://uclue.com/?xq=924 |date=28 March 2017 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130616070620/http://athena.unige.ch/athena/hugo/hugo_voix_interieures.html {{lang|fr|Les Voix intérieures|nocat=y}} – at athena.unige.ch] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=118&t=47140 Translation of The legend of Victor Hugo by Paul Lafargue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170727/http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=118&t=47140 |date=2017-03-27 }} * [http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/general/VAB9908 The Century Was Two Years Old : Victor Hugo] The Lilly Library, Bloomington IN {{Victor Hugo}} {{The Hunchback of Notre Dame}} {{Les Misérables}} {{Angelo, Tyrant of Padua}} {{Marie Tudor}} {{The Man Who Laughs}} {{Académie française Seat 14}} {{Romanticism}} {{Portal bar|Biography|France|Literature|Poetry|Children's literature}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Юго, Виктор}} [[Категория:Виктор Юго| ]] [[Категория:1802 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1885 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул паранс драматургал]] [[Категория:Парижалъул Пантеоналда рукъарал]] [[Категория:Католикияб килиса какулел]] [[Категория:Джерсиялдаса хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:РукӀарал Румалъул католикал]] [[Категория:Паранс хӀаракатчагӀи, чӀвазе къотӀиялде данде чӀарал]] [[Категория:Паранс насраниял мистикачагӀи]] [[Категория:Паранс фантазиялъул хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:Паранс пацифистал]] [[Категория:Лотранигиялдаса парансал]] [[Категория:Гернсеялдаса хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:Морсалъул хъвадаруъъаби]] [[Категория:паранс филгьеленал]] [[Категория:Паранс шагӀирзаби]] [[Категория:Лъабабилеб республикаялъул паранс сенаторал]] [[Категория:Белгиялде ритӀарал паранс хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:Паранс спиритуалистал]] [[Категория:Lycée Louis-le-Grand-алда цӀаларал]] [[Категория:Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly]] [[Категория:Members of the Académie Française]] [[Категория:Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy]] [[Категория:Members of the National Assembly (1871)]] [[Категория:Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic]] [[Категория:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]] [[Категория:Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] [[Категория:French deists]] [[Категория:Deist philosophers]] [[Категория:Party of Order politicians]] [[Категория:People from Besançon]] [[Категория:Philosophical theists]] [[Категория:Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]] [[Категория:Republican Union (France) politicians]] [[Категория:Romantic poets]] [[Категория:Rosicrucians]] [[Категория:Senators of Seine (department)]] [[Категория:University of Paris alumni]] [[Категория:Writers from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]] [[Категория:Writers of Gothic fiction]] [[Категория:Writers who illustrated their own writing]] [[Категория:Viscounts of France]] rhyuidzv93ltmmg7xr2mwaz7rztglxx ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ 0 15477 102258 102246 2026-10-15T00:29:05Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ | image = WWImontage.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = СагӀтинухалда рекъон тӀаса байбихьун: {{flatlist| * [[Бапом]]алде нух [[Соммаялъул рагъел]] лӀугӀун хадуб, 1916 * Британ [[Mark V танк]]аби [[Гьинденбургил линия ]] бахунел, 1918 * {{HMS|Irresistible|1898|6}} гама тӀерхьин Дарданеллазда [[Ралъдал мин|миналде]] тӀаде ккедал, 1915 * Британ [[Викерсил гулларечӀчӀалъул]] речӀчӀарухъаби [[газалде данде маска]]бигун Соммаялда рагъелалъул заманалда, 1916 * Герман [[Albatros D.III]] биплан-роржунал [[Дуэ]]ялда гӀагарлъухъ, Франсия, 1917 }} | date = {{start and end dates|1914|7|28|1918|11|11|df=yes}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) {{Collapsible list | bullets = yes | title = Ракълил къотӀаби |[[Версалалъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 28 юналда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=28|year2=1919}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз ратификация гьабичӀо цониги [[Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференция, 1919|Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялда]] хъварал къотӀаби.}}<!--Since World War I didn't actually end for most states until the Paris Peace Conference treaties were signed...--> |[[Сен-Жермен-ан-Лейялъулаб къотӀи (1919)|Сен-Жермен-ан-Леялъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 10 септембералда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=9|day2=10|year2=1919}}) |[[Нейи-сюр-Сеналъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 27 новембералда, 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=14|year1=1915|month2=11|day2=27|year2=1919}}){{efn|Булгариял гъорлӀлъана Централиял къуватлъабазда 1915 соналъул 14 октобералда.}} |[[Трианоналъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 4 юналда, 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=4|year2=1920}}) |[[Севралъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 10 августалда, 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=8|day2=10|year2=1920}}){{efn|ГӀусманияб империял раилъана Германиялъулгун балъгояб алянсалъе 1914 соналъул 2 августалда 1914. Гьеб рагъулӀе лӀугьна Централиял Къуватлъабазул рахъалда 1914 соналъул 29 октобералда.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазулги Австриялъулги ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Австриялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 24 августалда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=24|year2=1921}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз Австриягин Гьунгариялда рагъ лъазабуна 7{{nbsp}}декембералда 1917 соналъул.}}{{efn|[[Австриялъул ТӀоцебесеб Республика|Австрия]] рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул [[ирсилал пачалихъал|ирсилал пачалихъазул]] цояблъун.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазул ва Германиялъул ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Германиялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 25 авсгусталда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=4|day1=6|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=25|year2=1921}}){{efn|Цолъарал Штатаз Германиялъе рагъ лъазабуна 6{{nbsp}}априлалда, 1917-лъул.}} |[[Цолъарал Штатазул ва Гьунгариялъул ракълилаб къотӀи (1921)|Цолъарал Штатазул — Гьунгариялъул ракълилаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 29 августалда, 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=29|year2=1921}}){{efn|[[Гьунгариялъул къиралат (1920–46)|Гьунгария]] рикӀкӀанеб букӀана Австриягин Гьунгариялъул ирсилал пачалихъазулцояблъун.}} |[[Лозаннаялъулаб къотӀи]]<br />Хъвана 24 юлалда, 1923<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=29|year1=1914|month2=7|day2=24|year2=1923}}){{efn|Although the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the [[Republic of Turkey]], the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.}} }} | place = Европа, Африка, ГӀагараб Машрикъ, ГӀодоцараб Океаналъул чӀинкӀиллъаби, Чин, Гьиндустаналъулаб Океан, Шималияб ва Жанубияб Атлантика | casus = [[Эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀвай]] (28 юн), хадубцун Австрияин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазаби [[Сербиялъул Къиралаталъе]] (28 юл) ва Россиялъ мобилизация гьаби [[Австриягин Гьунгариялде данде]] (29 юл). | territory = {{bulletlist|Европаялда ва ГӀагараб Машрикъалда цӀиял пачалихъал лӀугьин|[[Герман колониалияб империя|Германиялъул колониял]] ва территориял цогидал пачалихъазе кьей, [[ГӀусманияб империя гьоркьоб бикьи]] ва хадусеб [[турказул эркенлъиялъе гӀоло рагъ]], [[dissolution of Austria-Hungary]], the [[October Revolution|collapse of the Russian Empire]] and the [[revolutions of 1917-1923]] }} | result = [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|Алянсалъул]] бергьенлъи | combatant1 = '''[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|Алянсалъул КъуватӀлъаби]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|Лъабабилеб Паранс Республика}} |{{clist|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|{{flag|Британиялъул империя}}}} |{{flagcountry|КӀудияб Британиялъул ва Ирландиялъул Цолъараб Къиралат}} |{{flag|Канада|1905}} |{{flag|Австралия}} |{{flagcountry|Британ Радж}} |{{flagcountry|Британ Цейлон}} |{{flag|ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул доминион|name=ЦӀияб Зеландия}} |{{flag|Newfoundland}} |{{flagcountry|Жанубияб Африкаялъул Цолъи|1912}}}} | {{flagdeco|Россия|1914}} [[Россиялъул империя]]{{Efn|[[ГӀурус Республика]] 1917 соналдаса. [[Болшевикал|Болшевиказул]] хӀукуматалъ хъвана [[Брест-Литовскалъулаб ракълилаб къотӀи|сепаратияб рекъел]] Централиял Къуватлъаигун гьебго соналъул новембералда [[October Revolution|яръидгӀуцӀун хӀакимлъи бахъун]] дагьабго заман иналде.}}<br />{{small|(1917 соналъ-лъагӀан)}} | {{flagcountry|Сербиялъул къиралат}} | {{flagcountry|Белгилъул къиралат|1831}} | {{flagcountry|Япониялъул империя}} | {{flagcountry|Черногориялъул къиралат}} | {{flagcountry|Италиялъул къиралат|1861}} {{small|(1915 соналдаса)}} | {{flag|Цолъарал Штатал|1912}}<br />{{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagcountry|Руманиялъул къиралат}} {{small|(1916 соналдаса)}} | {{flagcountry|Щуабилеб Португал Республика}} {{small|(1916) соналдаса}} | {{flagcountry|ХӀӀиджазалъул къиралат|1917}} {{small|(1916)}} | {{flagcountry|Грециялъул къиралатe|state}} {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagdeco|Таиланд}} [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)#World War I|Siam]] {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | {{flagicon|Чиналъул республика (1912–1949)|1912}} [[Beiyang government|Чин]] {{small|(1917 соналдаса)}} | [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул алянсал|...{{nbsp}}''ва цогидал'']] }} | combatant2 = '''[[Централиял къуватлъаби]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flag|Германиялъул империя}} * {{flag|Австриягин Гьунгария}} * {{flag|ГӀусманияб империя}} * {{flagcountry|Булгариялъул къиралат}} {{small|(1915 соналдаса)}} * [[Централиял къуватлъаби|...{{nbsp}}''во цогиял'']] }} | commander1 = {{plainlist| * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Раймонд Пуанкаре]] * {{nowrap|{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Жорж Клемансо]]}} * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[Георг V]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[H. H. Asquith]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom}} [[Дэвид Ллойд Джорджe]] * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} [[Николай II|Николай II]]{{Executed|Death of the Romanov family}} * {{flagicon|Russian Republic}} [[Georgy Lvov]] * {{flagicon|Russian Republic}} [[Alexander Kerensky]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Victor Emmanuel III]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Vittorio Orlando]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Woodrow Wilson]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Emperor Taishō]] * {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} [[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]]<br />[[Allied leaders of World War I|''and others''{{nbsp}}...]] }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Franz Joseph I]]{{efn|Died in 1916 of pneumonia, succeeded by Charles (Karl) I of Austria}} * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Charles I of Austria|Karl I]] * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed V]]{{efn|Died in July 1918 and succeeded by Mehmed VI}} * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Mehmed VI]] * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Three Pashas]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]]<br />[[Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I|''and others''{{nbsp}}...]] }} | strength1 = '''Кинавниги: 42,928,000''' чи<ref name="Tucker 2005 273">{{harvnb|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}}</ref>{{plainlist| * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} 12,000,000 * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 8,660,000{{efn|Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies}} * {{flagicon|British Empire}} 5,839,000{{efn|Figures are for Britain and her colonies; the dominions and India are listed separately}} * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 5,093,000 * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} 4,744,000 * {{flagicon|British Raj}} 1,680,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} 1,234,000 * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} 800,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} 707,000 * {{flagicon|Canada|1905}} 629,000 * {{flagicon|Australia}} 417,000 * {{flagicon|Belgium}} 380,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} 230,000 * {{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 200,000 * {{flagicon|Union of South Africa|1912}} 136,000 * {{flagicon|Dominion of New Zealand}} 129,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} 50,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}} 50,000 }} | strength2 = '''Кинаниги: 25,248,000''' чи<ref name="Tucker 2005 273" />{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} 13,250,000 * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} 7,800,000 * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 2,998,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 1,200,000 }} | strength3 = '''68,176,000 чи (Кинавнги гӀаммго)''' | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Рагъда хварал''': 5,525,000 * '''Рагъда лӀукъарал''': 12,832,000 * '''Кинавниги:''' 18,357,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA ва MIA * '''ВатӀанчагӀазул:''' 4,000,000}}[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда камиял|''тӀадеги деталал''{{nbsp}}...]] ---- '''Рагъда хварал пачалихъазда рекъон''':<ref name="crb.org">{{cite web|last=Mougel|first=Nadège|title=World War I casualties|url=http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf|work=Centre européen Robert Schuman|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202015715/http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/userfiles/files/REPERES%20%E2%80%93%20module%201-1-1%20-%20explanatory%20notes%20%E2%80%93%20World%20War%20I%20casualties%20%E2%80%93%20EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nash">{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=Jay Robert |title=Darkest Hours |date=1976 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775 |isbn=978-1-59077-526-4 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011655/https://books.google.com/books?id=3KglCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA775 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{plainlist| * {{flagdeco|Russia|1914}} 1,811,000 * {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 1,398,000 * {{flagicon|British Empire}} 1,115,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 651,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} 250,000–335,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} 275,000 * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} 117,000 * {{flagicon|Belgium}} 59,000–88,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} 26,000 * {{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 7,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Montenegro}} 3,000 * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} <1,000 }} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Рагъда хварал:''' 4,386,000 * '''Рагъда лӀукъарал:''' 8,388,000 * '''Кинавниги:''' 12,774,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA and MIA * '''ВатӀанчагӀазул:''' 3,700,000}}[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда камиял|''тӀадеги деталал''{{nbsp}}...]] ---- '''Рагъда хварал пачалихъазда рекъон''':<ref name="crb.org" /><br />{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|German Empire}} 2,051,000 * {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} 1,200,000 * {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} 772,000 * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} 88,000 }} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ''', гьединго лъалеб '''КӀудияб рагъ''' абун ва [[#ЦӀарал|цогидал цӀараздалъунги]], — [[дунялалъулаб рагъ|интернационалияб конфликт]], жибги байбихьараб 1914 соналъул 28&nbsp;юлалда ва лӀугӀараб 1918 соналъул 11&nbsp;новембералда. Гьеб тӀибитӀана [[Европа]]ялъул кӀудияб бутӀаялде, гьединго [[Россиялъул империя|Россиялде]], [[Цолъарал Штатал|Цолъарал Штатазде]] ва [[ГӀусманияб империя|Туркиялде]], ва гьединго унеб букӀана [[ГӀагараб Машрикъ]]алда, [[Африка]]ялда ва [[Азия]]лъул бутӀаялда. [[Хваразул къадаралда рекъон рагъазул ва антропогениял катастрофабазул сияхӀ| тарихалда бищун хвел цӀикӀкӀарал конфликтазул]] цояб, жиндир заманалда, кьурал къиматазда рекъон, рагъда 9 миллион чӀвараб, 5&nbsp;миллионалдаса цӀикӀкӀун ватӀанчилъиял гӀадамал оккупация, бомбагъинаби, ракъи ва унтаби сабаблъун хвараб.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=xv}} ГӀусманияз гьабураб [[Тарихалда жаниб геноцид (ТӀоцебеселдаса кӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъалде щвезегӀан)|геноцид]] ва рагъул заманалъ комбатантазул багъа-бачариялъ тӀибитӀизабураб 1918 соналъул [[Испан грипп]]алъул пандемия сабаблъун тӀолго дунялалда хвана чанго миллион чи.{{Sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}}{{Sfn|Williams|2014|pp=4–10}} 1914 соналъ [[КӀудияб къуватлъи|КӀудиял къуватлъаби]] рикьун рукӀана цоцаде данде чӀараб кӀиго алянсалде: [[Лъабгоязул Антанта]], жинда гъорлӀ [[Британиялъул империя|КӀудияб Британия]], [[Лъабабилеб Паранс Республика|Франсия]] ва [[Россиялъул империя|Россия]] ругеб, ва [[Лъабгоязул Алянс (1882)|Лъабгоязул Алянс]], [[Германиялъул империя|Германиялдасаги]], [[Австриягин Гьунгария|Австриягин Гьунгариялдасаги]], [[Италиялъул къиралат|Италиялдасаги]] гӀуцӀараб. Балкъаназда букӀараб хӀалуцин ботӀроде бахана 1914 соналъул 28 юналда Босниялдаса сербав Гаврило Принципица Австриягин Гьунгариялъул варисав, эрцгерцог [[Эрцгерцог Франц Фердинанд чӀвай|Франц Фердинанд чӀван хадуб]]. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ гӀайиб гӀунтӀизабуна Сербиялде, ва цоцада рухьарал алянсаз къуватлъаби цӀана дипломатиял дандрайиязул сериялде, жал [[юлалъул кризис]] абун лъалел. Австриягин Гьунгариялъ рагъ лъазабуна [[Сербиялъул къиралат|Сербиялда]]; Россия бахъана Сербия цӀунизе, в 4 августалде конфликт тӀибитӀана Германиялде, Парансалде ва КӀудияб Британиялде гьезул колониалиял империялгун цадахъ. Новембералда [[ГӀусманилазул пачалихъ|ГӀусманияб империялъги]], Германиялъги Австриялъги гӀуцӀана [[Централиял къуватлъаби]], [[Лондоналъулаб къотӀи-къай (1915)|1915 соналъул априлалда]] абуни Италия (жиб Централиял къуватлъабазул цояб букӀараб) ана КӀудияб Британиялъулги, Франсиялъулги, Россиялъулги, Сербиялъулги рахъалде [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъул алянсал|Алянсалъул къуватлъи]] хӀисабалда. КӀиго фронталда рагъда цебе 1914 соналъ германиязул стратегия, [[Шлиффенил план]] абун жиндир цӀар араб,{{Sfn|Zuber|2011|pp=46–49}} букӀана цин Франсиялда тӀад бергьенлъи босизе, хадур жидерго къуватал [[Бакъбаккул Европа|бакъбаккуде]] рехизе ва Россия рагъулӀа бахъизе. Гьелъул жо ккечӀо Франсиялде цереин [[Марнаялда тӀоцебесеб рагъел|Марнаялда чӀезабиялъ]]; 1914 соналъул ахиралде кӀиябго рахъ цоцаде данде чӀун букӀана [[БакътӀерхьул фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|бакътӀерхьул фронталда]] — гьеб букӀана [[Ингилис Канал|Ла-Маншалдаса]] [[Швейцария|Швейцариялде]] щвезегӀан халатбахъараб траншеязулаб мухъ, жиб 1917 соналде щвезегӀанги кӀудияб хисичӀеб. Гьелде дандеккун, [[Бакъбаккул фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|бакъбаккул фронт]] букӀана хисардулеб: Австриягин Гьунгариялъ ва Россиялъ цин рахъулел рукӀана чӀахӀиял территориял, хадур гьел гьезухъа унел рукӀана. Цогидал кӀвар бугел театразда гъорлӀе унел рукӀана [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалъул ГӀагараб Машрикъалъулаб театр|ГӀагараб Машрикъ]], [[Италияб фронт (ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ)|Алпазулаб фронт]] ва [[Балкъанияб театр|Балкъанал]], рагъулӀе Булгарияги, [[Руманиялъул къиралат|Руманияги]], [[Грециялъул къиралат|Грецияги]] цӀан. Алянсалъ рагъулабгин ралъдалаб блокада лъеялъ лӀугьараб дефицит сабаблъун, 1917 соналъул авалалда Германиялъ гӀорхъи гьечӀеб лъекьаб рагъ байбихьана, гьелъул хӀасилалда 1917 соналъул 6 априлалда церегӀан нейтралиял рукӀарал [[Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьин (1917)|Цолъарал Штататал рагъулӀе лӀугьана]]. 1917-лъул [[Октобералъул революция|Октобералъул революциялъул]] хӀасилалда Россиялда хӀакимлъм бахъана [[Болшевикал|болшевиказ]] ва рекъел хъвана 1918 соналъул марталда [[Брест-Литовскалъул къотӀи-къай|Брест-Литовскалда хъвараб сепаратияб къотӀиялда]] рекъон, гьелдалъун германиязул аскаразул кӀудияб къадар эркенлъана бакъбаккул фронталдаса. Гьел бакътӀерхьул фронталде реххулаго, Германиялъул генералияб штабалъул хьул букӀана тӀубан бергьенлъи босизе, американ кумекалъ рагъалъел иналде асар гьабилалде, ва гьез байбихьана [[Германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум|германиязул ихдалилаб гьужум 1918 соналъул марталда]]. Байбихьуда битӀ ккканиги, кватӀичӀого гьеб чӀчӀезабуна захӀматал камиязги ачуяб дандечӀеялъги; августалда алянсчагӀаз байбихьана нускъойил гьужум, германиязул аскар хӀалуцун данде чӀолеб букӀаниги, гьелда тӀокӀаб кӀвечӀо гьезул тӀаде рачӀин чӀезабизе.{{Sfn|Sheffield|2002|p=251}} 1918 соналъул ахиралда Централиял къуватлъабаз байбихьана рикьа-риххун ине; 29 септембералда Булгариялъ хъвана рекъел, 31 октобералъ — гӀусманияз, 3 новембералъ абуни — Австриягин Гьунгариялъ. Живго цо ххутӀарав, рокъоб [[Герман революция (1918–1919)|революциягун]] ва аскар питнадиналда хӀинкъараб хӀалгун дандчӀварав [[Вилгьелм II|Вилгьелм кайзерас]] инкар гьабуна тахидаса 9 новембералда, ва цӀияб герман хӀукуматалъ заманалъе рекъел хъвана 1919 соналъул 11 новембералда, рагъелазе ахирги лъун. [[Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференция (1919–1920)|1919-лъул Парижалъулаб ракълилаб конференциялъ]] къурал къуватлъабазда хъвазаруна батӀи-батӀиял къотӀи-къаял, жидер бищун цӀар араблъун [[Версалалъулаб къотӀи]] букӀараб. Россиялъул, Германиялъул, ГӀусманиязул ва Австриягин Гьунгариялъул империял риххиялъ лӀугьана гӀемерал [[1917–1923 соназул революциял|революциял]], гӀуцӀана чиядарачӀел пачалихъал, гьезда гъорлӀ Полша, Чехословакия ва Югославия. Жакъа къоялъги тӀасан бахӀс бугел гӀиллаби, рагъазда гьоркьоб периодалъ баккараб хисарди инабизе бажарунгутӀи сабаблъана [[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]] байбихьиялъе 1939 соналъ. == ЦӀарал == == Цебетарих == == Багьанаби == == Рагъул ин == Сербиялъул кампания Цералъул рагъ 29 июля-11 август-Австро-Венгриял Аскар гӀарада бай  байбихьана северияб цадахъ севералъул бакътӀерхьул рахъалдехунисалги Сербиялда, хадуб кӀвана гӀарада бай гьабизе, бан системагун понтонных мостазул ахчихъа Сава и Дрина == ХӀасилал == == Технология == == Рагъулал такъсирал == == Солдатияб хӀалбихьи == == Рагъалъул рахъкквей == == Рагъалде дандечӀей == == Рагъулаб хъулухъалде ахӀи == === Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТӀоцебесеб рагъалда === Дагъистаналъул чотӀахъабазулин (яги ГӀалхулаб дивизия) цӀар лъураб кӀиго полк машгьурлъана гьеб рагъда букӀана. Амма гьенир хъулухъ гьабулел рукӀун руго дагъистаниял гурелги, Кавказалъул цогидал халкъалги<ref name="orient">{{cite web |url = https://avariya.wixsite.com/orient/av/post/%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB-%D1%82i%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0 |title = Дагъистаниял Дунялалъул ТIоцебесеб рагъалда |author = Даку Зургъалов |date = 19.03.2022 |work = Онлайн-журнал «Ориент» |publisher = avariya.wixsite.com/orient |accessdate = 2022-04-04 |lang = av |archiveurl = |archivedate = }}</ref>. [[1852 сон]]алдаго гӀурус пачаясул генерал Аргутинский-Долгоруковас кьураб гӀакълу букӀун буго пачаясе гьеб – [[Имам Шамил|имам Шамилида]] дандечӀезелъун хас гьабун дагъистанияздасан полк гӀуцӀизе. Гьедин гьелда гъорлӀе рачун руго Шамилидаса рази гьечӀел магӀарулалги, бидулалги, имамасе хиянатлъарал чагӀиги. Гьедин гьеб полк дунялалъул тӀоцебесеб рагъдаго гӀадин, гӀурусазулгун япониязул рагъдаги, гӀурусазулгун турказул рагъдаги гӀахьаллъун буго. Гьенив гӀахьаллъарал дагъистаниязул цоявлъун шагӀир [[ХъахӀабросолъа МахӀмуд]]ги ккола<ref name="orient"></ref>. == Дипломатия == == Ирс ва ракӀалде щвей == == Ралагье гьединго == * [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъалда хурхарал темабазул сияхӀ]] * [[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъул рагъалъул хӀакъалъулӀ хъвай]] {{clear right}} == Баянкьелал == {{Notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} == Библиография == <!--This list is too long already, please make any additions in the linked list articles rather than here.--> <!--DO ''not'' SIMPLY ADD BOOKS ABOUT WORLD WAR I HERE—ADD THEM TO "LIST OF WORLD WAR I BOOKS".--> '''''Ингилис мацӀалда''''' {{Refbegin|30em}} === Иццал === * {{cite book |last=Axelrod |first=Alan|author-link=Alan Axelrod |title=How America Won World War I |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4930-3192-4 |year=2018}} * {{cite book |last=Ayers |first=Leonard Porter |author-link=Leonard Porter Ayres |title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1919 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=OCLC01187647 |page=1111}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Bade |first1=Klaus J. |last2=Brown |first2=Allison (tr.) |title=Migration in European History |url=https://archive.org/details/migrationineurop0000bade |series=The making of Europe |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-18939-8 |oclc=52695573}} (translated from the German) * {{cite magazine |last=Baker |first=Kevin |title=Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth |periodical=Harper's Magazine |date=June 2006}} * {{cite book |last=Ball |first=Alan M. |title=And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20694-6}}, reviewed in {{cite journal |last=Hegarty |first=Thomas J. |title=And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 |date=March–June 1998 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223328/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2013 |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223328/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-38678108.html |date=9 May 2013 }} (via Highbeam.com) * {{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Michael B|title=Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0253008657}} * {{cite book |last=Barry |first=J.M. |author-link=John M. Barry |title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john }} * {{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary Jonathan |title=Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=2002 |pages=424 |isbn=978-0-691-09278-2 |oclc=248021790}} * {{cite book|last=Beckett|first=Ian|title=The Great War|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar191419180000beck_v6h7|year=2007|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8}} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Dale |title=No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915–1918 |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-74027-291-9 |oclc=62514621 |publisher=Ginninderra Press |location=Charnwood, Australia}} * {{cite book |last=Brands |first=Henry William |author-link=H.W. Brands |title=T.R.: The Last Romantic |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-465-06958-3 |oclc=36954615 |url=https://archive.org/details/trlastromantic00bran }} * {{cite book |first=Gail |last=Braybon |title=Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=hFqZcQmlOBsC |page=8}} |date=2004 |publisher=Berghahn Books |page=8 |isbn=978-1-57181-801-0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Judith M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1994 |title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/modernindiaorigi0000brow |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873113-9}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Malcolm|year=1998|edition=1999|title=1918: Year of Victory|publisher=Pan|isbn=978-0-330-37672-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Butcher |first1=Tim |year=2014 |title=The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War |url=https://archive.org/details/triggerhuntforga0000butc |publisher=Vintage |edition=2015 |isbn=978-0-09-958133-8}} * {{cite book |last=Chickering |first=Rodger |title=Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgermanyg0000chic |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-83908-2 |oclc=55523473}} * {{cite book|last=Christie|first=Norm M|year=1997|title=The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918|url=https://archive.org/details/canadiansatcambr0000chri|publisher=CEF Books|isbn=978-1-896979-18-2}} * {{cite book |last=Clayton |first=Anthony |title=Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918|publisher=Cassell|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-304-35949-3}} * {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Charles Upson |title=Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea |url=http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml |publisher=Dodd, Mead |location=New York |year=1927 |oclc=150789848 |access-date=6 November 2008 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008231407/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Christopher |author-link=Chris Clark (historian) |title=The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061146657 |url-access=registration |year=2013 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-219922-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Cockfield |first=Jamie H. |year=1997 |title=With snow on their boots: The tragic odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France during World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/withsnowontheirb0000cock |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-22082-2}} * {{cite book |first=Edward M. |last=Coffman |title=The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/wartoendallwars00coff |date=1969 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-631724-3 |edition=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Conlon |first=Joseph M. |url=http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf |title=The historical impact of epidemic typhus |publisher=Montana State University |access-date=21 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213940/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2010 }} * {{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim|title=Ireland in the 20th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/irelandintwentie0000coog|year=2009|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-09-941522-0}} * {{cite journal |last=Cook |first=Tim |title=The politics of surrender: Canadian soldiers and the killing of prisoners in the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_2006-07_70_3/page/637 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=70 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=637–665 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0158 |s2cid=155051361 }} * {{cite book|last=Cooper|first=John Milton|title=Woodrow Wilson: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonbio0000coop|year=2009|publisher=Alfred Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-26541-8}} * {{cite book |last=Crisp |first=Olga |title=Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinrussian0000cris_a6i9 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-333-16907-0}} * {{cite book |last=Cross |first=Wilbur L. |title=Zeppelins of World War I |publisher=Paragon Press |location=New York |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55778-382-0 |oclc=22860189}} * {{cite book|first=David|last=Crowe|title=The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ONDZngEACAAJ}}|year=2001|publisher=Research and Education Association|isbn=978-0-87891-710-5}} * {{cite book |last=DiNardo |first=Richard |title=Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/invasionconquest0000dina |year=2015 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-4408-0092-4}} * {{cite book |last=Djokić |first=Dejan |title=Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992 |location=London |publisher=Hurst |year=2003 |oclc=51093251}} * {{cite book|last=Donko|first=Wilhelm|title=A Brief History of the Austrian Navy|publisher=epubli GmbH|year=2012|isbn=978-3-8442-2129-9}} * {{cite book |author1-link=Robert A. Doughty |last=Doughty |first=Robert A. |year=2005 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=vZRmHkdGk44C}} |title=Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War |isbn=978-0-674-01880-8 |publisher=Harvard University Press }} * {{cite journal|last=Dumitru|first=Laurentiu-Cristian|title=Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I|volume=1|year=2012|journal=Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest|url=https://revista.unap.ro/index.php/bulletin/article/view/163-172/0|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091440/https://revista.unap.ro/index.php/bulletin/article/view/163-172/0|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |last=Dupuy |first=R. Ernest and Trevor N. |title=The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History |edition=4th |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-06-270056-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu }} * {{cite book |last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |title=Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War |series=Contributions in Military Studies |volume=201 |year=2001 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-31516-9 |oclc=43481698}} * {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Leslie |title=Future of Iraq, Israel-Palestine Conflict, and Central Asia Weighed at International Conference |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=24920 |publisher=UCLA International Institute |date=2005 |access-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524084407/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=24920 |archive-date=24 May 2008 }} * {{cite book |last=Falls |first=Cyril Bentham |author-link=Cyril Falls |year=1960 |title=The First World War |publisher=Longmans |location=London |oclc=460327352 |isbn=978-1-84342-272-3}} * {{cite book |last=Falls |first=Cyril Bentham |author-link=Cyril Falls |year=1961 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwar0000cyri |publisher=Capricorn Books |location=New York |oclc=1088102671}} * {{cite book |last=Farwell |first=Byron |author-link=Byron Farwell |year=1989 |title=The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwarinafrica0000farw |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-30564-7}} * {{cite book |last=Fay|first=Sidney B|title=The Origins of the World War; Volume I|edition=2nd |date=1930}} * {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson |title=The Pity of War |url=https://archive.org/details/pityofwar00ferg |year=1999 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-05711-5 |oclc=41124439}} * {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |title=The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900143112395 |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59420-100-4}} * {{cite book |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Finestone |first2=Robert K. |last2=Massie |title=The last courts of Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/lastcourtsofeuro0000fine |year=1981 |publisher=JM Dent & Sons |isbn=978-0-460-04519-3}} * {{cite book |last=Fromkin |first=David | author-link = David Fromkin |title=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East |year=1989 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8050-0857-9 |title-link=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East}} * {{cite book |last=Fromkin |first=David |title=Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914? |url=https://archive.org/details/europeslastsumm00from |year=2004 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-41156-4 |oclc=53937943}} * {{cite book |last=Gelvin |first=James L. |author-link=James L. Gelvin |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War |url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-85289-0 |oclc=59879560}} * {{cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |title=Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7566-5578-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran }} * {{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Randal |last2=Argyle |first2=Christopher |year=1990 |title=Chronicle of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleoffirst0000gray |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0-8160-2595-4 |oclc=19398100}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000gilb |publisher=Stoddart Publishing |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7737-2848-6}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=The First World War: A Complete History |publisher=Owl Books |location=Clearwater, Florida |year=2004 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-8050-7617-2 |oclc=34792651}} * {{cite book |last=Goodspeed |first=Donald James |title=The German Wars 1914–1945 |place=New York |publisher=Random House; Bonanza |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-517-46790-9}} * {{cite book |last=Gray |first=Randal |title=Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive |url=https://archive.org/details/kaiserschlacht190000gray_q0e7 |publisher=Osprey |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-85532-157-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Green |first=John Frederick Norman |title=Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson |journal=Geological Society Quarterly Journal |volume=94 |year=1938}} * {{cite book |last=Grotelueschen |first=Mark Ethan |title=The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-86434-3}} * {{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Paul G. |title=A Naval History of World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/navalhistoryofwo0000paul |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-85728-498-0 |oclc=60281302}} * {{cite book |last=Hardach|first=Gerd|year=1977|title=The First World War, 1914–1918|publisher=Allne Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-1024-7}} * {{cite book |last=Harris |first=J.P. |title=Douglas Haig and the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/douglashaigfirst0000harr |publisher=CUP |location=Cambridge |edition=2009 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-89802-7}} * {{cite book |last=Hartcup |first=Guy |author-link=Guy Hartcup |title=The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_C0-ASZ-462 |publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-08-033591-9}} * {{cite book |last=Havighurst |first=Alfred F. |title=Britain in transition: the twentieth century |url=https://archive.org/details/britainintransit0004havi |edition=4th |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-226-31971-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Heller |first=Charles E. |title=Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience, 1917–1918 |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |publisher=Combat Studies Institute |year=1984 |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp |oclc=123244486 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205655/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp |archive-date=4 July 2007 }} * {{cite journal|last=Herwig|first=Holger|title=The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered|url=https://archive.org/details/international-history-review_1988-02_10_1/page/68|journal=The International History Review|volume=10|issue=1|year=1988|pages=68–105|doi=10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469|jstor=40107090}} * {{cite book |last=Heyman |first=Neil M. |title=World War I |series=Guides to historic events of the twentieth century |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-313-29880-6 |oclc=36292837 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwari00heym }} * {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Michael |series=The First World War |volume=4 |title=The Mediterranean Front 1914–1923 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |pages=60–65 |isbn=978-0-415-96844-7 |oclc=52375688}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hinterhoff |first=Eugene |title=The Campaign in Armenia |encyclopedia=Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I |editor-last=Young |editor-first=Peter |volume=ii |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=1984 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-86307-181-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=T.M. |title=Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 |journal=[[War in History]] |volume=XXI |issue=2 |date=April 2014 |pages=194, 211 |issn=1477-0385}} * {{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Richard |year=1996 |title=The Ottomans |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/OTTOMAN/OTTOMAN1.HTM |publisher=Washington State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008042702/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/OTTOMAN/OTTOMAN1.HTM |archive-date=8 October 1999 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book|last1=Horne|first1=Alistair|title=The Price of Glory|url=https://archive.org/details/priceofglory0000alis|date=1964|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-017041-2|edition=1993}} * {{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=John |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |title=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |url=https://archive.org/details/germanatrocities00horn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |oclc=47181922}} * {{cite book |last=Hovannisian |first=Richard G. |author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian |title=Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/armeniaonroadtoi00hova |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-520-00574-7 }} * {{cite journal |first=N.P. |last=Howard |title=The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_german-history_1993-06_11_2/page/161 |journal=German History |year=1993 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=161–188 |doi=10.1093/gh/11.2.161 }} * {{cite book |last=Hull |first=Isabel Virginia |author-link=Isabel Virginia Hull |title=Absolute destruction: military culture and the practices of war in Imperial Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/absolutedestruct00hull |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8014-7293-0}} * {{cite book |last=Humphries |first=Mark Osborne |chapter="Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Geoffrey |editor2-last=Iarocci |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Bechthold |editor3-first=Mike |title=Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment |url=https://archive.org/details/vimyridgecanadia0000unse |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-88920-508-6}} * {{cite book |last=Inglis |first=David |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf |title=Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years |publisher=Simon Fraser University |location=Burnaby |year=1995 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183818/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Julian |title=A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle |date=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1-84614-351-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Jad |last2=Hosh |first2=Leonardo |title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East |url=http://www.oranim.ac.il/courses/meast/water/Roots+of+the+Water+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928053605/http://www.oranim.ac.il/courses/meast/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm |archive-date=28 September 2006 |date=7–9 May 1992 |location=University of Waterloo |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Edgar |author-link=Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer) |title=Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting |url=https://archive.org/details/fullcirclestoryo0000john |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-304-35860-1 |oclc=45991828 |publisher=Cassell |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Howard |title=Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofpower00jone |publisher=Scholarly Resources Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8420-2918-6 |oclc=46640675}} * {{cite magazine |last=Kaplan |first=Robert D. |title=Syria: Identity Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan |magazine=The Atlantic |date=February 1993 |access-date=30 December 2008 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211629/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1993/02/syria-identity-crisis/303860/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Karp |first=Walter |title=The Politics of War |year=1979 |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-06-012265-2 |oclc=4593327}} * {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |author-link=John Keegan |title=The First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000keeg_u3g1 |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-09-180178-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Keenan |first1=George |title=The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War |date=1986 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-1707-0}} * {{cite book |last=Keene |first=Jennifer D |title=World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwari0000keen |series=Daily Life Through History Series |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwari0000keen/page/5 5] |isbn=978-0-313-33181-7 |oclc=70883191}} * {{cite journal |last=Kernek |first=Sterling |date=December 1970 |title=The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1970-12_13_4/page/721 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=13 |issue=4 |jstor=2637713 |pages=721–766 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00009481}} * {{cite book |last=Kitchen |first=Martin |title=Europe Between the Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/europebetweenwar0000kitc_w7s7 |location=New York |publisher=Longman |year=2000 |orig-year=1980 |isbn=978-0-582-41869-1 |oclc=247285240}} * {{cite book |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary |year=2005 |location=Washington DC |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-09504-4 |oclc=57422232 |doi=10.17226/11150 |pmid=20669448 |others=Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats |editor-last1=Knobler |editor-first1=S. L. |editor-last2=Mack |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Mahmoud |editor-first3=A. |editor-last4=Lemon |editor-first4=S. M.}} * {{cite book |last=Kurlander |first=Eric |year=2006 |title=Steffen Bruendel. 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Tauris |chapter=How it all began&nbsp;– A concise history of Lebanon |title=A House of Many Mansions&nbsp;– the history of Lebanon reconsidered |chapter-url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/ |isbn=978-1-85043-091-9 |oclc=224705916 |access-date=11 March 2008 |archive-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403005824/http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Schindler |first=J. |title=Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916 |journal=War in History |volume=10 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=27–59 |doi=10.1191/0968344503wh260oa|s2cid=143618581 }} * {{cite journal |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914 |journal=War in History |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=159–195 |year=2002 |doi=10.1191/0968344502wh250oa |s2cid=145488166 }} * {{cite book|last=Schreiber|first=Shane B|year=1977|edition=2004|title=Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War|publisher= Vanwell|isbn= 978-1-55125-096-0}} * {{cite book |last=Shanafelt |first=Gary W. |title=The secret enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German alliance, 1914–1918 |year=1985 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-080-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretenemyaustr00shan }} * {{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Fred R. |last2=Epstein |first2=Joseph |title=The Yale Book of Quotations |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-10798-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300107982 }} * {{cite book |last1=Sheffield |first1=Gary |title=Forgotten Victory |date=2002 |publisher=Review |isbn=978-0-7472-7157-4}} * {{cite book |first1=David James |last1=Smith |title=One Morning in Sarajevo |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GzsnSU9J5sAC}} |year=2010 |publisher=Hachette UK |quote=He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. 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S. Hammond & Company |date=1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/hammondsfrontier00csha/page/n4 }} Containing Large Scale Maps of All the Battle Fronts of Europe and Asia, Together With a Military Map of the United States. === Тариххъвай ва ракӀалде щвеял === * Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. ''Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present'' (2020) [https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting online free] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075020/https://berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting |date=29 November 2020 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Deak | first1 = John | year = 2014 | title = The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_2014-06_86_2/page/n111 | journal = Journal of Modern History | volume = 86 | issue = 2 | pages = 336–380 | doi = 10.1086/675880 | s2cid = 143481172 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Iriye | first1 = Akira | year = 2014 | title = The Historiographic Impact of the Great War | journal = Diplomatic History | volume = 38| issue = 4| pages = 751–762| doi = 10.1093/dh/dhu035 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = Heather | year = 2013 | title = As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_2013-09_56_3/page/857 | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 857–878 | doi = 10.1017/s0018246x13000216 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = Heather | year = 2014 | title = Goodbye to all that?: Memory and meaning in the commemoration of the first world war | journal = Juncture | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 287–291 | doi = 10.1111/j.2050-5876.2014.00767.x }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Kitchen |editor-first=James E. |editor-first2=Alisa |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first3=Laura |editor-last3=Rowe |title=Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War |date=2011}} [https://www.amazon.com/Other-Combatants-Fronts-Competing-Histories/dp/1443827371/ Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502230135/https://www.amazon.com/Other-Combatants-Fronts-Competing-Histories/dp/1443827371/ |date=2 May 2019 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kramer | first1 = Alan | year = 2014 | title = Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 1| pages = 5–27 | doi = 10.17104/1611-8944_2014_1_5 | s2cid = 202927667 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Kramer | first1 = Alan | year = 2014 | title = Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II) | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 155–174 | doi = 10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_155 | s2cid = 146860980 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Mulligan | first1 = William | year = 2014 | title = The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_2014-06_129_538/page/639 | journal = English Historical Review | volume = 129 | issue = 538 | pages = 639–666 | doi = 10.1093/ehr/ceu139 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=The Long Shadow: The Legacies of the Great War in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/longshadowgreatw0000reyn |date=2014}} [https://www.amazon.com/Long-Shadow-Legacies-Twentieth-Century/dp/0393088634/ Excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051430/https://www.amazon.com/Long-Shadow-Legacies-Twentieth-Century/dp/0393088634/ |date=3 May 2019 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Sanborn | first1 = Joshua | year = 2013 | title = Russian Historiography on the Origins of the First World War Since the Fischer Controversy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2013-04_48_2/page/350 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 350–362 | doi = 10.1177/0022009412472716 | s2cid = 159618260 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Sharp | first1 = Heather | year = 2014 | title = Representing Australia's Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936 | journal = [[Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1| pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.3167/jemms.2014.060101 }} * {{cite book |last=Trout |first=Stephen |title=On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919–1941 |date=2013}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Turan | first1 = Ömer | year = 2014 | title="Turkish Historiography of the First World War". Middle East | journal = Critique | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 241–257 | doi = 10.1080/19436149.2014.905079 | s2cid = 144673625 }} * {{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Jay |last2=Prost |first2=Antoine |title=The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/greatwarinhistor0000wint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005}} [https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804153443/https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963 |date=4 August 2021 }} {{Refend}} == ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе == * {{cite book |author=American Battle Monuments Commission |title=American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book |publisher=US Government Printing Office |year=1938 |url=http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/ww1/maps.aspx |oclc=59803706 |author-link=American Battle Monuments Commission }} * {{cite book |last=Balakian |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Balakian |title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-019840-4 |oclc=56822108 |url=https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala }} * {{cite book |last=Bond |first=Brian |chapter=The First World War |editor=C.L. Mowat |title=[[The New Cambridge Modern History]] |series= Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945 |edition=2nd |date=1968 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/iB_CMH/12#page/n3/mode/1up |pages=171–208 |via=archive.org}} * {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Michael |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/battles/somme.htm |title=Somme |publisher=First World War.com |access-date=25 February 2007 |isbn=978-0-297-84689-5 |year=2006 }} * {{cite book |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=12th |date=1922 |title-link=s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica}} Comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. ** {{cite wikisource|title=1922 Encyclopædia Britannica }} ** [[commons:Category:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica scans|scans of each page of vol 30-31-32]] * {{Cite news |last=Fortescue |first=Granville Roland |author-link=Granville Roland Fortescue |title=London in Gloom over Gallipoli; Captain Fortescue in Book and Ashmead-Bartlett in Lecture Declare Campaign Lost |work=The New York Times |date=28 October 1915 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/10/28/archives/london-in-gloom-over-gallipoli-captain-fortescue-in-book-and.html }} * {{cite book |editor-link=Gerhard Hirschfeld |editor-last=Hirschfeld |editor-first=Gerhard |display-editors=et al |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of the First World War |date=2012}} * {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Burris A. |title=Facing the Hindenburg Line |publisher=BiblioBazaar |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-110-81238-7}} * {{cite book|last1=Goldrick|first1=James|editor-last=Hill|editor-first=J. R.|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4|chapter=10. The Battleship Fleet: The Test of War, 1895–1919|year=1995|place=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4/page/299 299]–318|isbn=978-0-19-211675-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Daniel |year=2014 |title=Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field |journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=282–302 |doi= 10.1080/02684527.2012.727070|s2cid=154714213 }} * {{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Michael J. |title=World War I: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwarishorthi0000lyon |edition=2nd |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-13-020551-3}} * {{cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Allan H.|author-link=Allan H. Meltzer|title=A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffederal0001melt|year=2003|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|place=Chicago|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffederal0001melt/page/65 65]–90|isbn=978-0-226-52000-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Moon |first=John Ellis van Courtland |title=United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1996-07_60_3/page/495 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=60 |issue=3 |date=July 1996 |pages=495–511 |doi=10.2307/2944522 |jstor=2944522}} * {{cite web |url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/Italy/Page04.htm |first=Thomas Nelson |last=Page |work=Italy and the World War |title=Chapter XI: Italy's Attitude in the Beginning of the War |publisher=Brigham Young University }} cites "Cf. articles signed XXX in ''La Revue de Deux Mondes'', 1{{nbsp}}and 15 March 1920" * {{cite book |last=Prior |first=Robin |year=1999 |title=The First World War |location=London |publisher=Cassell |isbn=978-0-304-35256-2}} * {{cite book |last=Repington |first=Charles à Court |author-link=Charles à Court Repington |title=The First World War, 1914–1918 |year=1920 |volume=2 |publisher=Constable |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar19102repiuoft |isbn=978-1-113-19764-1 |via=archive.org}} * {{cite thesis |type=MMAS thesis |last=Sisemore |first=James D. |year=2003 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll2&CISOPTR=113 |title=The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned |publisher=[[US Army Command and General Staff College]] |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304123247/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll2&CISOPTR=113 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book|last=Symonds|first=Craig L.|title=The U.S. Navy: A Concise History|year=2016|place=New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=68–70|isbn=978-0-19-939494-4}} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Alan John Percivale |author-link=A.J.P. Taylor |title=The First World War: An Illustrated History |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |year=1963 |isbn=978-0-399-50260-6 |oclc=2054370 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00tayl }} * {{cite book |last=Wilgus |first=William John |title=Transporting the A.E.F. in Western Europe, 1917–1919 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1931 |oclc=1161730}} * {{cite journal |last=Winegard |first=Timothy |title=Here at Vimy: A Retrospective&nbsp;– The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge |journal=Canadian Military Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no2/winegard-eng.asp }} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=24 June 2006 |World War I (part 1).ogg |World War I (part 2).ogg |World War I (part 3).ogg}} {{Sister project links|voy=World War I|World War I}} * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/ Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections] * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213101606/http://www.greatwar.nl/ |date=2005-02-13 }} * [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ A multimedia history of World War I] * European Newspapers from the [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 start of the First World War] and the [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 end of the war] * [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 WWI Films on the European Film Gateway] * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140709003435/http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/WWIphoto World War I British press photograph collection] – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections * [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari Personal accounts of American World War I veterans], Veterans History Project, Library of Congress. === Анимациониял картаби === * [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ "Europe plunges into war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165152/http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome06/ |date=4 June 2020 }} * [http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ Europe at the end of the war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165145/http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/ |date=4 June 2020 }} === Библиотекабазул гидал === * [http://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war ЦӀияб Зеландиялъул Националияб Библиотека (инг.)] * [http://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia ЦӀияб Жанубияб Велсалъул Пачалихъияб Библиотека (инг.)] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/wwi/wwi.html ЦШ-ялъул Конгресалъул Библиотека (инг.)] * [http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources Индианаялъул Университеталъул Блумингтон (инг.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources |date=5 June 2015 }} * [http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 Ню Йоркалъул Университет (инг.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 |date=2015-04-05 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914 Албертаялъул Университет (инг.)] * [https://oac.cdlib.org/search?style=oac4;Institution=California%20State%20Library::California%20History%20Room;idT=AEK-6409 California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.] {{Balkan Wars}} {{World War I}} {{WWI history by nation}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Категория:Дунялалъулал рагъал]] [[Категория:Рагъ]] [[Категория:Видео клипал ругел макъалаби]] [[Категория:Глобалиял конфликтал]] [[Категория:ГӀурусгин турк рагъал]] [[Категория:Армения гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Австралия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Азербайжан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Белгия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Боливия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Бразилия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Британ Гьиндустан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Булгария гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Канада гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Коста-Рика гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Куба гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Франсия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Германия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Греция гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гватемала гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьаити гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьондурас гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Ирландия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Италия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Япония гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Корея гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Либерия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Малта гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Черногория гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Непал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:ЦӀияб Зеландия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Никарагва гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Панама гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Португалия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Родезия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Румания гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Россия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Сербия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Жанубияб Африка гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Шри-Ланка гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Судан гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Тайван гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Таиланд гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Гьабсбургазул Монархия гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:ГӀусманилазул Империя гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Синалъул Республика гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Океаниялъул пачалихъал ва халкъал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Цолъараб Къиралат гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] [[Категория:Цолъарал Штатал гӀахьаллъарал рагъал]] 9rq9uq1oyvo6oexknqb3rt7koyhvwzp Паранс революция 0 15744 102269 102101 2026-10-15T02:36:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Паранс революция''' ялъуни '''КӀудияб паранс революция''' ({{Langx|fr|Révolution française}}, {{IPA|fr|ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz|pron}}) букӀана Франсиялда радикалиял политикиялги социалалги трансформациязул период, жибги байбихьараб [[Генералиял эстатал (1789)|1789 соналъул Генералиял штатаздаса]] ва лӀугӀараб [[18 брюмералъул инкъилаб|1799 соналъул новембералда]] [[Паранс консулат]] гӀуцӀигун. Гьелъул гӀемерисел идеяби рикӀкӀуна [[Либералаб демократия|либералаб демократиялъул]] фундаменталал принципаллъун,{{sfn|Livesey|2001|p=19}} ''[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]'' (''эркнелъи, ращалъи, вацлъи'') гӀадал лозунгал раккана цогидал революцияздаги, 1917 соналъул [[гӀурус революция]] гӀадал,{{sfn|Shlapentokh|1996|pp=61–76}} ва гьез гъира базабулеб букӀана [[Аболиционизм|лагълъи хвезабиялъе]] ва рищиязе ихтияразе гӀоло гьарулел рукӀарал кампаниязе.{{sfn|Desan|Hunt|Nelson|2013|pp=3,8,10}} Гьеб революциялдалъун рижарал къиматал ва институлал жакъа къоязги руго бетӀерлъулел паранс сиясаталда.{{sfn|Fehér|1990|pp=117–130}} Революциялъул гӀиллабилъун, гӀаммаб пикруялда рекъон, ккола жамгӀиял, сиясиял ва экономикиял факторал, жал рорхизе кӀолеб хӀалалда [[Басрияб режим|букӀараб режим]] батичӀел.1789 соналъул маялда гӀатӀид тӀиритӀарал жамгӀиял балагьаз рачана [[Генералиял эстатал (1789)|Генералиял эстатал]] ахӀиялде, жал юналда [[Миллияб ассамблея (Паранс революция)|Миллияб ассамблеялде]] хисизаруарал. Давамлъулел рукӀарал гӀадлу хвеял ахирлъана 14 юналда [[Бастилиялъул гьужум|Бастилиялде гьужумалдалъун]], гьелъ бачана Ассамблеялъ радикалиял тадбирал гьабиялде, гьезда гъорлӀ [[Франсиялда феодализм хвезаби|феодализм хвезаби]], [[Франсиялда католикияб килиса|Франсиялда католикияб килисаялда]] тӀад пачалихъияб контрол билӀинаби ва рищиязул ихтиярал гӀатӀид гьари. Хадусеб лъабго сон букӀана гъорлӀ босун сиясияб контролалъе гӀоло унеб къеркьеялъулӀ, жиндир [[ВатӀанчилъияб гъалмагъир|ватӀанчилъиял гъалмагъираз]] ва [[Экономикияб депрессия|экономикияб депрессиялъ]] хӀалбиххизабураб. [[Гьабсбургазул монархия|Австрия]], [[КӀудияб Британиялъул къиралат|КӀудияб Британия]] ва [[Пруссиялъул къиралат|Пруссия]] гӀадал къватӀисел пачалихъаз гьабулеб букӀараб дандехӀалтӀиялъ бачана 1792 соналъул априлалда [[паранс революциониял рагъал]] байбихьиялде. [[Люис XVI|XVI Людовикидаса]] ракӀбуссиндал, 1792 соналъул 22 септембералда гӀуцӀана [[ТӀоцебессеб Паранс республика]] ва гьелдаса хадув, 1793 соналъул январалда, [[Людовик XVI чӀвазе къотӀи|Людовик чӀвазе къотӀана]]. Юналда Парижаджа ккараб дандерахъиналъ [[Миллияб ассамблеялда (Франсия)|Миллияб ассамблеялда]] бетӀерлъи ккун рукӀарал [[жирондинал]] хисана [[Максимилиан Робеспьер|Максимилиан Робеспьерил]] нухмалъиялда гъоркь бугеб [[ЖамгӀияб хӀинкъибукӀунгутӀияб комитет|ЖамгӀияб хӀинкъибукӀунгутӀияб комитеталдалъун]]. Гьеб сабаблъана контер-ревоолюционерал тӀагӀинариялъе хӀалбихьи гӀадин [[терроралъул къиралат]] лъеялъе; [[Термидорианияб реакция|1794 соналъул юлалда гьеб лӀугӀараб]] заманалде Парижалда ва провинциязда чӀвазе къотӀана 16 600-ялдаса цӀикӀкӀун чи. Жиндирго къватӀисел тушбабигун гуребги, Республика дандчӀвана роялистазул гӀадинго якобиназулги жанисеб оппозициягун, ва гьеб хӀинкъи нахъчӀвазейин хӀакимлъуде бачӀана [[Паранс директория]] 1795 новембералда. Рагъулал бергьенлъаби рукӀаниги, жидер гӀемерисел [[Наполеон Бонапарт|Наполеон Бонапартица]] ккурал, сиясиял дандеккунгутӀабазул ва [[Экономикияб стангнация|экономикияб стангнациялъул]] хӀасилалда 1799 соналъул новембералда Директория хисана Консулаталъ. ГӀемерисеб гьебги рикӀкӀуна революционияб периодалъул ахирлъун. == ГӀиллаби == == ''Хераб режималъул'' кризис == == Конституционияб монархия (юл 1789 — септембер 1789) == == ТӀоцебесеб Республика == == Директория (1975–1799) == == Паранс революциониял рагъал == == Франсиялъул колониалияб сиясат == == Медиа ва симболизм == == Руччабазул рол == == Экономикияб сиясат == == Халат-болжалаб асар == == Тариххъвай == == Ралагье гьединго == == Баянкьелал == {{notelist}} == МугъчӀваял == {{reflist|20em}} == Иццал == {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abray |first1=Jane|title=Feminism in the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1975-02_80_1/page/n54 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=80 |issue=1|year=1975 |pages=43–62|doi=10.2307/1859051|jstor=1859051 }} * {{cite book |last=Andress |first=David |title=The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-374-27341-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/terror00andr }} * {{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Michael |title=French political thought at the accession of Louis XVI |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1978-06_50_2/page/279 |journal=Journal of Modern History |year=1978 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.1086/241697 |jstor=1877422|s2cid=222427515 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Baker |author-first=Keith |editor-last=Van Kley |editor-first=Dale |title=The Idea of a Declaration of Rights in ''The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789'' |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchideaoffree0000unse |year=1995 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2355-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=HA |title=The Origins of the Brunswick Manifesto|journal=French Historical Studies |date=1967 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=146–169 |doi=10.2307/286173 |jstor=286173}} * {{Cite book |title=The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny |last=Davidson |first=Ian |year=2016 |publisher=Profile Books|isbn=978-1846685415}} * {{cite book|last=Beckstrand|first=Lisa|title=Deviant women of the French Revolution and the rise of feminism|year=2009|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-1611474008}} * {{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=David Avrom |title=The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It |publisher=Mariner Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-618-91981-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Bell|first1=David A.|title=Class, consciousness, and the fall of the bourgeois revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_critical-review_2004_16_2-3/page/323|journal=Critical Review |year=2004 |volume=16 |issue=2–3 |pages=323–351|doi=10.1080/08913810408443613|s2cid=144241323}} * {{cite journal |last=Betros |first=Gemma |title=The French Revolution and the Catholic Church |journal=History Today |year=2010 |issue=68 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/french-revolution-and-catholic-church}} * {{cite book |last=Blanning |first=Timothy C. 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|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-09950-9 |edition=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/franceunderdirec0000lyon }} * {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Jean-Clément |title=La Vendée et la France |year=1987 |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |language=Fr}} * {{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|editor-last=Kamenka|editor-first=Eugene|title=The Paris Commune and the Future of Socialism: 1870-1882 in The Portable Karl Marx|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1983|isbn=978-0140150964|url=https://archive.org/details/portablekarlmarx0000marx}} * {{cite journal|last=McHugh|first=Tim|title=Expanding Women's Rural Medical Work in Early Modern Brittany: The Daughters of the Holy Spirit|journal=History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|year=2012|volume=67|issue=3|pages=428–456|doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrr032|pmid=21724643|pmc=3376001}} * {{cite book |last1=McLynn |first1=Frank |title=Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbiograph0000mcly |date=1997 |edition=1998|publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-0-7126-6247-5}} * {{cite book |last1=McManners |first=John |title=The French Revolution and the Church |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000mcma_e0z5 |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-313-23074-5 |publisher=Praeger |edition=1982}} * {{cite book|last=McMillan|first=James H|title=France and women, 1789–1914: gender, society and politics|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-22602-8|url=https://archive.org/details/francewomen178910000mcmi}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Melzer|editor-first1=Sarah|editor-last2=Rabine|editor-first2=Leslie|title=Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution|year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc|isbn=978-0-19-506886-3}} * {{cite book |editor-last=McPhee|editor-first=Peter|title=A Companion to the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781444335644|year=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4443-3564-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=CJ |title=Political Divisions within the Legislative Assembly of 1791 |journal=French Historical Studies |date=1984|volume=13|issue=3|pages=356–389 |doi=10.2307/286298 |jstor=286298}} * {{cite book |last1=Neely |first1=Sylvia|title=A Concise History of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00neel |year=2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3411-7}} * {{cite journal|last1=Palmer|first1=RR|jstor=368736|title=How Five Centuries of Educational Philanthropy Disappeared in the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-education-quarterly_summer-1986_26_2/page/n34|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|year=1986|pages=181–197|doi=10.2307/368736}} * {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Robert |last2=Colton |first2=Joel |title=A History of the Modern World |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-679-43253-1 |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679432531 }} * {{cite book |last1=Pelling |first1=Nick |title=Anglo-Irish Relations: 1798-1922|url=https://archive.org/details/angloirishrelati0000pell |year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203986554}} * {{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Munro |title=The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy |date=2003 |publisher=St Martins Press |isbn=978-0-312-26879-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/roadfromversaill00pric }} * {{cite book |last1=Riemer |first1=Neal |last2=Simon |first2=Douglas |title=The New World of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldofpoliti0000riem_h0h9 |year=1997 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-939693-41-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Rossignol |first1=Marie-Jeanne |title=The American Revolution in France: Under the Shadow of the French Revolution in ''Europe's American Revolution'' |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-230-28845-4}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rothenberg |first1=Gunter |title=The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_spring-1988_18_4/page/771 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |date=1988 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.2307/204824 |jstor=204824}} * {{cite book |title=The French Revolution: Its Causes, Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years |year=1991 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3272-7 |last1=Rude |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pMIbvzKckC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sargent |first1=Thomas J |last2=Velde |first2=Francois R |title=Macroeconomic features of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1995-06_103_3/page/474 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=103 |issue=3 |year=1995|pages=474–518 |doi=10.1086/261992 |s2cid=153904650 }} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama|title=Citizens, A Chronicle of The French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenschronicl0000scha |publisher=Penguin |year=1989 |edition=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-101727-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-00-216701-7 |title=Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813}} * {{cite journal|last=Shlapentokh|first=Dmitry|title=A problem in self-identity: Russian intellectual thought in the context of the French Revolution|journal=European Studies|year=1996|volume=26|issue=1|pages=061–76|doi=10.1177/004724419602600104|s2cid=145177231}} * {{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Samuel |title=Problems of Law and Order during 1790, the "Peaceful" Year of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1975-10_80_4/page/859 |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1975 |volume=80 |issue=4|pages=859–888 |doi=10.2307/1867442 | jstor=1867442}} * {{cite book |last=Shusterman |first=Noah |title=The French Revolution; Faith, Desire, and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000shus |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-66021-1}} * {{cite book|last1=Soboul|first1=Albert|author-link=Albert Soboul|title=The French Revolution 1787–1799|year=1975|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-394-71220-8|url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution00sobo}} * {{cite book |last1=Soboul |first1=Albert |author-link=Albert Soboul |title=A short history of the French Revolution: 1789–1799 |year=1977 |publisher=University of California Press, Ltd |isbn=978-0-520-03419-8 |others=Geoffrey Symcox |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoffr00sobo }} * {{cite journal|last1=Soper|first1=J. Christopher|last2=Fetzer|first2=Joel S|title=Explaining the accommodation of Muslim religious practices in France, Britain, and Germany|journal=French Politics|year=2003|volume=1|issue=1|pages=39–59|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200018|s2cid=145008815}} * {{cite journal|last1=Spang |first1=Rebecca |title=Paradigms and Paranoia: How modern Is the French Revolution? |journal=American Historical Review |year=2003 |volume=108 |issue=1 |doi=10.1086/ahr/108.1.119}} * {{cite book|last=Stewart|first=John|title=A Documentary Survey of the French revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/documentarysurve0000john_e0x8|publisher=Macmillan|year=1951}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sutherland |first1=D. M. G.|jstor=2697970 |title=Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780–1820 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_2002-03_62_1/page/n6 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=62 |issue=1 |year=2002|pages=1–24}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tackett |first1=Timothy |title=The Flight to Varennes and the Coming of the Terror |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |date=2003 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=469–493 |jstor=41299285}} * {{cite book|last1=Tackett|first1=Timothy|title=When the King Took Flight|date=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn= 978-0-674-01642-2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Tackett|first1=Timothy |title=Rumor and Revolution: The Case of the September Massacres|journal=French History and Civilization|date=2011 |volume=4|url=https://h-france.net/rude/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/TackettVol4.pdf}} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |title=The French Revolution |year=1959 |publisher=Basil Blackwell}} * {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=J.M. |title=Robespierre and the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/mttrobespierrene0000jmth |year=1952 |publisher=The English Universities Press|isbn= 978-0340083697}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tilly |first1=Louise |title=Food Entitlement, Famine, and Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_autumn-1983_14_2/page/333 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |date=1983 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=333–349 |doi=10.2307/203708 |jstor=203708}} * {{cite book |last1=Tombs |first1=Robert |last2=Tombs |first2=Isabelle |year=2007 |title=That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/thatsweetenemyfr0000tomb_z8x9 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-4024-7}} * {{cite journal |last1=Vardi |first1=Liana|jstor=286554 |title=The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=15 |issue=4|year=1988 |pages=704–717|doi=10.2307/286554}} * {{cite book |last1=Wasson |first1=Ellis |title=A History of Modern Britain: 1714 to the Present |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-3935-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Weir |first1=David |title=Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688–1789 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1989-03_49_1/page/95 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1989 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.1017/S002205070000735X |jstor=2121419}} * {{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Eugene Nelson |title=The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770–1815 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1995-06_55_2/page/227 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=1995 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=227–255 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700041048 |jstor=2123552}} * {{cite book |last1=Woronoff |first1=Denis |title=The Thermidorean regime and the directory: 1794–1799 |url=https://archive.org/details/thermidoreanregi0000woro |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28917-7 }} {{refend}} == Библиография == {{see also|Паранс революциялъул тариххъвай}} {{refbegin}} '''''Ингилис мацӀалда:''''' === ЦӀех-рех ва баянал === * Andress, David, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 2015). [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-French-Revolution-Handbooks/dp/0199639744/ excerpt], 714 pp; 37 articles by experts * Aulard, François-Alphonse. ''The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789–1804'' (4 vol. 1910); famous classic; [https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolutio02mialgoog volume 1 1789–1792 online]; [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UJMJAQAAIAAJ Volume 2 1792–95 online] * [[Joxe Azurmendi|Azurmendi, Joxe]] (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184957/http://basque.criticalstew.org/wp-content/uploads/The-democrats-and-the-violent.pdf ''The democrats and the violent. Mirande's critique of the French Revolution'']. Philosophical viewpoint. (Original: ''Demokratak eta biolentoak'', Donostia: Elkar {{ISBN|978-84-7917-744-7}}). * Ballard, Richard. ''A New Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/New-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/184885465X/ excerpt and text search] * Bosher, J.F. ''The French Revolution'' (1989) 365 pp * Davies, Peter. ''The French Revolution: A Beginner's Guide'' (2009), 192 pp * Gershoy, Leo. ''The French Revolution and Napoleon'' (1945) 585 pp * Gershoy, Leo. ''The Era of the French Revolution, 1789–1799'' (1957), brief summary with some primary sources * Gottschalk, Louis R. ''The Era of the French Revolution'' (1929), cover 1780s to 1815 * Hanson, Paul R. ''The A to Z of the French Revolution'' (2013) ** Hanson, Paul R. ''Historical dictionary of the French Revolution'' (2015) [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0ed2hans online] * {{cite book |last=Jaurès |first=Jean |author-link=Jean Jaurès |title=A Socialist History of the French Revolution |year=1903 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |edition=2015 |isbn=978-0-7453-3500-1}}; inspiration for Soboul and Lefebvre, one of the most important accounts of the Revolution in terms of shaping perspectives; * Jones, Colin. ''The Longman Companion to the French Revolution'' (1989) * Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Great-Nation-Napoleon-Penguin-History/dp/0140130934/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book |editor=McPhee, Peter |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15 |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-31641-2}} * [[Louis Madelin|Madelin, Louis.]] ''The French Revolution'' (1916); textbook by leading French scholar. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024309704 online] * Paxton, John. ''Companion to the French Revolution'' (1987), 234 pp; hundreds of short entries. * Popkin, Jeremy D. ''A Short History of the French Revolution'' (5th ed. 2009) 176 pp * {{cite journal|last=Popkin|first=Jeremy D|title=The Press and the French Revolution after Two Hundred Years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_french-historical-studies_spring-1990_16_3/page/664|journal=French Historical Studies |year=1990|volume=16|issue=3|pages=664–683|doi=10.2307/286493|jstor=286493}} * Scott, Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus, eds. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799'' (2 vol 1984), short essays by scholars [https://www.questia.com/library/1349250/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 vol. 1 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505194248/https://www.questia.com/library/1349250/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 |date=2020-05-05 }}; [https://www.questia.com/read/71902167/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 vol 2 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710075751/https://www.questia.com/read/71902167/historical-dictionary-of-the-french-revolution-1789-1799 |date=2015-07-10 }} * Sutherland, D.M.G. ''France 1789–1815. Revolution and Counter-Revolution'' (2nd ed. 2003, 430 pp [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Empire-Quest-Civic/dp/0631233636/ excerpts and online search from Amazon.com] === Европияб ва атлантикияб тарих === * Amann, Peter H., ed. ''The eighteenth-century revolution: French or Western?'' (Heath, 1963) readings from historians * Brinton, Crane. ''A Decade of Revolution 1789–1799'' (1934) the Revolution in European context * Desan, Suzanne, et al. eds. ''The French Revolution in Global Perspective'' (2013) * Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006) * Goodwin, A., ed. '' The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 8: The American and French Revolutions, 1763–93'' (1965), 764 pp * Palmer, R.R. "The World Revolution of the West: 1763–1801," ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1954) 69#1 pp.&nbsp;1–14 {{JSTOR|2145054}} * Palmer, Robert R. ''The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800.'' (2 vol 1959), highly influential comparative history; [https://www.questia.com/read/22790906 vol 1 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513020725/https://www.questia.com/read/22790906 |date=2012-05-13 }} * Rude, George F. and Harvey J. Kaye. ''Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815'' (2000), scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Europe-Blackwell-Classic-Histories/dp/0631221905/ excerpt and text search] === Сиясат ва рагъал === * Andress, David. ''The terror: Civil war in the French revolution'' (2006). * ed. [[Baker, Keith M.]] ''The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture'' (Oxford, 1987–94) ''vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1987); ''vol. 2: The Political Culture of the French Revolution,'' ed. C. Lucas (1988); ''vol. 3: The Transformation of Political Culture, 1789–1848,'' eds. F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989); ''vol. 4: The Terror,'' ed. K.M. Baker (1994). [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Creation-Political-Culture/dp/0080413870/ excerpt and text search vol 4] * [[Blanning, T.C.W.]] ''The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802'' (1996). * [[Desan, Suzanne]]. "Internationalizing the French Revolution," ''[[French Politics, Culture & Society]]'' (2011) 29#2 pp.&nbsp;137–60. * [[William Doyle (historian)|Doyle, William]]. ''Origins of the French Revolution'' (3rd ed. 1999) [https://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171829/http://www.questia.com/library/book/origins-of-the-french-revolution-by-william-doyle.jsp |date=2012-05-13 }} * Englund, Steven. ''Napoleon: A Political Life.'' (2004). 575 pp; emphasis on politics [https://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Political-Life-Steven-Englund/dp/0674018036/ excerpt and text search] * Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ''The French Revolutionary Wars'' (2013), 96 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-Essential-Histories-ebook/dp/B00DSLXXKM/ excerpt and text search] * [[Griffith, Paddy]]. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France 1789–1802,'' (1998); 304 pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ excerpt and text search] * Hardman, John. ''Louis XVI: The Silent King'' (2nd ed. 2016) 500 pp; much expanded new edition; now the standard scholarly biography; (1st ed. 1994) 224; older scholarly biography * [[Schroeder, Paul]]. ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848.'' 1996; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history; hostile to Napoleon; [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513035458/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848-by-paul-w-schroeder.jsp |date=2012-05-13 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wahnich |first1=Sophie |date=2016 |title=In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution |publisher=Verso |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-78478-202-3}} === Экономика ва жамгӀият === * Anderson, James Maxwell. ''Daily life during the French Revolution'' (2007) * Andress, David. ''French Society in Revolution, 1789–1799'' (1999) * Kennedy, Emmet. ''A Cultural History of the French Revolution'' (1989) * McPhee, Peter. "The French Revolution, Peasants, and Capitalism," ''American Historical Review'' (1989) 94#5 pp.&nbsp;1265–80 {{JSTOR|906350}} * Tackett, Timothy, "The French Revolution and religion to 1794," and Suzanne Desan, "The French Revolution and religion, 1795–1815," in Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Christianity'' vol. 7 (Cambridge UP, 2006). ==== Руччаби ==== * Dalton, Susan. "Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland." ''Canadian journal of history'' (2001) 36#2 * Godineau, Dominique. ''The Women of Paris and Their French Revolution'' (1998) 440 pp 1998 * Hufton, Olwen. "Women in Revolution 1789–1796" ''Past & Present'' (1971) No. 53 pp.&nbsp;90–108 {{JSTOR|650282}} * Hufton, Olwen. "In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women." ''The French Revolution: Recent debates and New Controversies'' Ed. [[Gary Kates]]. (1998) pp.&nbsp;302–36 * Kelly, Linda. ''Women of the French Revolution'' (1987) 192 pp. biographical portraits or prominent writers and activists * Landes, Joan B. ''Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution'' (Cornell University Press, 1988) [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Public-Sphere-French-Revolution/dp/0801494818/ excerpt and text search] * Melzer, Sara E., and Leslie W. Rabine, eds. ''Rebel daughters: women and the French Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 1992) * Proctor, Candice E. ''Women, Equality, and the French Revolution'' (Greenwood Press, 1990) [https://www.questia.com/read/14219316/women-equality-and-the-french-revolution online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706115607/https://www.questia.com/read/14219316/women-equality-and-the-french-revolution |date=2017-07-06 }} * Roessler, Shirley Elson. ''Out of the Shadows: Women and Politics in the French Revolution, 1789–95'' (Peter Lang, 1998) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002814/http://www.questia.com/read/53103857/out-of-the-shadows-women-and-politics-in-the-french online] === Тариххъвай ва мемуарал === {{main|Historiography of the French Revolution}} * Andress, David. "Interpreting the French Revolution," ''Teaching History'' (2013), Issue 150, pp.&nbsp;28–29, very short summary * Censer, Jack R. "Amalgamating the Social in the French Revolution." ''Journal of Social History 2003'' 37(1): 145–50. [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_social_history/v037/37.1censer.html online] * Cox, Marvin R. ''The Place of the French Revolution in History'' (1997) 288 pp * Desan, Suzanne. "What's after Political Culture? Recent French Revolutionary Historiography," ''French Historical Studies'' (2000) 23#1 pp.&nbsp;163–96. * Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. ''A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution'' (1989), 1120 pp; long essays by scholars; strong on history of ideas and historiography (esp pp.&nbsp;881–1034 [https://www.amazon.com/Critical-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/0674177282/ excerpt and text search] * Furet, François. ''Interpreting the French revolution'' (1981). * Germani, Ian, and Robin Swayles. ''Symbols, myths and images of the French Revolution''. University of Regina Publications. 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-88977-108-6}} * Geyl, Pieter. ''Napoleon for and Against'' (1949), 477 pp; summarizes views of major historians on controversial issues * Hanson, Paul R. ''Contesting the French Revolution'' (2009). 248 pp. * Kafker, Frank A. and James M. Laux, eds. ''The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations'' (5th ed. 2002), articles by scholars * Kaplan, Steven Laurence. ''Farewell, Revolution: The Historians' Feud, France, 1789/1989'' (1996), focus on historians [https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Historians-Feud-France/dp/0801482712/ excerpt and text search] * Kaplan, Steven Laurence. ''Farewell, Revolution: Disputed Legacies, France, 1789/1989'' (1995); focus on bitter debates re 200th anniversary [https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Disputed-Legacies-France/dp/0801427185/ excerpt and text search] * [[Kates, Gary]], ed. ''The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies'' (2nd ed. 2005) [https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Controversies-Rewriting-Histories/dp/0415358337/ excerpt and text search] * Lewis, Gwynne. ''The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate'' (1993) [https://www.questia.com/library/103416378/the-french-revolution-rethinking-the-debate online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820123545/https://www.questia.com/library/103416378/the-french-revolution-rethinking-the-debate |date=2020-08-20 }}; 142 pp. * {{cite book |editor=McPhee, Peter |title=A Companion to the French Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15 |year=2012 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-31641-2}}; 540 pp; 30 essays by experts; emphasis on historiography and memory * Reichardt, Rolf: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012082703 ''The French Revolution as a European Media Event''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2010, retrieved: 17 December 2012. * Ross, Steven T., ed. ''The French Revolution: conflict or continuity?'' (1971) 131 pp; excerpt from historians [http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11449740?selectedversion=NBD535017 table of contents] === Тарихиял иццал === {{Wikisource portal|French Revolution}} * {{cite book |author=Anderson, F.M. |title=The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901 |publisher=The H. W. Wilson company 1904. |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionsan02andegoog |year=1904}}, complete text online * {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Edmund |title=Reflections on the Revolution in France |journal=The Physics Teacher |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=72 |date=1790 |title-link=Reflections on the Revolution in France |bibcode=1987PhTea..25...72F |doi=10.1119/1.2342155}} * Dwyer, Philip G. and Peter McPhee, eds. '' The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook'' (2002) 235 pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/108790015/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-a-sourcebook online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820124453/https://www.questia.com/library/108790015/the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-a-sourcebook |date=2020-08-20 }} * Legg, L.G. Wickham, ed. ''Select Documents Illustrative of the History of the French Revolution'' (2 Volumes, 1905) 630 pp [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024309985 vol 1 online free]; in French (not translated) * Levy, Darline Gay, et al. eds. ''Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795'' (1981) 244 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Women-Revolutionary-Paris-1789-1795-Darline/dp/0252008553/ excerpt and text search] * Mason, Laura, and Tracey Rizzo, eds. ''The French Revolution: A Document Collection'' (1998) 334 pp [https://www.amazon.com/The-French-Revolution-Document-Collection/dp/0669417807/ excerpt and text search] * Stewart, John Hall, ed. ''A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution'' (1951), 818 pp * Thompson, J.M., ed. ''The French revolution: Documents, 1789–94'' (1948), 287 pp * {{Mignet}} {{refend}} == КъватӀисел регӀелал == {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|label=the French Revolution}} * [http://www.domaine-vizille.fr/ Museum of the French Revolution] (French) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html Primary source documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410080619/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook13.html |date=2008-04-10 }} from The Internet Modern History Sourcebook. * [http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution], a collaborative site by the Center for History and New Media (George Mason University) and the American Social History Project (City University of New York). * Vancea, S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114165139/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The%20Cahiers%20de%20Doleances%20of%201789 The Cahiers de Doleances of 1789], Clio History Journal, 2008. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140130232229/http://frda-stage.stanford.edu/en/images French Revolution Digital Archive] a collaboration of the Stanford University Libraries and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, containing 12000 digitised images * [http://les.guillotines.free.fr/ The guillotined of the French Revolution] factsheets of all the sentenced to death of the French Revolution * [http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl515 Jean-Baptiste Lingaud papers], Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania. Includes a vast number of name lists and secret surveillance records as well as arrest warrants for aristocrats and their sympathisers. Most notable in this part of the collection are letters and documents from the Revolutionary Committee and the Surveillance Committee. * [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18375 French Revolution Pamphlets], Division of Special Collections, University of Alabama Libraries. Over 300 digitised pamphlets, from writers including Robespierre, St. Juste, Desmoulins, and Danton. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547gg "The French Revolution's Legacy"] BBC Radio 4 discussion with Stefan Collini, Anne Janowitz and Andrew Roberts (''In Our Time'', 14 June 2001) {{S-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Басрияб режим (Франсия)|Ancien Régime (Басрияб низам)]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Паранс революция|years=1789–1792}} {{s-aft|after=[[ТӀоцебесеб Паранс Республика]]}} {{S-end}} {{French revolution footer}} {{France topics}} {{History of Europe}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Паранс революция| ]]<!--eponymous category first--> [[Категория:1789 сон Франсиялда]] [[Категория:1790-л сонал Франсиялда]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул дандерахъинал]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул революциял]] [[Категория:1789 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1790 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1791 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:1792 соналъул конфликтал]] [[Категория:Франсиялъул гьанжесеб тарих]] [[Категория:Франсиялда республиканизм]] hgcfmds3jboriqc0ztde7yi3li0y3hu Наполеон 0 15751 102268 97900 2026-10-15T02:31:06Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Пачалихъияв хъулухъчи | цӀар = Наполеон I Бонапарт | цӀаралъул_оригинал= {{lang-fr|Napoléon Bonaparte}}<br>{{lang-it|Napoleone Buonaparte}}<br>{{lang-co|Napulione Buonaparte}} | сурат = Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg | гӀеблъи = 282px | сурат_гъоркьхъвай = ''[[Император Наполеон Тюилриялда жиндирго кабинеталъув]]'', [[Жак-Луи Давид]]ица бахъараб шаклу, 1812 | хъулухъ = [[Парансазул император]] | тартиб = 1 | период_авал = 18 май, 1804 — 6 април, 1814<br>20 март | период_ахир = 22 июн, 1815 | коронация = 2 декембер, 1804, [[Нотр-Дам]] | варис = 1) [[Жозеф Бонапарт|Жозеф]] <small>([[1811]] соналде щвезегӀан)</small><br>2) [[Наполеон II|Наполеон Франсуа]]<ref>Макъала 5 [https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/les-constitutions-dans-l-histoire/constitution-de-l-an-xii-empire-28-floreal-an-xii#titre-ii-de-lheredite-5244 Франциялъул империялъул аслияб къануналъул]{{ref-fr}}</ref> | цевесев = ''титул гӀуцӀана''; <br><small>гьев живго Франциялъул республикаялъул тӀоцевесев консул хӀисабалда</small> | хадусев = ''[[Наполеон II]]'' | байрахъ = Flag of France.svg | байрахъ2 = Grandes Armes Impériales (1804-1815)2.svg | хъулухъ_2 = [[Рейналъул цолъи|Рейналъул цолъиялъул]] протектор | период_авал_2 = 12 июл, 1806 | период_ахир_2 = 4 новембер, 1813 | байрахъ_2 = Commemorative Medal of the Rhine Confederation.svg | цевесев_2 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'';<br><small>[[Франц II]] Мукъадасаб Румаб империялъул ахирисев император гӀадин</small> | хадусев_2 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'';<br><small>[[Франц II|Франц I]] Герман цолъиялъул президент гӀадин</small> | хъулухъ_3 = [[Италиялъул къиралат (наполеоновское)|Италиялъул къирал]] | период_авал_3 = 17 март, 1805 | период_ахир_3 = 6 април, 1814 | коронация_3 = 26 май, 1805, [[Миланалъул катедрал]] | байрахъ_3 = Flag of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg | байрахъ2_3 = COA of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (Variant).svg | цевесев_3 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'';<br><small>гьев живго Итал республикаялъул Президент хӀисабалда;<br>[[Карл V (Мукъадасаб Румаб империялъул император)|Карл V]] Италиялъул ахирисев титулярияв къирал гӀадин</small> | хадусев_3 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна''; <small>[[Виктор Эммануил II]]</small> | хъулухъ_4 = [[Швейцария|Швейцариялъул конфедерациялъул]] [[Гьоркьохъанлъиялъул акт|медиатор]] | период_авал_4 = 19 фебруар, 1803 | период_ахир_4 = 29 декембер, 1813 | байрахъ_4 = Early Swiss cross.svg | цевесев_4 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'' | хадусев_4 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'' | хъулухъ_5 = [[Итал республика (1802–1805)|Итал республикаялъул президент]] | вице-президент_5 = [[Франческо Мелци д'Эрил]] | период_авал_5 = 26 январ, 1802 | период_ахир_5 = 17 март, 1805 | цевесев_5 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'' | хадусев_5 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'';<br><small>гьев живго Италиялъул къирал хӀисабалда</small> | байрахъ_5 = Flag of the Italian Republic (1802).svg | хъулухъ_6 = [[Данцигалъул республика|Данцигалъул республикаялъул протектор]] | байрахъ_6 = POL Gdańsk flag.svg | байрахъ2_6 = Gdansk COA.svg | период_авал_6 = 21 юл, 1807 | период_ахир_6 = 2 январ,1814 | цевесев_6 = хъулухъ гӀуцӀана | хадусев_6 = хъулухъ хвезабуна | хъулухъ_7 = [[ТӀоцебесеб паранс республика|Паранс ресбуликаялъул]] [[Паранс консулат|тӀоцевесев консул]] | период_авал_7 = 12 декембер, 1799 | период_ахир_7 = 18 май, 1804 | цевесев_7 = ''хъулухъ гӀуцӀана'' | хадусев_7 = ''хъулухъ хвезабуна'';<br><small>гьев живго парансазул император хӀисабалда</small> | байрахъ_7 = Flag_of_France.svg | байрахъ2_7 = Napoleonic Eagle.svg | гьави = 15 август 1769 | гьавураб_бакӀ = [[Аяччо]], [[Корсика]] | хвей = 15 мая 1821 (51 сон) | хвараб_бакӀ = [[Лонгвуд (Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи)|Лонгвуд]] | вукъана = [[Инвалидазул рукъ]], [[Париж]], [[Франсия]] | тухум = [[Бонапартал]] | эмен = [[Буонапарте, Карло|Карло Буонапарте]] | эбел = [[Ромалино, Летиция|Летиция Ромалино]] | лъади = [[Жозефина Богарне]] ва [[Мария-Луиза Австрияй]] | лъимал = ''2-б ригьиналда'' <br>'''вас:''' [[Наполеон II]] <br>''ригьиналда гурел'' <br> '''вас:''' [[Шарль Леон Денюэль]], [[Колонна-Валевский, Александр Жозеф Флориан|Александр Валевский]] | лъайщвей = [[Рагъулаб школа (Париж)|Рагъулаб школа]] | дин = [[Католицизм]] ва [[деизм]] | монограмма = Emblem of Napoleon Bonaparte.svg | шапакъатал = {{{!}}style="background: transparent" {{!}}{{ХӀурматияб легионалъул орденалъул КӀудияб Хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{ЦӀидасан цолъиялъул орденалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Академикиял палмабазул орденалъул командор}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Маххул тажалъул орден (1805–1814)}}{{!!}}{{КӀиябго Сицилиялъул Къиралияб орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{ХъахӀаб цӀумалъул орден (Варшаваялъул гьерцогат)}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Мукъадасав Стефанил Къиралияб гьунгар орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Леополдил Австер орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Мукъадасав Йозефил орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{ЧӀегӀераб цӀумалъул орден}}{{!!}}{{БагӀараб цӀумалъул орден}}{{!!}}{{ГӀурччинаб тажалъул орден}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Мукъадасав Гьубертил орден}}{{!!}}{{Бавариялъул коронаялъул ВатӀанчилъиял ишазухъ орден}}{{!!}}{{Людвигил орден}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Вюртембергалъул коронаялъул орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{РитӀухълъиялъул орденалъул КӀудияб хъанчалъул кавалер (Баден)}}{{!!}}{{Пилалъул орденалъул кавалер}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Серафимазул орден}}{{!!}}{{Меседил нухиялъул орден}}{{!!}}{{III Карлосил орден}} {{!}}- {{!}}{{Сантьягол орденалъул кавалер}}{{!!}}{{Лъабгояб орден}}{{!!}}{{ГъалбацӀалъул ва Бакъалъул орден 1 даражаялъул}} {{!}}} {{{!}} {{!}}{{Мукъадасав ТӀоцеве-ахӀарав Андрейил орден}}{{!!}}{{Мукъадасав Александр Невскиясул орден}}{{!!}}{{Мукъадасай Аннал орден 1 даражаялъул}} {{!}}} {{Бахчараб |бетӀер = Цогидал шапакъатал |контент = {{iw|Лъабго меседил нухиялъул орден||fr|Ordre des Trois-Toisons d'Or}} ([[ТӀоцебесеб паранс империя|Франсия]]),<br> {{iw|Мукъадасав Георгийил ва БацӀадаб концепциялъул къиралияб орден||de|Georgsorden (Bayern)}} ([[Бавариялъул къиралат|Бавария]]),<br> [[Вестфалиялъул коронаялъул орден]] ([[Вестфалиялъул къиралат|Вестфалия]]),<br> {{iw|Цолъиялъул орден||fr|Ordre de l'Union}} ([[Гьоландиялъул къиралат|Гьолландия]]),<br> [[Испаниялъул къиралияб орден]] ([[Бонапартистияб Испания|Испания]]) }} | автограф = Napoleon signature.svg | тах-цӀар= Наполеон I / {{lang-fr|Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>}} | байрахъ2_5 = Coat of arms of the Italian Republic (Napoleonic).svg |жинс = m | рагъулаб_цӀар = [[Бригадияв генерал]] | рагъал = [[Наполеониял рагъал]] }} '''Наполео́н I Бонапа́рт''' ({{lang-co|Napulione Buonaparte}}, {{lang-it|Napoleone Buonaparte}}, {{lang-fr|Napoléon Bonaparte}} {{IPA|[napoleˈɔ̃ bɔnɑˈpaʁt]}}; [[15 август]] [[1769 сон|1769]], [[Аяччо]], [[Корсика]] — [[5 май]] [[1821 сон|1821]], [[Лонгвуд (Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи)|Лонгвуд]], [[Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи]]) — паранс рагъулав ва политикияв санатчи, Паранс революциялъул заманалда цӀар жиндир арав ва революциониял рагъазда чанго битӀ ккараб кампаниялъе нухмалъи гьабурав. Гьев хӀакъикъаталда вукӀана Паранс республикаялъул лидерлъун тӀоцевесев консул хӀисабалда 1799-даса 1804-де щвезегӀан. Наполеон I гӀадин гьев вукӀана парансазул императорлъун ({{lang-fr|Empereur des Français}}) 1804-даса 1814-де щвезегӀан ва хадув 1815 соналъги. .<ref>{{cite web|title=Napoleon I|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I|publisher=Britannica|accessdate=2017-05-29|lang=en}}</ref> Наполеон тӀад вукӀана европаялъулал ва дунялалъулал ишазда анцӀабгониги соналъ, наполеониял рагъазулӀ Франсияги чанго коалициязде данде бачун. Гьев бергьана гьел рагъазул гӀемерисезда, гьес гьабуна империя, жиндир кверщаликь континенталияб Европа букӀараб 1815 соналъ-лъагӀан. Гьев вукӀана тарихалда жанир бищун кутакал бодул церехъабазул цоявлъун, гьесул рагъулал кампаниял лъазарула рагъулал школабазда тӀолго дунялалдаго. Наполеонил сиясияб ва маданияб ирс нахъе хӀутӀана, ва гьев ккола дунялалъул тарихалда бищун машгьурал церехъабазул цоявлъун.<ref name="Roberts, Andrew 2014">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2014|p=Introduction}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|title=Reader's Guide to Military History|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-1-135-95970-8|editor=Charles Messenger|pages=391–427}}</ref> Наполеон гьавуна [[Корсика]] чӀинкӀиллъиялда [[Франсиялъул къиралат|Франсиялъул къиралаталъ]] гьеб аннексинабун хадув.<ref>Roberts, A. (2016). Napoleon the Great. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited. (p. 1)</ref> Паранс армиялда хъулухъ гьабулев гьес 1789 соналъ [[Паранс революция|Паранс революциялъул]] рахъ ккуна ва гьелъул идеалал жиндирго гӀагараб Корсикаялда тӀиритӀизаризе гӀамал гьабуна. Гьев армиялда хекко эххеде вахана бетӀерлъуда букӀараб [[Паранс директория]], [[13 вендемьер|данде рахъарал роялисталги къинарун]], хвасар гьабун хадув. 1796 соналъ гьес байбихьана [[Паранс революциониял рагъазул италияб кампания|рагъулаб кампания]] австеразде ва гьезул рахъ ккурал италазде данде, ккуна кӀвар бугел бергьенлъаби ва лӀугьана миллияв бахӀарчилъун. КӀиго соналдаса гьес нухмалъи гьабуна [[Египеталде ва Суриялде паранс кампания|Египеталде рагъулаб экспедициялъе]], гьеб лӀугьана гьесие сиясияб хӀакимлъи-къуваталде трамплинлъун. 1799 соналъул новембералда гьес гьабуна [[18 брюмералъул инкъилаб|пачалихъияб хиса-свери]], ва гьев лӀугьана ''Республикаялъул [[Паранс консулат|тӀоцевесев консуллъун]]''. Ингилисазулгун дандеккунгутӀабаз 1805 соналъ парансал дандчӀвазаруна [[Лъабабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Лъабабилеб коалициялъул рагъгун]]. Наполеоница щущазабуна гьеб коалиция [[Улмалъул кампания|Улмалъул кампаниялда]] ва [[Австерлицалъул рагъ|Австерлицалъул рагъда]] росарал бергьенлъабаз, жал сабаблъун [[Мукъадасаб Румаб империя|Мукъадасаб Румаб империяги]] биххарал. 1806 соналъ континенталда цӀикӀкӀунеб бугеб паранс асаралъги къуваталъги [[Пруссия|Пруссиялда]] ургъел чӀвайдал, [[Ункъабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Ункъабилеб коалиция]] цолъана гьесде данде. Наполеоница Пруссия къезабуна [[Йенаялъул ва Аверштедталъул рагъал|Йеналда ва Аверштедталда рагъазулӀ]], [[КӀудияб армия]] (Grande Armée) тӀаде кӀанцӀана [[Бакъбаккул Европа|Бакъбаккул Европаялде]], гъурана гӀурус армия 1807 соналъул юналъ [[Фридландалдалъул рагъ|Фридландалда]] ва тӀамуна Ункъабилеб коалициялъул къурал пачалихъал [[Тилзиталъул къотӀи]] къабул гьабизе. КӀиго соналдаса австерал цӀидасанги рахъана парансазде данде [[Щуабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Щуабилеб коалициялъул рагъда]], амма [[Ваграмалъул рагъулӀ|Ваграмалда рагъулӀ]] бергьенлъиги босун, Наполеоница Европаялда тӀад жиндирго кверщел щулалъизабуна. [[Континенталияб система]] гӀатӀилъизабиялъул хьулазда, гьес эмбарго лъуна Британилде данде, Наполеон тӀаде кӀанцӀана [[Иберияб бащдабчӀинкӀиллъи|Иберияб бащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялде]] ва жиндирго вац [[Джозеф Бонапарт|Джозеф]] лъазавуна Испаниялъул къираллъун 1808 соналъ. Испанал ва португалал данде рахъана [[БащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялъул рагъ|БащдабчӀинкӀиллъиялъул рагъда]], Наполеонил маршалзаби къезари жиндир кулминациялъул лӀугьараб. 1812 соналъул риидал Наполеоница байбихьана [[Россиялде парансал тӀаде кӀанцӀи|Россиялде тӀадекӀанцӀи]]. Гьелда хадуб букӀараб кампания лӀугьана Наполеонил КӀудияб армиялъул катастрофияб нахъе къаялъул нугӀлилъун. 1813 соналъ Пруссия ва Австрия гъорлӀжурана Россиялъул къуваталгун Франсиялде данде [[АнлӀабилеб коалиция|АнлӀабилеб коалициялда]]. Бихха-хочараб рагъулаб кампания сабаблъана кӀудияб коалиционияб армиялъ 1813 соналъул октобералда [[Лепцигалъул рагъ|Лепцигалъул рагъулӀ]] Наполеон къезавиялъе. Коалиция [[Франсиялда 1814 соналъул кампания|тӀадекӀанцӀана Франсияле]], гьелъ кверде босана Париж, Наполеонида тахидаса инкарги гьабизабуна 1814 соналъул априлалда. Гьев витӀана Корсикаялда ва Италиялда гьоркьоб бугеб Элба чӀинкӀиллъиялде. Франсиялда [[Бурбоназул династия|Бурбонал]] [[Франсиялда Бурбоназул реставрация|нахъруссинаруна хӀакимлъуде]]. Амма 1815 соналъул фебруаралда Наполеоница, Элбаялдасаги лӀутун, Франсия цӀидаса жиндирго кверщаликье босана (''нусго къо'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cochran|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vobWCgAAQBAJ&q=without+spilling+a+drop+of+blood&pg=PR7|title=Byron, Napoleon, J.C. Hobhouse, and the Hundred Days|date=16 July 2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1443877428|location=London|pages=60|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Forrest|first1=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt6LBgAAQBAJ&q=without+spilling+a+drop+of+blood&pg=PP1|title=Waterloo: Great Battles|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199663255|pages=24|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Данде рукӀараз гӀуцӀана [[Анкьабилеб коалициялъул рагъ|Анкьабилеб коалиция]], жинца 1815 соналъул юналда [[Ватерлооялъул рагъ|Ватерлооялъул рагъулӀ]] Наполеон къезавурав. Британаз гьев витӀана рикӀкӀада [[Атлантикияб океан|Атлантикаялда]] бугеб [[Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъи|Мукъадасай Гьеленал чӀинкӀиллъиялде]], ва гьенив 1821 соналъ гьев хвана 51 сон барав чи. Наполеоница кӀудияб асар гьабуна гьанжесеб дунялалъе, жинцаго рахъарал гӀемерисел пачалихъазда либералиял реформаби тӀоритӀулаго, хасго Нидерландазда, Швейцариялда, гьанжесеб Италиялъул ва Германиялъул цо-цо бутӀабазда. Гьес тӀобитӀулаан либералияб политика Франциялдаги БакътӀерхьул Европаялдаги..{{Efn|He established a system of public education,{{sfn|Grab|2003|page=56}} abolished the vestiges of [[feudalism]],<ref name="Broers">Broers, M. and Hicks, P.''The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 230</ref> [[Napoleon and the Jews|emancipated Jews]] and other religious minorities,<ref name="Conner">Conner, S. P. ''The Age of Napoleon''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 38–40.</ref> abolished the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="JosephPerez">Perez, Joseph. ''The Spanish Inquisition: A History''. Yale University Press, 2005, p. 98</ref> enacted [[Equality before the law|legal protections]] for an emerging middle class,<ref name="FisherBarnes">Fremont-Barnes, G. and Fisher, T. ''The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. Osprey Publishing, 2004, p. 336</ref> and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities.<ref>Grab, A. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, Conclusion.</ref>}} ==Баянкьелал== {{notelist}} ==Цитатаби== {{reflist}} ==МугъчӀваял== {{refbegin}} {{Columns-start|num=2}} ===Биографиял цӀех-рехелал=== * {{cite book|title=Life of Napoleon Bonaparte|last=Abbott|first=John|isbn=978-1-4179-7063-6|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005}} * {{cite book|last=Bell|first=David A.|title=Napoleon: A Concise Biography|place=Oxford and New York|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-026271-6}} only 140pp; by a scholar * {{cite book|first=Rafe|last=Blaufarb|title=Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsymbolfo0000blau|year=2007|publisher=Bedford|isbn=978-0-312-43110-5}} * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=Napoleon|publisher=Leo Cooper|year=2002|isbn=978-0-85052-750-6}} * {{cite book|first=Vincent|last=Cronin|author-link=Vincent Cronin|title=Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000cron_y3x1|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1994|isbn=978-0-00-637521-0}} * {{cite book |first=Philip |last=Dwyer |title=Napoleon: The Path to Power |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008a |isbn=9780300137545 }} * {{cite book|first=Philip |last=Dwyer |title=Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power |publisher=Yale University Press|year= 2013 |asin= B00GGSG3W4}} * {{cite book|author=Englund, Steven|title=Napoleon: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpolitica0000engl|isbn=978-0-674-01803-7|year=2010|publisher=Scribner}} * Gueniffey, Patrice. ''Bonaparte: 1769–1802'' (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist; less emphasis on battles and campaigns [https://www.amazon.com/Bonaparte-1769-1802-Patrice-Gueniffey/dp/0674368355/ excerpt]; also [https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews/128469/reynolds-gueniffey-bonaparte-1769-1802 online review] * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Napoleon: A life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpenguinl00unse|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-670-03078-1}}; 200 pp.; quite hostile * {{cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonfrom18br00lefe|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}} influential wide-ranging history ** {{cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon: from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwJAQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231033138}} * {{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Martyn |author-link=Martyn Lyons |year=1994 |title=Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart0000lyon |publisher=St. Martin's Press }} * {{cite book |last=Markham |first=Felix |title=Napoleon |publisher=Mentor |year=1963 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10369968 |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=2010-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status=dead }}; 303 pp.; short biography by an Oxford scholar [https://www.questia.com/library/1446436/napoleon online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026122000/http://www.questia.com/library/1446436/napoleon |date=2012-10-26 }} * {{cite book|first=Frank |last=McLynn |author-link=Frank McLynn |title=Napoleon |publisher= [[Pimlico (publishing imprint)|Pimlico]] |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-0-7126-6247-5 |id= {{ASIN|0712662472|country=uk}}}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=Napoleon: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonlife0000robe_t1p5|year=2014|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-670-02532-9}} * {{cite book|author=Thompson, J.M.|title=Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2uTaPHPnZ8C|year=1951|publisher=Oxford U.P.}}, 412 pp.; by an Oxford scholar ===Тарихиял иццал=== * Babelon, Jean-Pierre, D'Huart, Suzanne and De Jonge, Alex. ''Napoleon's Last Will and Testament''. Paddington Press Ltd. New York & London. 1977. ISBN 0-448-22190-X. * Broadley, A. M., and J. Holland Rose. ''Napoleon in caricature 1795–1821'' (John Lane, 1911) [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CwNoAAAAMAAJ online], illustrated * {{cite book |last=Gourgaud |first=Gaspard |others=Translated from the French by [[Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer]] |title=Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena |url=https://archive.org/stream/talkofnapoleonat007678mbp |year=1903 |orig-year=1899 |location=Chicago |publisher=A.C. McClurg }} ===Тариххъвая ва ракӀалде щвей=== * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonincaric00rosegoog|title=Napoleon in Caricature 1795-1821|publisher=John Lane, 1911 Caricature|last1=Broadley|first1=Alexander Meyrick|year=1911}} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1093/fh/18.4.379|title=Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour: Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend|journal=French History|volume=18|issue=4|pages=379–403|year=2004|last1=Dwyer|first1=Philip G.|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last=Dwyer |first=Philip |title=Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars |journal=French Politics, Culture & Society |year=2008b |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=110–22 |doi=10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306 }} * Englund, Steven. "Napoleon and Hitler". ''Journal of the Historical Society'' (2006) 6#1 pp.&nbsp;151–69. * {{cite book|first=Pieter|last=Geyl|author-link=Pieter Geyl|title=Napoleon For and Against|orig-year=1947|year=1982|publisher=Penguin Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saMfAAAAMAAJ}} * {{cite web|title=The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of ''Napoleon: A Penguin Life''|publisher=The Claremont Institute|author=Hanson, Victor Davis|year=2003|url=https://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-little-tyrant/}} * {{cite book |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sudhir |title=The Legend of Napoleon |year=2005}} [https://www.amazon.com/Legend-Napoleon-Sudhir-Hazareesingh/dp/1862077894/ excerpt and text search] ** Hazareesingh, Sudhir. "Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited", ''French History'' (2004) 18#4 pp.&nbsp;463–83. ** {{cite journal |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sudhir |title=Napoleonic Memory in Nineteenth-Century France: The Making of a Liberal Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mln_2005-09_120_4/page/747 |journal=MLN |year=2005 |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=747–73 |doi=10.1353/mln.2005.0119 |s2cid=154508777 }} * Porterfield, Todd, and Susan Siegfried. ''Staging Empire: Napoleon, Ingres, and David'' (Penn State Press, 2006). [https://www.h-france.net/vol8reviews/vol8no42obrien.pdf online review]. {{Column}} ===Хасал цӀех-рехелал=== * {{cite book|first=Ken|last=Alder|title=The Measure of All Things – The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World|publisher=Free Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7432-1675-3|url=https://archive.org/details/measureofallthin00alde}} * {{cite book|last=Alter|first=Peter|title=Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800|url=https://archive.org/details/unitydiversityin0000unse_f1p7|editor=[[T. C. W. Blanning]] and [[Hagen Schulze]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-726382-2}} * {{cite book|title=Napoleon and Persia|first=Iradj|last=Amini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12|year=2000|isbn=978-0-934211-58-1|publisher=Taylor & Francis}} * {{cite book|title=World History of Warfare|first1=Christon I.|last1=Archer|first2=John R.|last2=Ferris|first3=Holger H.|last3=Herwig|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch}} * {{cite book|title=Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy|last=Astarita|first=Tommaso|year=2005|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-05864-2|url=https://archive.org/details/betweensaltwater00tomm}} * {{cite book |last=Bell |first=David |title=The First Total War |url=https://archive.org/details/firsttotalwarnap00bell |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-618-34965-4 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2007 }} * {{cite book|last=Bordes|first=Philippe|title=Jacques-Louis David|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12346-3|year=2007|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jacqueslouisdavi0000bord}} * {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Brooks|title=Atlas of World Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldmili0000harp|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7607-2025-7}} * {{cite book |last= Chandler |first= David |author-link= David G. Chandler |title= The Campaigns of Napoleon |location= New York |publisher= Scribner |year= 1966 |isbn= 978-0-02-523660-8 |oclc= 740560411 |url= https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan }} * {{cite book |last= Chandler |first= David |author-link= David G. Chandler |title= Napoleon |url= https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000chan |url-access= registration |year= 1973 |isbn= 9780841502543 |orig-year= 1966 }} * {{cite book|last=Chesney|first=Charles|title=Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/waterloolectures0000char|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4286-4988-0}} * Clausewitz, Carl von (2018). ''Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-2676-2}} * Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). ''Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3025-7}} * Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). ''The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3034-9}} * {{cite book|year=2006|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/blunderingtoglor00conn_0|url-access=registration|first=Owen|last=Connelly|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-5318-7}} * {{cite book|title=The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/billyruffianbell0000cord|url-access=registration|first=David|last=Cordingly|year=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-58234-468-3}} * {{cite book|title=Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?|url=https://archive.org/details/isarsenicaphrodi0000cull|last=Cullen|first=William|year=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-363-7}} *Dobi.A. 1974. “For the Emperor-Bibliophile, Only the Very Best.” ''Wilson Library Bulletin'' 49 (November): 229–33. * {{cite book|title=As Befits a Legend|url=https://archive.org/details/asbefitslegendbu0000dris|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=978-0-87338-484-1|last=Driskel|first=Paul|year=1993}} *{{cite book | last = Esdaile | first = Charles J. | ref = Esdaile | publication-date = 2003 | year = 2003 | title = The Peninsular War: A New History | publisher = Macmillan | url = https://archive.org/details/peninsularwarnew00esda | url-access = registration | isbn = 978-1-4039-6231-7 }} * {{cite book|isbn=978-0-313-31912-9|title=Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|first=George Q.|last=Flynn}} * {{cite book|last1=Fremont-Barnes|first1=Gregory|first2=Todd|last2=Fisher|title=The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwarsri0000frem|publisher=Osprey|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84176-831-1}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|title=Death Mask of Napoleon|access-date=4 August 2008|publisher=University of North Carolina|last=Fulghum|first=Neil|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726174840/http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishulcerhist0000gate_o1o7|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-306-81083-1}} * {{cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=978-0-7126-0719-3|year=2003}} * {{cite book|last=Gill, John H. |author-link=John H. Gill |year=2014 |title=1809: Thunder on the Danube - Napoleon's Defeat of the Habsburgs, Vol. 1 |location=London |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-184415-713-6}} * {{cite book|author1=Godechot, Jacques|author2=Béatrice Fry Hyslop|author3=David Lloyd Dowd|title=The Napoleonic era in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rFmAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|isbn=978-0-03-084166-8|display-authors=1}} * {{cite book|last=Grab|first=Alexander|title=Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleontransfor0000grab|publisher=Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-333-68275-3}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sizemattershowhe00hall|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/sizemattershowhe00hall/page/181 181]|title=Size Matters|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|last=Hall|first=Stephen|isbn=978-0-618-47040-2}} * {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Harvey|year=2006|title=The War of Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/warofwarsepicstr0000harv|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84529-635-3}} * {{cite journal|journal=Clinical Chemistry|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092|title=The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?|last1=Hindmarsh|first1=J. Thomas|first2=John|last2=Savory|volume=54|page=2092|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358|year=2008|access-date=10 October 2010|issue=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226104857/http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092|archive-date=26 December 2010|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|first=Inari|last=Karsh|title=Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00541-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilaKRKkC&pg=PA11}} {{Хвараб регӀел|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Mowat, R.B. (1924) ''The Diplomacy of Napoleon'' (1924) 350 pp. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80819 online] * {{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement.html|title=The history of measurement|publisher=St Andrew's University|access-date=18 July 2008|year=2003|last1=O'Connor|first1=J|first2=E F|last2=Robertson}} * {{cite journal|title=1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict|edition=vol 28|last=Poulos|first=Anthi|journal=International Journal of Legal Information|volume=28|pages=1–44|year=2000|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/ijli28&div=12&id=&page=|doi=10.1017/S0731126500008842|s2cid=159202400}} * Richardson, Hubert N.B. ''A Dictionary of Napoleon and His Times'' (1921) [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnapo00rich online free] 489pp * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&pg=PR9|title=Heavy Words Lightly Thrown|publisher=Granta|isbn=978-1-86207-765-2|year=2004|last=Roberts|first=Chris}} * {{cite book |last= Schom |first= Alan |author-link= Alan Schom |title= Napoleon Bonaparte |year= 1997 |publisher= HarperCollins |isbn= 978-0-06-017214-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart00scho }} * {{cite book|author=Schroeder, Paul W.|title=The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC|year=1996|publisher=Oxford U.P.|pages=177–560|isbn=978-0-19-820654-5}} advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era * {{cite book|last=Schwarzfuchs|first=Simon|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|isbn=978-0-19-710023-3|title=Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonjewssanh0000schw}} * {{cite book|title=Tricolor and crescent|first=William|last=Watson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13|isbn=978-0-275-97470-1|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|access-date=12 June 2009|year=2003}} * {{cite book|first=Martin|last=Sicker|title=The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzMJys65u9wC&pg=PA99|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood|page=99|isbn=978-0-275-96891-5}} * {{cite book|last=Wells|first=David|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry|url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000well|url-access=registration|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-011813-1|year=1992}} {{Columns-end}} {{refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|Napoleon Bonaparte|b=European History/Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalism|s=Author:Napoleon Bonaparte}} * [http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm The Napoleonic Guide] * [http://www.napoleon-series.org/ Napoleon Series] * [http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/ International Napoleonic Society] * [https://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/home.html Biography] by the US [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * {{Gutenberg author|id=4267}} * [https://www.napoleon-empire.com/napoleon-itinerary.php Hit the road with Napoleon] <!-- * [http://www.inside-longwood.com/index.html Inside Longwood] descriptions of Longwood House & other places on St. Helena, articles on Napoleon's captivity * [[Alan Schom]] [https://www.c-span.org/video/?91435-1/napoleon-bonaparte Interview on his book ''Napoleon Bonaparte''] on ''[[Booknotes]]'', 26 October 1997 * {{Gutenberg author | id=Napoleon+I,+Emperor+of+the+French}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=12292}} * {{Gutenberg|no=3567|name=Memoirs of Napoleon}} * {{Gutenberg|no=14300|name=The Life of Napoleon I|author=John Holland Rose|author-link=John Holland Rose}} * {{Gutenberg|no=17579|name=The History of Napoleon Buonaparte|author=John Gibson Lockhart|author-link=John Gibson Lockhart}} * {{Gutenberg|no=24360|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|author-link=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 1/4 * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Historical-Figures/Bonaparte-Napoleon Napoleon Personal Manuscripts & Letters] {{Gutenberg|no=27289|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|author-link=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 3/4 * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547jy "Napoleon and Wellington"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Andrew Roberts, Mike Broer and Belinda Beaton (''In Our Time'', 25 October 2001) --> {{Napoleon}} {{Napoleonic Wars}} {{French Revolution navbox}} {{Imperial House of France (First French Empire)}} {{Bonaparte family}} {{German Confederations 1806–1871}} {{French Pretenders}} {{Monarchs of France}} {{Monarchs of Germany}} {{French Consulate}} {{Authority control}} [[Категория:Наполеон| ]] [[Категория:1769 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1821 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул Египеталъул паранс губернаторзаби]] [[Категория:XVIII гӀасруялъул Паранс пачалихъалъул бетӀерзаби]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул Италиялъул къиралзаби]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул Франсиялъул монархал]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул Андорраялъул амирзаби]] [[Категория:Корсикиял националистал]] [[Категория:Корсикиял сиясатчачӀи]] [[Категория:Кванирукъалъул толоялъ хварал]] [[Категория:Наполеониял рагъазул паранс командерзаби]] [[Категория:Паранс консулат]] [[Категория:Паранс императорзаби]] [[Категория:Паранс къватӀире гъурал]] [[Категория:Паранс революциониял рагъазул паранс республиканиял рагъулал церехъаби]] [[Категория:Паранс националистал]] 2bx0l605raw8n4fcagqfdh1baihs143 Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ 0 16073 102272 95770 2026-10-15T02:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Dagestan inhabited locality | av_name = Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ | ru_name = | inhabloc_type = Росу | inhabloc_type_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | image_skyline = | image_caption = | etymology = | image_map = | district_map = Russia Dagestan Shamilil District | map_caption = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_outside = | coordinates = | adm_district_jur = [[Бакълъул мухъ]] | adm_district_jur_ref = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | adm_selsoviet_type = Росдал поселение | adm_selsoviet_jur = Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ росу | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | pop_latest = {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ|р}} | pop_latest_date = {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ|с}} | pop_latest_ref = {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ|л}} | pop_density = | population_demonym = | ethnicity = [[Аварал]] | adm_ctr_of = Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ росдал поселениялъул | adm_ctr_of_ref = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | rural_settlement_jur = ''«Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ росу»'' муниципалаб гӀуцӀи́ | mun_admctr_of = <ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> | postal_codes = | postal_codes_ref = }} '''Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ''', цебе '''ГӀахьвахъ''',<ref name="Khapizov2020">{{cite journal|last1= Хапизов|first1= Ш. М.|last2= Шехмагомедов|first2= М. Г.|date= 2020|title= Эпитафии как историко-этнографический источник (на примере селения Дагбаш/Ахвах Шамильского района)|url= http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/77/3.pdf|journal= Вестник Дагестанского научного центра|volume= |issue= 70|publisher= |pages= 16–24|doi= 10.31029/vestdnc77/3|access-date= 18 септембер 2025|archive-date= 2023-11-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123001434/http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/77/3.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> буго [[Дагъистан|Дагъистаналъул]] [[Шамилил мухъ|Шамилил мухъалъул]] росу. Эб уна росдал поселениялъул статус бугеб ''Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ росу'' муниципалаб гӀуцӀиялда гъорлӀе цохӀо бугеб росу гӀадин.<ref name="RDagestan_mun"/> == История == 1930-л соназде щвезегӀан росдал цӀар букӀана ГӀахьвахъ–илан.<ref name="Khapizov2020" /> 1944 соналъ росдал киналниги чагӀи рахъинаруна [[ГӀандал мухъ]]алъул [[Зандакъ|Дагъбаш (Зандакъ)]] росулӀе. 1957 соналъ чачаназе реабилитация гьабун хаду, гӀемерисел гьел руссана [[Гелбахъ мухъ|Гелбахъ мухъалъул]] [[Нечаевка (Дагъистан)|Нечаевкаялда]], дагьалгоял нахъруссана гӀагараб росулӀе. == География== Буго Ракьуб-гӀорул рагӀалда, мухъалъул центер [[ХӀебда|ХӀебдаса]] 18 км-яъ жанубияб бакътӀерхьудехун. == Демография == {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ}} {{ЧагӀазул рикӀкӀен|Ракьуб-ГӀахьвахъ|д}} == МугъчӀваял == {{Reflist}} {{Шамилил мухъ|rosu}} [[Категория:Шамилил мухъалъул росаби]] inp2o8sknjwoq2cimpfjyt3mnfod9l5 Винстон Черчилл 0 16793 102264 97894 2026-10-15T01:31:40Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Пачалихъияв хъулухъчи | имя = Уинстон Черчилл | цӀаралъул_оригинал = {{lang-en|Winston Churchill}} | сурат = Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg | герб = Coat of Arms of Winston Churchill.svg | сурат_гъоркьхъвай = Уинстон Черчилл (30 декембер, 1941) <br><small>«[[Винстон Черчилл (фотография)|Рурулеб гъалбацӀ]]» фотография, [[Карш, Юсуф|Юсуф Каршица]] гьабураб</small> | хъулухъ = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул премьер-министер]] | байрахъ = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал = [[26 октобер]] [[1951]] | период_ахир = [[5 април]] [[1955]] | монарх = ''[[Георг VI]]''<br><small>(1952 соналъул 6 фебруаралде щвезегӀан)</small><br>''[[Елизавета II]]''<br><small>(1952 соналъул 6 фебруаралдаса)</small> | цевесев = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хадусев = [[Иден, Энтони|Энтони Иден]] | период_авал_2 = [[10 май]] [[1940]] | период_ахир_2 = [[26 юл]] [[1945]] | монарх_2 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | цевесев_2 = [[Чемберлен, Невилл|Невилл Чемберлен]] | хадусев_2 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хъулухъ_3 = [[Официалияб оппозиция (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Жиндир БетӀерчӀахъаясул божараб оппозициялъул лидер]] | байрахъ_3 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_3 = [[26 юл]] [[1945]] | период_ахир_3 = [[26 октобер]] [[1951]] | монарх_3 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | цевесев_3 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хадусев_3 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хъулухъ_4 = [[Консервативияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Консервативияб партиялъул лидер]] | байрахъ_4 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_4 = [[9 новембер]] [[1940]] | период_ахир_4 = [[6 април]] [[1955]] | цевесев_4 = [[Чемберлен, Невилл|Невилл Чемберлен]] | хадусев_4 = [[Иден, Энтони|Энтони Иден]] | хъулухъ_5 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул цӀуниялъул министер]] | байрахъ_5 = Flag of the British Secretary of State for Defence.svg | период_авал_5 = [[26 октобер]] [[1951]] | период_ахир_5 = [[1 марта]] [[1952]] | премьер_5 = живго | монарх_5 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | цевесев_5 = [[Эмануэль Шинвелл]] | хадусев_5 = [[Харолд Александер]] | период_авал_6 = [[10 май]] [[1940]] | период_ахир_6 = [[26 юл]] [[1945]] | монарх_6 = ''[[Георг VI]]'' | премьер_6 = живго | цевесев_6 = хъулухъ гӀуцӀана;<br>[[Четфилд, Эрни|Эрни Четфилд]]<br><small>(цӀуниялъул кординациялъул министер хӀисабалда)</small> | хадусев_6 = [[Эттли, Клемент|Клемент Эттли]] | хъулухъ_7 = [[Адмираллъиялъул тӀоцевесев лорд]] | байрахъ_7 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_7 = [[3 септембер]] [[1939]] | период_ахир_7 = [[11 май]] [[1940]] | премьер_7 = [[Чемберлен, Невилл|Невилл Чемберлен]] | монарх_7 = [[Георг VI]] | цевесев_7 = [[Стэнгьоуп, Джеймс, 7-в граф Стэнгьоуп]] | хадусев_7 = [[Александер, Альберт Виктор, 1-б граф Гьиллсборо|Алберт Александер]] | период_авал_8 = [[24 октобер]] [[1911]] | период_ахир_8 = [[25 май]] [[1915]] | монарх_8 = [[Георг V]] | премьер_8 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | цевесев_8 = [[Маккенна, Реджиналд|Реджиналд Маккена]] | хадусев_8 = [[Бальфур, Артур|Артур Бальфур]] | хъулухъ_9 = [[Хазначилъиялъул канцлер]] | байрахъ_9 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_9 = [[6 новембер]] [[1924]] | период_ахир_9 = [[4 юн]] [[1929]] | премьер_9 = [[Болдуин, Стэнли|Стэнли Болдуин]] | монарх_9 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_9 = [[Сноуден, Филипп, 1-в виконт Сновден|Филипп Сновден]] | хадусев_9 = [[Сноуден, Филипп, 1-в виконт Сновден|Филипп Сновден]] | хъулухъ_10 = [[Колониязул ишазул министер|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул колониязул ишазул министер]] | байрахъ_10 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_10 = [[13 фебруар]] [[1921]] | период_ахир_10 = [[19 октобер]] [[1922]] | премьер_10 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_10 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_10 = [[Милнер, Алфред|Альфред Милнер, 1-в виконт Милнер]] | хадусев_10 = [[Кавендиш, Виктор, 9-в герцог Девонширияв|Виктор Кавендиш, 9-в герцог Девонширияв]] | хъулухъ_11 = Авиациялъул ишазул пачалихъияв секретарчи | байрахъ_11 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_11 = [[10 январ]] [[1919]] | период_ахир_11 = [[13 фебруар]] [[1921]] | премьер_11 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_11 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_11 = [[Вэйр, Уильям, 1-виконт Вэйр]] | хадусев_11 = [[Гест, Фредерик|Фредерик Гест]] | хъулухъ_12 = [[Рагъулал ишазул пачалихъияв секретарчи]] | байрахъ_12 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_12 = [[10 январ]] [[1919]] | период_ахир_12 = [[13 фебруар]] [[1921]] | премьер_12 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_12 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_12 = [[Милнер, Алфред|Алфред Милнер, 1-в виконт Милнер]] | хадусев_12 = [[Уортингтон-Эванс, Ламинг|Ламинг Уортингтон-Эванс]] | хъулухъ_13 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул яргъидгӀуцӀиялъул министер]] | байрахъ_13 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_13 = [[17 юл]] [[1917]] | период_ахир_13 = [[10 январ]] [[1919]] | премьер_13 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | монарх_13 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_13 = [[Эддисон, Кристофер, 1-в виконт Эддисон|Кристофер Эддисон]] | хадусев_13 = [[Уир, Эндрю, 1-в барон Инверфос|Эндрю Уир, 1-в барон Инверфон]] | хъулухъ_14 = [[Канцлер герцогства Ланкастерского]] | байрахъ_14 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_14 = [[25 мая]] [[1915]] | период_ахир_14 = [[25 новембер]] [[1915]] | премьер_14 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | монарх_14 = [[Георг V]] | цевесев_14 = [[Монтегю, Эдвин Сэмюэл|Эдвин Сэмюэл Монтегю]] | хадусев_14 = [[Сэмюэл, Герберт Луис|Герберт Луис Сэмюэл]] | хъулухъ_15 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жанисел ишазул министер]] | байрахъ_15 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_15 = [[19 фебруар]] [[1910]] | период_ахир_15 = [[24 октобер]] [[1911]] | премьер_15 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | монарх_15 = [[Эдуард VII]]<br><small>(1910 соналъул 6 маялъ-лъагӀан)<br>[[Георг V]]<br><small>(1910 соналъул 6 маялдаса)</small> | цевесев_15 = [[Глэдстоун, Герберт|Герберт Глэдстоун, 1-в виконт Глэдстоун]] | хадусев_15 = [[Маккенна, Реджиналд|Реджиналд Маккена]] | хъулухъ_16 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул Дармил рахъалъ данделъиялъул вакил|Дармил рахъалъ данделъиялъул вакил]] | байрахъ_16 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_16 = [[12 април]] [[1908]] | период_ахир_16 = [[14 фебруар]] [[1910]] | премьер_16 = [[Асквит, Герберт Генри|Герберт Генри Асквит]] | монарх_16 = [[Эдуард VII]] | цевесев_16 = [[Ллойд Джордж, Дэвид|Дэвид Ллойд Джордж]] | хадусев_16 = [[Бакстон, Сидни, 1-й граф Бакстон|Сидни Бакстон]] | хъулухъ_17 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Вудфорд (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Вудфорд]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_17 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_17 = [[5 юл]] [[1945]] | период_ахир_17 = [[15 октобер]] [[1964]] | цевесев_17 = сверухълъи гӀуцӀана | хадусев_17 = сверухълъи тӀагӀинабуна | хъулухъ_18 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Эппинг (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Эппинг]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_18 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_18 = [[29 октобер]] [[1924]] | период_ахир_18 = [[5 юл]] [[1945]] | цевесев_18 = [[Лайл, Леонард, 1-в барон Лайл Вэстборналдса|Леонард Лайл]] | хадусев_18 = [[Мэннинг, Ли|Ли Мэннинг]] | хъулухъ_19 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Данди (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Данди]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_19 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_19 = [[24 април]] [[1908]] | период_ахир_19 = [[15 новембер]] [[1922]] | цевесев_19 = [[Робертсон, Эдмунд, 1-в барон Лочи|Эдмунд Робертсон]] ва [[Вилки, Александр|Александр Вилки]] | хадусев_19 = [[Скримджур, Эдвин|Эдвин Скримджур]] ва [[Морел, Эдмунд Дене|Эдмунд Дене Морел]] | цадахъхӀаким1_19 = [[Вилки, Александр|Александр Вилки]] | хъулухъ_20 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи [[Шималиябгин БакътӀерхьул Манчестер (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Шималиябгин БакътӀерхьул Манчестер]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_20 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_20 = [[8 фебруар]] [[1906]] | период_ахир_20 = [[24 април]] [[1908]] | цевесев_20 = [[Хаулдсворт, Вилям, 1-в баронет|Уильям Хаулдсворт, 1-в баронет]] | хадусев_20 = [[Джойнсон-Гьикс, Вилям, 1-в виконт Брентфорд|Вилям Джойнсон-Гьикс]] | хъулухъ_21 = [[Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палата|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул жамагӀатазул палатаялъул]] гъорлӀчи[[Олдэм (рищиязул сверухълъи)|Олдэм]] рищиязул сверухълъиялдаса | байрахъ_21 = Flag of UK.svg | период_авал_21 = [[24 октобер]] [[1900]] | период_ахир_21 = [[12 январ]] [[1906]] | цевесев_21 = [[Ренсимен, Волтер, 1-в виконт Ренсимен Доксфордияв|Волтер Ренсимен]] ва [[Эммотт, ьфред, 1-в барон Эммотт|Алфред Эммотт]] | хадусев_21 = [[Брайт, Джон Алберт|Джон Алберт Брайт]] ва [[Эммотт, Алфред, 1-в барон Эммотт|Альфред Эммотт]] | цадахъхӀаким1_21 = [[Эммотт, Алфред, 1-в барон Эммотт|Алфред Эммотт]] | рагъулаб_цӀар = {{КӀудияб Британия, Колонел}} | хъулухъалъул_сонал= 1893–1899 | гъорлӀ = {{флагификация|КӀудияб Британия}} | аскаразул_тайпа = [[Кавалерия]] | нухмалъулаан = [[4-й гусарский полк (Великобритания)|4-й гусарский полк]] (почётный командир) | рагъал = [[Магьдистазул дандерахъин]]<br>[[Ингилисгин бурская рагъ (1899–1902)|Ингилисгин бур рагъ]]<br>[[ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]]<br>''[[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ]]'' | гьави= 30.11.1874 | гьавураб_бакӀ = | хвей = 24.01.1965 | хвараб_бакӀ = | партия = [[Либералияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Либералияб партия]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/4684037|title=Черчилль|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|access-date=2022-07-07|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615154755/https://bigenc.ru/world_history/text/4684037|url-status=хвараб}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20141130/1035631611.html|title=Уинстон Черчиль. Биография|publisher=РИА Новости}}</ref> [[Консервативияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Консервативияб партия]] | лъади = [[Черчилл, Клементина|Клементина Гьозйе]] | вукъана = [[Мукъадасав Мартинил килиса (Блейдон)|Блейдоналъул Мукъадасав Мартинил килисаялъул]] хабзал, [[Блейдон]], [[Оксфордшир]] графлъи, [[Англия]] | тухум = [[Спенсер (хъизан)|Спенсерал]] | лъимал = '''вас:''' [[Черчилл, Рэндолф (1911)|Рэндолф]] <br>'''ясал:''' Диана, Сара, Мариголд ва Мэри | автограф = | шапакъатал = {{Нобелил медал}} [[Адабияталъухъ Нобелил премия]] ([[1953]]) {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Рухьадул орден}}|{{ХӀалтӀухъ орден (Цолъараб Къиралат)}}|{{ХӀурматалъул Кавалерзабазул орден}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{ЦӀва 1914–1915}}|{{Британ рагъулаб медал}}|{{Бергьенлъиялъул медал (Цолъараб Къиралат)}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{ЦӀва 1939–1945}}|{{Африканияб цӀва}}|{{Италияб цӀва}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Парансияб ва Германияб цӀва}}|{{Рагъулаб медал 1939–1945}}|{{V Георгил коронационияб медал}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Георг V къираласул ГӀарцулаб юбилеялъул медал}}|{{Георга VI Георгил коронационияб медал}}|{{II Элизабетил коронационияб медал}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{I Леополдил орденалъул КӀудияб киласалъул кавалер}}|{{Мукъадасав Олафид орденалъул КӀудияб киласалъул кавалер}}|{{Пилалъул орденалъул кавалер}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Эркенлъизабиялъул орденалъул кавалер (Парансия)}}|{{Рагъулаб медал (Парансия)}}|{{Рагъулаб килас 1939–1945 (Парансия)}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Миккил тажалъул орденалъул КӀудияб килас}}|{{Машгьурал хӀалтӀабазухъ медал}}|{{Нидерланд гъалбацӀалъул орденалъул КӀудияб киласалъул кавалер}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Белгиялъул Рагъулаб килас 1940}}|{{Рагъулаб килас (Люксембург)}}|{{Рагъулал хӀалтӀабазухъ орденалъул КӀудияб килас (БагӀараб дивизион)}}}} {{шапакъатазул мухъ|битӀизабизе = квегӀиде|{{Непалалъул ЦӀваялъул орден 1 классалъул}}|{{Эркенлъиялъул килас 1 классалъул 1 даражаялъул}}|{{ХъахӀаб гъалбацӀалъул орден 1 даражаялъул}}}} }} '''[[Сэр]] Уи́нстон Леона́рд Спе́нсер Че́рчилль''' ({{lang-en|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill}}, {{IPA-en|ˌwɪnstən ˈtʃɜːtʃɪl}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/winston-churchill |title=Winston Churchill |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionary |lang=en |access-date=2022-07-07 |archive-date=2022-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908180841/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/winston-churchill |url-status=dead}}</ref> (30 новембер, 1874, [[Бленгьейм кӀалгӀа]], [[Вудсток (Англия)|Вудсток]] — 24 январ 1965, [[Кинстон ва Челси]], [[Лондон]], [[Цолъараб Къиралат]]) — британ пачалихъияв хъулухъчи, рагъулав хъулухъчи ва хъвадарухъан, [[КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ|КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъул]] заманалда, 1940 соналдаса 1945 соналде щвезегӀанги, хадув 1951 соналдаса 1955 соналде щвезегӀанги [[Цолъараб Къираллъиялъул премьер-министр|Цолъараб Къиралаталъул премьер-министерлъун]] вукӀарав. 1922-даса 1924-де щвезегӀа кӀиго соналъ хутӀизегӀан, гьев вукӀана [[Парламенталъул гъорлӀчи (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Парламенталъул гъорлӀчилъун]] 1900 соналдаса 1964 соналде щвегӀан ва гьес вакиллъи гьабулаан гӀаммаб къагӀидаялъ щуго рищадул сверухълъиялъе. Идеологияб рахъалъ [[Экономикияб либерализм|экономикияв либералчи]] ва [[Британиялъул империя|империалист]], гьев жиндирго карьераялъул гӀемерисел саназ вукӀана [[Консервативияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Консервативияб партиялъул]] гъорлӀчилъун, жинца гьелъие 1940–1955 соназда нухмалъи гьабулев вукӀарав. 1904 соналдаса 1924 соналде щвезегӀан гьев вукӀана [[Либералияб партия (Цолъараб Къиралат)|Либералияб партиялъул]] гъорлӀчилъунги. ===Тухум-кьибил=== {{ahnentafel |collapsed=no |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Randolph S. |author-link=Randolph Churchill |title=Winston S. Churchill: Volume One: Youth, 1874–1900 |publisher=Hillsdale College Press |location=Hillsdale, Michigan |year=1966 |pages=13–16 |isbn=978-09-16308-08-7}}</ref> |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |1=1. '''Винстон Черчилл''' |2=2. [[Лорд Рандолф Черчилл]] |3=3. [[Леди Рандолф Черчилл|Дженни Джером]] |4=4. [[Джон Спенсер-Черчилл, 7-в Дук Малборо]] |5=5. [[Френсис Анна Спенсер-Черчилл, Дукесса Малборо|Леди Френсис Анна Вейн]] |6=6. [[Леонард Джером]] |7=7. Кларисса Гьолл |8=8. [[Джордж Спенсер-Черчилл, 6-в Дук Малборо]] |9=9. Леди Джейн Стюарт |10=10. [[Чарлз Вейн, Лондондериялъул 3-в Маркиз]] |11=11. [[Френсис Анна Вейн, Лондондериялъул Мркиза|Френсис Анна Вейн-Темпест]] |12=12. Айзек Джером |13=13. Аврора Мюррей |14=14. Амбросий Гьолл |15=15. Кларисса Вилкокс }} ==Баянкьелал== {{notelist}} ==МугъчӀваял== ===Цитатаби=== {{reflist|25em}} ===Библиография=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Arthur |first=Max |author-link=Max Arthur |title=Churchill – The Life: An authorised pictorial biography |url=https://archive.org/details/churchilllifeaut0000maxa |year=2017 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-17-88400-02-2}} * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=Edward |title=Liberal Epic: The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill |year=2011 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |isbn=978-08-13931-45-6}} * {{cite journal |last=Addison |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Addison |title=The Political Beliefs of Winston Churchill |year=1980 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |volume=30 |pages=23–47 |jstor=3679001 |doi=10.2307/3679001}} * {{cite book |last=Addison |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Addison |title=Churchill: The Unexpected Hero |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000paul |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-01-99297-43-6}} * {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |title=Burma: The Longest War 1941–1945 |publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd |date=1984 |isbn=978-04-60024-74-7}} * {{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Ball |title=Churchill and the Conservative Party |year=2001 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |volume=11 |pages=307–330 |doi=10.1017/S0080440101000160 |jstor=3679426|s2cid=153860359 }} * {{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Christopher |author-link1=Christopher Bayly |last2=Harper |first2=Tim |title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmies0000chri |publisher=Penguin History |date=2004 |isbn=978-01-40293-31-9}} * {{cite journal |last=Bell |first=Christopher M. |year=2011 |title=Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914 |journal=War in History |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=333–356 |doi=10.1177/0968344511401489 |s2cid=159573922}} * {{cite book |last=Best |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Best |title=Churchill: A Study in Greatness |year=2001 |publisher=Hambledon and Continuum |location=London and New York |isbn=978-18-52852-53-5}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Blake |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-link=Robert Blake, Baron Blake |editor2-last=Louis |editor2-first=Wm. Roger |editor2-link=Wm. Roger Louis |title=Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198203179 |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-01-98203-17-9 |oclc=30029512}} * {{cite book |last=Charmley |first=John |author-link=John Charmley |title=Churchill's Grand Alliance, 1940–1957 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillsgranda0000char |year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-01-51275-81-6 |oclc=247165348}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Twilight War: 3 September 1939 – 10 May 1940 |series=The Second World War |work=The Gathering Storm |volume=II |edition=9th |year=1967b |orig-year=first published 1948 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |title=Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_2009-12_81_4/page/859 |year=2009 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=859–887 |doi=10.1086/605488|s2cid=154708409 }} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=Churchill: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/churchilllife0000gilb_y5x6 |year=1991 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |isbn=978-04-34291-83-0}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill, 1945–1965 |year=1988 |publisher=Minerva |location=Trowbridge |isbn=978-07-49391-04-1}} * {{cite book |last=Haffner |first=Sebastian |author-link=Sebastian Haffner |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000haff |year=2003 |others=John Brownjohn (translator) |publisher=Haus |location=London |isbn=978-19-04341-07-9 |oclc=852530003}} * {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |author-link=Max Hastings |title=Finest Years. Churchill as Warlord, 1940–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/finestyearschurc0000hast |year=2009 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=Hammersmith |isbn=978-00-07263-67-7}} * {{cite book |last=Hermiston |first=Roger |title=All Behind You, Winston – Churchill's Great Coalition, 1940–45 |url=https://archive.org/details/allbehindyouwins0000herm |year=2016 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=978-17-81316-64-1}} * {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Jenkins |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000jenk_a9l6 |year=2001 |publisher=Macmillan Press |location=London |isbn=978-03-30488-05-1}} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Boris |author-link=Boris Johnson |title=The Churchill Factor: How One Man Made History |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillfactorh0000john_b6i2 |year=2014 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-14-44783-05-6}} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Johnson (writer) |title=Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/churchill0000john_u7q2 |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=978-01-43117-99-5}} * {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Anthony J. |author-link=Anthony J. Jordan |title=Churchill, A Founder of Modern Ireland |year=1995 |publisher=Westport Books |location=Westport, Mayo |isbn=978-09-52444-70-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Khan |title=India at War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-975349-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213}} * {{cite book |last=Knickerbocker |first=H. R. |author-link=Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker |title=Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind |year=1941 |publisher=Reynal & Hitchcock |location=New York |isbn=978-14-17992-77-5}} * {{cite book |last=Langworth |first=Richard |author-link=Richard M. Langworth |title=Churchill in His Own Words |year=2008 |publisher=Ebury Press |location=London |isbn=978-00-91933-36-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Moritz, Jr. |first=Edward |title=Winston Churchill – Prison Reformer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_1958-08_20_4/page/428 |year=1958 |journal=The Historian |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |volume=20 |number=4 |pages=428–440 |jstor=24437567 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x}} * {{cite book |last=O'Brien |first=Jack |author-link=Jack O'Brien (author) |title=British Brutality in Ireland |publisher=The Mercier Press |location=Dublin |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-85342-879-4}} * {{cite book |last=Rasor |first=Eugene L. |title=Winston S. Churchill, 1874–1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-03-13305-46-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil00raso}} * {{cite journal |last1=Reagles |first1=David |last2=Larsen |first2=Timothy |author2-link=Timothy Larsen |title=Winston Churchill and Almighty God |year=2013 |journal=Historically Speaking |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Boston, Massachusetts |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=8–10 |doi=10.1353/hsp.2013.0056 |s2cid=161952924}} * {{cite book |last=Rhodes James |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Rhodes James |title=Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillstudyin0000jame |year=1970 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-02-97820-15-4}} * {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |title=Churchill: Walking with Destiny |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillwalking0000robe_m8r3 |year=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-11-01980-99-6}} * {{cite book |last=Robbins |first=Keith |author-link=Keith Robbins |title=Churchill: Profiles in Power |year=2014 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=978-13-17874-52-2}} * {{cite journal |last= Sen |first=Amartya |year=1977 |title= Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=1 |issue = 1 |pages=33–59 |author-link=Amartya Sen |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349}} * {{cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Shakespeare |title=Six Minutes in May |year=2017 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=978-17-84701-00-0}} * {{cite book |last=Soames |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Soames |title=Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill |year=1998 |publisher=Doubleday |location=London |isbn=978-03-85406-91-8}} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick Taylor (historian) |title=Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_b8e7 |year=2005 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-07-47570-84-4}} * {{cite book |last=Toye |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Toye |title=Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness |url=https://archive.org/details/lloydgeorgechurc0000toye |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-14-05048-96-5}} {{Refend}} ==ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Beschloss |first=Michael R. |author-link=Michael Beschloss |title=The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc |year=2002 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-06-84810-27-0 |oclc=50315054}} * {{cite book |last=Blake |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Blake, Baron Blake |title=Winston Churchill |url=https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000blak |series=Pocket Biographies |year=1997 |publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Stroud |isbn=978-07-50915-07-6 |oclc=59586004}} * {{cite EB1922 |wstitle=Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer |last=Buckle |first=George Earle |author-link=George Earle Buckle}} * {{cite book |last=Charmley |first=John |author-link=John Charmley |title=Churchill, The End of Glory: A Political Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillendofgl00char |year=1993 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-15-66632-47-8 |oclc=440131865}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=1911–1914 |series=[[The World Crisis]] |volume=I |year=1923a |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=1915 |series=The World Crisis |volume=II |year=1923b |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=1916–1918 (Parts I and II) |series=The World Crisis |volume=III |year=1927 |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Aftermath: 1918–1922 |series=The World Crisis |volume=IV |year=1929 |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Eastern Front |series=The World Crisis |volume=V |year=1931 |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Fall of France: May 1940 – August 1940 |series=The Second World War |work=Their Finest Hour |volume=III |edition=9th |year=1970a |orig-year=first published 1949 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Alone: September 1940 – December 1940 |series=The Second World War |work=Their Finest Hour |volume=IV |edition=9th |year=1970b |orig-year=first published 1949 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Germany Drives East: 2 January 1941 – 22 June 1941 |series=The Second World War |work=The Grand Alliance |volume=V |edition=5th |year=1968a |orig-year=first published 1950 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=War Comes to America: 23 June 1941 – 17 January 1942 |series=The Second World War |work=The Grand Alliance |volume=VI |edition=5th |year=1968b |orig-year=first published 1950 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=From War to War: 1919–1939 |series=The Second World War |work=The Gathering Storm |volume=I |edition=9th |year=1967a |orig-year=first published 1948 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Onslaught of Japan: 18 January 1942 – 3 July 1942 |series=The Second World War |work=The Hinge of Fate |volume=VII |edition=4th |year=1968c |orig-year=first published 1951 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Africa Redeemed: 4 July 1942 – 5 June 1943 |series=The Second World War |work=The Hinge of Fate |volume=VIII |edition=4th |year=1968d |orig-year=first published 1951 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Italy Won: 6 June 1943 – 12 November 1943 |series=The Second World War |work=Closing the Ring |volume=IX |edition=4th |year=1966a |orig-year=first published 1952 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=Teheran to Rome: 13 November 1943 – 5 June 1944 |series=The Second World War |work=Closing the Ring |volume=X |edition=4th |year=1966b |orig-year=first published 1952 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Tide of Victory: June 1944 – December 1944 |series=The Second World War |work=Triumph and Tragedy |volume=XI |edition=2nd |year=1954a |orig-year=first published April 1954 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Iron Curtain: January 1945 – July 1945 |series=The Second World War |work=Triumph and Tragedy |volume=XII |edition=2nd |year=1954b |orig-year=first published April 1954 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell & Co. Ltd]] |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=Colville |first=John |author-link=Jock Colville |title=The Fringes of Power, Volume One: September 1939 to September 1941 |year=1985 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=Sevenoaks |isbn=978-03-40402-69-6}} * {{cite book |last=Colville |first=John |author-link=Jock Colville |title=The Fringes of Power, Volume Two: September 1941 – April 1955 |year=1987 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |location=Sevenoaks |isbn=978-18-42126-26-4}} * {{cite book |last1=Coombs |first1=David |author1-link=David Coombs |last2=Churchill |first2=Minnie |others=[[Mary Soames]] (foreword) |title=Sir Winston Churchill: His Life through His Paintings |year=2003 |publisher=Pegasus |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-07-62427-31-4}} The book includes illustrations of more than 500 paintings by Churchill. * {{cite book |last=D'Este |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo D'Este |title=Warlord: A Life of Winston Churchill at War, 1874–1945 |year=2008 |publisher=Harper |location=New York |isbn=978-00-60575-73-1 |lccn=2008009272 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/warlordlifeofwin00dest}} * {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=In Search of Churchill: A Historian's Journey |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofchurch0000gilb |year=1994 |publisher=Wiley |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=978-00-02153-56-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Gilbert |last2=Churchill |first2=Randolph |author2-link=Randolph Churchill |title=Winston S. Churchill, The Official Biography (eight volumes) |year=1966 |publisher=William Heinemann |location=London |isbn=978-09-16308-08-7}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/04/the-medals-of-his-defeats/306061/ |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |title=The Medals of His Defeats |date=2002 |work=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |location=Washington DC |access-date=22 December 2019}} * {{cite book |last=Knowles |first=Elizabeth |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century Quotations |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-01-98662-50-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary01know}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Loewenheim |editor1-first=Francis L. |editor1-link=Francis L. Loewenheim |editor2-last=Langley |editor2-first=Harold D. |editor2-link=Harold D. Langley |editor3-last=Jonas |editor3-first=Manfred |title=Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence |url=https://archive.org/details/rooseveltchurchi0000roos_c4j6 |year=1990 |orig-year=first published 1975 |publisher=Da Capo Press Inc. |location=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-03-06803-90-1}} * {{cite book |last=Lukacs |first=John |author-link=John Lukacs |title=Churchill: Visionary, Statesman, Historian |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillvisiona0000luka |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-03-00103-02-1}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Reynolds |editor1-first=David |editor-link1=David Reynolds (historian) |editor2-last=Pechatnov |editor2-first=Vladimir |title=The Kremlin Letters: Stalin's Wartime Correspondence with Churchill and Roosevelt |url=https://archive.org/details/kremlinlettersst0000reyn |year=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-03-00226-82-9}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Rhodes James |editor-first=Robert |editor-link=Robert Rhodes James |title=Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (eight volumes) |year=1974 |publisher=Chelsea Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-08-35206-93-8}} * {{cite book |last=Seldon |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Seldon |title=Churchill's Indian Summer: The Conservative Government, 1951–1955 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |year=2010 |isbn=978-05-71272-69-3}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Gary Scott |title=Duty and Destiny: The Life and Faith of Winston Churchill |publisher=Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-8028-7700-0}} * {{cite book |last=Toye |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Toye |title=Churchill's Empire: The World that made him and the World he made |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillsempire0000toye_k0t8 |year=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-02-30703-84-1}} {{Refend}} ==КъватӀисел регӀелал== {{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=no|n=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|v=no|s=Author:Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill|b=no|d=Q8016}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/History/Parliament/Prime_Ministers/Churchill%2C_Sir_Winston/}} * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/churchills-first-world-war Churchill's First World War] from the Imperial War Museum. * [http://vault.fbi.gov/Winston%20Churchill FBI files on Winston Churchill]. * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Historical-Figures/Churchill-Winston Winston Churchill's Personal Manuscripts]. * {{Nobelprize}} ;Библиографиял ва онлайн коллекциял * {{Gutenberg author |id=Churchill,+Winston+(1874–1965)}} * {{FadedPage|id=Churchill, Winston S. (Spencer)|name=Winston S. (Spencer) Churchill|author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Winston Churchill}} * {{Librivox author |id=678}} ;Хъвай-бахъиял * [http://www.earthstation1.com/churchil.html EarthStation1: Winston Churchill Speech Audio Archive]. * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/fascinating-amateur-colour-footage-of-churchills-funeral Amateur colour film footage of Churchill's funeral] from the Imperial War Museum. ;Музеял, архивал ва библеотекаби * {{npg name|id=00879|name=Winston Churchill}} * {{Hansard-contribs|mr-winston-churchill|Winston Churchill}} * {{UK National Archives ID}} * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/churchillexhibition/ Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections]. * [http://www.winstonchurchill.org/ The International Churchill Society (ICS)]. * [http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum]: [[Churchill War Rooms]]. Comprising the original underground War Rooms preserved since 1945, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life. * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf War Cabinet Minutes (1942)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf (1942–43)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf (1945–46)], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf (1946)]. * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P5659 Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill] at the UK National Archives. * {{PM20|FID=pe/003274}} {{Churchill|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |list= {{UKPrimeMinisters}} {{British Chancellors of the Exchequer}} {{HomeSecretary}} {{Secretary of State for Defence}} {{First Lords of the Admiralty}} {{Presidents of the Board of Trade}} {{Leader of the House of Commons}} {{Minister of Munitions}} {{Fathers of the House}} {{UK Conservative Party}} {{Churchill War Ministry}} {{Churchill Caretaker Ministry}} {{Third Churchill Ministry}} {{Chamberlain War Ministry}} {{Cold War}} {{Charlemagne Prize recipients}} {{1953 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1951–1975}} {{Time Persons of the Year|27–50}} {{Rectors of the University of Aberdeen}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Черчилл, Винстон}} [[Категория:Винстон Черчилл| ]] [[Категория:1874 соналъ гьарурал]] [[Категория:1965 соналъ хварал]] [[Категория:XIX гӀасруялъул ингилис хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:XX гӀасруялъул ингилис хъвадарухъаби]] [[Категория:XX гӀасруялъул Цолъараб Къиралаталъул премьер-министерзаби]] [[Категория:XX гӀасруялъул ингились биографчагӀи]] [[Категория:Къиралалъул 4-б жиндирго гьуссар офицерзаби]] [[Категория:Викторианиял хъвадарухъаби]] c8cl9rwvii2652c2kk0a16dr30emzt0 Анкьракь 0 19743 102262 95813 2026-10-15T01:13:13Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Анкьракь''' — [[Авария|Авариялъул]] бакъдарахъалда бугеб регион, элъ ккола гӀатӀидаб территория, жиб авар [[ЦӀор|ЦӀорсаги]] гуржи [[КӀахети|КӀахетиялдасаги]] [[ГӀурахъ|ГӀурахъ мугӀруз]] батӀа гьабураб. Гьеб регионалда цин букӀана анкьго бо, XIX гӀасруялъул ахиралде эзул рикӀкӀен бахана анцӀила анлӀиде.<ref name="Khapizov2016">{{cite journal|last1= Шехмагомедов|first1= М. Г.|last2= Хапизов|first2= Ш. М.|date= 2016|title= «ИСТОРИЯ АНКРАТЛЯ» (ПЕРЕВОД С АРАБСКОГО ЯЗЫКА, КОММЕНТАРИИ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТЕКСТ)|trans-title= "Анкьракьалъул тарих" (гӀараб мацӀалдаса буссинаби, комментарияби, историкияб контекст)|url= http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/61/ShekhmagKhap.pdf|journal= Вестник Дагестанского научного центра|volume= |issue= 61|publisher= |pages= 23–37|doi= |access-date=}} {{Хвараб регӀел|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Анкьракь ккола анцухъдерил сверел тӀибитӀул ареаллъун.{{Sfn|ГӀалиев|2021|p=419}} == ГӀуцӀи == Цин анкьго боялъ гӀуцӀун букӀараб Анкьракьалъ нахъа гъорлӀе рачунаан цӀикӀкӀун боял. Эзда гъорлӀ:<ref>{{cite book |last1= МикагӀилилазул |first1= Ш. И.|author-link1= МикагӀилилазул Шигьабудинил Илияс |editor-last1= Бокарев|editor-first1= Е. А. |year= 1959 |title= Очерки аварской диалектологии |trans-title= Авар диалектологиялъул хъвай-хъвагӀаял |publication-place= Ленинград |publisher= СССРалъул гӀелмабазул академиялъул пресса |page= 510 |ref=}}</ref> #Анцухъгун Таш; #АнцӀросо; #УнхӀада; #Богьнада; #Лъебел; #Кьанада; #ТӀомур. XIX гӀасруялде, Анкьракь цолъуца гъорлӀе бачунаан ичӀго бо: Анцухъ (1000 цӀараки, 27 росу), АнцӀросу (770 цӀараки, 7 росу), Богьнода (630 цӀараки, 8 росу), Кьанада (200 цӀараки, 5 росу), Лъебел (300 цӀараки, 9 росу), Таш (1120 цӀараки, 27 росу), ТӀомур (290 цӀараки, 8 росу), Хьванал (720 цӀараки, 9 росу), УнхӀада (185 цӀараки, 5 росу).<ref>Норденстам И. И (1832). Описание Антль-Ратля. 1832 г. // История, география, этнография Дагестана в XVIII–XIX вв. Ред. М. О. Косвен, Х.-М. О. Хашаев (1958). Москва.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Гусейнова |first=Байзат Магомедовна|title=Союз сельских обществ Антль-Ратль|journal=Известия Российского государственного педагогического университета им. А. И. Герцена|date=2008|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/soyuz-selskih-obschestv-antl-ratl|issue=85}}</ref> Гьебго гӀасруялъул ахиралде, Анкьаркь регионалда рукӀарал боял рикьана анцӀила анлӀиде: Хъапуча, Гьунзиб, Шабахъ, ТӀохъ, МачӀар-Колода, КӀособ, ТӀонсода, ТӀасияб Таш, Гьоркьохъеб Таш, Гъоркьияб Таш, УнхӀада, АнцӀросу, Богьнода, Лъебел, Кьанада, ЧӀурмут. Гьез жанибе бачунаан 103 росу.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Абдулмажидов |first= Р. С.|title= Адаты обществ Анцух-Капуча и Бохнода: общая характеристика и сравнительный анализ|journal= История, археология и этнография Кавказа|date= 2014|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/adaty-obschestv-antsuh-kapucha-i-bohnoda-obschaya-harakteristika-i-sravnitelnyy-analiz|issue=2#38}}</ref><ref name="Khapizov2016" /> == МугъчӀваял == {{мугъчӀваял}} == Библиография == * {{cite book |last1= ГӀалиев|first1= Б. Г. |date= 2021 |title= Историческая география дагестана первой половины XIX в.|trans-title= |url= |url-status= |url-access= |format= |page= 574 |location= МахӀачхъала |publisher= Алеф |isbn= {{Format ISBN|9785001288909}} |doi= 10.33580/9785001288909 |archive-date= |via= |quote=}} h3435kxh6shbva1sgk3hjban9epbbsf Алдамилал 0 21527 102261 95803 2026-10-15T01:10:44Z InternetArchiveBot 12052 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 102261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Алда́милал''' рукӀана [[Авария|Авар]] [[нуцалзабазул рукъ|нуцалзабазул рукъалъул]] цо гӀаркьел, жидер чӀел [[Къеди|Къедиб]] букӀарал. Эл кколаан [[Ункъракь|Ункъракь]] регионалъул нучалчагӀи, жидеца авар [[нуцал|нуцалзабазул]] цӀарудаса [[Ункъракь бо|Ункъракьги]], [[Хъваршисезул бо|Хъваршиги]] боязе нухмалъи гьабулел рукӀарал, гьединго эзул кверщаликь рукӀана [[Хьаруб]], [[Зумсур]], [[Хашариб|Хашарибги]] ракьал (гьанжесел [[Хьаруб район|Хьарубги]], [[Итумхъала район|Итумхъалаги]] районал), [[Туш|Тушалда]] ункъго росуги.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Газимагомедов|first= Р. И.|date= 2016|title= К вопросу о феодально ренте в нагорном Дагестане и Чечне (документи кединских нуцалчи Алдамилал)|url= http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/61/Gazimag.pdf|journal= Вестник Дагестанского научного центра|volume= |issue= 61|publisher= |pages= 38–44|doi= |access-date= 2025-09-18|archive-date= 2025-01-21|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250121090031/http://vestnikdnc.ru/IssSources/61/Gazimag.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> == Референсал == {{Reflist}} [[Категория:Ункъракь]] [[Категория:Нуцалзабазул рукъ]] 4pucdq1ge82aycjvviy2g0w4ldq7t5k