Wikipédia banwiki https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_Utama MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Média Kusus Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Pabligbagan Sang Anganggé Wikipédia Pabligbagan Wikipédia Berkas Pabligbagan Berkas MédiaWiki Pabligbagan MédiaWiki Mal Pabligbagan Mal Wantuan Pabligbagan Wantuan Kategori Pabligbagan Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pabligbagan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 73 280211 272012 2026-08-13T21:44:59Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 12 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Aztec Empire.png|thumb|Kaprabon Azték duk 1519, di masa nitahné raja Montezuma II]] [[Berkas:Aztec calendar (Sunstone).png|thumb|Kalendér Azték]] '''Azték''' ento adan budaya ané ada di [[Méksiko]] Tengah di masa 1300 - 1521. Lebian uli abesik bangsa ané ngmiluin budayané ento, utamanné bangsa-bangsa ané nganggo basa Nahuatl. Kaprabon Azték ento konfédérasi uli telung kota-negara, ané ngawit duk taun 1427: Tenochtitlan, Texcoco muah Tlacopan. == Pustaka == {{refbegin |30em |indent=yes}}<!-- BEGIN biblio format. --> *{{cite book |last1=Altman| first1=Ida|author-link=Ida Altman|last2=Cline|first2=Sarah|last3=Pescador|first3=Javier|year=2003|title=The Early History of Greater Mexico|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-091543-6}} *{{cite book |first=Juan José |last=Batalla |year=2016 |chapter=The Historical Sources: Codices and Chronicles |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs |volume=1 |editor1=Deborah L. Nichols |editor2=Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.30}} *{{cite journal |last=Barlow |first=Robert H. |title=Some Remarks On The Term "Aztec Empire" |journal=The Americas |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=1945 |pages=345–349 |doi=10.2307/978159 |jstor=978159}} *{{cite book |last=Barlow |first=Robert H. |year=1949 |title=Extent Of The Empire Of Culhua Mexica |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.506242 |publisher=University of California Press}} *{{cite journal |last1=Beekman |first1= C.S. |last2=Christensen |first2=A.F. |year=2003 |title=Controlling for doubt and uncertainty through multiple lines of evidence: A new look at the Mesoamerican Nahua migrations |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-archaeological-method-and-theory_2003-06_10_2/page/111 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=111–164 |doi=10.1023/a:1024519712257|s2cid= 141990835}} *{{cite book |last=Berdan |first=Frances |author-link=Frances Berdan |year=1982 |title=The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society |series=Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology |location=New York |publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]] |isbn=978-0-03-055736-1 |oclc=7795704 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsofcentralm0000berd}} *{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=Frances F. |author-link=Frances Berdan |last2=Smith |first2=Michael E. |chapter=1. Introduction |year=1996a |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |location=Washington, DC |editor=Frances Berdan |editor2=Richard Blanton |editor3=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor4=Mary G. Hodge |editor5=Michael E. Smith |editor6=Emily Umberger |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc=27035231}} *{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=Frances F. |author-link=Frances Berdan |last2=Smith |first2=Michael E. |chapter= 9. Imperial Strategies and Core-Periphery Relations |year=1996b |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |location=Washington, DC |editor=Frances Berdan |editor2=Richard Blanton |editor3=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor4=Mary G. Hodge |editor5=Michael E. Smith |editor6=Emily Umberger |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=978-0-88402-211-4 |oclc=27035231}} *{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first=Frances F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=Patricia Rieff |year=1997 |title=The Essential Codex Mendoza |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JQeAQZHev0IC |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-20454-6}} *{{cite book |last=Berdan |first=Frances |year=2014 |title=Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} *{{cite journal |last=Berdan |first=F.F. |year=2016 |title=Featherworking in the Provinces: A Dispersed Luxury Craft under Aztec Hegemony |journal= Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1017/S0956536115000358|s2cid=164771165 }} *{{cite book |last=Boone |first=Elizabeth Hill |author-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |year=2000 |title=Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-70876-1 |oclc=40939882}} *{{cite book |last=Brading|first=D.A. |author-link=David Brading| year=1991 |title=The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-39130-6}} *{{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=W. |year=1990 |title='With one lip, with two lips': Parallelism in Nahuatl |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1990-09_66_3/page/437 |journal=Language |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=437–452 |doi=10.2307/414607 |jstor=414607}} *{{cite journal |last=Brumfiel |first=Elizabeth M. |year=1998 |title=The multiple identities of Aztec craft specialists |journal=Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association |volume= 8 |issue=1 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1525/ap3a.1998.8.1.145}} *{{cite book|last=Bueno|first=Christina|year=2016|title=The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=978-0-8263-5732-8}} *{{cite book |last=Burkhart | first=Louise M. |year=1997 |chapter= Mexican women on the home front |title=Indian women of early Mexico |pages=25–54 |editor1=S Schroeder |editor2=S Wood |editor3=RS Haskett}} *{{cite journal |last=Cáceres-Lorenzo |first= M.T. |year=2015 |title= Diffusion trends and Nahuatlisms of American Spanish: Evidence from dialectal vocabularies |journal=Dialectologia et Geolinguistica |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=50–67 |doi= 10.1515/dialect-2015-0004 |hdl= 10553/43280 |s2cid= 151429590}} *{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |author-link=Lyle Campbell |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |series=Oxford Studies in Anthropoical Linguistics, 4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-19-509427-5 |oclc=32923907}} *{{cite book |last=Carrasco |first=David |year=2000 |title=City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=978-0-8070-4642-5 |oclc=41368255}} *{{cite book |last=Carrasco |first=David |year=2012 |title=The Aztecs: A very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1953-7938-9}} *{{cite book |last=Carrasco |first=Pedro |year=1999 |title=The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3144-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Charlton |first=Thomas| year=2000 |chapter=The Aztecs and their Contemporaries: The Central and Eastern Mexican Highlands|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2. Mesoamerica Part 1 |pages=500–558 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35165-2}} *{{cite book|last=Chipman|first=Donald E.|year=2005|title=Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish Rule, 1520-1700|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72597-3}} *{{cite book |last=Cline | first=Howard F.|author-link=Howard F. Cline|year=1976 |chapter=Hubert Howe Bancroft, 1832-1918|title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 2|pages=326–347|editor=H.F. Cline|isbn=978-0-292-70153-3}} *{{cite book |last=Cline | first=Howard F.|author-link=Howard F. Cline |year=1973|chapter=Selected Nineteenth-Century Mexican Writers on Ethnohistory|title=Handbook of Middle American Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part 2|pages=370–393|editor=H.F. 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Mesoamerica Part 2 |pages=187–222 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65204-9}} *{{cite book |last=Cooper Alarcón |first=Daniel |year=1997 |title=The Aztec palimpsest: Mexico in the Modern Imagination |location=Tucson |publisher=University of Arizona Press}} *{{cite journal |last=Diel |first=Lori B. |year=2005 |title=Women and political power: The inclusion and exclusion of noblewomen in Aztec pictorial histories. |journal=RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=82–106 |doi=10.1086/resv47n1ms20167660|s2cid=157991841 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Elson |first1=Cristina |first2=Michael E. |last2=Smith |s2cid=25246053 |year=2001 | title=Archaeological deposits from the Aztec New Fire Ceremony |url=https://archive.org/details/ancient-mesoamerica_fall-2001_12_2/page/157 |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=12 |pages=157–174 | doi=10.1017/S0956536101122078 | issue=2}} *{{cite journal |last=Franco |first=Jean |year=2004 |title=The return of Coatlicue: Mexican nationalism and the Aztec past |journal=Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1080/1356932042000246977 |s2cid=162346920}} *{{cite journal |last=Frazier |first= E.G. |year=2006 |title=Préstamos del náhuatl al español mexicano |journal= Hesperia: Anuario de Filología Hispánica |volume=9 |pages=75–86}} *{{cite book |first1=Carlos |last1=Galindo Leal |first2=José |last2=Sarukhán Kermez |first3=David |first4=Charles |last3=Wright |last4=Carr |chapter= Una historia natural del emblema nacional de México |title= Escudo Nacional: flora, fauna y biodiversidad |editor= Cora Ma. A. Falero Ruiz |location=México City |publisher= Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Secretaría de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Museo Nacional de Antropología |year=2017 |pages=42–61}} *{{cite book |author-link=Charles Gibson (historian) |last=Gibson |first=Charles |year=1964 |title=The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810 |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsunderspani00gibs |url-access=registration}} *{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Susan D. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |year=1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=978-0-8165-1095-5 |oclc=19353576}} *{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Susan D. |author-link=Susan D. Gillespie |year=1998 |chapter=The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition |title=Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992 |chapter-url=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |chapter-format=[[PDF]] Reprint |editor=Elizabeth Hill Boone |editor2=Tom Cubbins |editor-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |location=Washington, DC |pages=233–263 |isbn=978-0-88402-239-8 |oclc=34354931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007}} *{{cite book |last=Greene |first=Doyle |year=2012 |title=Mexploitation Cinema: A Critical History of Mexican Vampire, Wrestler, Ape-Man and Similar Films, 1957–1977 |publisher=McFarland}} *{{cite book |first=Natividad |last=Gutierrez |title=Nationalist Myths and Ethnic Identities: Indigenous Intellectuals and the Mexican State |publisher= University of Nebraska Press |year=1999}} *{{cite book |last=Hajovsky |first=Patrick Thomas |year=2015 |title=On the Lips of Others: Moteuczoma's Fame in Aztec Monuments and Rituals |publisher=University of Texas Press}} *{{cite journal |last =Harner |first=Michael |s2cid=144736919 |year=1977 |title=The Ecological Basis for Aztec Sacrifice |url =https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1977-02_4_1/page/117 |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1525/ae.1977.4.1.02a00070}} *{{cite book |last=Haskett |first=R.S. |year=1991 |title=Indigenous rulers: An ethnohistory of town government in colonial Cuernavaca |publisher= University of New Mexico Press}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |year=1985 |title=Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=171 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-1911-3 |oclc=11469622}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=188 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2121-5 |oclc=17106411}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-07734-8 |oclc=25007991}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |author-link=Ross Hassig |year=2001 |title=Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-73139-4 |oclc=44167649}} *{{cite book |last=Hassig |first=Ross |year=2016 |title=Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire |publisher=University of New Mexico Press}} *{{cite journal |last=Haugen |first= J.D. |year=2009 |title= Borrowed borrowings: Nahuatl loan words in English |journal= Lexis. Journal in English Lexicology |volume= 3 |url= http://lexis.revues.org/638}} *{{cite journal |last=Helland |first=J. |year=1990 |title=Aztec Imagery in Frida Kahlo's Paintings: Indigenity and Political Commitment |journal= Woman's Art Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=8–13}} *{{cite book |first=Kenneth G. |last=Hirth |title=The Aztec Economic World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016}} *{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Himmerich y Valencia|year=1991 |title=The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73108-0}} *{{cite journal |last1=Hodge |first1=Mary G. |first2=Hector |last2=Neff |first3=M. James |last3=Blackman |first4=Leah D. |last4=Minc |title=Black-on-orange ceramic production in the Aztec empire's heartland. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-antiquity_1993-06_4_2/page/130 |journal=Latin American Antiquity |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=1993 |pages=130–157 |doi=10.2307/971799 |jstor=971799}} *{{cite book|last=Humboldt|first=Alexander von|year=2014|title=Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas [1810]: A Critical Edition.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-86506-5}} *{{cite journal |last=Isaac |first=B.L. |year=2005 |title= Aztec cannibalism: Nahua versus Spanish and mestizo accounts in the Valley of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/ancient-mesoamerica_spring-2005_16_1/page/1 |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1017/s0956536105050030|s2cid=162825038 }} *{{cite journal |last=Isaac |first= B.L. |year=2002 |title=Cannibalism among Aztecs and Their Neighbors: Analysis of the 1577–1586" Relaciones Geográficas" for Nueva España and Nueva Galicia Provinces |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-anthropological-research_summer-2002_58_2/page/203 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=203–224 |doi=10.1086/jar.58.2.3631036|s2cid= 163993224 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Karttunen |first=Frances |author-link=Frances Karttunen|last2=Lockhart |first2=James |year=1980 |title=La estructura de la poesía náhuatl vista por sus variantes |journal=Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl |volume=14 |pages=15–64}} *{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Terrence |author-link=Terrence Kaufman |year=2001 |title=The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |version=Revised March 2001 |work=Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica |access-date=2021-12-14 |archive-date=2020-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119013512/https://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last=Keen |first=Benjamin |year=1971 |title=The Aztec image in Western thought |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimageinwest00keen |url-access=registration |location=New Brunswick |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-0698-2}} *{{cite journal |last=Keen | first=B. |year=2001 |author-link=Benjamin Keen |title= Review of: City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |journal=The Americas |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=593–595 |doi=10.1353/tam.2001.0036| s2cid=144513257}} *{{cite journal |last=Kubler |first=George |title= Population Movements in Mexico, 1520-1600 |url=https://archive.org/details/hispanic-american-historical-review_1942-11_22_4/page/606 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |volume= 22 |issue=4 |year=1942 |pages=606–643 |doi=10.2307/2506768 |jstor=2506768}} *{{cite journal |last=Lacadena |first=Alfonso |title=A Nahuatl Syllabary |journal=[[The PARI Journal]] |year=2008 |volume=VIII |issue=4 |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/804/PARI0804.pdf}} *{{cite book |last=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |author-link=Miguel León-Portilla |year=1992 |title=Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World |location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]] |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2441-4 |oclc=243733946}} *{{cite journal |last=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |year=2000 |title=Aztecas, disquisiciones sobre un gentilicio |journal=Estudios de la Cultura Nahuatl |volume=31 |pages=307–313}} *{{cite book |last=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |author-link=Miguel León-Portilla |year=2002 |title=Bernardino de Sahagun, First Anthropologist |others=Mauricio J. Mixco (trans.) |edition=Originally published as Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología 1999, UNAM. |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-3364-5 |oclc=47990042}} <!--:{{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=James |author-link=James Lockhart (historian) |year=1991 |title=Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology |series=UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] and UCLA Latin American Center Publications |location= Stanford and Los Angeles, CA |isbn=0-8047-1953-5 |oclc=23286637}}--> *{{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=James |year=1992 |title=The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1927-8}} *{{cite book |last=Lockhart |first=James |translator=Lockhart, James |translator-link=James Lockhart (historian) |year=1993 |title=We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico |series=Repertorium Columbianum |volume=1 |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-07875-8 |oclc=24703159}} {{in lang|en|es|nah}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=López Austin|first=Alfredo|author-link=Alfredo López Austin|year=2001|title=Aztec |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture|volume=1|pages=68–72|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514255-6}} *{{cite book |last=López Austin |first=Alfredo |author-link=Alfredo López Austin |year=1997 |title=Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist |series=Mesoamerican Worlds series |translator=Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano |translator2=Thelma Ortiz de Montellano |location=Niwot |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |isbn=978-0-87081-445-7 |oclc=36178551}} * {{cite book |last=López Luján |first= Leonardo |year=2005 |title=The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan |edition= Revised |translator=Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano |publisher= University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |isbn=978-0-8263-2958-5}} *{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Murdo|author-link=Murdo J. MacLeod| year=2000 |chapter=Mesoamerica since the Spanish Invasion: An Overview.|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2. Mesoamerica Part 2 |pages=1–43|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65204-9}} *{{cite book |last1=Martz |first1=Louis L. |last2=Lawrence |first2=D. H. |title=Quetzalcoatl |publisher=New Directions Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8112-1385-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/quetzalcoatl00lawr}} *{{cite book |last=Matos Moctezuma |first= Eduardo |author-link=Eduardo Matos Moctezuma |year=1988 |title=The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan |series=New Aspects of Antiquity series |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans.) |location=New York |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=978-0-500-39024-5 |oclc=17968786}} *{{Cite book |title=The Aztec Templo Mayor |last=Matos Moctezuma |first=Eduardo |publisher= Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |year=1987 |editor-last= Hill Boone |editor-first= Elizabeth |pages=188–189 |chapter= Symbolism of the Templo Mayor}} *{{cite book |last=Matos Moctezuma |first=Eduardo |year=2017 |chapter=Ancient Stone Sculptures: In Search of the Mexica Past |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341962.013.1 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor1-last=Nichols |editor1-first=Deborah L |editor2-last=Rodríguez-Alegría |editor2-first=Enrique}} *{{cite book |title=Indian Conquistadors: Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica |first1=Laura E |last1=Matthew |first2=Michel R. |last2=Oudijk |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2007}} *{{cite journal |last=McCaa |first= Robert |s2cid= 145465056 |year= 1995 |title= Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_winter-1995_25_3/page/397 |journal= Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=25 |issue= 3 |pages=397–431 |doi=10.2307/205693 |jstor= 205693}} *{{cite web |last=McCaa |first=Robert |year= 1997 |title= The Peopling of Mexico from Origins to Revolution (preliminary draft) |url= https://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/cambridg3.htm |access-date=17 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170712205834/http://users.pop.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/cambridg3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2017}} *{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Mary |author-link=Mary Miller (art historian) |first2=Karl |last2=Taube |author2-link=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-05068-2 |oclc=27667317 |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill}} *{{cite book |chapter= Pottery and the Potter's Craft in the Aztec Heartland |first=Leah D. |last=Minc |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs |volume=1 |editor1=Deborah L. 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Nichols |editor2=Christopher A. Pool |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=741–752}} *{{cite book|last=Tenorio-Trillo|first=Mauricio|year=1996|title=Mexico at the World's Fairs|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20267-2}} *{{cite journal |last=Tomlinson |first=G. |year=1995 |title=Ideologies of Aztec song |journal=Journal of the American Musicological Society |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=343–379 |doi=10.2307/3519831|jstor=3519831}} *{{cite book |last=Townsend |first=Richard F. |year=2009 |title=The Aztecs |edition=3rd, revised |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28791-0}} *{{cite journal |last= VanEssendelft |first= W. |year=2018 |title= What's in a name? A typological analysis of Aztec placenames |journal= Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume= 19 |pages= 958–967 |doi= 10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.01.019|s2cid= 189685291 }} *{{cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=G. |year=2009 |title=The principles of nahuatl writing |journal=Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft |volume=16 |pages=47–81}} *{{cite book |last=Whitmore |first=Thomas M. |title=Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Amerindian Depopulation |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Westview Press |year=1992}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witton |first1=M.P. |last2=Martill |first2=D.M. |last3=Loveridge |first3=R.F. |year=2010 |title=Clipping the Wings of Giant Pterosaurs: Comments on Wingspan Estimations and Diversity |journal=Acta Geoscientica Sinica |volume=31 |issue=Supplement 1 |pages=79–81}} *{{cite book |last=Wolfe |first=Bertram D. |title=The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera |publisher=Cooper Square Press |year=2000}} *{{cite book |author=Zantwijk, Rudolph van |year=1985 |title=The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-1677-8 |oclc=11261299 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecarrangement0000zant}} * {{cite journal |last=Zender |first= Marc |title=One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nahuatl Decipherment |journal=[[The PARI Journal]] |year=2008 |volume=VIII |issue=4 |url=http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/804/PARI0804.pdf}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Babad]] imkb488ou58647uz89ic1l5h1343rue 0 115 280201 267806 2026-08-13T21:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Kaca2|Aksara Latin}} {{Kaca1|[[ᬩᬲ​ᬲᬦ᭄ᬲ᭄ᬓ᭄ᬭᬶᬢ᭄|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭ​ᬩᬮᬶ]]}} {{2}} {{Infobox language |name = Basa Sanskerta |nativename = संस्कृतम्<br>''Saṃskṛtam''<br>''Saṁskrtavāk'' |image = File:The word संस्कृतम् (Sanskrit) in Sanskrit.svg |pronunciation= {{IPA-sa|ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm||Sanskrit.ogg}} |familycolor = Indo-Éropa |states = [[Asia]] |region = [[India Agung]] ([[India]] miwah [[Indonésia]] sareng makudang-kudang wewidangan liyanan ring [[Asia Kelod]] miwah [[Asia Kelod Kangin]]) |speakers = 6.106 (sensus [[1981]]). 194.433 penutur basa kadadua (sensus [[1961]]) |rank = ''nenten ring 100 besar'' |fam2 = [[Basa Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] |fam3 = [[Basa Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] |script = Aslinyane dados basa lisan. Nenten wénten aksara sané resmi antuk basa puniki; nanging ring milenium kapertama Masehi, basa puniki kasurat ring [[rumpun aksara Brahmi|aksara berumpun Brahmi]].{{efn|name=Salomon1998-epigraphy-book|"Sebagai kesimpulan, ada indikasi sistemik dan paleografis yang kuat bahwa aksara Brahmi berasal dari prototipe Semit, yang, terutama berdasarkan sejarah, kemungkinan besar adalah bahasa Aram. Namun, perincian masalah ini masih harus diselesaikan, dan dalam kasus apa pun, tidak mungkin derivasi lengkap huruf demi huruf dapat dilakukan; karena Brahmi mungkin lebih merupakan adaptasi dan pemodelan ulang, daripada turunan langsung, dari dugaan prototipe Semit, mungkin di bawah pengaruh tradisi analisis fonetik India yang sudah ada sebelumnya. Namun, hipotesis Semit tidak begitu kuat untuk mengesampingkan kemungkinan kecil bahwa penemuan lebih lanjut dapat mengubah gambaran secara drastis. Secara khusus, hubungan semacam itu, mungkin sebagian atau tidak langsung, dengan aksara prasejarah Lembah Indus tidak boleh dianggap sepenuhnya mustahil." {{harvnb|Salomon|1998|p=30}}}}<ref name="JainCardona2007-script1">{{cite book|last= Jain |first= Dhanesh |editor= George Cardona |editor2= Dhanesh Jain |title= The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |year= 2007 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-135-79711-9|pages=47–66, 51|chapter= Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages |quote=Dalam sejarah Indo-Arya, penulisan merupakan perkembangan selanjutnya dan pengadopsiannya lambat bahkan di zaman modern. Kata tertulis pertama datang kepada kita melalui prasasti Asoka yang berasal dari abad ketiga SM. Awalnya, Brahmi digunakan untuk menulis Prakrit (MIA); untuk bahasa Sanskerta (OIA) itu digunakan hanya empat abad kemudian (Masica 1991: 135). Tradisi MIA dari teks Buddhis dan Jain menunjukkan penghargaan yang lebih besar terhadap kata-kata tertulis daripada tradisi Brahmana OIA, meskipun tulisan tersedia untuk orang Indo-Arya Kuno.}}</ref><ref name="JainCardona2007-script2">{{cite book|last=Salomon |first=Richard |author-link= Richard G. Salomon (academic) |editor= George Cardona |editor2= Dhanesh Jain |title= The Indo-Aryan Languages |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |year=2007 |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages= 67–102 |chapter= The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages |quote=Meskipun dalam penggunaan modern bahasa Sansekerta paling sering ditulis atau dicetak dalam bahasa Nagari, secara teori, bahasa ini dapat diwakili oleh hampir semua aksara berbasis Brahmi utama, dan dalam praktiknya sering demikian. Oleh karena itu, aksara seperti Gujarati, Bangla, dan Oriya, serta aksara utama India selatan, secara tradisional telah dan masih sering digunakan di wilayah yang tepat untuk menulis bahasa Sanskerta. Bahasa Sanskerta, dengan kata lain, tidak secara inheren terkait dengan aksara tertentu, meskipun memiliki hubungan sejarah khusus dengan Nagari.}}</ref> |iso1 = sa |iso2 = san |sil = SKT |iso3 = san |glotto = sans1269 |ancestor = [[Basa Sanskerta Weda|Sanskerta Weda]] |minority = {{flag|India}} ([[Jadwal Kedelapan Konstitusi India|Bahasa Jadwal Kedelapan]]) |era = Abad Milenium ke-2 SM – 600 SM ('''Basa Sanskerta Weda''');<ref>{{cite book|author=Uta Reinöhl |title= Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nR_4CwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-873666-0|pages=xiv, 1–16}}</ref><br/>600 SM-mangkin('''Basa Sanskerta Klasik''') |imagecaption = ''Saṃskṛtam'' rign aksara [[Déwanagari]]}} [[Berkas:Taittiriya Samhita Vedas, Devanagari script, Sanskrit pliv.jpg|thumb|right|Taittiriya Samhita Veda]] [[Berkas:The Rig Veda.jpg|thumb|right|Rigveda]] '''Basa Sansekerta''' (संस्कृतम्, anggén aksara Latin: saṃskṛtam, kaucapang [sɐ̃skɽɪtɐm]) inggih punika basa India kuna sané lantang babadnyané kirang-langkung 3.500 warsa.<ref name="George Cardona 2012">George Cardona (2012). ''Sanskrit Language''. Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref>Harold G. Coward (1990). ''The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter)''. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5</ref> Sansekerta masoroh [[Soroh basa Indo-Arya|basa-basa Indo-Arya]].<ref name="George Cardona 2012"/> Sansekerta inggih punika basa suratan indik agama miwah filosofi Hindu miwah suratan akéh kakawian agama Buddha miwah [[Agama Jain|Jain]] miwah dados ''lingua franca'' India kuna.<ref>Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism''. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9</ref><ref>A. M. Ruppel (2017). ''The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08828-3</ref> Ring pangawit abad ka-1 M, Sansekerta ibéh ka [[Asia Kelod Kangin]],<ref>Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). ''Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia''. Sanskrit College</ref> Asia Timur<ref>Charles Orzech; Henrik Sørensen; Richard Payné (2011). ''Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia''. BRILL Academic. pp. 985–996. ISBN 978-90-04-18491-6</ref> miwah Asia Tengah<ref>Banerji, Sures (1989). ''A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2</ref> sareng [[agama Buddha]] miwah [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]], pinaka basa budaya luhur miwah basa sané kaanggén olih élit sané nitah wawidangan-wawidangan punika.<ref>Michael C. Howard (2012). ''Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel''. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2</ref><ref>Sheldon Pollock (2009). ''The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India''. 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[[Kategori:Basa|Sansekerta]] tlep47yhkzc8dv1hv3w322orx977d4u 0 179 280165 247032 2026-08-13T18:56:50Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|satelit alami Bumi|"bulan" ring pengertian luwih jimbar|satelit alami|penanggalan|Bulan (penanggalan)|kagunan liyan}}{{Infobox planet | name = Bulan | apsis = gee | alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar | symbol = [[Berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|alt=☾|Simbol Bulan]] | image = [[Berkas:FullMoon2010.jpg|frameless|center|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]] | caption = [[Purnama]] kacingak saking [[pahan gumi kalér]] | periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}}) | apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}}) | semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min<ref name="W06"/>)}} | synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}} | avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}} | inclination = 5,145° ke [[ekliptika]]<ref name="Lang2011"/> (riantara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<ref name="W06"/><!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--> | asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun | arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun | satellite_of = [[Bumi]] | flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below--> | equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi)<ref name="NSSDC"/> | polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/> | circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]]) | surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}} | volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}} | mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi<ref name="W06"/>)}} | density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/> | surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}} | escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]]) <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ke [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ke [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<ref name="Lang2011"/><!-- 6.4° according to<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>--> | albedo = 0,136<ref name="Saari"/> | magnitude = −2,5 sampai −12,9{{efn|name=maxval}} <br> −12,74 (rata-rata [[bulan purnama]])<ref name="NSSDC"/> | angular_size = 29,3 sampai 34,1 [[menit busur]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn|name=angular size}} | temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa | min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]] | mean_temp_1 = -53º C | max_temp_1 = 116º C | temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|<ref name="Vasavada1999"/>}} | min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_2 = -143º C | max_temp_2 = -43º C | atmosphere_ref =<ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = 10⁻⁷ [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10⁻¹⁰ Pa (malam){{efn|name=pressure explanation}} | atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]] | atmosphere = yes | adjectives = lunar, komariah }} [[Berkas:US Navy 041027-N-9500T-001 The moon turns red and orange during a total lunar eclipse.jpg|jmpl|Bulan sane marwarna barak miwah jingga, kacingak saking Gumi ritatkala [[gerhana Bulan]], ritatkala Gumi magenah riantara Bulan lan Matahari.]] '''Bulan''' (simbol: [[berkas:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]) ento awak astronomi ané mapiteh ngilehin [[Gumi]]. Tusing ada satelit alami di Guminé ané lénan tekén Bulan. Bulan ento satelit paling gedé ané ka-5 di [[Tata Surya|tata surya]] tur satelit paling gedé yén padaang tekén planét ané kailehin. Bulan ento masih satelit paling padet ané ka-2 di tata surya, sasubané Io, satelit Jupitér.<ref>Schubert, J. (2004). "Interior composition, structure, and dynamics of the Galilean satellites.". In F. Bagenal; et al. (eds.). ''Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere''. Cambridge University Press. k. 281–306. ISBN 978-0-521-81808-7</ref> Bulan kawentuk 4,51 milyar tiban ané suba liwat, tusing makelo sasubané Guminé. Manut téori ané paling katerima dinané ené, Bulan kawentuk uli bok muah sisan tabrakan Gumi ajak planét lénan, sagedé [[Mars]], ané maadan [[Theia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec98/OriginEarthMoon.html|title= Origin of the Earth and Moon|publisher= G. Jeffrey Taylor, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist |colwidth = 30em |refs = <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal |last1 = Wieczorek |first1 = M. |title = The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal = Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |pages = 221–364 |year = 2006 |doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |display-authors = 1 |author2 = <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> }} </ref> <ref name="Lang2011"> Lang, Kenneth R. 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Pradeepkumara, Neha Naika, and Gogulapati Supriya |year = 2010 |page = 947 |issue = 6 |volume = 58 |title = 'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |journal = Planetary and Space Science |doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |bibcode = 2010P&SS...58..947S }} </ref> <ref name="SolarViews"> Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., ''The Moon'', [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm Views of the Solar System], 1995–2011 </ref> <ref name="bbc"> {{cite news |title = 'Coldest place' found on the Moon |publisher = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8416749.stm |first =Jonathan |last =Amos |accessdate =20 March 2010 |date = 16 December 2009 }} </ref> <ref name="Beletskii2"> {{cite book|author = V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ|title = Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies|url = http://books.google.com/?id=byWZusmVSecC|year = 2001|publisher = Birkhäuser|isbn = 978-3-7643-5866-2|page = 183 }} </ref> <ref name="Moon"> {{cite web |title = How Bright is the Moon? |author=Luciuk, Mike |url = http://www.asterism.org/tutorials/tut26-1.htm |publisher = Amateur Astronomers, Inc. |accessdate =16 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="Lambeck1977"> {{cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rsta.1977.0159 |last = Lambeck |first = K. |year = 1977 |title = Tidal Dissipation in the Oceans: Astronomical, Geophysical and Oceanographic Consequences |journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] |volume = 287 |issue = 1347 |pages = 545–594 |bibcode = 1977RSPTA.287..545L }} </ref> <ref name="touma1994"> {{cite journal |last = Touma |first = Jihad |coauthors = Wisdom, Jack |year = 1994 |title = Evolution of the Earth-Moon system |journal = The Astronomical Journal |volume = 108 |issue = 5 |pages = 1943–1961 |doi = 10.1086/117209 |bibcode = 1994AJ....108.1943T }} </ref> <ref name="eclipse">{{cite web |last = Thieman |first = J. |coauthors = Keating, S. |date = 2 May 2006 |url = http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |title = Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions |publisher = NASA |accessdate = 12 April 2007 |archive-date = 2007-02-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070211120127/http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind"> {{cite book|last = Sarma|first = K. 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LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher = Scientific and Technical Information Office, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION |accessdate = 13 April 2010 |location = Washington, D.C. |archive-date = 10 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100410085526/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last = Coren |first = M. |title = 'Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher = CNN |date = 26 July 2004 |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate = 16 March 2010 |archive-date = 20 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120133640/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title = China's first lunar probe ends mission |date = 1 March 2009<!-- 19:28--> |publisher = Xinhua |accessdate =29 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title = Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title = How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date = 1 January 2006 |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title = Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title = Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title = The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs |accessdate =28 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title = Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |year = 2004 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 2009-12-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="iisl_2009">{{cite web |url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title = Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date = 22 March 2009 |publisher = International Institute of Space Law |accessdate = 28 March 2010 |archive-date = 2009-12-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |dead-url = yes }}</ref> <ref name="Marshack">Marshack, Alexander (1991): ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.</ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania">For etymology, see {{cite book|last = Barnhart|first = Robert K.|title = The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology|url = https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse|year = 1995|publisher = Harper Collins|isbn = 978-0-06-270084-1|page = [https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/487 487] }} For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book|last = Birley|first = A. R. (Trans.)|title = ''Agricola and Germany''|series = Oxford World's Classics|year = 1999|publisher = Oxford|location = USA|isbn = 978-0-19-283300-6|page = 108 }} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday">{{cite web |url = http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title = Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher = Space Today Online |year = 2006 |accessdate =12 April 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="sciam">{{cite web |title = Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher = Scientific American |year = 2009 |first1 =Scott O. |last1 = Lilienfeld |first2 = Hal |last2 = Arkowitz |url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate =13 April 2010 }}</ref> }} === Cutetan === {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = maxval |''Nilai maksimum'' didasarkan pada skala kecerahan dari nilai -12,74 yang diberikan untuk jarak khatulistiwa ke pusat Bulan, atau 378.000 menurut NASA, hingga jarak minimum Bumi-Bulan yang dicantumkan disini, setelah disesuaikan dengan radius khatulistiwa Bumi, yakni 6.378, sehingga jaraknya adalah 350.600 km. Nilai minimum (saat [[bulan baru]]) didasarkan pada skala yang sama dengan menggunakan jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atau 407.000 km, dan dengan menghitung kecerahan cahaya bulan pada saat bulan baru. Kecerahan cahaya bulan adalah {{nowrap|[[Albedo]] Bumi ×}} {{nowrap|([[radius bumi]] /}} Radius [[orbit Bulan]])²&nbsp;] relatif terhadap pencahayaan langsung dari Matahari yang terjadi saat bulan purnama. ({{nowrap|Albedo Bumi {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap|Radius Bumi {{=}} radius (kutub}}&nbsp;× {{nowrap|radius khatulistiwa)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn | name = angular size | Kisaran nilai ukuran sudut yang dicantumkan berdasarkan pada skala sederhana dari nilai yang terdapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ke pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 [[detik busur]]. Referensi yang sama mencantumkan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km dan 357.km 000. Untuk menentukan ukuran sudut maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sesuai dengan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, sehingga hasilnya 350.600 km. }} {{efn | name = pressure explanation | Lucey ''et al.'' (2006) menyatakan {{nowrap|10⁷ partikel cm⁻³}} pada siang hari dan {{nowrap|10⁵ partikel cm⁻³}} pada malam hari. Akibat suhu permukaan khatulistiwa yang mencapai 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] pada siang hari dan 100&nbsp;K pada malam hari, [[hukum gas ideal]] menghasilkan tekanan yang sebagaimana yang dicantumkan pada kotak info (dibulatkan hingga mendekati [[urutan magnitudo]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] pada siang hari dan 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa pada malam hari. }} {{efn | name = near-Earth asteroids | Terdapat sejumlah [[asteroid dekat Bumi]], termasuk [[3753 Cruithne]], yang meng[[ko-orbit]] Bumi: orbit mereka menjauhi Bumi untuk beberapa periode waktu namun kemudian melakukan pengorbitan dalam waktu lama (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula [[quasi-satelit]]&nbsp;– mereka bukanlah satelit karena mereka tidak mengorbit Bumi. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat [[Satelit Bumi lainnya]]. }} {{efn | name = Charon and Pluto | [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] secara proporsional lebih besar untuk ukuran [[Pluto]], tetapi Pluto telah direklasifikasi sebagai [[planet katai]]. }} {{efn | name = age | Usia ini dihitung dari penanggalan isotop batuan Bulan. }} {{efn | name = orbpd | Lebih tepatnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tetap ke bintang tetap) adalah 27,321661&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 11,5d)}}, dan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 04,7d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = synpd | Lebih tepatnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(29h 12j 44m 02,9d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107). }} {{efn | name = brightness | [[Magnitudo tampak]] Matahari adalah −26.7, dan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7. }} {{efn | name = area | Secara rata-rata, Bulan meliputi area seluas 0,21078 derajat persegi di langit malam. }} {{efn | name = size changes | Lihat grafik di [[Matahari#Fase hidup]]. Saat ini, diameter Matahari meningkat dengan laju sekitar lima persen per miliar tahun. Angka ini hampir sama dengan laju diameter sudut Bulan yang berkurang karena surut dari Bumi. }} }} === Bibliografi === {{Refbegin}} * {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book|last = Needham|first = Joseph|title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC|year = 1986|publisher = Caves Books|isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8|place = Taipei }} {{Refend}} === Bacaan liyanan === {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml The Moon]. ''Discovery 2008''. BBC World Service. * {{cite book|last = Bussey|first = B.|coauthors = [[Paul Spudis|Spudis, P.D.]]|title = The Clementine Atlas of the Moon|year = 2004|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-81528-2 }} * {{cite web|last = Cain|first = Fraser|title = Where does the Moon Come From?|publisher = Universe Today|url = http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-17-where-does-the-moon-come-from/|accessdate = 1 April 2008}} (podcast and transcript) * {{cite journal| last = Jolliff| first = B.| coauthors = Wieczorek, M.; Shearer, C.; Neal, C. (eds.)| title = New views of the Moon| url = http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html| accessdate = 12 April 2007| volume = 60| year = 2006| publisher = Min. Soc. Amer.| location = Chantilly, Virginia| isbn = 0-939950-72-3| doi = 10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0| page = 721| issue = 1| journal = Rev. Mineral. Geochem.}} * {{cite web|last = Jones|first = E.M.|title = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal|publisher = NASA|year = 2006|url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 18 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112906/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|title = Exploring the Moon|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite book|last = Mackenzie|first = Dana|title = The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be|url = https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack|year = 2003|publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc|location = Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn = 0-471-15057-6}} * {{cite book|last = [[Patrick Moore|Moore, P.]]|title = On the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr|year = 2001|publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.|location = Tucson, Arizona|isbn = 0-304-35469-4}} * {{cite web|title = Moon Articles|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html}} * {{cite book|last = Spudis|first = P. D.|title = The Once and Future Moon|year = 1996|publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn = 1-56098-634-4 }} * {{cite book|last = Taylor|first = S.R.|title = Solar system evolution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121/page/307 307]|year = 1992|isbn = 0-521-37212-7}} * {{cite web|last = Teague|first = K.|title = The Project Apollo Archive|year = 2006|url = http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite journal|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = Geologic History of the Moon|journal = U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper|year = 1987|volume = 1348|url = http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} * {{cite book|last = Wilhelms|first = D.E.|title = To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/|accessdate = 10 March 2009|year = 1993|publisher = University of Arizona Press|location = Tucson, Arizona|isbn = 0-8165-1065-2}} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Moon|voy=Moon}} * [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130129.html APOD - Video of lunar drive] === Wit kartografi === * {{cite web|title = Consolidated Lunar Atlas|publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/ | accessdate =26 February 2012}} * [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/FeatureTypes2.jsp?system=Earth&body=Moon&systemID=3&bodyID=11 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS)] List of feature names. * {{cite web|title = Clementine Lunar Image Browser|publisher = U.S. Navy|date = 15 October 2003|url = http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2007-04-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407000411/http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/clementine/clib/|dead-url = yes}} * 3D zoomable globes: ** {{cite web|title = Google Moon|publisher = Google|year = 2007|url = http://moon.google.com|accessdate =12 April 2007}} ** {{cite web|title = Moon|work = World Wind Central|publisher = NASA|year = 2007|url = http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 15 May 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064406/http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|last = Aeschliman|first = R|title = Lunar Maps|work = Planetary Cartography and Graphics|url = http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2007-05-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070501175129/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm|dead-url = yes}} Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites * [http://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305055023/https://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/index_e.html |date=2012-03-05 }} [[Selene|Kaguya (Selene)]] images === Perangkat observasi === * {{cite web|title = NASA's SKYCAL—Sky Events Calendar|publisher = NASA Eclipse Home Page|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|accessdate = 27 August 2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080221075155/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SKYCAL/SKYCAL.html|archivedate = 2008-02-21|dead-url = yes}} * {{cite web|title = Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location|year = 2008|url =http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html|accessdate =18 February 2008}} * {{cite web|title = HMNAO's Moon Watch|year = 2005|url = http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|accessdate = 24 May 2009|archive-date = 2009-02-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204002746/http://www.crescentmoonwatch.org/nextnewmoon.htm|dead-url = yes}} See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location. {{Topik Bulan}} {{Bumi}} {{Tata Surya}} {{artikel pilihan}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Bulan| ]] [[Kategori:Satelit alami]] [[Kategori:Tata surya]] cvy4ca3z52xrsioylukdu5zawbg6rs8 0 1857 280111 245919 2026-08-13T17:29:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox <!-- Start and styling --> | item = {{{item|}}} | datastyle = padding-right:0em;padding-left:0em | bodystyle = box-shadow: rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3) 0px 1px 2px 0px, rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15) 0px 2px 6px 2px; border-radius: 10px; width: 23em; line-height:1.2 | titlestyle = align: center | headerstyle = text-align:center | abovestyle = font-size:120%; align:center; color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver| }} }}; | above = <span class="fn org">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{#if:{{{official_name|}}}|{{{official_name}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}</span>{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<br /><span class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</span>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<br /><span class="nickname" style="font-size:78%">{{{other_name}}}</span>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations **--> |title = Matahari [[File:Sun symbol (bold).svg|24px|☉]] |image = [[File:Sun white.jpg|frameless]] |caption = Poto ring [[sunar kacingak]] manut saking [[filter surya]] ring warsa 2013 sané wénten [[titik surya]] miwah [[limb darkening]]. |image2 = [[File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|frameless]] |caption2 = [[False color|False-color]] potret kapotret ring warsa 2010 sané anggén [[cahaya ultraviolet]] (gelombang cahaya 30.4 nm) <!-- section break, rows 1-19--> |header1 = Data observasi |label2 = Mean distance<br/> from [[Earth]] |data2 = 1 [[astronomical unit|au]] ≈ {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<ref name="Pitjeva2009">{{Cite journal |last=Pitjeva |first=E. V. |last2=Standish |first2=E. M. |date=2009 |title=Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon–Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit |journal=[[Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy]] |language=en |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=365–372 |doi=10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8 |issn=1572-9478 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000691}}</ref><br />8&nbsp;min 19&nbsp;s at [[speed of light|light speed]] |label3 = [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (''V'') |data3 = −26.74<ref name=nssdc>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=D.R. |date=1 July 2013 |title=Sun Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |publisher=[[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]] |accessdate=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |label4 = [[Absolute magnitude]] |data4 = 4.83<ref name=nssdc /> |label5 = [[Stellar classification|Spectral classification]] |data5 = G2V<ref>{{cite book |last=Zombeck |first=Martin V. |date=1990 |title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/}}</ref> |label6 = [[Metallicity]] |data6 = ''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asplund |first1=M. |last2=Grevesse |first2=N. |last3=Sauval |first3=A.J. |date=2006 |title=The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations |journal=Communications in Asteroseismology |volume=147 |pages=76–79 |bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A |doi=10.1553/cia147s76}}</ref> |label7 = [[Angular size]] |data7 = 31.6–32.7 [[minutes of arc]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=24 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142627/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df=}}</ref> |label8 = Adjectives |data8 = Solar |header10 = [[Orbit]]al characteristics |label11 = Mean distance<br />from [[Milky Way]] core |data11 = ≈ {{val|2.7|e=17|u=km}}<br />{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|27200|ul=light-years}}}} |label12 = [[Galactic year|Galactic period]] |data12 = (2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[julian year (astronomy)|yr]] |label13 = [[Velocity]] |data13 = ≈ {{val|220|u=km/s}} (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) <br />≈ {{val|20|u=km/s}} (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) <br />≈ {{val|370|u=km/s}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinshaw |first=G. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=225–245 |arxiv=0803.0732 |bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225}}</ref> (relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]]) <!-- section break, rows 20–39 --> |header20 = Physical characteristics |label21 = Equatorial [[radius]] |data21 = [[Solar radius|695,700]]&nbsp;km,<ref name=IAU2015resB3>{{cite arxiv |first1=E.E. |last1=Mamajek |first2=A. |last2=Prsa |first3=G. |last3=Torres |first4=al. |last4=et |title=IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties |eprint=1510.07674 |mode=cs2 |class=astro-ph.SR |year=2015}}</ref><br /> 696,342 km<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>{{citation |first1=Marcelo |last1=Emilio |first2=Jeff R. |last2=Kuhn |first3=Rock I. |last3=Bush |first4=Isabelle F. |last4=Scholl |title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits |arxiv=1203.4898 |bibcode=2012ApJ...750..135E |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135 |volume=750 |issue=2 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |page=135 |year=2012}}</ref><br />{{val|109|u=[[Earth radius|× Earth]]}}<ref name=sse/> |label22 = Equatorial [[circumference]] |data22 = {{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br />109 × Earth<ref name=sse>{{cite web |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archivedate=2 January 2008 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> |label23 = [[Flattening]] |data23 = {{val|9|e=-6}} |label24 = [[Area permukaan]] |data24 = {{val|6.09|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br />{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|12000}}}} × Earth<ref name=sse/> |label25 = [[Volume]] |data25 = {{val|1.41|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3", which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere), but the Sun is not a sphere, and their radius is off a bit from what we have above, so we need to at least round a bit--><br />{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|1300000}}}} × Earth |label26 = [[Massa]] |data26 = {{val|1.9884||e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br />{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|333000|u=[[Mass of Earth|× Earth]]}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with data already present in en.wiki --> |label27 = Average [[density]] |data27 = {{val|1.408|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>{{cite web |last=Ko |first=M. |date=1999 |title=Density of the Sun |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml |editor=Elert, G. |website=The Physics Factbook}}</ref><br />{{val|0.255}} × Earth<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/> |label28 = Center [[density]] (modeled) |data28 = {{val|162.2|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br />{{val|12.4}} × Earth |label29 = Equatorial [[surface gravity]] |data29 = {{val|274|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br />28 × Earth<ref name=sse/> |label30 = [[Moment of inertia factor]] |data30 = {{val|0.070}}<ref name=nssdc /> (estimate) |label31 = [[Escape velocity]]<br />(from the surface) |data31 = {{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br />55 × Earth<ref name=sse/> |label32 = Suhu |data32 = Center (modeled): {{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br />[[Photosphere]] (effective): {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|5772|ul=K}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><br /> [[Corona]]: ≈ {{val|5|e=6|u=K}} |label33 = [[Luminosity]] (L_sol) |data33 = {{val|3.828|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br />≈ {{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}<br />≈ {{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]] |label34 = [[Color index|Color]] (B-V) |data34 = 0.63 |label35 = Mean [[radiance]]&nbsp;(I_sol) |data35 = {{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m⁻²·sr⁻¹}} |label36 = Age |data36 = ≈ 4.6 billion years<ref name="Bonanno">{{Cite journal |last=Bonanno |first=A. |last2=Schlattl |first2=H. |last3=Paternò |first3=L. |year=2002 |title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=390 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118 |arxiv=astro-ph/0204331 |bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-11-02_338_6107/page/651 |date=2 November 2012 |doi=10.1126/science.1226919 |journal=Science |volume=338 |issue=6107 |pages=651–655 |bibcode=2012Sci...338..651C |pmid=23118187 |last1=Connelly |first1=JN |last2=Bizzarro |first2=M |last3=Krot |first3=AN |last4=Nordlund |first4=Å |last5=Wielandt |first5=D |last6=Ivanova |first6=MA}}{{Registration required}}</ref> <!-- section break, rows 40–49 --> |header40 = Karakteristik [[rotasi]] |label41 = [[Axial tilt|Obliquity]] |data41 = 7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br />(to the [[ecliptic]])<br />67.23°<br />(to the [[galactic plane]]) |label42 = [[Right ascension]]<br />of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">{{cite web |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000 |url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |date=2000 |accessdate=22 March 2006 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222418/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |data42 = 286.13°<br />{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}} |label43 = [[Declination]]<br />of North pole |data43 = +63.87°<br />63° 52' North |label44 = Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br />(at equator) |data44 = 25.05 d<ref name=nssdc/> |label45 = (at 16° latitude) |data45 = 25.38 d<ref name=nssdc/><br />{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/> |label46 = (ring kutub) |data46 = 34.4 d<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 − 2.33 sin^2 L − 1.56 sin^4 L ) °/day, L = 90° --> |label47 = Kecepatan rotasi<br />(ring ekuator) |data47 = {{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometers divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? --> <!-- section break, rows 50–69 --> |header50 = Komposisi [[photosphere|Photospheric]] (manut massa) |label51 = [[Hidrogén]] |data51 = 73.46%<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sun's Vital Statistics |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |publisher=Stanford Solar Center |accessdate=29 July 2008 }} Citing {{cite book |last=Eddy |first=J. |date=1979 |title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |page=37 |publisher=NASA |id=NASA SP-402 |access-date=2020-02-27 |archive-date=2021-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024856/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |label52 = [[Hélium]] |data52 = 24.85% |label53 = [[Oksigén]] |data53 = 0.77% |label54 = [[Karbon]] |data54 = 0.29% |label55 = [[Wesi]] |data55 = 0.16% |label56 = [[Néon]] |data56 = 0.12% |label57 = [[Nitrogén]] |data57 = 0.09% |label58 = [[Silikon]] |data58 = 0.07% |label59 = [[Magnésium]] |data59 = 0.05% |label60 = [[Urirang]] |data60 = 0.04% }} '''Surya''' (simbol: [[berkas:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉]]; Indonésia: ''Matahari'', Inggris: ''Sun'') ento bintang ané matongos di tengah [[Tata Surya|tata surya]], 1.496×10⁸ km uli Gumi. Gobanné bunter<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/02oct_oblatesun/|title= How Round is the Sun?|publisher= NASA|access-date= 2019-06-18|archive-date= 2018-09-17|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180917185431/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/02oct_oblatesun/|url-status= dead}}</ref> tur bentangné 1.392.684&nbsp;km, kuang-lebih ping 109 bentang [[Gumi]]né. Massané kuang-lebih 2×10³⁰ kilogram, 330.000 ping massa Guminé. Surya malakar aji campuhan ané maadan "plasma"<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/06feb_fullsun/|title= First Ever STEREO Images of the Entire Sun|publisher= NASA|access-date= 2019-06-18|archive-date= 2011-03-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110308024941/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/06feb_fullsun/|url-status= dead}}</ref> ané malakar aji [[hidrogén]] (73%), [[hélium]] (25%), ajak [[oksigén]], [[karbon]], [[néon]] muah [[besi]] abedik.<ref>Basu, S.; Antia, H.M. (2008). "Helioseismology and Solar Abundances". ''Physics Reports''. '''457''' (5–6): 217–283</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Tata surya]] ivf7rasea13s3p2g3uxozon5azyp6pf 0 1928 280202 269443 2026-08-13T21:19:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spesies | color = {{tc2|plantae}} | name = Tetanduran | fossil_range = {{long fossil range|Mesoproterozoic|saat ini}} | subdivision_ranks = Divisi | subdivision = * [[kepunahan|†]]'''[[Nematophyta]]''' * '''[[Chlorophyta]]''' ** [[Palmophyllales]] ** [[Prasinophyceae]] ** [[Nephroselmidophyceae]] ** [[Pseudoscourfieldiales]] ** [[Pyramimonadophyceae]] ** [[Mamiellophyceae]] ** [[Scourfieldiales]] ** [[Pedinophyceae]] ** [[Chlorodendrophyceae]] ** [[Trebouxiophyceae]] ** [[Ulvophyceae]] ** [[Chlorophyceae]] *'''[[Streptophyta]] s.l. ** [[Chlorokybophyceae|Chlorokybophyta]] ** [[Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyta]] ** [[Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyta]] ** [[Charophyta]] (''stonewort'') ** [[Chaetosphaeridiales]] ** [[Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyta]] ** [[Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyta]] ** [[Embryophyta]] (Tetanduran darat) | synonyms= * [[Viridiplantae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small><ref name=CavalierSmith1981>{{cite journal |first=T. |last=Cavalier-Smith|date=1981|title=Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?|url=https://archive.org/details/bio-systems_1981_14_3-4/page/461 |journal=BioSystems|volume=14|issue=3–4|pages=461–481|doi=10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 }}</ref> * Chlorobionta <small>Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004</small><ref name=LewisMcCourt>{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=L.A.|first2=R.M.|last2=McCourt|date=2004|title=Green algae and the origin of land plants|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=91|pages=1535–1556|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535}}</ref> * Chlorobiota <small>Kenrick and Crane 1997</small><ref name=KenrickCrane1997>{{cite book |last1=Kenrick|first1=Paul|last2=Crane|first2=Peter R.|date=1997|title=The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study|location=Washington, D. C.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=1-56098-730-8}}</ref> * Chloroplastida <small>Adl et al., 2005 </small><ref name=Adl>{{cite journal|authors=Adl, S.M.| date=2005|title=The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists|journal=Journal of Eukaryote Microbiology|volume= 52|pages=399–451|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x |display-authors=etal}}</ref> * Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007 * Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836 * Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948 * Euplanta Barkley, 1949 * Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964 * Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966 * Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969 }} '''Tetanduran''' inggih punika silih tunggil organisme sané kalimbakang ring silih tunggil genah, raris prasida kaalap ring masannyané ri kala sampun mentik. Sujatinyané makasami tetanduran punika marupa entik-entikan. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === {{Sister project links|Plants|wikt=Category:Plants|b=Category:Botany|q=Plants|s=Category:Botany|commons=Category:Plantae|n=no|v=Category:Plant sciences|species=Plantae}} {{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Plantae}} * {{cite journal|author=Jones, T. M., Reid, C. S., Urbatsch, L. E|title=Visual study of divisional Plantae|url=http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/|access-date=2020-08-19|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413093738/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/|url-status=dead}} (anggén [[Microsoft Silverlight]]) * {{eol|281}} * {{cite journal|author=Chaw, S.-M. et al.|url=http://mbe.library.arizona.edu/data/1997/1401/7chaw.pdf|title=Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences|journal=Molec. Biol. Evol.|volume=14|issue=1|pages=56–68|year=1997|pmid=9000754|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025702|access-date=2020-08-19|archive-date=2005-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124004310/http://mbe.library.arizona.edu/data/1997/1401/7chaw.pdf|url-status=dead}} * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/INA.html Index Nominum Algarum] * [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/phylogeny/cronq88.html Interactive Cronquist classification] * [http://www.prota.org/uk/About+Prota/ Plant Resources of Tropical Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611054707/http://www.prota.org/uk/about+prota/ |date=2010-06-11 }} * [http://tolweb.org/Green_plants Tree of Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630151027/http://tolweb.org/Green_plants |date=2015-06-30 }} ;Data botani miwah vegetasi * [http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa_sel= African Plants Initiative database] * [http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/ Australia] * [http://www.chilebosque.cl/ Chilean plants at ''Chilebosque''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801155926/http://www.chilebosque.cl/ |date=2020-08-01 }} * [http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105022144/http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx |date=2005-11-05 }} * [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html Flora Europaea] * {{de}} [http://www.floraweb.de/ Flora of Central Europe * [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 Flora of North America] * [http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/botanical_name/list_of_japanese_wild_plants_abelia_buxus.htm List of Japanese Wild Plants Online] * [http://www.ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616151737/http://ntbg.org/plants/choose_a_plant.php |date=2007-06-16 }} * [http://www.wildflower.org/ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - Native Plant Information Network at University of Texas, Austin] * [http://www.theplantlist.org/ The Plant List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171514/http://www.theplantlist.org/ |date=2019-05-23 }} * [http://plants.usda.gov/ United States Department of Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005020210/http://plants.usda.gov/ |date=2013-10-05 }} not limited to continental US species {{Plantae}} {{Eukaryota}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q756}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] j78u4tc2v2ocblwioehk6ea32jwqxf2 0 7703 280184 261708 2026-08-13T20:17:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox prepared food | name = Tipat | image = Ketupat2.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Tipat lebeng sané kasajiang ring duur piring. | alternate_name = ''[[Tipat#Wastan-wastan lokal|cingak ring betén]]'' | course = Hidangan utama | country = {{flag|Indonésia}} | region = [[Asia Tenggara Maritim]] | creator = Masyarakat [[Masakan Jawa|Jawa]]-[[masakan Melayu|Melayu]] | served = Hangat utawi temperatur ruangan | main_ingredient = Nasi sané kekaryanin ring anyaman [[nyuh|busung]] | variations = Ketupat pulut, ketupat daun palas, lepet | calories = Tipat medué 0.088<ref>{{cite web |title=Homemade - Ketupat |work=My Fitness Pal |url=https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/ketupat-365552909 |access-date=2020-06-11 |archive-date=2020-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611085046/https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/ketupat-365552909 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | other = Umum disajikan saat hari raya [[Idulfitri]] dan Lebaran Ketupat }} '''Tipat''' silih tunggil sanganan kalablab sané kekaryanin saking anyaman [[nyuh|busung]] selanturnyané kadagingin [[baas]]. Sanganan puniki khas [[Asia Kelod-Kangin]], sekadi [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], taler [[Singapura]]. Ring [[Filipina]] wénten sanganan ''bugnoy'', pekaryan ipun sekadi tipat sakéwanten anyaman ipun metiosan.<ref name=updf>[[Virgilio Almario|Almario, Virgilio]], et al. 2010. ''[[UP Diksyonaryong Filipino|UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino]]'', 2nd ed. [[Anvil Publishing|Anvil]]: [[Pasig City|Pasig]].</ref> Tipat wantah kabudayaan saking [[budidaya padi|pertanian padi]] [[Wong Austronesian|Austronesia]], sekadi ''[[puso]]'' [[Sanganan Filipino|Filipino]], nentén sekadi ring [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]] taler [[Wong Jawa|Jawi]] sané kepatok ring wentuk umum berlian, ring [[Filipina]]<ref name="Nocheseda2011">{{cite journal |last1=Nocheseda |first1=Elmer I. |title=The Art of Pusô: Palm Leaf Art in the Visayas in Vocabularios of the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries |journal=Philippine Studies |date=2011 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=251–272 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/3121/submission/copyedit/3121-3976-1-CE.pdf |access-date=2020-06-10 |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018154747/http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/3121/submission/copyedit/3121-3976-1-CE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> taler Bali kakreasi antuk anyaman kéngguh sekadi wentuk [[bintang]] taler wentuk beburon.<ref>{{citation |title=Reringgitan & Anyaman Janur dan Lontar dalam Rangkaian Bunga |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wClRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |year=2013 |first=A.A.Sagung |last=Mastini |isbn=9792299343 |page=37-41}}</ref> Wentuk versi [[oktahedron]] kewastanin ''atupat'' sadurungné wénten ring [[Guam]] aab pra-kolonial, sadurung pertanian padi kuna ring nusa punika kagingsirang antuk [[jagung]] sané kebakta wangsa [[Spanyol]].<ref name="cunn">{{cite book|author=Cunningham, Lawrence J. |editor =|title =Ancient Chamorro Society|chapter =|publisher =Bess Press|series =|year =1992|page=140|isbn =9781880188057|url =https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9r0a2ww8KLcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hunter-Anderson1995">{{cite journal |last1=Hunter-Anderson |first1=Rosalind |last2=Thompson |first2=Gillian B. |last3=Moore |first3=Darlene R. |title=Rice As a Prehistoric Valuable in the Mariana Islands, Micronesia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_asian-perspectives_spring-1995_34_1/page/69 |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=1995 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=69–89 |jstor=42928340 }}</ref> == Wastan lokal == Wastan tipat ring basa lokal, luiripun; {{col-css3-begin|3}} * [[Basa Indonésia]]: ketupat * [[Basa Banjar]]: katupat * [[Basa Betawi]]: tupat * [[Basa Cebu]]: puso * [[Basa Filipino]]: bugnoy * [[Basa Gorontalo]]: atupato * [[Basa Jawa]]: kupat * [[Basa Kapampangan]]: patupat * [[Basa Madura]]: ketopak * [[Basa Makassar]]: katupa' * [[Basa Melayu]]: ketupat * [[Basa Minangkabau]]: katupek * [[Basa Osing]]: kupat * [[Basa Sasak]]: topat * [[Basa Sunda]]: kupat * [[Basa Tagalog]]: bugnoy * [[Basa Tausug]]: ta’mu * [[Basa Tolitoli]]: kasipat {{col-css3-end}} == Lelintihan == Rianti miwah sawitra (2018) ngadatrayang tipat kauningayang olih [[Sunan Kalijaga]] ring abad ka-15 utawi ka-16, keanggén sanganan ri kala [[Idul Fitri]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2018.01.001 |title=Ketupat as traditional food of Indonésian culture |first1=Angelina |last1=Rianti |first2=Agnes |last2=E.Novenia |first3=Alvin |last3=Christopher |first4=Devi |last4=Lestari |first5=Elfa |last5=K.Parassih |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=March 2018 |page=4-9|language=EN |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.01.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ring Bali tipat kauningin sampun keanggén ring bebantenan ri tatkala [[Galungan]] miwah [[Kuningan]], kadartayang ring [[Purana Bali Dwipa]], sané kapertama kalaksanayang ring warsa 889 utawi [[Saka]] 804, taler kekawitin malih ring Pamréntahan [[Sri Jayakasunu]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-hari-raya-galungan-maknanya-bagi-umat-hindu-bali-eeXH |title=Sejarah Hari Raya Galungan & Maknanya bagi Umat Hindu-Bali |publisher=tirto.id |author=Yonada Nancy |date=24 July 2019 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=ID}}</ref> Mawit saking Historia, tipat sampun dados kabudayaan ring aab [[Majapahit]] parlambang kemakmuran saking [[Déwi Sri]] taler dados parlambang kemakmuran ring kabudayaan [[Sunda]] miwah [[Bali]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengunyah-sejarah-ketupat-Pdag6 |title=Mengunyah Sejarah Ketupat |author=Jay Akbar |publisher=Historia.id |access-date=13 June 2020 |language=ID }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sesorohan == Ring Bali isi tipat metiosan sareng sané umum kauningin, nenten kadagingin [[baas]] kemanten, tipat prasida kaisinin [[taluh]], [[injin]], miwah sané liyané, wénten sané nenten kadagingin taler wénten sané nenten kelablab. Sesorohan tipat ring Bali inggih punika:<ref>{{citation |url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/merpati/article/view/20743/13539 |title=Aplikasi Pembelajaran Membuat Ketupat dengan Animasi Model 3D Berbasis Android |first1=I Nyoman Artha |last1=Wijaya |first2=A. A. K. Oka |last2=Sudana |first3=Putu Wira |last3=Buana |journal=Jurnal Merpati (Menara Penelitian Akademika Teknologi Informasi) |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.komangputra.com/jenis-jenis-tetandingan-banten-sesayut-tatebasan.html|title=Jenis-jenis Tetandingan Banten Sesayut Tebasan|website=komang.com|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ngurahtirta.wordpress.com/2017/07/20/makna-tattwa-beberapa-banten-ii-banten-prayascita-dan-byakala/|title=Makna Tattwa Beberapa Banten (Banten Prayascita dan Byakala)|website=ngurahtirta.wordpress|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://sim.ihdn.ac.id/app-assets/repo/repo-dosen-052005075030-86.pdf |title=Ideologi Penggunaan Ketupat Krosok dalam Upacara Yadnya Umat Hindu (Studi Di Désa Bengkel Kecamatan Kediri Kabupatén Tabanan) |first=I Madé |last=Girinata |journal=Kamaya |page=201-226 |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121234827/http://sim.ihdn.ac.id/app-assets/repo/repo-dosen-052005075030-86.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{col-css3-begin|3}} # Tipat Bagia # Tipat Blayag # Tipat Cakra # Tipat Dampulan # Tipat Gatép # Tipat Gong # Tipat Kedis # Tipat Kukur # Tipat Krosok # Tipat Lelasan # Tipat Lepas # Tipat Nasi/Kélanan # Tipat Pandawa # Tipat Sari # Tipat Sidayu # Tipat Sidakarya # Tipat Sidapurna # Tipat Sirikan # Tipat Taluh # Tipat Tulud {{col-css3-end}} ==Galéri== <gallery> Berkas:Ketupat.jpg|Tipat Kélanan Berkas:Ketupat weaving 5.jpg|Jadma nganyam janur dados ketupat anggén kaadep sadurung lebaran. Berkas:Ketupat nipah 110317-13487 sagt.JPG|Ketupat saking don [[nipah]] </gallery> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ketupat}} {{Ajengan Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Ajengan Filipina]] [[Kategori:Ajengan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Ajengan Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Ajengan Singapura]] [[Kategori:Nasi]] {{Ajengan-stub}} tj1d2jhb6e43a0h5ip4n3mgnfn2hgwl 0 7898 280120 173646 2026-08-13T17:41:23Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2020}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Alan Turing | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS|size=100%}} | image = Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg | caption = Turing ring warsa&nbsp;1928 mayusa 16<!-- original source says simply: "AMT aged 16, head and shoulders" --> | birth_name = Alan Mathison Turing | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1912|6|23}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, Inggris | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1954|6|7|1912|6|23}} | death_place = {{Nowrap|[[Wilmslow]], Cheshire, Inggris}} | resting_place = Abu kasebar ring taman [[Krematorium Woking]] | death_cause = Ulah pati (kacawang) olih [[kawisa sianida]] | field = {{Plainlist| * [[Logika]] * Matematika * [[Analisis-kripto]] * [[Ilmu Komputer]] * [[Matematika miwah teori Biologi]]<ref name=googlescholar>{{Google scholar id}}</ref>}} | work_institutions = {{Plainlist| * [[Universitas Manchester]] * [[Kode Pameréntah miwah Sekolah Cypher]] * [[Laboratorium Fisik Nasional, Inggris|Laboratorium Fisik Nasional]]}} | education = [[Sekolah Sherborne]] | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Universitas Cambridge]] <!--[[King's College, Cambridge]] doestn't award degrees--> ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) * [[Universitas Princeton]] (PhD)}} | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=8014}}</ref> | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]],<ref name="mathgene"/><ref name=gandyphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|title=On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics|first=Robin Oliver|last=Gandy|year=1953|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245090|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.590164}}|publisher=University of Cambridge|doi=10.17863/CAM.16125|accessdate=9 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152236/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245090|archivedate=9 December 2017|url-status=live}} {{free access}}</ref> [[Beatrice Worsley]]<ref name="bowen19">{{cite chapter| first=Jonathan P. |last=Bowen | authorlink=Jonathan Bowen | chapter=The Impact of Alan Turing: Formal Methods and Beyond | editor-last1=Bowen | editor-first1=Jonathan P. | editor-last2=Liu | editor-first2=Zhiming | editorlink2=Zhiming Liu (computer scientist) | editor-last3=Zhang | editor-first3=Zili | title=Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems. SETSS 2018 | series=[[Lecture Notes in Computer Science]] | volume=11430 | pages=202–235 |year=2019 | publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] | location=Cham | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-17601-3_5 }}</ref> | influences = [[Max Newman]]<ref>[[Ivor Grattan-Guinness|Grattan-Guinness, Ivor]], Chapter 40, ''Turing's mentor, Max Newman''. In {{cite book| author-link1 = Jack Copeland|last1 = Copeland | first1=B. Jack | authorlink2=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Bowen | first2=Jonathan P. | authorlink3=Robin Wilson (mathematician)| last3=Wilson | first3=Robin | last4=Sprevak | first4=Mark | title=The Turing Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-874782-6|title-link = The Turing Guide }}</ref> | thesis_title = Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals | thesis_url = https://webspace.princeton.edu/users/jedwards/Turing%20Centennial%202012/Mudd%20Archive%20files/12285_AC100_Turing_1938.pdf | thesis_year = 1938 | signature = Alan Turing signature.svg | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[Kriptanalisis saking Enigma]] * [[Bukti Turing]] * [[Mesin Turing]] * [[Tes Turing]] * [[Mesin nénten nragya|Mesin nénten kaorganisir]] * [[Pola turing]] * [[Pengurangan turing]] * [[Dasar Kimia Morfogenesis]] }} | prizes = [[Smith's Prize]] (1936) | partner = [[Joan Clarke]]<br/>(matuangan warsa 1941; nénten mawiwaha) | nationality = Inggris }} '''Alan Mathison Turing''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS}} ({{lekadmati||23|6|1912||7|6|1954|kat=T}}) punika wong [[Britania Agung|Inggris]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The British Library |title=Who was Alan Turing? |access-date=29 July 2019 |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723191531/https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> matematikawan, [[ilmuwan komputer]], [[logika]]wan, [[kriptoanalisis|cryptanalyst]], pantatwa, miwah [[matematika miwah téori biologi|ahli biologi téoritis]].<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | author=Anon| surname = Turing | othernames = Alan Mathison | id = U243891 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U243891 | edition = onliné [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Turing pinih mingaruhin ring parkembangan [[ilmu komputer téoritis]], ngicen formalisasi konsep [[algoritma]] miwah [[paitungan]] nganggé [[mesin Turing]], sané prasida kaanggap manados model [[komputer tetujon umum]].<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Newman | first1 = M.H.A. | authorlink = Max Newman | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019 | title = Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 253–263 | year = 1955 | jstor = 769256 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref> Turing keanggep dados bapak ilmu komputer téoritis miwah [[kawikanan tetironan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref> Menawi pekaryan ipun nenten keakuin mawinan ida rumasuk homoséksual Rikala [[Yuda Jagat II]], Turing mekarya antuk mecatin pamecahan [[sandi]] Jérman, rumasuk paningkatan metode [[Bomba (kriptograpi)|bom]] Polandia sadurung yuda, mesin [[éléktromékanik|éléktromékanis]] sané prasida nemu pangaturan antuk [[mesin Énigma]]. Turing madué pakaryan penting ring mecahang sesuratan kode sané kacegat sané prasida ngaryanang Sekutu menang pantaraning Nazi ring akéh patempuran, rumasuk [[Patempuran Atlantik]], miwah prasida ngawantu yuda.<ref name="bbc-copeland"/> Makudang-kudang wit antuk Winston Churchill nikayang Turing medué kontribusi tunggal pinih ageng antuk kamenangan Sekutu ring yuda pantaraning Nazi Jérman. Menawi, The Churchill Centre miwah penyurat biograpi Turing [[Andrew Hodges]] nikayang nénten wénten bukti dokuménter sané ngewantu paindikan punika.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory |title=Churchill Said Turing Madé the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory |first=Jonathan |last=Schilling |date=8 January 2015 |publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths |accessdate=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html |title=Part 4: The Relay Race |first=Andrew |last=Hodges |authorlink=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |accessdate=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html |archive-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm |title=Profile: Alan Turing |first=Clare |last=Spencer |publisher=BBC News |date=11 Séptémber 2009 |quote=Update 13 February 2015 |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mawinan pikobet [[babad kontrafaktual]], meweh antuk ngecawang efek saking intelijén Ultra ring yuda,<ref>{{cite book | title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century | first=Jeffery T. | last=Richelson | authorlink=Jeffrey T. Richelson | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | date=1997 | page=296}} and {{cite book | first=Guy | last=Hartcup | authorlink=Guy Hartcup | title=The Effect of Science on the Second World War | publisher=Macmillan Press | location=Basingstoke, Hampshire | date=2000 | pages=96–99}}</ref> menawi kacawang pekaryan ipun ngendepang kala yuda ring Éropa luwih kalih warsa miwah nyalametang 14&nbsp;yuta diri.<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news | last=Copeland | first=Jack | authorlink=Jack Copeland | title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives' | date=18 Juné 2012 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691 | publisher=BBC News Technology | accessdate=26 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691 | archive-date=11 October 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> Risampuné yuda, Turing mekarya ring [[Laboratorium Fisik Nasional, Inggris|Laboratorium Fisik Nasional]], ring irika ida ngaryaning désain [[Mesin Komputasi Otomatis]]. Mesin Komputasi Otomatis punika silih tunggil désain kapertama antuk komputer medué program sané kasimpen. Ring warsa 1948, Turing sareng [[Laboratorium Mesin Komputasi]] ring [[Universitas Victoria ring Manchester]], ida ngewantu ngembangang [[komputer Manchester]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> miwah mikayunin [[biologi matematika]]. Ida menyurat situnggil makalah nganggén dasar kimia [[morfogénésis]]<ref name=googlescholar/> miwah ngecawang [[jam kimia|berosilasi]] [[réaksi kimia]] sekadi [[réaksi Belousov-Zhabotinsky]], kapertama kacingak warsa 1960-an. Turing ring warsa 1952 katuntut mawinan parilaksana homoséksual, ida polih kaubadin antuk [[kapelesan kimia]], nganggén [[Diethylstilbestrol|DES]], sané dados alternatif tahanan penjara. Turing lebar ring warsa 1954, 16 dina sadurung wanti warsa ipun kaping 42, saking [[kacetik sianida]]. Pameriksaan nikayang ida salah pati, menawi kecatet pinaka bukti punika nénten konsistén sareng kacetik sané nénten buwaka. Ring warsa 2009, risampuné [[kampanye internét]], Perdana Menteri Inggris [[Gordon Brown]] nunas sinampura saking aran Pamréntahan Inggris antuk "parilaksana sané nénten becik majeng ida".<ref name="BBC-pardon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |title='Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned |date=20 October 2016 |accessdate=20 October 2016 |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125029/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist|30m}} === Sumber pustaka === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = Turing and the Universal Machiné | location = Duxford | publisher=Icon | year=2001 | isbn = 978-1-84046-250-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | publisher=MIT Press | year = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander (circa 1945) | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1 | ref = {{harvid|Alexander|circa 1945}}}} * {{cite book |last=Beavers |first=Anthony |editor1-first=S. Barry |editor1-last=Cooper|editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=van Leeuwen |title=Alan Turing: His Work and Impact |publisher=Elsevier |location=Waltham |year=2013 |pages=481–485 |chapter=Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist |isbn=978-0-12-386980-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=C9WQbm4ovFoC&pg=PA481 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | authorlink = James R. Beniger | title = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society | publisher=Harvard University Press | year = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-674-16986-9 | title-link = The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society }} * {{Cite book | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | year = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher=Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | year = 2005 |publisher=Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-307-33598-2 | oclc = 61684223}} * Bruderer, Herbert: [http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664 ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann''] Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, {{isbn|978-3-486-71366-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machiné | publisher = Basic Books | year = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-02989-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/computerhistoryo00camp }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul E. | authorlink = Paul E. Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | publisher=MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 978-0-262-53169-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred D. Chandler Jr. | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | publisher = Belknap Press | year = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-674-94052-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/visiblehandmanag00chan }} * {{cite journal|last1=Church|first1=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1936-04_58_2/page/345|journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]]|volume=58|issue=2|year=1936|pages=345–363|issn=0002-9327|doi=10.2307/2371045|ref=harv|jstor=2371045}} * {{cite book | last = Cooper | first = S. Barry | last2 = van Leeuwen | first2 = Jan | title = Alan Turing: His Work and Impact | year = 2013 | location = New York | publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 978-0-12-386980-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | year = 2004a |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book |editor-last = Copeland |editor-first = B. Jack| authorlink = | title = The Essential Turing | year = 2004b | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-825079-1 | oclc = 156728127 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Copeland | editor-first = B. Jack | authorlink = | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Enginé | year = 2005 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-856593-2 | oclc = 224640979 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingsautom0000unse }} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | year = 2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} ** {{Cite book | last = Hilton | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Hilton | year = 2006 | chapter = Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery | ref = harv |title=Colussus}} in {{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=189–203}} * {{Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | publisher=MIT Press | year = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-55028-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Gannon | first = Paul | title = Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret | place = London | publisher=Atlantic Books | origyear = 2006 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84354-331-2 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew| authorlink = Andrew Hodges | title = Alan Turing : the enigma|location = London | publisher=Burnett Books | isbn = 978-0-09-152130-1 | year = 1983 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher=Symposion | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | year = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | publisher=Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines | publisher=Knopf | year = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | year = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher=Hutchinson & Co | location = London | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Lubar | first = Steven | year = 1993 | title = Infoculture | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 978-0-395-57042-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/infoculturesmith00luba }} * {{Cite journal | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher=UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | year = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | accessdate =10 December 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Oakley | editor-first = Brian | editor-link = Brian Oakley | title = The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939&nbsp;– August 1945 | publisher=Wynné Press | year = 2006 | edition = 2.6 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = O'Connell | first = H | last2 = Fitzgerald | first2 = M | title = Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome? | journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Mediciné | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–31 | publisher=Irish Institute of Psychological Mediciné | year = 2003 | issn = 0790-9667 | ref = harv | doi=10.1017/s0790966700007503| pmid = 30440230 }} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} * Petzold, Charles (2008). "[[The Annotated Turing]]: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". [[Indianapolis]]: Wiley Publishing. {{isbn|978-0-470-22905-7}} * Smith, Roger (1997). ''Fontana History of the Human Sciences''. London: Fontana. * {{Cite book | last = Sipser | first = Michael | title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation | publisher=PWS Publishing | isbn = 978-0-534-95097-2 | year = 2006 | ref = harv }} * Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). ''Computer Power and Human Reason''. London: W.H. Freeman. {{isbn|0-7167-0463-3}} * {{Cite news | last= Turing | first= A.M. |year = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | origyear = Delivered to the Society November 1936 | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf | ref= harv }} and {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–46 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | year = 1938 }} * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher=W Heffer | year = 1959}} Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of [[St John's College, Cambridge]]). The six-page foreword by [[Lyn Irvine]] includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, to honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by [[Martin Davis (mathematician)|Martin Davis]], as well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | publisher=S. French | year = 1988}} This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, [[Derek Jacobi]] played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and [[WGBH-TV|WGBH, Boston]]. The play is published by Amber Lané Press, [[Oxford]], ASIN: B000B7TM0Q * Williams, Michael R. (1985) ''A History of Computing Technology'', [[Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]]: [[Prentice-Hall]], {{isbn|0-8186-7739-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-901805-94-2 |oclc=123794619 }} {{Refend}} == Pustaka liyanan == === Artikel === * {{cite journal| year=1950|last=Turing|first=Alan|title=Computing Machinery and Intelligence|journal=[[Mind (journal)|Mind]] |volume=49|issue=236|pages= 433–460 |url=https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf | ref=harv|doi=10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433}} * {{cite journal| title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal| title=Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopaedia |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |editor=Edward N. Zalta|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alan Turing |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ |accessdate=10 January 2011 |edition=Winter 2009 |date=27 August 2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite ODNB|id=36578|title=Turing, Alan Mathison|year=2004|last=Hodges|first=Andrew}} * {{cite journal|last=Gray|first=Paul|date=29 March 1999|title=Computer Scientist: Alan Turing|journal=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|ref=harv|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=19 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|url-status=dead}} === Pustaka/Buku === * {{Citation |last= Bernhardt |first= Chris |title= Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science |publisher= MIT Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-0-262-53351-5 }} * {{cite book| authorlink1=Jack Copeland | last1=Copeland |first1=B. Jack | authorlink2=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Bowen | first2=Jonathan P. | authorlink3=Robin Wilson (mathematician) | last3=Wilson | first3=Robin | last4=Sprevak | first4=Mark | title=The Turing Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-874783-3 | title-link=The Turing Guide }} * {{cite book| title=Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe | authorlink=George Dyson (science historian) | first=George | last=Dyson | isbn=978-1-4000-7599-7 | year=2012 | publisher=Vintage }} * {{cite book| authorlink=James Gleick | last=Gleick | first=James | title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood | location=New York | publisher=Pantheon | date=2011 | isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 | title-link=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood }} * {{cite book| title=Alan Turing: The Enigma| year=2014 | first=Andrew | last=Hodges | authorlink=Andrew Hodges | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | isbn=978-0-691-16472-4 }} (originally published in 1983); basis of the film ''[[The Imitation Game]]'' [[Kategori:Biograpi]] llvxfkje63l9tt0jxabuz7my14y73g2 0 8065 280147 272631 2026-08-13T18:19:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280147 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Mount Bromo, Java, Indonesia.jpg|jmpl|250px|[[Semeru|Mahameru]] (Semeru) di atas [[Gunung Bromo]], Jawa Timur.]] [[Berkas:East Indonesia Island Chain from ISS.jpg|jmpl|250px|Jawa Timur, Bali, Lombok dan Sumba dari atas satelit, nampak enam gunung berapi aktif]] [[Berkas:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg|jmpl|250px|[[Mahameru]] (Seméru) ring duur [[Gunung Bromo]], Jawa Timur.]] Geografi Indonésia kakasorang olih gunung api sané kawentuk olih zona subduksi pantaraning lempeng Eurasia miwah lempeng Indo-Australia. Makudang-kudang gunung berapi kasub krana letusannyané, minakadi Krakatau sané letusannyané mangaruhan global ring warsa 1883,<ref name="winchester2003">{{cite book|last=Winchester|first=S.|year=2003|title=Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-06-621285-5|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> letusan supervulkan Gunung Toba sané katarka mamargi 74.000 warsa sané ngawinang kawéntenan musim dingin vulkanik salami nem warsa,<ref name="Oppenheimer2002">{{Cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=C.|date=2002|title=Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QSRv...21.1593O|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=21|pages=1593–1609|doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8|issn=0277-3791}}</ref> miwah Gunung Tambora antuk letusan pinih ageng sané naenin kacatet ring babad ring warsa 1815.<ref name="Stothers1984">{{cite journal|last=Stothers|first=Richard B.|year=1984|title=The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1984-06-15_224_4654/page/1191|journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]]|volume=224|issue=4654|pages=1191–1198|doi=10.1126/science.224.4654.1191|pmid=17819476|biSMode=1984Sci...224.1191S}}</ref> Gunung api ring Indonésia pinaka pahan saking Sabuk Alpida miwah Cincin Api Pasifik. 150 entri ring daftar ring sor puniki kaklompokang dados nem wewidangan geografis, papat saking punika madué gunung api ring sajeroning busur Sunda. Kalih wewidangan tiosan inggih punika gunung berapi ring Halmahera, rumasuk pulo-pulo vulkanik sané nampek irika, miwah gunung berapi ring Sulawesi miwah Kepulauan Sangihe. Wewidangan sané pinih untat magenah ring satunggal busur vulkanik sareng gunungapi ring Filipina. Gunung api sané pinih aktif inggih punika Kelud miwah Merapi ring Pulo Jawa, sané ngawinang akéh séda ring wewidangan punika. Ngawit warsa 1000 Masehi, Kelud sampun makeplug ping 30, antuk letusan pinih ageng sané madaging kekuatan 5 VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kelut Eruptive History|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263280&vtab=Eruptions|website=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Institusi Smithsonian]]|language=en|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> raris Merapi sampun makeplug ping 100.[ Asosiasi Internasional Vulkanologi miwah Kimia Interior Bumi, ngawastanin Merapi pinaka Gunung Api Dasawarsa puniki saking warsa 1995 santukan aktivitas vulkaniknyané sané tegeh pisan. Ring warsa 2012, Indonésia madué 127 gunung berapi aktif sané akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 5 yuta diri. Ngawit 26 Désémber 2004, risampuné linuh ageng miwah tsunami, makasami pola letusan gunung berapi mauwah, minakadi Gunung Sinabung, sané pinih untat meletus duk warsa 1600-an, sakéwanten dumadak aktif malih ring warsa 2010 miwah meletus ring warsa 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/186891 |title=Indonesia Miliki 127 Gunung Api Aktif |date=5 2, 2012 |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2018-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117094451/http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/186891 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Kelompok Géograpis == === Sumatra === {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Pulau Weh|Weh]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|617|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|5.82|N|95.28|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Seulawah Agam|Seulawah Agam]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,810|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1839|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|5.448|N|95.658|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Peuet Sagoe|Peuet Sagoe]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,801|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2000|12|25|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|4.914|N|96.329|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Geureudong|Geureudong]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,885|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1937|format=dmy}} |{{coord|4.813|N|96.82|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kembar|Kembar]] |[[Gunung berapi perisai|perisai]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,245|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|3.850|N|97.664|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sibayak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,212|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1881|format=dmy}} |{{coord|3.23|N|98.52|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sinabung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,460|m|ft|sortable=on}} |9 Juni 2019 |{{coord|3.17|N|98.392|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Danau Toba|Toba]] |[[supervulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,157|m|ft|sortable=on}} |72000 SM |{{coord|2.58|N|98.83|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Helatoba-Tarutung]] |[[Fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,100|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|2.03|N|98.93|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Imun]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|1,505|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.158|N|98.93|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sibualbuali]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,819|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.556|N|99.255|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Lubukraya]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,862|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.478|N|99.209|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sorikmarapi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,145|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1986|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|0.686|N|99.539|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Talakmau]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,919|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.079|N|99.98|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sarik-Gajah]] |[[Kerucut vulkanis|kerucut]] | align="right" |Nénten kauningang |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.008|N|100.20|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Marapi]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,891|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|8|5|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|0.381|S|100.473|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Singgalang|Singgalang]] |[[Stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,877|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.420|S|100.317|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Tandikat]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,438|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1924|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|0.433|S|100.317|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sago]] |[[Stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,271|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.354|S|100.378|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Talang|Talang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,597|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2005|April|12|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|0.978|S|100.679|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kerinci|Kerinci]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,800|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|6|22|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|1.697|S|101.264|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Hutapanjang|Hutapanjang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,021|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.33|S|101.60|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sumbing (Sumatra)|Sumbing]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,507|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1921|5|23|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|2.414|S|101.728|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kunyit|Kunyit]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,151|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.592|S|101.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Pendan|Pendan]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |Nénten kauningang |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.82|S|102.02|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Belirang-Beriti]] |gabungan | align="right" |{{convert|1,958|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|2.82|S|102.18|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Daun]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,467|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|3.38|S|102.37|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kaba|Kaba]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,952|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2000|8|22|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|3.52|S|102.62|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Dempo|Dempo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,173|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1994|10|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|4.03|S|103.13|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Patah|Patah]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|2,852|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|4.27|S|103.30|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Lumut Balai]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,055|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|4.23|S|103.62|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Besar|Besar]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,899|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1940|April|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|4.43|S|103.67|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Danau Ranau|Ranau]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,881|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|4.83|S|103.92|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Sekincau Belirang]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,719|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|5.12|S|104.32|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Suwoh|Suoh]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,000|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1933|7|10|format=dmy}} (4) |{{coord|5.25|S|104.27|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Hulubelu]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,040|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1836|format=dmy}} |{{coord|5.35|S|104.60|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Rajabasa|Rajabasa]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,281|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1798|format=dmy}} |{{coord|5.78|S|105.625|E|type:mountain}} |} ;Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0601|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sumatra|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> === Selat Sunda miwah jawa === {|class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Krakatau]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|813|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2018|12|22|format=dmy}} () |{{coord|6.102|S|105.423|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Pulosari]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,346|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.342|S|105.975|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Karang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,778|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.27|S|106.042|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kiaraberes-Gagak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,511|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1939|April|6|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|6.73|S|106.65|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Perbakti]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,699|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.75|S|106.68|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Salak|Salak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,211|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1938|1|31|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.72|S|106.73|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Gedé|Gedé]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,958|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1957|3|13|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.78|S|106.98|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Patuha|Patuha]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,434|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.160|S|107.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Wayang-Windu]] |[[kubah lava]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,182|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.208|S|107.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Malabar|Malabar]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,343|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.13|S|107.65|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tangkuban Perahu|Tangkuban Perahu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,084|m|ft|sortable=on}} |2 Agustus 2019 (4) |{{coord|6.77|S|107.60|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Papandayan|Papandayan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,665|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2002|November|11|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.32|S|107.73|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kendang|Kendang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,608|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.23|S|107.72|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kamojang|Kamojang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,730|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2588000|||SM|format=dmy}}[[Pleistosen]] |{{coord|7.125|S|107.80|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Guntur|Guntur]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,249|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1847|10|16|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.143|S|107.840|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tampomas|Tampomas]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,684|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.77|S|107.95|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Galunggung|Galunggung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,168|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1984|1|9|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.25|S|108.058|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Telaga Bodas|Talagabodas]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,201|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.208|S|108.07|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kawah Karaha|Karaha]] |[[fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,155|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.12|S|108.08|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Cereme|Cereme]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,078|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1951|format=dmy}} |{{coord|6.892|S|108.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Slamet|Slamet]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,432|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|5|1|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.242|S|109.208|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kompleks Vulkanik Dieng|Dieng]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,565|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1996|12|31|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.20|S|109.92|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sundoro|Sundoro]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,136|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1971|10|29|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.30|S|109.992|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sumbing|Sumbing]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,371|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1730|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.384|S|110.070|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ungaran|Ungaran]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,050|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.18|S|110.33|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Telomoyo|Telomoyo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,894|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.37|S|110.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Merbabu|Merbabu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,145|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1797|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.45|S|110.43|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,968|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2013|November|18|format=dmy}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1288101937/mt-merapi-erupts|title=Mount Merapi Erupts|date=18 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-19|publisher=[[ANTARA]]}}</ref> |{{coord|7.542|S|110.442|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Muria|Muria]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,625|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|160|||SM|format=dmy}} ± 30&nbsp;warsa |{{coord|6.62|S|110.88|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lawu|Lawu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,265|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1885|November|28|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|7.625|S|111.192|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Wilis|Wilis]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,563|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.808|S|111.758|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,731|m|ft|sortable=on}} |13 Pébruari 2014 (4) |{{coord|7.93|S|112.308|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kawi|Kawi]]-[[Gunung Butak|Butak]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,651|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.92|S|112.45|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Arjuno|Arjuno]]-[[Gunung Welirang|Welirang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,339|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1952|8|15|format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|7.725|S|112.58|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Penanggungan|Penanggungan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,653|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.62|S|112.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Dataran Tinggi Malang|Malang]] |[[maar]] | align="right" |{{convert|680|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.02|S|112.68|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Seméru|Seméru]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,676|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1967|format=dmy}}–2020 berkelanjutan (3) |{{coord|8.108|S|112.92|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Kaldera Tengger|Tengger]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,329|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|6|8|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.942|S|112.95|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lamongan|Lamongan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,651|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1898|2|5|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.979|S|113.342|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lurus|Lurus]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|539|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.73|S|113.58|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Argapura|Iyang-Argapura]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,088|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.97|S|113.57|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Raung|Raung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,332|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2002|6|2|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.125|S|114.042|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ijen|Ijen]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,799|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|6|28|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.058|S|114.242|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Baluran|Baluran]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,247|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.85|S|114.37|E|type:mountain}} |} ;Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0602|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Krakatau|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0603|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Java|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> === Kepulauan Sunda Kecil === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Gunung Merbuk|Merbuk]] |tba | align="right" |{{convert|1,386|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang | - |- |[[Bratan]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,276|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.28|S|115.13|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Batur|Batur]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,717|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|3|15|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.242|S|115.375|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Agung|Agung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,142|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1963|2|18|format=dmy}} (5) |{{coord|8.342|S|115.508|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Rinjani|Rinjani]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|3,726|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|10|1|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.42|S|116.47|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tambora|Tambora]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,722|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1967|format=dmy}} ± 20&nbsp;warsa (0) |{{coord|8.25|S|118.00|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sangeang|Sangeang Api]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,949|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1985|7|30|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|8.20|S|119.07|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Wai Sano]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|903|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.72|S|120.02|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Poco Leok|Poco Leok]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|1,675|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.68|S|120.48|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ranakah|Ranakah]] |[[kubah lava]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,100|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1991|3|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.62|S|120.52|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Inierie|Inierie]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,245|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|8050|||SM|format=dmy}} |{{coord|8.875|S|120.95|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ine Lika|Inielika]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,559|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2001|1|11|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.73|S|120.98|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ebulobo|Ebulobo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|2,124|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1969|2|27|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.82|S|121.18|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Iya|Iya]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|637|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1969|1|27|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|8.897|S|121.645|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sukaria|Sukaria]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,500|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.792|S|121.77|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Ndete Napu]] |[[fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|750|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.72|S|121.78|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kelimutu|Kelimutu]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,639|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1968|6|3|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.77|S|121.82|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Paluweh|Paluweh]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|875|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1985|2|3|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.32|S|121.708|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Égon|Égon]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,703|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2005|2|6|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.67|S|122.45|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ilimuda|Ilimuda]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,100|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.478|S|122.671|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lewotobi|Lewotobi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,703|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2003|5|30|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.542|S|122.775|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Leroboleng|Leroboleng]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,117|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2003|6|26|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|8.358|S|122.842|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Riang Kotang]] |[[fumarol]] | align="right" |{{convert|200|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.30|S|122.892|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Iliboleng|Iliboleng]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,659|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1993|6|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|8.342|S|123.258|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lewotolo|Lewotolo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,423|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1951|12|15|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.272|S|123.505|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ililabalekan|Ililabalekan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,018|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|8.55|S|123.38|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Iliwerung|Iliwerung]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,018|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1999|5|22|format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|8.53|S|123.57|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Batutara|Batu Tara]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|748|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1847|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.792|S|123.579|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sirung|Sirung]] |[[Gunung berapi kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|862|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1970|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|8.508|S|124.13|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Yersey]] |bawah laut | align="right" |{{convert|-3,800|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|7.53|S|123.95|E|type:mountain}} |} ;Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0604|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Lesser Sunda Islands|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|archive-date=2017-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108091629/http://volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0604|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Laut Banda === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Emperor of China]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-2,850|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.62|S|124.22|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Nieuwerkerk (gunung api)|Nieuwerkerk]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-2,285|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|6.60|S|124.675|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung api Wetar]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|282|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1699|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|6.642|S|126.65|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Wurlali|Wurlali]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|868|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1892|6|3|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|7.125|S|128.675|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Teon|Teon]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|655|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1904|6|3|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.92|S|129.125|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Nila|Nila]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|781|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1968|5|7|format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|6.73|S|129.50|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Serua|Serua]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|641|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1921|9|18|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|6.30|S|130.00|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Manuk|Manuk]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|282|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|5.53|S|130.292|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Banda Api]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|640|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1988|5|9|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|4.525|S|129.871|E|type:mountain}} |} Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0605|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Banda Sea|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> === Sulawesi miwah Kepulauan Sangihe === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Colo (gunung api)|Colo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|507|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1983|7|18|format=dmy}} (4) |{{coord|0.17|S|121.608|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Ambang]] |[[Gunung api kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,795|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1845|||format=dmy}} ± 5&nbsp;years |{{coord|0.75|N|124.42|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Soputan]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,784|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dtsh|2007|10|24}}24–30 10 2007 |{{coord|1.108|N|124.73|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Sempu|Sempu]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,549|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.13|N|124.758|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tondano|Tondano]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,202|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.23|N|124.83|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Lokon|Lokon]]-[[Gunung Empung|Empung]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,580|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2011|7|15|format=dmy}} |{{coord|1.358|N|124.792|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Mahawu|Mahawu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,324|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1977|November|16|format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|1.358|N|124.858|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Klabat|Klabat]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,995|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.47|N|125.03|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tongkoko|Tongkoko]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,149|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1880|||format=dmy}} (1) |{{coord|1.52|N|125.20|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Ruang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|725|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2002|9|25|format=dmy}} (4) |{{coord|2.30|N|125.37|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Karangetang]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,784|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2007|8||format=dmy}} |{{coord|2.78|N|125.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Banua Wuhu]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-5|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1919|7|18|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|3.138|N|125.491|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,320|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2004|6|2|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|3.67|N|125.50|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Submarine 1922]] |[[Gunung api bawah laut|bawah laut]] | align="right" |{{convert|-5,000|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|3.97|N|125.17|E|type:mountain}} |} Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0606|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sulawesi|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|archive-date=2006-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230201539/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0606|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0607|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sangihe Islands|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|archive-date=2006-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230114012/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0607|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Halmahera === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wastan ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Wentuk ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tegeh ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Letusan pinih ungkur ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]) ! rowspan="1" style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Geolokasi |- |[[Tarakan (gunung api)|Tarakan]] |[[kerucut piroklastik]] | align="right" |{{convert|318|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.83|N|127.83|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Dukono]] |[[Gunung api kompleks|kompleks]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,335|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1933|8|13|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|1.68|N|127.88|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Tobaru]] |Nénten kauningang | align="right" |{{convert|1,035|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.63|N|127.67|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Ibu|Ibu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,325|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2005|5||format=dmy}} (0) |{{coord|1.488|N|127.63|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Gamkonora|Gamkonora]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,635|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2007|7|9|format=dmy}} (?) |{{coord|1.38|N|127.53|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Todoko-Ranu]] |[[kaldera]] | align="right" |{{convert|979|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.25|N|127.47|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Jailolo|Jailolo]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,130|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|1.08|N|127.42|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Hiri|Hiri]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|630|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.90|N|127.32|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gamalama]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,715|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|2003|7|31|format=dmy}} (2) |{{coord|0.80|N|127.33|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Tidore]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,730|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.658|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Mare|Mare]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|308|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.57|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Moti|Moti]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|950|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.45|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Kie Besi|Kie Besi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,357|m|ft|sortable=on}} |{{dts|1988|7|29|format=dmy}} (3) |{{coord|0.32|N|127.40|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Gunung Tigalalu|Tigalalu]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|422|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.07|N|127.42|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Amasing|Amasing]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|1,030|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.53|S|127.48|E|type:mountain}} |- |[[Bukit Bibinoi|Bibinoi]] |[[stratovulkan]] | align="right" |{{convert|900|m|ft|sortable=on}} |Nénten kauningang |{{coord|0.77|S|127.72|E|type:mountain}} |} Wit: Global Volcanism Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=0608|title=Volcanoes of Indonésia - Halmahera|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> == Lis Letusan == {| class="wikitable sortable" align="left" width="100%" ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tanggal letusan ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Gunung api ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Tanggal berhenti ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |[[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Karakteristik ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |[[Tsunami|Tsunami]] ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Volume [[Tefrit|tefrit]] ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Korban diri ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;" |Sumber |- | align="center" |{{dts|2010|11|3|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|2010|11|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |138 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=erupt|title=Merapi Eruptive History|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-19|archive-date=2007-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820155139/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=erupt|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1990|2|10|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1990|3||format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.13&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |35 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm|title=Large Holocene Eruptions|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-18|archive-date=2012-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212357/http://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1983|7|18|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Colo (gunung api)|Colo]] | align="center" |{{dts|1983|12||format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,ph | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |0 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1982|April|5|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Galunggung|Galunggung]] | align="center" |{{dts|1983|1|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,lf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.37&nbsp;km³ + | align="center" |68 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite journal|author=Katili, J.A. and Sudradjat, A.|year=1984|title=Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption|journal=Volcanology Survei Indonésia|pages=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html|title=Galunggung, Java, Indonésia|work=Volcano World|publisher=Department of Geosciences at OrÉgon State University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616143900/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html|archivedate=2008-06-16|accessdate=2006-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1972|10|6|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|1985|3||format=dmy}} | align="center" |2 | align="center" |cv,pf,lf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.021&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |29 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1966|April|26|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1966|April|27|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.089&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |212 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1963|3|17|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Agung|Agung]] | align="center" |{{dts|1964|1|27|format=dmy}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |cv,pf,lf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |1&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |1,148 | align="center" |<ref name="Rampino">{{cite journal|author=Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self|year=1982|title=Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact|url=https://archive.org/details/quaternary-research_1982-09_18_2/page/127|journal=Quaternary Research|volume=18|issue=2|pages=127–143|bibcode=1982QuRes..18..127R|doi=10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1951|8|31|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1951|8|31|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.2&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |7 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1930|11|25|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|1931|9||format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.0017&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |1,369 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1919|5|19|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dts|1919|5|20|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,cl,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.19&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |5,110 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1892|6|7|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] | align="center" |{{dts|1892|6|12|format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |ya | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |1,532 | align="center" |<ref name="awu">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt|title=Awu's Eruptive History|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-31|archive-date=2007-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707110803/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1883|8|26|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Krakatau|Krakatau]] | align="center" |{{dts|1884|2||format=dmy}} | align="center" |6 | align="center" |cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc | align="center" |15–42&nbsp;m | align="center" |5–8.5&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |36,600 | align="center" |<ref name="Rampino" /><ref name="winchester2003"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=B.H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, K.O. Kim and J.S. Lee|year=2003|title=Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption|url=http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=3|issue=5|pages=321–332|doi=10.5194/nhess-3-321-2003|access-date=2020-07-22|archive-date=2006-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912023833/http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1872|April|15|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dts|1872|April|21|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.33&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |200 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1856|3|2|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] | align="center" |{{dts|1856|3|17|format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |ya | align="center" |0.51±0.50&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |2,806 | align="center" |<ref name="awu" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1822|10|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Galunggung|Galunggung]] | align="center" |{{dts|1822|12||format=dmy}} | align="center" |5 | align="center" |cv,pf,ld,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |1&nbsp;km³ + | align="center" |4,011 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1815|April|10|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Tambora|Gunung Tambora]] | align="center" |{{dts|1815|7|15|format=dmy}} | align="center" |7 | align="center" |cv,pf,cc | align="center" |1–2&nbsp;m | align="center" |160&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |71,000+ | align="center" |<ref name="Stothers1984"/><ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=Clive|year=2003|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-physical-geography_2003-06_27_2/page/230|journal=Progress in Physical Geography|volume=27|issue=2|pages=230–259|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra}}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1812|8|6|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Awu|Awu]] | align="center" |{{dts|1812|8|8|format=dmy}} | align="center" |4 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |0.55±0.50&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |963 | align="center" |<ref name="awu" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1772|8|12|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Papandayan|Papandayan]] | align="center" |{{dts|1772|8|12|format=dmy}} | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,ph | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |2,957 | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.orÉgonstate.edu/education/facts/deadly_volcs.html|title=The Deadliest Eruptions|work=Volcano World|publisher=Department of Geosciences at OrÉgon State University|accessdate=2009-03-15}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1672|8|4|format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]] | align="center" |{{dtsh|1672||}}nénten kauningin | align="center" |3 | align="center" |cv,pf,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |3,000 | align="center" |<ref name="merapi" /> |- | align="center" |{{dts|1586|||format=dmy}} | align="center" |[[Gunung Kelud|Kelud]] | align="center" |{{dtsh|1586||}}nénten kauningin | align="center" |5 | align="center" |cf,cl,lm | align="center" |nénten | align="center" |1&nbsp;km³ + | align="center" |10,000 | align="center" |<ref name="gvpholocene" /> |- | align="center" |{{dtsh|74000|||SM}}≈ 74,000 [[Sebelum Masehi|SM]] | align="center" |[[Danau Toba|Toba]] | align="center" |{{dtsh|74000|||SM}}nénten kauningin | align="center" |8 | align="center" |pf,lf,cc | align="center" |mungkin | align="center" |2,800&nbsp;km³ | align="center" |hampir memusnahkan populasi manusia | align="center" |<ref name="Oppenheimer2002"/> |} Jumlah korban diri masumber saking Survei Vulkanologi Indonésia,<ref name="vsi">{{cite web|url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/|title=Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation|publisher=Volcanological Survey of Indonésia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216081307/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/|archivedate=2006-12-16|accessdate=2006-12-31|url-status=live}}</ref> lanTanguy et al. (1998).<ref>{{cite journal|author=J.-C. Tanguy, Ch. Ribière, A. Scarth and W.S. Tjetjep|year=1998|title=Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/8bn1re4crce6yr8r/|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|volume=60|issue=2|pages=137–144|bibcode=1998BVol...60..137T|doi=10.1007/s004450050222}}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> cutetan: cv= letusan ventilasi sentral, pf=[[Aliran piroklastik|aliran piroklastik]], lf=[[Aliran lava|aliran lava]], lm=[[Lumpur|lumpur]] [[Lahar|lahar]], cl=letusan [[Danau kawah|danau kawah]], ph=[[Letusan freatik|letusan freatik]], ld=[[Kubah lava|ekstrusi kubah lava]], cc=[[Kaldera|keruntuhan kaldera]], se=[[Gunung api bawah laut|letusan bawah laut]], fa=[[Fumarol|aktivitas fumarol]], rf=letusan celah radial. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cingak malih === * [[Gunung Api ring Indonésia]] * [[Lis linuh Indonésia]] * [[Lis Gunung Api]] === Pranala jaba === * {{Id}}[http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/ Volcanological Survey Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615045156/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/ |date=2006-06-15 }} * {{En}}[http://www.indovolcano.com/ Indonesian Volcanoes and mountains of Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203085814/http://www.indovolcano.com/ |date=2021-02-03 }} [[Kategori:Gunung ring Indonésia|*]] [[Kategori:Lis Gunung|*]] [[Kategori:Gunung Api ring Indonésia|*]] [[Kategori:Lis gunung Api|*]] 1ixxq943jw315h0tcon6s26406ot7in 0 8187 280174 142457 2026-08-13T19:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} [[File:Balai Basarah Induk Intan Kaharingan Muara Teweh.JPG|thumb|Balai Basarah genah maturan Kaharingan]] '''Kaharingan''' silih tunggil [[agama tradisional]] sané keanut oleh akéh [[wong Dayak|Dayak]] ring [[Kalimantan]], [[Indonésia]]; khusus nyané ring Kalimantan Tengah, menawi akéh sané ngegingsir dados [[Agama Kristen|Kristen]] utawi [[Islam]]. Kacawang akéh wong Dayak sané ngemargiang tradisi agama Kaharingan, menawi sering nikayang dané nyarengin situnggil [[agama ring Indonésia]] sané keakuin mangda nénten keni diskriminasi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/asia/borneo-tribe-practices-its-own-kind-of-hinduism.html|title=Borneo Tribe Practices Its Own Kind of "Hinduism"|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|date=2011-09-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Konsep "Pemargi Urip", miwah sistem kapercayaan puniki ngecangkup konsep akéh déwa taler wénten situnggal déwa pinih duur—wiyadin wénten hasil saking menuhin kaperluan antuk "Satu Tuhan Yang Maha Esa" (Ketuhanan Sané Maha Esa), sané sila kapertama ring ideologi negara Indonésia [[Pancasila]]. Pengaruh [[Agama Hindu|Hindu-Jawa]] kawéntenang ring iriki, taler pameréntah Indonésia ngenyingakin punika [[Hindu tradisional]] mawinan pamerentah Indonésia wantah mingakuin [[Agama ring Indonésia|enem agama resmi]], miwah Kaharingan nénten situnggil saking nika.<ref>{{cite news|last=Belford|first=Audrey|title=Borneo Tribe Practices Its Own Kind of Hinduism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/asia/borneo-tribe-practices-its-own-kind-of-hinduism.html?pagewanted=all&action=click&module=Search&region=searchResults%230&version=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%3Faction%3Dclick%26region%3DMasthead%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3DSearchSubmit%26contentCollection%3DHomepage%26t%3Dqry62%23%2FDayak|accessdate=1 March 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=Séptémber 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CQZ_AAAAMAAJ&q=Kaharingan+hindu Anthropos, Volume 102, Issue 2], Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute; Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei, 2007, ''... It is remarkable to see how positive and self-conscious Kaharingans currently are in their interior villages. "We are Hindus," they proclaim. Likewise, people in Palangla Raya are proud of being part of a Hindu world community ...''</ref> Upacara utama Kaharingan punika upacara ''[[Tiwah]]'', dudonan upacara ipun kamargiang asasih, ring karya punika akéh nagturang yadnya beburon sekadi kebo, sampi, bawi, taler ayam, keaturang majeng atma, pitara miwah déwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Charles Douglas|title=Religions of Man: Facts, Fibs, Fears and Fables|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, IN|year=2008|page=135|isbn=978-1-4389-0831-1}}</ref> Genah maturan ipun kewastanin ''Balai Basarah'' utawi ''Balai Kaharingan'' taler situnggil kitab suci kauningin antuk Panaturan, ''Talatah Basarah'' (kelompok maturan) miwah ''Tawar'' (pinaka ngerereh wantuan ''Ranying Hatalla Langit'' utawi Tuhan taler para [[Pitara]], dané ngaturang beras).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/asia/borneo-tribe-practices-its-own-kind-of-hinduism.html|title=Borneo Tribe Practices Its Own Kind of Hinduism|last=Belford|first=Aubrey|date=2011-09-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baier|first=Martin|date=2007|title=The Development of the Hindu Kaharingan Religion: A New Dayak Religion in Central Kalimantan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_anthropos_2007_102_2/page/566|journal=Anthropos|volume=102|issue=2|pages=566–570|issn=0257-9774|jstor=40389742|doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2007-2-566}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{reflist}} ==Cingak malih== {{Div col}} *[[Anito]] *[[Babaylan]] *[[Genius loci]] *[[Kami]] *[[Kupua]] *[[Moai]] *[[Nuku-mai-tore]] *[[Taotao Mona]] *[[Tiki]] *[[Yōkai]] *[[Shinto]] {{div col end}} == Pranala jaba == * [http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_411.html#2195 ''Kaharingan entry on adherents.org''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403113901/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_411.html#2195 |date=2009-04-03 }} * [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40389742?uid=3738672&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102103913223 ''The Development of the Hindu Kaharingan Religion''] * [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5087453W/Kepercayaan_Kaharingan_pada_suku_Dayak_%28suku_terasing%29_dipedalaman_Kalimantan_Selatan ''Kepercayaan Kaharingan pada suku Dayak (suku terasing) di pedalaman Kalimantan Selatan''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730184401/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/443/tanjung-puting-national-park-re-introducing-orang-utans-to-the-wild/article/238/the-hindu-kaharingan-faith-of-the-dayaks-and-local-wisdom-to-preserve-precious-rainforests The hindu-kaharingan ''faith of the dayaks and local wisdom to preserve precious rainforests''] * [[:id:Hindu Kaharingan|Hindu Kaharingan]] * [http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/KATKAH/kaharingan.php Kaharingan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726030928/https://indahnesia.com/indonesia/KATKAH/kaharingan.php |date=2020-07-26 }} [[Kategori:Agama tradisional]] [[Kategori:Hindu ring Indonésia]] cblhthsksyf15zmgp8k2eq97bnhv6rx 0 8422 280173 208515 2026-08-13T19:40:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |image = Brännässla (Urtica Dioica).jpg |image_caption = ''Urtica dioica'' subsp. ''dioica'' |taxon = Urtica dioica |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Lateng''' (''Urtica dioica''), wantah tetanduran asli saking [[Éropa]], akéh wewengkon [[Asia Tengah]] taler [[Afrika Kalér]] wagian kauh, menawi mangkin kasebar ring sajebag guminé.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/accidents-and-injuries/bites-and-stings/stinging-nettles|title=Stinging nettles|publisher=Ministry of Health|access-date=4 May 2019|date=18 Séptémber 2014|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611181341/https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/accidents-and-injuries/bites-and-stings/stinging-nettles|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pfaf">{{cite web|title=Urtica dioica - L|url=https://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+dioica|publisher=Plants for a Future|accessdate=23 April 2018|date=2012|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071407/https://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+dioica|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="uc">{{cite web|title=Burning & Stinging Nettles|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn74146.html|publisher=University of California|accessdate=21 Séptémber 2013}}</ref> Tetanduran puniki medué rambut merongga nyenget kauningin antuk trikoma ring don taler batang ipun, sané sekadi jaum hipodermik, nyuntik histamin taler senyawa kimia tiosan sané ngawinan ri kala kulit dané keni rambut tetanduran puniki pacang kerasa gatel taler panes. Tenaduran puniki medué lelintihan saking aabé pidan keanggén lakaran tamba tradisional, sanganan, téh, taler lakaran tekstil ring kramané kuna.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lukešová |first1=Hana |title=Identifying plant fibre textiles from Norwegian Merovingian Period and Viking Age graves: The Late Iron Age Collection of the University Museum of Bergen |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |date=June 2017 |volume=13 |pages=281–285 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.03.051 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Suratan === * {{cite journal|author=Elliott, C.|year=1997|title=Rash Encounters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_horticulture_1997-11_94_9/page/n35|journal=Horticulture|page=30|volume=94}} * Schofield, Janice J. (1998). ''Nettles'' {{ISBN|0-585-10500-6}} * Thiselton-Dyer, T. F., (1889). ''[http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/gu010118.pdf The Folk-Lore of Plants]''. * Glawe, G. A. (2006). ''Sex ratio variation and sex determination in Urtica diocia.'' {{ISBN|90-6464-026-2}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran]] lzhaonkb2n0bd7prj0xskikermryiap 0 10452 280114 218196 2026-08-13T17:36:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{taxobox | name = Kesimbukan | image =Starr_001101-0044_Paederia_foetida.jpg | regnum = [[Plantae]] | unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asteridae]] | ordo = [[Gentianales]] | familia = [[Rubiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Paederia]]'' | species = '''''P. foetida''''' | binomial = ''Paederia foetida'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] <ref name=trop>&nbsp;This species was first described botanically and published in ''Mantissa Plantarum'' 1: 52. 1767. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27902990 |title=Name - ''Paederia foetida'' L. |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=August 9, 2010}}</ref> | synonyms = *''P. magnifica'' <small>[[Francisco Noronha|Noronha]]</small> ([[nomen nudum|nom. nud.]]) *''P. scandens'' <small>([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]</small> *''P. tomentosa'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small> *''Gentiana scandens'' <small>Lour.</small> : ^{Lis wit pustaka:}<ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26300 |title=''Paederia foetida'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]] |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |date=October 17, 2001 |accessdate=August 9, 2010}}</ref> }} '''Kesimbukan''' utawi '''Entut-entut''' (''Paederia foetida'') punika [[spésiés]] [[tetanduran]] saking [[Asia]] [[tropis]]; sané sampun kasub ring [[Mascarenes]], [[Melanesia]], [[Polinesia]], miwah kapuloan [[Hawaii]].<ref name=grin/> Hambunyané ketah sekadi mabo entut, punika saking [[dimethyl disulphide]]<ref name=fgj>{{ cite journal |title=Steam volatile constituents of the aerial parts of ''Paederia foetida'' L. (abstract) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_flavour-and-fragrance-journal_january-february-1994_9_1/page/n28 |author=K.C.Wong; G.L.Tan |location=Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=25&ndash;28 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |date=Jan–Feb 1994 |doi=10.1002/ffj.2730090106}}</ref> Tetanduran niki tasih kasub madue aran '''skunkvine''', '''stinkvine''', utawi '''Chinese fever vine'''.<ref name=issg>{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=632 |title=Ecology of ''Paederia foetida'' |work=ISSG Database |publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group ([[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] and [[Species Survival Commission|SSC]] |accessdate=August 9, 2010 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611182004/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=632 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Distribusi == ''P. foetida'' dados tetanduran saking [[Bangladesh]] miwah sisin kauh [[Bhutan]]; [[Kamboja]]; [[Taiwan]] miwah [[Cina]] (ring [[Hong Kong]] miwah [[Makau]], miwah the provinces of [[Anhui]], [[Fujian]], [[Gansu]], [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Hainan]], [[Henan]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Shandong]], [[Shanxi]], [[Sichuan]], [[Xizang]], [[Yunnan]], [[Zhejiang]]); [[India]] (ring [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Telangana]], ring sisin kaja wagian [[Benggala Kauh]], miwah [[Kapuloan Andaman|Andaman]] miwah [[Kapuloan Nicobar]]); [[Indonésia]]; [[Jepang]] (ring préféktur [[Honshu]], [[Kyushu]], [[Shikoku]], sareng ring [[Kapuloan Ryukyu]]); [[Laos]]; [[Malaysia]]; [[Myanmar]]; [[Népal]]; [[Filipina]]; [[Singapura]]; [[Koréa Kelod]]; [[Thailand]]; miwah [[Viétnam]].<ref name=grin/> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1209690}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran]] [[Kategori:Rubiaceae]] [[Kategori:Tetanduran sané kadeskripsiang warsa 1767]] [[Kategori:Flora Bangladésh]] [[Kategori:Flora Bhutan]] [[Kategori:Flora Birma]] [[Kategori:Flora Cina]] [[Kategori:Flora Filipina]] [[Kategori:Flora India]] [[Kategori:Flora Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Flora Jepang]] [[Kategori:Flora Kamboja]] [[Kategori:Flora Koréa]] [[Kategori:Flora Laos]] [[Kategori:Flora Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Flora Népal]] [[Kategori:Flora Singapura]] [[Kategori:Flora Taiwan]] [[Kategori:Flora Thailand]] [[Kategori:Flora Viétnam]] {{Tetanduran-stub}} 5y6sznad5w3omtypdovde4b21q15wd2 0 11069 280096 176667 2026-08-13T17:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Oktober 2020}} {{Spesiesbox |name = Banglé |image = |image_caption = Tetanduran banglé |status = |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monokotil]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Zingiberales]] |familia = [[Zingiberaceae]] |genus = ''[[Zingiber]]'' |species = '''''Z. casumounar''''' |binomial = ''Zingiber casumounar'' |binomial_authority = [[Roxb.]] }} '''Banglé''' (''Zingiber cassumunar'') punika satmaka entikan [[basa-basa]] saking suku temu-temuan ([[Zingiberaceae]]). [[Rimpang]] nyané taler ketah keanggén tamba.<ref name="ICS">{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://portal.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx?id%3D665 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=January 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055738/http://portal.ics.trieste.it/MAPs/MedicinalPlants_Plant.aspx?id=665 |archivedate=July 22, 2011 }} International Center for Science and High Technology Portal</ref> Banglé kasebar ring wewengkon [[India]] kelod sané maiklim tropis miwah wewengkon [[Asia Kelod-Kangin]]. Tetilikan saking Jepang warsa 1991 nikayang (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-1-ene, bahan aktip saking rimpang ''Z. cassumunar'', medué [[analgesik]] miwah anti-inflamasi.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |pmid=1804548 |year=1991 |last1=Ozaki |first1=Y |last2=Kawahara |first2=N |last3=Harada |first3=M |title=Anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. And its active principles |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=2353–6 |journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |doi=10.1248/cpb.39.2353|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tiosan, tetilikan ring Amérika nikayang pinaka lengis ipun prasida antimikroba majeng makudang-kudang bakteri Gram-positip miwah Gram-negatip, [[dermatofit]], miwah ragi.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |pages=164–9 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2048 |title=In Vitro antimicrobial activity of ''Zingiber cassumunar'' (Plai) oil and a 5% Plai oil gel |year=2007 |last1=Pithayanukul |first1=P. |last2=Tubprasert |first2=J. |last3=Wuthi-Udomlert |first3=M. |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=2 |pmid=17128430}}</ref> Tetilikan liyané nikayang lengis esensial saking ''Z. cassumunar'' medué anti-mikroba majeng XDR ''[[Acinetobacter baumannii]]'' miwah kasinergi sareng antibiotik sané mawiguna ring médis.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |pages=586–592 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2017.01.008 |title=In vitro synergistic antibacterial activity of the essential oil from "Zingiber cassumunar" Roxb against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains |year=2017 |last1=Boonyanugomol |first1=W. |last2=Kraisriwattana |first2=K. |last3=Rukseree |first3=K. |last4=Boonsam |first4=K. |last5=Narachai |first5=P. |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |volume=10 |issue=5|doi-access=free }}</ref> Tetilikan ring warsa 1992 nikayang [[zerumbone]] sané wénten ring rimpang nyané prasida dados antioong antuk [[oong]] patogén.<ref>{{en}} {{cite journal |pages=155–9 |doi=10.1007/BF00436393 |title=Zerumbone: A potential fungitoxic agent isolated from ''Zingiber cassumunar'' Roxb |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mycopathologia_1992-12_120_3/page/155 |year=1992 |last1=Kishore |first1=N. |last2=Dwivedi |first2=R. S. |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=120 |issue=3}}</ref> == Galéri == <gallery mode="packed"> Arya - zingiber cassumunar - bonglai Ketapang 2019 2.jpg Arya - zingiber cassumunar - bonglai Ketapang 2019 1.jpg Arya - zingiber cassumunar - bonglai Ketapang 2019 0.jpg Zingiber-cassumunar--WilliamRoscoe.gif Indian Medicinal Plants and Drugs Wellcome L0032804.jpg </gallery> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} {{Rempah-rempah}} [[Kategori:Tetanduran|Banglé]] f54i2cdjboeuxkocmav88jkr7azkygv 0 11308 280162 261846 2026-08-13T18:50:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{Infobox medical condition | name = Tungu | synonyms = Katungu, ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' | image = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.1254 - Dermanyssus gallinae (de Geer) - Mites - Collection Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans.jpeg | caption = ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' antuk "mawentuk ''stiletto [[mandibula (bungut artropoda)|mandibula]]''" | pronounce = | field = [[Kedokteran satwa]] | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = |alt=}} ''Tungu'' utawi ''Katungu'' ('''''Dermanyssus gallinae''''') silih tunggil [[hématopagus]] [[éktoparasit]] saking [[unggas]]. Manados ''vektor'' saking makudang-kudang pantogen.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/vetres:2006031 |pmid=16820136 |title=Comparison of four methods of extracting DNA from ''D. gallinae'' (Acari: Dermanyssidae) |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=725–732 |year=2006 |last1=Desloire |first1=Sophie |last2=Valiente Moro |first2=Claire |last3=Chauve |first3=Claude |last4=Zenner |first4=Lionel |url=http://prodinra.inra.fr/ft/94E4090B-0E31-4B7E-B837-4FCD5C10374F |doi-access=free |access-date=2020-09-30 |archive-date=2023-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925131609/https://hal.inrae.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tungu puniki ngelah swatek inang rumasuk spésiés paksi liar miwah mamalia, rumasuk manusa.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101 |pmid=24397522 |title=Significance and Control of the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=59 |pages=447–466 |year=2014 |last1=Sparagano |first1=O.A.E. |last2=George |first2=D.R. |last3=Harrington |first3=D.W.J. |last4=Giangaspero |first4=A. }}</ref><ref name="George_2015" /> Rupa ipun sekadi tungu unggas kalér, ''[[Ornithonyssus sylviarum]].''<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1587499 |jstor=1587499 |title=The Differentiation of Dermanyssus gallinae from Ornithonyssus sylviarum |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_1960-05_4_2/page/133 |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=133–137 |last1=Weisbroth |first1=Steven H. |year=1960 }}</ref>hihiiih it is bihari == Ceciren == {{Taxobox | name = Tungu | image = Dermanyssus_cfr_gallinae_(5021757436).jpg | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Arachnid]]a | subclassis = [[Acari]] | ordo = [[Mesostigmata]] | familia = [[Dermanyssidae]] | genus = ''[[Dermanyssus]]'' | species = '''''D. gallinae''''' | binomial = ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' | binomial_authority = ([[Charles De Geer|De Geer]], 1778) }} ''Tungu'' punika [[hématopagi|pengamah getih]] sané nyerang inang nyané ring galahé wengi,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Sokół|first1=Rajmund|last2=Koziatek-Sadłowska|first2=Sylwia|last3=Michalczyk|first3=Maria|date=2019-02-01|title=The influence of Dermanyssus gallinae and different lighting regimens on selected blood proteins, corticosterone levels and egg production in layer hens|journal=Veterinary Research Communications|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=31–36|doi=10.1007/s11259-018-9743-z|pmid=30612297|issn=1573-7446|doi-access=free}}</ref> menawi prasida ngamah ri kala tengai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haag‐Wackernagel|first=D.|date=2005|title=Parasites from feral pigeons as a health hazard for humans|journal=Annals of Applied Biology|language=en|volume=147|issue=2|pages=203–210|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00029.x|issn=1744-7348}}</ref> Wayah (lantang 0.75–1&nbsp;mm) raga nyané ketah mawarna [[putih]] utawi [[kelawu]], manados coklat mesawang barak sesampuné ngamah getih.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sparagano|first1=O.A.E.|title=Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products|last2=Giangaspero|first2=A.|year=2011|isbn=9781845697549|pages=394–414|chapter=Parasitism in egg production systems: The role of the red mite ( Dermanyssus gallinae )|doi=10.1533/9780857093912.3.394}}</ref> Risampuné ngamah, ia mengkeb ring celah sané doh saking sunar, genah punika ia kawin miwah metaluh.<ref name=":0" /> Tungu idup antuk 5 tahap: taluh, ''[[larva]]'', protonimpa, deutonimpa miwah wayah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bruneau|first1=A.|last2=Dernburg|first2=A.|last3=Chauve|first3=C.|last4=Zenner|first4=L.|date=June 2001|title=First in vitro cycle of the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer 1778), utilizing an artificial feeding device|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/first-in-vitro-cycle-of-the-chicken-mite-dermanyssus-gallinae-degeer-1778-utilizing-an-artificial-feeding-device/8F5298EA625868736BA6EDBA10D1F565|journal=Parasitology|language=en|volume=123|issue=6|pages=583–589|doi=10.1017/S0031182001008836|pmid=11814045|issn=1469-8161|via=}}</ref> Ring genah sané becik, [[Siklus idup biologis|siklus idup]] prasida puput ring pitung dina, tungu makéh taler pacang ngeranayang [[anémia]] ring unggas sané keni parah.<ref name=":1" /> Paksi nguda pinih rentan. Tungu prasida ngeranayang sakit nénten langsung, mawinan manados ''vektor'' antuk sakit sekadi [[Salmonellosis]], [[Borrelia anserina|avian spirochaetosis]] miwah ''[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]''.<ref name="pmid12823843">{{cite journal|last1=Chirico|first1=J.|last2=Eriksson|first2=H.|last3=Fossum|first3=O.|last4=Jansson|first4=D.|year=2003|title=The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, a potential vector of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causing erysipelas in hens|journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00428.x|pmid=12823843}}</ref> ''D. gallinae'' prasida idup 10 sasih ring kandang ayam sané suwung, ring suhu luwih saking 45&nbsp;°C miwah kirang saking -20&nbsp;°C.<ref name="pmid10071495">{{cite journal|last1=Nordenfors|first1=Helena|last2=Höglund|first2=Johan|last3=Uggla|first3=Arvid|year=1999|title=Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Oviposition, Molting, and Longevity of ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' (Acari: Dermanyssidae)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medical-entomology_1999-01_36_1/page/68|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=68–72|doi=10.1093/jmedent/36.1.68|pmid=10071495}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} kaaxdht42tufndv9lr2r3yijwk0jqox 0 11633 280189 266274 2026-08-13T21:02:30Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Nopémber 2020}} {{speciesbox |name = ''Lantana camara''<ref name=Munir1996>{{cite journal | author=Munir A | title=A taxonomic review of Lantana camara L. and L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) in Australia | journal=Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens | volume=17 | year=1996 | pages=1–27}}</ref> |image = LantanaFlowerLeaves.jpg |image_caption = Flowers and leaves |genus = Lantana |species = camara |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |synonyms = ''Lantana aculeata'' <small>L.</small><ref name=npgs>{{cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=410251|title=Lantana aculeta L.|publisher=U.S National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS).|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref><br/> ''Camara vulgaris''<ref name="GISD">{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56 |title=Global Invasive Species Database |publisher=issg.org.uk |accessdate=2014-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092043/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |range_map = Global distribution of Lantana camara.svg |range_map_caption = Global distribution of ''Lantana camara'' }} '''Kerasi''' utawi '''Tembelekan''' (''Lantana camara'') satmaka spésiés entikan masekar ring keluwarga [[verbena]] ([[Verbenaceae]]), asal ipun saking wewengkon tropis Amérika.<ref name="florida">{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/L/lant_c.cfm|title=Lantana camara|accessdate=March 24, 2014|publisher=Floridata LC|year=2007|author=Floridata LC}}</ref><ref name="moyhill">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moyhill.com/html/english_vs_latin_names.html|title=English vs. Latin Names|accessdate=March 24, 2014|publisher=Moyhill Publishing|year=2007|author=Moyhill Publishing}}</ref> Manados entikan hias, ''L. camara'' ketah kabudidaya ring jeroan wangunan, utawi ring konservatori, menawi prasida idup ring taman genah ipun kalindungin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/458.shtml |work=BBC Plant Finder |title=Lantana}}</ref> Entikan puniki sampun ksaebar saking asal ipun ring Amérika Tengah miwah Kelod nganti sawatara 50 negara,<ref name="Day">{{cite book |last=Day |first=M. D. |date= December 24, 2003 |title=Lantana: current management status and future prospects |url=http://aciar.gov.au/publication/mn102 |publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |isbn=978-1863203753 |accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> punika sampun manados [[spesies invasip]].<ref name="Ghisalberti2000"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=OM.P. |last2=Harinder |first2=Paul S |year=1988 |title=A review of the noxious plant Lantana camara |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1988_26_11/page/975 |journal=Toxicon |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=975–987 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(88)90196-1 |pmid=3072688 }}</ref> Kapertama kasebar saking Amérika ri kala kabakta ring [[Éropa]] olih panjelajah [[Belanda]] miwah kabudidaya akéh, kasebar nganti [[Asia]] miwah [[Oséania]] punika manados entikan invasip, miwah rin Goa kakenalang olih Portugis.<ref name="Ghisalberti2000"/> ''L. camara'' prasida ngalahang spésiés asli, sané prasida nedunang [[bhineka hayati]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kohli |first=Ravinder. K. |year= 2006 |title=Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Lantana camara L.) in India |volume=8 |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s10530-005-5842-1 |journal=Biological Invasions |pages=1501–1510|s2cid=23302783 }}</ref> Tiosan ipun manados pikobet ring wewengkok pertanian mawinan manados tuba majeng [[anggoan]], taler manados [[belukar]] sané bet prasida ngurangin [[Produktivitas pertanian|produktivitas]] lahan pertanian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/lantana |title=Lantana - Weed of National Significance |last=Ensbey |first=Rob |website= |accessdate= |archive-date=2015-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203827/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/lantana |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} no0arye2pdakl48thsvqgsjg0mm85ny 0 12710 280212 271922 2026-08-13T21:52:25Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 17 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinpo Yuda Jagat II}} '''Yuda Jagat&nbsp;II''' (ketah ancengang dados '''YJII''' utawi '''YJ2'''), taler kauningin antuk '''Yuda Jagat Kalih''', punika [[yuda jagat]] sané kawéntenang saking warsa 1939 ngantos 1945. Kasarengin olih [[Yuda jagat II mawit negara|akéhan negara ring gumine]]—Rumasuk sinamian [[kakuatan ageng]]—Ngawangun kalih [[paiketan militer]] sané malawanan: [[Sekutu Yuda Jagat II|Sekutu]] miwah [[Kakuatan Poros|Poros]]. Yuda puniki kasarengin olih langkung saking 100&nbsp;yuta [[Personil militer|personil]] langkung saking 30 negara, negarautama nganggén sinamian artha brana, industri, miwah kawikanan dané ring yuada puniki, nyamarang patiosan riantara sumber sipil miwah militer. Yuda Jagat&nbsp;II punika [[Lis yuda manutin akéh korban séda|konplik pinih ngematiang]] ring lelintihan manusa, ngaranayang [[Korban Yuda Jagat II|70 ngantos 85 yuta séda]], antuk langkung akéh krama sipil pantaraning personil militer sané séda. Dasaan yuta jatma séda mawinan [[génosida]] (rumasuk [[Holokaus]]), séda karencanan mawinan [[kasedukan]], [[pambantaian]], miwah grubug. [[Angakatan udara Yuda Jagat II|Kapal terbang polih lakon utama]] ring yuda, rumasuk ring [[pangeboman strategis]] pusat-pusat populasi, miwah satunggal pangangean [[sanjata nuklir]] ring yuda. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|group=nb}} {{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} :{{Cite book|last=Adamthwaite|first=Anthony P.|authorformat=scap|year=1992|title=The Making of the Second World War|isbn=0-415-90716-0|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Aksar|first=Yusuf|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=Implementing Intnl Humanitaria: From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court|location=London and New York, NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7146-5584-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Irvine H., Jr. |authorformat=scap|year=1975|title=The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex|journal=The Pacific Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|jstor=3638003|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Applebaum|first=Anne|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Anne Applebaum|year=2003|title=[[Gulag: A History|Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps]]|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9|ref=CITEREFApplebaum2012}} :{{Cite journal|last=Bacon|first=Edwin |authorformat=scap|year=1992|title=Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1069–1086|jstor=152330|doi=10.1080/09668139208412066|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Badsey|first=Stephen|authorformat=scap|year=1990|title=Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85045-921-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Balabkins|first=Nicholas|authorformat=scap|year=1964|title=Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/germanyunderdire0000bala|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-0449-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Barber|first1=John|authorformat=scap|last2=Harrison|first2=Mark|year=2006|chapter=Patriotic War, 1941–1945|title=''In Ronald Grigor Suny, ed.,''' The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century ''(pp.&nbsp;217–242)''|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-81144-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. 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DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars :{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas|authorformat=scap|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|location=Drexel Hill,&nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} [[Kategori:Yuda Jagat|II]] 6ngstqa0h223jjs8ew7fmss4m45trzu 0 12983 280161 195717 2026-08-13T18:48:03Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{infobox Aircraft | name = Su-27M / Su-35 | image = MAKS Airshow 2015 (20615630784).jpg | image size = 300 | caption = Su-35S [[Angkatan Udara Rusia]] | type = [[Kapal tempur multiperan|Peran ganda]] [[Kapal tempur superioritas udara]] | national origin = [[Uni Soviét]] ([[Russia]] saking 1991) | manufacturer = | design group = [[Biro Désain Sukhoi]] | builder = [[Asosiasi Pangardi Pesawat Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] | first flight = Su-27M: 28 Juni 1988<br/>Su-35S: 19 Pébruari 2008 | introduced = Pébruari 2014 | retired = | status = ring pelayanan | primary user = [[Angkatan Udara Rusia]] | more users = [[Angkatan Udara Tentara Pambebasan Rakyat Cina]] | produced = Su-27M: 1987–1995<br/>Su-35S: 2007–mangkin | number built = Su-27M: 12<br/>Su-35S: 119 (3 tést miwah 116 pesawat sérial) | unit cost = '''Ajin doméstik:''' US$40 ([[ajin flyaway]]) - 65&nbsp;yuta (sanjata jangkep) (2009)<ref name=64jetorder>{{cite news |url= http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090818/155845491.html |title= Russian Defense Ministry orders 64 Su-family fighters |agency=RIA Novosti |date=18 August 2009 |accessdate= 18 July 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090821150710/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090818/155845491.html |archivedate= 21 August 2009}}</ref><br>'''Ajin ékspor:''' US$84–100&nbsp;yuta (sanjata jangkep, 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/37858|title=Report: Egypt, Russia Sign $2B Deal for Su-35 Fighter Jets|website= |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> | developed from = [[Sukhoi Su-27]] | variants with their own articles = [[Sukhoi Su-37]] | developed into = }} '''Sukhoi Su-35''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сухой Су}}-35; [[kode NATO]]: '''Flanker-E''') silih tunggil anran antuk kalih turunan panganyaran saking kapal tempur partahanan udara [[Sukhoi Su-27|Su-27]]. Mallinggihan kalih, [[twinjet|mesin ganda]], ''[[Supermaneuverability|supermaneuverable]]'', karipta olih [[Biro Désain Sukhoi]] miwah kakardi olih [[Pabrik Pesawat Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ===Cingak taler=== * [[Sukhoi Su-27]] * [[Sukhoi Su-30]] * [[Sukhoi Su-57]] ===Cutetan=== {{Reflist|group=N}} ===Suratan=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2001/2001%20-%200808.html |title=Sukhoi fighter updates make debut appearance |journal=[[Flight International]] |date=13–19 March 2001 |issue=4771 |volume=159 |page=20 |location=London |publisher=Reed Businees Information |issn=0015-3710 |accessdate=12 Séptémber 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706011923/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2001/2001%20-%200808.html |archivedate=6 July 2010 }} * {{Cite book|last=Andrews|first=Thomas|date=Spring 2003|chapter=Su-27/30 family: 'Flanker' in the 21st Century|title=International Air Power Review|volume=8|location=Norwalk, Connecticut|publisher=AIRtime Publishing|isbn=1-880588-54-4}} * {{Cite journal|last=Archibald|first=David|title=Resolving the F-35 Nightmare|journal=Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy|volume=44|issue=2|publisher=International Strategic Studies Association|location=Alexandria, Virginia|year=2016|pages=12–14|issn=0277-4933}} * {{Cite journal|last=Barrie|first=Douglas|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%200482.html|title=Advanced Flanker future hinges on export|journal=[[Flight International]]|date=26 February – 4 March 1997|location=London|publisher=Reed Businees Information|volume=151|issue=4563|page=8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807195203/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%200482.html|archivedate=7 August 2017|issn=0015-3710}} * {{Cite journal|last=Barrie |first=Douglas |author-mask=3|date=1 Séptémber 2003|title=Singular Demands|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_aviation-week-space-technology_2003-09-01_159_9/page/39 |journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=159|issue=9|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=39|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Butowski|first=Piotr|date=Summer 2004|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126558892.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122311/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126558892.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 Séptémber 2015|title=Halfway to PAK FA|journal=Interavia Business & Technology|location=Geneva|publisher=Aerospace Media Publishing|issue=676|pages=38–41|url-access=subscription|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|issn=1423-3215|access-date=19 April 2013|accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122311/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126558892.html}} * {{cite journal|last=Butowski|first=Piotr|author-mask=3|title=Wraps come off new Russian fighters|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170506722.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233557/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170506722.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|journal=Interavia Business & Technology|location=Geneva|publisher=Aerospace Media Publishing|issue=689|pages=34–36|url-access=subscription|via=[[HighBeam Research]]|access-date=19 April 2013|date=22 Séptémber 2007|issn=1423-3215|accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=10 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910081643/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-170506722.html}} *{{cite journal |last=Butowski |first=Piotr |title=The final Flanker |journal=[[Air International]] |date=October 2019 |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=36–39 |issn=0306-5634 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Fink|first=Donald|date=6 December 1993|title=New Su-35 Boasts Greater Agility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aviation-week-space-technology_aviation-week-space-technology_1993-12-06_139_23/page/44|journal=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=139|issue=23|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=44–46|issn=0005-2175}} * {{Cite journal|last=Fiszer|first=Michal|date=August 2004|title=Red Fighters Revised|journal=[[Journal of Electronic Defense]]|location=Gainesville, Florida|publisher=Association of Old Crows|volume=27|issue=8|pages=43–44, 46–53|issn=0192-429X}} * {{cite journal |last=Fomin |first=Andrey |url=http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to10.pdf |title=Su-35 Has Flown! |pages=24–29 |journal=Take-Off |publisher=Aeromedia Publishing |location=Moscow |date=May 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195316/http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to10.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2013 }} * {{cite journal |last=Fomin |first=Andrey |author-mask=3 |url=http://en.take-off.ru/pdf_to/to23.pdf |title=Su-35S in trials 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E. Sharpe |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7656-1284-7}} {{Refend}} ===Paranala jaba=== {{Commons category|Sukhoi Su-35}} * Kaca wéb resmi Sukhoi Su-35 ring {{Official website|https://www.sukhoi.org/products/samolety/256/|Sukhoi}} miwah {{Official website|http://www.knaapo.ru/products/su-35/|KnAAPO}} {{Sukhoi}} 71s51egc51m762apivutc4ocma8wnuc 0 13071 280133 217962 2026-08-13T17:59:59Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Désémber 2020}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict=Yuda Punic Katiga |partof= [[Yuda Punic]] |image = City of Carthage circa 149 BC.png |image_size = |caption = Patahanan kota [[Kartago]] | alt = peta sané nikayang patahanan kota Kartago |date=149–146 BC (4 warsa) |place= Wewidanagan Kartago ring aab modérn [[Tunisia]] |casus = Yuda Kartago sareng [[Numidia]] ngarusak palugraan |result=Roman menang<br /> *Rusak Kartago |combatant1= [[Républik Romawi|Roma]] |combatant2= [[Kartago Kuna|Kartago]] |commander1=[[Scipio Aemilianus]]<br />[[Manius Manilius]]<br />[[Lucius Marcius Censorinus (konsul 149 BC)|Lucius Marcius Censorinus]]<br />[[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (konsul 148 BC)|Lucius Calpurnius Piso]] |commander2=[[Hasdrubal Boeotarch|Hasdrubal]]<br/>Diogenes |strength1=36,000–46,000 infantéri<br />4,000 kavaléri |strength2=20,000 utawi langkung bala yuda<br />Makeh sipil masanjata |casualties1=nénten kauningin |casualties2=Ngantos 750,000 séda, rumasuk sipil<br />50,000 selamat [[Pasuwitaan ring Roma kuna|kapasuwita]] }} '''Yuda Punic Katiga''' punika sané kaping tiga miwah ungkur saking [[Yuda Punic]] riantara [[Kartago Kunu|Kartago]] pantaraning [[Républik Romawi|Roma]], kamargiang saking 149 ngantos 146 SM . Yuda punika kalaksayang sinamian ring wewidangan Kartago, ring kalér [[Tunisia]] sané mangkin. Rikala [[Yuda Punic Kakalih]] puput ring 201 SM, satunggal palugraan tentrem Kartago nénten kapanggih mayuda tan palugra Roma. Mitra Roma, Raja [[Masinissa]] saking [[Numidia]], ngawiguna punika antuk kaulang-ulang nyerang miwah ngambil wewidangan Kartago tan pakahukum. Ring warsa 149 SM Kartago makta bala yuda, kapimpin [[Hasdrubal Boeotarch|Hasdrubal]], pantaraning Masinissa, yadiastun wénten palugraan. Kampanye punika kapuputin antuk sinangkala mawinan [[Patempuran Oroscopa]] kapuputan antuk kakaoanan Kartago miwah panyerahan bala yuda Kartago. Sekaa anti-Kartago ring Roma nganggén parilaksana militer nénten resmi antuk paboyan pasiapan ékspedisi hukuman. Sapunika ring warsa 149 SM, bala yuda Romawi sané akéh ngalabuh ring [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]] ring Afrika Kalér. Jadma Kartago ngupadi antuk ngamenengang jatma Romawi, yadiastun jatma Kartago nyerahang sinamian sanjata ipun, jatma Romawi terus neken ngepung kota Kartago. Kampanye Romawi polih kamedunan maulang-ulanh ri kala warsa 149 SM, wantah prasida kabecikin olih [[Scipio Aemilianus]], satunggil parwira madya. Satunggal komandan Romawi sané wawu ngambil alih ring warsa 148 SM, polih asil pateh jelekné. Ring pamilihan ngawarsa hakim Romawi ring pamahbah 147 SM, dukungan krama antuk Scipio langkung akéh asapunika pawatesan yusa sané kamargiang kacabut antuk ngalédangang ida kadadosang [[Konsul Romawi|konsul]] miwah komandan ring Afrika. Taktik Scipio kamargiang antuk kalih kamenangan Kartago, menawi ida ngancengang pangepungan miwah ngawitin pewangunan [[Molé (arsitéktur)|Molé]] sané ageng antuk ngadang pasokan ngeranjing nuju Kartago nganggén [[blokade pamargi]]. Jatma Kartago akéhan sampun ngawangun malih armada dané miwah [[serangan nadak]], nangkejutin jatma Romawi; sesampun patempuran sané nénten pastika, Kartago iwang ngatur pamedalan ipun, asapunika akéh kélangan jukung. Jatma Romawi lanturan ngawangun wangunan bata ageng ring wewengkon labuhan sané ngadominasi tembok kota. Sesampun punika puput Scipio ngapimpin bala yuda antuk ngepung kamp lapangan bala yuda Kartago miwah maksa akéhan kota ageng miwah kota sané kantun ngadukung Kartago antuk nyerah. Ting masan semi 146 SM, Romawi ngamargiang serangan ungkur ipun miwah ring nem rahina sampun rusak kota miwah ngamatiang krama nyané; wantah ring rahina ungkur ipun ngapenjara, 50.000 riantara ipun kaadol manados parekan. Wewidangan Kartago sané sadurung nyané manados [[Propinsi Afrika|Propinsi Romawi ring Afrika]] antuk Utica dados ibukota ipun. Punika aabad sadurung situs Kartago [[Kartago Romawi|kawangun malih manados kota Romawi]]. == Sumber utama == Sumber utama antuk akéhan aspek Yuda Punic punika pababad [[Polybius]] ({{circa|200}}-{{circa|118 BC}}), satunggal Yunani kakirim rinuju Roma ring 167 SM manados sandera.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=20–21}} Karya ipun jangkep sané mangkin ical indik [[taktik militer]],{{sfn|Shutt|1938|p=53}} menawi ida kaloktah mawinan [[The Histories (Polybius)|''The Histories'']], kasuratin kirang langkung 146 SM.{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=20}}{{sfn |Walbank|1990|pp=11–12}} Ida nyarengin palindung miwah timpal nyané,{{sfn |Astin|2006|p=5}} jenderal Romawi [[Scipio Aemilianus]], ring Afrika Kalér duk Yuda Punic Katiga;{{sfn|Champion|2015|pp=96,108}} punika kapastika Polybius ketah prasida kaandelin antuk nyaritayang pamargin Scipio sané nguntungang.{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Astin|2006|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|Walbank|1979|p=662}} Tiosan punika, kepahan utama saking akun ''The Histories''{{'}} saking Yuda Punic Katiga sampun ical.{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2015|p=2}} Carita [[annalis]] [[Livy]] Romawi, punika mawit saking Polybius, akéh keanggén olih pababad modern saking Yuda Punic, {{sfn |Champion|2015|p=95}} menawi sinamian cutetan punika sesampun warsa 167 SM punika wantah lis kontén. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p = 22}} {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 123}} Cutetan kuna liayanan saking Yuda Punic Katiga makéh sampun ical rumasuk saking [[Plutarch]], [[Cassius Dio|Dio Cassius]] {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 126}} miwah basa Yunani olih [[Diodorus Siculus]]. {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 119}} Pababad modern taler nganggén cutetan saking [[Appian]] Yunani abad ka-2 M. {{sfn|Le Bohec|2015|p = 430}} {{sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 125}} Pababad modern Bernard Mineo nikayang "punika pinih satunggal cutetan jangkep miwah malanturan saking yuda puniki". {{Sfn|Mineo|2015|p = 126}} Punika kacawang makeh kawéntan saking Polybius, menawi makudang pikobet antuk punika sampun kauningayang. {{sfn|Walbank|1979|p = 662}} {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp = 22–23}} Puniki pikobet titiang miwah yuda katiga Punic, yuda katiga puniki pinih nénten kauningin pamastika ipun. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p = 24}} Wit tiosan rumasuk koin, prasasti, bukti [[arkéologi]] miwah bukti émpiris saking rékonstruksi. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp = 23, 98}} ==Liyanan== ===Cutetan=== {{reflist|group=note}} ===Pustaka=== {{reflist|20em}} ===Wit=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |first=A. 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Appleton | series = | volume =4 | location =New York | oclc =1173144180 | page =497}} *{{Cite journal | volume =2 | issue =3 | pages =98–107 | last =Scullard | first =Howard | title =Carthage | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_greece-rome_1955-10_2_3/page/98 | journal =Greece & Rome | date =1955 | jstor =641578 }} * {{cite book |last=Scullard |first=Howard H.|author-link= Howard Hayes Scullard |date=2002 |title= A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC |url= |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=978-0-415-30504-4 }} * {{Cite journal | volume =8 | issue =22 | pages =50–57 | last =Shutt | first =Rowland | title =Polybius: A Sketch | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_greece-rome_1938-10_8_22/page/50 | journal =Greece & Rome | date =1938 | jstor =642112 | doi =10.1017/S001738350000588X}} * {{cite book | last1 = Sidwell | first1 = Keith C. | last2=Jones | first2= Peter V. |author-link2= Peter Jones (classicist) | title = The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 1998 | location=Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-38600-5}} * {{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/37 |title=Archaeological Site of Carthage |last= |first= |date=2020 |website=UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 July 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|UNESCO|2020}}}} *{{Cite journal| volume = 2| issue = 32| pages =79–95| last = Vogel-Weidemann| first = Ursula| title = Carthago delenda est: Aitia and Prophasis| journal =Acta Classica| date = 1989| jstor = 2459-1872}} * {{cite book |last=Walbank |first=F.W. |date=1979 |title=A Historical Commentary on Polybius |volume =III |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |page= |isbn= 978-0-19-814011-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Walbank |first=F.W. |date=1990 |title=Polybius |volume =1 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |page= |isbn= 978-0-520-06981-7 }} {{refend}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Third Punic War |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }} {{Yuda Punic navbox}} {{Yuda Romawi Kuna|state=autocollapse}} [[Kategori:Yuda Punic Katiga| Yuda Punic Katiga]] [[Kategori:Yuda Punic]] ceceogwdirezpiqb7tecx9b520xtenc 0 13321 280229 266470 2026-08-14T09:34:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.2387781|112.6714754|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Asemrowo |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Asemrowo di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Asemrowo ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Drs. Hari Tjahjono, M.M. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = <!-- Tuliskan kode pos kecamatan. --> |luas = |penduduk = 47.036 diri (2022)<ref name="opendata">{{Cite web|url=https://opendata.surabaya.go.id/dataset/3200-5487-237|title=Jumlah penduduk - Satu Data Surabaya|website=opendata.surabaya.go.id|language=en|access-date=2022-07-13|archive-date=2022-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713020620/https://opendata.surabaya.go.id/dataset/3200-5487-237|url-status=dead}}</ref> |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 3 |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Asemrowo''' (Aksara Bali: ᬅᬲᭂᬫ᭄ᬭᭀᬯᭀ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> Ring warsa 2022, Kecamatan puniki madué akéh kramanyané kirang langkung 47.036 diri utawi 1.58% saking total krama ring kota Surabaya sané akehnyané 2.970.952 diri.<ref name="opendata"/> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Asemrowo madué 3 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Asemrowo, Asemrowo, Surabaya|Asemrowo]] # [[Genting Kalianak, Asemrowo, Surabaya|Genting Kalianak]] # [[Tambak Sarioso, Asemrowo, Surabaya|Tambak Sarioso]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Asemrowo, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} tiqi9ve2riq7lye8sj6g4bf5xgxfacs 0 13353 280091 266489 2026-08-13T14:08:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.322752|112.770946|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Rungkut |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Rungkut di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Rungkut ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Drs. H. Syafik, M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60293 |luas = ..km² |jumlah penduduk = ..diri |kepadatan = ..diri/km² |kelurahan = 6 |alamat = JL.Rungkut asri Utara.No. 1, Kali Rungkut, Rungkut, Kali Rungkut |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Rungkut''' (Aksara Bali: ᬭᬸᬂᬓᬸᬢ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Rungkut madué 6 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Kedung Baruk, Rungkut, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kedung Baruk]] # [[Wonorejo, Rungkut, Surabaya|Kelurahan Wonorejo]] # [[Medokan Ayu, Rungkut, Surabaya|Kelurahan Medokan Ayu]] # [[Rungkut Kidul, Rungkut, Surabaya|Kelurahan Rungkut Kidul]] # [[Kali Rungkut, Rungkut, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kali Rungkut]] # [[Penjaringan Sari, Rungkut, Surabaya|Kelurahan Penjaringan Sari]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Rungkut, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} 4nedsuku321cesyrfownxj49echsxdr 0 13354 280092 266497 2026-08-13T14:38:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.265987|112.655345|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Sambikerep |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Sambikerep di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Sambikerep ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Ferdhie Ardiansyah, S.STP, M.Si |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60219 |luas = ..km² |jumlah penduduk = ..diri |kepadatan = ..diri/km² |kelurahan = 4 |alamat = Jl. Raya Sambikerep barat No.2, Sambikerep |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Sambikerep''' (Aksara Bali: ᬲᬫ᭄ᬩᬶᬓᭂᬋᬧ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Sambikerep madué 4 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Bringin, Sambikerep, Surabaya|Kelurahan Bringin]] # [[Madé, Sambikerep, Surabaya|Kelurahan Madé]] # [[Lontar, Sambikerep, Surabaya|Kelurahan Lontar]] # [[Sambikerep, Sambikerep, Surabaya|Kelurahan Sambikerep]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Sambikerep, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} 6olxp87p5a0ansldabrlrfss6uuz5fc 0 13355 280093 266496 2026-08-13T15:19:29Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.284069|112.716127|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Sawahan |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Sawahan di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Sawahan ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Yunus, S.STP |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60256 |luas = ..km² |jumlah penduduk = ..diri |kepadatan = ..diri/km² |kelurahan = 6 |alamat = Jl. Dukuh Kupang No.83A, RT.008/RW.09, Pakis |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Sawahan''' (Aksara Bali: ᬲᬯᬳᬦ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Sawahan madué 3 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Patemon, Sawahan, Surabaya|Kelurahan Patemon]] # [[Sawahan, Sawahan, Surabaya|Kelurahan Sawahan]] # [[Kupang Krajan, Sawahan, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kupang Krajan]] # [[Banyu Urip, Sawahan, Surabaya|Kelurahan Banyu Urip]] # [[Putat Jaya, Sawahan, Surabaya|Kelurahan Putat Jaya]] # [[Pakis, Sawahan, Surabaya|Kelurahan Pakis]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Sawahan, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} 6ayjmk6fabjs9mjby7pyat78ujl4kue 0 13356 280095 266495 2026-08-13T16:05:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.225170|112.744471|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Semampir |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Semampir di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Semampir ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Siti Hindun Robba Humaidiyah, S.Pd., S.E., M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60155 |luas = ..km² |jumlah penduduk = ..diri |kepadatan = ..diri/km² |kelurahan = 5 |alamat = Jl. Sawah Pulo SR I No.2, RW.10, Ujung |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Semampir''' (Aksara Bali: ᬲᭂᬫᬫ᭄ᬧᬶᬃ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Semampir madué 5 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Ampel, Semampir, Surabaya|Kelurahan Ampel]] # [[Pegirian, Semampir, Surabaya|Kelurahan Pegirian]] # [[Sidotopo, Semampir, Surabaya|Kelurahan Sidotopo]] # [[Ujung, Semampir, Surabaya|Kelurahan Ujung]] # [[Wonokusumo, Semampir, Surabaya|Kelurahan Wonokusumo]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Semampir, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} inpf0xdpssoy3shpg0letanf4o8tw4w 0 13357 280122 266494 2026-08-13T17:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.243676|112.757918|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Simokerto |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Simokerto di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Simokerto ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Nono Indriyatno, S.H., M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60291 |luas = ..km² |jumlah penduduk = ..diri |kepadatan = ..diri/km² |kelurahan = 5 |alamat = Jl. Tambak Rejo VI No.2, Tambakrejo |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Simokerto''' (Aksara Bali: ᬲᬶᬫᭀᬓᭂᬃᬢᭀ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Simokerto madué 5 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Simokerto, Simokerto, Surabaya|Kelurahan Simokerto]] # [[Kapasan, Simokerto, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kapasan]] # [[Sidodadi, Simokerto, Surabaya|Kelurahan Sidodadi]] # [[Simolawang, Simokerto, Surabaya|Kelurahan Simolawang]] # [[Tambakrejo, Simokerto, Surabaya|Kelurahan Tambakrejo]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Simokerto, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} gtwnmlfl68ixjl6xaixc45m477py69p 0 13358 280181 266493 2026-08-13T20:12:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.299623|112.770350|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Sukolilo |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Sukolilo di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Sukolilo ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Kanti Budiarti, S.Sos, M.Si |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60119 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 7 |alamat = Jl. Nginden Semolo No.89, Menur Pumpungan |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Sukolilo''' (Aksara Bali: ᬲᬸᬓᭀᬮᬶᬮᭀ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Sukolilo madué 7 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Keputih]] # [[Gebang Putih, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Gebang Putih]] # [[Menur Pumpungan, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Menur Pumpungan]] # [[Nginden Jangkungan, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Nginden Jangkungan]] # [[Semolowaru, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Semolowaru]] # [[Medokan Semampir, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Medokan Semampir]] # [[Klampisngasem, Sukolilo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Klampisngasem]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Sukolilo, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} amil5v6spdjt7tv7aktt2pvvwtjm6pc 0 13359 280182 266492 2026-08-13T20:13:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.260836|112.712308|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Sukomanunggal |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Sukomanunggal di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Sukomanunggal ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Lakoli, S.Sos., M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60281 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 6 |alamat = Jl. Simo Mulyo No.1, Simomulyo |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Sukomanunggal''' (Aksara Bali: ᬲᬸᬓᭀᬫᬦᬸᬂᬕᬮ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Sukomanunggal madué 6 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Putatgedé, Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Putatgedé]] # [[Simomulyo, Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Simomulyo]] # [[Simomulyo Baru, Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Simomulyo Baru]] # [[Sonokwijenan, Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Sonokwijenan]] # [[Sukomanunggal, Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Sukomanunggal]] # [[Tanjungsari, Sukomanunggal, Surabaya|Tanjungsari]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Sukomanunggal, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} hj1n0pdvrq3fabt4e10qn32agfiuggm 0 13360 280220 266491 2026-08-14T00:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kecamatan |nama = Tambaksari |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Tambaksari di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Tambaksari ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Drs. Ridwan Mubarun, M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60130 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 8 |alamat = Jl. Mendut No.7, Pacar Keling |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Tambaksari''' (Aksara Bali: ᬢᬫ᭄ᬩᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬶ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Tambaksari madué 8 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Tambaksari, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Tambaksari]] # [[Ploso, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Ploso]] # [[Rangkah, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Rangkah]] # [[Pacar Kembang, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Pacar Kembang]] # [[Gading, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Gading]] # [[Pacar Keling, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Pacar Keling]] # [[Dukuh Setro, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Dukuh Setro]] # [[Kapas Madya, Tambaksari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kapas Madya]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Tambaksari, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} nm8tetnprowdgawhqd4ssl11aw03xp6 0 13361 280221 266502 2026-08-14T00:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.259208|112.677834|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Tandes |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Tandes di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Tandes ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Drs. R. Dodot Wahluyo, M.M. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60186 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 6 |alamat = Jl. Komp. perumnas No.1, Balongsari |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Tandes''' (Aksara Bali: ᬢᬦ᭄ᬤᭂᬲ᭄) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Tandes madué 5 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Tandes, Tandes, Surabaya|Kelurahan Tandes]] # [[Karang Poh, Tandes, Surabaya|Kelurahan Karang Poh]] # [[Balongsari, Tandes, Surabaya|Kelurahan Balongsari]] # [[Manukan Wetan, Tandes, Surabaya|Kelurahan Manukan Wetan]] # [[Manukan Kulon, Tandes, Surabaya|Kelurahan Manukan Kulon]] # [[Banjar Sugihan, Tandes, Surabaya|Kelurahan Banjar Sugihan]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Tandes, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} ex91b2097mn7p9orjv9fpokbzxiqcu4 0 13362 280222 266501 2026-08-14T01:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.287976|112.740506|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Tegalsari |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Tegalsari di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Tegalsari ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Buyung Hidayat Rahman, S.Stp |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60265 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 5 |alamat = Jl. Tanggulangin No.12, Keputran |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Tegalsari''' (Aksara Bali: ᬢᭂᬕᬮ᭄ᬲᬭᬶ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Tegalsari madué 5 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Kedungdoro, Tegalsari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kedungdoro]] # [[Keputran, Tegalsari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Keputran]] # [[Tegalsari, Tegalsari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Tegalsari]] # [[Dr. Sutomo, Tegalsari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Dr. Sutomo]] # [[Wonorejo, Tegalsari, Surabaya|Kelurahan Wonorejo]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Tegalsari, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} k5g3balcisqux937qja44aif1d2hnxb 0 13372 280223 266500 2026-08-14T02:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.314062|112.757132|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Tenggilis Mejoyo |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Tenggilis Mejoyo di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Tenggilis Mejoyo ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Drs. Agus Setyoko, M.Si |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60292 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 4 |alamat = Jl. Prapen Indah Blok E No.1, Prapen |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Tenggilis Mejoyo''' (Aksara Bali: ᬢᭂᬂᬕᬶᬮᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᭂᬚᭀᬬᭀ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Tenggilis Mejoyo madué 4 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Tenggilis Mejoyo, Tenggilis Mejoyo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Tenggilis Mejoyo]] # [[Panjang Jiwo, Tenggilis Mejoyo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Panjang Jiwo]] # [[Kendangsari, Tenggilis Mejoyo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kendangsari]] # [[Kutisari, Tenggilis Mejoyo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Kutisari]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Tenggilis Mejoyo, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} sdeamrkc5kkk9m4g1le39k90l3b43u0 0 13373 280226 266503 2026-08-14T05:02:09Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.314087|112.695255|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Wiyung |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Wiyung di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Wiyung ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Achmad Zaini, S.Sos., M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60228 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 4 |alamat = Jl. Raya Menganti Wiyung, Wiyung |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Wiyung''' (Aksara Bali: ᬯᬶᬬᬸᬂ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Wiyung madué 4 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Babatan, Wiyung, Surabaya|Kelurahan Babatan]] # [[Balasklumprik, Wiyung, Surabaya|Kelurahan Balasklumprik]] # [[Jajar Tunggal, Wiyung, Surabaya|Kelurahan Jajar Tunggal]] # [[Wiyung, Wiyung, Surabaya|Kelurahan Wiyung]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Wiyung, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} p9v1l5o7593f50ecrpbelorrip5bwea 0 13374 280227 266499 2026-08-14T05:10:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.319991|112.741217|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Wonocolo |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Wonocolo di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Wonocolo ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Denny Christupel Tupamahu, AP, S.H., M.Si., M.H. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60237 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 5 |alamat = Jl. Jemursari II No.33a, Jemur Wonosari |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} '''Wonocolo''' (Aksara Bali: ᬯᭀᬦᭀᬘᭀᬮᭀ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Wonocolo madué 5 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Sidosermo, Wonocolo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Sidosermo]] # [[Bendul Merisi, Wonocolo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Bendul Merisi]] # [[Margorejo, Wonocolo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Margorejo]] # [[Jemur Wonosari, Wonocolo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Jemur Wonosari]] # [[Siwalan Kerto, Wonocolo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Siwalan Kerto]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Wonocolo, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} qjdc2hwb2u45drvs6i5vu09ew3kgbtr 0 13375 280228 266498 2026-08-14T05:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-7.291693|112.732153|display=title}} {{Kecamatan |nama = Wonokromo |peta = <!-- Tuliskan nama berkas lengkap. --> |gambar = Locator Kecamatan Wonokromo di Kota Surabaya.png |caption = Peta genah Wonokromo ring Kota Surabaya |koordinat = <!-- ITEM BELUM ADA --> |propinsi = Jawa Timur |dati2 = Kota |nama dati2 = Surabaya |nama camat = Tomi Ardiyanto, AP, S.Sos, M.Si. |nama sekcam = <!-- Diisi dengan nama sekcam atau kepala distrik. --> |kode pos = 60241 |luas = |jumlah penduduk = |kepadatan = |kelurahan = 6 |alamat = Jl. Cisadané No.51, Darmo |telepon = |suku bangsa = |agama = }}{{Suratan basa alus}} [[Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bij de pasar van Wonokromo TMnr 60026777.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pasar Wonokromo (1929-1932)]] '''Wonokromo''' (Aksara Bali: ᬯᭀᬦᭀᬓ᭄ᬭᭀᬫᭀ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[kecamatan]] ring [[Kota Surabaya]], propinsi [[Jawa Timur]], ring panegara [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Permendagri-137-2017">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017 |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 3 Oktober 2019 |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/PermendagriNo.137Tahun2017/mode/2up |archive-date= 29 Désémber 2018}}</ref><ref name="Permendagri-72-2019">{{cite web|url= http://jdih.setjen.kemendagri.go.id/pm/Permendagri%20No%2072%20Th%202019+lampiran.pdf |title= Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 72 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Permendagri nomor 137 Tahun 2017 tentang Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan |archive-url= https://archive.org/details/permendagriindonesia722019 |archive-date= 25 Oktober 2019 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Républik Indonésia |access-date= 15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Kepmendagri-050-145-2022">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2022-02-14 |url= https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau tahun 2021 |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220807035020/https://jdih.kpu.go.id/data/data_kepkpu/2022kpt274.pdf |archive-date= 2022-08-07 |access-date= 2022-12-29}}</ref><ref name="CC-Kepmendagri-300.2.2-2138-2025">{{Cite web |last= Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |date= 2025-04-25 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keputusan_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri_Nomor_300.2.2-2138_Tahun_2025.pdf |title= Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia Nomor 300.2.2-2138 Tahun 2025 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan dan Pulau |publisher= Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia |access-date= 2025-06-14 }}</ref> == Pamréntahan == === Wawengkon administratip === Kecamatan Wonokromo madué 6 kelurahan, inggih punika: # [[Ngagel, Wonokromo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Ngagel]] # [[Ngagelrejo, Wonokromo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Ngagelrejo]] # [[Darmo, Wonokromo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Darmo]] # [[Sawunggaling, Wonokromo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Sawunggaling]] # [[Wonokromo, Wonokromo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Wonokromo]] # [[Jagir, Wonokromo, Surabaya|Kelurahan Jagir]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pranala jaba === * {{id}} [https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Propinsi Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607101213/https://jatimprov.go.id/beranda |date=2025-06-07 }} * {{id}} [https://jatim.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur] * {{id}} [https://www.surabaya.go.id/ Situs Resmi Pamrentahan Kota Surabaya] * {{id}} [https://surabayakota.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya] ''cutetan: URL dados kauahin/ilang. Yening URL nenten aktip, ngiring kausap saking lis baduur.'' {{Wonokromo, Surabaya}} {{Kota Surabaya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Kota Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Kecamatan ring Jawa Timur]] {{kecamatan-stub}} 1sk4rxezaa83udzqcqd9bc9n3miz2pr 0 15874 280123 142672 2026-08-13T17:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox eruption | name = Letusan Samalas 1257 | image = | image_size = | caption = | date = 1257 | start_time = | volcano = Samalas | type = [[Letusan Plinian|Ultra-Plinian]] | location = [[Nusa Lombok]], [[Indonésia]] | coordinates = {{coord|8|24|36|S|116|24|30|E|display=inline,title}} | VEI = 7<ref name="SI">{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=264030&vtab=Eruptions|title=Rinjani|work=[[Global Volcanism Program]]|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=22 January 2020}} | map = Lombok Topography (labelled).png | map_size= | map_caption = Kompléks gunung marapi-kaldéra ring kalér Lombok | impact = }} Ring warsa 1257, letusan ageng kawéntenang ring [[gunung marapi]] Samalas ring [[Nusa Lombok]]. Paindikan punika minab ageng [[Indéks Letusan Gunung Berapi]] nyané 7,{{efn|Indéks Letusan Gunung Berapi punika skala antuk mingukurin ageng nyané satunggil [[letusan eksplosip]];{{sfn|Newhall|Self|Robock|2018|p=572}} skala 7 manikayang letusan sané ageng pisan sané ngasilang sawatara {{convert|100|km3}} saking endapan vulkanik. Letusan puniki kawéntenan asiki utawi kaping kalih per milénium, yadiastun akéh nyané minab kantun iyegang mawinan cutetan géologi miwah lelintihan nyané nénten jangkep.{{sfn|Newhall|Self|Robock|2018|p=573}}}} manadosang silih tunggil letusan gunung marapi pinih ageng ri kala [[Holosén|aab Holosén]]. Punika nyiptayang [[kolom letusan]] nganti makilométer nuju atmospir miwah [[embakan piroklastik]] sané nanem makéhan nusa Lombok miwah nyebrangin segara nganti nusa [[Sumbawa]]. Embakan punika mingangcurin palemahan manusa, rumasuk kota [[Pamatan]], pinaka ibu kota satunggil krajaan ring Lombok. Abu saking letusan nganti {{convert|340|km}}ring [[Nusa Jawa]]; gunung berapi nedunang sakung saking {{convert|10|km3}}wewatuan miwah abu. ==Cutetan== {{notelist}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|3}} === Jurnal === * {{cite journal|last1= Michel |first1=Simon |last2=Swingedouw |first2=Didier |last3=Chavent |first3=Marie |last4=Ortega|first4=Pablo|last5=Mignot|first5=Juliette|last6=Khodri|first6=Myriam|title=Reconstructing climatic modes of variability from proxy records using ClimIndRec version 1.0|journal=Geoscientific Model Development|date=3 March 2020|volume=13|issue=2|page=852|doi=10.5194/gmd-13-841-2020|bibcode=2020GMD....13..841M|url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/13/841/2020/|language=en|issn=1991-959X|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Sousa|first1=Pedro M.|last2=Ramos|first2=Alexandre M.|last3=Raible|first3=Christoph C.|last4=Messmer|first4=M.|last5=Tomé|first5=Ricardo|last6=Pinto|first6=Joaquim G.|last7=Trigo|first7=Ricardo M.|title=North Atlantic Integrated Water Vapor Transport—From 850 to 2100 CE: Impacts on Western European Rainfall|journal=Journal of Climate|date=1 January 2020|volume=33|issue=1|page=267|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0348.1|bibcode=2020JCli...33..263S|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/33/1/jcli-d-19-0348.1.xml?tab_body=fulltext-display|language=EN|issn=0894-8755}} * {{cite journal|last1=Du|first1=Xiaojing|last2=Hendy|first2=Ingrid|last3=Hinnov|first3=Linda|last4=Brown|first4=Erik|last5=Schimmelmann|first5=Arndt|last6=Pak|first6=Dorothy|title=Interannual Southern California Precipitation Variability During the Common Era and the ENSO Teleconnection|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=2020|volume=47|issue=1|page=8|doi=10.1029/2019GL085891|bibcode=2020GeoRL..4785891D|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL085891|language=en|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-03-05|archive-date=2020-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308114120/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL085891|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hao|first1=Zhixin|last2=Zheng|first2=Jingyun|last3=Yu|first3=Yingzhuo|last4=Xiong|first4=Danyang|last5=Liu|first5=Yang|last6=Ge|first6=Quansheng|title=Climatic changes during the past two millennia along the Ancient Silk Road|journal=Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment|date=1 October 2020|volume=44|issue=5|pages=619–620|doi=10.1177/0309133319893919|s2cid=213726073|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309133319893919|language=en|issn=0309-1333}} * {{Cite journal|date=2021|editor-last=Roverato|editor-first=Matteo|editor2-last=Dufresne|editor2-first=Anja|editor3-last=Procter|editor3-first=Jonathan|title=Volcanic Debris Avalanches|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-57411-6|journal=Advances in Volcanology|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6|issn=2364-3277|page=40|isbn=978-3-030-57410-9|s2cid=226971090}} * {{cite journal|last1=Dee|first1=Sylvia G.|last2=Cobb|first2=Kim M.|last3=Emile-Geay|first3=Julien|last4=Ault|first4=Toby R.|last5=Edwards|first5=R. 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S.| last15=de Belizal| first15=E.| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| date=30 Séptémber 2013| volume=110| issue=42| pages=16742–16747| doi=10.1073/pnas.1307520110| bibcode=2013PNAS..11016742L| pmid=24082132| pmc=3801080}} * {{cite journal| url=http://www.creaf.uab.es/global-ecology/Pdfs_UEG/2018%20Geographycal%20Journal.pdf| title=Revisiting the role of high-energy Pacific events in the environmental and cultural history of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)| last1=Margalef| first1=Olga| last2=Álvarez-Gómez| first2=José A.| last3=Pla-Rabes| first3=Sergi| last4=Cañellas-Boltà| first4=Núria| last5=Rull| first5=Valentí| last6=Sáez| first6=Alberto| last7=Geyer| first7=Adelina| last8=Peñuelas| first8=Josep| last9=Sardans| first9=Jordi| last10=Giralt| first10=Santiago| journal=The Geographical Journal| volume=184| issue=3| pages=310–322| date=2 May 2018| doi=10.1111/geoj.12253| language=en| issn=0016-7398| hdl=10261/164769| access-date=7 February 2019| archive-date=9 February 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124057/http://www.creaf.uab.es/global-ecology/Pdfs_UEG/2018%20Geographycal%20Journal.pdf| url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal| title=New Insights into Magma Differentiation and Storage in Holocene Crustal Reservoirs of the Lesser Sunda Arc: the Rinjani-Samalas Volcanic Complex (Lombok, Indonésia)| last1=Métrich| first1=Nicole| last2=Vidal| first2=Céline M.| last3=Komorowski| first3=Jean-Christophe| last4=Pratomo| first4=Indyo| last5=Michel| first5=Agnès| last6=Kartadinata| first6=Nugraha| last7=Prambada| first7=Oktory| last8=Rachmat| first8=Heryadi| author9=Surono| journal=Journal of Petrology| volume=58| issue=11| pages=2257–2284| date=3 February 2018| doi=10.1093/petrology/egy006| language=en| doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal| title=Landscape evolution on the eastern part of Lombok (Indonesia) related to the 1257 CE eruption of the Samalas Volcano| last1=Mutaqin| first1=Bachtiar W.| last2=Lavigne| first2=Franck| last3=Sudrajat| first3=Yayat| last4=Handayani| first4=Lina| last5=Lahitte| first5=Pierre| last6=Virmoux| first6=Clément| last7=Hiden| last8=Hadmoko| first8=Danang S.|last9=Komorowski|first9=Jean-Christophe| last10=Hananto| first10=Nugroho D.| last11=Wassmer| first11=Patrick| last12=Hartono| last13=Boillot-Airaksinen| first13=Kim| journal=Geomorphology| date=February 2019| volume=327| pages=338–350| doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.010| language=en| issn=0169-555X| bibcode=2019Geomo.327..338M}} * {{cite journal|last1=Mutaqin|first1=Bachtiar W.|last2=Lavigne|first2=Franck|title=Oldest description of a caldera-forming eruption in Southeast Asia unveiled in forgotten written sources|journal=GeoJournal|date=20 Séptémber 2019|doi=10.1007/s10708-019-10083-5 |language=en|issn=1572-9893}} * {{cite journal|last1=Narcisi|first1=Biancamaria|last2=Petit|first2=Jean Robert|last3=Delmonte|first3=Barbara|last4=Batanova|first4=Valentina|last5=Savarino|first5=Joël|title=Multiple sources for tephra from AD 1259 volcanic signal in Antarctic ice cores|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|date=April 2019|volume=210|pages=164–174|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.005|bibcode=2019QSRv..210..164N|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02350371/file/Narcisi%20et%20al_QSR%20paper%20for%20review_JQSR_2019_21_Original_V0.pdf}} * {{cite journal| title=Anticipating future Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7 eruptions and their chilling impacts| last1=Newhall| first1=Chris| last2=Self| first2=Stephen| last3=Robock| first3=Alan| journal=Geosphere| date=28 February 2018| volume=14| issue=2| pages=572–603| doi=10.1130/GES01513.1| language=en| issn=1553-040X| bibcode=2018Geosp..14..572N| doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal| title=Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid-13th century volcanic eruption| url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-climatology_2003-03-30_23_4/page/417| last=Oppenheimer| first=Clive| journal=International Journal of Climatology| date=30 March 2003| volume=23| issue=4| pages=417–426| doi=10.1002/joc.891| bibcode=2003IJCli..23..417O}} * {{cite journal | title=Petrogenesis of Rinjani Post-1257-Caldera-Forming-Eruption Lava Flows| last1=Rachmat| first1=Heryadi| last2=Rosana| first2=Mega Fatimah| last3=Wirakusumah| first3=A. Djumarma| last4=Jabbar| first4=Gamma Abdul| journal=Indonésian Journal on Geoscience| date=2 August 2016| volume=3| issue=2| doi=10.17014/ijog.3.2.107-126| doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal| title=Temperature Variability and the Northern Anasazi: Possible Implications for Regional Abandonment| last=Salzer| first=Matthew W.| journal=KIVA| date=January 2000| volume=65| issue=4| pages=295–318| doi=10.1080/00231940.2000.11758414| s2cid=133414550| language=en| issn=0023-1940}} * {{cite journal|last1=Stevenson|first1=S.|last2=Otto‐Bliesner|first2=B. L.|last3=Brady|first3=E. C.|last4=Nusbaumer|first4=J.|last5=Tabor|first5=C.|last6=Tomas|first6=R.|last7=Noone|first7=D. C.|last8=Liu|first8=Z.|title=Volcanic Eruption Signatures in the Isotope‐Enabled Last Millennium Ensemble|journal=Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology|date=31 August 2019|volume=34|issue=8|pages=1534–1552|doi=10.1029/2019PA003625|bibcode=2019PaPa...34.1534S|doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal| url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01214206| title=Estimates of volcanic-induced cooling in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 1,500 years| last1=Stoffel| first1=Markus| last2=Khodri| first2=Myriam| last3=Corona| first3=Christophe| last4=Guillet| first4=Sébastien| last5=Poulain| first5=Virginie| last6=Bekki| first6=Slimane| last7=Guiot| first7=Joël| last8=Luckman| first8=Brian H.| last9=Oppenheimer| first9=Clive| last10=Lebas| first10=Nicolas| last11=Beniston| first11=Martin| last12=Masson-Delmotte| first12=Valérie| journal=Nature Geoscience| date=31 August 2015| volume=8| issue=10| pages=784–788| doi=10.1038/ngeo2526| bibcode=2015NatGe...8..784S}} * {{cite journal| url=http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/climatepdfs02/climimpts1258volcaclimchg00.pdf| title=Climatic and demographic consequences of the massive volcanic eruption of 1258| last1=Stothers| first1=Richard B.| journal=Climatic Change| year=2000| volume=45| issue=2| pages=361–374| doi=10.1023/A:1005523330643| s2cid=42314185| access-date=2019-02-07| archive-date=2019-06-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602035934/http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/climatepdfs02/ClimImpts1258VolcaClimChg00.pdf| url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal| title=Impact of explosive volcanic eruptions on the main climate variability modes| last1=Swingedouw| first1=Didier| last2=Mignot| first2=Juliette| last3=Ortega| first3=Pablo| last4=Khodri| first4=Myriam| last5=Menegoz| first5=Martin| last6=Cassou| first6=Christophe| last7=Hanquiez| first7=Vincent| journal=Global and Planetary Change| date=March 2017| volume=150| pages=24–45| doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.01.006| issn=0921-8181| bibcode=2017GPC...150...24S| hdl=2117/100745| hdl-access=free}} * {{cite journal| title=Limited temperature response to the very large AD 1258 volcanic eruption| last1=Timmreck| first1=Claudia| last2=Lorenz| first2=Stephan J.| last3=Crowley| first3=Thomas J.| last4=Kinne| first4=Stefan| last5=Raddatz| first5=Thomas J.| last6=Thomas| first6=Manu A.| last7=Jungclaus| first7=Johann H.| s2cid=8980124| journal=Geophysical Research Letters| date=6 November 2009| volume=36| issue=21| page=L21708| doi=10.1029/2009GL040083| bibcode=2009GeoRL..3621708T| hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0011-F8A3-9| hdl-access=free}} * {{cite journal| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280739917| title=Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia)| last1=Vidal| first1=Céline M.| last2=Komorowski| first2=Jean-Christophe| last3=Métrich| first3=Nicole| last4=Pratomo| first4=Indyo| last5=Kartadinata| first5=Nugraha| last6=Prambada| first6=Oktory| last7=Michel| first7=Agnès| last8=Carazzo| first8=Guillaume| last9=Lavigne| first9=Franck| last10=Rodysill| first10=Jessica| last11=Fontijn| first11=Karen| author12=Surono| journal=Bulletin of Volcanology| date=8 August 2015| volume=77| issue=9| page=73| doi=10.1007/s00445-015-0960-9| bibcode=2015BVol...77...73V| s2cid=127929333}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=David C.|last2=Vidal|first2=Céline M.|last3=Abraham|first3=N. Luke|last4=Dhomse|first4=Sandip|last5=Griffiths|first5=Paul T.|last6=Keeble|first6=James|last7=Mann|first7=Graham|last8=Marshall|first8=Lauren|last9=Schmidt|first9=Anja|last10=Archibald|first10=Alexander T.|title=Reconciling the climate and ozone response to the 1257 CE Mount Samalas eruption|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=27 October 2020|volume=117|issue=43|pages=26651–26659|doi=10.1073/pnas.1919807117|pmid=33046643|pmc=7604509|bibcode=2020PNAS..11726651W|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/117/43/26651.short|language=en|issn=0027-8424|pmc-embargo-date=April 12, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== * {{cite web|url=https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/enquete-sur-leruption-qui-a-marque-le-moyen-age|author=Grégory Fléchet|date=13 August 2018|title=Investigation on the eruption that marked the Middle Ages – Enquête sur l'éruption qui a marqué le Moyen ge|work=CNRS Le journal|access-date=10 March 2019|ref=none}} * [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/aug/05/medieval-volcano-disaster-london-graves Mass grave in London reveals how volcano caused global catastrophe] * [https://www.google.com/maps/@-8.3833178,116.4106039,37236m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google Earth view of the north of Lombok including Rinjani and the caldera] {{DEFAULTSORT:Samalas, meletus 1257}} [[Kategori:Gunung Marapi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Letusan gunung marapi ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:1257 ring Asia]] [[Kategori:1257 rin Éropa]] [[Kategori:1257 ring Inggris]] [[Kategori:1257]] [[Kategori:Letusan VEI-7|Samalas]] 0mtngjmr0y6zj43bjlsplfny7sv56ru 0 15875 280102 76553 2026-08-13T17:22:32Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pamatan''' silih tunggil aran kota sané durung katemuin ring [[Nusa Lombok]], [[Indonésia]] miwah ibu kota krajaan Lombok. Kota puniki karusak olih [[letusan Samalas 1257]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belizal |first1=Edouard de |last2=Hadmoko |first2=Danang Sri |last3=Hajdas |first3=Irka |last4=Wassmer |first4=Patrick |last5=Pratomo |first5=Indyo |last6=Vidal |first6=Céline M. |last7=Stoffel |first7=Markus |last8=Oppenheimer |first8=Clive |last9=Lahitte |first9=Pierre |last10=Robert |first10=Vincent |last11=Guillet |first11=Sébastien |last12=Komorowski |first12=Jean-Christophe |last13=Degeai |first13=Jean-Philippe |last14=Lavigne |first14=Franck |title=Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-10-15_110_42/page/16742 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=15 October 2013 |volume=110 |issue=42 |pages=16742–16747 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1307520110 |pmid=24082132 |pmc=3801080 |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> miwah kulawrga krajaan miwah raja nyané kaparinkanda selamat, kota punika ical saking lelintihan;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=Garry |title=Mystery blast: The lost volcano that changed the world |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-scientist_october-19-25-2013_220_2939/page/41 |journal=New Scientist |date=October 2013 |volume=220 |issue=2939 |page=41 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(13)62487-2 }}</ref> pinaka prasida tamuin malih, minab manados "[[Pompéii]] saking Kangin" taler taler dados papelajahan indik sapunapi kramané minanggepin gunung meletus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belizal |first1=Edouard de |last2=Hadmoko |first2=Danang Sri |last3=Hajdas |first3=Irka |last4=Wassmer |first4=Patrick |last5=Pratomo |first5=Indyo |last6=Vidal |first6=Céline M. |last7=Stoffel |first7=Markus |last8=Oppenheimer |first8=Clive |last9=Lahitte |first9=Pierre |last10=Robert |first10=Vincent |last11=Guillet |first11=Sébastien |last12=Komorowski |first12=Jean-Christophe |last13=Degeai |first13=Jean-Philippe |last14=Lavigne |first14=Franck |title=Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=15 October 2013 |volume=110 |issue=42 |pages=16742–16747 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1307520110 |pmid=24082132 |pmc=3801080 |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * {{cite journal |last1=Gottowik |first1=Volker |title=8 In Search of Holy Water: Hindu Pilgrimage to Gunung Rinjani on Lombok, Indonésia, as a Multi-religious Site |journal=Religion, Place and Modernity |date=1 January 2016 |pages=205–243 |doi=10.1163/9789004320239_009 |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004320239/B9789004320239_009.xml |language=en|isbn=9789004320239 }} pytrvbmmla10j2xycosce3ua3s9ewy8 0 15950 280164 177869 2026-08-13T18:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific_prefix = {{Pre-nominal styles|RHon|size=100%}} |name = The Baroneléss Thatcher |honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|LG|OM|DStJ|PC|FRS|HonFRSC}} |image = Margaret Thatcher stock portrait (cropped).jpg |alt = potrék atenga Thatcher ring patengahan 1990-an |caption = Potrét studio, {{circa|1995&ndash;96}} |office = [[Maha Patih Britania Raya]] |term_start = 4 Méi 1979 |term_end = 28 Nopémber 1990 |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |deputy = [[Geoffrey Howe]] {{nowrap|(1989–90)}} |predecessor = [[James Callaghan]] |successor = [[John Major]] |office1 = [[Pamimpin Oposisi (Britanian Raya)|Pamimpin Oposisi]] |term_start1 = 11 Pébruari 1975 |term_end1 = 4 Méi 1979 |monarch1 = Elizabeth II |primeminister1 = {{Unbulleted list |[[Harold Wilson]] |James Callaghan}} |deputy1 = [[William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw|William Whitelaw]] |predecessor1 = [[Edward Heath]] |successor1 = James Callaghan |office2 = [[Pamimpin Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Pamimpin Partai Konservatif]] |term_start2 = 11 Pébruari 1975 |term_end2 = 28 Nopémber 1990 |deputy2 = [[William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw|The Viscount Whitelaw]] |predecessor2 = Edward Heath |successor2 = John Major {{Collapsed infobox section begin |Cabinet posts |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes |office3 = [[Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan&nbsp;miwah&nbsp;Sains]] |term_start3 = 20 Juni 1970 |term_end3 = 4 Maret 1974 |primeminister3 = Edward Heath |predecessor3 = [[Edward Short, Baron Glenamara|Edward Short]] |successor3 = [[Reg Prentice]] |office4 = [[Sékrétaris Parlemen antuk Menteri&nbsp;Purna]] |term_start4 = 9 Oktober 1961 |term_end4 = 16 Oktober 1964 |alongside4 = {{Nowrap|[[Richard Sharples]] and [[Lynch Maydon]]}} |primeminister4 = {{Unbulleted list |[[Harold Macmillan]] |[[Alec Douglas-Home]]}} |predecessor4 = [[Patricia Hornsby-Smith, Baroness Hornsby-Smith|Patricia Hornsby-Smith]] |successor4 = [[Norman Pentland]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont=yes |[[Shadow Cabinet]] posts |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes |office5 = [[Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk&nbsp;Palemahan]] |term_start5 = 5 Maret 1974 |term_end5 = 11 Pébruari 1975 |leader5 = Edward Heath |1blankname5 = [[wikt:shadow minister|Lawatan]] |1namedata5 = [[Anthony Crosland]] |predecessor5 = Anthony Crosland |successor5 = [[Timothy Raison]] |office6 = [[Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk Pandidikan&nbsp;miwah&nbsp;Sains]] |term_start6 = 10 Januari 1967 |term_end6 = 20 Juni 1970 |leader6 = Edward Heath |1blankname6 = Palawatan |1namedata6 = {{Unbulleted list |Anthony Crosland |[[Patrick Gordon Walker]] |Edward Short}} |predecessor6 = [[Richard Crossman]] |successor6 = Edward Short{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont=yes |last=yes |Further offices held |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes |order7 = 22nd |office7 = Kanselir College of William&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Mary |term_start7 = 1 July 1993 |term_end7 = 1 July 2000 |predecessor7 = [[Warren E. Burger]] |successor7 = [[Henry Kissinger]] |office8 = [[Lis anggota House of Lords l|Anggota House of Lords]] |status8 = [[Lords Temporal|Lord Temporal]] |term_label8 = Yusa [[samasa urip]] |term_start8 = 30 June 1992 |term_end8 = 8 April 2013 |office9 = [[Anggota Parlemen (Britania Raya)|Anggota Parlemen]]<br />for [[Finchley (Wewidangan pamilihan Parleméqn Inggris)|Finchley]] |term_start9 = 8 October 1959 |term_end9 = 16 March 1992 |predecessor9 = [[John Crowder]] |successor9 = [[Hartley Booth]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} |birth_name = Margaret Hilda Roberts |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1925|10|13}} |birth_place = [[Grantham, Lincolnshire]], England |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2013|4|8|1925|10|13}} |death_place = [[City of Westminster|Westminster, London]], Inggris |resting_place = [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord |51.489057| -0.156195|region:GB_type:landmark |display=inline}} |party = [[Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Konservatif]] |spouse = {{Marriage|[[Denis Thatcher]]|13 Désémber 1951|26 Juni 2003|end=d}} |children = {{Hlist|[[Mark Thatcher|Mark]]|[[Carol Thatcher|Carol]]}} |education = [[Kesteven and Grantham Girls'&nbsp;School]] |alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list |[[Somerville College, Oxford]] |[[Inns of Court School of Law]]}} |awards = [[Honours of Margaret Thatcher|''Cingak lis'']] |parents = [[Alfred Roberts]] (aji) |occupation = {{Hlist|[[Barrister]]|[[chemist]]|politician}} |signature = Signature of Margaret Thatcher.svg |signature_alt = tanda tangan kursif antuk tinta |website = {{Official website|margaretthatcher.org|name=Foundation}} }} '''Margarét Hilda Thatcher, Baronéss Thatcher''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|LG|OM|DStJ|PC|FRS|HonFRSC|commas=on|size=small}} ({{nee|'''Roberts'''}}; 13 Oktober 1925{{snd}}8 April 2013) silih tunggil politikus Inggris miwah {{citeref|Mason|2013|stateswoman|style=plain}} sané ngamong dadoa [[Maha Patih Inggris]] saking 1979 nganti 1990 miwah [[Pamimpin Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Pamimpin Partai Konservatif]] saking 1975 nganti 1990. Ida pinaka maha patih Inggris pinih sué ring abad ka-20 miwah anak istri kapertama sané ngamong jabatan punika. Situnggil jurnalis Soviet ngaparabin ipun "'''Iron Lady'''" (Istri Wesi), paran sané kakaitang sareng politik tan pakompromi miwah gaya kapemimpinan nyané. Manados maha patih, ida nerapang kabijakan sané kauningin antuk [[Thatcherism]]. Thatcher melajah kimia ring [[Somerville College, Oxford]], miwah makarya ajebos manados panilik [[ahli kimia]], sadurung dados [[pangacara]]. Ida [[Lis anggota parlemén sané kapilih ring pamilihan umum Inggris Raya 1959|Anggota Parlemén kapilih]] antuk[[Finchley (konstituénsi Parlemén Inggris)|Finchley]] ring [[Pamilihan umum Krajaan Inggris 1959|1959]]. [[Edward Heath]] nunjuk [[Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan|Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan miwah Sains]] ring [[Kamenterian Heath|Pemeréntahan 1970–1974]]. Ring 1975, ida ngalahang Heath ring [[Pamilihan kapemimpinan Partai Konservatif 1975|Pamilihan kapemimpinan Partai Konservatif]] manados [[Pamimpin Oposisi (Britania Raya)|Pamimpin Oposisi]], anak istri kapertama sané mimpin partai politik ageng ring Britania Raya. Manados Maha Patih sesampun ngamenang [[pamilihan umum Britania Raya 1979|pamilihan umum 1979]], Thatcher ngenalang sarangkaian kabijakan ékonomi sané kanikain antuk ngawalikang [[inplasi]] sané duur miwah parjuangan Inggris sesampun [[Masan Dingin Katenpuasan]] taler [[Résési awal 1980-an|résési sané pacang rauh]].{{refn|Ring pamahbah antuk [[Lis manifésto pamilihan umum Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Manifésto Konservatif]] saking 1979, ida nyurat indik "manah nénten madaya, pinaka iraga punika wangsa sadurungné ageng sané sapunapi sampun katinggal".<ref name="PoliticalStuff.co.uk" />|group=nb}} Tatwa politik miwah kabijakan ékonomi nyané nganekenang [[dérégulasi]] (kautama ring séktor kajinahan), privatisasi [[pautsahaan negara|utsaha negara]], miwah mingurangin kakuasaan miwah pingaruh seka pakarya. Popularitas nyané ring warsa-warsa kapertama nyané ring kantor ngamudar ring tengah résési miwah munggah nyané pangangguran, nganti kamenangan ring [[Yuda Falklands]] warsa 1982 miwah pamulihan ékonomi maktaang kabangkitan malih dukungan, asapunika ida kapilih malih antuk [[kamenangan telak]] [[Pamilihan umum Britania Raya 1983|1983]]. Ida selamat saking pacobaan pamademan olih [[IRA sauntara]] ring warsa 1984 [[pangeboman hotél Brighton]] miwah mikolehin kamenangan politik ngalawan [[Seka Pakarya Nasional (Britania Raya)|Seka Pakarya Nasional]] ring [[pamogokan panambang Inggris (1984–85)|pamogokan panambang 1984–85]]. Thatcher kapilih malih antuk masa jabatan katiga antuk kamenangan telak ring [[pamilihan umum Britania Raya 1987|1987]], menawi dukungan selantur nyané antuk [[Pajak Jajak Pendapat (Britania Raya)|Pajak Komunitas]] ("poll tax") sanget nénten kasub, miwah pacingakan [[Éurosképtisism ring Britania Raya|Éurosképtis]] sané munggah ring [[Komunitas Ékonomi Éropa|Komunitas Éropa]] nénten kawagiang olih jadma ring kabinét nyané. Ida ngundurang raga mamados maha patih miwah pimpinan partai ring warsa 1990, sesampun [[pamilihan kapemimpinan Partai Konservatif 1990|tantangan kaluncurang antuk kapemimpinan nyané]].{{refn|Ngamenangang dukungan saking mayoritas partai nyané ring itehan kapertama padudukan swara, Thatcher kaicalan petang swara saking margin 15% sané karereh antuk ngamenangang kontes sacara langsung. Karuntuhan punika kaceciren manados "[[kudéta]] langka ring puncak politik Inggris: sané kapertama saking [[Lloyd George]] ngetep [[Asquith]] ring warsa 1916."<ref name="Heffer" />|group=nb}} Sesampun purna saking [[Déwan Pawalian Krajaan Inggris|Commons]] ring warsa 1992, ida kaica yusa [[timpal urip]] manados Baronéss Thatcher (saking [[Kesteven]] ring [[County of Lincolnshire]]) sané ngicain hak anruk malinggih ring [[umah wangsawan]]. Ring 2013, ida [[Kapademan miwah pamakaman Margaret Thatcher|padem mawinan stroke]] ring [[Hotel Ritz, London]], ring yusa 87 warsa. Satunggil tokoh kontroversial ring politik Inggris, Thatcher tetep kacingak becik ring [[Paringkat lelintihan maha patih Inggris]]. Masa jabatan nyané pinaka [[Panataan malih politik|panataan malih]] nuju kabijakan [[Néoliberalisme|néoliberal]] ring Britania Raya miwah padebatan indik warisan meweh sané kakaitang sareng Thatcherisme kantun kalanturang nganti abad ka-21. {{TOC limit|limit=3}} ==Publikasi== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |author={{harvp|Thatcher|1993}} |year=<!--1993--> |title=The Downing Street Years |title-link=The Downing Street Years |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-255049-9}} * {{cite book |author={{harvp|Thatcher|1995}} |year=<!--1995--> |title=The Path to Power |title-link=The Path to Power (Thatcher book) |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-255050-5}} * {{cite book |author={{harvp|Thatcher|2003}} |year=<!--2003--> |title-link=Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World |title=Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-06-095912-8}} {{refend}} ==Pustaka== ===Cutetan=== {{Reflist|group=nb|30em|refs= {{refn|group=nb|name=Campbell|{{harvtxt|Campbell|2011a|p=800}} taler nyuratin indik pacingakan katiga sané prasida kaiyegang: Thatcher "mikolihin doh luwih kedik" bandingan sané ida miwah "[[tuh]]" ida pacang kaambil; ida tan prasida antuk ngawatesin pangluaran publik, mingurangin utawi ngaprivatisasi [[negara kasejahteraan]], nguahin tatindakan fundamental krama umum, utawi "ningkatang" kabebasan ring genah [[Sentralisasi|kapusat]] kontrol druéné antuk "makeh widang kauripan nasional".}} }} ===Suratan=== {{Reflist|20em|refs= <ref name="PoliticalStuff.co.uk"> {{cite web | title=1979 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto | url=http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1979/1979-conservative-manifesto.shtml | website=PoliticalStuff.co.uk | access-date=28 July 2009}} </ref><ref name="Heffer"> {{cite magazine | last=Heffer |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Heffer | date=29 October 2019 | title=The rats and cowards who brought down a Titan | url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/november-2019/the-rats-and-cowards-who-brought-down-a-titan/ | magazine=The Critic Magazine | access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref> }} ===Bibliograpi=== {{Main|Bibliography of Margaret Thatcher}} {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last1=Adeney |first1=Martin | last2=Lloyd |first2=John |author-link2=John Lloyd (journalist) | year=1988 | title=The Miners' Strike 1984–85: Loss Without Limit | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-7102-1371-6}} * {{cite journal | last=Agar |first=Jon | year=2011 | title=Thatcher, scientist | journal=[[Notes and Records]] |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=215–232 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.2010.0096 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite book |last = Aitken |first = Jonathan |author-link = Jonathan Aitken |year = 2013 |title = Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality |url = {{Google books|HW-rAAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = A & C Black |isbn = 978-1-4088-3186-1 }} * {{cite journal | last=Anwar |first=Muhammad | year=2001 | title=The participation of ethnic minorities in British politics | journal=[[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=533–549 | doi=10.1080/136918301200266220 | s2cid=144867334}} * {{cite book |last = Atkinson |first = Max |author-link = Max Atkinson |year = 1984 |title = Our Masters' Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics |url = {{Google books|yqM4zGmsYioC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Psychology Press |isbn = 978-0-415-01875-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Barker |first=Martin | year=1981 | title=The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe | location=London, UK |publisher=Junction Books | isbn=978-0-86245-031-1}} * {{cite book |last = Barr |first = Damian |author-link = Damian Barr |year = 2013 |title = Maggie and Me |url = {{Google books|nes_AQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = A & C Black |isbn = 978-1-4088-3806-8 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Barrell | editor-first=Ray | year=1994 | title=The UK Labour Market: Comparative Aspects and Institutional Developments | url={{Google books|Izl1A_9TrREC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-46825-1 }} * {{cite book |last = Beckett |first = Andy |author-link = Andy Beckett |year = 2010 |title = When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies |url = {{Google books|-NURERF4hb8C|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Faber and Faber |isbn = 978-0-571-25226-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Beckett | first=Clare | year=2006 | title=The 20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century: Thatcher | url={{Google books|QeIHpjNolKAC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Haus | isbn=978-1-904950-71-4 }} * {{cite book | last=Bern | first=Paula | year=1987 | title=How to Work for a Woman Boss, Even If You'd Rather Not | url=https://archive.org/details/howtoworkforwoma00bern | url-access=registration | location=New York City | publisher=Dodd Mead | isbn=978-0-396-08839-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Blundell |first = John |author-link = John Blundell (economist) |year = 2008 |title = Margaret Thatcher: A Portrait of the Iron Lady |url = {{Google books|hbyeLS83iEIC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Algora |isbn = 978-0-87586-632-1 }} **{{cite book |last = Blundell |first = John |author-mask = {{nothing}} |year = 2013 |title = Remembering Margaret Thatcher: Commemorations, Tributes, and Assessments |url = {{Google books|4MYn9j-gftAC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Algora |isbn = 978-1-62894-017-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Burns | first=William E. | year=2009 | title=A Brief History of Great Britain | url={{Google books|Fjf4YynnC90C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Infobase | isbn=978-1-4381-2737-8 }} * {{cite book | last1=Butler | first1=David | author-link=David Butler (psephologist) | display-authors=1 | last2=Kavanagh | first2=Dennis | author-link2=Dennis Kavanagh | year=1980 | title=The British General Election of 1979 | url={{Google books|3tWuCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | isbn=978-1-349-04755-0 }} **{{cite book | last=Butler |first=David |author-mask={{nothing}} | year=1994 | title=British Political Facts 1900–1994 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-333-52616-3}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Byrd |editor-first=Peter | year=1988 | title=British Foreign Policy under Thatcher | publisher=St. Martin's Press | isbn=978-0-86003-401-8}} * {{cite book | last=Campbell |first=John |author-link=John Campbell (biographer) | year=2000 | title=Margaret Thatcher: The Grocer's Daughter |volume=1 | publisher=Pimlico | isbn=978-0-7126-7418-8}} **{{cite book | last=Campbell |first=John |author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2003 | title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady |volume=2 | publisher=Pimlico | isbn=978-0-7126-6781-4}} **{{cite book | last=Campbell | first=John | author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2011a | title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady | volume=2 | url={{Google books|RfHYhcFWbm4C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Random House | isbn=978-1-4464-2008-9 }} **{{cite book | last=Campbell | first=John | author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2011b | editor-last=Freeman | editor-first=David | title=The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister | url={{Google books|odLmZZ514AkC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=978-1-101-55866-9 }} * {{cite ODNB | last=Cannadine |first=David |author-link=David Cannadine | year=2017 | title=Thatcher [née Roberts], Margaret Hilda, Baroness Thatcher (1925–2013) | id=106415}} * {{cite book |last = Childs |first = David |author-link = David Childs (academic) |year = 2006 |title = Britain Since 1945: A Political History |url = {{Google books|HDBiaIbyLTsC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 978-0-415-39326-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Chin | first=Rita | year=2009 | chapter=Guest Worker Migration and the Unexpected Return of Race | chapter-url={{Google books|tqlrRJHwjKoC|page=80|plainurl=yes}} | title=After the Nazi Racial State: Difference and Democracy in Germany and Europe | publisher=University of Michigan Press | publication-date=2010 | isbn=978-0-472-02578-7 }} * {{cite book | last=Cochrane | first=Feargal | year=1997 | title=Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo-Irish Agreement | url={{Google books|KnAyhBCnpLQC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cork University Press | isbn=978-1-85918-138-6 }} * {{cite journal | last=Cooper |first=James | year=2010 | title=The Foreign Politics of Opposition: Margaret Thatcher and the Transatlantic Relationship before Power | journal=Contemporary British History |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=23–42 | doi=10.1080/13619460903565358 | s2cid=144038789}} * {{cite book | last=Cormac | first=Rory | year=2018 | title=Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy | url={{Google books|emZaDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-878459-3 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Cowley |first1=Philip |author-link=Philip Cowley | last2=Bailey |first2=Matthew | year=2000 | title=Peasants' Uprising or Religious War? Re-examining the 1975 Conservative Leadership Contest | journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=599–630 | doi=10.1017/s0007123400000260 | jstor=194287|s2cid=154834667 }} * {{cite journal | last=Crewe | first=Ivor | author-link=Ivor Crewe | year=1991 | title=Margaret Thatcher: As the British Saw Her | url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/public-perspective/ppscan/22/22015.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105145426/https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/public-perspective/ppscan/22/22015.pdf | archive-date=5 January 2019 | journal=The Public Perspective | pages=15–16 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Dale | editor-first=Iain | editor-link=Iain Dale | editor-last2=Tucker | editor-first2=Grant | year=2012 | title=The Margaret Thatcher Book of Quotations | url={{Google books|vPatAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Biteback | isbn=978-1-84954-465-8 }} * {{cite book |last = Dorril |first = Stephen |author-link = Stephen Dorril |year = 2002 |title = MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service |url = https://archive.org/details/mi6insidecovertw00dorr |url-access = registration |publisher = Simon and Schuster |isbn = 978-0-7432-1778-1 }} * {{cite book |last = English |first = Richard |author-link = Richard English |year = 2005 |title = Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |url = {{Google books|WxJutBLDxg0C|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-517753-4 }} * {{cite book | last=Evans | first=Eric J. | author-link=Eric J. Evans | year=2004 | title=Thatcher and Thatcherism | url={{Google books|1mUs6BAA0DkC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Routledge | publication-date=2013 | isbn=978-0-415-66018-1 }} * {{cite book | last1=Feigenbaum | first1=Harvey | last2=Henig | first2=Jeffrey | last3=Hamnett | first3=Chris | year=1998 | title=Shrinking the State: The Political Underpinnings of Privatization | url={{Google books|mD-WWatCnXoC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-63918-7 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Floud | editor-first=Roderick | editor-link=Roderick Floud | editor-last2=Johnson | editor-first2=Paul | editor-link2=Paul Johnson (writer) | year=2004 | title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Structural Change and Growth, 1939–2000 | volume=3 | url={{Google books|ugx3XIkE-mEC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-52738-5 }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Friedman | editor-first=Lester D. | year=2006 | title=Fires Were Started: British Cinema and Thatcherism | url={{Google books|qUhg-dDTnGkC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Wallflower Press | isbn=978-1-904764-71-7 }} * {{cite book |last = Gamble |first = Andrew |author-link = Andrew Gamble |year = 2009 |title = The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession |url = {{Google books|rZ4cBQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |isbn = 978-0-230-24052-0 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | last1=Gardiner | first1=Nile | author-link=Nile Gardiner | last2=Thompson | first2=Stephen | year=2013 | title=Margaret Thatcher on Leadership: Lessons for American Conservatives Today | url={{Google books|O3uDAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Regnery | isbn=978-1-62157-179-7 }} * {{cite book | last=Gelb | first=Joyce | year=1989 | title=Feminism and Politics: A Comparative Perspective | url={{Google books|z7B5Uuw4mFYC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-07184-1 }} * {{cite book | last1=Glover |first1=Peter C. | last2=Economides |first2=Michael J. | year=2010 | title=Energy and Climate Wars: How Naive Politicians, Green Ideologues, and Media Elites are Undermining the Truth about Energy and Climate | publisher=Bloomsbury | isbn=978-1-4411-5307-4}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Görtemaker |editor-first=Manfred | year=2006 | title=Britain and Germany in the Twentieth Century | publisher=Berg | isbn=978-1-85973-842-9}} * {{cite book |last = Hansen |first = Randall |author-link = Randall Hansen |year = 2000 |title = Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain |url = {{Google books|qj8GEjW91oEC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-158301-8 }} * {{cite book | last1=Hastings | first1=Max | author-link=Max Hastings | last2=Jenkins | first2=Simon | author-link2=Simon Jenkins | year=1983 | title=The Battle for the Falklands | url={{Google books|VaESazCk4doC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Macmillan | publication-date=2012 | isbn=978-0-330-53676-9 }} * {{cite book | last=Howe |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Howe | year=1994 | title=Conflict of Loyalty | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-333-59283-0}} * {{cite book | last=Jackling | first=Roger | author-link=Roger Jackling | year=2005 | contribution=The Impact of the Falklands Conflict on Defence Policy | contribution-url={{Google books|9AWE9_F7p7cC|page=239|plainurl=yes}} | contribution-url-access=limited | editor-last=Badsey | editor-first=Stephen | editor2-last=Grove | editor2-first=Mark | editor3-last=Havers | editor3-first=Rob | title=The Falklands Conflict Twenty Years On: Lessons for the Future | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-35029-7 }} * {{cite book | last=James | first=Clive | author-link=Clive James | year=1977 | chapter=Thatcher 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Affairs]] |volume=70 |issue=277 |pages=6–9 | doi=10.1080/00358538008453415}} * {{cite book | last=Marr | first=Andrew | author-link=Andrew Marr | year=2007 | title=A History of Modern Britain | url={{Google books|fZ-LL5h-rW4C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Pan Books | publication-date=2009 | isbn=978-0-330-51329-6 }} * {{cite book | last=McAleese | first=Dermot | year=2004 | title=Economics for Business: Competition, Macro-stability, and Globalisation | url={{Google books|NW4f3QUb6RYC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=FT Press | isbn=978-0-273-68398-8 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Mitchell |first1=Mark | last2=Russell |first2=Dave | year=1989 | title=Race, the new right and state policy in Britain | url=https://archive.org/details/immigrants-minorities_1989-03_8_1-2/page/175 | journal=Immigrants & Minorities |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=175–190 | doi=10.1080/02619288.1989.9974714}} * {{cite book | last=Moloney | first=Ed | author-link=Ed Moloney | year=2002 | title=A Secret History of the IRA | url={{Google books|W2AeD_OacD4C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Penguin Books | publication-date=2007 | isbn=978-0-14-190069-8 }} * {{cite book | last=Moore |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham | year=2013 | title=Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands |volume=1 | publisher=Knopf Group | isbn=978-0-307-95894-5}} **{{cite book | last=Moore | first=Charles | author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2015 | title=Margaret Thatcher: Everything She Wants | volume=2 | url={{Google books|LU_ZCQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=978-0-241-20126-8 }} **{{cite book | last=Moore | first=Charles | author-mask={{nothing}} | year=2019 | title=Margaret Thatcher: Herself Alone | volume=3 | url={{Google books|HT71wQEACAAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=978-0-241-32474-5 }} * {{cite book | last=Neville | first=Leigh | year=2016 | title=The SAS 1983–2014 | url={{Google books|sgRrDQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Bloomsbury | isbn=978-1-4728-1404-3 }} * {{cite journal | author=New Scientist | author-link=New Scientist | author-mask={{text|''New Scientist''}} | year=1983 | title=Cream of the crop at Royal Society | url={{Google books|XRpdT3gc9KYC|page=5|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | journal=New Scientist | volume=99 | issue=1365 | page=5 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | last=Ogden | first=Chris | year=1990 | title=Maggie: An Intimate Portrait of a Woman in Power | url=https://archive.org/details/maggieintimatepo00ogde | url-access=registration | publisher=Simon & Schuster | isbn=978-0-671-66760-3 | ol=2002988W }} * {{cite journal | last1=Parker |first1=David | last2=Martin |first2=Stephen | year=1995 | title=The impact of UK privatisation on labour and total factor productivity | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scottish-journal-of-political-economy_1995-05_42_2/page/216 | journal=[[Scottish Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=216–217 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-9485.1995.tb01154.x}} * {{cite book | last=Pimlott | first=Ben | author-link=Ben Pimlott | year=1996 | title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy'' (Text Only)'' | url={{Google books|id=eNHriNq-89QC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=HarperCollins | publication-date=2012 | isbn=978-0-00-749044-8 }} * {{cite journal |last = Purvis |first = June |author-link = June Purvis |year = 2013 |title = What Was Margaret Thatcher's Legacy for Women? |url = https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/what-was-margaret-thatchers-legacy-for-women(00d7c0c6-b0af-4a05-a3f5-690d2b6ffa3a).html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103858/https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/what-was-margaret-thatchers-legacy-for-women(00d7c0c6-b0af-4a05-a3f5-690d2b6ffa3a).html |archive-date = 13 June 2020 |journal = [[Women's History Review]] |volume = 22 |issue = 6 |pages = 1014–1018 |doi = 10.1080/09612025.2013.801136 |s2cid = 143720143 }} * {{cite book | last=Ratti | first=Luca | year=2017 | title=Not-So-Special Relationship: The US, The UK and German Unification, 1945–1990 | url={{google books|id=FjVYDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | isbn=978-0-7486-8016-0 }} * {{cite book | last=Reitan | first=Earl A. | year=2003 | title=The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001 | url={{Google books|7qaMqwGRE00C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | isbn=978-0-7425-2203-9 }} * {{cite book |last = Richards |first = Howard |author-link = Howard Richards (academic) |year = 2004 |title = Understanding the Global Economy |url = {{Google books|9Kw5vLbYq-4C|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Peace Education Books |isbn = 978-0-9748961-0-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Rothbard | first=Murray | author-link=Murray Rothbard | year=1995 | title=Making Economic Sense | url={{Google books|elPzEDHG9ysC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute | publication-date=2006 | isbn=978-1-61016-401-6 }} * {{cite book | last1=Rowthorn | first1=Robert | author-link=Robert Rowthorn | last2=Wells | first2=John R. | year=1987 | title=De-Industrialization and Foreign Trade | url={{Google books|Q306AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=CUP Archive | isbn=978-0-521-26360-3 }} * {{cite journal | last1=Sanders |first1=David | last2=Ward |first2=Hugh | last3=Marsh |first3=David |author-link3=David Marsh (political scientist) | year=1987 | title=Government Popularity and the Falklands War: A Reassessment | journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=281–313 | doi=10.1017/s0007123400004762}} * {{cite journal | last=Scott-Smith |first=Giles |author-link=Giles Scott-Smith | year=2003 | title='Her Rather Ambitious Washington Program': Margaret Thatcher's International Visitor Program Visit to the United States in 1967 | journal=British Contemporary History |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=65–86 | doi=10.1080/13619460308565458 | s2cid=143466586 | issn=1743-7997}} * {{cite book | last1=Seldon | first1=Anthony | author-link=Anthony Seldon | display-authors=1 | last2=Collings | first2=Daniel | year=2000 | title=Britain under Thatcher | url={{Google books|XwKtAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Taylor & Francis | publication-date=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-88291-6 }} **{{cite book |last = Seldon |first = Anthony |author-mask = {{nothing}} |year = 2007 |title = Blair's Britain, 1997–2007 |url = {{Google books|YpR-fJ6sdnwC|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-1-139-46898-5 }} * {{cite book | last=Senden | first=Linda | year=2004 | title=Soft Law in European Community Law | url={{Google books|B9Z82q_LXzwC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Hart | isbn=978-1-84113-432-1 }} * {{cite book | last=Seward | first=Ingrid | year=2001 | title=The Queen and Di: The Untold Story | url={{Google books|3WZkyIUEWNgC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Arcade | isbn=978-1-55970-561-5 }} * {{cite book | last1=Sked |first1=Alan |author-link=Alan Sked | last2=Cook |first2=Chris | year=1993 | title=Post-War Britain: A Political History, 1945–1992 |edition=fourth | location=Harmondsworth, UK |publisher=Penguin | isbn=978-0-14-017912-5}} * {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Gordon | author-link=Gordon Smith (academic) | year=1989 | title=Battles of the Falklands War | url=http://www.naval-history.net/NAVAL1982FALKLANDS.htm | access-date=23 January 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103234134/http://www.naval-history.net/NAVAL1982FALKLANDS.htm | archive-date=3 January 2018 | publisher=Ian Allan | isbn=978-0-7110-1792-4 }} * {{cite journal | last=Soames |first=The Lord |author-link=Christopher Soames | year=1980 | title=From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe | journal=[[International Relations (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 | jstor=2617389 | doi=10.2307/2617389}} * {{cite book | last=Stewart | first=Graham | year=2013 | title=Bang!: A History of Britain in the 1980s | url={{Google books|7_2TA7ptsvYC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Atlantic Books | isbn=978-1-78239-137-1 }} * {{cite book | last=Tewdwr-Jones | first=Mark | year=2003 | title=The Planning Polity: Planning, Government and the Policy Process | url={{Google books|Z92CAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Routledge | publication-date=2005 | isbn=978-1-134-44789-3 }} * {{cite book | last=Thatcher |first=Margaret | year=1993 | title=The Downing Street Years |title-link=#Publications | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn=978-0-00-745663-5}} **{{cite book | last=Thatcher |first=Margaret |author-mask={{nothing}} | year=1995 | title=The Path to Power |title-link=#Publications | publisher=HarperCollins | isbn=978-0-00-638753-4}} * {{cite book | last=Thornton | first=Richard C. | year=2004 | title=The Reagan Revolution II: Rebuilding the Western Alliance | edition=second | url={{Google books|yy4wkze9NcsC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Trafford | isbn=978-1-4120-1356-7 }} * {{cite journal | author=UK Parliament | year=2012 | title=House of Lords Journal 2010–12 | url=https://old.parliament.uk/business/publications/business-papers/lords/house-of-lords-journal/?session=31 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529160744/https://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-journal/HL_Journal_2010-12.pdf | archive-date=29 May 2013 | publisher=House of Lords | volume=244 | page=[https://old.parliament.uk/documents/lords-journal/HL_Journal_2010-12.pdf#page217 217] }} * {{cite book | last=Veljanovski |first=Cento | year=1990 | contribution=The Political Economy of Regulation | editor-last=Dunleavy |editor-first=Patrick | editor2-last=Gamble |editor2-first=Andrew | editor3-last=Peele |editor3-first=Gillian | title=Developments in British Politics |volume=3 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=978-0-312-04844-0}} * {{cite book | last=Vinen | first=Richard | author-link=Richard Vinen | year=2009 | title=Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era | url={{Google books|IZsXpZTCQKQC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Simon & Schuster | publication-date=2013 | isbn=978-1-4711-2828-8 }} * {{cite book |last = Wapshott |first = Nicholas |author-link = Nicholas Wapshott |year = 2007 |title = Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage |url = https://archive.org/details/ronaldreaganmarg00waps_0 |url-access = registration |publisher = Sentinel |isbn = 978-1-59523-047-8 }} * {{cite book |last = Ward |first = Paul |year = 2004 |chapter = A new way of being British |chapter-url = {{Google books|FtAiLTYSpA4C|page=113|plainurl=yes}} |chapter-url-access = limited |title = Britishness Since 1870 |publisher = Psychology Press |isbn = 978-0-415-22016-3 }} * {{cite book |last = West |first = Chris |author-link = Chris West |year = 2012 |title = First Class: A History of Britain in 36 Postage Stamps |url = {{Google books|Z7mGQ1aVde4C|plainurl=yes}} |url-access = limited |publisher = Random House |isbn = 978-1-4481-1437-5 }} * {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Andy | year=1998 | title=UK Government & Politics | url={{Google books|6keDJpK0xL8C|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Heinemann | isbn=978-0-435-33158-0 }} * {{cite journal | last=Williams |first=Gary | year=2001 | title='A Matter of Regret': Britain, the 1983 Grenada Crisis, and the Special Relationship | journal=Twentieth Century British History |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=208–230 | doi=10.1093/tcbh/12.2.208}} * {{cite book | last=Witte | first=Rob | year=2014 | title=Racist Violence and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Britain, France and the Netherlands | url={{Google books|-Xd_BAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-317-88919-9 }} * {{cite book | last=Yahuda | first=Michael B. | year=1996 | title=Hong Kong: China's Challenge | url={{Google books|b9gGzWigqpMC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-14071-3 }} * {{cite book | last1=Zemcov | first1=Ilya | last2=Farrar | first2=John | year=1989 | title=Gorbachev: The Man and the System | url={{Google books|po9Ki83S2WwC|plainurl=yes}} | url-access=limited | publisher=Transaction | publication-date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4128-1382-2 }} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Margaret Thatcher}} * {{official website|url=//www.thatchercentre.com/margaret-thatcher|name=Margaret Thatcher Centre}} * {{official website|url=//www.margaretthatcher.org/essential/biography.asp|name=Margaret Thatcher Foundation}} * {{Hansard-contribs|mrs-margaret-thatcher|Margaret Thatcher}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Margaret Thatcher}} * {{Library resources about}} * {{Librivox author|id=3625}} * {{UK National Archives ID}} * {{C-SPAN|margaretthatcher}} * {{IMDb name|0857137}} * {{Guardian topic}} * {{NYTtopic|people/t/margaret_h_thatcher}} * {{NPG name|05827}} * {{Webarchive|title=Obituary (''BBC News'') |url=//web.archive.org/web/20130408204606/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-10364876}} * {{Webarchive|nolink=1|title=History of Baroness Margaret Thatcher (''gov.uk'') |url=//web.archive.org/web/20131005092036/https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher}} {{Navboxes |title=Kantor miwah patiosan |state=expanded |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Crowder]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Anggota Parlemén antuk [[Finchley (konstituénsi Parlemén Inggris)|Finchley]]|years=[[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959]]–[[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hartley Booth]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Crossman]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk Pandidikan miwah Sains]]|years=1967–1970}} {{s-aft|after=[[Edward Short, Baron Glenamara|Edward Short]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Short, Baron Glenamara|Edward Short]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Sékrétaris Negara antuk Pandidikan miwah Sains]]|years=1970–1974}} {{s-aft|after=[[Reg Prentice]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Crosland]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Sékrétaris Lawatan Negara antuk Palemahan, Pangan miwah Urusan Padésaan|Sékrétaris Negara Lawatan antuk Palemahan Urip]]|years=1974–1975}} {{s-aft|after=[[Timothy Raison]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamimpin Oposisi (Inggris Raya)|Pamimpin Oposisi]]|years=1975–1979}} {{s-aft|after=[[James Callaghan]]}} {{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[James Callaghan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Maha Patih Inggris Raya]]|years=1979–1990}} {{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[John Major]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Tuan Kapertama Pabendaharaan]]|years=1979–1990}} {{s-break}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Kapegawaian]]|years=1979–1990}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pamimpin Partai Konservatif (Inggris)|Pamimpin Partai Konservatif]]|years=1975–1990}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Major]]}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ronald Reagan]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Ketua [[Seka Kutus|Seka Tujuh]] |years=1984}} {{s-aft|after=[[Helmut Kohl]]}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[François Mitterrand]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Pabaos Doa saking [[College of Europe]]|years=1988}} {{s-aft|after=[[Jacques Delors]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Warren E. Burger]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Kanselir College saking William & Mary]]|years=1993–2000}} {{s-aft|after=[[Henry Kissinger]]}} {{s-ach|rec}} {{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath|Sir Edward Heath]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Maha Patih Inggris pinih lingsir]]|years=2005–2013}} {{s-aft|after=[[John Major|Sir John Major]]}} {{s-ach|aw}} {{s-bef|before=[[Bob Hope]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Panampi [[Panghargaan Kamahardikaan Ronald Reagan]]|years=1998}} {{s-aft|after=[[Billy Graham]]}} {{s-end}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thatcher, Margaret}} [[Kategori:Margaret Thatcher| ]] [[Kategori:Maha patih istri]] 2tkdirex4u5mhvolxcu2d9cw7aqvfi4 0 16612 280200 165763 2026-08-13T21:14:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Tukad Shinano | name_native = 信濃川 | name_native_lang = | name_other = Tukad Chikuma (千曲川) | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = NiigataCityOpenData machinami004.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Tukad Shinano ring Niigata sadurung maloloan ring Segara Jepang | map = {{Maplink|zoom=7|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=right|frame-width=280|frame-height=500|frame-latitude=36.93|frame-longitude=138.88 |type=shape|stroke-color=#0000ff|stroke-width=1|id=Q734455 |type2=shape|stroke-color2=#0000ff|stroke-width2=1|id2=Q61041464 |type3=line|stroke-color3=#0000ff|stroke-width3=2|id3=Q61041464 }} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Negara | subdivision_name1 = [[Jepang]] | subdivision_type2 = Préféktur | subdivision_name2 = [[Préféktur Nagano|Nagano]], [[Préféktur Niigata|Niigata]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Kota | subdivision_name5 = [[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]], [[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]], [[Nagano (kota)|Nagano]], [[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|367|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Ojiya, Niigata|Ojiya]] | discharge1_min = {{convert|91|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|503|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|3776|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Gunung Kobushi]] | source1_location = [[Pagunungan Alpén Jepang]], [[Préféktur Nagano]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|35.913|138.7194}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|2475|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Segara Jepang]] | mouth_location = [[Préféktur Niigata]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|11900|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = Tukad Urano, Tukad Sai (Nagano) | tributaries_right = Tukad Yu (Nagano), Tukad Hoshina, Tukad Ayu, Tukad Yagisawa, Tukad Matsu, [[Tukad Uono]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref name="KyotoUni"/><ref name="MLIT-basin"/> }} {{nihongo|'''Tukad Shinano'''|信濃川|Shinano-gawa}}, utawi {{Nihongo|'''Tukad Chikuma'''|千曲川|Chikuma-gawa}} ring hulu, punika tukad pinih lantang miwah pinih jimbar ring Jepang taler pinih ageng katiga mawit wewengkon cekungan (ring duri [[Tukad Toné]] miwah [[Tukad Ishikari]]). Magenah ring kalér kangin [[Honshu]], saking duur [[Pagunungan Alpén Jepang]] miwah ngembak nuju kangin kalér saking Préféktur [[Préféktur Nagano|Nagano]] miwah [[Fréféktur Niigata| Niigata]] sadurung maloloan nuju [[Segara Jepang]].<ref name="MLIT-basin">{{cite web|author=Shinanogawa River Office|title=The Shinano River Basin|url=http://www.hrr.mlit.go.jp/shinano/english/basin/basin.html|website=Hokuriku Regional Development Bureau|publisher=[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]]|access-date=3 July 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nilsson">{{cite journal|last1=Nilsson|first1=Christer|last2=Reidy|first2=Catherine|last3=Dynesius|first3=Mats|last4=Revenga|first4=Carmen|title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-04-15_308_5720/page/405|journal=Science|date=15 April 2005|volume=308|issue=5720|pages=405–408|doi=10.1126/science.1107887|pmid=15831757|bibcode=2005Sci...308..405N|s2cid=34820022}}</ref><ref name="WorldAtlas">{{cite web|last1=Sawe|first1=Benjamin Elisha|title=Longest Rivers in Japan|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-longest-rivers-in-japan.html|website=WorldAtlas|access-date=3 July 2017|language=en|date=17 March 2017}}</ref> ==Pustaka== {{reflist|30em}} {{coord|37|23|17|N|138|48|39|E|region:JP_type:river|display=title}} {{Tukad ring Jepang}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tukad ring Préféktur Nagano]] [[Kategori:Tukad ring Préféktur Niigata]] [[Kategori:Tukad ring Jepang]] f9z7oz2hdgpr1vzzxb6jxd5g1hsayh6 0 18701 280134 266450 2026-08-13T18:01:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak inpo kromium}} '''Kromium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Cr''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 24. Punika datu kapertama ring [[Datu seka 6|seka 6]]. Punika logam [[logam transisi]] mawarna klau, [[Nyalang (mineralogi)|nyalang]], katos, miwah emes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Brandes|first1 = EA|last2 = Greenaway|first2 = HT|last3 = Stone|first3 = HEN|s2cid = 4221048|date = 1956|title = Ductility in Chromium|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1956-09-15_178_4533/page/587|journal = Nature|volume = 178|issue = 4533|doi = 10.1038/178587a0|page = 587|bibcode = 1956Natur.178..587B}}</ref> Kromium punika aditip utama ring [[wesi tahan karat]], sané minambahin cecirén anti-korosip. Kromium taler [[logam]] sané prasida kadadosang [[ngamolés|polés]] sané becik taler majeng daki. Kromium kapolés ngamantulang sawatara 70% [[spektrum kacingak]], antuk sawatara 90% [[infrabang|sunar infrabang]] kapantulang.<ref name = "NIST specular reflection">{{cite web|last1 = Coblentz|first1 = WW|last2 = Stair|first2 = R|title = Reflecting power of beryllium, chromium, and several other metals|url = https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/2/jresv2n2p343_A2b.pdf|website = National Institute of Standards and Technology|publisher = NIST Publications|access-date = 11 October 2018}}</ref> Aran datu puniki mawit saking kruna [[Basa Yunani Kuna|Yunani]] χρῶμα, ''chrōma'', artos ipun [[warna]],<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxrw%3Dma χρῶμα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> krana akéh sanyawa kromium ngasilang warna matiosan. ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons|Chromium}} {{Wiktionary|chromium}} * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/chromium ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Chromium Toxicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116041506/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/chromium |date=2019-11-16 }} U.S. [[Department of Health and Human Services]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040701090041/http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol49/chromium.html IARC Monograph "Chromium and Chromium compounds"] * [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html It's Elemental – The Element Chromium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611090944/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele024.html |date=2008-06-11 }} * [http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005b.html The Merck Manual – Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity] * [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/chromium/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Chromium Page] * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/024.htm Chromium] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham) * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chromium|volume=6|pages=296–298|short=1}} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Kromium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] qmv0xa9uioyioreoe5w1yzo87x4gx0p 0 18994 280108 246702 2026-08-13T17:26:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak inpo amérisium}} '''Amérisium''' silih tunggil [[datu kimia]] [[Datu sintétis|sintétis]] antuk [[Simbol (kimia)|simbol]] '''Am''' miwah [[wilangan atom]] 95. Punika anggota [[datu transuranik|transuranik]] saking bacakan [[aktinida]], ring [[tabél périodik]] sané magenah ring sor datu [[lantanida]] [[éuropium]], miwah punika analogi kaaranin [[Amérika]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = The Transuranium Elements|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1946-10-25_104_2704/page/379|first = Glenn T.|last = Seaborg|journal = Science|volume = 104|issue = 2704|date = 1946|pages = 379–386|doi = 10.1126/science.104.2704.379|pmid = 17842184|jstor = 1675046|bibcode = 1946Sci...104..379S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v33-2/v33-2%20p89-93.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-19 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v33-2/v33-2%20p89-93.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/80th/print/americiumprint.html?</ref>Amrisium, utamané soroh radioaktivitas, sané prasida ngawinang kanker<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mississippitornado.com/what-is-amrisium/|title=What Is Amrisium? - Mississippi Tornado|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-08}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cutetan== {{Reflist|group=note}} ==Pustaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Suratan== * {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}} * Penneman, R. A. and Keenan T. K. [http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/4187189-IKQUwY/ The radiochemistry of americium and curium], University of California, Los Alamos, California, 1960 * {{cite book| last = Wiberg| first = Nils| title = Lehrbuch Der Anorganischen Chemie| date = 2007| publisher = De Gruyter| isbn = 978-3-11-017770-1 }} ==Wacénan lantur== * ''Nuclides and Isotopes – 14th Edition'', GE Nuclear Energy, 1989. * {{cite web|url = http://www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs46/pagesg/clefs46_30.html|title = Can the minor actinide, americium-241, be transmuted by thermal neutrons?|author = Fioni, Gabriele|author2 = Cribier, Michel|author3 = Marie, Frédéric|name-list-style = amp|publisher = [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071111175005/http://www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs46/pagesg/clefs46_30.html|archive-date = 11 November 2007}} * {{cite book| last = Stwertka| first = Albert| title = A Guide to the Elements| url = https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe| url-access = registration| date = 1999| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-508083-4 }} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons|Americium|Amérsium}} {{Wiktionary|americium}} * [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/095.htm Amérisium] ring ''[[Tabél Périodik Vidéo]]'' (Universitas Nottingham) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830050012/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs156.html ATSDR – Pindikan Kakénakan Krama: Amérisium] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081224123105/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf57.html Asosiasi Nuklir Gumi – Détéktor Andus miwah Amérisium] {{Clear}} {{Tabél périodik (navbox)}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Amérisium| ]] [[Kategori:Datu kimia]] [[Kategori:Aktinida]] [[Kategori:Karsinogén]] [[Kategori:Datu sintétis]] geizvfmc8u2hyrs4okca71ee9bhq2la 0 22328 280107 138593 2026-08-13T17:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suling''' silih tunggil soroh [[piranti musik]] seka saking [[upin taru]]. Tan sekadi instrumemén upin taru antuk [[Reed (instrumén)|reed]], suling pinaka ''[[aerophone]]'' utawi piranti musik upin tan pabuluh sané ngasilang suara saking embakan angin ngentasin bolong. Manut klasifikasi instrumén [[Hornbostel–Sachs]], suling kakategori dados ''[[aerofon edge-blown]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann |author1-first= Erich M. |author1-last= von Hornbostel |author2-first=Curt |author2-last= Sachs |journal= The Galpin Society Journal |volume= 14 |date= March 1961| pages= 24–25 |jstor= 842168 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/842168 |quote= 4 Aerophones The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense... 421 Edge instruments or flutes a narrow stream of air is directed against an edge}}</ref> [[Berkas:Radha listening to Krishna's flute playing seated by a shore Wellcome V0045056.jpg|jmpl|250px|[[Radha]] dingehang [[Krishna]] main suling]] [[Berkas:Shinobue and other flutes-3.jpg|jmpl|250px|Makudang soroh suling]] [[Berkas:Nubian flute player.jpg|jmpl|250px|[[wong Nubian]] [[Mesir]] main suling]] ==Pustaka== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpi== {{Refbegin}} *Buchanan, Donna A. 2001. "Bulgaria §II: Traditional Music, 2: Characteristics of Pre-Socialist Musical Culture, 1800–1944, (iii): Instruments". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers. *Crane, Frederick. 1972. ''Extant Medieval Musical Instruments: A Provisional Catalogue by Types''. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. {{ISBN|0-87745-022-6}} *Galway, James. 1982. ''Flute''. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Macdonald. {{ISBN|0-356-04711-3}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-356-04712-1}} (pbk.) New York: Schirmer Books. {{ISBN|0-02-871380-X}} Reprinted 1990, London: Kahn & Averill London: Khan & Averill {{ISBN|1-871082-13-7}} *Phelan, James, 2004. ''The Complete Guide to the [Flute and Piccolo]'', second edition. [S.l.]: Burkart-Phelan, Inc., 2004. {{ISBN|0-9703753-0-1}} *Putnik, Edwin. 1970. ''The Art of Flute Playing''. Evanston, Illinois: Summy-Birchard Inc. Revised edition 1973, Princeton, New Jersey and Evanston, Illinois. {{ISBN|0-87487-077-1}} *Toff, Nancy. 1985. ''The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers''. New York: Charles's Scribners Sons. {{ISBN|0-684-18241-6}} Newton Abbot: David & Charles. {{ISBN|0-7153-8771-5}} Second Edition 1996, New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-510502-8}} *Wye, Trevor. 1988. ''Proper Flute Playing: A Companion to the Practice Books''. London: Novello. {{ISBN|0-7119-8465-4}} *Maclagan, Susan J. "A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist", 2009, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6711-6}} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Flutes|Suling}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Flute|Suling}} {{Wiktionary}} <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Links to random pages about flutes DO NOT belong here. That's what the dmoz.org link is for. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL --> *Ardal Powell. "[http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2241119 Flute]." ''Grove Music Online''. ''Oxford Music Online''. Oxford University Press. (by subscription) *[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jiah/hd_jiah.htm Essay on the Jiahu flutes] from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] *A selection of historic flutes from around the world at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] ** [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/musd/ho_2006.86a-c.htm Walking Stick Flute and Oboe, Georg Henrich Scherer, Butzbach, ca. 1750–57] ** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_in_d_flat_claude_laurent/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180013281&vT=1 Glass flute, Claude Laurent, Paris, 1813] ** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_in_d_flat/objectview.aspx?page=2&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015833&vT=1 Porcelain flute, Saxony, 1760–1790] ** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/pair_of_transverse_flutes_johann_wilhelm_oberlender/objectview.aspx?page=5&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015236&vT=1 Pair of ivory flutes by Johann Wilhelm Oberlender, mid 18th century, Nuremberg] ** [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/transverse_flute_garion/objectview.aspx?page=6&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=flute*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180016074&vT=1 Flute by Garion, Paris, ca. 1720–1740] * {{cite journal |last1=Conard |first1=Nicholas J. |last2=Malina |first2=Maria |last3=Münzel |first3=Susanne C. |title=New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-08-06_460_7256/page/737 |journal=Nature |date=August 2009 |volume=460 |issue=7256 |pages=737–740 |doi=10.1038/nature08169 |pmid=19553935 |bibcode=2009Natur.460..737C |s2cid=4336590 }} * {{dmoz|/Arts/Music/Instruments/Winds/Woodwinds/Flute}} * [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/flute/ Flute acoustics] Resources on flute acoustics from the University of New South Wales. * [http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/326 Folk flutes (''Polish folk musical instruments'')] <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Links to random pages about flutes DO NOT belong here. That's what the dmoz.org link is for. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL --> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Suling| ]] cnd591oolwchl5gub4gtjpqla466i5z 0 22572 280110 234076 2026-08-13T17:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toya''', '''Banyu''' utawi '''Yéh''' (rumus kimia '''H'''_'''2''''''O''') silih tunggil kimia [[sanyawa anorganik|anorganik]], bening, tan marasa, tan maambu, miwah [[warna toya|nampék ening]], sané dados panyusun utama saking [[hidrosfér]] [[gumi]] miwah [[cairan]] saking makasami organisme urip sané kauningin (ring dija punika dados [[palarut]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"?|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects|publisher=([[U.S. Department of the Interior]])|access-date=2021-01-15|website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref>). Sanget mabuat antuk makasami rupa [[kauripan]], yadiastun nénten ngayediayang [[énérgi panganan|kalori]] utawi [[nutrisi]] ​​organik. [[Rumus kimia]] H₂O, nganikayang pinaka soang-soang [[molekul]] nyané madaging asiki [[atom]] [[oksigén]] miwah kalih [[hidrogén]], sané kahubungin olih [[iketan kovalén]]. Atom hidrogen ngeleket ring atom oksigén nyiku 104.45°.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=10.2: Hybrid Orbitals in Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/10.02%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Water|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> "Toya" pinaka aran ring paindikan éncéh H₂O ring [[paindikan standar antuk suhu miwah tekanan]]. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} ==Pustaka== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Philip |title=Life's matrix : a biography of water |date=2001 |publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux |isbn=9780520230088 |edition=1st}} * Debenedetti, PG., and HE Stanley, "Supercooled and Glassy Water", ''Physics Today'' '''56''' (6), pp.&nbsp;40–46 (2003). [http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf Downloadable PDF (1.9 MB)] *{{cite book |last1=Franks |first1=Felix |title=Water : a matrix of life |date=2007 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |isbn=9781847552341 |edition=2nd}} * Gleick, PH., (editor), ''The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources''. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beginning in 1998.) [http://www.worldwater.org/ The World's Water, Island Press] * {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Oliver A. |last2=Lester |first2=John N. |last3=Voulvoulis |first3=Nick |title=Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-biotechnology_2005-04_23_4/page/163 |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=2005 |pages=163–167 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001|pmid=15780706 }} * [http://ucowr.org/journal-of-contemporary-water-research-and-education Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education] * Postel, S., ''Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity''. W.W. Norton and Company, New York. 1992 * Reisner, M., ''Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water''. Penguin Books, New York. 1986. * [http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/ United Nations World Water Development Report]. Produced every three years. * St. Fleur, Nicholas. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/science/the-water-in-your-glass-might-be-older-than-the-sun.html The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun]. "The water you drink is older than the planet you're standing on." ''The New York Times'' (15 April 2016) {{Refend}} {{toya}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Molekul triatom]] orqq5hhoif9amev008a4m56uub1z10g 0 23958 280115 179481 2026-08-13T17:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox|fossil_range={{fossilrange|26|0}} [[Late Oligocene]] nganti mangkin|image=Fulvous-breasted_Woodpecker_(Dendrocopos_macei)_at_Kolkata_I_IMG_3848.jpg|image_caption=[[Kedis Blatuk]]<br/> {{audio|Woodpecker tapping.ogg|Suaran Blatuk noktok kayu}}|taxon=Picidae|authority=[[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1820 |subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies |subdivision=* [[Jynginae]] – wrynecks * [[Picinae]] – true woodpeckers * [[Picumninae]] – piculets}} {{Taxobox | name = Pelatuk | image = Woodpecker.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = [[Hairy Woodpecker]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[burung|Aves]] | ordo = [[Piciformes]] | familia = '''[[Picidae]]''' | familia_authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Genus | subdivision = ''[[Melanerpes]]''{{br}} ''[[Sphyrapicus]]''{{br}} ''[[Xiphidiopicus]]''{{br}} ''[[Campethera]]''{{br}} ''[[Geocolaptes]]''{{br}} ''[[Dendropicos]]''{{br}} ''[[Dendrocopos]]''{{br}} ''[[Picoides]]''{{br}} ''[[Veniliornis]]''{{br}} ''[[Piculus]]''{{br}} ''[[Colaptes]]''{{br}} ''[[Celeus (genus)|Celeus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dryocopus]]''{{br}} ''[[Campephilus]]''{{br}} ''[[Picus (genus)|Picus]]''{{br}} ''[[Dinopium]]''{{br}} ''[[Chrysocolaptes]]''{{br}} ''[[Gecinulus]]''{{br}} ''[[Sapheopipo]]''{{br}} ''[[Blythipicus]]''{{br}} ''[[Reinwardtipicus]]''{{br}} ''[[Meiglyptes]]''{{br}} ''[[Hemicircus]]''{{br}} ''[[Mulleripicus]]'' }}{{Commons category|Picus}} '''Blatuk''' Inggih punika soroh kedis saking [[Kaluwarga (Biologi)|kaluarga]] '''Picidae.''' Soroh kedispeniki katemuin ring sajebag Gumi sajebaning [[Ostrali]], [[Papua Nugini]], [[Selandia Anyar]], [[Madagaskar]], miwah wesidangan [[kutub]]. Akeh spesies nongos ring alas, nanging wénten taler spesies sané nongos ring bukit miwah ''gurun.'' Soroh kedis blatuk ngalih amah-amahan sekadi gumatat-gumitit saking carang kayuné, Blatuk masebun ring bolong kayu, == Lis Genus == Filogeni kedis blatuk kari kaalusin, miwah genah makudang-kudang [[Génus]] taler nenten jelas,.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dufort MJ|date=January 2016|title=An augmented supermatrix phylogeny of the avian family Picidae reveals uncertainty deep in the family tree|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=94|issue=Pt A|pages=313–26|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.025|pmid=26416706}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Webb DM, Moore WS|date=August 2005|title=A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt b, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order Piciformes)|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2005_36_2/page/233|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=36|issue=2|pages=233–48|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015|pmid=15869887}}</ref> [[Berkas:Cuban_green_woodpecker_(Xiphidiopicus_percussus_percussus)_female.JPG|jmpl|Blatuk Gadang Kuba ''Xiphidiopicus percussus''female, [[Kuba]]]] [[Berkas:Campo_flicker_(Colaptes_campestris)_female.JPG|jmpl|Blatuk Campo ''Colaptes campestris''female, [[Brasil]]]] '''Family: Picidae''' * '''Subfamily: Jynginae''' – [[wryneck]]s ** ''[[Wryneck|Jynx]]'' (2 Spésiés) * '''Subfamily: Picumninae''' – [[piculet]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fuchs J, Ohlson J, Ericson P, Pasquet E|date=2006|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the piculets (Piciformes: Picumninae)|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=37|issue=5|pages=487–496|doi=10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03768.x}}</ref> ** ''[[Picumnus (bird)|Picumnus]]'' – piculets (26 Spésiés) ** ''[[Sasia]]'' – Asian piculets (3 Spésiés) * '''Subfamily: [[Picinae]]''' – true woodpeckers ** '''Tribe Nesoctitini''' *** ''[[Nesoctites]]'' – monotypic: [[Antillean piculet]] ** '''Tribe Hemicircini''' *** ''[[Hemicircus]]'' – 2 Spésiés ** '''Tribe Picini''' *** ''[[Micropternus]]'' – monotypic: [[rufous woodpecker]] *** ''[[Méiglyptes]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''[[Gecinulus]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''[[Dinopium]]'' – 5 Spésiés (flamebacks) *** ''[[Picus (genus)|Picus]]'' – 13 Spésiés *** ''[[Chrysophlegma]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''Pardipicus'' – 2 Spésiés *** ''[[Geocolaptes]]'' – monotypic: [[ground woodpecker]] *** ''[[Campethera]]'' – 11 Spésiés *** ''[[Mulleripicus]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''[[Dryocopus]]'' – 6 Spésiés *** ''[[Celeus (bird)|Celeus]]'' – 13 Spésiés *** ''[[Piculus]]'' – 7 Spésiés *** ''[[Colaptes]]'' – 14 Spésiés ** '''Tribe Campephilini''' *** ''[[Campephilus]]'' – 11 Spésiés *** ''[[Blythipicus]]'' – 2 Spésiés *** ''[[Reinwardtipicus]]'' – monotypic: [[orange-backed woodpecker]] *** ''[[Chrysocolaptes]]'' – 8 Spésiés (flamebacks) ** '''Tribe Melanerpini''' *** ''[[Sphyrapicus]]'' – 4 Spésiés (sapsuckers) *** ''[[Melanerpes]]'' – 24 Spésiés *** ''[[Picoides]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''[[Yungipicus]]'' – 7 Spésiés *** ''[[Leiopicus]]'' – monotypic: [[yellow-crowned woodpecker]] *** ''[[Dendrocoptes]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''[[Chloropicus]]'' – 3 Spésiés *** ''[[Dendropicos]]'' – 12 Spésiés *** ''[[Dendrocopos]]'' – 12 Spésiés *** ''[[Dryobates]]'' – 5 Spésiés *** ''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' – 6 Spésiés *** ''[[Veniliornis]]'' – 14 Spésiés *** ''[[Xiphidiopicus]]'' – monotypic: [[Cuban green woodpecker]] * '''''[[Incertae sedis]]'' fossils''' ** Genus: †''[[Palaeopicus]]'' (Late Oligocene of France)<!-- AmMusNovit2400. Condor54:174. --> ** †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of New Mexico, US) ** †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) ** Genus: †''[[Palaeonerpes]]'' (Ogallala Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, US) – possibly dendropicine<!-- AmMusNovit2400. --> ** Genus: †''[[Pliopicus]]'' (Early Pliocene of Kansas, US) – possibly dendropicine<!-- AmMusNovit2400. ContribMusPaleontolUnivMich22:075. --> ** cf. ''Colaptes'' DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, US) – malarpicine?<!-- Condor33:255 --> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons category|Picidae}} {{Wikispecies|Picidae}} * [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/woodpeckers-picidae Woodpecker videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Woodpecker|short=x}} * {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Woodpecker|short=x}} * {{cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2015/03/03/photo-weasel-riding-woodpecker/|title=Here's a photo of a weasel riding a woodpecker|date=March 3, 2015|work=Mashable|location=UK|vauthors=Chester T}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4oEM0W6mhM Woodpecker attacks dove nest] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ESV4WkLf9A Woodpecker attacks baby birds] {{Piciformes}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q25439}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Buron]] [[Kategori:Paksi]] 78yniuvzlvssmedb5d2zfo30nuzl2y8 0 24906 280186 118078 2026-08-13T20:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''WALL-E''''' (magaya [[interpoint]] dados '''''WALL·E''''') silih tunggil [[pilem sains fiksi]] animasi komputer Amérika warsa 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wall-E Review: One of the Best Sci-Fi Movies in Years, Disguised as a Cartoon|url=https://gizmodo.com/wall-e-review-one-of-the-best-sci-fi-movies-in-years-5020237|date=June 27, 2008|website=gizmodo.com|access-date=Méi 22, 2020|archive-date=Juli 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701135011/https://gizmodo.com/wall-e-review-one-of-the-best-sci-fi-movies-in-years-5020237|url-status=live}}</ref> kaproduserin [[Studio Animasi Pixar]] miwah kawedar olih [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Pilem puniki kasutradarain miwah kasurat sareng olih [[Andrew Stanton]], kaproduksi olih [[Jim Morris (produser pilem)|Jim Morris]], miwah kasurat sareng olih [[Jim Reardon]]. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Wacénan lantur == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Hauser |first=Tim |title=The Art of WALL-E |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-8118-6235-6 |oclc=377889575 |year=2008}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Mattie |first1=Sean |title=WALL·E on the Problem of Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-on-political-science_january-march-2014_43_1/page/12 |journal=[[Perspectives on Political Science]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–20 |date=Winter 2014 |doi=10.1080/10457097.2013.784576 |s2cid=144206190 |issn=1045-7097 |df=mdy-all }} {{Refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Sister project links|display=''WALL-E''|d=Q104905|c=category:WALL-E|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/wall-e}} * {{IMDb title|0910970}} * {{Tcmdb title|662645}} * {{bcdb title|92024}} * {{Amg title|379342}} {{Film animasi Disney}} {{Pixar Animation Studios}} [[Kategori:Film mabasa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Film animasi Disney]] [[Kategori:Film Amérika Serikat warsa 2008]] [[Kategori:Film Amérika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Film animasi warsa 2008]] ojugud12vak4d2ffo5zjqsmdq61d4x0 0 26652 280210 243681 2026-08-13T21:36:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spésiés | subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]] | subdivision = {{plainlist| * ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus bengalensis|N. bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' <small>([[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus coucang|N. coucang]]'' <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)</small> * {{extinct}}[[? Nycticebus linglom|?&nbsp;''N. linglom'']] <small>Mein & Ginsburg, 1997</small> * ''[[Nycticebus javanicus|N. javanicus]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812</small> * ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' <small>Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2012</small> * ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' <small>([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus pygmaeus|N. pygmaeus]]'' <small>[[J. Lewis Bonhote|Bonhote]], 1907</small>}} | synonyms = * ''Tardigradus'' <small>[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])</small> * ''Loris'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796</small> * ''Lori'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799</small> * ''Stenops'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811</small> * ''Bradycebus'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''</small> * ''Bradylemur'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839</small> Referensi:<ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|work=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|accessdate=30 April 2013|page=3|format=PDF|date=4 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|work=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref> }} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Tukang | image = Nycticebus coucang 002.jpg | image_caption = [[Tukang Sunda]]{{Clear}}''Nycticebus coucang'' | status = CITES_A1 | status_system = CITES | status_ref = <ref name=CITES_Apps/> | taxon = Nycticebus | authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}} | type_species = ''[[Sunda slow loris|Nycticebus coucang]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = {{plainlist| * ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906</small> * ''[[Bengal slow loris|N. bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)</small> * ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr.|Lyon]], 1906</small> * ''[[Sunda slow loris|N. coucang]]'' <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)</small> * ''[[Javan slow loris|N. javanicus]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812</small> * ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' <small>Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2013</small> * ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' <small>[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893</small> * ''[[Pygmy slow loris|N. pygmaeus]]'' <small>[[J. Lewis Bonhote|Bonhote]], 1907</small> * {{extinct}}[[Nycticebus linglom|''N. linglom'']] <small>Méin & Ginsburg, 1997</small>}} | range_map = Slow loris area.png | range_map_alt = Peta pasebaran sané nganikayang kisaran makudang spésiés: kompléks tukang Sunda (''N. coucang'') ring Thailand, Malaysia, miwah Indonésia; tukang Béngal (''N. bengalensis'') ring India Kangin, Cina, Bangladésh, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Viétnam, miwah Kamboja; miwah tukang katé (''N. pygmaeus'') ring Viétnam miwah Laos. | range_map_caption=Pasebaran saking ''Nycticebus''{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|bang}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;pygmaeus'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#377eb8|béru}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#a65628|soklat}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bancanus'', ''N.&nbsp;borneanus'', ''N.&nbsp;coucang'', ''N.&nbsp;javanicus'', ''N.&nbsp;kayan'' & ''N.&nbsp;menagensis'' | synonyms = * ''Tardigradus'' <small>[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])</small> * ''Loris'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796</small> * ''Lori'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799</small> * ''Stenops'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811</small> * ''Bradycebus'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''</small> * ''Bradylemur'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|website=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|access-date=30 April 2013|page=3|date=4 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|website=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> }} '''Tukang''' ({{lang-id|Kukang}}) adalah seka saking makudang [[spésiés]] [[primata]] [[nokturnal]] [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] sané ngawentuk [[génus]] '''''Nycticebus'''''. Kacunduk ring [[Asia Kelod Kangin]] miwah wawengkon sané mawatesan, ngawit saking [[Bangladésh]] miwah [[India Kalér Kangin]] ring sikawan ngantos [[Kapuloan Sulu]] ring [[Filipina]] ring sikangin, tur saking propinsi [[Yunnan]], Cina ring sikalér nuju [[Nusa Jawa]] ring sikelod. Saking kutus spésiés tukang sané kantun wénten, nenem spésiés punika wénten ring Indonésia, inggih punika ring pulo-pulo Sumatra, Jawa, miwah Kalimantan. Nycticebus (Nycticebus spp.) madué rupa sané lucu tur ngulangunin, punika mawinan akéh krama sané seneng ngaryanin primata puniki dados buron. Punika mawinan, samian soroh cangak puniki sampun keni baya punah. Kukang sampun kaprotéksi olih undang-undang Indonésia, mawinan madolan punika melanggar hukum (ilegal) miwah kriminal. Tukang inggih punika primata sané awaknyané alit, bunter, miwah buntutnyané cupit pisan. Prabunnyane bunter, bongkolnyane ngedeng, tur panyingakannyane lumbang. Rambutnyane alus tur majemuk. Wangun warnannyané mabinayan manut spésiés miwah kaanggén antuk identifikasi, sakéwanten katahnyané mabinayan saking coklat abu-abu pucat ngantos warnan tengguli. Wénten garis mawarna gadang saking bongkolnyané ngantos ka tengahing punggungnyané utawi dasar buntutnyané. Biasané wénten lingkaran selem ngiterin paningalané makakalih, sané kaselut olih garis pucat utawi putih sané ngelodang ring pantaran paningalané makakalih ngantos ka dauhné. Ring wengi, panyingakan paningalané galang pisan.{{Sfn|Payne|Francis|Phillipps|Kartikasari|2000|pp=242-3}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Lis pustaka === {{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs= <ref name=CITES_Apps>{{cite web|url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus|title = Checklist of CITES Species|website = CITES|publisher = UNEP-WCMC|accessdate = 18 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name=2012BBC>{{cite news|last1 = Walker|first1 = M.|title = Primate species: new slow loris found in Borneo|publisher = BBC News|date = 13 December 2012|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172|accessdate = 13 December 2012|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6DAEoNVc5?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172|archivedate = 2012-12-25|deadurl = no}}</ref> <ref name=2006CITES>{{cite conference|author = Management Authority of Cambodia|conference = CITES Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties; The Hague (Netherlands) 3–15 June 2007|title = Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II|date = 6 October 2006|publisher = CITES|page = 31|url = http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf|format = PDF|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vacXUYZJ?url=http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf|archivedate = 2011-01-08|access-date = 2015-12-31|dead-url = no}}</ref> <!-- <ref name=MUNews>{{cite web|last1 = Wall|first1 = T.|title = Three new species of venomous primate identified by MU researcher|url = http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/|publisher = Missouri University News Bureau|accessdate = 19 December 2012|date = 13 December 2012|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6DAEjIOmw|archivedate = 24 December 2012|deadurl = no}}</ref> <ref name=2009Adam>{{cite news|last = Adam|first = D.|title = The eyes may be cute but the elbows are lethal|newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald|date = 9 July 2009|url = http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vb9EUVYe|archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=2007Black>{{cite news|last = Black|first = R.|title = Too cute for comfort|newspaper = BBC News|date = 8 June 2007|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vcAx6E8j|archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis>{{IUCN|id = 39758|taxon = ''Nycticebus bengalensis''|assessors = Streicher, U., Singh, M., Timmins, R.J. & Brockelman, W.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._coucang>{{IUCN|id = 39759|taxon = ''Nycticebus coucang''|assessors = Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus>{{IUCN|id = 39761|taxon = ''Nycticebus javanicus''|assessors = Nekaris, A. & Shekelle, M.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis>{{IUCN|id = 39760|taxon = ''Nycticebus menagensis''|assessors = Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN_N._pygmaeus>{{IUCN|id = 14941|taxon = ''Nycticebus pygmaeus''|assessors = Streicher, U., Ngoc Thanh,V., Nadler,T., Timmins, R.J. & Nekaris, A.|assessment_year = 2008|version = 2010.4|accessdate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch>{{cite web|last = Braun|first = D.|title = Love potions threaten survival of lorises|publisher = National Geographic|year = 2010|url = http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vb6w7hxs|archivedate = 9 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=2007Sakamoto>{{cite web|last = Sakamoto|first = Masayuki|title = Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan|year = 2007|publisher = Japan Wildlife Conservation Society|url = http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf|format = PDF|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5w15o41GF|archivedate = 26 January 2011}}</ref> <ref name=Hance2011>{{cite web|last = Hance|first = Jeremy|title = 'Cute' umbrella video of slow loris threatens primate|year = 2011|publisher = mongabay.com|url = http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html|accessdate = 16 March 2011|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5xElHShy2|archivedate = 16 March 2011}}</ref> <ref name=Sherwin2011>{{cite news|last = Sherwin|first = Adam|title = YouTube sensation fuelling trade in an endangered species|work = [[The Independent]]|url = http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5xNpE0eAD|archivedate = 22 March 2011|location=London|date=22 March 2011}}</ref> <ref name=nutrition>{{cite web|last = Schulze|first = H.|title = Nutrition of lorises and pottos|url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html|publisher = Loris and potto conservation database|date = 11 July 2008|accessdate = 3 January 2011}}</ref> --> }} === Karya yang dikutip === {{Refbegin}} * <!-- Alterman|1995 -->{{cite book|last = Alterman|first = L.|year = 1995|contribution = Toxins and toothcombs: potential allospecific chemical defenses in ''Nycticebus'' and ''Perodicticus''|editor1-last = Alterman|editor1-first = L.|editor2-last = Doyle|editor2-first = G.A.|editor3-last = Izard|editor3-first = M.K|title = Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians|url = https://archive.org/details/creaturesofdarkn0000unse_l0u4|location = New York, New York|publisher = Plenum Press|pages = [https://archive.org/details/creaturesofdarkn0000unse_l0u4/page/413 413]–424|oclc = 33441731|isbn = 978-0-306-45183-6|ref = harv}} * <!-- Ankel-Simons|2007 -->{{cite book|last = Ankel-Simons|first = F.|title = Primate Anatomy|edition = 3rd|publisher = Academic Press|location = San Diego, California|year = 2007|isbn = 0-12-372576-3|ref = harv}} * <!-- Bearder|1987 -->{{cite book|last = Bearder|first = Simon K.|title = Primate Societies|chapter = Lorises, Bushbabies, and Tarsiers: Diverse Societies in Solitary Foragers|editor1-last = Smuts|editor1-first = Barbara B.|editor2-last = Cheney|editor2-first = Dorothy L.|editor3-last = Seyfarth|editor3-first = Robert M.|editor4-last = Wrangham|editor4-first = Richard W.|editor5-last = Struhsaker|editor5-first = Thomas T.|year = 1987|location = Chicago, Illinois|publisher = The University of Chicago Press|isbn = 0-226-76716-7|ref = harv}} * <!-- Boddaert|1785 -->{{cite book|last = Boddaert|first = Pieter|year = 1785|title = Elenchus animalium|publisher = Hake|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=fXc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA67|oclc = 557474013|ref = harv}} * <!-- Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = J. -H.| last2 = Pan | first2 = D.| last3 = Groves | first3 = C. P.| last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. -X.| last5 = Narushima | first5 = E.| last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H.| last7 = Crow | first7 = P.| last8 = Thanh | first8 = V. N.| last9 = Ryder | first9 = O.| last10 = Zhang | first10 = H. -W.| last11 = Fu | first11 = Y.| last12 = Zhang | first12 = Y.| title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Nycticebus'' inferred from mitochondrial genes | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 1187–1200 | year = 2006 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Chen|Zhang|Shi|Liu|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Y. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. | last4 = Liu | first4 = R. | last5 = Wang | first5 = Y. | title = Studies on the chromosomes of genus ''Nycticebus'' | url = https://archive.org/details/primates_1993-01_34_1/page/47 | doi = 10.1007/BF02381279 | journal = Primates | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 47–53 | year = 1993 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Choudhury|1988 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | title = Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_oryx_1988-04_22_2/page/89 | doi = 10.1017/S0030605300027551 | journal = Oryx | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–94 | year = 1988 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Choudhury|1992 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | year = 1992 | title = The slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') in North-East India | journal = Primate Report | volume = 34 | pages = 77–83 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Elliot|1913 -->{{cite book|last = Elliot|first = Daniel Giraud|authorlink1 = Daniel Giraud Elliot|title = A Review of the Primates|year = 1913|location = New York, New York|publisher = American Museum of Natural History|series = Monograph series, no. 1|url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10287437#page/175/mode/1up|oclc = 1282520|ref = harv}} * <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Schulze|Streicher|2003 -->{{cite book|last1 = Fitch-Snyder|first1 = Helena|last2 = Schulze|first2 = Helga|last3 = Streicher|first3 = Ulrike|chapter = Enclosure design for captive slow and pygmy lorises|editor-last = Shekelle, Myron; Maryanto, Ibnu; Groves, Colin; Schulze, Helga; Fitch-Snyder, Helena|year = 2003|publisher = LIPI Press|location = Cibinong, Indonesia|isbn = 978-979-799-263-7|title = Primates of the Oriental Night. Proceedings of the Indonesian Workshop: Taxonomy, husbandry, and conservation of tarsiers and lorises. Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–25 February 2003|url = http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/gursky-doyen/publications/Gursky%202008b.pdf|pages = 123–135|format = PDF|ref = harv}} * <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = H. | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = K. | title = Lorises: The Surprise Primate | journal = ZooNooz | year = 2008 | publisher = San Diego Zoo | issn = 0044-5282 | pages = 10–14 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Flynn|Morgan|2005 -->{{cite book|last1 = Flynn|first1 = L.J.|last2 = Morgan|first2 = M.E.|publisher = Brill Academic Publishers|isbn = 978-0-391-04247-6|year = 2005|pages = 81–101|chapter = New lower primates from the Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan|title = Interpreting the past: Essays on human, primate, and mammal evolution in honor of David Pilbeam|editor1-last = Lieberman|editor1-first = D.E.|editor2-last = Smith|editor2-first = R.J.|editor3-last = Kelley|editor3-first = J|ref = harv}} * <!-- Forbes|1896 -->{{cite book|last1 = Forbes|first1 = Henry O.|title = A Hand-book to the Primates|year = 1896|volume = 1|location = London|publisher = E. Lloyd|url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10100678|ref = harv}} * <!-- Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812 -->{{cite book|last1 = Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|first1 = Étienne|journal = Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle|year = 1812|title = Suite au Tableau des Quadrummanes. Seconde Famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini|volume = 19|pages = 156–170|url = http://www.archive.org/stream/annalesdumusum19mus#page/164/mode/2up|language = French|ref = harv}} * <!-- Groves|2001 -->{{cite book|last = Groves|first = C.P.|title = Primate Taxonomy|location = Washington, D.C.|publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press|year = 2001|isbn = 978-1-56098-872-4|oclc = 44868886|ref = harv}} * <!-- Groves|2005 -->{{MSW3 Primates|id=12100112}} * <!-- Groves|1971 -->{{cite book|contribution = Systematics of the genus ''Nycticebus''|last1 = Groves|first1 = Colin P.|year = 1971|title = Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Primatology|volume = 1|location = Zürich, Switzerland|pages = 44–53|ref = harv}} * <!-- Groves|Maryanto|2008 -->{{cite book|last1 = Groves|first1 = C.|last2 = Maryanto|first2 = I.|year = 2008|publisher = Indonesian Institute of Sciences|location = Cibinong, Indonesia|pages = 115–122|chapter = Craniometry of slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') of insular Southeast Asia|title = Primates of the Oriental Night|editor1-last = Shekelle|editor1-first = M.|editor2-last = Maryanto|editor2-first = I.|editor3-last = Groves|editor3-first = C.|editor4-last = Schulze|editor4-first= H.|editor5-last=Fitch-Snyder|editor5-first=H.|ref = harv|displayeditors=5}} * <!-- Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007 -->{{Cite book|last1 = Hagey|first1 = L.R.|last2 = Fry|first2 = B.G.|last3 = Fitch-Snyder|first3 = H.|doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12|title = Primate Anti-Predator Strategies|editor1-last = Gursky|editor1-first = S.L.|editor2-last = Nekaris|editor2-first = K.A.I.|chapter = Chapter 12: Talking Defensively, a Dual Use for the Brachial Gland Exudate of Slow and Pygmy Lorises|pages = 253–272|year = 2007|publisher = Springer|location = New York|isbn = 0-387-34807-7|url = http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf|format = PDF|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5ve55eWIW?url=http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf|archivedate = 2011-01-11|pmid = |pmc = |ref = harv|access-date = 2015-12-31|dead-url = no}} * <!-- Husson|Holthuis|1953 -->{{cite journal|last1=Husson|first1=A.M.|last2=Holthuis|first2=L.B.|year=1953|title=On the early editions of Lacépède's "Tableaux des mammifères et des oiseaux", with remarks on two hitherto overlooked species: ''Lori bengalensis'' Lacépède, 1800, and ''Ornithorhynchus novae hollandiae'' Lacépède, 1800|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|volume=32|issue=19|pages=211–219|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318622|ref=harv}} * <!-- Krane|Itagaki|Nakanishi|Weldon|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Krane | first1 = S. | last2 = Itagaki | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nakanishi | first3 = K. | last4 = Weldon | first4 = P. J. | title = "Venom" of the slow loris: sequence similarity of prosimian skin gland protein and Fel d 1 cat allergen | doi = 10.1007/s00114-002-0394-z| journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 60–62 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12590298| pmc = | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/nakanishi/publication/720-Venom%20of%20the%20Slow%20Loris-%20Sequence%20Similarity%20of%20Prosimian%20Skin%20Gland%20Protein%20and%20Fel%20d%201%20Cat%20Allergen.pdf| format = PDF| ref = harv|bibcode = 2003NW.....90...60K }} * <!-- Lacépède|1800 -->{{cite journal | last = Lacépède | first = B.G.E. de la Ville comte de | year = 1800 | location = Paris | publisher = imprimerie du cercle-social | journal = Séances des écoles normales, recueillies par des sténographes, et revues par les professeurs | title = Classification des oiseaux et des mammifères | volume = 9 | issue = appendix |pages = 1–86 | language = French | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0u4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA68 | ref = harv}}<!-- See Husson and Holthuis (1953) for fuller discussion of this work.--> * <!-- Lydekker|1893 -->{{cite journal | last = Lydekker | first = R. | title = Mammalia | journal = Zoological Record | year = 1893 | volume = 29 | pages = 55&nbsp;pp | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=rrLlB6mBQOYC&pg=RA1-PA25 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Martin|1979 -->{{cite book|last = Martin|first = R.D.|year =1979|chapter = Phylogenetic aspects of prosimian behavior|editor = Doyle, G.A.; Martin, R.D|title = The Study of Prosimian Behavior|url = https://archive.org/details/studyofprosimian0000unse|publisher = Academic Press|location = New York, New York|isbn = 978-0-12-222150-7|oclc = 3912930|ref = harv}} * <!-- McGreal|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = McGreal | first = S. | title = Vet Describes the Plight of Indonesia's Primates | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | pages = 7–8 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/103_v35_nl_2008-05.pdf#page=7 | format = PDF | ref = harv}} * <!-- Mein|Ginsburg|1997 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Mein | first1 = P. | last2 = Ginsburg | first2 = L. | year = 1997 | title = Les mammifères du gisement miocène inférieur de Li Mae Long, Thaïlande : systématique, biostratigraphie et paléoenvironnement | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 783–844 | issn = 1280-9659 | ref = harv}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203305/http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g97n4a4.html Abstract in French and English]. * <!-- Menon|2009 -->{{cite book|title = Mammals of India|last = Menon|first = Vivek|year = 2009|location = Princeton, New Jersey|publisher = Princeton University Press|isbn = 978-0-691-14067-4|ref = harv}} * <!-- Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Munds | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Ford | first3 = S. M. | title = Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species ''Nycticebus kayan'' (Primates, Lorisidae)| doi = 10.1002/ajp.22071 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–56 | year = 2013| origyear=2012 online| url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf | format = PDF| pmid = 23255350| pmc = | ref = harv }} * <!-- Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Navarro-Montes | first1 = Angelina | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = Anna | last3 = Parish | first3 = Tricia J. | title = Trade in Asian slow lorises (''Nycticebus''): using education workshops to counter an increase in illegal trade | journal = Living Forests | year = 2009 | issue = 15 | url = http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5w1Asy2fc?url=http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php | archivedate = 2011-01-26 | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 | dead-url = yes }} * <!-- Sfn|Nekaris|2014 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | title = Extreme primates: Ecology and evolution of Asian lorises | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | year = 2014 | volume = 23 | pages = 177–187 | url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/evan.21425.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv | doi=10.1002/evan.21425}} * <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2010 -->{{cite book|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K.A.I.|last2 = Bearder|first2 = S.K.|chapter = Chapter 4: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness|year = 2010|pages = [https://archive.org/details/primatesinperspe0000unse/page/34 34]–54|title = Primates in Perspective|url = https://archive.org/details/primatesinperspe0000unse|editor1-last = Campbell|editor1-first = C.|editor2-last = Fuentes|editor2-first = C.A.|editor3-last = MacKinnon|editor3-first = K.|editor4-last = Bearder|editor4-first = S.|editor5-last = Stumpf|editor5-first = R.|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York, New York|isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Munds|2010 -->{{Cite book|editor1-last = Gursky-Doyen|editor1-first = S.|editor2-last = Supriatna|editor2-first = J|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K.A.I.|last2 = Munds|first2 = R.|title = Indonesian Primates|url = https://archive.org/details/indonesianprimat00gurs_095|chapter = Chapter 22: Using facial markings to unmask diversity: the slow lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'' spp.) of Indonesia|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22|pages = [https://archive.org/details/indonesianprimat00gurs_095/page/n384 383]–396|year = 2010|publisher = Springer|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-4419-1559-7|pmid =|pmc =|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Shepherd | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Starr | first3 = C. R. | last4 = Nijman | first4 = V. | title = Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (''Loris'' and ''Nycticebus'') in South and Southeast Asia | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20842 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72 | issue = 10 | pages = 877–886| year = 2010 | pmid = 20806336| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Starr|Collins|2010 -->{{Cite book|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K. A. I.|last2 = Starr|first2 = C. R.|last3 = Collins|first3 = R. L.|last4 = Wilson|first4 = A.|chapter = Comparative ecology of exudate feeding by lorises (''Nycticebus'', ''Loris'') and pottos (''Perodicticus'', ''Arctocebus'')|editor1-last = Burrows|editor1-first = A. M.|editor2-last = Nash|editor2-first = L. T|title = Evolution of Exudativory in Primates|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2_8|pages = 155–168|year = 2010|pmid =|pmc =|publisher = Springer|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-4419-6660-5|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2007 -->{{cite book|last1 = Nekaris|first1 = K.A.I.|last2 = Bearder|first2 = S.K.|chapter = Chapter 3: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness|year = 2007|pages = 28–33|title = Primates in Perspective|editor1-last = Campbell|editor1-first = C.|editor2-last = Fuentes|editor2-first = C.A.|editor3-last = MacKinnon|editor3-first = K.|editor4-last = Panger|editor4-first = M.|editor5-last = Stumpf|editor5-first = R.|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York, New York|isbn = 978-0-19-517133-4|ref = harv}} * <!-- Nekaris|Jaffe|2007 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Jaffe | first2 = S. | title = Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (''Nycticebus spp.'') within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy | journal = Contributions to Zoology | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | year = 2007 | pages = 187–196 | url = http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz | format = PDF | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5vc6Jc13z?url=http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz | archivedate = 2011-01-09 | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 | dead-url = yes }} * <!-- Nekaris|Nijman|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | doi = 10.1159/000102316 | title = CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'') | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 78 | pages = 211–214 | year = 2007 | url = http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf | format = PDF | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5ve9g2CbZ?url=http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf | archivedate = 2011-01-11 | deadurl = no | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 }} * <!-- Nowak|1999 -->{{cite book|last = Nowak|first = R.M.|year = 1999|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|title = Walker's Mammals of the World|edition = 6th|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=unODoWa7CM4C&printsec=frontcover|location = Baltimore, Maryland|isbn = 0-8018-5789-9|ref = harv}} * <!-- Osman Hill|1953a -->{{cite book|last1 = Osman Hill|first1 = W.C.|year = 1953a|title = Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini|url = https://archive.org/details/primatescomparat0002hill|publisher = Edinburgh University Press|series = Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3|oclc = 500576914|ref = harv}} * <!-- Osman Hill|1953b -->{{cite journal | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00153.x | title = Early records of the slender loris and its allies | journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume = 123 | issue = 1| pages = 43–47| year = 1953b | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Palmer|1904 -->{{cite book|last = Palmer|first = T.S.|title = Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals|year = 1904|publisher = Washington: G.P.O|url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27792212|oclc = 1912921|ref = harv}} * <!-- Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Pan | first1 = D. | last2 = Chen | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Groves | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang |first4 = Y. X. | last5 = Narushima | first5 = E. | last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H. | last7 = Crow | first7 = P. | last8 = Jinggong | first8 = X. | last9 = Thanh | first9 = V. N. | last10 = Ryder | first10 = O. | last11 = Chemnick | first11 = L. | last12 = Zhang | first12 = H. W. | last13 = Fu | first13 = Y. X. | last14 = Zhang | first14 = Y. P. | title = Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' | doi = 10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 791–799 | year = 2007 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv| display-authors = 8}} * <!-- Payne|Francis|Phillipps|Kartikasari|2000 -->{{Cite book |last1 = Payne|first1 = J. |last2 = Francis|first2 = C. M. |last3 = Phillipps|first3 = K. |last4 = Kartikasari|first4 = S. N. |title = Mamalia di Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak & Brunei Darussalam|doi =|pages = 386|year = 2000|pmid =|pmc =|publisher = WCS|location = Bogor|isbn = 979-95964-0-8|ref = harv}} * <!-- Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011 -->{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342 | last1 = Perelman | first1 = P. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Roos | first3 = C. | last4 = Seuánez | first4 = H. N. | last5 = Horvath | first5 = J. E. | last6 = Moreira | first6 = M. A. M. | pmc = 3060065 | last7 = Kessing | first7 = B. | last8 = Pontius | first8 = J. | last9 = Roelke | first9 = M. | last10 = Rumpler | first10 = Y. | last11 = Schneider | first11 = M. P. | last12 = Silva | first12 = A. | last13 = O'Brien | first13 = S. J. | last14 = Pecon-Slattery | first14 = J. | editor1-last = Brosius | editor1-first = Jürgen | title = A molecular phylogeny of living primates | journal = PLoS Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001342 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21436896| ref = harv}} * <!-- Phillips|Walker|2002 -->{{cite book|last1 = Phillips|first1 = E.M.|last2 = Walker|first2 = A.|year = 2002|chapter = Chapter 6: Fossil lorisoids|editor1-last = Hartwig|editor1-first = W.C|title = The Primate Fossil Record|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, New York|isbn = 978-0-521-66315-1|ref = harv}} * <!-- Pocock|1939 -->{{cite book|last1 = Pocock|first1 = R.I.|publisher = Taylor and Francis|location=London|year = 1939|title = The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia, vol. 1|ref=harv}} * <!-- Rowe|1996 -->{{cite book|last = Rowe|first = Noel|title = The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates|url = https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe_p5o5|year = 1996|publisher = Pogonias Press|location = East Hampton, New York|isbn = 0-9648825-0-7|ref = harv}} * <!-- Sanchez|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = Sanchez | first = K.L. | title = Indonesia's Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | year = 2008 | publisher = International Primate Protection League | issn = 1040-3027 | page = 10 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf#page=10 | format = PDF | ref = harv}} * <!-- Seiffert|Simons|Attia|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E.R. | last2 = Simons | first2 = E.L. | last3 = Attia | first3 = Y. | doi = 10.1038/nature01489 | title = Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-03-27_422_6930/page/421 | journal = Nature | volume = 422| issue = 6930 | pages = 421–424| year = 2003 | pmid = 12660781| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E.R. | last2 = Simons | first2 = E.L. | last3 = Ryan | first3 = T.M. | last4 = Attia | first4 = Y. | title = Additional remains of ''Wadilemur elegans'', a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0505310102 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 102 | issue = 32 | pages = 11396–11401 | year = 2005 | pmid = | pmc = | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/102/32/11396.full.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv}} * <!-- Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Starr | first1 = C. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Streicher | first3 = U. | last4 = Leung | first4 = L. | title = Traditional use of slow lorises ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation | doi = 10.3354/esr00285 | journal = Endangered Species Research | year = 2010 | volume = 12| issue = 1| pages = 17–23| url = http://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/12/n012p017.pdf| format = PDF| pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Stone|Rehn|1902 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Stone | first1 = Witmer | last2 = Rehn | first2 = James A.G. | year = 1902 | title = A collection of mammals from Sumatra, with a review of genera ''Nycticebus'' and ''Tragulus'' | journal = Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | volume = 54 | pages = 127–142 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GPkbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Sussman|2003| -->{{cite book|last = Sussman|first = R.W.|title= Primate Ecology and Social Structure|volume = Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs, and Tarsiers|edition = Revised First|publisher = Pearson Custom Publishing|location = Boston, Massachusetts|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0-536-74363-3|ref = harv}} * <!-- Tan|Drake|2001 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Tan | first1 = C. L. | last2 = Drake | first2 = J. H. | doi = 10.1159/000049918 | title = Evidence of tree gouging and exudate eating in pygmy slow lorises (''Nycticebus pygmaeus'')| journal = Folia Primatologica | volume = 72| issue = 1| pages = 37–39 | year = 2001 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Thomas|1922 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = Oldfield | authorlink1 = Oldfield Thomas | year = 1922 | title = Note on the nomenclature of the Northern Slow-loris | journal = The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 28 | page = 433 | url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30113007#page/565/mode/1up | ref=harv}} * <!-- Thorn|Nijman|Smith|Nekaris|2009 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Thorn | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Nijman | first2 = V. | last3 = Smith | first3 = D. | last4 = Nekaris | first4 = K.A.I. | title = Ecological niche modelling as a technique for assessing threats and setting conservation priorities for Asian slow lorises (Primates:''Nycticebus'') | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00535.x | journal = Diversity and Distributions | volume = 15 | pages = 289–298| year = 2009 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Swapna|Radhakrishna|Gupta|Kumar|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Radhakrishna | first2 = S. | last3 = Gupta | first3 = A.K. | last4 = Kumar | first4 = A. | title = Exudativory in the Bengal slow loris (''Nycticebus bengalensis'') in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Tripura, northeast India | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20760 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72| issue = 2| pages = 113–121| year = 2010 | pmid = 19937974| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Swapna|Gupta|Radhakrishna|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Swapna | first1 = N. | last2 = Gupta | first2 = Atul | last3 = Radhakrishna | first3 = Sindhu | title = Distribution survey of Bengal Slow Loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' in Tripura, northeastern India | journal = Asian Primates Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–40 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv | access-date = 2015-12-31 | archive-date = 2011-07-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185114/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.1.bengalensis.pdf | dead-url = yes }} * <!-- Utami|Van Hooff|1997 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Utami | first1 = S. S. | last2 = Van Hooff | first2 = J. A. R. A. M. | year = 1997| title = Meat-eating by adult female Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo pygmæus abelii'') | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:2<159::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-W| pmid = 9327098| pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wang|Su|Lan|Liu|1996 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Wen | last2 = Su | first2 = Bing | last3 = Lan | first3 = Hong | last4 = Liu | first4 = Ruiqing | last5 = Zhu | first5 = Chunling | last6 = Nie | first6 = Wenhui | last7 = Chen | first7 = Yuze | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Yaping | title = Interspecific differentiation of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') inferred from ribosomal DNA restriction maps | journal = Zoological Research | year = 1996 | volume = 17 | pages = 89–93 | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wiens|2002 -->{{Cite thesis | degree = Ph.D. | title = Behavior and ecology of wild slow lorises (''Nycticebus coucang''): social organization, infant care system, and diet | url = http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | last = Wiens | first = Frank | year = 2002 | publisher = Bayreuth University | ref = harv | access-date = 2024-04-01 | archive-date = 2012-03-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120309212455/http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966021282&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=966021282.pdf | url-status = dead }} * <!-- Wiens|Zitzmann|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank| last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette| doi = 10.1017/S0952836903003947 | title = Social structure of the solitary slow loris ''Nycticebus coucang'' (Lorisidae) | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 261| issue = 1| pages = 35–46 | year = 2003 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wiens|Zitzmann|Hussein|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wiens | first1 = Frank | last2 = Zitzmann | first2 = Annette | last3 = Hussein | first3 = Nor Azman | doi = 10.1644/06-MAMM-A-007R1.1 | title = Fast food for slow lorises: is low metabolism related to secondary compounds in high-energy plant diet? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2006-08_87_4/page/790 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 790–798 | year = 2006 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv}} * <!-- Wilde|1972 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Wilde | first1 = H. | title = Anaphylactic shock following bite by a 'slow loris', ''Nycticebus coucang'' | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 592–594 | year = 1972 | pmid = 5075669 | issn = 00029637 | ref = harv }} * <!-- Worcester|Bourns|1905 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Worcester | first1 = D.C. | last2 = Bourns | first2 = F.S. | year = 1905 | title = Letters from the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands | journal = Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences | volume = 4 | pages = 131–172 | ref = harv | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FI0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131}} * <!-- Zhang|Cheng|Shi|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Y. -P. | last2 = Chen | first2 = Z. -P. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. -M. | doi = 10.1007/BF02196510 | title = Phylogeny of the slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus''): an approach using mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis | url = https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-primatology_1993-02_14_1/page/167 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–175 | year = 1993 | pmid = | pmc = | ref = harv }} {{Refend}} === Pranala jaba === * [http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/4/3/loris-trade-not-so-slow.html TRAFFIC: Loris trade not so slow] * [http://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/projects/25/Saving+the+slow+loris.html International Animal Rescue: Saving the slow loris]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121230042/http://internationalanimalrescue.org/projects/25/Saving+the+slow+loris.html |date=2013-01-21 }} * [http://nocturama.org/ Dr. Anna Nekaris' research and conservation] * [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/slow_loris Primate Fact Sheets: Slow loris (''Nycticebus'')] * [http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium Slow loris skeleton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422101524/https://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium |date=2024-04-22 }} * [http://www.loris-conservation.org/ Asian loris and African pottos conservation website directory] {{Subject bar | book = Slow loris | portal1 = Primates | portal2 = Asia | commons = y | commons-search = Nycticebus | species = y | species-search = Nycticebus}} {{Lorisidae nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q74941}} [[Kategori:Nycticebus]] [[Kategori:Mamalia Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Satwa liar dilindungi ring Indonésia]] dj76ikcedu49els8jxhctxbnxgqa2pd 0 27183 280219 185373 2026-08-13T22:57:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Lebah Oder Sor | alt_name = Nationalpark Unteres Odertal | photo = National Park Lower Oder Valley.jpg | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Pamandangan lebah Oder sor saking menara observasi Stützkow | photo_width = | iucn_category = II | map = Germany | relief = yes | map_width = 240 | map = Germany | relief = 1 | label = '''TN Lebah Oder Sor''' | label_position = left | map_caption = Genah ring Brandenburg | location = {{flagicon|Jerman}} [[Brandenburg]], [[Jerman]] | nearest_city = [[Schwedt]] | coordinates = {{coord|53|03|0|N|14|16|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{Convert|165|km2|abbr=on}} Total<br />{{Convert|105|km2|abbr=on}} Jerman<br />{{Convert|60|km2|abbr=on}} Polandia | established = 1997 | governing_body = Nationalparkverwaltung Unteres Odertal<br />Park 2<br />16303 Schwedt }} [[Taman Internasional Lebah Oder Sor]] inggih punika cagar palemahan sarengan [[Jerman]]-[[Polandia]]. Punika ngajangkepin sisi kawan [[tukad Oder]] ({{lang-pl|Odra}}) jero distrik [[Uckermark (distrik)|Uckermark]] ring negara wagian [[Brandenburg]], Jerman taler sisi kangin sané nuceb ring [[Kabupatén Gryfino|Gryfino]] miwah [[Pradésa Police|Police]] kabupatén ring kalér [[Voivodeship Zachodniopomorskie|Voivodeship Pomérania Kawan]], Polandia. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commonscat|Nationalpark Unteres Odertal}} * [http://www.nationalpark-unteres-odertal.eu Situs taman nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013005145/http://www.nationalpark-unteres-odertal.eu/ |date=2017-10-13 }} * [http://www.unteres-odertal.de Asosiasi Pariwisata] {{in lang|de}} {{Taman Nasional ring Jérman}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Jérman|Oder]] 1dap6rg67j6107ejanxl3forphe23x0 0 27960 280225 209348 2026-08-14T04:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Métropolitan Indonésia | nama = {{hlist|Surabaya Raya|Gerbangkertosusila}} | foto = {{multiple image | perrow = 1/2/2/2/2 | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image1 = Downtown of Central Surabaya.jpg | image2 = Aerial of Gresik, and Giri Hills, 23 July 2015.jpg | image3 = Sunrise Mall Mojokerto.jpg | image4 = Suramadu Bridge 5.JPG | image5 = Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg | image6 = 2018-06-29 Gelora Delta Sidoarjo.jpg | image7 = Mangrove, Lamongan Regency, East Java, Indonesia 2.jpg }} | caption = Saking duur, kiwa ka tengen: Panorama [[Kota Surabaya]], Pemandangan [[Kabupatén Gresik|Gresik]] saking udara, Cakrawala [[Kota Mojokerto]], [[Kreteg Suramadu]], [[Situs Trowulan]] ring [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Stadion Gelora Delta|Stadion Delta Sidoarjo]], Taru Mangrove ring [[Kabupatén Lamongan|Lamongan]]. | peta = Grebangkertosusila.svg | provinsi = [[Berkas:Flag of East Java.svg|25px]] [[Jawa Timur]] | kota inti = Surabaya | daerah penyangga = [[Kabupatén Gresik]]<br>[[Kabupatén Bangkalan]]<br>[[Kota Mojokerto]]<br>[[Kabupatén Mojokerto]]<br>[[Kabupatén Sidoarjo]]<br>[[Kabupatén Lamongan]] | tanggal peresmian = 1996 | dasar hukum = [[Peraturan Présiden (Indonésia)|Peraturan Présiden]] №80 Warsa 2019 | zona = [[Waktu Indonésia Barat|WIB]] | zona_utc = +7 | kodearea = +62 | luas = 6373.2 | penduduk = 9946291 | penduduktahun = [[2022]] | kepadatan = 1561 }} '''Wawengkon métropolitan Surabaya''', sané kaloktah antuk parinama '''Gerbangkertosusila''' (ancengan saking [[Kabupatén Gresik|Gresik]]–[[Kabupatén Bangkalan|Bangkalan]]–[[Kota Mojokerto|Mojokerto]]–[[Kota Surabaya|Surabaya]]–[[Kabupatén Sidoarjo|Sidoarjo]]–[[Kabupatén Lamongan|Lamongan]]), inggih punika [[wawengkon métropolitan]] ring [[Jawa Timur]], [[Indonésia]]. Wawengkon métropolitan puniki dados pinih ageng kaping kalih ring Indonésia, sesampun [[wawengkon métropolitan Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Presiden Teken Prepres Percepatan Pembangunan Gerbangkertosusila|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/588614/presiden-teken-prepres-percepatan-pembangunan-gerbangkertosusila|work=BeritaSatu|locaiton=Jakarta|publisher=B Universe|language=id|access-date=2023-09-12|archive-date=2020-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804204104/https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/588614/presiden-teken-prepres-percepatan-pembangunan-gerbangkertosusila|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Démografi == Dados wawidangan métropolitan pinih ageng nomor kalih sasampun [[Jabodetabek]], Gerbangkertosusila madué akéh krama pinih akéh kadadua sasampun '''Jabodetabek'''. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right" !Wawengkon Administratip !Jimbar (km²) 2021 !Akéh krama (diri) 2021 !Kepadatan (diri/km²) 2021 |- |align=left| [[Kabupatén Gresik]] |1.191,25 |1.320.570 |1.108,56 |- |align=left| [[Kabupatén Bangkalan]] |1.001,44 |1.060.377 |1.058,85 |- |align=left| [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]] |717,83 |1.125.522 |1.567,95 |- |align=left| [[Kota Mojokerto]] |20,21 |133.272 |6.594,36 |- |align=left| [[Kota Surabaya]] |350,54 |2.880.284 |8.216,7 |- |align=left| [[Kabupatén Sidoarjo]] |634,38 |2.064.168 |3.253,84 |- |align=left| [[Kabupatén Lamongan]] |1.782,05 |1.356.027 |760,94 |- |align=left style="border-top:3px solid grey;"| '''Total''' |style="border-top:3px solid grey;" | ''' 5.697,7''' |style="border-top:3px solid grey;" | ''' 9.940.220''' |style="border-top:3px solid grey;" | ''' 1.744,6''' |- |} <small> Wit: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Provinsi Jawa Timur<ref>{{cite report|url=https://jatim.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=MzM2OTlmNmZjZDg0ZTBlMmEwYWQ5NmYw&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly9qYXRpbS5icHMuZ28uaWQvcHVibGljYXRpb24vMjAyMi8wMi8yNS8zMzY5OWY2ZmNkODRlMGUyYTBhZDk2ZjAvcHJvdmluc2ktamF3YS10aW11ci1kYWxhbS1hbmdrYS0yMDIyLmh0bWw%3D&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMi0xMS0wNiAxNDoyOToyOQ%3D%3D|title=Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2022|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Provinsi Jawa Timur|location=[[Surabaya]]}}</ref></small> == Cingak malih == * [[Wawengkon métropolitan Padang|Palapa]] * [[Lis wawengkon métropolitan ring Indonésia]] * [[Kota Padang]] * [[Kota Pariaman]] * [[Kabupatén Padang Pariaman]] * [[Jabodetabekpunjur]] * [[Pekansikawan]] * [[Mebidangro]] * [[Cekungan Bandung]] * [[Purwasuka]] * [[Wawengkon métropolitan Cirebon|Rebana]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == * {{id}} [http://werdhapura.penataanruang.net/index.php?option=com_jfusion&jfile=doku.php&id=isu_strategis;metropolitan&Itemid=11&jfile=doku.php&id=isu_strategis;metropolitan&do=backlink Balai Informasi Penataan Ruang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609051443/http://werdhapura.penataanruang.net/index.php?option=com_jfusion&jfile=doku.php&id=isu_strategis;metropolitan&Itemid=11&jfile=doku.php&id=isu_strategis;metropolitan&do=backlink |date=2015-06-09 }} * {{id}} [http://sitr.jatimprov.go.id/rtrw/rencana-struktur-ruang/sistem-pusat-pelayanan/fungsi-perwilayahan/gks-plus Sistem Informasi Tata Ruang Jawa Timur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706033150/http://sitr.jatimprov.go.id/rtrw/rencana-struktur-ruang/sistem-pusat-pelayanan/fungsi-perwilayahan/gks-plus |date=2012-07-06 }} * {{id}} [http://www.surabaya.go.id Situs Resmi Kota Surabaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029055355/http://www.surabaya.go.id/ |date=2011-10-29 }} * {{id}} [http://www.gresik.go.id Situs Resmi Kabupatén Gresik]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823194834/http://gresik.go.id/ |date=2011-08-23 }} * {{id}} [http://www.bangkalankab.go.id Situs Resmi Kabupatén Bangkalan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301115836/http://www.bangkalankab.go.id/ |date=2022-03-01 }} * {{id}} [http://www.mojokertokab.go.id Situs Resmi Kabupatén Mojokerto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222201957/http://www.mojokertokab.go.id/ |date=2010-12-22 }} * {{id}} [http://www.mojokertokota.go.id Situs Resmi Kota Mojokerto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516195635/http://www.mojokertokota.go.id/ |date=2016-05-16 }} * {{id}} [http://www.sidoarjokab.go.id Situs Resmi Kabupatén Sidoarjo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027003914/https://www.sidoarjokab.go.id/ |date=2020-10-27 }} * {{id}} [http://www.lamongankab.go.id Situs Resmi Kabupatén Lamongan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701142508/https://lamongankab.go.id/ |date=2023-07-01 }} {{Métropolitan ring Indonésia}} i1pks37j804enbbdxdv0hntrq82vtt5 0 30119 280105 171134 2026-08-13T17:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Cetacea | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|53.5|0|earliest=|latest=|PS=}}Pamahbah [[Éosén]]&nbsp;– Mangkin | image = The Cetacea.jpg | image_upright = 1.4 | image_caption = Searah jaum jam saking duur: [[paus sperma]] (''Physeter macrocephalus''), [[Lumba-lumba tukad Amazon]] (''Inia geoffrensis''), [[Paus maparuh Blainville]] (''Mesoplodon densirostris''), [[paus sujati kelod]] (''Eubalaena australis''), [[narwhal]] (''Monodon monoceros''), [[Paus bongkok]] (''Megaptera novaeangliae''), [[orka]] (''Orcinus orca''), [[paus klau]] (''Eschrichtius robustus'') miwah [[porpoise labuhan]] (''Phocoena phocoena''). | taxon = Cetacea | authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762 | subdivision_ranks = Parvorders | subdivision = *†[[Archaeoceti]]<br /> (parapilétik) *Neoceti **[[Mysticeti]] **[[Odontoceti]] ''([[#Taksonomi|cingak suratan]] antuk kulawarga)'' | diversity = sawatara 88 spésiés | diversity_link = Lis cetacea }} '''Cetacea''' (saking {{lang-la|[[Cetus (mythology)|cetus]]|lit=[[paus]]}} ({{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|t|eɪ|ʃ|ə}}), saking {{lang-grc|κῆτος|translit=[[Cetus (mitologi)|kētos]]|lit = ulam ageng}}, raksasa segara)<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-02/27-02_Ranneft.PDF |first1=D. |last1=M. Raneft |first2=H. |last2=Eaker |first3=R. |last3=W. Davis |year=2001 |title=A guide to the pronunciation and meaning of cetacean taxonomic names |journal=Aquatic Mammals |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=185 |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2016-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327235028/http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-02/27-02_Ranneft.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> inggih punika [[infraorder]] saking [[mamalia toya]] ngajangkepin [[paus]], [[lumba-lumba]], miwah [[porpoise]]. Ceciren utama inggih punika kauripan ipun sané sapenuh nyané akuatik, awak ipun ramping, ketah nyané maukuran ageng miwah diet éksklusif karnivora. Ipun nuuk ragané ngetasin toya antuk gerakan menék-tuun sané kuat saking ikut ipun sekadi dayung, nganggén batis malun ipun sané marupa képés antuk seliak seliuk.<ref>{{cite journal|last=E. Fish|first=Frank|year=2002|title=Balancing Requirements for Stability and Maneuverability in Cetaceans|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_integrative-and-comparative-biology_2002-02_42_1/page/85|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=85–93|doi=10.1093/icb/42.1.85|pmid=21708697|s2cid=25036870}}</ref> == Taksonomi == {{Clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;width:820px; |label1=[[Artiodactyla]]&nbsp; |1={{Clade |1=[[Tylopoda]] (unta)[[File:Cladogram of Cetacea within Artiodactyla (Camelus bactrianus).png|50 px]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Artiofabula]]&nbsp; |2={{Clade |1=&nbsp; [[Suina]] (bawi)[[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 80) (white background).jpg|50 px]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Cetruminantia]]&nbsp; |2={{Clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Ruminantia]] (ruminansia)&nbsp; |1={{Clade |1=&nbsp;[[Chevrotain|Tragulidae]] (kancil)[[File:Tragulus napu - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50 px]] |2=&nbsp;[[Pecora]] (beburon matanduk)[[File:Walia ibex illustration white background.png|50 px]] }} |label2=&nbsp;[[Cetancodonta]]/[[Whippomorpha]]&nbsp; |2={{Clade |1=&nbsp;[[Hippopotamidae]] (''kuda nil'')[[File:Voyage en Abyssinie Plate 2 (white background).jpg|50 px]] |2=&nbsp;'''Cetacea''' (paus)[[File:Bowhead-Whale1 (16273933365).jpg|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }} {{Cladogram |title=<small>Silsilah cetacea sané punah miwah sané kantun<ref>{{cite journal|author1=John Gatesy|author2=Jonathan H. Geisler|author3=Joseph Chang|author4=Carl Buell|author5=Annalisa Berta|author6=Robert W. Meredith|author7=Mark S. Springer|author8=Michael R. McGowen|url=https://www.montclair.edu/profilepages/media/5008/user/Gatesy_et_al._2012_A_phylogenetic_blueprint_for_a_modern_whale.pdf|title=A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2012|access-date=4 Séptémber 2015|volume=66|issue=2|pages=479–506|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012|pmid=23103570}}</ref></small>: |caption=† Taksa punah |cladogram= {{Clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;width:580px; |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Raoellidae]] † |label1=&nbsp;'''Cetacea'''&nbsp; |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Pakicetidae]] † |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Ambulocetidae]] † [[File:Ambulocetus BW.jpg|50 px]] |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Remingtonocetidae]] † |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;''[[Rodhocetus]]'' † |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;''[[Dorudon]]'' † |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;''[[Basilosaurus]]'' † [[File:Basilosaurus cropped.png|50 px]] |1={{Clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Paus magigi]]&nbsp; |1={{Clade |2={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Paus spérma]] (Physeteridae) [[File:Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg|50 px]] |1=&nbsp;[[Paus spérma alit]] (Kogiidae) [[File:Kogia sima (transparent background).png|50 px]] }} |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Lumba-lumba tukad Asia Kelod]] (Platanistidae) |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Paus maparuh]] (Ziphiidae) [[File:Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg|50 px]] |1={{Clade |2={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Pontoporiidae]] [[File:Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg|50 px]] |1=&nbsp;[[Iniidae]] }} |label1=&nbsp;[[Delphinoidea]]&nbsp; |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Lumba-lumba segara]] (Delphinidae) [[File:Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg|50 px]] |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Porpoise]]&nbsp;(Phocoenidae) [[File:Vaquita swimming through the void. (Phocoena Sinus).png|50 px]] |1=&nbsp;[[paus béluga|Béluga]], [[narwhal]] (Monodontidae) [[File:Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=&nbsp;[[Paus balin]]&nbsp; |2={{Clade |2=&nbsp;''[[Janjucetus]]'' † |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Balaenidae|paus sujati]] (Balaenidae) [[File:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg|50 px]] |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Paus sujati alit]] (Neobalaeninae) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Caperea marginata 3.jpg|50 px]]</span> |1={{Clade |2=&nbsp;[[Paus klau]] (Eschrichtiidae) [[File:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg|50 px]] |1=&nbsp;[[Balaenopteridae|Paus balung]] (Balaenopteridae) [[File:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} == Pustaka == ke4bon6mhn390xvcj8epyda6gk3f4bi 0 31061 280203 216854 2026-08-13T21:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name = Acéh |nativename = باس اچيه<br />''Basa Acèh'' |familycolor = Austronesian |states = {{Flag|Indonésia}} |region = * [[Acéh]] (Wawidangan Otonom Indonésia) |ethnicity = [[Wong Acéh|Acéh]] |speakers = 3.500.000 (2000)<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ace Ethnologue]</ref> |fam1 = [[Rumpun basa Austronésia|Austronésia]] |fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Melayu-Polinésia|Melayu-Polinésia]] |fam3 = [[Rumpun basa Chamik|Chamik]] |script = * [[Alfabet Latin]] * [[Abjad Arab]] ([[Abjad Jawi|Jawi]]) |iso2 = ace |iso3 = ace |contoh_berkas = WIKITONGUES- T.A., Iqbal, and Kalam speaking Acehnese.webm |contoh_deskripsi= Dadua jadma penutur basa Acéh |sk = NE |HAM = ya |contoh_teks = Bandum ureuëng lahé deungon meurdéhka, dan deungon martabat dan hak njang saban. Ngon akai geuseumiké, ngon haté geumeurasa, bandum geutanjoë lagèë sjèëdara. Hak dan keumuliaan. |contoh_suara = Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ace - adam - Art1.ogg |pranala_HAM = https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/achehnese }} '''Basa Acéh''' utawi '''Basa Achi''' ([[Aksara Jawi|Jawi]]: بهسا اچيه) inggih punika [[basa Austronésia]] sané sujatiné kabaosang olih [[wong Acéh]] ring [[Acéh]], [[Nusa Sumatera]], [[Indonésia]]. Basa puniki taler katuturang olih warih Acéh ring makudang pahan [[Malaysia]] sekadi [[Yan, Kedah|Yan]], ring [[Kedah]]. == Galeri == <gallery> Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handgeschreven boek in Acehs schrift TMnr 2454-1.jpg|Hikayat Akhbarul Karim Berkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Handgeschreven boek in Acehs schrift TMnr 2454-2.jpg|Hikayat Banta Beuransah </gallery> == Pustaka == === Cutetan batis === {{reflist}} === Lis pustaka === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Al-Harbi |first=Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi |year=1991 |chapter=Arabic Loanwords in Acehnese |editor1=Bernard Comrie |editor2=Mushira Eid |title=Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics: Papers from the Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics. Volume III: Salt Lake City, Utah 1989 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=EVBAAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA93&dq=acehnese+language&ots=ZPU2Tgcss4&sig=4Qz-MyXwqIRVEjFj_cM_E1EVg9g&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=acehnese%20language&f=false |isbn=9789027277893 |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last=Al-Harbi |first=Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi |year=2003 |title=Acehnese Coda Condition: An Optimality-Theoretic Account |journal=Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–28 |url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/article/view/604 |ref=harv |access-date=2022-07-19 |archive-date=2023-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917170643/http://roa.rutgers.edu/article/view/604 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last=Asyik |first=Abdul Gani |year=1982 |title=The Agreement System in Acehnese |journal=Mon–Khmer Studies |volume=11 |pages=1–33 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/abdul1982agreement.pdf |ref=harv }} * {{cite thesis |last=Asyik |first=Abdul Gani |year=1987 |title=A Contextual Grammar of Acehnese sentences |type=PhD |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34661847_A_contextual_grammar_of_Acehnese_sentences |ref=harv }} * {{cite thesis |last=Aziz |first=Zulfadli A. |year=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Acehnese with a Focus on West Acehnese: A stigmatised dialect. |type=PhD |publisher=University of Adelaide |url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/92352 |ref=harv }} * {{cite thesis |last=Daud |first=Bukhari |year=1997 |title=Writing and Reciting Acehnese: Perspectives on Language and Literature in Acéh |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Melbourne]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Daud |first1=Bukhari |last2=Durie |first2=Mark |year=1999 |title=Kamus Basa Acéh, Kamus Basa Acéh : Acehnese-Indonésian-English Thesaurus |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C151.pdf |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C151 |location=Canberra |publisher=Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |isbn=978-0-85883-506-1 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Durie |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Durie |year=1985a |title=A Grammar of Acehnese: On the Basis of a Dialect of North Acéh |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=112 |url= |location=Dordrecht, Belanda dan Cinnaminson, AS |publisher=Foris Publications |isbn=9067650749 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |year=1985b |title=Control and Decontrol in Acehnese |url=https://archive.org/details/australian-journal-of-linguistics_1985-06_5_1/page/43 |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=43-53 |doi=10.1080/07268608508599335 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |year=1987 |title=Grammatical Relations in Acehnese |journal=Studies in Language |volume=11 |number=2 |pages=365–399 |doi=10.1075/sl.11.2.05dur |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |year=1988 |title=The So-Called Passive of Acehnese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1988-03_64_1/page/104 |journal=Language |volume=64 |number=1 |pages=104–113 |jstor=414788 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |year=1990 |title=Proto-Chamic and Acehnese Mid Vowels: Towards Proto-Acéh-Chamic |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=100–114 |jstor=618972 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Durie |first=Mark |year=1995 |chapter=Acehnese |editor1=Darrel T. Tryon |title=Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Part 1: Fascicle 1 |series=Trends in Linguistics. Documentation |volume=10 |location=Berlin |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter|De Gruyter Mouton]] |pages=407–420 |isbn=978-3-11-088401-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Durie |first=Mark |year=1996 |title=Framing the Acehnese Text: Language Choice and Discourse Structures in Acéh |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_summer-1996_35_1/page/113 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=113–137 |jstor=3623033 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Lawler |first=John M. |year=1977 |chapter=A Agrees with B in Achenese: A Problem for Relational Grammar |editor1=Peter Cole |editor2=Jerrold M. Sadock |title=Grammatical Relations |series=Syntax and Semantics |volume=8 |location=New York |publisher=Academic Press |pages=219–48 |doi=10.1163/9789004368866_010 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Lawler |first=John M. |year=1988 |title=On the Questions of Acehnese 'Passive' |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=114–117 |doi=10.2307/414789 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Legate |first=Julie Anne |year=2012 |title=Subjects in Acehnese and the Nature of the Passive |journal=Language |volume=88 |number=3 |pages=495–525 |doi=10.1353/lan.2012.0069 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Legate |first=Julie Anne |year=2014 |title=Voice and V: Lessons from Acehnese |location=Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-52660-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=Stefanie |last2=Yusuf |first2=Yunisrina Qismullah |year=2012 |title=An Instrumental Analysis of Acehnese Oral Vowels |journal=Language and Linguistics |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1029–1050 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241688798_An_Instrumental_Analysis_of_Acehnese_Oral_Vowels |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |year=2005 |chapter=Acehnese and the Acéh-Chamic language family |editor1=Anthony Grant |editor2=Paul Sidwell |title=Chamic and Beyond: Studies in Mainland Austronesian Languages |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=569 |pages=211–246 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |chapter-url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-569.211.pdf |ref=harv }} * {{cite journal |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |year=2006 |title=Dating the Separation of Acehnese and Chamic by Etymological Analysis of the Acéh-Chamic Lexicon |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |volume=36 |pages=187–206 |doi=10.15144/MKSJ-36.187 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |chapter=What Can the Mon-Khmer Lexical Borrowings in Acehnese Tell Us? |editor1=John Bowden |editor2=Nikolaus P. Himmelmann |editor3=Malcolm Ross |title=A Journey Through Austronesian and Papuan Linguistic and Cultural Space: Papers in Honour of Andrew K. Pawley |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=615 |pages=271–282 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=2010 |doi=10.15144/PL-615.271 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Stokhof |first=W. A. L. |year=1988 |title=A Modern Grammar of Acehnese: Some Critical Observations |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=144 |issue=2/3 |pages=323–350 |jstor=27863951 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Stokhof |first=W. A. L. |year=1992 |title=On Nasality in Acehnese |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=247–261 |jstor=27864352 |ref=harv}} * {{cite conference |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=The Historical Place of Acehnese: The Known and the Unknown |year=2007 |conference=First International Conference of Acéh and Indian Ocean Studies |location=Banda Acéh |url=http://atdr.unsyiah.ac.id:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/9464 |ref=harv |access-date=2020-04-13 |archive-date=2019-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528035200/http://atdr.unsyiah.ac.id:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/9464 |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite journal |last1=Yusuf |first1=Yunisrina Qismullah |last2=Pillai |first2=Stefanie |year=2016 |title=An Instrumental Study of Oral Vowels in the Kedah Variety of Acehnese |journal=Language Sciences |volume=54 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1016/j.langsci.2015.09.001 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last2=Pillai |first2=Stefanie |last1=Yusuf |first1=Yunisrina Qismullah |last3=Ali |first3=Najwa Tgk. Armia Mohd. |title=Speaking Acehnese in Malaysia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530912000365 |journal=Language & Communication |volume=33 |number=1 |year=2013 |pages=50–60 |doi=10.1016/j.langcom.2012.08.004 |ref=harv }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{InterWiki|code=ace}} {{Wiktionary}} * {{ethnologue|ace}} * {{id}} [http://bahasaaceh.com/ Portal Belajar Basa Acéh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922093211/https://bahasaaceh.com/ |date=2021-09-22 }} * {{id}} [http://meurunoe.nasabe.com/ Belajar Basa Acéh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229155835/http://meurunoe.nasabe.com/ |date=2019-12-29 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6L0Uxzf5-Y&ab_channel=ILoveLanguages%21 Ucapan dan contoh perkataan dalam bahasa Acéh] - kanal I Love Languages di Youtube {{Rumpun basa Chamik}} {{Basa daérah ring Indonésia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Acéh, Basa}} [[Kategori:Basa Acéh| ]] [[Kategori:Wong Acéh]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Acéh]] 0vkie9le3rhck15p1yp4w3ibcxrprbm 0 31168 280139 186125 2026-08-13T18:05:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Garamba | alt_name = | iucn_category = II | photo = Garamba National Park overhead.jpg | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Pamandangan udara taman | map = Républik Démokratik Kongo | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = Genah ring [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] | relief = 1 | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = Républik Démokrasi Kongo | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | area_km2 = 5,200 | established = 1938 | governing_body = {{Flatlist| * [[Taman Afrika]] * [http://www.iccnrdc.cd/index.htm l'Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN)] }} | embedded = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 1980 <small>([[Komité Tetamian Jagat|sési]] ka-4)</small> | designation1_type = Palemahan | designation1_criteria = vii, x | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/136 136] | designation1_free1name = Negara | designation1_free1value = {{COD}} | designation1_free2name = Wawengkon | designation1_free2value = [[Lis Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Afrika|Afrika]] | designation1_free3name = [[Lis Tetamian Jagat ring Marabaya|Kaancem Punah]] | designation1_free3value = 1984–1984;<br/>1996–''mangkin'' }} | embedded1 = | embedded2 = }} '''Taman Nasional Garamba''' inggih punika [[taman nasional]] ring kalér kangin [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] antuk jimbar sawatara {{Convert|2000|sqmi|km2|adj=on}}. Punika silih tunggil taman pinih purwa ring Afrika, miwah katetapang manados [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]] olih [[UNESCO]] ring warsa 1980 antuk pasaiban nyané majeng habitat kritis [[warak petak kalér]], [[gajah]], [[kuda nil]], miwah [[jerapah]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/136 |title = Garamba National Park |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 13 Juni 2021}}</ref> Garamba sampun kakelola olih [[Taman Afrika]] ring pasawitran sareng [[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]] (ICCN), saking warsa 2005. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpi== *{{Cite journal |title = Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986–99) |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2004-07_103_412/page/359 |last= Prunier |first= Gérard |date = July 2004 |journal = African Affairs |doi = 10.1093/afraf/adh050 |issue = 412 |volume = 103 |pages = 359–383 |jstor = 3518562 }} * {{Cite journal|title= The spatial correlates of wildlife distribution around Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo|first1=E.|last1=De Merode|first2=K|last2=Hillman-Smith|first3=A.|last3=Nicholas|first4=A.|last4=Ndey|first5=M.|last5=Likango|pages=2,665–2,683|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=21|date=2000|issue=13–14|doi= 10.1080/01431160050110223|citeseerx = 10.1.1.631.7533|s2cid=3495760}} Note: Published online 25 November 2010. * {{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2016-02-wildlife-miracle-congo-garamba.html|title=Saving the wildlife 'miracle' of Congo's Garamba park|website=[[Phys.org]]|date=18 February 2016|first=Tristan|last=Mcconnell}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2097441/why-hong-kong-should-say-no-ivory-chopsticks|title= Why Hong Kong should say no to ivory chopsticks: African park warden shot trying to stop elephant poaching appeals to city|first=Tessa|last=Chan|date=9 June 2017|work=[[South China Morning Post]]}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Garamba National Park}} {{Wikivoyage|Garamba National Park}} *{{Cite web|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/garamba |title=Garamba |publisher=[[African Parks Network|African Parks]]}} *{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6062 |author=BirdLife International |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Garamba National Park}} * {{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/136|title=Garamba National Park|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} * {{Cite web|url=https://africageographic.com/blog/9-things-you-didnt-know-about-garamba/|title=9 things you didn't know about Garamba|website=Africa Geographic|via=African Parks|date=6 May 2015|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701205230/https://africageographic.com/blog/9-things-you-didnt-know-about-garamba/|url-status=dead}} {{Taman Nasional Républik Démokratik Kongo}} {{Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Républik Démokratik Kongo}} {{Taman Afrika}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Garamba Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Républik Démokratik Kongo]] 47324bw1abjvc9oj6m97jioozvqkow7 0 31407 280218 220149 2026-08-13T22:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Bwindi Impenetrable | iucn_category = II | photo = Gorila de montaña (Gorilla beringei beringei), parque nacional de la Selva Impenetrable de Bwindi, Uganda, 2024-02-02, DD 09.jpg | photo_caption = [[Gorila gunung]] ring [[Wana Bwindi Impenetrable]] | location = [[Distrik Kanungu]], [[Uganda]] | nearest_city = [[Kanungu]] | embedded1 = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 1994 <small>([[Komite Tetamian Jagat|sési]] ka-18)</small> | designation1_type = Palemahan | designation1_criteria = vii, x | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682 682] | designation1_free1name = Negara | designation1_free1value = Uganda | designation1_free2name = Wawengkon | designation1_free2value = [[Lis Situs Tetamian Jagat ring Afrika|Afrika]] ... |website = https://bwindiugandagorillatrekking.com }} | coords = {{coord|01|01|S|29|41|E|region:UG_type:landmark_dim:20000|display=inline,title}} | map = Uganda | map_caption = Genah Taman Nasional Bwindi Impenetrable | area_km2 = 331 | established = 1991 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Otoritas Margasatwa Uganda]] }} '''Taman Nasional Bwindi ten Katembus''' utawi '''Taman Nasional Bwindi Impenetrable''' (TNBI) magenah ring kelod kawan [[Uganda]]. Taman puniki pinaka wagian saking [[Wana Bwindi Impenetrable]] miwah magenah ring selantang pawatesan sareng [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] (RDK) ring sisi [[Taman Nasional Virunga]] miwah sisi [[Albertine Rift]]. Madaging jimbar {{convert|321|km2}} saking [[wana pagunungan]] miwah wana dataran éndép, wantah prasida kaakses nganggén mamargi batis. TNBI inggih punika [[Situs Tetamian Jagat]] sané katetapang olih [[UNESCO]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/682 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park profile] on UNESCO's World Heritage website</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=682 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park], UNESCO World Heritage Site listing</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == *[https://www.bwindiimpenetrablenationalpark.com/ Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912075546/http://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/bwindi-impenetrable-national-park |date=2018-09-12 }} Official Park Guide *{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/7044 |author=BirdLife International |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park}} *{{cite web |url=https://bwindiugandagorillatrekking.com |title=Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Trust |access-date=2019-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001022455/http://www.bwinditrust.ug/ |archive-date=2018-10-01 |url-status=dead }} * [http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2005/04/map_of_bwindi/9668220-3-eng-GB/Map_of_Bwindi.jpg ESA.int: Map of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest] {{Wikivoyage-inline|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park}} {{Commons category|Bwindi Impenetrable National Park}} {{Wawengkon Saiban Uganda}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bwindi Impenetrable Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Uganda]] kp2wf41yrs67cyiq41fhd2zunr6p8ey 0 32353 280099 246844 2026-08-13T17:19:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Teks Makassar}} {{Teks Lontara}} {{Infobox Bahasa |name = Bahasa Makassar |nativename = ''{{hlist|Basa Mangkasaraʼ}}''<br/>{{script|Maka|𑻤𑻰 𑻥𑻠𑻰𑻭}}{{br}}ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ |image = Mangkasarak in Lontarak Script.svg |imagecaption= ''Mangkasara''' dalam aksara [[Aksara Makassar Kuno|Lontara Jangang-Jangang]] dan [[Aksara Lontara|Lontara Baru]] |states = [[Indonésia]] |region = [[Sulawesi Selatan]] |ethnicity = [[Wong Makassar|Makassar]] |dialects = Gowa/Lakiung<br/>Jeneponto/Turatea<br/>Bantaeng |speakers = {{sigfig|1867707|3}} |date = 2010 |ref = {{sfnp|Ananta|Arifin|Hasbullah|Handayani|2015|p=278}} |familycolor = Austronesia |fam2=[[rumpun basa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] |fam3=[[rumpun basa Sulawesi Selatan|Sulawesi Selatan]] |fam4=[[rumpun basa Makassar|Makassarik]] |script = '''Modern'''<br/>[[Alfabet Latin]]<br/>[[Aksara Lontara]]<br/>'''Historis''':<br/>[[Aksara Makassar]] (''Jangang-Jangang'') |iso2 = mak |iso3 = mak |glotto = maka1311 |glottofoot = no |map = Makassarese and Makassaric locator map.svg |mapsize = 200px |mapcaption = {{legend|#f3a297|Basa Makassar}} {{legend|#b7deaa|Ragam [[Rumpun basa Makassar|basa Makassarik]] liyanan}} |mapalt= Peta semenanjung Sulawesi Selatan sane kadagingin arsiran ring wagian ujung bawahnya anggen nandain persebaran basa Makassar miwah basa-basa Makassarik liyanan |notice= IPA }} '''Basa Makassar''' {{aka}} '''Makasar, Mengkasar''' utawi '''Mengkasara''' (''basa Mangkasaraʼ''; [[Aksara Makassar|Jangang-jangang]]: {{script|Maka|𑻤𑻰 𑻥𑻠𑻰𑻭}}; [[Aksara Lontara|Lontara]]: ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ) inggih punika silih tunggil [[basa]] sane rumasuk [[rumpun basa Austronesia]] sane ketah katuturang olih krama [[wong Makassar]] ring akeh wawidangan [[Sulawesi Selatan]], [[Indonésia]]. Ring rumpun basa Austronesia, basa Makassar dados wagian saking [[rumpun basa Sulawesi Selatan]], wiadin [[kosakata]] basa niki magolong [[divergen]] yening kabandingang sareng kerabat-kerabat pinih cedek. Basa Makassar madue kirang langkung 1,87 yuta [[penutur jati]] ring warsa 2010. == Simbol miwah singkatan istilah == ::{| style="border-spacing:0px" | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|1}} || &nbsp; || persona pertama || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|INCL}} || &nbsp; || inklusif |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|2}} || || persona kedua || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|MV}} || || monovalen/ekavalen |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|3}} || || persona ketiga || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|NEG}} || || negasi/sangkalan |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|ABS}} || || absolutif || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|NR}} || || pembentuk nomina |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|AF}} || || fokus aktor/pelaku || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|ORD}} || || ordinal/urutan |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|BCS}} || || sebab, karena || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|PERS}} || || personal |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|BV}} || || bivalen/dwivalen || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|PFV}} || || aspek perfektif |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|DEF}} || || definit/takrif/pasti || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|POL}} || || bentuk sopan |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|ERG}} || || ergatif || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|POSS}} || || pemarkah posesi/kepunyaan |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|EXCL}} || || eksklusif || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|PREP}} || || preposisi |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|FAM}} || || bentuk akrab || || || {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|RDP}} || || reduplikasi/perulangan |- | {{gcl|glossing=no abbr|FUT}} || || kala mendatang |} == Pustaka == === Sitiran === {{reflist|25em}} == Cutetan == {{notelist|30em}} === Lis pustaka === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last1=Ananta |first1=Aris |last2=Arifin |first2=Evi Nurvidya |last3=Hasbullah |first3=M Sairi |last4=Handayani |first4=Nur Budi |last5=Pramono |first5=Agus |year=2015 |title=Demography of Indonésia's Ethnicity |location=Singapura |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789814519878 |ref=harv}}<!-- |doi=10.1355/9789814519885 --> * {{cite book |last1=Basang |first1=Djirong |last2=Arief |first2=Aburaerah |year=1981 |title=Struktur Bahasa Makassar |url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3669/ |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |oclc=17565227 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Basri |first1=Hasan |last2=Broselow |first2=Ellen |last3=Finer |first3=Daniel |year=1999 |title=Clitics and Crisp Edges in Makassarese |journal=Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=16 |issue=2 |url=https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6275 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Bellwood |first=Peter |year=2007 |title=Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago |location=Canberra |publisher=ANU E Press |isbn=9781921313127 |edition=3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Bulbeck |first=David |year=2008 |chapter=An Archaeological Perspective on the Diversification of the Languages of the South Sulawesi Stock |editor=Truman Simanjuntak |title=Austronesian in Sulawesi |location=Depok |publisher=Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies |isbn=9786028174077 |pages=185–212 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Cummings |first=William |year=2003 |title=Rethinking the Imbrication of Orality and Literacy: Historical Discourse in Early Modern Makassar |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_2003-05_62_2/page/531 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=531–551 |doi=10.2307/3096248 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |editor-last1=Eberhard |editor-first1=David M. |editor-last2=Simons |editor-first2=Gary F. |editor-last3=Fennig |editor-first3=Charles D. |year=2020 |title=Makasar |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mak |website=[[Ethnologue|Ethnologue: Languages of the World]] |edition=23 |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |date-access=13 April 2020 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |year=1992 |title=Macassan Loanwords in Top End Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/australian-journal-of-linguistics_1992-06_12_1/page/45 |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=45–91 |doi=10.1080/07268609208599471 |ref=harv}} * {{cite conference |last1=Finer |first1=Daniel |last2=Basri |first2=Hasan |year=2020 |editor=Ileana Paul |chapter=Clause Truncation in South Sulawesi: Restructuring and Nominalization |chapter-url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/afla/aflaxxvi/meeting/6/ |title=Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA) |location=Ontario |publisher=University of Western Ontario |pages=88–105 |ref=harv |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2023-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829145450/https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/afla/aflaxxvi/meeting/6/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last1=Friberg |first1=Timothy |last2=Laskowske |first2=Thomas V. |year=1989 |title=South Sulawesi Languages |journal=Nusa |volume=31 |pages=1–18 |url=http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v31-p1-18.pdf |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Grimes |first1=Charles E. |last2=Grimes |first2=Barbara D. |title=Languages of South Sulawesi |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=D78 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=1987 |doi=10.15144/PL-D78 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |editor-last1=Hammarström |editor-first1=Harald |editor-last2=Forkel |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last3=Haspelmath |editor-first3=Martin |year=2019 |title=Makasar |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maka1311 |website=[[Glottolog|Glottolog 4.1]] |location=Jena, Jerman |publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History |date-access=11 April 2020 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |year=2005 |chapter=Makassar |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |url=https://archive.org/details/austronesianlang0000unse |editor1=K. Alexander Adelaar |editor2=Nikolaus Himmelmann |location=London dan New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/austronesianlang0000unse/page/649 649]–682 |isbn=9780700712861 |ref=harv}}<!--|doi=10.4324/9780203821121--><!-- Unpublished version of Jukes (2020), mungkin bisa dikutip kalau ada bahasan dalam Jukes (2020) yang tidak di-preview di Google Books {{cite thesis |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |year=2006 |title=Makassarese (basa Mangkasara'): A description of an Austronesian language of South Sulawesi |type=Disertasi doktoral |location=Melbourne |publisher=University of Melbourne |ref=harv}}--> * {{cite journal |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |author-mask=3 |year=2013a |title=Voice, Valence, and Focus in Makassarese |journal=Nusa |volume=54 |pages=67–84 |hdl=10108/71806 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |author-mask=3 |year=2013b |title=Aspectual and Modal Clitics in Makassarese |journal=Nusa |volume=55 |pages=123–133 |hdl=10108/74329 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |author-mask=3 |year=2015 |title=Nominalized Clauses in Makasar |journal=Nusa |volume=59 |pages=21–32 |hdl=10108/86505 |hdl-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Jukes |first=Anthony |author-mask=3 |year=2020 |title=A Grammar of Makasar |series=Grammars and Sketches of the World's Languages |volume=10 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004412668 |ref=harv}}<!-- |doi=10.1163/9789004412668--> * {{cite book |last=Kaseng |first=Syahruddin |year=1978 |title=Kedudukan dan Fungsi Bahasa Makassar di Sulawesi Selatan |url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2987/ |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |oclc=1128305657 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=M. Paul |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |year=2010 |title=Assessing Endangerment: Expanding Fishman’s GIDS |journal=Revue roumaine de linguistique |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=103–120 |url=https://www.lingv.ro/RRL%202%202010%20art01Lewis.pdf |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Liebner |first=Horst |year=1993 |title=Remarks on the Terminology of Boatbuilding and Seamanship in Some Languages of South Sulawesi |journal=Indonésia Circle |volume=21 |issue=59 |pages=18–45 |doi=10.1080/03062849208729790 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Liebner |first=Horst |author-mask=3 |year=2005 |title=Indigenous Concepts of Orientation of South Sulawesi Sailors |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=161 |issue=2–3 |pages=269–317 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003710 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Macknight |editor-first=Charles Campbell |year=2012 |translator=Charles Campbell Macknight |title=Bugis and Makasar: Two Short Grammars |url=https://oxis.org/books/bm-grammars.pdf |series=South Sulawesi Studies |volume=1 |location=Canberra |publisher=Karuda Press |isbn=9780977598335 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Manyambeang |first1=Abdul Kadir |last2=Syarif |first2=Abdul Azis |last3=Hamid |first3=Abdul Rahim |last4=Basang |first4=Djirong |last5=Arief |first5=Aburaerah |year=1979 |title=Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Makassar |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3182/ |oclc=8186422 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Manyambeang |first1=Abdul Kadir |author-mask1=3 |last2=Mulya |first2=Abdul Kadir |last3=Nasruddin |year=1996 |title=Tata Bahasa Makassar |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3707/ |isbn=9789794596821 |ref=harv |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128145046/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3707/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite conference |last=Miller |first=Christopher |year=2010 |chapter=A Gujarati Origin for Scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines |editor=Nicholas Rolle |editor2=Jeremy Steffman |editor3=John Sylak-Glassman |title=Proceedings of the Thirty Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |location=Berkeley |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |pages=276–291 |doi=10.3765/bls.v36i1.3917 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Mills |first=Roger Frederick |year=1975 |title=The Reconstruction of Proto-South-Sulawesi |journal=Archipel |volume=10 |pages=205–224 |doi=10.3406/arch.1975.1250 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Mursalin |first1=Said |first2=Basang |first2=Djirong |last3=Wahid |first3=Sugira |last4=Syarif |first4=Abdul Azis |last5=Rasjid |first5=Abdul Hamid |last6=Sannang |first6=Ramli |year=1984 |title=Sistem Perulangan Bahasa Makassar |url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3813/ |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa |oclc=579977038 |ref={{harvid|Mursalin|Basang|Wahid|Syarif|1981}}}} * {{cite journal |last=Noorduyn |first=Jacobus |year=1991 |title=The Manuscripts of the Makasarese Chronicle of Goa and Talloq: An Evaluation |journal=Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=454–484 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003178 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}<!-- |jstor=27864268 --> * {{cite journal |last=Noorduyn |first=Jacobus |author-mask=3 |year=1993 |title=Variation in the Bugis/Makasarese Script |journal=Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=533–570 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003120 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}}<!-- |jstor=27864487 --> * {{cite conference |last=Rabiah |first=Sitti |year=2012 |title=Revitalisasi Bahasa Daerah Makassar Melalui Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Makassar Sebagai Muatan Lokal |conference=Kongres Internasional II Bahasa-Bahasa Daerah Sulawesi Selatan |location=Makassar |publisher=Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Provinsi Sulawesi Barat |doi=10.31227/osf.io/bu64e |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite conference |last=Rabiah |first=Sitti |author-mask=3 |year=2014 |title=Analisis Kritis Terhadap Eksistensi Bahasa Daerah Makassar Sebagai Muatan Lokal di Sekolah Dasar Kota Makassar Pasca Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 |conference=Musyawarah dan Seminar Nasional Asosiasi Jurusan/Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonésia (AJPBSI) |location=Surakarta |publisher=Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonésia, FKIP, Universitas Sebelas Maret |doi=10.31227/osf.io/5nygu |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rivai |first=Mantasiah |year=2017 |title=Sintaksis Bahasa Makassar: Tinjauan Transformasi Generatif |location=Yogyakarta |publisher=Deepublish |isbn=9786024532697 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Sirk |first=Ülo |year=1989 |title=On the Evidential Basis for the South Sulawesi Language Group |journal=Nusa |volume=31 |pages=55–82 |url=http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v31-p55-82.pdf |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Alexander D. |year=2017 |title=The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=435–490 |doi=10.1353/ol.2017.0021 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tabain |first1=Marija |last2=Jukes |first2=Anthony |year=2016 |title=Makasar |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=99–111 |doi=10.1017/S002510031500033X |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Urry |first1=James |last2=Walsh |first2=Michael |year=1981 |title=The Lost 'Macassar Language' of Northern Australia |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=90–108 |doi=10.22459/AH.05.2011.06 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Alan |last2=Zorc |first2=R. David |year=1981 |title=Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=109–134 |doi=10.22459/AH.05.2011.07 |doi-access=free |ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Incubator|code=mak/Main Page|lang=bahasa Makassar}} * [https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=166 Kosakata dasar bahasa Makassar di Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821064436/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=166 |date=2022-08-21 }} * [[Berkas:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg|16px|class=noviewer]] [[wikt:Kategori:Kata bahasa Makassar|Daftar lema bahasa Makassar di Wiktionary]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9fXKi-MuD0&ab_channel=ILoveLanguages%21 Ucapan dan contoh perkataan dalam bahasa Makassar] - kanal I Love Languages di Youtube {{Basa daerah ring Indonésia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Makasar, Bahasa}} [[Kategori:Basa ring Sulawesi Selatan]] [[Kategori:Basa ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Rumpun basa Melayu-Polinesia]] [[Kategori:Makassar]] rsg087k88m1kfmyijmjgr1w2404kjsm 0 32576 280137 135862 2026-08-13T18:04:21Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Langtang | alt_name = {{lang-ne|लाङटाङ राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज}} | iucn_category = II | photo = Starry night in Langtang National Park.jpg | photo_caption = Bintang ring taman nasional | map= Népal | relief = 1 | location = [[Népal]] | nearest_city = Kathmandu | coordinates = {{coord|28.1738|N|85.5531|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|1710|km2|abbr=on}} | established = 1976 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Departemén Taman Nasional miwah Konservasi Satwa Liar (Népal)|Departemén Taman Nasional miwah Konservasi Satwa Liar]] }} '''Taman Nasional Langtang''' kaadegang ring warsa 1976 dados taman nasional [[Himalaya]] kapertama miwah wawengkon saiban kapat ring negara punika. Antuk kategehan langkung saking {{convert|6450|m|ft|abbr=on}} miwah ngacangkupin jimbar wawengkon {{convert|1710|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ring [[Distrik Nuwakot|Nuwakot]], [[Distrik Rasuwa|Rasuwa]] miwah [[Distrik Sindhulpalchok]] ring wawengkon Himalaya tengah. Ring kalér miwah kangin kahubungin sareng [[Cagar Palemahan Nasional Qomolangma]] ring [[Wawengkon Otonomi Tibét]].<ref name="nbrb07">{{cite book |author1=Bhuju, U. R. |author2=Shakya, P. R. |author3=Basnet, T. B. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Shrestha, S. |year=2007 |title=Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-92-9115-033-5 |url=http://lib.icimod.org/record/7560}}</ref> Wates kangin miwah kawan nyarengin [[Bhote Koshi]] miwah [[Tukad Trishuli|Tukad Trishuli]]. Pawatesan kelod magenah {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on}} kalér [[Lebah Kathmandu]].<ref name="yonzon+al1991">{{cite journal |last1=Yonzon |first1=P. |last2=Jones |first2=R. |last3=Fox |first3=J. |year=1991 |title=Geographic Information Systems for Assessing Habitat and Estimating Population of Red Pandas in Langtang National Park, Nepal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ambio_1991-11_20_7/page/285 |journal=Ambio |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=285–288}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Wikivoyage}} {{Wikivoyage|Langtang Valley Trek}} *{{cite web |author=BirdLife International |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/14334 |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Langtang National Park}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/langtangnationalpark |website=Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation |title=Langtang National Park |access-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233356/http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/protected_areas/details/langtangnationalpark |archive-date=2018-12-30 |url-status=dead }} *[https://archive.today/20130413233443/http://www.environmentnepal.com.np/langtang-national-park/ EnvironmentNEPAL ''Langtang National Park''] {{Wawengkon saiban Népal}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Langtang Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Népal]] bo2mntqtnvi7ydkjg8id8kszyp9ao5f 0 33195 280224 168534 2026-08-14T02:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national جfootball team |Name = Iran |Nickname = ''Team Melli'' {{lang|fa|تیم ملی}}<ref name="Veo 2014">{{cite web|last=Veo|first=Valerio|title=Team Melli looked excellent in defeat|website=ESPNFC.com|date=2014-11-23|url=http://www.espnfc.com/team/iran/469/blog/post/1901739/iran-played-to-an-impressive-1-0-loss-to-argentina-at-the-2014-world-cup|accessdate=2015-01-11}}</ref> |Badge = Iran FA.gif |Badge_size = 100px |Association = [[Federasi Sepak Bola Republik Islam Iran]] <br/>{{nowrap|{{lang|en|Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran}} (FFIRI)}}<br />''Federāsione Futbālle Irān'' |FIFA Trigramme = IRN |FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|IRN}} |1st ranking date = Agustus 1993 |FIFA max = 15 |FIFA max date = Agustus 2005 |FIFA min = 122 |FIFA min date = Mei 1996 |Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Iran}} |Elo max = 15 |Elo max date = Mei 2005 |Elo min = 73 |Elo min date = Januari 1964 |Confederation = [[Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia|AFC]] (Asia) |Sub-confederation = [[Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah|CAFA]] (Asia Tengah) |Coach = [[Dragan Skočić]] |Captain = [[Masoud Shojaei]] |Most caps = [[Javad Nekounam]] (151) |Top scorer = [[Ali Daei]] (109) |Home Stadium = [[Stadion Azadi]] |Media Officer = [[Mohsen Motamedkia]] | pattern_la1 = _irn21h | pattern_b1 = _irn21h | pattern_ra1 = _irn21h | pattern_sh1 = _irn21h | pattern_so1 = _irn21h | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _irn21a | pattern_b2 = _irn21a | pattern_ra2 = _irn21a | pattern_sh2 = _irn21a | pattern_so2 = _irn21a | leftarm2 = EC0000 | body2 = EC0000 | rightarm2 = EC0000 | shorts2 = EC0000 | socks2 = EC0000 |First game = {{fb|Afganistan|1931}} 0–0 {{fb|Iran|1925}}<br/>([[Kabul]], [[Afganistan]]; 25 Agustus 1941) |Largest win = {{Flagicon|Iran}} Iran [[Kualifikasi Piala Jagat FIFA 2002 – Babak Pertama Zona Asia#Grup 2|19–0]] {{fb-rt|Guam}} <br/>([[Tabriz]], [[Iran]]; 24 November 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-matches/52/00/64/170429-factsheet-fifacompetitionsbiggestmarginvictories.pdf|title=Biggest margin victories/losses (Fifa fact-Sheet)|format=PDF|publisher=FIFA.com|date=|accessdate=27 November 2013|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330144007/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/stats-matches/52/00/64/170429-factsheet-fifacompetitionsbiggestmarginvictories.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>) |Largest loss = {{fb|Turki}} 6–1 Iran {{flagicon|Iran|1925}}<br/>([[Istanbul]], [[Turki]]; 28 Mei 1950)<ref name="Iran: Fixtures and Results">{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=irn/fixturesresults/gender=m/index.html#|title=Iran: Fixtures and Results|publisher=FIFA.com|date=|accessdate=|archive-date=2015-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302041017/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association%3Dirn/fixturesresults/gender%3Dm/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>{{fb|South Korea}} 5–0 Iran {{flagicon|Iran|1925}}<br/>([[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]; 28 Mei 1958<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/asgames58.html|title=Asian Games 1958 (Tokyo, Japan)|publisher=rsssf|date=|accessdate=}}</ref>) |World cup apps = 6 |World cup first = 1978 |World cup best = [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1978|ke-14, 1978]] |Regional name = [[Piala Asia AFC|Piala Asia]] |Regional cup apps = 13 |Regional cup first = [[Piala Asia AFC 1968|1968]] |Regional cup best = Juara ([[Piala Asia AFC 1968|1968]], [[Piala Asia AFC 1972|1972]], [[Piala Asia AFC 1976|1976]]) |2ndRegional name = [[Sepak bola pada Olimpiade Musim Panas|Olimpiade]] |2ndRegional cup apps = 4 |2ndRegional cup first = [[Sepak bola pada Olimpiade Musim Panas 1964|1964]] |2ndRegional cup best = Perempat final ([[Sepak bola pada Olimpiade Musim Panas 1976|1976]]) }} '''Tim nasional sépakbola Iran''' inggih punika tim nasional [[sépakbola]] [[Iran]] sané magenah ring sor [[Fédérasi Sépakbola Républik Islam Iran]] miwah pinaka silih sinunggil tim pinih kuat ring [[Asia]]. Laga kandang ipun kamainang ring [[Stadion Azadi]] sané dados stadion pinih ageng ring Iran. == Rekor kompetisi == === Piala Jagat === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !Tahun !Putaran !Posisi !{{Tooltip|Mn|Main}} !{{Tooltip|M|Menang}} !{{Tooltip|S|Seri}}* !{{Tooltip|K|Kalah}} !{{Tooltip|GM|Gol masuk}} !{{Tooltip|GK|Gol kemasukan}} |- |{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1930|1930]]||colspan=8 rowspan=9|''Tidak ikut'' |- |{{flagicon|Italia|1861}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1934|1934]] |- |{{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1938|1938]] |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1950|1950]] |- |{{flagicon|Swiss}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1954|1954]] |- |{{flagicon|Swedia}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1958|1958]] |- |{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1962|1962]] |- |{{flagicon|Inggris}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1966|1966]] |- |{{flagicon|Meksiko}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1970|1970]] |- |{{flagicon|Jerman Barat}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1974|1974]]||colspan=8|''Tidak lolos'' |- |{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1978|1978]]||Babak 1||14||3||0||1||2||2||8 |- |{{flagicon|Spanyol}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1982|1982]]||colspan=8|''Mundur'' |- |{{flagicon|Meksiko}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1986|1986]]||colspan=8|''Didiskualifikasi'' |- |{{flagicon|Italia}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1990|1990]]||colspan=8 rowspan=2|''Tidak lolos'' |- |{{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1994|1994]] |- |{{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 1998|1998]]||Babak grup||20||3||1||0||2||2||4 |- |{{flagicon|Korea Selatan}}{{flagicon|Jepang}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2002|2002]]||colspan=8|''Tidak lolos'' |- |{{flagicon|Jerman}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2006|2006]]||Babak grup||25||3||0||1||2||2||6 |- |{{flagicon|Afrika Selatan}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2010|2010]]||colspan=8|''Tidak lolos'' |- |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2014|2014]]||Babak grup||28||3||0||1||2||2||6 |- |{{flagicon|Rusia}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2018|2018]]||Babak grup||18||3||1||1||1||2||2 |- |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2022|2022]]||colspan=8|''Lolos'' |- !Total!!Babak 1!!5/21!!15!!2!!4!!9!!9!!24 |} === Piala Asia === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !colspan=9|[[Piala Asia AFC|Turnamen final Piala Asia AFC]] ! style="width:1%;" rowspan="19"| !colspan=6|Kualifikasi Piala Asia AFC |- !Tuan rumah/Tahun !Hasil !Posisi !{{Tooltip|Mn|Main}} !{{Tooltip|M|Menang}} !{{Tooltip|S|Seri}}* !{{Tooltip|K|Kalah}} !{{Tooltip|GM|Gol masuk}} !{{Tooltip|GK|Gol kemasukan}} !{{Tooltip|Mn|Main}} !{{Tooltip|M|Menang}} !{{Tooltip|S|Seri}}* !{{Tooltip|K|Kalah}} !{{Tooltip|GM|Gol masuk}} !{{Tooltip|GK|Gol kemasukan}} |- |{{flagicon|Hong Kong|1910}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1956|1956]]||''Mundur''||-||-||-||-||-||-||- ||-||-||-||-||-||- |- |{{flagicon|Korea Republic}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1960|1960]]||''Tidak lolos''||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||3||1||2||12||10 |- |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Piala Asia AFC 964|1964]]||''Mundur''||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- style="background:gold;" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1968|1968]]||'''Juara'''||1||4||4||0||0||11||2||colspan=6|''Otomatis terkualifikasi sebagai tuan rumah'' |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1972|1972]]||'''Juara'''||1||5||5||0||0||12||4||colspan=6|''Otomatis terkualifikasi sebagai juara bertahan'' |- style="background:gold;" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1976|1976]]||'''Juara'''||1||4||4||0||0||13||0||colspan=6|''Otomatis terkualifikasi sebagai tuan rumah dan juara bertahan'' |- style="background:#c96;" |{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1980|1980]]||Peringkat ketiga||3||6||3||2||1||16||6||colspan=6|''Otomatis terkualifikasi sebagai juara bertahan'' |- style="background:#9acdff;" |{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1984|1984]]||Peringkat keempat||4||6||2||4||0||8||3||5||5||0||0||21||2 |- style="background:#c96;" |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1988|1988]]||Peringkat ketiga||3||6||2||2||2||3||4||4||2||2||0||6||1 |- |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1992|1992]]||Babak 1||5th||3||1||1||1||2||1||2||2||0||0||10||0 |- style="background:#c96;" |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Piala Asia AFC 1996|1996]]||Peringkat ketiga||3||6||3||2||1||14||6||6||6||0||0||27||1 |- |{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Piala Asia AFC 2000|2000]]||Perempat final||5||4||2||1||1||7||3||6||4||1||1||16||2 |- style="background:#c96;" |{{flagicon|China}} [[Piala Asia AFC 2004|2004]]||Peringkat ketiga||3||6||3||3||0||14||8||6||5||0||1||16||5 |- |{{flagicon|Indonesia}}{{flagicon|Malaysia}}{{flagicon|Thailand}}{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Piala Asia AFC 2007|2007]]||Perempat final||5||4||2||2||0||6||3||6||4||2||0||12||2 |- |{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Piala Asia AFC 2011|2011]]||Perempat final||5||4||3||0||1||6||2||6||4||1||1||11||2 |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Piala Asia AFC 2015|2015]]||Perempat final||6||4||3||1||0||7||3||6||5||1||0||18||5 |- |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Piala Asia AFC 2019|2019]]||colspan=8|''Lolos''||8||6||2||0||26||3 |- !Total||3 Gelar||14/17||62||37||18||7||119||45||||61||46||10||5||175||33 |} :''*Dinyatakan seri termasuk pertandingan babak gugur yang ditentukan dengan [[adu penalti]].''<br/>''**Kotak berwarna merah menunjukkan tuan rumah ketika turnamen.'' == Pemain == === Skuat === Dua puluh tiga pemain berikut telah dipanggil untuk [[Piala Jagat FIFA 2018]] dan pertandingan persahabatan melawan [[tim nasional sepak bola Lituania|Lithuania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/hzfqyndmnqazczvc5xdb.pdf?_branch_match_id=497814029522029434 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2018-06-16 |archive-date=2020-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925160653/https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/hzfqyndmnqazczvc5xdb.pdf?_branch_match_id=497814029522029434 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <br>'''''Pertandingan dan gol sampai dengan:''' 15 Juni 2018 setelah pertandingan melawan [[tim sepak bola nasional Maroko|Maroko]].'' {{nat fs g start|background=#0202FF|color=white}} {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Alireza Beiranvand]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|9|21|df=y}}|caps=23|goals=0|club=[[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=GK|name=[[Mohammad Rashid Mazaheri|Mohammad Mazaheri]]|age={{Birth date and age|1989|5|18|df=y}}|caps=3|goals=0|club=[[Zob Ahan Esfahan F.C.|Zob Ahan]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=GK|name=[[Amir Abedzadeh]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|4|26|df=y}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[C.S. Marítimo|Marítimo]]|clubnat=POR}} {{nat fs g break|background=#FF0000}} {{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Rouzbeh Cheshmi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|7|24|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=1|club=[[Esteghlal F.C.|Esteghlal]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=DF|name=[[Milad Mohammadi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|9|29|df=y}}|caps=19|goals=0|club=[[FC Akhmat Grozny|Akhmat Grozny]]|clubnat=RUS}} {{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=DF|name=[[Morteza Pouraliganji]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|4|19|df=y}}|caps=28|goals=2|club=[[Al Sadd SC|Al-Sadd]]|clubnat=QAT}} {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh]]|age={{Birth date and age|1991|5|11|df=y}}|caps=11|goals=1|club=[[Padideh F.C.|Padideh]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=DF|name=[[Pejman Montazeri]]|age={{Birth date and age|1983|9|6|df=y}}|caps=46|goals=1|club=[[Esteghlal F.C.|Esteghlal]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=DF|name=[[Majid Hosseini]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|6|20|df=y}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[Esteghlal F.C.|Esteghlal]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=DF|name=[[Ramin Rezaeian]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|3|21|df=y}}|caps=29|goals=2|club=[[K.V. Oostende|Oostende]]|clubnat=BEL}} {{nat fs g break|background=#FF0000}} {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=MF|name=[[Mehdi Torabi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1994|9|10|df=y}}|caps=17|goals=4|club=[[Saipa F.C.|Saipa]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=MF|name=[[Ehsan Hajsafi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|2|25|df=y}}|caps=95|goals=6|club=[[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]]|clubnat=GRE}} {{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=MF|name=[[Saeid Ezatolahi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1996|10|1|df=y}}|caps=25|goals=1|club=[[FC Amkar Perm|Amkar Perm]]|clubnat=RUS}} {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=MF|name=[[Masoud Shojaei]]|other=[[Kapten (sepak bola)|Kapten]]|age={{Birth date and age|1984|6|9|df=y}}|caps=75|goals=8|club=[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]|clubnat=GRE}} {{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=MF|name=[[Omid Ebrahimi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|9|16|df=y}}|caps=31|goals=0|club=[[Esteghlal F.C.|Esteghlal]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=MF|name=[[Vahid Amiri]]|age={{Birth date and age|1988|4|2|df=y}}|caps=37|goals=1|club=[[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]]|clubnat=IRN}} {{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Saman Ghoddos]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|9|6|df=y}}|caps=9|goals=1|club=[[Östersunds FK|Östersund]]|clubnat=SWE}} {{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=MF|name=[[Alireza Jahanbakhsh]]|age={{Birth date and age|1993|8|11|df=y}}|caps=39|goals=4|club=[[AZ Alkmaar|AZ]]|clubnat=NED}} {{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=MF|name=[[Ashkan Dejagah]]|other=[[Kapten (sepak bola)|Wakil Kapten]]|age={{Birth date and age|1986|7|5|df=y}}|caps=46|goals=9|club=[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g break|background=#FF0000}} {{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=FW|name=[[Karim Ansarifard]]|age={{Birth date and age|1990|4|3|df=y}}|caps=65|goals=17|club=[[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]]|clubnat=GRE}} {{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=FW|name=[[Reza Ghoochannejhad]]|age={{Birth date and age|1987|9|20|df=y}}|caps=43|goals=17|club=[[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]]|clubnat=NED}} {{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=FW|name=[[Mehdi Taremi]]|age={{Birth date and age|1992|7|18|df=y}}|caps=27|goals=11|club=[[Al-Gharafa Sports Club|Al-Gharafa]]|clubnat=QAT}} {{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=FW|name=[[Sardar Azmoun]]|age={{Birth date and age|1995|1|1|df=y}}|caps=34|goals=23|club=[[FC Rubin Kazan|Rubin Kazan]]|clubnat=RUS}} {{nat fs end|background=#0202FF}} == Pustaka == {{reflist}} === Pranala jaba === {{commons category|Iran national football team }} * [http://www.ffiri.ir/ Official Website of IR Iran Football Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807234254/http://www.ffiri.ir/ |date=2017-08-07 }} * [http://www.persianleague.com Iran Football News,Iran Football League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014135326/http://www.persianleague.com/ |date=2015-10-14 }} * [http://www.IranSoccer.Ir Iran Soccer News ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529174207/http://www.iransoccer.ir/ |date=2017-05-29 }} * [http://www.PersianFootball.com Iran Football News since 1997 ] * [http://www.teammelli.com/ Extensive archive of Team's results, squads, campaigns and players] * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/iran-intres.html RSSSF archive of results 1941–] * [http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iran-recintlp.html RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers] * [http://www.eloratings.net/Iran.htm Iran's archive of results and elo rating points] * [http://dreamofiran.com/irans-national-football-team-the-smaller-iranian-society/ Iran’s National Football Team: The Smaller Iranian Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702184722/http://dreamofiran.com/irans-national-football-team-the-smaller-iranian-society/ |date=2014-07-02 }} {{Tim nasional AFC}} {{Navboxes |title = Finalis Piala Jagat FIFA |list = {{Finalis Piala Jagat FIFA 2006}} {{Finalis Piala Jagat FIFA 2014}} {{Finalis Piala Jagat FIFA 2018}} |state = autocollapse }} [[Kategori:Tim nasional sépakbola]] 6ooqndg8uii9lu4pqm0fqm4yylt3qfg 0 33205 280155 168877 2026-08-13T18:26:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional Auyuittuq | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Protected Planet {{!}} Auyuittuq National Park Of Canada|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/613|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Protected Planet}}</ref> | photo=Pangnirtung_Fiord_S_2_2001-07-15.jpg | photo_caption=Fiord Pangnirtung lan Lebah Tukad Weasel | map = Kanada | relief=0 | map_caption = Genah ''Taman Nasional Auyuittuq'' | location = [[Nunavut]], Kanada | nearest_city = [[Pangnirtung]], [[Qikiqtarjuaq]] | coordinates = {{coords|67|53|N|65|01|W|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 21470 | established = 1972 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Parks Canada]] }} '''Taman Nasional Auyuittuq''' ({{lang-iu|ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ}}, {{IPA-iu|aujuitːuq|IPA}}, "tanah nénten polih ngéncéh") inggih [[taman nasional]] sané magenah ring [[Nusa Baffin]] [[Samenanjung Cumberland]], ring [[Wawengkon Qikiqtaaluk]] saking [[Nunavut]], subdivisi politik pinih ageng ring Kanada. Taman puniki pamahbah nyané kaloktah manados ''Taman Nasional Nusa Baffin'' ritatkala kaadegang ring warsa 1972, sakéwanten parinama nyané kagentosin ring warsa 1976 manados parinana sané mangkin antuk langkung ngacerminang wawengkon lan lelintihan nyané. Puniki ngenahang akéh médan wana belantara [[Arktik]], minakadi [[fjord]], [[glétser]], miwah [[lapangan és]]. Yadiastin Auyuittuq kaadegang ring warsa 1972 manados [[Cagar nasional|cagar taman nasional]], taman puniki kamunggahang manados taman nasional jangkep ring warsa 2000. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Steven H |first2=Mitchell K |last2=Taylor |first3=Francois |last3=Messier |date=1997 |title=Space Use by Polar Bears in and Around Auyuittuq National Park, Northwest Territories, During the Ice-Free Period |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-journal-of-zoology_1997-10_75_10/page/1585 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=75 |number=10 |pages=1585–1595 |doi=10.1139/z97-785}} * {{cite report |last1=Hines |first1=James E. |first2=Steve |last2=Moore |title=The Vegetation and Flora of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve, Baffin Island |url=http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/74_file.pdf |format=PDF |location=Yellowknife, Canada |publisher=Department of Renewable Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories |date=1988 |access-date=2015-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194308/http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/sites/default/files/74_file.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Konotepetz |first=Larry |title=Archaeological Sites of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve |series=Microfiche report series, 315 |location=Ottawa, Canada |publisher=Environment Canada, Canadian Parks Service |date=1985 |oclc=59739479 }} * {{cite report |last1=Masterton |first1=J. M. |first2=B. F. |last2=Findlay |title=The Climate of Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories |location=Toronto, Canada |publisher=Atmospheric Environment Service, Meteorological Applications Branch, Environment Canada |date=Séptémber 1976 |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/publications/auyuittuq/report-22.pdf |format=PDF}} * {{cite report |last=Tarnocai |first=C. |title=Monitoring the Integrity of Cultural Sites, Auyuittuq National Park Reserve |location=Ottawa, Canada |publisher=Research Branch (ECORC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada |date=1998}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Roger |title=The Land That Never Melts Auyuittuq National Park |location=Toronto |publisher=Peter Martin Associates Limited in association with Indian and Northern Affairs and Pub. Centre, Supply and Services Canada |date=1976 |isbn=0-88778-143-8}} {{refend}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons category|Auyuittuq National Park}} * [https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/nu/auyuittuq Situs resmi Parks Canada] * [http://www.summitpost.org/show/mountain_link.pl/mountain_id/2772 Mount Thor Peak climbing info] * [http://www.qikiqtarjuaq.com/auyuittuqpark.htm Informasi lan gambar - saking The Tulugak Hotel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307160359/http://qikiqtarjuaq.com/auyuittuqpark.htm |date=2022-03-07 }} * [http://www.canadianparks.com/nunavut/auyutnp/index.htm Informasi Taman Nasional Auyuittuq] * [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/travel/thisweek/stories/DN-baffin_0125tra.ART.State.Edition1.1a0a0ae.html Artikel surat kabar indik Taman Nasional Auyuittuq] olih réporter "Dallas Morning News" Dave Levinthal {{Taman Nasional ring Kanada}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Auyuittuq Taman Nasional}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Kanada]] nwfg3tp2ktyr07etav4vsyxfdaxomoi 0 35341 280145 220443 2026-08-13T18:15:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Filsuf barat |era = Filsafat kuno |color = #B0C4DE |image_name = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |image_caption = Patung Aristotle |name = ''Aristotélēs'' <br> {{polytonic|Ἀριστοτέλης}} |birth_date =384 SM [[Stagira]], [[Chalcidice]] |death_date =322 SM (umur 61 atau 62) [[Euboea]] |school_tradition = [[Sekolah Peripatetik]]<br />[[Aristotelianisme]] |main_interests = [[Fisika]]<br />[[Metafisika]]<br />[[Puisi]]<br />[[Teater]]<br />[[Musik]]<br />[[Retorika]]<br />[[Politik]]<br />[[Pemerintahan]]<br />[[Etika]]<br />[[Biologi]]<br />[[Zoologi]] |notable_ideas = [[Golden mean (filsafat)|Golden mean]]<br />[[Logika]]<br />[[Silogisme]] |influences = [[Parmenides]]<br />[[Socratés]]<br />[[Plato]]<br />[[Heraclitus]]<br />[[Democritus]] |influenced = [[Aléksander Agung]]<br />[[Avicenna]]<br />[[Ibnu Rusyd]]<br />[[Maimonides]]<br />[[Albertus Magnus]]<br />[[Thomas Aquinas]]<br />[[Duns Scotus]]<br />[[Ptolemy]]<br />[[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]<br />[[Galiléo Galiléi|Galiléo]] |box_width = 26em }} [[Berkas:Aristotle by Raphael.jpg|250px|jmpl|Aristoteles manut sketsa [[Raphael]], ring gegambaran [[Sekolah Athena]] (Akademia Athena) ''School of Athens''.]] '''Aristotélés''' ([[basa Yunani]]: ‘Aριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs''), ([[384 SM]] – [[322 SM]]) ento [[tatwa|filsuf]] [[Yunani Kuna|Yunani]] sané dadi [[guru]] uli [[Aléksander Agung]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kristiawan|first=Muhammad|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Kristiawan/publication/316100284_Filsafat_Pendidikan_The_Choice_is_Yours/links/58f04849458515ff23a89e8d/Filsafat-Pendidikan-The-Choice-is-Yours.pdf|title=Filsafat Pendidikan: The Choice Is Yours|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Penerbit Valia Pustaka Jogjakarta|isbn=978-602-71540-8-7|editor-last=Hendri, L., dan Juharmen|pages=95|url-status=live}}</ref> Ia dadi murid uli [[Plato]] rikala ada di [[Athéna]]. Aristoteles [[melajah]] uli Plato mekeloné 20 taun.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haryati|first=Tri Astutik|date=2015|url=http://repository.iainpekalongan.ac.id/385/1/Korupsi%20perspektif%20Filsafat%20etika%20aristoteles.pdf|title=Korupsi: Perspektif Filsafat Etika Aristoteles|location=Pekalongan|publisher=STAIN Pekalongan Press|isbn=978-979-3968-80-3|editor-last=Zuhri, A., dan Ula, M.|pages=4-5|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-11-24|archive-date=2022-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124023232/http://repository.iainpekalongan.ac.id/385/1/Korupsi%20perspektif%20Filsafat%20etika%20aristoteles.pdf}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Pustaka liyanan == <!--The secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following references are only a small selection.--> {{refbegin|30em}} * [[J. L. Ackrill|Ackrill J. L.]] (1997). ''Essays on Plato and Aristotle'', Oxford University Press, US. * {{cite book|last=Ackrill|first=J. L.|title=Aristotle the Philosopher|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlephiloso0000ackr|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1981}} * {{Cite book|last=Adler |first=Mortimer J. | authorlink = Mortimer Adler |title=[[Aristotle for Everybody]] |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |date=1978}} A popular exposition for the general reader. * {{cite book|last= Ammonius |editor1-last=Cohen|editor1-first=S. Marc|editor2-last=Matthews|editor2-first=Gareth B|title= On Aristotle's Categories|location= Ithaca, NY|publisher= Cornell University Press|date= 1991|isbn= 0-8014-2688-X}} * {{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=The Works of Aristotle Translated into English Under the Editorship of W. D. Ross, 12 vols|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=1908–1952}} These translations are available in several places online; see Pranala luar. * Bakalis Nikolaos. (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing {{ISBN|1-4120-4843-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Bocheński |first=I. M. |title=Ancient Formal Logic |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |date=1951}} * Bolotin, David (1998). ''An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing.'' Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works. * [[Myles Burnyeat|Burnyeat, M. F.]] ''et al.'' (1979). ''Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy. * {{cite book|editor1-last=Cantor|editor1-first=Norman F.|editor2-first=Peter L.|editor2-last=Klein|title=Ancient Thought: Plato and Aristotle|volume=1|series=Monuments of Western Thought|location=Waltham, Mass|publisher=Blaisdell Publishing Co.|date=1969}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Chappell | first1 = V | year = 1973 | title = Aristotle's Conception of Matter | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-philosophy_1973-10-25_70_18/page/603| journal = Journal of Philosophy | volume = 70 | issue = | pages = 679–96 | doi=10.2307/2025076}} * Code, Alan. (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76. * {{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=John|title=Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotle0000ferg|location=New York|publisher=Twayne Publishers|date=1972}} * De Groot, Jean (2014). ''Aristotle's Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the 4th Century BC'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-930972-83-4}} * Frede, Michael. (1987). ''Essays in Ancient Philosophy''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. * {{cite book|last=Fuller|first=B.A.G.|authorlink=Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould_Fuller|series=History of Greek Philosophy|volume=3 |title=Aristotle|location=London|publisher=Cape|date=1923}} * [[Eugene Gendlin|Gendlin, Eugene T.]] (2012). ''Line by Line Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima'', Volume 1: Books I & II; Volume 2: Book III. Spring Valley, New York: The Focusing Institute. [http://www.focusing.org/aristotle/ Available online in PDF.] * Gill, Mary Louise. (1989). ''Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. * {{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |title=A History of Greek Philosophy |volume=6 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1981}} * Halper, Edward C. (2009). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 1: Books Alpha – Delta'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-930972-21-6}}. * Halper, Edward C. (2005). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 2: The Central Books'', Parmenides Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-930972-05-6}}. * [[Terence Irwin|Irwin, T. H.]] (1988). [http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Aristotle%27s%20first%20principles.pdf ''Aristotle's First Principles'']. Oxford: Clarendon Press, {{ISBN|0-19-824290-5}}. * {{cite book|last=Jaeger|first=Werner|title=Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development|editor-first=Richard|editor-last=Robinson|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|date=1948}} * [[Alberto Jori|Jori, Alberto]]. (2003). ''Aristotele'', Milano: Bruno Mondadori Editore (Prize 2003 of the "[[International Academy of the History of Science]]") {{ISBN|88-424-9737-1}}. * {{cite book|editor-last=Kiernan|editor-first=Thomas P.|title=Aristotle Dictionary|location=New York|publisher=Philosophical Library|date=1962}} * Knight, Kelvin. (2007). ''Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre'', Polity Press. * Lewis, Frank A. (1991). ''Substance and Predication in Aristotle''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * [[G. E. R. Lloyd|Lloyd, G. E. R.]] (1968). ''Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., {{ISBN|0-521-09456-9}}. * Lord, Carnes. (1984). ''Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle''. Chicago: Chicago University Press. * Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. * Maso, Stefano (Ed.), Natali, Carlo (Ed.), Seel, Gerhard (Ed.). (2012) ''Reading Aristotle: Physics'' VII.3: ''What is Alteration?'' ''Proceedings of the International ESAP-HYELE Conference'', Parmenides Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-930972-73-5}} * {{cite book|last=McKeon|first=Richard|title=Introduction to Aristotle|edition=2d|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1973}} * {{cite journal|last=Owen|first=G. E. L. |year=1965c |title=The Platonism of Aristotle|journal=Proceedings of the British Academy|volume=50|pages=125–150}} [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R. R. K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). ''Articles on Aristotle'' Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.] * Pangle, Lorraine Smith (2003). ''Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aristotle's conception of the deepest human relationship viewed in the light of the history of philosophic thought on friendship. * {{cite book|last=Plato|title=The Worlds of Plato and Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsofplatoari0000plat_u4z1|editor1-first=Harold Joseph|editor1-last=Allen|editor2-first=James B|editor2-last=Wilbur|location=Buffalo|publisher=Prometheus Books|date=1979}} * Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). ''Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Indianapolis: Hackett. * {{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Lynn E. | title=Aristotle's Syllogistic |publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher |location=Springfield |date=1968}} * {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Sir David | authorlink = W. D. Ross |title=Aristotle |publisher=Routledge | edition = 6th |location=London |date=1995}} A classic overview by one of Aristotle's most prominent English translators, in print since 1923. * Scaltsas, T. (1994). ''Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. * Strauss, Leo (1964). "On Aristotle's ''Politics''", in ''The City and Man'', Chicago; Rand McNally. * {{Cite book |last=Swanson |first=Judith |title=The Public and the Private in Aristotle's Political Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/publicprivateina00swan |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |date=1992}} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Henry Osborn |archivedate=27 March 2006 |title=Greek Biology and Medicine |date=1922 |chapter=Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327222953/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html |deadurl=yes |accessdate=3 January 2017}} * {{Cite book |last=Veatch |first=Henry B. | authorlink = Henry Babcock Veatch |title=Aristotle: A Contemporary Appreciation |publisher=Indiana U. Press |location=Bloomington |date=1974}} For the general reader. * {{cite book|last=Woods|first=M. J.|year=1991b|chapter=Universals and Particular Forms in Aristotle's Metaphysics|series=[[Oxford Studies in Ancien Philosophy]]|title=Aristotle and the Later Tradition|volume=Suppl|pages=41–56}} {{refend}} == Cingak malih == * [[Sekolah Athena]] * [[Socrates]] * [[Agil]] == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|d=Q868|b=no|n=no|s=Author:Aristotle}} {{Wikisourcelang|el|Αριστοτέλης|Ἀριστοτέλης}} * {{Britannica|34560}} * {{DMOZ|Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/A/Aristotle/}} * {{PhilPapers|category|aristotle}}. * {{InPho|thinker|2553}}. * Dari ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': *: {{hlist |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/ Aristotle (general article)] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-bio/ Biology] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-eth/ Ethics] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-log/ Logic] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-met/ Metaphysics] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-mot/ Motion and its Place in Nature] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-poe/ Poetics] |[http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-pol/ Politics]}} * Dari ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': *: {{hlist |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle Aristotle (general article)] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/ Aristotle in the Renaissance] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-biology/ Biology] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/ Causality] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-commentators/ Commentators on Aristotle] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/ Ethics] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Logic] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-mathematics/ Mathematics] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ Metaphysics] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/ Natural philosophy] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Non-contradiction] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ Political theory] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ Psychology] |[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ Rhetoric]}} * {{cite CE1913 |first=William |last=Turner |wstitle=Aristotle |volume=1 |short=x}} * {{cite NSRW|wstitle=Aristotle |short=x}} * {{cite LotEP |chapter=Aristotle}} * {{OL author|OL22105A}} * [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html Works of Aristotle] at The Internet Classics Archive, MIT * {{Goodreads author}} * {{PlanetMath|urlname=Aristotle|title=Aristotle}} * [http://www.dimosaristoteli.gr/en/sights/aristotle-park Aristoteles-Park in Stagira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810211755/http://www.dimosaristoteli.gr/en/sights/aristotle-park |date=2022-08-10 }} ;Koleksi karya (kebanyakan dalam bahasa Inggris atau Yunani) * At the [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html Massachusetts Institute of Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106124653/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html |date=2011-01-06 }} (primarily in English). * {{Gutenberg author | id=Aristotle | name=Aristotle}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=602}} * {{en icon}} {{gr icon}} [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Any&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Aristotle Perseus Project] at [[Tufts University]]. * At the [https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ University of Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215160252/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ |date=2017-02-15 }} (primarily in English). * {{gr icon}} {{fr icon}} [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/table.htm P. Remacle] * The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of ''Aristotle's Works'' in Greek ([http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124034819/http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ |date=2022-11-24 }}{{dot}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20050816192647/http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ DJVU]) * Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive.org: {{hlist |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera01arisrich {{vol.|1}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera02arisrich {{vol.|2}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera03arisrich {{vol.|3}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera04arisrich {{vol.|4}}] |[https://archive.org/details/aristotelisopera05arisrich {{vol.|5}}]}} * [http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=classical:aristotle Aristotle's works in translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910100550/http://demonax.info/doku.php?id=classical:aristotle |date=2015-09-10 }} {{Aristotelianisme}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kelahiran 384 SM]] [[Kategori:Kematian 322 SM]] [[Kategori:Meninggal usia 62]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Yunani]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Yunani Kuno]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Aristotelian]] [[Kategori:Filsuf abad ke-4 SM]] a757c6ujmgmlld3kfgw44q0hfdx0rdv 0 36406 280129 150455 2026-08-13T17:52:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Deutérium''' (utawi '''hidrogén-2''', simbol '''{{SimpleNuclide|hidrogén|2}}''' utawi '''D''', taler kaloktah dados '''hidrogén baat''') inggih punika salah tunggil saking kalih [[rasio isotop tegteg|isotop tegteg]] saking [[hidrogén]] (rupa liayan punika [[Atom hidrogén|protium]], utawi hidrogen-1). [[inti atom|inti]] [[atom]] deutérium, kasengguh '''deutéron''', madaging asiki [[proton]] miwah asiki [[neutron]], sapunika protium sané langkung umum nénten madué neutron ring nukléus. Deutérium madué [[kalimpahan alami]] ring [[segara]] Gumi sawatara asiki atom deutérium riantara makasami {{val|6420|fmt=gaps}}&nbsp;atom hidrogén (cingak [[toya baat]]). Sapunika deutérium nyumbang sawatara 0,0156% antuk akéh (0,0312% massa) saking makasami hidrogén alami ring segara, sauntara protium nyumbang langkung saking 99,98%. Kalimpahan deutérium akedik magentos saking asiki soroh toya alami nuju soroh liyanan (cingak [[Toya Segara Rerata Standar Wina]]). ([[Tritium]] punika isotop hidrogén liyanan antuk simbol {{SimpleNuclide|hidrogén|3}} utawi T. Ipun madué kalih neutron, miwah macecirén radioaktip miwah langkung kapah kacunduk pantaraning deutérium.) Parinama "deutérium" maasal saking basa Yunani {{transl|grc|[[Wikt:δεύτερος|deuteros]]}}, sané maartos "kakalih", antuk nujuang kalih partikel sané nyusun nukléus.<ref name="diplogen">{{Cite journal | vauthors = O'Leary D | date = Pébruari 2012 | title = The deeds to deuterium | journal = Nature Chemistry | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | page = 236 | pmid = 22354440 | doi = 10.1038/nchem.1273 | bibcode = 2012NatCh...4..236O }}</ref> Deutérium kacunduk olih ahli kimia Amérika [[Harold Urey]] ring warsa 1931. Urey miwah liyanan ngasilang sampel [[toya baat]] madaging deutérium sané sanget kakonséntrasi. Pacundukan deutérium ngardi Urey ngamolihang [[Lis panampi Nobel Kimia|Paica Nobel]] ring warsa 1934. Deutérium kalebur ring wagian jero bintang langkung gelis pantaraning sané kaproduksi. Prosés alami liyanan kaduga wantah nganghasilang deutérium ring akéh sané nénten signifikan. Makéhan deutérium sané kacunduk ring alam kaproduksi ritatkala [[Big Bang]] 13.8&nbsp;miliar warsa sané riin, dados rasio dasar utawi primordial hidrogén-1 majeng deutérium (sawatara 26&nbsp;atom deutérium per yuta atom hidrogén) maasal saking galah punika. Punika rasio sané kacunduk ring planét gas raksasa, minakadi Jupiter. Analisis rasio deutérium-protium ring komet ngacunduk asil sané sanget mersib sareng rasio rerata ring segara Gumi (156 atom deutérium per yuta atom hidrogén). Puniki nguatang téori pinaka makéhan toya segara ring Gumi maasal saking komét utawi bintang kukusan.<ref name="nature2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hartogh P, Lis DC, Bockelée-Morvan D, de Val-Borro M, Biver N, Küppers M, Emprechtinger M, Bergin EA, Crovisier J, Rengel M, Moreno R, Szutowicz S, Blake GA | display-authors = 6 | date = October 2011 | title = Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2011-10-13_478_7368/page/218 | journal = Nature | volume = 478 | issue = 7368 | pages = 218–220 | pmid = 21976024 | doi = 10.1038/nature10519 | bibcode = 2011Natur.478..218H| s2cid = 3139621 }}</ref><ref name="Hersant">{{cite journal |last1=Hersant |first1=Franck |last2=Gautier |first2=Daniel |last3=Hure |first3=Jean-Marc | name-list-style = vanc |year=2001 |title=A two-dimensional model for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar system: Implications for the formation of giant planets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2001-06-10_554_1/page/391 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=554 |issue=1 |pages=391–407 |bibcode=2001ApJ...554..391H |doi=10.1086/321355 |doi-access=free }} — see fig. 7. for a review of D/H ratios in various astronomical objects</ref> Rasio deutérium-protium komét [[67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko]], sané kaukur antuk wahana antariksa ''[[Rosetta (pesawat antariksa)|Rosetta]]'', sawatara tiga kali lipat saking toya Gumi. Angka puniki sané pinih tegeh sané polih kaukur ring satunggil komét.<ref name="sciencemag.org">{{cite journal | vauthors = Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, Briois C, Calmonte U, Combi M, De Keyser J, Eberhardt P, Fiethe B, Fuselier S, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Hässig M, Jäckel A, Kopp E, Korth A, LeRoy L, Mall U, Marty B, Mousis O, Neefs E, Owen T, Rème H, Rubin M, Sémon T, Tzou CY, Waite H, Wurz P | display-authors = 6 | date = Januari 2015 | title = Cometary science. 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 347 | issue = 6220 | page = 1261952 | pmid = 25501976 | doi = 10.1126/science.1261952 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346024/file/D%3AH_CG_Science.pdf | bibcode = 2015Sci...347A.387A | s2cid = 206563296 }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 04wvpty1m3ctiit8s9nw3x0outdzj74 0 38334 280217 163244 2026-08-13T21:57:08Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Taman Nasional La Mauricie | iucn_category = II | photo= Wapizagonke Lake in the Mauricie National Park, Quebec, Canada.jpg | photo_caption=[[Danu Wapizagonke]] kacingak saking "Le passage" | map = Kanada##Quebec | map_caption = Genah ''Taman Nasional La Mauricie'' ring [[Kanada]]##Genah ''Taman Nasional La Mauricie'' ring [[Québec]] | relief = yes | location = [[Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc, Quebec]], Canada | coordinates = {{coord|46|48|N|72|58|W|region:CA-QC|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 536 | established = 22 August 1970 | visitation_num = 149,521 | visitation_year = 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/rpts/attend/attend_e.pdf|title=Parks Canada Attendance 2003-04 to 2007-08|publisher=Parks Canada|year=2008|access-date=2009-04-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605060959/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/rpts/attend/attend_e.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-05}}</ref> | governing_body = [[Parks Canada]] }} '''Taman Nasional La Mauricie''' ({{lang-fr|Parc national de la Mauricie}}) inggih punika [[taman nasional]] sané magenah ring nampek [[Shawinigan]] ring [[Pagunungan Laurentian]], rung wawengkon [[Mauricie]] ring [[Quebec]], Kanada. Punika ngacakupin {{convert|536|km2|abbr=on}} ring wawengkon kelod [[Taméng Kanada]] sané mawatesan sareng dataran éndép [[Tukad Saint Lawrence|Saint Lawrence]]. Taman puniki madaging 150 danu miwah akéh telaga. Taman puniki magenah ring [[ékorégion]] [[Transisi wana-boréal Kangin]].<ref name="ecoregions">{{cite journal|author=Olson, D. M, E. Dinerstein |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2001-11_51_11/page/933 |journal=[[BioScience]] |year=2001 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=933–938 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wana ring wawengkon puniki karabas saking patengahan abad ka-19 ngantos pamahbah abad ka-20. Wana taman sampun mentik malih miwah madaging campuhan [[konifér]] miwah taru campuhan [[dékiduous]]. Satwa liar ring taman rumasuk [[moose]], [[beruang selem Amérika|beruang selem]], [[biwara Amérika|biwara]] miwah [[Berang-berang tukad kalér|berang-berang]]. Punika taler nyaibin akedik [[kakua taru]], langka ring Kanada. Taman puniki genah kasub antuk [[kémah]], [[kano]], miwah [[kayak]]. Taman kaparinamain mawit [[Tukad Saint-Maurice]] nampek ring sisi kangin taman. [[Tukad Matawin (Quebec)|Tukad Matawin]] ngembak ring selantang pawatesan kawan miwah kalér taman. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== *{{Official website|http://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/qc/mauricie/}} *[http://www.tourismemauricie.com Tourisme Mauricie] Regional tourist office *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151205174445/http://www.vinc3nt.com/Parc/html/in_english.html Hundred of pictures of in and around La Mauricie National Park] {{Taman Nasional ring Kanada}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:La Mauricie Taman Nasional}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Kanada]] tbs6vgxkb773pomyw1xseb5xg6n5p7e 0 39865 280146 167195 2026-08-13T18:18:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area |name = Taman Nasional Killarney |alt_name= ''Páirc Náisiúnta Chill Airne'' |iucn_category = II |photo = Ladies view.jpg |photo_caption = |location = [[Killarney]], Irlandia |nearest_city = [[Cork (kota)|Cork]] |map = Irlandia |relief = 1 |coordinates = {{coord|52.02099|-9.50664|format=dms|source:wikidata_region:IE-KY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |area_km2 = 102.89 |established = {{start date and age|1932}} |visitation_num = |visitation_year = |governing_body = [[Layanan Taman Nasional miwah Margasatwa (Irlandia)]] |website={{URL|https://www.nationalparks.ie/killarney/}} }} '''Taman Nasional Killarney''' ({{lang-ga|Páirc Náisiúnta Chill Airne}}), nampek kota [[Killarney]], [[County Kerry]], inggih punika [[taman nasional]] kapertama ring [[Irlandia]], kaadegang ritatkala [[Umah Muckross|Muckross Estate]] kapunia majeng [[Negara Bébas Irlandia]] ring 1932.<ref name=KNPAbout>{{cite web | last = Dúchas | author-link = Dúchas | title = About Killarney National Park | url = http://homepage.tinet.ie/~knp/intro/index.htm | access-date = 1 Juli 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083500/http://homepage.tinet.ie/~knp/intro/index.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> Taman saking daweg nika kajimbarang sacara substansial lan ngacakupin langkung saking 102.89&nbsp;km² (25,425 hektar) ékologi sané maragam, ngajangkepin wana [[Danu Killarney]], [[oak]] lan [[Taxus baccata|yew]] sané kabuat sacara internasional,<ref name=Perrin>{{cite journal | last = Perrin | first = Philip M. |author2=Daniel L. Kelly |author3=Fraser J.G. Mitchell | title = Long-term deer exclusion in yew-wood and oakwood habitats in southwest Ireland: Natural regeneration and stand dynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_forest-ecology-and-management_2006-12-01_236_2-3/page/356 | journal = Forest Ecology and Management | volume = 236 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 356–367 | date = 1 Désémber 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.025 }}</ref> miwah puncak gunung.<ref name=Media4452>{{cite web |last=National Parks and Wildlife Service |title=Killarney National Park Site Synopsis |date=1 April 2005 |url=http://www.npws.ie/media/Media,4452,en.pdf |access-date=1 Juli 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119133425/http://www.npws.ie/media/Media%2C4452%2Cen.pdf |archive-date=19 Nopémber 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ipun madué wantah asiki [[menjangan barak]]<ref name=NPWS>{{cite web | last = National Parks and Wildlife Service | title = Killarney National Park | url = http://www.npws.ie/NationalParks/KillarneyNationalPark/ | access-date = 1 Juli 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928223337/http://www.npws.ie/NationalParks/KillarneyNationalPark/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 28 Séptémber 2007}}</ref> kawanan ring daratan Irlandia lan tekepan pinih jimbar saking wana sujati sané masisa ring Irlandia.<ref name=Kelly1981>{{cite journal | last = Kelly | first = Daniel L. | title = The Native Forest Vegetation of Killarney, South-West Ireland: An Ecological Account | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1981-07_69_2/page/437 | journal = The Journal of Ecology | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 437–472 |date=July 1981 | doi = 10.2307/2259678 | jstor =2259678 }}</ref> Taman puniki ngelah aji ékologis sané tegeh krana kualitas, kaakéhan soroh, tur kajimbaran saking akéh habitatné tur kaakéhan soroh [[spésiés]] sané katampung, makudang riantarané punika [[spésiés langka] Taman puniki katetapang dados [[Jaringan Cagar Biosphér Jagat|Cagar Biosphér]] [[UNESCO]] ring warsa 1981.<ref name=Media3866>{{cite web |last=National Parks and Wildlife Service |title=Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment Site Synopsis |date=5 Désémber 2005 |url=http://www.npws.ie/media/Media,3866,en.pdf |access-date=1 Juli 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119114320/http://www.npws.ie/media/Media%2C3866%2Cen.pdf |archive-date=19 Nopémber 2007 |url-status=dead }} </ref> Taman puniki pinaka pahan saking [[Wawengkon Khusus Konservasi]] lan [[Wawengkon Pasaiban Khusus]]. [[Layanan Taman Nasional miwah Margasatwa (Irlandia)|Layanan Taman Nasional miwah Margasatwa]] madué sesana antuk ménéjemen lan administrasi taman.<ref name=KNPHistory/> [[Étika konservasi|Konservasi palemahan]] punika tatujon utama taman, lan [[ékosistem]] ring paindikan alaminé sangét kaajinin.<ref name=Craig/> Taman puniki kaloktah sareng pamandanganné,<ref name=Cross>{{cite journal | last = Cross | first = J. R. | title = The Establishment of Rhododendron Ponticum in the Killarney Oakwoods, S. W. Ireland | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-ecology_1981-11_69_3/page/807 | journal = The Journal of Ecology | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 807–824 |date=November 1981 | doi = 10.2307/2259638 | jstor =2259638 }}</ref> lan fasilitas rékréasi tur pariwisata sané kasediayang.<ref name=Media4452/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Pranala jaba== {{Commons and category}} *{{official website}} *[https://www.nationalparks.ie/ National Parks of Ireland] {{Taman nasional ring Républik Irlandia}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Taman Nasional ring Républik Irlandia]] 5q9psjnwnql3yixaqs9v2jhs1i5ix0q 0 40062 280199 258515 2026-08-13T21:14:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Laacher See |image = Laacher_See_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg |caption = Pemandangan Danu Laacher kaldera |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |location = [[Ahrweiler (district)|Ahrweiler]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] |coordinates = {{coord|50|24|45|N|07|16|12|E|region:DE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_map = Jerman Rhineland-Palatinate#Jerman |pushpin_map_caption = Genah ring [[Jerman]] |type = [[Volcanic]] [[Volcanic crater lake|caldera lake]] |inflow = |outflow = Fulbert-Stollen (canal) |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Jerman]] |length = |width = |area = {{cvt|3.3|km2|sqmi}} |depth = |max-depth = {{cvt|53|m|ft}} |volume = |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{cvt|275|m|ft}} |islands = }} '''Danu Laacher''' ({{lang-de|Laacher See}}, {{IPA-de|ˈlaːxɐ ˈzeː}}), taler kasengguh '''Danu Laach''', inggih punika silih tunggil [[danu kawah vulkanik|danu kaldéra]] [[vulkanik]] sane madue diaméter {{cvt|2|km}} ring [[Rheinland-Pfalz]], [[Jerman]]. Genah danu puniki sawatara {{cvt|24|km}} saking sisi kaja kauh [[Koblenz]], {{cvt|37|km}} saking sisi kelos [[Bonn]], lan {{cvt|8|km}} sisi kauh [[Andernach]]. Danu puniki magenah ring pagunungan [[Eifel]], lan pinaka pahan saking Ladang vulkanik Eifel Kangin ring [[Vulkanik Eifel]] sané langkung ageng. Danu puniki kawentuk olih [[letusan Plinian]] kirang langkung 13.000 warsa [[Sadurung Mangkin|SM]] antuk [[Indéks Letusan Vulkanik|Indéks Letusan Vurik]] (VEI)-6. Letusan puniki madue skala sané pateh sareng [[Letusan Gunung Pinatubo#1991|letusan Pinatubo warsa 1991]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Clive |last=Oppenheimer |title=Eruptions that Shook the World |url=https://archive.org/details/eruptionsthatsho00oppe |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-64112-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eruptionsthatsho00oppe/page/n232 216]–217}}</ref><ref name=Klerk>{{cite journal |last=de Klerk |first=Pim |year=2008 |title=Environmental impact of the Laacher See eruption at a large distance from the volcano: Integrated palaeoecological studies from Vorpommern (NE Jerman) |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=270 |issue=1–2 |pages=196–214 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.013 |bibcode=2008PPP...270..196D |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=Bogaard>{{cite journal |last=Bogaard |first=Paul van den |year=1995 |title=⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of sanidine phenocrysts from Laacher See Tephra (12,900 yr BP): Chronostratigraphic and petrological significance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1995-06_133_1-2/page/163 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=133 |issue=1–2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(95)00066-L |bibcode=1995E&PSL.133..163V}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://geosociety.org/meetings/2011munich/fieldTrips/e19a.htm |publisher=The Geological Society of America |year=2011 |title=Geo-Education and Geopark Implementation in the Vulkaneifel European Geopark/Vulkanland Eifel National Geopark |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232457/http://geosociety.org/meetings/2011munich/fieldTrips/e19a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Q|Q107389873 |last=Reinig |first=Frederick |last2=Wacker |first2=Lukas |last3=Jöris |first3=Olaf |last4=Oppenheimer |first4=Clive |last5=Guidobaldi |first5=Giulia |last6=Nievergelt |first6=Daniel |last7=Adolphi |first7=Florian |last8=Cherubini |first8=Paolo |last9=Engels |first9=Stefan |last10=Esper|first10=Jan |last11=Land |first11=Alexander |last12=Lane |first12=Christine |last13=Pfanz |first13=Hardy |last14=Remmele |first14=Sabine |last15=Sigl |first15=Michael |last16=Sookdeo |first16=Adam |last17=Büntgen |first17=Ulf |display-authors=6 |quote=[Pangukuran] antuk teges nentuang tanggal [letusan Danu Laacher] ngantos 13.006 ± 9 warsa sané kakalibrasi sadurung mangkin (BP; kaambil dados AD 1950), sané langkung saking aabad dumunan saking katampi sadurungné.}}</ref> [[Gas vulkanik|Palepasan vulkanik]] sané prasida kacingak dados [[mofetta]] ring pasisi kelod kangin danu punika pinaka cihna vulkanismenyane nénten aktif. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commonscat|Laacher See}} j57rm6h5mugalb9ufeyscf4awh8wm6o 0 40515 280171 244582 2026-08-13T19:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 53 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bedakan|jamur}} {{taxobox | color = {{tc2|fungi}} | name = Fungi | fossil_range = [[Devon]] Awal–mangkin<!-- (lihat [[#Evolusi|bagian ini]]) --> {{rentang fosil|410|0|}} | image = Fungi collage.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: {{plainlist| *''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', sejenis basidiomycete; *''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'', sejenis ascomycete; *roti yang ditumbuhi [[jamur]]; *sejenis [[Chytridiomycota|chytrid]]; *''[[Aspergillus]]'', sejenis [[conidiophore]].}} | image_alt = A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey-colored semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it | domain = [[Eukarya]] | unranked_regnum = [[Opisthokonta]] | regnum = Fungi | regnum_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Royall T. Moore|R. T. Moore]]<ref name=Moore1980/> | subdivision_ranks = Subkerajaan/Filum/Subfilum<ref>Sistem klasifikasi berikut ini berdasarkan studi filogenetik tahun 2007 oleh Hibbett ''et al''.</ref> | subdivision = : [[Blastocladiomycota]] : [[Chytridiomycota]] : [[Glomeromycota]] : [[Microsporidia]] : [[Neocallimastigomycota]] [[Dikarya]] (inc. [[Deuteromycota]]){{br}} : [[Ascomycota]] :: [[Pezizomycotina]] :: [[Saccharomycotina]] :: [[Taphrinomycotina]] : [[Basidiomycota]] :: [[Agaricomycotina]] :: [[Pucciniomycotina]] :: [[Ustilaginomycotina]] Subfilum [[Incertae sedis]] : [[Entomophthormycota]] : [[Kickxellomycotina]] : [[Mucoromycotina]] : [[Zoopagomycotina]] }} '''Fungi''' inggih punika sawilang anggota saking sekaa kauripan [[Eukaryota|eukariotik]] sané ngacakupin mikroorganisme minakadi [[ragi]] lan [[Kapang (oong)|kapang]], taler [[oong]] sané langkung katah. Organisme puniki kaklasifikasiyang dados [[Krajaan (biologi)|krajaan]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Re:wild and IUCN SSC become first global organizations to call for the recognition of fungi as one of three kingdoms of life critical to protecting and restoring Earth |author= |newspaper=IUCN |date=3 Agustus 2021 |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/species-survival-commission/202108/rewild-and-iucn-ssc-become-first-global-organizations-call-recognition-fungi-one-three-kingdoms-life-critical-protecting-and-restoring-earth}}</ref> mabinayan saking krajaan eukariotik liyanan, sané mawit asiki klasifikasi tradisional, rumasuk [[Plantae]], [[Animalia]], [[Protozoa]], lan [[Chromista]]. == Cingak malih == * [[Oong]] * [[Hifa]] * [[Spora]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <ref name=Bowman2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bowman SM, Free SJ | title=The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall | journal=BioEssays | volume=28 | issue=8 | pages=799–808 | date=August 2006 | pmid=16927300 | doi=10.1002/bies.20441 }}</ref> <ref name=Bruns2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Bruns T | title=Evolutionary biology: a kingdom revised | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-10-19_443_7113/page/758 | journal=Nature | volume=443 | issue=7113 | pages=758–61 | date=October 2006 | pmid=17051197 | doi=10.1038/443758a | bibcode=2006Natur.443..758B }}</ref> <ref name=Brem2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brem FM, Lips KR | title=Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stages | journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms | volume=81 | issue=3 | pages=189–202 | date=September 2008 | pmid=18998584 | doi=10.3354/dao01960 }}</ref> <ref name=Lucking2017>{{Cite book | vauthors=Hawksworth DL, Lücking R | title=Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species | journal=Microbiology Spectrum | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=79–95 | date=July 2017 | pmid=28752818 | doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016 | isbn=9781555819576 }}</ref> <ref name=Alcamo2004>{{cite book | vauthors=Alcamo IE, Pommerville J |title=Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology | url=https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston, Massachusetts |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alcamosfundament0000pomm/page/590 590] |isbn=978-0-7637-0067-6}}</ref> <ref name=Brodie1975>{{cite book | vauthors=Brodie HJ |title=The Bird's Nest Fungi |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto, Ontario |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8020-5307-7 |page=80}}</ref> <ref name=Brundrett2002>{{cite journal | vauthors=Brundrett MC |year=2002 |title=Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-phytologist_2002-05_154_2/page/275 |journal=New Phytologist |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=275–304 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x}}</ref> <ref name=Blackwell2004>{{cite book | vauthors=Blackwell M, Spatafora JW |veditors=Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS |chapter=Fungi and their allies |title=Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods | url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityfung00fost/page/n26 18]–20 |isbn=978-0-12-509551-8}}</ref> <ref name=Barea2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C | title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2005-07_56_417/page/1761 | journal=Journal of Experimental Botany | volume=56 | issue=417 | pages=1761–78 | date=July 2005 | pmid=15911555 | doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197 }}</ref> <ref name=Aanen2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Aanen DK | title=As you reap, so shall you sow: coupling of harvesting and inoculating stabilizes the mutualism between termites and fungi | journal=Biology Letters | volume=2 | issue=2 | 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Chemistry and Biology | volume=63 | pages=45–86 | year=2006 | pmid=17133714 | doi=10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2 | isbn=978-0-12-469563-4 | series=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology }}</ref> <ref name=Schoch2009>{{cite journal | vauthors=Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F, Townsend JP, Miadlikowska J, Hofstetter V, Robbertse B, Matheny PB, Kauff F, Wang Z, Gueidan C, Andrie RM, Trippe K, Ciufetti LM, Wynns A, Fraker E, Hodkinson BP, Bonito G, Groenewald JZ, Arzanlou M, de Hoog GS, Crous PW, Hewitt D, Pfister DH, Peterson K, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield MJ, Aptroot A, Suh SO, Blackwell M, Hillis DM, Griffith GW, Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Lumbsch HT, Lücking R, Büdel B, Rauhut A, Diederich P, Ertz D, Geiser DM, Hosaka K, Inderbitzin P, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Mostert L, O'Donnell K, Sipman H, Rogers JD, Shoemaker RA, Sugiyama J, Summerbell RC, Untereiner W, Johnston PR, Stenroos S, Zuccaro A, Dyer PS, Crittenden PD, Cole MS, Hansen K, Trappe JM, Yahr R, Lutzoni F, Spatafora JW 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doi=10.4161/auto.2695 }}</ref> <ref name=ShalchianTabrizi2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, Jakobsen KS, Cavalier-Smith T | title=Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals | journal=PLoS One | volume=3 | issue=5 | pages=e2098 | year=2008 | pmid=18461162 | pmc=2346548 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 | bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2098S }} {{open access}}</ref> <ref name=Silar2016>{{Cite book | vauthors=Silar P |title=Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes |publisher=HAL |year=2016 |page=462 |isbn=978-2-9555841-0-1 | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138/document}}</ref> <ref name=Simpson1979>{{cite book | vauthors=Simpson DP |title= Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell Ltd |year=1979 |edition=5 |location=London, UK |page=883 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}</ref> <ref name=SimonNobbe2008>{{cite journal | vauthors=Simon-Nobbe B, Denk U, Pöll V, Rid R, Breitenbach M | title=The spectrum of fungal allergy | journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology | volume=145 | issue=1 | pages=58–86 | year=2008 | pmid=17709917 | doi=10.1159/000107578 }}</ref> <ref name=Steenkamp2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Steenkamp ET, Wright J, Baldauf SL | title=The protistan origins of animals and fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_2006-01_23_1/page/93 | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=93–106 | date=January 2006 | pmid=16151185 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msj011 }}</ref> <ref name=Stamets2000>{{cite book | vauthors=Stamets P | title=Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms=[Shokuyō oyobi yakuyō kinoko no saibai] | url=https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam/page/n252 233]–248 |isbn=978-1-58008-175-7}}</ref> <ref name=Stevens2006>{{cite journal | 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doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090957 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2000>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Jacobson DJ, Kroken S, Kasuga T, Geiser DM, Hibbett DS, Fisher MC | title=Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi | url=https://archive.org/details/fungal-genetics-and-biology_2000-10_31_1/page/21 | journal=Fungal Genetics and Biology | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=21–32 | date=October 2000 | pmid=11118132 | doi=10.1006/fgbi.2000.1228 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2005>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H, Krings M, Hanlin RT | title=Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism | journal=Mycologia | volume=97 | issue=1 | pages=269–85 | year=2005 | pmid=16389979 | doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269 | url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0097/001/0269.htm | hdl=1808/16786 }}</ref> <ref name=Taylor2006>{{cite journal | vauthors=Taylor JW, Berbee ML | title=Dating divergences in 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|title=Introductory Mycology | url=https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1 | year=1996 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-52229-4}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Chandler PJ |title=A Dipterist's Handbook | edition=2nd |year=2010|publisher=The Amateur Entomologists' Society|pages=1–525}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Deacon J |title=Fungal Biology |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-3066-0}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Hall IR |title=Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88192-586-9}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Hanson JR | title=The Chemistry of Fungi | year=2008 |publisher=Royal Society Of Chemistry |isbn=978-0-85404-136-7}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Jennings DH, Lysek G |title=Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle |year=1996 |publisher=Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd |location=Guildford, UK |isbn=978-1-85996-150-6}} * {{cite book | vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}} * {{cite book | vauthors =Taylor EL, Taylor TN |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-13-651589-0}} {{refend}} {{Fungi}} {{Eukariotik}} {{Kehidupan ring Gumi}} {{Authority control}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q764}} [[Kategori:Fungi| ]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] 4wghglb70owf89nmxfc24iw3ajtm6pa 0 46379 280153 252282 2026-08-13T18:24:03Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox | name = Eurasian lynx | image = Lynx Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald 01.jpg | image_caption = Lynx ring [[Taman Nasional Wana Bavaria]], Jerman | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Lynx lynx'' |author=Breitenmoser, U. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Lanz, T. |author4=von Arx, M. |author5=Antonevich, A. |author6=Bao, W. |author7=Avgan, B. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T12519A121707666 |year=2015 |errata=2017 |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A2 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | genus = Lynx | species = lynx<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000156 |pages=541 |heading=Species ''Lynx lynx''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | synonyms = *''Felis lynx'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> | range_map = EuropeanLynx_distribution2015.jpg | range_map_caption = Distribusi lynx Eurasian, 2015<ref name=iucn /> }} '''Lynx Éurasia''' ('''''Lynx lynx''''') inggih punika silih tunggil saking papat spésiés sané kantun idup saking [[Felidae|méong]] liar maukuran sedeng [[génus]] ''[[Lynx]]''. Nika kasebar jimbar saking [[Éropa Kalér]], [[Éropa Tengah|Tengah]] lan [[Éropa Kangin|Kangin]] nuju [[Asia Tengah]] lan [[Sibéria]], [[Daratan Tegeh Tibét]] lan [[Himalaya]]. Ring habitat [[wana maiklim sedeng|maiklim sedeng]] tur [[wana boréal]] nganti kategehan {{cvt|5500|m|ft}}. Yadiastun pasebaran ipun jimbar, sakéwanten kaancem olih [[icalné habitat]] lan [[fragmentasi habitat|fragmentasi]], [[paborosan liar]] tur panipisan [[mangsa]].<ref name=iucn/> == Taksonomi == ''Felis lynx'' inggih punika [[aran ilmiah]] sané kaanggén duk warsa 1758 olih [[Carl Linnaeus]] ring karyané ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linn1758">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=43 |chapter=''Felis lynx'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/43/mode/2up|language=la}}</ref> Ring abad ka-19 lan ka-20, [[subspésiés]] lynx Éurasia puniki kausulang:<ref name=elois>{{cite book |editor-last1=von Arx |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Zimmermann |editor-first3=F. |editor-last4=Breitenmoser |editor-first4=U. |date=Juni 2004 |url=https://www.kora.ch/malme/05_library/5_1_publications/U_and_V/von_Arx_et_al_2004_Eurasian_lynx_status_report.pdf |title=Status and conservation of the Eurasian lynx (''Lynx lynx'') in Europe in 2001 |publisher=Eurasian Lynx Online Information System ELOIS |access-date=23 Séptémber 2019 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827010526/https://www.kora.ch/malme/05_library/5_1_publications/U_and_V/von_Arx_et_al_2004_Eurasian_lynx_status_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=42−45 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Subspésiés !! Pasebaran !! Gambar |- style="vertical-align: top;" |[[Lynx kalér]] (''L. l. lynx'') {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref name=msw3/> ||[[Fennoscandia]], [[Negara Baltik]], [[Polandia]], [[Belarus]], [[Rusia Éropa]], [[Pagunungan Ural]], [[Sibéria Kauh]] nuju Kangin nganti [[Tukad Yenisei]].<ref name="iucn" /> ||[[File:Lynx lynx2.jpg|frameless]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |[[Lynx Turkistan]] (''L. l. isabellinus'') {{small|[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1847}} ||Kasebar jimbar sikauh Asia Tengah, saking [[Asia Kelod]] ngantos [[Cina]] lan [[Mongolia]]. ||[[File:Parc des felins Felin 06.jpg|frameless]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" | [[Lynx Kaukasia]] (''L. l. dinniki'') {{small|[[Konstantin Satunin|Satunin]], 1915}} ||[[Kaukasus]], [[Iran]], [[Turki]], lan [[Rusia Éropa]]. ||[[File:Lynx_lynx_dinniki_115107752.jpg|frameless]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |[[Lynx Sibéria]] (''L. l. wrangeli'') {{small|[[Sergej Ognew|Ognew]], 1928}} ||[[Kangin Doh Rusia]], ring [[Pagunungan Stanovoy]] lan ring sisi kauh [[Tukad Yenisei]]. ||[[File:Lynx de Sibérie à Saint Martin la Plaine.jpg|frameless]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |[[Lynx Balkan]] (''L. l. balcanicus'') {{small|Bures, 1941}} ||[[Sérbia]] sikangin lan [[Makédonia Kalér]] pahan kauh, antuk populasi sané langkung alit ring [[Monténégro]]<ref name=Population>{{cite web|title=IUCN/SSC - Cat Specialist Group - Balkan Lynx Compendium|url=http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx/20_blx-compendium/home/index_en.htm|access-date=10 May 2014|quote=Populasi kafragmentasi minab kirang saking 50 individu masisa ring Makédonia pahan kauh tur Albania pahan kangin.|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930181543/http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx/20_blx-compendium/home/index_en.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Balkan Lynx Recovery Programme 2006-2009|url=http://www.euronatur.org/Balkan-Lynx-Recovery-Programme-2.649.0.html|access-date=28 May 2014|quote=The present population of the Balkan lynx - described as an own subspecies Lynx lynx balcanicus - is estimated to be less than 100 individuals which are distributed in Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro and Kosovo.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127054013/http://www.euronatur.org/Balkan-Lynx-Recovery-Programme-2.649.0.html|archive-date=27 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> tur [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite web|title=sociation for the Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania|url=http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx/01_recovery-programme/1_0_news/lynx-picture-AL/20110502_Press_release_lynx_in_Albania.pdf|access-date=10 May 2014|quote=Prakiraan mawit ahli pinih anyar nujuang pinaka populasi lynx ring Albania ten langkung saking 15 - 20 individu sané masisa.|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200914/http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx/01_recovery-programme/1_0_news/lynx-picture-AL/20110502_Press_release_lynx_in_Albania.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ||[[File:Tirana Zoo Balkan Lynx (OSCAL19 trip).jpg|frameless]] |- style="vertical-align: top;" |[[Lynx Carpathian]] (''L. l. carpathicus'') {{small|Kratochvil & Stollmann, 1963}} ||[[Pedokan Carpathian]] saking [[Rumania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungaria]], [[Ukraina]] lan [[Bulgaria]]. ||[[File:Budakeszi Vadaspark 2021 07 Lynx lynx.jpg|frameless]] |} Taksa taler kausulang, sakéwaten ten kaanggep dados taksa [[Aran sané patut (zoologi)|patut]]:<ref name=catsg/> *Lynx Altai (''L. l. wardi'') {{small|[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1904}} *Lynx Baikal (''L. l. kozlovi'') {{small|Fetisov, 1950}} *Lynx Amur (''L. l. stroganovi'') {{small|Heptner, 1969}} *[[Lynx Sardinia]] (''L. l. sardiniae'') {{small|Mola, 1908}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Wacénan lantur === *{{cite journal |last1 = Deksne | first1 = G. | last2 = Laakkonen | first2 = J. | last3 = Näreaho | first3 = A. | last4 = Jokelainen | first4 = P. | last5 = Holmala | first5 = K. | last6 = Kojola | first6 = I. | last7 = Sukura | first7 = A. | doi = 10.1645/GE-3161.1 | title = Endoparasites of the Eurasian Lynx (''Lynx lynx'') in Finland |url = https://archive.org/details/journal-of-parasitology_2013-04_99_2/page/229 |journal = Journal of Parasitology |volume = 99 |issue = 2 |pages = 229–234 |year = 2013 |pmid = 23016871| s2cid = 4761342 }} *{{cite journal |year= 2013|title=Free-ranging Eurasian lynx (''Lynx lynx'') as host of ''Toxoplasma gondii'' in Finland |journal= Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume= 49|issue= 3|pages= 527–534|doi=10.7589/2011-12-352|last1= Jokelainen|first1= Pikka|last2= Deksne|first2= Gunita|last3= Holmala|first3= Katja|last4= Naäreaho|first4= Anu|last5= Laakkonen|first5= Juha|last6= Kojola|first6= Ilpo|last7= Sukura|first7= Antti|pmid= 23778601|s2cid= 21910854}} *{{cite journal | title=Molecular identification of ''Taenia'' spp. in the Eurasian lynx (''Lynx lynx'') from Finland | year=2013 | doi=10.1017/S0031182012002120 | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8859797 | last1=Lavikainen | first1=A. | last2=Haukisalmi | first2=V. | last3=Deksne | first3=G. | last4=Holmala | first4=K. | last5=Lejeune | first5=M. | last6=Isomursu | first6=M. | last7=Jokelainen | first7=P. | last8=Näreaho | first8=A. | last9=Laakkonen | first9=J. | last10=Hoberg | first10=E. 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Presence in Bulgaria |journal=Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment |doi=10.1080/13102818.2009.10818396|last1= Zlatanova|first1= D.|last2= Racheva|first2= V.|last3= Peshev|first3= D.|last4= Gavrilov|first4= G.|volume= 23|pages= 184–187|s2cid= 83537184|doi-access= free}} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons|Lynx lynx}} {{Wikispecies|Lynx lynx}} *{{cite AV media|people=Mueenuddin, N.|date=2020|title=Himalayan Lynx Filmed Hunting Markhor in Pakistan for First Time|medium=Motion picture|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp7v7ERduuA|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/bp7v7ERduuA|archive-date=12 December 2021|url-status=live|publisher=WWF Pakistan}}{{cbignore}} *{{cite web|author=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group|title=Eurasian lynx|url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=99|access-date=2024-02-09|archive-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191721/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=99|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx|title=The Balkan Lynx Compendium|access-date=2024-02-09|archive-date=2015-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718052711/http://www.catsg.org/balkanlynx/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.kora.ch/en/proj/elois/online/index.php?id=1&L=1|title=Eurasian Lynx Online Information System|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820202613/http://www.kora.ch/en/proj/elois/online/index.php?id=1&L=1|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.lcie.org/|title=Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.lynxuk.org/|title=Lynx UK Trust|access-date=2015-12-08|archive-date=2017-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120085908/http://www.lynxuk.org/|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://lowerwinskill.co.uk/lynx.htm|title=Lynx in Craven, North Yorkshire|website=Lower Winskill|access-date=2024-02-09|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207011426/http://lowerwinskill.co.uk/lynx.htm|url-status=dead}} {{Carnivora|Fe.}} {{Portal bar|Mamalia|Méong}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q43375}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Lynx|Eurasia Lynx]] 3grpmfetzsjmhjtbkv4eqfokbo8976q 0 46652 280100 188726 2026-08-13T17:19:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Danu Taupō | other_name = Danu Taupo | image = Lake Taupo.jpg | caption = | alt = Lake Taupō | pushpin_map = Selandia Anyar#Selandia Anyar Nusa Kalér | pushpin_map_alt = Genah Danu Taupō | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = |image_map = {{Infobox mapframe |area_km2=616|point=none|shape-fill-opacity=0|stroke-width=1}} | location = [[Distrik Taupō]], wawengkon [[Waikato]], [[Nusa Kalér]] | coords = {{Coord|38|48|25|S|175|54|28|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Danu kawah vulkanik|Danu kawah]], [[oligotrof]]ik | inflow = [[Tukad Waitahanui]], [[Tukad Tongariro]], [[Tukad Tauranga Taupō]] | outflow = [[Tukad Waikato]] | catchment = {{convert|3487|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Selandia Anyar]] | length = {{convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|616|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|110|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|186|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|67.76|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = 10.5 warsa | shore = {{convert|193|km|mi|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|356|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dia.govt.nz/Lake-Taupo-Lake-Levels|title=Lake levels|publisher=[[Departemén Jero Negeri (Selandia Anyar)|Te Tari Taiwhenua {{!}} Departemen Dalam Negeri]]|access-date=14 Januari 2020}}</ref> | islands = [[Nusa Motutaiko]] (11&nbsp;[[héktar|ha]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/getting-involved/volunteer-join-or-start-a-project/start-or-fund-a-project/funding/nga-whenua-rahui/nga-whenua-rahui-fund/featured-projects/motutaiko-island/|title=Motutaiko Island: Current Nga Whenua Rahui and Matauranga Kura Taiao projects|publisher=Department of Conservation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304231419/http://www.doc.govt.nz/getting-involved/volunteer-join-or-start-a-project/start-or-fund-a-project/funding/nga-whenua-rahui/nga-whenua-rahui-fund/featured-projects/motutaiko-island/|archive-date=4 Maret 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cussen | first1 = Laurence | author-link = Laurence Cussen | year = 1887 | title = Notes on the Physiography and Geology of the King Country | url = http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_20/rsnz_20_00_006340.html | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand | volume = 20 | pages = 317–332 }} Cingak [http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_20/rsnz_20_00_006460.html Danu Taupō], pp 328–331</ref> | cities = | native_name ={{plainlist}} *{{lang-mi|Taupō-nui-a-Tia}} *{{Lang|Mi|Taupōmoana}}{{endplainlist}} | etymology = Saking {{lang|mi|Taupō-nui-a-Tia}}, [[Basa Māori|Māori]] antuk "jubah ageng [[Tia (panjelajah Māori)|Tia]]" }} '''Danu Taupō''' (taler kawacén '''Taupo'''; {{lang-mi|Taupō-nui-a-Tia}} utawi {{Lang|Mi|Taupōmoana}}) inggih punika [[danu kawah vulkanik|danu kawah]] ageng ring [[Nusa Kalér]] [[Selandia Anyar]], magenah ring [[kaldéra]] [[Gunung Berapi Taupo]]. Danu niki mlaparapan saking aran kota [[Taupō]], sané magenah ring satunggil celuk ring pasisi kalér kangin danu. Antuk jimbar pamukaan {{cvt|616|km2}}, punika [[Lis danu ring Selandia Anyar#Pinih ageng|danu pinih ageng manut jimbar pamukaan]] ring [[Selandia Anyar]], tur [[danu toya ening]] pinih ageng kakalih manut jimbar pamukaan ring géopolitik [[Oséania]] sesampun [[Danu Murray (Papua Nugini)|Danu Murray]] ring [[Papua Nugini]]. [[Nusa Motutaiko]] magenah ring wawengkon kelod kangin danu. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ==Wacénan lantur== * {{cite journal | author = Ben G. Mason |author2=David M. Pyle |author3=Clive Oppenheimer | year = 2004 | title = The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth | url = https://archive.org/details/bulletin-of-volcanology_2004-12_66_8/page/735 | journal = Bulletin of Volcanology | volume = 66 | issue = 8 | pages = 735–748 | doi = 10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9|bibcode = 2004BVol...66..735M |s2cid=129680497 }} * {{cite gvp | vn = 241070 | name = Taupo | access-date = 1 Januari 2009 }} == Pranala jaba == {{Commons category|Lake Taupō}} *[http://www.greatlaketaupo.com/ Situs Web Informasi Tamiu Resmi Danu Ageng Taupo] *[http://www.laketaupo.co.nz/ Situs Wéb Tūrangi lan Danu Taupō] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204051331/http://www.laketaupo.co.nz/ |date=2018-02-04 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090627164106/http://www.laketauponz.com/taupo/webcam.html Wébcam Danu Taupō] *[http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Lakes/Lake-Taupo/ Lake Taupō] at the Waikato Regional Council *[http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/central-north-island/turangi-taupo/lake-taupo-area/ Wawengkon Danu Taupō] ring Departemén Konservasi {{Waikato}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taupō, Danu}} 9r8kdnibuoja8drbanx1bnlllsfbpa5 0 47270 280198 242587 2026-08-13T21:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kekerasan ring anak istri''' inggih punika silih tunggil kekerasan berbasis génder sané kantun wénten ring gumi.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Russo | first1 = Nancy Felipe | last2 = Pirlott | first2 = Angela | title = Gender-based violence: concepts, methods, and findings | journal = [[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] |issue=Violence and Exploitation Against Women and Girls | volume = 1087 | pages = 178–205 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] and [[Oxfam]] | doi = 10.1196/annals.1385.024 | pmid = 17189506 | date = November 2006 | ref = harv | bibcode = 2006NYASA1087..178R }}</ref> Manut ring lelintihannyané, perjuangan anak istri ngrereh keseteraan génder sampun wénten duk nguni. Idéologi patriarki minakadi silih tunggil faktor sané ngawinang kekerasan ring anak istri kantun wénten kantos mangkin. Konsép patriarki maosang, kawéntenan anak istri wantah subordinat yéning kasandingang antuk genah sosial anak lanang sané superior. Kekerasan sakadi punika satata kaprecaya pinaka silih sinunggil soroh [[kejahatan]] sané ngawinang sangkala,<ref>''Citations'': * {{cite book | last = Angelari | first = Marguerite | chapter = Hate crime statutes: a promising tool for fighting violence against women | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=2YdCbgXjr-EC&pg=PA405 | editor-last = Maschke | editor-first = Karen J. | title = Pornography, sex work, and hate speech | pages = 405–448 | publisher = Taylor and Francis | location = New York | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780815325208 }} * {{cite book | last = Gerstenfeld | first = Phyllis B. | chapter = The hate debate: constitutional and policy problems | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=DiBIZcx1nPcC&pg=PA58 | editor-last = Gerstenfeld | editor-first = Phyllis B. | title = Hate crimes: causes, controls, and controversies | page = 58 | publisher = Sage | location = Thousand Oaks, California | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781452256627 }} * {{cite book | last = McPhail | first = Beverly | chapter = Gender-bias hate crimes: a review | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNnXj_SbOsC&pg=PA271 | editor-last = Perry | editor-first = Barbara | title = Hate and bias crime: a reader | page = 271 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780415944076 }}</ref> utaminnyané santukan akéhan korbannyané anak istri, tur parilaksanané puniki mabinayan pisan. [[Berkas:MURDER-SCALE-4-2019.jpg|jmpl|250px|Peta jagat sané nyihnayang séda per 100.000 populasi sané kamargiang majeng anak istri, 2019.]] Manut ring Perméndikbudristék Nomor 46 Tahun 2023 unduk Pencegahan miwah Penanganan Kekerasan ring Wewengkon Satuan Pendidikan, kekerasan kapah dados kekerasan psikis, kekerasan fisik, perundungan, kekerasan seksual diskriminasi miwah kebijakan sané madaging kekerasan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://merdekadarikekerasan.kemdikbud.go.id/definisi-dan-bentuk-kekerasan/|title=Definisi dan Bentuk Kekerasan|date=2024|website=6 (enam) bentuk kekerasan yang didefinisikan dalam Permendikbudristek Nomor 46 Tahun 2023 tentang Pencegahan dan Penanganan Kekerasan di Lingkungan Satuan Pendidikan|access-date=17 Maret 2024|archive-date=2024-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317094015/https://merdekadarikekerasan.kemdikbud.go.id/definisi-dan-bentuk-kekerasan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Asapunika taler manut ring Catatan Tahunan (Catahu) Komnas Perempuan, kocap wénten 289.111 kasus kekerasan majeng anak istri ring warsa 2023. Ring makudang-kudang kasus, korban ketahnyane mayusa alitan utawi kantun kasoran ring pendidikan. Kawéntenan kekerasan ring anak istri kocap sayan nincap kantos 44% lan 176% ring wewidangan negara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-detail/siaran-pers-komnas-perempuan-tentang-peluncuran-catatan-tahunan-kasus-kekerasan-terhadap-perempuan-tahun-2023|title=Siaran Pers|website=Komnas Perempuan {{!}} Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan|language=en|access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref> Kekerasan nenten ja wantah tanggung jawab LSM utawi pemerintah kémanten. Nika mawinan peran kramané sareng sami mabuat pisan antuk ngicalang kawéntenan kekerasan puniki. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Pustaka liyanan === * {{Cite journal|last=Almosaed|first=Nora|date=2004|title=Violence against women: a cross‐cultural perspective|journal=[[Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs#Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs]]|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=67–88|doi=10.1080/1360200042000212124|ref=harv}} * {{Cite news|last=Appiah|first=Kwame Anthony|author-link=Kwame Anthony Appiah|title=Convincing other cultures to change|work=[[Big Think]]|date=21 September 2010|url=http://bigthink.com/videos/convincing-other-cultures-to-change|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212131130/http://bigthink.com/videos/convincing-other-cultures-to-change|archivedate=12 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bellemare|first1=Marc F.|last2=Steinmetz|first2=Tara L.|date=17 June 2013|title=All in the family: explaining the persistence of female genital cutting in the Gambia|url=http://marcfbellemare.com/wordpress/2013/06/explaining-the-persistence-of-female-genital-cutting-in-the-gambia/|journal=[[Social Science Research Network]]|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2280086|ssrn=2280086|ref=harv}} [http://marcfbellemare.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/BellemareSteinmetzFGCJune2013.pdf Pdf.] * {{cite book|title=Women, violence and social change|last1=Dobash|first1=Russell P.|last2=Dobash|first2=R. Emerson|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138174023|location=Abingdon, Oxon}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Durham|first1=Meenakshi G.|date=February 2013|title="Vicious Assault Shakes Texas Town": the politics of gender violence in ''The New York Times''<nowiki>'</nowiki> coverage of a schoolgirl's gang rape|journal=Journalism Studies|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1080/1461670X.2012.657907|ref=harv|authorlink1=Meenakshi Gigi Durham}} * {{cite book|title=Violence against women: the hidden health burden|url=https://archive.org/details/violenceagainstw0000heis|last=Heise|first=Lori L.|last2=Pitanguy|first2=Jacqueline|last3=Germain|first3=Adrienne|publisher=World Bank|year=1994|isbn=9780821329801|location=Washington, D.C}} Discussion Paper No. 255 * {{cite journal|last1=James|first1=Stanlie M.|date=Summer 1998|title=Shades of othering: reflections on female circumcision/genital mutilation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-1998_23_4/page/1031|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|volume=23|issue=4|pages=1031–1048|doi=10.1086/495300|jstor=3175202|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Helen|last2=Diop|first2=Nafissatou|last3=Askew|first3=Ian|last4=Kaboré|first4=Inoussa|date=September 1999|title=Female genital cutting practices in Burkina Faso and Mali and their negative health outcomes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-family-planning_1999-09_30_3/page/219|journal=[[Studies in Family Planning]]|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]]|volume=30|issue=3|pages=219–230|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00219.x|pmid=10546313|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Wanda K.|last2=Smith|first2=Jack|last3=Kieke, Jr.|first3=Burney|last4=Wilcox|first4=Lynne|date=September 1997|title=Female genital mutilation/female circumcision: who is at risk in the US?|journal=[[Public Health Reports]]|volume=112|issue=5|pages=368–377|pmc=1381943|pmid=9323387|ref=harv}} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1381943/pdf/pubhealthrep00038-0014.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Liz|author-link=Liz Kelly|date=December 2005|title=Inside outsiders: Mainstreaming violence against women into human rights discourse and practice|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=471–495|doi=10.1080/14616740500284391|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Mackie|first=Gerry|date=June 2003|title=Female genital cutting: a harmless practice?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-anthropology-quarterly_2003-06_17_2/page/135|journal=[[Medical Anthropology Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] on behalf of the [[American Anthropological Association]]|volume=17|issue=2|pages=135–158|doi=10.1525/maq.2003.17.2.135|jstor=3655332|ref=harv}} [http://dss.ucsd.edu/~gmackie/documents/FGCHarmlessPractice.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509230919/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~gmackie/documents/FGCHarmlessPractice.pdf |date=2013-05-09 }} * {{cite journal|last=Shell-Duncan|first=Bettina|last2=Herniund|first2=Yiva|date=August 2006|title=Are there "Stages of Change" in the practice of female genital cutting?: Qualitative research findings from Senegal and The Gambia|url=http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=rh06027&lang=en|journal=African Journal of Reproductive Health [La Revue Africaine de la Santé Reproductive]|publisher=Women's Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC)|volume=10|issue=2|pages=57–71|doi=10.2307/30032459|jstor=30032459|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Female genital mutilation: legal, cultural, and medical issues|url=https://archive.org/details/femalegenitalmut0000skai_n5q7|last=Skaine|first=Rosemarie|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|year=2005|isbn=9780786421671|location=Jefferson, North Caroline}} * {{cite book|url=http://www.natascha-wagner.com/uploads/9/0/1/5/9015445/fgc_march2013.pdf|title=Why female genital cutting persist?|last=Wagner|first=Natascha|date=March 2013|publisher=University of Rotterdam|series=Working Paper|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-date=2022-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503192701/http://www.natascha-wagner.com/uploads/9/0/1/5/9015445/fgc_march2013.pdf|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|title=The political economy of violence against women|url=https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000true|last=True|first=Jacqui|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780199755912|location=New York, NY}} * {{cite journal|last=Wakabi|first=Wairagala|date=31 March 2007|title=Africa battles to make female genital mutilation history|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_march-31-april-6-2007_369_9567/page/1069|journal=[[The Lancet]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=369|issue=9567|pages=1069–1070|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60508-X|pmid=17405200|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Lindy|last2=Sobieszczyk|first2=Teresa|date=November 1997|title=Attitudes surrounding the continuation of female circumcision in the Sudan: passing the tradition to the next generation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-marriage-and-family_1997-11_59_4/page/966|journal=[[Journal of Marriage and Family]]|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]]|volume=59|issue=4|pages=966–981|doi=10.2307/353796|jstor=353796|ref=harv}} === Pranala jaba === * {{dmoz|Society/People/Women/Issues/Violence_and_Abuse}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516094651/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/39C38938-2E29-4151-9280-D5AC063DD02E/0/FICHES_Violence_femmes_EN.pdf Violence against women], a factsheet on [[ECtHR]] case law * [http://www.endvawnow.org/ Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence against Women and Girls] (in English, French, and Spanish) * [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/SRWomen/Pages/SRWomenIndex.aspx UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences] * [http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/en/index.html World Health Organization's reports on FGM], Health complications of female genital mutilation {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} [[Kategori:Kekerasan ring anak istri]] [[Kategori:Kejahatan ring anak istri]] [[Kategori:Kesehatan Perempuan]] aqh46eoou9gmq3jry4vj8kyhlb6kjpc 0 48610 280166 194524 2026-08-13T18:57:22Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Penguins | fossil_range = [[Danian]] Ungkur-[[Holosin|Mangkin]], {{fossilrange|62|0|earliest=66}} <small>Minab [[Aab Kapur]] manut saking data molekulér<ref name=tambussi>{{cite journal|first1=C.|last1=Tambussi|first2=C. A.|last2=Hospitaleche|year=2007|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/raga/v62n4/v62n4a12.pdf|title=Antarctic birds (Neornithes) during the Cretaceous–Eocene time|journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica|volume=62|issue=4|pages=604–617|access-date=March 21, 2021|archive-date=April 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402124554/http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/raga/v62n4/v62n4a12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hackett|first1=S. J.|first2=R. T.|last2=Kimball|first3=S.|last3=Reddy|first4=R. C. K.|last4=Bowie|first5=E. L.|last5=Braun|first6=M. J.|last6=Braun|year=2008|title=A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763|journal=Science|volume=320|issue=5884|pages=1763–1768|doi=10.1126/science.1157704|pmid=18583609|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H|s2cid=6472805}}</ref><ref name="Ksepka"/></small> | image = Penguins collage.png | image_upright = 1.2 | image_caption = Spésies penguin saking genera mabinayan; saking duur-kiwa, arah jaum jam: [[Penguin kaisar]] (''Aptenodytes forsteri''), [[penguin jambul]] (''Eudyptes robustus''), [[penguin alit]] (''Eudyptula minor''), [[penguin mata kuning]] (''Megadyptes antipodes''), [[penguin gentoo]] (''Pygoscelis papua''), [[penguin Afrika]] (''Spheniscus demersus'') | display_parents = 2 | parent_authority = [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]], 1891 | taxon = Spheniscidae | authority = [[Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1831 | range_map = Penguin range.png | range_map_caption = Sebaran mataluh pingun, makasami spésiés (aqua); wénten spésiés ngelah sebaran masa migrasi sané linggah | subdivision_ranks = [[génus|Généra]] modérn | subdivision = ''[[Aptenodytes]]''<br /> ''[[Eudyptes]]''<br /> ''[[Eudyptula]]''<br /> ''[[Megadyptes]]''<br /> ''[[Pygoscelis]]''<br /> ''[[Spheniscus]]''<br /> antuk généra purba, cingak [[#Sistematik miwah évolusi|Sistematik]] }} '''Penguin''' utawi '''pinguin''' inggih punika sekaa [[kedis|paksi]] akuatik sané ten mersidayang mekeber saking [[kaluwarga (biologi)|famili]] ''' Spheniscidae''' saking ordo '''Sphenisciformes'''.<ref name="IOU">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/loons/ |title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=Frank |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |year=2023 |work=World Bird List Version 13.1 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=16 April 2023 }}</ref> '''Subkaluwarga Spheniscinae''' – penguin modérn {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gambar !! Génus !! Spésiés |- |[[File:Emperor Penguin Manchot empereur.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Aptenodytes]]''''' {{small|Miller, JF, 1778}} – penguin ageng|| * [[Penguin raja]], ''Aptenodytes patagonicus'' * [[Penguin kaisar]], ''Aptenodytes forsteri'' |- |[[File:Pygoscelis antarcticus -Cooper Bay, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories, UK-8.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Pygoscelis]]''''' {{small|Wagler, 1832}} – brush-tailed penguins|| * [[Adélie penguin]], ''Pygoscelis adeliae'' * [[Chinstrap penguin]], ''Pygoscelis antarcticus'' * [[Gentoo penguin]], ''Pygoscelis papua'' |- |[[File:Little Penguin Feb09.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Eudyptula]]''''' {{small|Bonaparte, 1856}} – little penguins|| * [[Little penguin]], ''Eudyptula minor'' * [[Australian little penguin]], ''Eudyptula novaehollandiae'' |- |[[File:Pingüino (1).JPG|175px]]||'''''[[Banded penguin|Spheniscus]]''''' {{small|Brisson 1760}} – banded penguins|| * [[Magellanic penguin]], ''Spheniscus magellanicus'' * [[Humboldt penguin]], ''Spheniscus humboldti'' * [[Galápagos penguin]], ''Spheniscus mendiculus'' * [[African penguin]], ''Spheniscus demersus'' |- |[[File:Yellow-eyed Penguin MC.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Megadyptes]]''''' {{small|Milne-Edwards, 1880}}|| * [[Yellow-eyed penguin]], ''Megadyptes antipodes'' * †[[Waitaha penguin]], ''Megadyptes waitaha'' (extinct, disputed)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=T.L. |last2=Ksepka |first2=D.T. |last3=Mitchell |first3=K.J. |last4=Tennyson |first4=A.J. |last5=Thomas |first5=D.B. |last6=Pan |first6=H. |last7=Zhang |first7=G. |last8=Rawlence |first8=N.J. |last9=Wood |first9=J.R. |last10=Bover |first10=P. |last11=Bouzat |first11=J.L. |year=2019 |title=Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=784–797 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msz017 |pmid=30722030|doi-access=free }}</ref> |- |[[File:SnaresPenguin (Mattern) large.jpg|175px]]||'''''[[Crested penguin|Eudyptes]]''''' {{small|Vieillot, 1816}} – crested penguins|| * [[Fiordland penguin]], ''Eudyptes pachyrhynchus'' * [[Snares penguin]], ''Eudyptes robustus'' * [[Erect-crested penguin]], ''Eudyptes sclateri'' * [[Southern rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysocome'' * [[Northern rockhopper penguin]], ''Eudyptes moseleyi'' * [[Royal penguin]], ''Eudyptes schlegeli'' (disputed) * [[Macaroni penguin]], ''Eudyptes chrysolophus'' * †[[Chatham penguin]], ''Eudyptes warhami'' (extinct) |- |} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} s98h8n1rxdr8ept3oiui62qlvb7dj5b 0 50319 280101 268854 2026-08-13T17:21:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Reich Jerman {{small|{{nobold|(1933–1943)}}<br/>''Deutsches Reich''}}<hr>Reich Jerman Raya {{small|{{nobold|(1943–1945)}}<br/>''Großdeutsches Reich''}} |imagestyle= {{linear-gradient|left|pink,transparent,pink}} | common_name = Jerman | era = [[Periode antarperang|Antarperang]] / [[Perang Dunia II]] | status = | status_text = | government_type = Negara [[fasis]] [[negara satu partai|satu partai]] [[Nazisme|nasional-sosialis]] ring sor [[kediktatoran]] [[Totaliterisme|totaliter]] <!-- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --> | event_start = [[Machtergreifung|Pengambilalihan Kekuasaan]] | date_start = 30 Januari | year_start = 1933 | event_end = [[Pamréntahan Flensburg#Pabiuran|Pabiuran]] | date_end = 23 Mei | year_end = 1945 | event1 = ''[[Ermächtigungsgesetz]]'' | date_event1 = 24 Maret 1933 | event2 = ''[[Anschluss]]'' | date_event2 = 12 Maret 1938 | event3 = [[Yuda Jagat II]] | date_event3 = 1 Séptémber 1939 | event4 = [[Adolf Hitler séda|Hitler séda]] | date_event4 = 30 April 1945 | event5 = [[Instrumén Panyerahan Raga Jerman|Panyerahan Déwék]] | date_event5 = 8 Mei 1945 <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --> | p1 = Républik Weimar | flag_p1 = Flag of Germany.svg | p2 = Teritori Cekungan Saar {{!}}Cekungan Saar | flag_p2 = Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg | p3 = Negara Féderal Austria{{!}}Austria | flag_p3 = Flag of Austria.svg | p4 = Républik Cékoslowakia Pertama{{!}}Cékoslowakia | flag_p4 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | p5 = Lituania | flag_p5 = Flag of Lithuania.svg | p6 = Républik Polandia Kakalih{{!}}Polandia | flag_p6 = Flag of Poland.svg | p7 = Kota Merdeka Danzig{{!}}Danzig | flag_p7 = Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg | p8 = Krajaan Yugoslavia{{!}}Yugoslavia | flag_p8 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg | p9 = Républik Katiga Prancis{{!}}Prancis | flag_p9 = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg | p10 = Luksemburg | flag_p10 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | s1 = Pendudukan Jerman oleh Sekutu{{!}}Pendudukan Jerman | flag_s1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg | s2 = Pendudukan Austria oleh Sekutu{{!}}Pendudukan Austria | flag_s2 = Flag of Austria.svg | s3 = Républik Rakyat Polandia{{!}}Polandia | flag_s3 = Flag of Poland.svg | s4 = Républik Cekoslowakia Ketiga{{!}}Cekoslowakia | flag_s4 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | s5 = Yugoslavia Federal Demokratis{{!}}Yugoslavia | flag_s5 = Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg | s6 = Pemerintahan Sementara Républik Prancis{{!}}Prancis | flag_s6 = Flag of France (1794–1958).svg | s7 = Luksemburg | flag_s7 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | s8 = Uni Soviet | flag_s8 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg | image_flag = Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg{{!}}border<!-- Do not replace with NSDAP flag, as the two are not identical. NSDAP flag is symmetrical, this one is not. --> | flag_alt = Kober Jerman Nazi | image_flag2 = <!-- Second flag --> | flag_alt2 = <!-- Alt text for second flag --> | flag = <!-- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> | flag2 = <!-- Link target under flag2 image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> | flag_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --> | flag2_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag2. Default "Flag" --> | image_coat = Reichsadler.svg | coa_size = 100px | coat_alt = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms --> | symbol_type = | symbol_type_article = <!-- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} --> | image_map = Greater German Reich (1942).svg | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = Wawidangan Jerman ring puncak kejayaannya<br/>ring aab [[Yuda Jagat II]] (ungkur 1942): {{plainlist|style=padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;| *{{Legend|#008000|Reich Jerman{{efn|name=annexed}}}} *{{Legend|#55c255|[[Reichskommissariat|Wilayah pendudukan sipil]]}} *{{Legend|#a5dfa5|[[Administrasi Militer (Jerman Nazi)|Wilayah pendudukan militer]]}} }} | image_map2 = Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png | image_map2_alt = | image_map2_caption = Pembagian administratif Jerman,<br>Januari 1944 | capital = [[Berlin]] | coordinates = {{Coord|52|31|N|13|23|E|type:city}} | national_motto = | national_anthem = ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''<br/>("Lagu Bangsa Jerman")<br/> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[Berkas:Deutschlandlied (old recording).oga|pusat]]</div><br/>''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''{{hsp}}{{efn|name=Wessel}}<br/>("Nyanyian Horst Wessel")<br/> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[Berkas:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg|pusat]]</div> | common_languages = [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]] | religion = | demonym = | currency [[Reichsmark]] (ℛℳ) <!-- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --> | leader1 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] ([[Presiden Jerman (1919–1945)|Presiden]]) | leader2 = [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Führer]]) | leader3 = [[Karl Dönitz]] (Presiden) | leader4 = | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | year_leader2 = 1934–1945 | year_leader3 = 1945 | year_leader4 = | title_leader = [[Presiden Jerman|Kepala Negara]] | deputy1 = [[Adolf Hitler]] | deputy2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | deputy3 = [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|L. G. S. von Krosigk]] | year_deputy1 = 1933–1945 | year_deputy2 = 1945 | year_deputy3 = 1945 | title_deputy = [[Lis Kanselir Jerman#Jerman Nazi (Reichskanzler) (1933–1945)|Kanselir]] <!-- Legislature --> | legislature = [[Reichstag (Jerman Nazi)|Reichstag]] | house1 = [[Reichsrat (Jerman)|Reichsrat]] (dihapuskan 1934) | type_house1 = Dewan negara | house2 = <!-- Name of second chamber --> | type_house2 = <!-- Default: "Lower house" --> <!-- Area and population of a given year --> | stat_year1 = 1939 | stat_area1 = 633.786 | ref_area1 = {{efn|name=statistics}} | stat_pop1 = <!-- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --> | stat_year2 = [[Sensus di Jerman#Kekaisaran Jerman, Républik Weimar dan Jerman Nazi (1871–1945)|1939]] | stat_area2 = | stat_pop2 = 79.375.281 | ref_pop2 = {{Efn|{{cite journal|title=Die Bevölkerung des Deutschen Reichs nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung 1939 (''Populasi Jerman menurut sensus 1939.''), Berlin 1941.|issue=2}} }} | stat_year3 = 1940{{sfn|Soldaten-Atlas|1941|p=8}}{{efn|name=annexed}} | stat_area3 = 823.505 | stat_pop3 = 109.518.183 | today = {{flag|Jerman}} <br/>{{flag|Prancis}} <br/>{{flag|Belanda}} <br/>{{flag|Rusia}} <br/>{{flag|Ceko}} <br/>{{flag|Norwegia}} <br/>{{flag|Ukraina}}<br/> {{flag|Belgia}} <br/>{{flag|Luksemburg}} <br/>{{flag|Moldova}} <br/>{{flag|Latvia}} <br/>{{flag|Lithuania}} <br/>{{flag|Estonia}} <br/> {{flag|Polandia}} <br/>{{flag|Yunani}} <br/>{{flag|Serbia}} <br/>{{flag|Denmark}} <br/>{{flag|Transnistria}} | continent = Éropa }} {{Penjelasan singkat|Negara Jerman dari 1933 sampai 1945 di bawah kediktatoran Adolf Hitler}} '''Jerman Nazi''' ({{lang-de|'''NS-Staat'''}}) inggih punika parinama [[Jerman]] riantara warsa 1933 lan 1945, ritatkala [[Adolf Hitler]] lan [[Partai Nazi]] (NSDAP) sané ipun ngamongang negara nganggén sistem [[kadiktatoran]]. Ring masa pamréntahan Hitler, Jerman kadadosang negara sané [[Totaliterisme|totaliter]] miwah nyansan akéh sané kaatur olih pamréntah. Aran resmi negara inggih punika ''"Deutsches Reich"'' ([[Jerman Reich]]) ngantos warsa 1943 miwah ''"Großdeutsches Reich"'' ([[Reich Jerman Raya]]) saking warsa 1943 ngantos warsa 1945. Jerman Nazi taler kasengguh Reich Katiga (''Drittes Reich''), sané mateges "Kekaisaran Katiga", antuk [[Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]] (800-1806) pinaka kekaisaran kapertama miwah [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] (1871-1918) pinaka kekaisaran kaping kalih. Rezim Nazi runtuh risampuné Sekutu ngaonang Jerman ring Méi 1945, [[Puput Yuda Jagat II ring Éropa|muputang Yuda Jagat II ring Éropa]]. == Pustaka == === Cutetan sané jangkep === {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = Wessel | Pada 12 Juli 1933, Reichsinnenminister [[Wilhelm Frick]], Menteri Dalam Negeri, memerintahkan agar ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'' dimainkan setelah lagu kebangsaan ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]'', juga dikenal dengan ''Deutschland Über Alles''.{{harvnb|Tümmler|2010|p=63}}. }} {{efn | name = annexed | Termasuk wilayah yang dianeksasi dan ditaklukkan ''de facto''. }} {{efn | name = statistics | Pada 1939, sebelum Jerman menguasai dua wilayah yang pernah dikendalikan olehnya sebelum Perjanjian Versailles (Alsace-Lorraine serta Danzig dan Koridor Polandia), luas wilayahnya tercatat sebesar {{convert|633786|km2|sqmi}}. Lihat {{harvnb|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}}. }} {{efn | name = estimate | Pada 29 November 2006, Sekretaris Negara di Kementerian Federal Dalam Negeri [[Christoph Bergner]] mengungkapkan penyebab data statistik ini tidak cocok karena Haar hanya menyertakan orang-orang yang langsung dibunuh. Angka 2 sampai 2,5 juta juga termasuk warga Jerman yang meninggal karena penyakit, kelaparan, kedinginan, serangan udara, dan penyebab lainnya.{{harvnb|Koldehoff|2006}} [[Palang Merah Jerman]] masih menyatakan bahwa jumlah korban jiwa akibat pengusiran mencapai 2,2 juta.{{harvnb|Kammerer|Kammerer|2005|p=12}}. }} {{efn | name = districts | Terdapat distrik-distrik sejenis yang diusulkan untuk dibentuk apabila wilayahnya berhasil dikuasai oleh Jerman, contohnya [[Reichskommissariat Moskowien]] (Moskwa), [[Reichskommissariat Kaukasus]] (Kaukasus), dan ''[[Reichskommissariat Turkestan]]'' (Turkistan). }} {{efn | name = quote | "Namun demikian, bukti yang ada menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, masyarakat sipil Jerman tidak menyetujui. Kampanye propaganda Goebbel yang dilakukan pada paruh kedua 1941 dan 1943 gagal memengaruhi mereka". {{harvnb|Evans|2008|p=561}}. Di halaman 560–562, Evans mengajukan beberapa bukti untuk mendukung kesimpulan ini, di antaranya: jarangnya terjadi diskusi di antara warga Jerman tentang persekusi dan pembunuhan kaum Yahudi dalam laporan mata-mata SS, kecaman dari kelompok-kelompok gereja di Bayern dan daerah lainnya, serta kutipan-kutipan laporan yang menunjukkan bahwa rakyat mengecam perlakuan pasukan Jerman terhadap Yahudi dan menyalahkannya sebagai sebab kerusakan yang dilakukan Sekutu di Jerman pada akhir perang. }} {{efn | name = raeder | Menurut Raeder, "Angkatan Udara kita tidak bisa diandalkan untuk menjaga transportasi kita dari Armada Britania, karena operasi mereka akan bergantung pada cuaca, jika tak ada alasan lain. Kita tidak bisa mengharapkan bahkan untuk sesaat saja bahwa Angkatan Udara kita bisa menebus ketiadaan keunggulan angkatan laut kita."{{harvnb|Raeder|2001|pp=324–325}} Laksamana Agung [[Karl Dönitz]] meyakini bahwa keunggulan udara tidak cukup, dan mengakui, "Kita tidak memiliki kendali atas udara ataupun laut; kita juga tidak dalam posisi apa pun untuk mendapatkannya."{{harvnb|Dönitz|2012|p=114}}. }} }} === Kutipan === {{reflist|20em}} === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite web | title = Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany | url = http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/ | date = 20 September 1945 | publisher = dipublico.com | ref = {{sfnRef|Allied Agreement|1945}} | access-date = 9 July 2024 | archive-date = 14 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514140335/http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/ | url-status = dead }} *{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last1 = Bartrop | editor-first1 = Paul R. | editor-last2 = Jacobs | editor-first2 = Leonard | title = | encyclopedia = Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection | volume = 1 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, CA | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-61069-363-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = Berlin: The Downfall 1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/berlindownfall190000beev_e9y1 | year = 2002 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = The Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00beev | year = 2012 | publisher = Little, Brown | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-316-02374-0| ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W. | title = A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 | year = 2007 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-7425-5363-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Berben | first = Paul | title = Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History | url = https://archive.org/details/dachau19331945of0000berb | year = 1975 | publisher = Norfolk Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-85211-009-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Berghahn | first = Volker R. | chapter = Germans and Poles, 1871–1945 | editor1-last = Bullivant |editor1-first = Keith | editor2-last = Giles | editor2-first = Geoffrey |editor3-last=Pape | editor3-first = Walter |title = Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences | series = Yearbook of European Studies |publisher = Rodopi | location = Amsterdam; Atlanta, GA | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-90-420-0688-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last1 = Beyer | first1 = John C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Stephen A. | title = Forced Labour under the Third Reich&nbsp;– Part 1 | publisher = Nathan Associates | url = http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | accessdate = 12 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Beyer & Schneider}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509054212/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | archivedate = 9 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }} *{{cite journal | last = Biddiscombe | first = Perry | title = Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2001_34_3/page/611 | journal = Journal of Social History | year = 2001 | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–647 | doi = 10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Boczek | first = Bolesław Adam | title = International Law: A Dictionary | url = https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000bocz | year = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-8108-5078-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Bracher | first = Karl Dietrich | year = 1970 | title = The German Dictatorship | translator-first= Jean |translator-last=Steinberg | publisher = [[Penguin Books]] | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-013724-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Browning | first = Christopher | title = The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942 | year = 2005 | publisher = Arrow | location = UK | isbn = 978-0-8032-5979-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last1 = Busse | first1 = Reinhard | last2 = Riesberg | first2 = Annette | title = Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany | year = 2004 | publisher = WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies | location = Copenhagen | url = http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf | accessdate = 15 May 2013 | ref = harv | archive-date = 21 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200321225609/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Bytwerk | first = Randall | title = German Propaganda Archive: Goebbels' 1943 Speech on Total War | year = 1998 | publisher = [[Calvin College]] | url = http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/goeb36.htm | accessdate = 3 March 2016 | ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Cassidy | first = David C. | title = Heisenberg, German Science, and the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-research_fall-1992_59_3/page/643 | year = 1992| journal = Social Research | publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | jstor = 40970709 | issn = 0037-783X | ref = harv | pages = 643–661}} *{{cite book | last = Childers | first = Thomas | title = The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichhistor0000chil | year = 2017 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-45165-113-3 |ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Clark | first = Christopher M.| title = Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 | year = 2006 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = London | isbn = 978-0-674-02385-7 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri }} * {{cite book | last = Clark | first = Lloyd | title = Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943 | url = https://archive.org/details/kurskgreatestbat0000clar | publisher = Headline Review | location = London | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-7553-3639-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Closmann | first = Charles | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Legalizing a ''Volksgemeinschaft'': Nazi Germany's Reich Nature Protection Law of 1935 | year = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = 978-0-8214-1646-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| editor1-last = Constable | editor1-first = George | title = Fists of Steel | series = The Third Reich | year = 1988 | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = Alexandria, VA | isbn = 978-0-8094-6966-6 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/fistsofsteel00time }} *{{cite book | last = Conway | first = John S | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945 | year = 2001 | publisher = Regent College Publishing | location = Vancouver | isbn = 978-1-57383-080-5 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Cox | first = John M. | title = Circles of Resistance: Jewish, Leftist, and Youth Dissidence in Nazi Germany | publisher = Peter Lang | year = 2009 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4331-0557-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Cuomo | first = Glenn R. | title = National Socialist Cultural Policy | year = 1995 | publisher = Palgrave MacMillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-09094-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Davies | first = Norman | title = Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw | year = 2003 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-670-03284-6 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm }} *{{cite journal | last = Davis | first = Richard G. | title = German Rail Yards and Cities: U.S. Bombing Policy 1944–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_air-power-history_summer-1995_42_2/page/46 | journal = Air Power History | year = 1995 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 46–63 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | title = Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with Respect to Germany and Supplementary Statements | journal = American Journal of International Law | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | date = July 1945 | pages = 171–178 | jstor = 2213921 | doi = 10.2307/2213921 | ref = {{sfnRef|Berlin Declaration|1945}} }} *{{Cite book | last = DeGregori | first = Thomas R. | title = Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety, and the Environment | url = https://archive.org/details/bountifulharvest0000degr | publisher = Cato Institute | location = Washington | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-930865-31-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = DeLong | first = J. Bradford | title = Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. XV. Nazis and Soviets | date = February 1997 | publisher = University of California at Berkeley | work = econ161.berkeley.edu | url = http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511190923/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | accessdate = 21 April 2013 | archivedate = 11 May 2008 | ref = harv | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Dönitz | first = Karl | authorlink = Karl Dönitz | title = Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days | year = 2012 | origyear = 1958 | publisher = Frontline | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84832-644-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Dorland | first = Michael | title = Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France | publisher = University Press of New England | series = Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series | location = Waltham, Mass | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-58465-784-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Douglas | first = R.M | title = Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/orderlyhumaneexp0000doug | year = 2012 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | isbn = 978-0-300-16660-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Dussel | first = Konrad | title = Wie erfolgreich war die nationalsozlalistische Presselenkung? | url = https://archive.org/details/vierteljahrshefte-fur-zeitgeschichte_2010-10_58_4/page/543 | trans-title = How Successful was National Socialist Control of the Daily Press? | language = German | journal = Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte | date = 2010 | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 543–561 | doi = 10.1524/vfzg.2010.0026 | ref = harv}} {{subscription required}} *{{cite book | title = Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN | volume = 3 | year = 2004 | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location = Warsaw | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-01-14179-0 | ref = {{sfnRef|Powszechna PWN|2004}} }} * {{cite book| last1 = Ericksen | first1 = Robert P. | last2 = Heschel | first2 = Susannah | title = Betrayal: German Churches and the Holocaust | year = 1999 | publisher = Augsberg Fortress | location = Minneapolis | isbn = 978-0-8006-2931-1 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/betrayalgermanch00eric }} *{{cite web | title = "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus | year = 2012 | work = Das Bundesarchiv | publisher = Government of Germany | language = German | url = https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | accessdate = 19 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Bundesarchiv, "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | archivedate = 21 October 2013 | df = dmy-all }} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = The Coming of the Third Reich | year = 2003 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | year = 2005 | title = The Third Reich in Power | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn =978-0-14-303790-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | year = 2008 | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent | url = https://archive.org/details/cosmopolitanisla0000evan | year = 2009 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-19998-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Farago | first = Ladislas | year = 1972 | origyear = 1942 | title = German Psychological Warfare | publisher = Arno Press | location = New York | series = International Propaganda and Communications |isbn = 978-0-405-04747-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim | title = Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945 | year = 1996 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-81774-1 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim |translator-first=Ewald |translator-last=Osers |translator2-first=Alexandra |translator2-last=Dring | title = Speer: The Final Verdict | url = https://archive.org/details/speerfinalverdic00fest | year = 1999 | publisher = Harcourt | location = San Diego | isbn = 978-0-15-100556-7 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Fischer | first = Klaus P. | title = Nazi Germany: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanynewhi0000fisc_z4c7 | publisher = Constable and Company | location = London | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-09-474910-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite journal | last = Fleming | first = Michael | date = Spring 2014 |title = Allied Knowledge of Auschwitz: A (Further) Challenge to the 'Elusiveness' Narrative | journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–57 | doi = 10.1093/hgs/dcu014 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Freeman | first = Michael J. | title = Atlas of Nazi Germany: A Political, Economic, and Social Anatomy of the Third Reich | year = 1995 | publisher = Longman | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-0-582-23924-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Friedländer | first = Saul | authorlink = Saul Friedländer | title = Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyjews10000frie | year = 2009 | publisher = Harper Perennial | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-06-135027-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Gellately | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Gellately | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher | journal = Central European History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | year = 1996 | pages = 270–274 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170}} *{{cite book | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-08684-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | author = Germany (West) Presse- und Informationsamt | title = Germany Reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer | year = 1961 | publisher = F. Steiner | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | oclc = 5092689 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Germany Reports''|1961}} }} *{{cite book | author = Germany (West). Statistisches Bundesamt | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 | year = 1958 | publisher = Verlag W. Kohlhammer | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | oclc = 7363969 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste'', 1939/50}} }} *{{cite book | last = Gill | first = Anton | title = An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/honourabledefeat0000gill_s8m1 | year = 1994 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Gill | first = Roger | title = Theory and Practice of Leadership | url = https://archive.org/details/theorypracticeof0000gill | year = 2006 | publisher = SAGE Publications | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7619-7176-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Glantz | first = David M. | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 }} *{{cite book | last = Goeschel | first = Christian | title = Suicide in Nazi Germany | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-953256-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | title = Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust | year = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book| last = Grunberger | first = Richard | year = 1971 | title = The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 | publisher = Holt Rinehart and Winston | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-03-076435-6 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/12yearreichsoc00grun }} *{{cite book | last = Haar | first = Ingo | editor1-last = Ehmer | editor1-first = Josef | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste:&nbsp;– Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme | work = Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" : Aspekte und Erkenntnisse zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft | year = 2009 | publisher = Springer | language = German | location = | isbn = 978-3-531-16152-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Hahn | first1 = Hans Henning | last2 = Hahnova | first2 = Eva | title = Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte | language = German | year = 2010 | publisher = Paderborn | location = Munich; Vienna | isbn = 978-3-506-77044-8 | ref = harv}} * {{cite journal | last = Hamblet | first = Wendy C. | title = Book Review: Götz Aly: Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State | journal = Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal | year = 2008 | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 267–268 | doi = 10.3138/gsp.3.2.267 | url = http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1175&context=gsp | accessdate = 14 April 2017 | ref = harv| doi-broken-date = 2019-05-26 }} *{{cite journal | last = Hanauske-Abel | first = Hartmut M. | title = Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933 | journal = BMJ | date = 7 December 1996 | volume = 313 | issue = 7070 | pages = 1453–1463 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1453 | url = http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | ref = harv | pmid = 8973235 | pmc = 2352969 | access-date = 2019-07-28 | archive-date = 2020-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021728/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | dead-url = yes }} * {{Cite news | last1 = Harding | first1 = Thomas | title = Battle of Britain was won at sea. Discuss | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1527068/Battle-of-Britain-was-won-at-sea.-Discuss.html | website = The Telegraph | accessdate = 22 December 2017 | date = 23 August 2006 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Heinemann | first1 = Isabel | last2 = Oberkrome | first2 = Willi | last3 = Schleiermacher | first3 = Sabine | last4 = Wagner | first4 = Patrick | title = Nauka, planowanie, wypędzenia : Generalny Plan Wschodni narodowych socjalistów : katalog wystawy Niemieckiej Współnoty Badawczej | year = 2006 | publisher = Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | language = Polish | url = http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | location = Bonn | isbn = | ref = {{sfnRef|Heinemann et al.|2006}} | access-date = 2024-07-09 | archive-date = 2019-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074959/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|last=Richter|first=Heinz A.|title=Greece in World War II|others=transl by Kostas Sarropoulos|publisher=Govostis|year=1998|location=Athens|language=Greek |isbn=978-960-270-789-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Klaus | title = The Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild | year = 1984 | publisher = George Allen & Unwin | location = Boston | isbn = 978-0-04-943032-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hitchcock | first = William I. | title = The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present | url = https://archive.org/details/struggleforeurop0000hitc | year = 2004 | publisher = Anchor | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-385-49799-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/germanresistance00pete | year = 1988 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge; London | isbn = 978-0-674-35085-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 | origyear = 1977 | year = 1996 | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | location = Montreal | isbn = 978-0-7735-1531-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Hosking | first = Geoffrey A. | title = Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union | year = 2006 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-674-02178-5 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk }} *{{cite book | last = Hubert | first = Michael | title = Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 | year = 1998 | publisher = Steiner, Franz Verlag | language = German | location = Stuttgart | isbn = 978-3-515-07392-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Kammerer | first1 = Willi | last2 = Kammerer | first2 = Anja | title = Narben bleiben: die Arbeit der Suchdienste&nbsp;– 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg | year = 2005 | publisher = Dienststelle | location = Berlin | isbn = | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Kershaw | authorlink = Ian Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis | location = New York; London | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | year = 2000b | isbn = 978-0-393-32252-1 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book| last = Kershaw | first = Ian | year = 2000a | edition = 4th | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation | publisher = Arnold | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship00kers }} *{{cite book |last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich |url = https://archive.org/details/hitlermythimager0000kers_s7n6 | year = 2001 | origyear = 1987 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-280206-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerbiography0000kers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 | url = https://archive.org/details/enddefiancedestr00kers_0 | year = 2011 | publisher = Penguin | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-59420-314-5 |ref = harv}} *{{cite web | title = Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004 | publisher = Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V | url = http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | language = German | accessdate = 10 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|SPIO, Department of Statistics}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111257/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | archivedate = 4 February 2012 | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Kirschbaum | first = Stanislav J. | title = A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofslovaki00kirs | year = 1995 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4039-6929-3 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Martin | title = A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000kitc | year = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | isbn = 978-1-4051-0040-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Klemperer | first = Klemens von | title = German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938-1945 | year = 1992 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-160679-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = Koldehoff | first = Stefan | title = Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik | date = 29 November 2006 | publisher = [[Deutschlandfunk]] | language = German | url = http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560/ | accessdate = 29 May 2013 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last=Koonz | first=Claudia | title=The Nazi Conscience | location=Cambridge, MA | publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-674-01172-4 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/naziconscience00koon }} *{{cite magazine | last = Lakotta | first = Beate | title = Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren | magazine = [[Der Spiegel]] | date = March 2005 | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = 218–221 | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = German | jstor = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | ref = harv | access-date = 2019-07-28 | archive-date = 2020-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021755/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | dead-url = yes }} *{{cite book | last = Lauryssens | first = Stan | title = The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedth0000laur | year = 1999 | publisher = Sutton | location = Stroud |isbn = 978-0-7509-1866-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite news | title = Leni Riefenstahl | date=10 September 2003 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] | location = [[London]] | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3 | accessdate = 10 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Daily Telegraph'', 2003}} }} *{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Brenda Ralph | title = Hitler Youth: the Hitlerjugend in War and Peace 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthhitle0000lewi | year = 2000 | publisher = MBI | location = Osceola, WI | isbn = 978-0-7603-0946-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = Libionka | first = Dariusz | title = The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945 | work = The Reaction of the Churches in Nazi Occupied Europe | publisher = Yad Vashem | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | accessdate = 26 August 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Libionka, ''The Catholic Church in Poland''}} }} *{{cite journal | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | at = 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942 | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | year = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archivedate = 9 July 2009 | accessdate = 31 July 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 17|2003}} | deadurl = unfit }} *{{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper0000long | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-280436-5 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | year = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-959232-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Lukas | first = Richard C. | title = Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 | origyear = 1994 | year = 2001 | publisher = Hippocrene | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7818-0870-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Majer | first = Diemut | title = "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 | year = 2003 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | location = Baltimore; London | isbn = 978-0-8018-6493-3 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last1 = Manvell | first1 = Roger | last2 = Fraenkel | first2 = Heinrich | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo | year = 2007 | origyear = 1965 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Manvell | first = Roger | title = Goering | publisher = Skyhorse | location = London | year = 2011 | origyear = 1962 | isbn = 978-1-61608-109-6 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Marcuse | first = Harold | title = Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933-2001 | url = https://archive.org/details/legaciesofdachau0000unse | year = 2001 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-55204-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Bernd | title = Japan and Germany in the Modern World | year = 2005 | origyear = 1995 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York; Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-047-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Materski | first1 = Wojciech | last2 = Szarota | first2 = Tomasz | title = Polska 1939–1945: straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami | year = 2009 | publisher = Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu | language = Polish | isbn = 978-83-7629-067-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Mazower | first = Mark | title = Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirehow0000mazo | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-1-59420-188-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = McElligott | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Kirk | first2 = Tim | last3 = Kershaw | first3 = Ian | title = Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw | year = 2003 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 978-0-7190-6732-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The Third Reich | publisher = Amber Books | location = London | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | year = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Williamson | last2 = Millett | first2 = Allan R. | title = A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War | year = 2001 | origyear = 2000 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 978-0-674-00680-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Nakosteen | first = Mehdi Khan | title = The History and Philosophy of Education | url = https://archive.org/details/historyphilosoph0000nako | year = 1965 | publisher = Ronald Press | location = New York | oclc = 175403 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | title = NS-Zwangsarbeit: "Verbotener Umgang" | year = 1942 | publisher = Stadtarchiv Göttingen Cordula Tollmien Projekt NS-Zwangsarbeiter | language = German | url = http://www.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de/texte/verbotenerumgang.htm | ref = {{SfnRef|Nazi forced labour|1942}} }} *{{cite book | last = Nicholas | first = Lynn H. | title = Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web | url = https://archive.org/details/cruelworldchildr0000nich_w2v0 | year = 2006 | publisher = Vintage | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-77663-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last1 = Niewyk | first1 = Donald L. | last2 = Nicosia | first2 = Francis R. | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust | year = 2000 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew }} *{{cite web | title = ''NS-Frauenwarte'': Paper of the National Socialist Women's League | publisher = Heidelberg University Library | url = http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/helios/digi/nsfrauenwarte.html | accessdate = 8 May 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Heidelberg University Library}} }} * {{cite book | author = Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht | title = Soldaten Atlas | url = https://archive.org/details/Tornisterschrift-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldaten-Atlas/page/n7 | year = 1941 | language = German | ref = {{sfnRef|Soldaten-Atlas|1941}} }} *{{cite book | last= Overmans | first = Rüdiger | authorlink = Rüdiger Overmans | title = Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg | year = 2000 | origyear = 1999 | publisher = R. Oldenbourg | location = München | language = German | series = Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte | isbn = 978-3-486-56531-7 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Overmans | first = Rűdiger | title = Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung | journal = Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik | year = 1994 | volume = 16 | issue = | pages = 51–63 | ref =harv}} *{{cite book| last = Overy | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Overy | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia | publisher = Penguin Group | location = UK | origyear = 2004 | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich }} *{{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | origyear = 1995 | year = 2006 | title = Why The Allies Won | url = https://archive.org/details/whyallieswon0000over_z0p1 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84595-065-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-698-15138-3| ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Panayi | first = Panikos | title = Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance: The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabruck, 1939–49 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2005-07_40_3/page/483 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | year = 2005 | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 483–502 | jstor = 30036339 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1177/0022009405054568}} *{{cite book | last = Pauley | first = Bruce F. | title = Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinmuss02edpaul_m6u1 | year = 2003 | origyear = 1997 | series = European History Series | publisher = Harlan Davidson | location = Wheeling, IL | isbn = 978-0-88295-993-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Pilisuk | first1 = Marc | last2 = Rountree | first2 = Jennifer Achord | title = Who Benefits from Global Violence and War: Uncovering a Destructive System | url = https://archive.org/details/whobenefitsfromg0000pili | year = 2008 | publisher = Praeger Security International | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 978-0-275-99435-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Pine | first = Lisa | year = 2011 | origyear = 2010 | title = Education in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/educationinnazig0000pine | publisher = Berg | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-1-84520-265-1 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | authorlink = Robert N. Proctor | title = The Nazi War on Cancer | url = https://archive.org/details/naziwaroncancer00proc | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1999 | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 978-0-691-07051-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | title = Refugees: Save Us! Save Us! | date = 9 July 1979 | journal = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | accessdate = 28 April 2013 | archivedate = 24 April 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time'', 9 July 1979}} | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all }} * {{cite book | last = Raeder | first = Erich | authorlink = Erich Raeder | title = Grand Admiral: The Personal Memoir of the Commander in Chief of the German Navy From 1935 Until His Final Break With Hitler in 1943 | year = 2001 | origyear = 1956 | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-306-80962-0 | ref = harv}} * {{cite book | last = Rees | first = Laurence | title = Auschwitz: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/auschwitznewhist00rees | year = 2005 | publisher = Public Affairs, member of Perseus Books Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58648-303-6 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Richard | title = Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-375-70822-0 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel | title = Death by Government | url = https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431 | year = 1994 | publisher = Transaction | location = New Brunswick, NJ | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Rupp | first = Leila J. | year = 1978 | title = Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, N.J. | isbn = 978-0-691-04649-5 | oclc = 3379930 | ref = harv | url = https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil }} *{{cite book | last = Scobie | first = Alexander | title = Hitler's State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity | year = 1990 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park | isbn = 978-0-271-00691-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | year = 1996 | origyear = 1995 | title = Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/albertspeerhisba00sere | publisher = Random House | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-679-76812-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | date = November 1999 | title = Stolen Children | journal = Talk | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html | accessdate = 1 July 2012 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | authorlink = William L. Shirer | title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdr1959unse | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 1960 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Smith | first = J. W. | title = The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment | year = 1994 | publisher = Institute for Economic Democracy | location = Cambria, CA | isbn = 978-0-9624423-2-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Joseph | last2 = Davis | first2 = Simon | title = The A to Z of the Cold War | url = https://archive.org/details/atozofcoldwar0000smit | year = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-8108-5384-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Timothy | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder | title = Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin | url = https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd | year= 2010 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | title = Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang | year = 1942 | work = Documents for National Socialism | publisher = NS-Archiv | language = German | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php | ref = {{SfnRef|Special treatment|1942}} }} *{{Cite news | last = Sontheimer | first = Michael | title = Germany's Nazi Past: Why Germans Can Never Escape Hitler's Shadow | date = 10 March 2005 | newspaper = Spiegel Online | publisher = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html | accessdate = 11 May 2013 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | authorlink = Albert Speer | origyear = 1969 | year = 1971 | title = Inside the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0380000717 | publisher = Avon | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last1 = Spotts | first1 = Frederic | title = Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics | date = 2002 | publisher = Overlook Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58567-345-2 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite journal | author = Staff | title = What the Führer means for Germans today | journal = The Economist | date = 16 December 2015 | language = en | url = https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2015/12/16/what-the-fuhrer-means-for-germans-today | accessdate = 24 September 2018 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Economist''|2015}} }} *{{cite web | title = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland | year = 2006 | publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt | language = German | url = http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf | archivedate = 26 September 2007 | accessdate = 17 March 2012 | page = 34 | ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}} | deadurl = yes | df = dmy-all}} *{{cite book | last = Stein | first = George | title = The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945 | publisher = Cerberus Publishing | year = 2002 | origyear = 1966 | isbn = 978-1-84145-100-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Steiner | first = Zara | title = The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 | url = https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarkeur0000stei | year = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-921200-2 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Stephenson | first = Jill | title = Women in Nazi Germany | year = 2001 | publisher = Longman | location = London | isbn = 978-0-582-41836-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite journal | last = Stolfi | first = Russel | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1982-03_54_1/page/27 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | date = March 1982 | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–46 | doi = 10.1086/244076 | ref = harv | hdl = 10945/44218 }} *{{cite web | title = Strafgesetzbuch, StGB | date = 13 November 1998 | publisher = IUSCOMP Comparative Law Society | url = http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | ref = {{sfnRef|''Strafgesetzbuch'', section 86a}} | access-date = 9 July 2024 | archive-date = 26 April 2001 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010426054458/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | url-status = dead }} * {{cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | year = 1975 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Tooze | first = Adam | title = The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy | year = 2006 | publisher = Viking | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-670-03826-8 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Tümmler | first = Holger | title = Hitlers Deutschland: Die Mächtigen des Dritten Reiches | year = 2010 | publisher = Melchior Verlag | location = Wolfenbüttel | language = German | isbn = 978-3-941555-88-4 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | title = The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany | year = 2006 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-84819-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Polycentrism in Full Swing: Air Pollution Control in Nazi Germany | year = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Umbreit | first = Hans | editor1-last = Kroener | editor1-first = Bernhard | editor2-last = Müller | editor2-first = Rolf-Dieter | editor3-last = Umbreit | editor3-first = Hans | title = Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5 | chapter = Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-820873-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Children during the Holocaust| website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 | accessdate = 24 April 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Children during the Holocaust''}} }} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 | accessdate = 16 September 2018 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Genocide of European Roma''}} }} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=The German Churches and the Nazi State | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005206 | accessdate = 25 September 2016 | ref = {{sfnRef|USHMM, ''The German Churches and the Nazi State''}} }} *{{cite web | author=USHMM | title=Women in the Third Reich | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/women-in-the-third-reich | access-date=19 August 2017 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, ''Women in the Third Reich''}} }} *{{cite book | last = Walk | first = Joseph | title = Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und Rechtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung | edition = 2nd | year = 1996 | publisher = Müller Verlag | location = Heidelberg | language = German | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | url = https://archive.org/details/armyofevilhistor0000weal | year = 2012 | origyear = 2010 | publisher = NAL Caliber (Penguin Group) | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Wegner | first = Bernd | title = The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function | url = https://archive.org/details/waffenssorganiza0000wegn | publisher = Blackwell | location = Hoboken, NJ | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-631-14073-3 | ref = harv }} *{{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersforeignpo0000wein | year = 2010 | origyear = 1970 | publisher = Enigma Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-929631-91-9 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | year = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; Oxford | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv}} *{{cite book| last = Welch | first = David | title = Hitler: Profile of a Dictator | year = 2001 | publisher = Routledge | location = London | isbn = 978-0-415-25075-7 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web | last = Wiederschein | first = Harald | url = https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/militaerisch-unbedeutend-brutal-verbrecherisch-mythos-waffen-ss-hitlers-ueberschaetzte-elitetruppen_id_4826676.html | title = Mythos Waffen-SS | work = [[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]] | date = 21 July 2015 | access-date = 3 October 2018 | language = German | ref = harv}} *{{cite web | last = Wrobel | first = Peter | title = The Devil's Playground: Poland in World War II | year = 1999 | publisher = The Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences Price-Patterson Ltd | url = http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/wrobel1.htm | ref = harv | access-date = 2024-07-09 | archive-date = 2018-07-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064210/http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/wrobel1.htm | url-status = dead }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{Sister project links|Germany|commons=Category:National Socialism}} * {{Wikiatlas|Germany|Jerman}} {{en icon}} * {{cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143}} {{en icon}} * [http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm#Speech German Propaganda Archive] di situs [[Calvin College]] {{en icon}} {{Navboxes |list = {{NSDAP}} {{Nazisme}} {{Topik Jerman}} {{German Reich}} {{Fasisme}} {{Kekaisaran}} {{Perang Dunia II}} {{Adolf Hitler}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nazi, Jerman}} [[Kategori:Jerman Nazi| ]] [[Kategori:Jerman warsa 1930-an|.]] [[Kategori:Pendirian warsa 1933|*]] [[Kategori:Jerman warsa 1940-an|.]] [[Kategori:Pembubaran warsa 1945|*]] [[Kategori:Antisemitisme]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Jerman]] [[Kategori:Kekuatan Poros]] [[Kategori:Negara Fasis|Jerman]] [[Kategori:Sejarah modern Jerman]] [[Kategori:Natalisme]] [[Kategori:Negara dan wilayah yang dibubarkan warsa 1945]] [[Kategori:Negara dan wilayah yang didirikan warsa 1933]] [[Kategori:Negara totalitér]] [[Kategori:Wekas negara ring Éropa]] o39fyttl1t6oqr0cx47qvtycfmr1yzg 0 53831 280156 248488 2026-08-13T18:27:08Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mythical creature |name = Léyak<br>ᬮᬾᬬᬓ᭄ |AKA = |image = Rangda statue.jpg |image_size = |caption = A statue of ''Rangda'', the queen of ''Leyak'' |Folklore = [[Mitologi Bali]] |Grouping = [[Makhluk legendaris]] |Sub_Grouping = [[Tan padem]] |Country = [[Indonésia]] |Region = [[Bali]] |Similar_entities = [[Krasue]], [[Penanggalan]] }} '''Léyak''' ([[basa Bali]]: ᬮᬾᬬᬓ᭄) basa bali {{IPA|id|le.ak|pron|Leak-spoken.ogg}} ring sajeroning [[mitologi Bali|cerita rakyat Bali]] inggih punika tokoh mitologis sané marupa sirah makeber madaging jeroan ([[papusuhan]], [[peparu]], [[ati]], miwah sané lianan) kantun neket. ''Leyak'' kabaosang makeber mautsaha ngrereh anak istri [[mobot]] mangda prasida ngisep getih pianaknyané utawi pianak sané wau embas.<ref name="Stephen 1999" /> Wenten tiga ''Leyak'' sané legendaris. , kalih istri miwah asiki lanang.{{Citation needed|tanggal=Juni 2023}} The '''''Léyak''''' ([[Balinese language|Balinese]]: ᬮᬾᬬᬓ᭄) balinese {{IPA|id|le.ak|pron|Leak-spoken.ogg}} In the [[Balinese mythology|folklore of Bali]] is a mythological figure in the form of a flying head with entrails ([[heart]], [[lung]], [[liver]], etc.) still attached. ''Leyak'' are said to fly trying to find a [[pregnant]] woman in order to suck her baby's blood or a newborn child.<ref name="Stephen 1999" /> There are three legendary ''Leyak'', two females and oné male.{{Citation needed|date=Juné 2023}} == Panjelasan == [[File:Bali 0713a.jpg|jmpl|250px|Topeng kayu sané ngambar sirah ''Rangda'', ratu ''Leyak''.]] ''Leyak'' inggih punika manusa sané sedek ngelaksanayang [[sihir hitam]] lan madue [[Kanibalisme manusa|kanibal]]istik parilaksana. Gundik ipun inggih punika "ratu ''Leyak''", balian balu sané mawasta ''[[Rangda]]'', sané madue peran sané utama ring upacara umum.<ref name="Stephen 1999"/> Topengnyané kasimpen ring pura pati desa tur rikala rerainan pura nyané, ipun kaarak. Tiosan ring Leyak, setan kabaos pangiring ''Rangda''. Leyak kabaos ngengkebang [[setra]], ngamah [[bangke]], madue daya ngubah raga dados buron, sakadi bawi lan makeber. Ring wangun ''Leyak'' sané normal, ipun kabaos madue lidah sané dawa sané nenten biasa lan taring sané ageng. Rikala rahina ipun kacingak sakadi manusa biasa, nanging rikala wengi sirah lan jeroannyané pegat saking awaknyané tur makeber. Patung ''Leyak'' (sirah sané madue lidah sané dawa pisan lan taring sané tajem) kadang-kadang kagantung ring tembok anggen hiasan umah. Ring prakteknyané, [[krama Bali]] kadang-kadang nyambungang gering utawi padem sané pastika sareng ''Leyak''.<ref name="Stephen 1999"/> Balian (nak Bali sane dados [[dokter tradisional]]) pacang ngamargiang [[pemanggilan arwah]] mangda prasida ngidentifikasi sané ngawinang padem. Ring sajeroning pamanggilan arwah, roh sang sané sampun padem pacang langsung utawi nenten langsung nujuang sang sané nyerang ipun. Nanging, danda olih nyama braya utawi kulawarga korban biasané kapituturin, lan jadma kapituturin mangda ninggalin parilaksana napi kemanten ring arwah-arwah punika ngraga. Antuk punika, curiga lan takut kulawarga lan nyama braya punika kacumpuin, nanging danda ring balian punika kaceda olih para tamba. <!-- ''Leyak'' are humans who are practicing [[black magic]] and have [[Human cannibalism|cannibal]]istic behavior. Their mistress is the "queen of ''Leyak''", a widow-witch named ''[[Rangda]]'', who plays a prominent role in public rituals.<ref name="Stephen 1999" /> Her mask is kept in the village death temple and during her temple festivals, she is paraded. Besides Leyaks, demons are said to be the followers of ''Rangda''. Leyak are said to haunt [[graveyard]]s, feed on [[corpse]]s, have power to change themselves into animals, such as pigs, and fly. In normal ''Leyak'' form, they are said to have an unusually long tongue and large fangs. In daylight they appear as an ordinary human, but at night their head and entrails break loose from their body and fly. ''Leyak'' statues (a head with a very long tongue and sharp fangs) are sometimes hung on a wall for house decoration. In practice, [[Balinese people]] sometimes attribute certain illness or deaths to ''Leyak''.<ref name="Stephen 1999" /> A ''balian'' (Balinese [[traditional healer]]) will conduct a [[séance]] to identify with [[witchcraft]] who is responsible for the death. During the séance, the spirit of the dead will directly or indirectly point to their attacker. However, vengeance by the victim's relatives or family is usually counseled against, and people are advised to leave any action to the spirits themselves. Hence, the suspicions and fears of the family and relatives are confirmed, but revenge upon the witch is discouraged by the healers. --> == Cingak malih == * [[Sirah makeber]] – roh ring mitologi Iroquois lan Wyandot * ''[[Krasue]]'' – roh sané pateh ring satua rakyat Asia Tenggara * ''[[Manananggal]]'' – makhluk mitos ring satua rakyat Filipina * ''[[Penanggalan]]'' – entitas sané pateh ring mitos hantu Melayu == Pustaka == {{reflist | refs = <ref name="Stephen 1999"> {{cite journal | last = Stephen | first = Michele |date=August 1999 | title = Witchcraft, Grief, and the Ambivalence of Emotions | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1999-08_26_3/page/711 | journal = American Ethnologist | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 711–737 | doi = 10.1525/ae.1999.26.3.711 | jstor = 647444 }} </ref> }} {{Mitos supranatural Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Makhluk legendaris ring Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Mitologi Bali]] [[Kategori:Satua Bali]] [[Kategori:Hematofag mitologis]] [[Kategori:Raksasa mitologis]] jq39g338so0o829swboad273w9f68rj 0 54189 280109 215004 2026-08-13T17:27:43Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Galloanserae | name = Unggas | fossil_range = {{fossil_range/linked|Maastrichtian|Mangkin|ref=<ref>{{cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Elzanowski|first2=T.A.|last2=Stidham|year=2011|title=A Galloanserine Quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_auk_2011-01_128_1/page/138|journal=The Auk|volume=128|issue=1|pages=138–145|doi=10.1525/auk.2011.10113}}</ref>}} <small>Minab asal usul sané langkung dumunan manut [[jam molekulér]]<ref name=Kuhletal2020>{{cite journal | first1 = H. | last1 = Kuhl. | first2 = C. | last2 = Frankl-Vilches | first3 = A. | last3 = Bakker | first4 = G. | last4 = Mayr | first5 = G. | last5 = Nikolaus | first6 = S. T. | last6 = Boerno | first7 = S. | last7 = Klages | first8 = B. | last8 = Timmermann | first9 = M. | last9 = Gahr | year = 2020 | title = An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 38 | pages = 108–127 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | doi-access = free | pmid = 32781465 | pmc = 7783168 }}</ref></small> | image = Alectura lathami - Centenary Lakes.jpg | image_caption = [[Kalkun bet Australia]] (''Alectura lathami'') | display_parents = 2 | authority = [[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1880 | subdivision_ranks = Subgrup | subdivision = * [[Odontoanserae]] * [[Pangalliformes]] *{{extinct}}[[Gastornithiformes]] *{{extinct}}[[Dromornithidae]] | synonyms = Anatophasianae }} '''Unggas''' utawi '''Galloanserae''' inggih punika [[kedis]] sané ngranjing ring silih sinunggil saking kalih [[ordo (biologi)|ordo biologis]], inggih punika kedis borosan utawi unggas darat ([[Galliformes]]) lan unggas toya ([[Anseriformes]]). Kapatehan anatomi miwah molekulér nyihnayang makakalih kelompok puniki wantah masemeton [[évolusi]] sané nampek; sareng-sareng, ipun ngawentuk '''Galloanserae''' (pamahbahné kasengguh Galloanseri) ([[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''gallus'' ("manuk") + ''ānser'' ("angsa")).<ref>Sibley, C, Ahlquist, J. & Monroe, B. (1988)</ref> Klad puniki taler kadukung olih data morfologis miwah [[bacakan DNA]]<ref>Chubb, A. (2004)</ref> becik taler [[étrotransposon]] [[Pacihna rétrotransposon|data kawéntenan/nénten wénten]].<ref>Kriegs ''et al.'' (2007)</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 7vs81iga7uf9kdxbkhyswu2jgd4u28y 0 54415 280177 270613 2026-08-13T19:46:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arctic circle.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Lingkehan Arktik, kirang langkung 67 ̊ kaja saking [[ékuator]], nentuang wates [[Samudra Arktik|Toya Arktik]] miwah daratan.]] '''Lingkehan Arktik''' inggih punika silih sinunggil saking kalih [[lingkehan kutub]], lan sané pinih kalér saking lima [[lingkehan lintang|lingkehan lintang]] utama sakadi sané kasinahang ring peta [[Gumi]] ring sawatara 66° 34' N.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/arctic-zone/faq.html | title=Arctic FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Arctic }}</ref> Lingkehan sané pateh ring sisi kelodné inggih punika [[Lingkehan Antartika]]. Lingkehan Arktik nyihnayang garis lintang pinih kelod ring dija, ring [[titik walik surya masan dingin]] (sané pinaka tengai sané pinih éndép ring warsa) ring [[Pahan Gumi Kalér]], [[Surya]]né nénten pacang munggah sarahina-rahina, lan ring pahan gumi kalér [[titik walik surya masan panes]] (sané pinaka tengai sané pinih suwe ring warsa), Matanai nénten pacang surup. Paindikan puniki kabaos pinaka soang-soang [[wengi kutub]] lan [[surya wengi]], saha sayan nglimbak kalér, sayan teges paindikan punika. Minakadi, ring kota labuhan Rusia [[Murmansk]], tiga derajat ring baduur Lingkehan Arktik, Matanai nenten munggah ring baduur cakrawala salami 40 rahina matur-atur ring tengahing masan dingin.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://auroravillage.info/40-days-without-the-sun-how-polar-night-begins-in-murmansk/ |title = 40 days without the sun. How? Polar Night begins in Murmansk |date = 3 December 2018 |publisher = Auroravillage.info |access-date = 24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Burn|first=Chris|title=The Polar Night|url=http://nwtresearch.com/sites/default/files/the-polar-night.pdf|publisher=The Aurora Research Institute|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806150129/https://nwtresearch.com/sites/default/files/the-polar-night.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>N.B.: Puniki nganutin pusat geometris sané sujatiné kacingak tegehan ring langit santukan bias olih atmosphér.</ref> Genah Lingkehan Arktik nénten tetep lan mangkin mamargi {{circle of latitude|polar}} sikaler [[Ékuator]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.neoprogrammics.com/obliquity_of_the_ecliptic/ |title = Obliquity of the Ecliptic (Eps Mean) |publisher = Neoprogrammics.com |access-date = 13 May 2014 }}</ref> Garis lintangné ​​magantung saking [[kaséndéhan sumbu]] gumi, sané [[présési sumbu|mafluktuasi]] saking margin lewih saking 2 ̊ sasuen periode 41.000 warsa, mawinan [[gaya pasang susur]] sané kapolihang saking [[orbit Bulan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Berger |first = A. L. |date = 1976 |title = Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years |url = https://archive.org/details/astronomy-and-astrophysics_1976-08_51_1/page/127 |journal = [[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume = 51 |issue = 1 |pages = 127–135 |bibcode = 1976A&A....51..127B }}</ref> Santukan punika, Lingkehan Arktik mangkin [[Lingkehan garis lintang#Gerakan Lingkehan Tropis lan Kutub|ngindang nuju kalér]] antuk kagelisan sawatara {{cvt|14.5|m}} per warsa. ekd1us1q06mj2s1zhowixtawyby4o0q 0 54417 280125 215912 2026-08-13T17:48:54Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Antarctic circle.svg|thumb|350px|''Peta [[Antartika]] sareng Lingkehan Antartika mawarna pelung.'']] '''Lingkehan Antartika''' inggih punika sane pinih kelod saking lima gede [[lingkehan garis lintang|lingkehan garis lintang]] sané ngacihnain peta [[Gumi]]. Wewidangan kelod lingkehan puniki kauningin pinaka [[Antartika]], lan wawengkon sané langsung ring kalér kawastanin [[Wawengko Géografis#Wawengkon Iklim|Wawengkon Iklim Kelod]]. Ring sisi kelod Lingkehan Antartika, [[Surya]]né magenah ring baduur [[cakrawala]] salami 24 jam setata pinih kidik apisan nyabran warsa (lan mawinan punika kacingak ring tengah wengi) lan pusat Suryané (nénten nguratiang bias) magenah ring sor cakrawala salami 24 jam setata paling kidik apisan ring awarsa (lan mawinan punika nénten kacingak rikala tengai); puniki taler patut ring sajeroning setara [[lingkehan kutub]] ring [[Pahan Gumi Kalér]], [[Lingkehan Arktik]]. Genah Lingkehan Antartika nénten tetep lan mangkin mamargi {{circle of latitude|polar}} kelod [[Ékuator]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neoprogrammics.com/obliquity_of_the_ecliptic/ |title=Obliquity of the Ecliptic (Eps Mean) |publisher=Neoprogrammics.com |access-date=2014-05-13 |archive-date=2017-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612041431/http://www.neoprogrammics.com/obliquity_of_the_ecliptic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Angka puniki minab akidik nénten akurat santukan n2nten ngicenin éfék [[nutasi astronomi]], sané prasida ngantos 10′′. Garis lintangné ​​magantung saking [[kaséndéhan sumbu]] gumi, sané mafluktuasi saking margin langkung saking 2 ̊ sasuen periode 41.000 warsa, mawinan [[gaya pasang susut]] sané kapolihang saking [[orbit bulan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Berger |first=A.L. |date=1976 |title=Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years |url=https://archive.org/details/astronomy-and-astrophysics_1976-08_51_1/page/127 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=127–135 |bibcode=1976A&A....51..127B}}</ref> Santukan paindikan punika, Lingkehan Antartika mangkin [[lingkehan garis lintang#Gerakan Lingkehan Tropis lan Kutub|ngindang nuju arah kelod]] antuk kagelisan sawatara {{convert|14.5|m|abbr=on}} per warsa. drnpzb9lbslxwkds3cxk2koddmqdk53 0 54567 280150 216525 2026-08-13T18:21:44Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = [[Triasik]]–[[Holosén|mangkin]] {{fossilrange|235|0|ref=<ref name="Ronquist2012">{{cite journal | last1=Ronquist | first1=Fredrik | last2=Klopfstein | first2=Seraina | last3=Vilhelmsen | first3=Lars | last4=Schulmeister | first4=Susanne | last5=Murray | first5=Debra L. | last6=Rasnitsyn | first6=Alexandr P. | date=December 2012 | title=A Total-Evidence Approach to Dating with Fossils, Applied to the Early Radiation of the Hymenoptera | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=61 | issue=6 | pages=973–999 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys058 | pmid=22723471 | pmc=3478566}}</ref>}} | image = Hymenoptera.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | image_caption = Hymenopterans saking kulawarga sané mabinayan; Saarah jaum jam saking kiwa duur: [[semut api impor]] (Formicidae), ''[[Vespula vulgaris]]'' (Vespidae), ''[[Tenthredopsis|Tenthredopsis sordida]]'' (Tenthredinidae), lan [[Nyawan Éropa]] (Apidae) | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Hymenoptera | authority = [[Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] | subdivision_ranks = Subordo | subdivision = *[[Symphyta]] (buyung gergaji) ([[paraphyletic]]) *[[Apocrita]] (nyangyang, nyawan lan semut) }} ''' Hymenoptera''' inggih punika [[ordo (biologi)|ordo]] sane ageng saking [[insecta]], sane kawangun antuk [[buyung gergaji]], [[nyangnyang]], [[nyawan]], lan [[semut]] . Langkungan saking 150.000 spésiés maurip Hymenoptera sampun katlatarang,<ref name="Mayhew2007">{{cite journal |last1=Mayhew |first1=Peter J. |title=Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2007-08_82_3/page/425 |journal=Biological Reviews|volume=82|issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=425–454 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x |pmid=17624962|s2cid=9356614}}</ref><ref name="JankeKlopfstein2013">{{cite journal |last1=Janke |first1=Axel |last2=Klopfstein |first2=Seraina |last3=Vilhelmsen |first3=Lars |last4=Heraty |first4=John M. |last5=Sharkey |first5=Michael |last6=Ronquist |first6=Fredrik |title=The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=8 |year=2013 |pages=e69344 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 |pmid=23936325 |pmc=3732274 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...869344K|doi-access=free }}</ref> siosan langkung saking 2.000 sané sampun punah.<ref name="Aguiar2013">{{cite journal | last1=Aguiar | first1=A.P. | last2=Deans | first2=A.R. | last3=Engel | first3=M.S. | last4=Forshage | first4=M. | last5=Huber | first5=J.T. | last6=Jennings | first6=J.T. | last7=Johnson | first7=N.F. | last8=Lelej | first8=A.S. | last9=Longino | first9=J.T. | last10=Lohrmann | first10=V. | last11=Mikó | first11=I. | last12=Ohl | first12=M. | last13=Rasmussen | first13=C. | last14=Taeger | first14=A. | last15=Yu | first15=D.S.K. | year=2013 | title=Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3703 | pages=1–82 | pmid=26146682 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12| doi-access=free }}</ref> Akéh saking spesies punika [[Nyangyang parasit|parasit]]. Istri katahan madué [[ovipositor]] khusus anggén ngeranjingang taluh ring inang utawi genah sané nénten prasida kaaksés. Ovipositor puniki sering kauwah dados [[senget]]. Anak alit nglimbak saking [[holometabolisme]] (jangkep [[metamorfosis]]), ipun madué tingkat larva sekadi uled miwah tingkat pupa sané nénten aktip sadurung ipun sampun wayah. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} {{Insecta}} dkjrpu8bynarty17gj2xembm54wqeey 0 55027 280187 217811 2026-08-13T21:00:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matematika''' inggih punika widang studi sané manggihin lan ngatur metode, [[Teori Matematika|teori]] lan [[téoréma]] sané kalimbakang lan [[Bukti Matematika|kabuktiang]] antuk kaperluan [[ilmu empiris]] miwah matematika punika. Wénten akéh widang matematika, sané ngranjing [[téori wilangan]] (studi angka), [[aljabar]] (studi rumus lan struktur sané mapaiketan), [[géométri]] (studi wangun lan ruang sané madaging ipun), [[Analisis matematika|analisis]] (studi indik pauwahan sané malanturam), lan [[téori himpunan]] (sané mangkin kaanggén pinaka dasar antuk samian matematika). Matematika nyarengin pidarta miwah manipulasi [[objék matematika|objék abstrak]] sané kawangun antuk [[abstraksi (matematika)|abstraksi]] saking alam utawi{{emdash}}entitas murni{{emdash}}ring matematika modérn abstrak sané katetapang madué cecirén sané sampun pastika, sané kabaos [[aksioma]]. Matematika ngawigunayang murni [[hawanan]] anggén [[buktiang (matematika)|buktiang]] cecirén objek, ''bukti'' sané kawangun antuk nglantur aplikasi [[uger-uger inferénsi|uger-uger déduktif]] anggén pikolih sané sampun mapaiketan. Asil puniki ngranjing [[téorema]], aksioma, miwah{{emdash}}ring kasus abstraksi makudang-kudang sifat dasar{{emdash}}saking alam sané kasengguh pinaka titik awal sané sujati saking teori sané katitenin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hipólito |first=Inês Viegas |editor1-last=Kanzian |editor1-first=Christian |editor2-last=Mitterer |editor2-first=Josef |editor2-link=Josef Mitterer |editor3-last=Neges |editor3-first=Katharina |date=August 9–15, 2015 |chapter=Abstract Cognition and the Nature of Mathematical Proof |pages=132–134 |title=Realismus – Relativismus – Konstruktivismus: Beiträge des 38. Internationalen Wittgenstein Symposiums |trans-title=Realism – Relativism – Constructivism: Contributions of the 38th International Wittgenstein Symposium |volume=23 |language=de, en |publisher=Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society |location=Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria |issn=1022-3398 |oclc=236026294 |url=https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107221937/https://www.alws.at/alws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/papers-2015.pdf#page=133 |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2024}} ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280654540_Abstract_Cognition_and_the_Nature_of_Mathematical_Proof at ResearchGate] {{open access}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105145638/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280654540_Abstract_Cognition_and_the_Nature_of_Mathematical_Proof |date=November 5, 2022}})</ref> Matematika mabuat pisan ring [[ilmu alam]], [[téknik]], [[kadokteran]], [[kajinahan]], [[ilmu komputer]], miwah [[ilmu sosial]]. Yadiastun matematika akéh kawigunayang anggén ngamodelang fenomena, kasujatian dasar matematika nénten mapaiketan sareng ékspérimén ilmiah napi manten. Makudang-kudang widang matematika, sekadi [[statistik]] miwah [[téori permainan]], kalimbakang antuk paiketan sané raket sareng aplikasinyane taler ketah kasekaang ring sor [[matematika terapan]]. Widang tiosan kalimbakang independen saking aplikasi napi kemanten (taler mawinan punika kawedarang [[matematika murni]]) nanging ketah salanturnyané manggihang aplikasi praktis.{{Sfn|Peterson|1988|page=12}}<ref name=wigner1960 /> Manut babad, konsep bukti miwah sané mapaiketan [[ketelitian matematika]] kapertama medal ring [[matematika Yunani]], utaminnyané ring [[Éuclid]] ''[[Élemén Éuclid|Élemén]]''..<ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=David |url=http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |title=Eudoxus' Influence on Euclid's Elements with a close look at The Method of Exhaustion|website=[[Univérsitas Georgia]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601004355/http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/emt668/EMAT6680.F99/Wise/essay7/essay7.htm |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |access-date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> Ngawit saking pangawitnyané, matematika utamanyané kakepah dados geometri miwah [[aritmatika]] (manipulasi [[wilangan asli]] miwah [[pecahan]]), ngantos abad ka-16 miwah ka-17, rikala aljabar{{efn|Iriki, ''aljabar'' kaambil ring artos modernnyané, inggih punika, kasarnyané, seni manipulasi [[rumus]].}} miwah [[kalkulus infinitésimal]] kasobyahang pinaka widang anyar. Ngawit saking punika, interaksi pantaraning inovasi matematika miwah [[garis kala pacundukan sains|pacundukan sains]] sampun ngawinang nincap sané mapaiketan ring panglimbak makakalih.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Amir |author-link=Amir Alexander |date=September 2011 |title=The Skeleton in the Closet: Should Historians of Science Care about the History of Mathematics? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_isis_2011-09_102_3/page/475 |journal=Isis |volume=102 |number=3 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1086/661620 |issn=0021-1753 |mr=2884913 |pmid=22073771 |s2cid=21629993}}</ref> Ring panguntat abad ka-19, [[krisis dasar matematika]] ngawinang sistematisasi [[metode aksiomatik]],<ref name=Kleiner_1991>{{cite journal |last=Kleiner |first=Israel |author-link=Israel Kleiner (mathematician) |date=December 1991 |title=Rigor and Proof in Mathematics: A Historical Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_1991-12_64_5/page/291 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=291–314 |doi=10.1080/0025570X.1991.11977625 |jstor=2690647 |issn=0025-570X |eissn=1930-0980 |lccn=47003192 |mr=1141557 |oclc=1756877 |s2cid=7787171}}</ref> sane nyihnayang panincapan sané dramatis ring akéh widang matematika miwah widang aplikasinyané. Kontemporér [[Klasifikasi Mata Plajahan Matematika]] madaging langkungan saking nem dasa widang matematika tingkat kapertama. 0s71r86ecp5zpq8j8oqkcqm3a8kfo5r 0 56415 280113 221234 2026-08-13T17:35:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book | italic title = no | name = DSM-5 | image = DSM-5 cover.svg | caption = | alt = | author = [[American Psychiatric Association]] | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | country = United States | language = English | series = ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' | subjects = Classification and diagnosis of mental disorders | genre = | media_type = Print (hardcover, softcover); eBook | pages = 947 | awards = | isbn = 978-0-89042-554-1 | oclc = 830807378 | dewey = 616.89'075 | congress = RC455.2.C4 | preceded_by = [[DSM-IV-TR]] | followed_by = [[DSM-5-TR]] | wikisource = | external_url = {{url|https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse}} | pub_date = 18 Mei 2013 }} '''''Buku Panduan Diagnostik lan Statistik Gangguan Jiwa, Edisi Kelima''''' ( '''DSM-5''' ), inggih punika pembaruan warsa 2013 ring ''Buku Panduan Diagnostik lan Statistik Gangguan Jiwa'', alat [[taksonomi]] lan diagnostik sane kamedalang olih Asosiasi Psikiatri Amerika (APA). Ring warsa 2022, sampun kamedalang versi sane sampun karevisi ( DSM-5-TR ). <ref name="DSM-5-TR">{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2022|isbn=978-0-89042-575-6|editor-last=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington, DC, USA}}</ref> Ring Amerika Serikat, DSM mawiguna pinaka otoritas utama antuk diagnosis psikiatri. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Lee Anna|last2=Cuthbert|first2=Bruce|last3=Lewis-Fernández|first3=Roberto|last4=Narrow|first4=William E.|last5=Reed|first5=Geoffrey M.|date=2017|title=Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|volume=18|issue=2|pages=72–145|doi=10.1177/1529100617727266|pmid=29211974|quote=A survey of nearly 5,000 international psychiatrists ... [found that] DSM-IV use was nearly universal in the United States.}}</ref> Rekomendasi pengobatan, taler pembayaran olih penyedia layanan kesehatan, sering katentuang olih klasifikasi DSM, dadosnyane penampakan versi anyar madue kepentingan praktis. Nanging, makudang-kudang penyedia gumanti ngandelang Klasifikasi Statistik Internasional Penyakit lan Masalah Kesehatan Terkait (ICD), <ref name="Do mental health professionals use diagnostic classifications the way we think they do? A global survey">{{Cite journal|last=First|first=Michael B.|last2=Rebello|first2=Tahilia J.|last3=Keeley|first3=Jared W.|last4=Bhargava|first4=Rachna|last5=Dai|first5=Yunfei|last6=Kulygina|first6=Maya|last7=Matsumoto|first7=Chihiro|last8=Robles|first8=Rebeca|last9=Stona|first9=Anne-Claire|last10=Reed|first10=Geoffrey M.|date=June 2018|title=Do mental health professionals use diagnostic classifications the way we think they do? A global survey|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=2|pages=187–195|doi=10.1002/wps.20525|pmc=5980454|pmid=29856559}}</ref> lan studi ilmiah sering ngukur pauwahan skor skala gejala bandingang pauwahan kriteria DSM-5 anggen nentuang efek dunia nyata saking intervensi kesehatan mental. <ref name="Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JP, Egger M, Takeshima N, Hayasaka Y, Imai H, Shinohara K, Tajika A, Ioannidis JP, Geddes JR|date=7 April 2018|title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis|journal=Lancet|volume=391|issue=10128|pages=1357–1366|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7|pmc=5889788|pmid=29477251}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, Michaelis S, Görlich Y, Wedekind D|date=July 2015|title=Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis|journal=International Clinical Psychopharmacology|volume=30|issue=4|pages=183–192|doi=10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078|pmid=25932596}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schneider-Thoma J, Chalkou K, Dörries C, Bighelli I, Ceraso A, Huhn M, Siafis S, Davis JM, Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Leucht S|date=26 February 2022|title=Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral and long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the maintenance treatment of adults with schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis|journal=Lancet|volume=399|issue=10327|pages=824–836|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01997-8|pmid=35219395|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gartlehner G, Crotty K, Kennedy S, Edlund MJ, Ali R, Siddiqui M, Fortman R, Wines R, Persad E, Viswanathan M|date=October 2021|title=Pharmacological Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=35|issue=10|pages=1053–1067|doi=10.1007/s40263-021-00855-4|pmc=8478737|pmid=34495494}}</ref> DSM-5 inggih punika wantah asiki DSM sane nganggen angka Arab gumanti [[Wilangan Romawi|angka Romawi]] ring murdannyane, taler wantah asiki versi dokumen sane maurip saking DSM. <ref name="Wakefield 139–154">{{Cite journal|last=Wakefield|first=Jerome C.|date=2013-05-22|title=DSM-5: An Overview of Changes and Controversies|journal=Clinical Social Work Journal|volume=41|issue=2|pages=139–154|doi=10.1007/s10615-013-0445-2}}</ref> DSM-5 ''nenten ja'' revisi sane ageng saking DSM-IV-TR, nanging makakalih madue pabinayan sane signifikan. Pauwahan ring DSM-5 minakadi re-konseptualisasi sindrom Asperger saking gangguan sane mabinayan dados gangguan spektrum autis ; sane ngicalang subtipe skizofrenia ; penghapusan "pengecualian berduka" antuk gangguan depresi ; ngalih wastan lan rekonseptualisasi ''gangguan identitas gender'' dados ''disforia gender'' ; ngranjingnyane gangguan makan binge pinaka gangguan makan sane diskrit; pangentos wastan lan rekonseptualisasi <nowiki><i id="mwRw">parafilia</i></nowiki>, sane mangkin kawastanin ''gangguan parafilia'' ; indik ngicalang sistem lima sumbu ; lan pemisahan ''gangguan sane nenten katentuang'' dados ''gangguan sane lianan sane sampun katentuang'' lan ''gangguan sane nenten katentuang'' . Akeh para pejabat sane ngritik edisi kaping lima sadurung lan sesampun kamedalang. Para kritikus negesang, minakadi, akeh revisi utawi paweweh DSM-5 sane kirang madue dukungan empiris; indik reliabilitas antar rater sane kirang antuk akeh gangguan; indik makudang-kudang pahan madaging gatra sane kasurat kaon, ngawinang bingung, utawi matungkasan; lan indik industri farmasi minab sampun nenten patut ngawinang pengaruh ring daging manual, ngingetin asosiasi industri akeh pamilet kelompok kerja DSM-5. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Welch|first=Steven|last2=Klassen|first2=Cherisse|last3=Borisova|first3=Oxana|last4=Clothier|first4=Holly|year=2013|title=The DSM-5 controversies: How should psychologists respond?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-psychology_2013-08_54_3/page/166|journal=Canadian Psychology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=166–175|doi=10.1037/a0033841}}</ref> APA punika sampun ngamedalang indik reliabilitas antar-rater sane kirang antuk akeh gangguan, rumasuk gangguan depresi mayor lan gangguan kecemasan umum. <ref name="DSM-5 Field Trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: Test-Retest Reliability of Selected Categorical Diagnoses">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Regier D, Narrow W, Clarke D, Kraemer H, Kuramoto S, Kuhl E, Kupfer D|year=2013|title=DSM-5 Field Trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: Test-Retest Reliability of Selected Categorical Diagnoses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2013-01_170_1/page/59|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=170|issue=1|pages=59–70|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070999|pmid=23111466}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Pauwahan saking DSM-IV == DSM-5 kakepah dados tiga kepahan, nganggen [[Wilangan Romawi|angka Romawi]] anggen nyihnayang soang-soang kepahan. Pahan I nlatarang indik organisasi bab DSM-5, pauwahannyane saking sistem multiaksial, lan penilaian dimensi Pahan III. <ref name="highlights" /> DSM-5 muputang bab sane ngranjing "gangguan biasane kapertama kadiagnosis ring masa bayi, masa kanak-kanak, utawi remaja" milih nyatet ring bab sane lianan. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}</ref> Catetan ring sor Gangguan Kecemasan maosang indik "urutan urutan" saking makudang-kudang bab DSM-5 madue signifikansi sane nyihnayang paiketan pantaraning diagnosis. <ref name="highlights" /> Pahan pangater nlatarang indik pamargin revisi DSM, rumasuk uji coba lapangan, tinjauan publik miwah profesional, miwah tinjauan ahli. Punika maosang tatujonnyane mangda prasida manut sareng sistem Klasifikasi Statistik Penyakit lan Masalah Kesehatan Terkait (ICD) lan ngepah struktur organisasi sane prasida. Kapikenohan indik sistem diagnosis kategoris kacihnayang, nanging kesimpulannyane inggih punika kasujatian indik definisi alternatif antuk akehnyane kelainan sane ilmiah prematur. DSM-5 ngentosin kategori Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) antuk kalih pilihan: ''gangguan sane sampun katentuang sane lianan'' lan ''gangguan sane nenten katentuang'' anggen nincapang utilitas majeng ring dokter. Sane kapertama ngawinang dokter prasida nentuang alasan sane ngawinang kriteria gangguan tertentu nenten kacumponin; sane kaping kalih ngawinang dokter pilihan mangda ngelepasin spesifikasi. DSM-5 sampun ngutang sistem diagnosis multiaksial (sadurungnyane Sumbu I, Sumbu II, Sumbu III), nyatet makasami kelainan ring Bagian II. Punika sampun ngentosin Poros IV antuk fitur psikologis lan kontekstual sane signifikan lan ngelepasin Poros V (Penilaian Global Fungsi, sane kaloktah dados GAF). Jadwal Penilaian Cacat Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia kawewehin ring Bagian III (Langkah-langkah lan model sane metu) ring sor Langkah-langkah Penilaian, pinaka metode sane kausulang, nanging nenten kabuatang, anggen ngajiang fungsi. <ref name="DSM-5-introduction">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/5|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=Arlington, VA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/5 5–25]}}</ref> === Pahan II: kriteria miwah kode diagnostik === ==== Kelainan perkembangan saraf ==== * "Retardasi mental" kawastanin " cacat intelektual (gangguan perkembangan intelektual)". <ref name="medscape1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_3|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Neurodevelopmental Disorders|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607160645/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_3|archive-date=June 7, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * Gangguan tutur utawi basa mangkin kasengguh gangguan komunikasi —sane ngranjing gangguan basa (sadurungnyane gangguan basa ekspresif lan gangguan basa reseptif-ekspresif campuran ), gangguan suara tutur (sadurungnyane gangguan fonologis ), gangguan fluensi sosial sane kakawitin olih anak alit lan gagap ( gagap ). bebawosan nonverbal sane kabawos gangguan komunikasi sosial (pragmatis) . <ref name="medscape1" /> * Gangguan spektrum autisme inggih punika diagnosis anyar sane ngranjingang diagnosis sane dumun autisme klasik, gangguan Asperger, gangguan disintegratif masa kanak-kanak, lan gangguan perkembangan pervasif sane nenten katentuang (PDD-NOS)—cingak {{Section link|Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|DSM-5 changes}} . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_4|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Autism Spectrum Disorders|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607160028/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_4|archive-date=June 7, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * Gangguan hiperaktif defisit perhatian (ADHD) nenten malih nentuang autisme pinaka diagnosis eksklusif. Yusa sane kabuatang ring pangawit gejala kauwah saking 7 warsa dados 12 warsa, lan ambang batas gejala kakirangin antuk diagnosis ADHD dados remaja utawi dewasa. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Epstein|first=Jeffery N.|last2=Loren|first2=Richard E. A.|date=2013-10-01|title=Changes in the Definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but Important|journal=Neuropsychiatry|volume=3|issue=5|pages=455–458|doi=10.2217/npy.13.59|pmc=3955126|pmid=24644516}}</ref> * "Gangguan Pembelajaran Spesifik" ngranjing ring kakirangan ring panglimbak kawagedan akademik, rumasuk disleksia miwah diskalkulia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM-5-Specific-Learning-Disorder.pdf|title=Specific Learning Disorder|date=2013|website=American Psychiatric Association|access-date=September 18, 2023}}</ref> * Sub-kategori anyar, gangguan motorik, ngranjing gangguan koordinasi perkembangan, gangguan gerakan stereotip, lan gangguan tik ngranjing sindrom Tourette . <ref name="MotorDisorderDSM">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/74|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=Arlington, VA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/74 74–85]}}</ref> ==== Spektrum skizofrenia miwah gangguan psikotik sane lianan ==== * Makasami subtipe skizofrenia kaicalang saking DSM-5 (paranoid, nenten terorganisir, katatonik, nenten madiferensiasi, lan residual) sane ngadukung pendekatan peringkat madasar antuk keparahan. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Episode mood utama kabuatang antuk gangguan skizoafektif (antuk mayoritas durasi gangguan sesampun kriteria A [sane mapaiketan sareng delusi, halusinasi, bebaosan utawi parilaksana sane nenten teratur, lan gejala negatif sakadi avolition] kacumponin). <ref name="highlights" /> * Kriteria gangguan delusi mauwah, lan nenten malih mapasahan sareng gangguan delusi bersama . <ref name="highlights" /> * Katatonia ring makasami konteks punika ngamerluang 3 saking akehnyane 12 gejala. Katatonia minab dados spesifikasi antuk gangguan depresi, bipolar, lan psikotik; pahan saking kahanan medis sane tiosan; utawi saking diagnosis sane sampun katentuang sane lianan. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Kelainan bipolar miwah sane mapaiketan ==== * Spesifikator anyar "antuk fitur campuran" prasida kaanggen ring gangguan bipolar I, gangguan bipolar II, gangguan bipolar NED (nenten kategesang ring genah tiosan, sadurungnyane kasengguh "NOS", nenten kategesang sane tiosan) lan MDD . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_12|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Mixed-Mood Specifier|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607160640/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_12|archive-date=June 7, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * Ngijinin bipolar sane lianan sane sampun katentuang lan gangguan sane mapaiketan antuk kondisi tertentu. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Gejala kecemasan inggih punika spesifikasi (sane kabaos "kecemasan cemas") sane kawewehin ring gangguan bipolar lan ring gangguan depresi (nanging nenten dados bagian saking kriteria diagnostik bipolar). <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gangguan depresi ==== * Eksklusi sedih ring DSM-IV kaicalang saking gangguan depresi ring DSM-5. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_10|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Removal of the Bereavement Exclusion From MDD|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619140448/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_10|archive-date=June 19, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * Gangguan disregulasi suasana hati disruptif anyar (DMDD) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_6|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070146/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_6|archive-date=September 18, 2017|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> majeng ring alit-alit sane mayusa 18 warsa. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Gangguan disforik pramenstruasi magingsir saking lampiran antuk kaselehin salanturnyane, lan dados gangguan. <ref name="highlights" /> * Spesifikator kawewehin antuk gejala campuran lan antuk kecemasan, kasarengin antuk tuntunan majeng ring dokter antuk bunuh diri. <ref name="highlights" /> * Istilah distimia mangkin taler pacang kasengguh gangguan depresi persisten. ==== Gangguan kecemasan ==== * Antuk makudang-kudang wangun fobia miwah gangguan kecemasan, DSM-5 ngicalang persyaratan indik subjek (sadurungnyane, mayusa langkungan saking 18 warsa) "patut ngangkenin indik rasa jejeh miwah kecemasan ipun kalintang utawi nenten masuk akal". Taler, galahnyane paling kidik 6 sasih mangkin berlaku majeng ring makasami jadma (boya ja wantah majeng ring alit-alit kemanten). <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Serangan panik dados spesifikasi antuk makasami gangguan DSM-5. <ref name="highlights" /> * Gangguan panik lan agorafobia dados kalih gangguan sane mabinayan. <ref name="highlights" /> * Soroh fobia spesifik dados spesifikasi nanging nenten berubah. <ref name="highlights" /> * Spesifikator umum antuk gangguan kecemasan sosial (sadurungnyane, fobia sosial) mauwah mendukung spesifikasi wantah penampilan (inggih punika, pidarta ring ajeng krama utawi penampilan). <ref name="highlights" /> * Gangguan kecemasan pemisahan lan mutisme selektif mangkin kaklasifikasiang dados gangguan kecemasan (boya ja gangguan awal). <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gangguan obsesif-kompulsif miwah sane mapaiketan ==== * Bab anyar indik gangguan obsesif-kompulsif lan sane mapaiketan ngranjing petang gangguan anyar: gangguan excoriation (skin-picking), gangguan hoarding, gangguan obsesif-kompulsif lan sane mapaiketan sane kaiusin zat-/obat, lan gangguan medis obsesif-kompulsif lan sane mapaiketan krana another. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Trichotillomania (gangguan menarik rambut) magingsir saking "gangguan kontrol impuls sane nenten kaklasifikasiang ring genah tiosan" ring DSM-IV, nuju gangguan obsesif-kompulsif ring DSM-5. <ref name="highlights" /> * Spesifikator kalimbakang (lan kawewehin antuk gangguan dismorfik tubuh lan gangguan hoarding) mangda prasida ngamolihang wawasan sane becik utawi adil, wawasan sane kaon, lan "wawasan sane nenten wenten/delusi" (inggih punika, keyakinan sane jangkep indik keyakinan gangguan obsesif-kompulsif punika patut). <ref name="highlights" /> * Kriteria kawewehin antuk gangguan dismorfik angga anggen nlatarang parilaksana utawi parilaksana mental sane maulang-ulang sane minab metu antuk cacat utawi kakirangan sane karasayang ring penampilan fisik. <ref name="highlights" /> * Spesifikator DSM-IV "antuk gejala obsesif-kompulsif" magingsir saking gangguan kecemasan nuju kategori anyar puniki antuk gangguan obsesif-kompulsif miwah sane mapaiketan. <ref name="highlights" /> * Wenten kalih diagnosis anyar: [[Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder|gangguan obsesif-kompulsif sane lianan sane sampun katentuang lan sane mapaiketan]], sane prasida ngranjing gangguan perilaku berulang sane berfokus ring angga (parilaksana sakadi gigit kuku, gigit bibih, lan ngunyah pipi, tiosan ring narik rambut lan metik kulit) utawi iri hati obsesif ; lan [[Unspecified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder|gangguan obsesif-kompulsif sane nenten katentuang lan sane mapaiketan]] . <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Kelainan sane mapaiketan sareng trauma lan stresor ==== * Gangguan stres pasca trauma (PTSD) mangkin ngranjing ring pahan anyar sane mamurda "Gangguan sane mapaiketan sareng trauma lan stresor." <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=M. J.|last2=Resick, P. A.|last3=Bryant, R. A.|last4=Strain, J.|last5=Horowitz, M.|last6=Spiegel, D.|year=2011|title=Classification of trauma and stressor-related disorders in DSM-5|journal=Depression and Anxiety|volume=28|issue=9|pages=737–749|doi=10.1002/da.20845|pmid=21681870|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Klaster diagnostik PTSD kaorganisasi malih lan kalimbakang saking akehnyane tiga kluster dados papat madasar antuk pikolih tetilik analitik faktor konfirmatif sane kamargiang ngawit saking kamedalang DSM-IV. <ref name="considering">{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=M. J.|last2=Resick, P. A.|last3=Bryant, R. A.|last4=Brewin, C. R.|year=2011|title=Considering PTSD for DSM-5|journal=Depression and Anxiety|volume=28|issue=9|pages=750–769|doi=10.1002/da.20767|pmid=21910184|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Kriteria sane mabinayan kawewehin antuk alit-alit sane mayusa nem warsa utawi alitan. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Antuk diagnosis gangguan stres akut lan PTSD, kriteria stresor (Kriteria A1 ring DSM-IV) kauwah kantos makudang-kudang wates. Sarat reaksi emosional subjektif spesifik (Kriteria A2 ring DSM-IV) kaicalang santukan kirang madue dukungan empiris antuk utilitas lan validitas prediktifnyane. <ref name="considering" /> Sadurungnyane kelompok-kelompok tertentu, sakadi tenaga militer sane nyarengin pertempuran, penegak hukum lan responden pertama sane lianan, nenten manut kriteria A2 ring DSM-IV santukan pelatihannyane nyiagayang mangda nenten bereaksi emosi majeng ring peristiwa traumatis. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adler|first=A. B.|last2=Wright, K. M.|last3=Bliese, P. D.|last4=Eckford, R.|last5=Hoge, C. W.|year=2008|title=A2 diagnostic criterion for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-traumatic-stress_2008-06_21_3/page/301|journal=[[Journal of Traumatic Stress]]|volume=21|issue=3|pages=301–308|doi=10.1002/jts.20336|pmid=18553417}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hathaway|first=L. M.|last2=Boals, A.|last3=Banks, J. B.|year=2010|title=PTSD symptoms and dominant emotional response to a traumatic event: An examination of DSM-IV criterion A2|journal=Anxiety, Stress, & Coping|volume=23|issue=1|pages=119–126|doi=10.1080/10615800902818771|pmid=19337884}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karam|first=E. G.|last2=Andrews, G.|last3=Bromet, E.|last4=Petukhova, M.|last5=Ruscio, A. M.|last6=Salamoun, M.|displayauthors=etal|year=2010|title=The Role of Criterion A2 in the DSM-IV Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=68|issue=5|pages=465–473|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.032|pmc=3228599|pmid=20599189}}</ref> * Kalih kelainan anyar sane sadurungnyane subtipe kawastanin: kelainan keterikatan reaktif lan kelainan keterlibatan sosial sane disinhibited . <ref name="highlights" /> * Gangguan penyesuaian kagingsirang ring pahan anyar puniki lan kakonseptualisasiang malih pinaka sindrom respons stres. Subtipe DSM-IV antuk suasana hati sane depresi, gejala cemas, lan parilaksana sane terganggu nenten berubah. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Kelainan disosiatif ==== * Gangguan depersonalisasi mangkin kawastanin gangguan derealisasi depersonalisasi . <ref name="DSM-5">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/302|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=Arlington, VA|page=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/302 302]}}</ref> * Fugue disosiatif dados spesifikasi antuk amnesia disosiatif . <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Kriteria kelainan identitas dissosiatif kalimbakang mangda ngranjing "fenomena wangun kepemilikan miwah gejala neurologis fungsional". Telatarang inggian "pauwahan identitas prasida katitenin olih anak tiosan utawi kalaporang ngeraga". <ref name="highlights" /> Kriteria B taler kauwah majeng ring jadma sane ngarasayang kesenjangan ring ngelingang peristiwa sarahina (boya ja trauma kemanten). <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gejala somatik miwah kelainan sane mapaiketan ==== * Kelainan somatoform mangkin kasengguh gejala somatik lan kelainan sane mapaiketan . * Pasien sane hadir antuk nyeri kronis mangkin prasida kadiagnosis antuk penyakit mental '''gangguan gejala somatik''' antuk nyeri sane dominan; utawi ''faktor psikologis sane ngawinang kondisi medis sane tiosan'' ; utawi antuk ''gangguan penyesuaian'' . <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Somatic%20Symptom%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|title=Somatic Symptom Disorder|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102010911/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Somatic%20Symptom%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2013|access-date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201312/diagnostic-ethics-harmsbenefits-somatic-symptom-disorder|title=Diagnostic Ethics: Harms/Benefits, Somatic Symptom Disorder|website=Psychology Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214114246/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/saving-normal/201312/diagnostic-ethics-harmsbenefits-somatic-symptom-disorder|archive-date=December 14, 2020|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/clinical-updates/psychiatry-psychology/diagnostic-statistical-manual-mental-disorders-redefines-hypochondriasis|title=DSM-5 redefines hypochondriasis&nbsp;— For Medical Professionals&nbsp;— Mayo Clinic|website=mayoclinic.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223085005/http://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/clinical-updates/psychiatry-psychology/diagnostic-statistical-manual-mental-disorders-redefines-hypochondriasis|archive-date=February 23, 2015|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madinamerica.com/2014/04/justina-pelletier-case-continues/|title=Justina Pelletier: The Case Continues|date=2014-04-04|website=Mad In America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225010625/http://www.madinamerica.com/2014/04/justina-pelletier-case-continues/|archive-date=December 25, 2014|access-date=January 29, 2015}}</ref> * Kelainan somatisasi miwah kelainan somatoform sané nénten madiferensiasi kagabungin dados kelainan gejala somatik, diagnosis sané nénten malih ngamerluang makudang-kudang gejala somatik. <ref name="highlights" /> * Gejala somatik lan kelainan sane mapaiketan katentuang olih gejala positif, lan kawigunan gejala sane nenten katelatarang secara medis kaminimalisir, sajabaning ring kasus kelainan konversi lan pseudocyesis (mobot palsu). <ref name="highlights" /> * Diagnosis sane anyar inggih punika faktor psikologis sane ngawinang kondisi medis sane lianan. Sadurungnyane puniki kapanggihin ring bab DSM-IV "Kahanan Lianan Sane Minab Dados Fokus Perhatian Klinis". <ref name="highlights" /> * Kriteria gangguan konversi (gangguan gejala neurologis fungsional) kauwah. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gangguan ngajeng lan ngajeng . ==== * Kriteria gangguan pica lan ruminasi sampun kauwah lan mangkin prasida nganutin jadma sane mayusa napi kemanten. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Gangguan makan berlebihan lulus saking DSM-IV "Lampiran B -- Himpunan Kriteria lan Sumbu sane Kasediaang antuk Studi Selanturnyane" dados diagnosis sane patut. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_5|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Binge Eating Disorder|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609013614/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_5|archive-date=June 9, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> * Persyaratan bulimia nervosa miwah gangguan makan berlebihan kauwah saking "sanentennyane kalih minggu salami 6 sasih" dados "sanentennyane apisan awuku salami 3 sasih sane lintang". * Kriteria sane kaanggen ring anoreksia saraf punika kauwah; nenten wenten malih sarat amenore . * "Gangguan makan bayi utawi masa kanak-kanak", diagnosis sane arang kaanggen ring DSM-IV, kagentosin wastannyane dados gangguan asupan pangan sane ngindarin/restriktif, lan kriteria kalimbakang. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gangguan eliminasi ==== * Nénten wénten pauwahan sané signifikan. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Kelainan ring bab puniki sadurungnyane kaklasifikasiang ring sor gangguan sane biasane kapertama kadiagnosis ring masa bayi, masa kanak-kanak, utawi masa remaja ring DSM-IV. Sane mangkin sampun dados klasifikasi mandiri ring DSM 5. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gangguan sirep-bangun ==== * "Gangguan sirep sane mapaiketan sareng gangguan mental sane lianan, lan gangguan tidur sane mapaiketan sareng kondisi medis umum" kaicalang. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Insomnia primer dados gangguan insomnia, lan narkolepsi mapasahan sareng hipersomnolensi sane lianan. <ref name="highlights" /> * Mangkin wenten tiga gangguan tidur sane mapaiketan sareng pernapasan: apnea tidur obstruktif hipopnea, apnea tidur sentral, lan hipoventilasi sane mapaiketan sareng tidur. <ref name="highlights" /> * Kelainan ritme sirep-bangun kalimbakang mangda ngranjing sindrom fase sirep lanjutan, jenis sirep-bangun sane nenten teratur, lan jenis sirep-bangun non-24 jam . <ref name="highlights" /> Jet lag sampun kaicalang. <ref name="highlights" /> * Gangguan perilaku sirep gerakan mata sane gelis lan sindrom batis gelisah soang-soang inggih punika gangguan, gumanti makakalih kadaftar ring sor "dissomnia nenten katentuang sane tiosan" ring DSM-IV. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Disfungsi seksual ==== * DSM-5 madue disfungsi seksual sane khusus ring jenis kelamin. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Majeng ring anak istri, pikayunan seksual lan gangguan gairah kagabungan dados minat seksual/gangguan gairah anak istri . <ref name="highlights" /> * Disfungsi seksual (sajabaning disfungsi seksual sane kaiusin olih zat-/obat) mangkin ngamerluang durasi kirang langkung 6 sasih lan kriteria keparahan sane lebih tepat. <ref name="highlights" /> * Diagnosis anyar inggih punika [[Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder|nyeri/gangguan penetrasi genito-panggul]] sane ngabungin vaginisme lan dispareunia saking DSM-IV. <ref name="highlights" /> * Gangguan aversi seksual punika kaicalang. <ref name="highlights" /> * Subtipe ring makasami kelainan wantah ngranjing "seumur hidup lawan sane kapikolihang" lan "generalisasi lawan situasional" (asiki subtipe kaicalang saking DSM-IV). <ref name="highlights" /> * Kalih subtipe kaicalang: "disfungsi seksual santukan kondisi medis umum" miwah "santukan faktor psikologis kalawan faktor gabungan". <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Disforia gender ==== * Gangguan identitas gender DSM-IV mesib sareng, nanging nenten pateh sareng, disforia gender ring DSM-5. Kriteria sane mabinayan majeng ring alit-alit, remaja lan dewasa sane manut ring kahanan perkembangan sane mabinayan kawewehin. * Subtipe gangguan identitas gender madasar antuk orientasi seksual kaicalang. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Pantaraning pauwahan kruna sane tiosan, kriteria A miwah kriteria B (identifikasi lintas gender, miwah nenten seneng majeng ring gender soang-soang) kagabungan. <ref name="highlights" /> Sinarengin antuk pauwahan puniki rauh pakaryan disforia gender sane mabinayan ring alit-alit taler silih sinunggil majeng ring dewasa lan remaja. Pengelompokan punika sampun kagingsirang saking kategori gangguan seksual lan dados soang-soang. Pauwahan wasta puniki wenten sane sangkaning stigmatisasi istilah "gangguan" miwah kawigunan "disforia gender" sane sampun ketah ring sastra GID miwah para spesialis ring wewidangan punika. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/GenderDysphoria.aspx|title=P 01 Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents or Adults|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315133950/http://www.dsm5.org/proposedrevision/Pages/GenderDysphoria.aspx|archive-date=March 15, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2012}}</ref> Penciptaan diagnosis khusus majeng ring alit-alit nyihnayang kawagedan alit-alit sane kirang madue wawasan indik napi sane karasayang lan kawagedan ngamedalang punika ring acara sane madue wawasan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=192|title=P 00 Gender Dysphoria in Children|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314204820/http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=192|archive-date=March 14, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2012}}</ref> ==== Gangguan sane ngawinang rusak, impuls-kontrol, lan parilaksana ==== Wenten gangguan puniki sadurungnyane dados pahan saking bab indik diagnosis dini, gangguan defiant oposisi ; parilaksana sane nenten becik ; lan [[Disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified|gangguan perilaku disruptif sane nenten katentuang sane lianan]] dados [[Other specified and unspecified disruptive disorder|gangguan disruptif sane lianan sane sampun katentuang lan nenten katentuang]], gangguan impuls-kontrol, lan gangguan perilaku . <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> Gangguan eksplosif intermiten, piromania, miwah kleptomania kagingsirang ring bab puniki saking bab DSM-IV "Gangguan Kontrol Impuls Nenten Katentuang Sane Lianan". <ref name="highlights" /> * Gangguan kepribadian antisosial kadaftar iriki ''lan'' ring bab indik gangguan kepribadian (nanging ADHD kadaftar ring sor gangguan perkembangan saraf). <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Gejala gangguan defiant oposisi wenten tiga soroh: suasana hati gedeg/iritasi, parilaksana argumentatif/defiant, lan dendam. Pengecualian gangguan perilaku punika kaicalang. Kriteria taler kauwah antuk catetan indik persyaratan frekuensi miwah ukuran keparahan. <ref name="highlights" /> * Kriteria gangguan perilaku nenten berubah akehan saking DSM-IV. <ref name="highlights" /> Spesifikator kawewehin majeng ring jadma sane maduwe "emosi prososial" sane kawatesin, nyihnayang sifat sane nenten rungu miwah nenten emosional . <ref name="highlights" /> * Jadma sane mayusa minimal 6 warsa saking gangguan puniki prasida keni diagnosis gangguan eksplosif intermiten tanpa ledakan agresi fisik. <ref name="highlights" /> Kriteria kawewehin antuk frekuensi miwah nentuang "impulsif miwah/utawi brangti madasar antuk alam, miwah patut ngawinang sengkala, ngawinang pikobet ring fungsi pekerjaan utawi interpersonal, utawi mapaiketan sareng konsekuensi keuangan utawi hukum sane negatif". <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Kelainan sane mapaiketan sareng zat lan ketagihan ==== * [[Panyakit bebotoh|Gangguan judi]] lan gangguan penggunaan roko punika sane anyar. <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Penyalahgunaan zat miwah ketergantungan zat saking DSM-IV-TR sampun kagabungang dados gangguan penggunaan zat tunggal khusus majeng ring soang-soang penyalahgunaan zat ring kategori "kecanduan miwah gangguan sane mapaiketan" anyar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_11|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Substance Use Disorder|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609014421/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_11|archive-date=June 9, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> "Pikobet hukum sane maulang-ulang" kaicalang lan "ngidam utawi pikayunan sane kuat utawi dorongan nganggen zat" kawewehin ring kriteria. <ref name="highlights" /> Ambang batas akeh kriteria sane patut kacumponin kauwah <ref name="highlights" /> lan keparahan saking ringan dados parah kadasarin antuk akeh kriteria sane kacumpuin. <ref name="highlights" /> Kriteria sane kaanggen ngambil ganja lan kafein sampun kawewehin. <ref name="highlights" /> Spesifikator anyar kawewehin anggen remisi pangawit miwah berkelanjutan sinarengan sareng spesifikasi anyar anggen "ring wawidangan sane terkontrol" miwah "ring terapi pemeliharaan". <ref name="highlights" /> Nenten wenten malih diagnosis polizat ring DSM-5; zat (zat) punika patut katentuang. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dsm5.org/documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204551/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|agency=American Psychiatric Association|page=16|quote=The DSM-IV specifier for a physiological subtype has been eliminated in DSM-5, as has the DSM-IV diagnosis of polysubstance dependence.}}</ref> ==== Gangguan neurokognitif ==== * Demensia lan gangguan amnestik dados gangguan neurokognitif mayor utawi ringan (NCD mayor, utawi NCD ringan). <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_13|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Neurocognitive Disorder|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610022943/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_13|archive-date=June 10, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> DSM-5 madue daftar domain neurokognitif sane anyar. <ref name="highlights" /> "Kriteria anyar sane mabinayan mangkin kasobyahang" antuk NCD sane ageng utawi ringan santukan makudang-kudang kondisi. <ref name="highlights" /> [[Substance/medication-induced NCD|NCD sane kaiusin olih zat/obat]] lan [[Unspecified NCD|NCD sane nenten katentuang]] inggih punika diagnosis sane anyar. <ref name="highlights" /> ==== Gangguan kepribadian ==== * Gangguan kepribadian (PD) sadurungnyane ngranjing ring sumbu sane matiosan saking meh-mehan makasami gangguan sane lianan, nanging mangkin wenten ring siki sumbu sareng makasami diagnosis mental lan medis sane lianan. <ref name="APA-PD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Personality%20Disorders%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|title=Personality Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019204516/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Personality%20Disorders%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2013|access-date=October 6, 2013}}</ref> Nanging, dasa soroh gangguan kepribadian sane pateh punika kapertahanin. <ref name="APA-PD" /> * Wenten panggilan majeng ring DSM-5 mangda ngicenin informasi klinis sane relevan sane madasar antuk empiris anggen konseptualisasi kepribadian taler psikopatologi ring kepribadian. Pikobet heterogenitas PD taler mawiguna. Minakadi, ritatkala nentuang kriteria PD minab kalih individu antuk diagnosis sane pateh madue gejala sane pateh pisan sane nenten pastika pacang tumpang tindih. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krueger|first=Robert F.|last2=Hopwood|first2=Christopher J.|last3=Wright|first3=Aidan G. C.|last4=Markon|first4=Kristian E.|date=2014-09-01|title=DSM-5 and the Path Toward Empirically Based and Clinically Useful Conceptualization of Personality and Psychopathology|journal=Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice|volume=21|issue=3|pages=245–261|doi=10.1111/cpsp.12073}}</ref> Wenten taler rasa jejeh indik model napi sane becikan majeng ring DSM - model diagnostik sane kasenengin olih psikiater utawi model dimensi sane kasenengin olih psikolog. Pendekatan/model diagnostik inggih punika silih sinunggil sane nganutin pendekatan diagnostik pengobatan tradisional, lebih dangan kaanggen ring setting klinis, sakemaon, nenten ngerebut seluk beluk kepribadian normal utawi abnormal. Pendekatan/model dimensi becikan nyihnayang derajat kepribadian sane mabinayan; punika ngutamayang kontinum pantaraning normal lan abnormal, lan abnormal pinaka napi sane nglintangin ambang batas napike ring kasus unipolar utawi bipolar. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crocq|first=Marc-Antoine|date=30 June 2013|title=Milestones in the history of personality disorders|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=15|issue=2|pages=147–153|doi=10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.2/macrocq|pmc=3811086|pmid=24174889}}</ref> ==== Kelainan parafilik ==== * Spesifikator anyar "ring genah sané sampun terkontrol" miwah "ring remisi" kawewehin antuk kriteria ring makasami kelainan parafilik . <ref name="highlights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|title=Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150226050453/http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf "Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[American Psychiatric Association]]. May 17, 2013. Archived from [http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Practice/DSM/DSM-5/Changes-from-DSM-IV-TR--to-DSM-5.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 26, 2015.</cite></ref> * Pabinayan sane kakaryanin pantaraning parilaksana parafilik, utawi parafilia, miwah kelainan parafilik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_14|title=A Guide to DSM-5: Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders|publisher=Medscape.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619201724/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803884_14|archive-date=June 19, 2013|access-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> Makasami set kriteria kauwah mangda prasida ngawewehin kruna kelainan ring makasami parafilia, umpaminyane, kelainan pedofilia kadaftar gumanti pedofilia . <ref name="highlights" /> Nenten wenten pauwahan ring struktur diagnostik dasar ngawit saking DSM-III-R; nanging, jadma mangkin mangda prasida nagingin kriteria kualitatif (kriteria A) lan konsekuensi negatif (kriteria B) mangda prasida keni diagnosis gangguan parafilik. Yening nenten ipun madue parafilia (lan nenten wenten diagnosis). <ref name="highlights" /> === Pahan III: ukuran miwah model sane medal === Punika rumasuk indik ukuran dimensi anggen penilaian gejala, kriteria anggen rumusan budaya gangguan lan proposal alternatif anggen konseptualisasi gangguan kepribadian, taler deskripsi kondisi klinis sane kaplajahin mangkin. Puniki ngaturang piranti sane kapilih lan teknik penelitian sane ngutamayang diagnosis, ngitungang konteks sosiokultural, lan taler ngaturang model hibrida-dimensi-kategoris gangguan kepribadian. Kepribadian spesifik (antisosial, garis batas, menghindari, narsis, obsesif-kompulsif, skizotipe) miwah gangguan non-spesifik kabinayang. == Kahanan sane kaanggen malajah salanturnyane == Kahanan miwah kriteria puniki katetapang mangda prasida nyokong seseleh salanturnyané miwah nénten kaanggen ring klinis. * Sindrom psikosis sane kalemah * Episode depresi sareng hipomania sane suwenyane cendet * Gangguan berduka kompleks sane terus-terusan * Gangguan nganggen kafein * Gangguan ring internet * Kelainan neurobehavioral sane mapaiketan sareng paparan alkohol pranatal * Gangguan parilaksana bunuh diri * Sane ngawinang tatu ring raga sane nenten bunuh diri <ref name="DSM-5-future">{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/783|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=Fifth|location=Arlington, VA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/783 783–808]}}</ref> == Perkembangan == Ring warsa 1999, Konferensi Perencanaan Penelitian DSM-5, sane kadukung sareng APA lan Lembaga Kesehatan Mental Nasional (NIMH), kalaksanayang anggen nentuang prioritas penelitian. Kelompok Kerja Perencanaan Penelitian ngamedalang "makalah putih" indik tetilik sane kabuatang anggen nguningayang lan ngwangun DSM-5 lan pakaryan lan rekomendasi sane kapolihang kalaporang ring monografi APA lan literatur peer-reviewed. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Regier|first=Darrel A|last2=Narrow|first2=William E|last3=First|first3=Michael B|last4=Marshall|first4=Tina|year=2002|title=The APA classification of mental disorders: future perspectives|journal=[[Psychopathology (journal)|Psychopathology]]|volume=35|issue=2–3|pages=166–170|doi=10.1159/000065139|pmid=12145504}}</ref> Wenten nem kelompok kerja, soang-soang ngutamayang topik sane jimbar: Nomenklatur, Ilmu Saraf lan Genetika, Isu Perkembangan lan Diagnosis, Gangguan Kepribadian lan Relasional, Gangguan Mental lan Cacat, lan Isu Lintas Budaya. Tigang makalah putih tambahan taler patut duk warsa 2004 ngenenin indik pikobet gender, pikobet diagnostik ring populasi geriatri, miwah gangguan mental ring bayi miwah anak alit. Makalah putih sampun kalanturang antuk serangkaian konferensi anggen ngamedalang rekomendasi sane mapaiketan sareng gangguan lan pikobet-pikobet sane khusus, antuk kehadiran sane kawatesin antuk 25 peneliti sane kaundang. <ref name="dsm5researchplanning" /> Ring tanggal 23 Juli 2007, APA nguningayang indik satgas sane pacang ngawasin panglimbak DSM-5. Satgas DSM-5 kawangun antuk 27 anggota, rumasuk ketua lan wakil ketua, sane sareng-sareng ngangganin ilmuwan peneliti saking psikiatri lan disiplin ilmu sane lianan, penyedia perawatan klinis, lan pendukung konsumen lan kulawarga. Para sujana sane makarya revisi DSM madue makudang-kudang pengalaman lan minat. Dewan Penasehat APA nyaratang mangda makasami calon satgas nyihnayang kepentingan sane masaing utawi hubungan sane berpotensi matungkasan sareng entitas sane madue kepentingan ring diagnosis lan perawatan psikiatri pinaka prasyarat anggen ngangkat dados satgas. APA ngawentenang makasami pawarah-warah anggota satgas sane wenten rikalaning nguningayang satgas. Makudang-kudang angga kacumponin nenten prasida kaadegang satgas santukan wenten pikayunan sane masaing. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Regier DA|year=2007|title=Somatic Presentations of Mental Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V|url=http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/69/9/827.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Psychosomatic Medicine (journal)|Psychosomatic Medicine]]|volume=69|issue=9|pages=827–828|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815afbe4|pmid=18040087|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228024938/http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/69/9/827.pdf|archive-date=February 28, 2008|access-date=December 21, 2007}}</ref> Uji lapangan DSM-5 ngranjing reliabilitas tes-ulang sané nyarengin dokter sané matiosan ngamargiang evaluasi independen saking pasien sané pateh-pendekatan umum ring studi reliabilitas diagnostik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Reliability_and_Prevalence_in_DSM-5_Field_Trials_1-12-12.pdf|title=Reliability and Prevalence in the DSM-5 Field Trials|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131110008/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Reliability_and_Prevalence_in_DSM-5_Field_Trials_1-12-12.pdf|archive-date=January 31, 2012|access-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref> Sawatara 68% saking anggota satgas DSM-5 miwah 56% saking anggota panel nglaporang madue paiketan sareng industri farmasi, sekadi ngambel saham ring perusahaan farmasi, ngayahin pinaka konsultan ring industri, utawi ngayahin ring dewan perusahaan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cosgrove|first=Lisa|last2=Bursztajn|first2=Harold J.|last3=Krimsky|first3=Sheldon|date=7 May 2009|title=Developing Unbiased Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines in Psychiatry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-05-07_360_19/page/2035|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=360|issue=19|pages=2035–2036|doi=10.1056/NEJMc0810237|pmid=19420379|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Revisi miwah sané anyar == Kakawitin antuk edisi kaping lima, matetujon mangda revisi pedoman diagnostik pacang kawewehin antuk inkremental. <ref name="name">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/about/pages/faq.aspx|title=About DSM-5 Frequently Asked Questions|website=American Psychiatric Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925004349/http://www.dsm5.org/about/Pages/faq.aspx|archive-date=September 25, 2011|access-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> DSM-5 kaidentifikasi antuk basa Arab bandingang sareng [[Wilangan Romawi|angka Romawi]], nyihnayang pauwahan ring sapunapi pembaruan ring masa sane jagi rauh pacang kakaryanin. Pembaruan inkremental pacang kaidentifikasi antuk desimal (DSM-5.1, DSM-5.2, miwah sane lianan), ngantos edisi anyar kasurat. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Harold|first=Eve|title=APA Modifies DSM Naming Convention to Reflect Publication Changes|date=March 9, 2010|publisher=The American Psychiatric Association|issue=Release No. 10-17}}</ref> Pauwahan punika nyihnayang tatujon APA mangda sayan gelis nyawis ritatkala preponderan tetilik ngadukung pauwahan sane khusus ring manual. Dasar penelitian indik kelainan mental puniki nglimbak antuk kecepatan sane matiosan antuk kelainan sane matiosan. <ref name="name" /> === DSM-5-TR === {{Infobox book | image = DSM-5-TR Cover.webp | author = [[American Psychiatric Association]] | isbn = 978-0-89042-576-3 | pub_date = March 18, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=American Psychiatric Association |date=March 18, 2022 |title=APA Releases Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/News-room/News-Releases/APA-Releases-Diagnostic-and-Statistical-Manual-of |access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref> | name = DSM-5-TR | language = English | country = United States | series = ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' | subjects = Classification and diagnosis of mental disorders | italic title = no | preceded_by = DSM-5 | media_type = Print (hardcover, softcover); eBook | pages = 1120 | external_url = https://archive.org/details/dsm-5-tr/ | external_host = [[Internet Archive]] | website = [https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-tr-fact-sheets DSM-5-TR at APA website] }} Revisi DSM-5, sane mamurda DSM-5-TR, kamedalang ring Maret 2022, ngamecikang kriteria diagnostik lan kode ICD-10-CM . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.appi.org/products/dsm|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR™)|website=American Psychiatric Association|access-date=April 18, 2022}}</ref> Kriteria diagnostik antuk gangguan asupan pangan avoidant/restriktif kauwah, <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Appelbaum|first=Paul S.|last2=Leibenluft|first2=Ellen|author-link2=Ellen Leibenluft|last3=Kendler|first3=Kenneth S.|date=2021-11-01|title=Iterative Revision of the ''DSM'': An Interim Report From the ''DSM-5'' Steering Committee|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=72|issue=11|pages=1348–1349|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.202100013|pmid=33882702}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/DSM-5-TR/APA-DSM5TR-AvoidantRestrictiveFoodIntakeDisorder.pdf|title=Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder|date=2022|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref> sinarengan antuk nambahin entri antuk gangguan duka berkepanjangan, [[Unspecified Mood Disorder|gangguan mood sane nenten katentuang]] lan [[Stimulant-Induced Mild Neurocognitive Disorder|gangguan neurokognitif ringan sane kainduksi stimulan]] . <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=First|first=Michael B.|last2=Yousif|first2=Lamyaa H.|last3=Clarke|first3=Diana E.|last4=Wang|first4=Philip S.|last5=Gogtay|first5=Nitin|last6=Appelbaum|first6=Paul S.|date=2022-05-07|title=DSM-5-TR: overview of what's new and what's changed|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=21|issue=2|pages=218–219|doi=10.1002/wps.20989|pmc=9077590|pmid=35524596}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2021/10/21/prolonged-grief-disorder-diagnosis-dsm-5/|title=Prolonged grief disorder recognized as official diagnosis. Here's what to know about chronic mourning|date=2022-09-08|work=Washington Post|access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref> Gangguan duka berkepanjangan, sane sampun wenten ring ICD-11, madue kriteria sane sampun kacumpuin antuk konsensus ring lokakarya pribadi sedina sane kasponsor olih APA. <ref name=":5" /> Seseleh warsa 2022 manggihin indik tingkat diagnosis gangguan kesedihan berkepanjangan sane tegehan ring ICD-11 prasida katlatarang olih kriteria DSM-5-TR sane ngamerluang gejala sane tetep wenten salami 12 sasih, lan ICD-11 wantah ngamerluang 6 sasih. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022|title=Supplemental Material for Same Name, Same Content? Evaluation of DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Criteria|journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology|doi=10.1037/ccp0000720.supp}}</ref> Tigang kelompok tinjauan antuk seks lan gender, budaya lan bunuh diri, kasarengin antuk "keadilan etnoras lan kelompok kerja inklusi" sane kasarengin ring pakaryan DSM-5-TR sane ngawinang bagian tambahan antuk soang-soang kelainan mental sane mabligbagan indik seks lan gender, variasi rasial lan budaya lan nambahin kode diagnostik tingkat spesialitas antuk tatu ring raga antuk gangguan mental. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=First|first=Michael B.|last2=Yousif|first2=Lamyaa H.|last3=Clarke|first3=Diana E.|last4=Wang|first4=Philip S.|last5=Gogtay|first5=Nitin|last6=Appelbaum|first6=Paul S.|date=2022-05-07|title=DSM-5-TR: overview of what's new and what's changed|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=21|issue=2|pages=218–219|doi=10.1002/wps.20989|pmc=9077590|pmid=35524596}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFirstYousifClarkeWang2022">First MB, Yousif LH, Clarke DE, Wang PS, Gogtay N, Appelbaum PS (May 7, 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9077590 "DSM-5-TR: overview of what's new and what's changed"]. ''World Psychiatry''. '''21''' (2): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>219. [[Pangenalan objek digital|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/wps.20989|10.1002/wps.20989]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9077590 9077590]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35524596 35524596].</cite></ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Appelbaum|first=Paul S.|last2=Leibenluft|first2=Ellen|author-link2=Ellen Leibenluft|last3=Kendler|first3=Kenneth S.|date=2021-11-01|title=Iterative Revision of the ''DSM'': An Interim Report From the ''DSM-5'' Steering Committee|journal=Psychiatric Services|volume=72|issue=11|pages=1348–1349|doi=10.1176/appi.ps.202100013|pmid=33882702}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAppelbaumLeibenluftKendler2021">Appelbaum PS, [[Ellen Leibenluft|Leibenluft E]], Kendler KS (November 1, 2021). "Iterative Revision of the ''DSM'': An Interim Report From the ''DSM-5'' Steering Committee". ''Psychiatric Services''. '''72''' (11): <span class="nowrap">1348–</span>1349. [[Pangenalan objek digital|doi]]:[[doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100013|10.1176/appi.ps.202100013]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33882702 33882702].</cite></ref> Gangguan sane lianan sane kauwah minakadi: <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/updates-to-dsm/updates-to-dsm-5-criteria-text|title=Updates to DSM-5 Criteria & Text|website=American Psychiatric Association|access-date=April 18, 2022}}</ref> * Gangguan spektrum autisme * Gangguan bipolar I, gangguan bipolar II, miwah gangguan bipolar sane mapaiketan . * Gangguan kepribadian obsesif-kompulsif ring [[Alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders|model DSM-5 alternatif antuk gangguan kepribadian]] * Episode depresi sareng hipomania sane suwenyane cendet * Gangguan perkembangan intelektual * Gangguan delusi * Gangguan disregulasi suasana hati sane mengganggu * Gangguan psikotik sane singkat == Kawigunan == Dewan Nasional Pemeriksa Kedokteran (NBME) sane madue tugas ngaryanin lan nerbitang ujian dewan majeng ring mahasiswa kedokteran ring sawewengkon Amerika Serikat manut ring kawigunan kriteria DSM-5. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=21 November 2014|title=Update: Exams to Transition to DSM-5|journal=Psychiatric News|volume=49|issue=22|pages=1|doi=10.1176/appi.pn.2014.10a19}}</ref> === Konflik Kepentingan Keuangan miwah Ketergantungan Serong === Asosiasi keuangan anggota panel DSM-5 sareng industri terus dados pikobet antuk konflik kepentingan keuangan. <ref name="Cosgrove">{{Cite journal|last=Cosgrove|first=Lisa|last2=Drimsky Lisa|date=March 2012|title=A comparison of DSM-iv and DSM-5 panel members' financial associations with industry: A pernicious problem persists|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=9|issue=3|pages=e1001190|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001190|pmc=3302834|pmid=22427747|doi-access=free}}</ref> Saking anggota satgas DSM-5, 69% nglaporang madue ikatan sareng industri farmasi, nincap saking 57% anggota satgas DSM-IV. <ref name="Cosgrove" /> Seseleh DSM-5-TR manggihin 60% dokter Amerika sane mapica kontribusi ring edisi sane karevisi polih bayahan saking industri. <ref name="Davis2024">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Davis LC, Diianni AT, Drumheller SR, Elansary NN, D'Ambrozio GN, Herrawi F, Piper BJ, Cosgrove L|date=Jan 2024|title=Undisclosed financial conflicts of interest in DSM-5-TR: cross sectional analysis|journal=BMJ|volume=384|pages=e076902|doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076902|pmc=10777894|pmid=38199616|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yadiastun APA sampun ngawit ngawentenang kebijakan pangumuman majeng ring anggota satgas DSM-5, akeh sane kantun percaya asosiasi puniki durung doh ring utsahanyane mangda transparan lan nyaga saking pengaruh industri. Ring artikel Point/Counterpoint warsa 2009, Lisa Cosgrove, PhD miwah Harold J. Bursztajn, MD nyatet indik "70% saking angga satgas sampun nglaporang paiketan industri langsung-nincap kantos 14% saking persentase angga satgas industri DSM-IV sane maduwe sane ngandelang sistem kehormatan, nenten cukup lan kabuatang pengamanan sane lebih spesifik". Peran DSM-5 ring sajeroning nyaga kepentingan sang sane madue sarana produksi sane sugih lan berkuasa ring politik ring Amerika Serikat taler sampun kakritik. <ref name="Mental Health Challenges Related to Neoliberal Capitalism in the United States">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zeira A|date=February 2022|title=Mental Health Challenges Related to Neoliberal Capitalism in the United States|journal=Community Mental Health Journal|volume=58|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1007/s10597-021-00840-7|pmc=8145185|pmid=34032963}}</ref> Ngenahang nyalah-nyalahin antuk kasangsaran psikologis sane prasida katebak lan umum sane kaawinang olih efek sane ngrusak saking ketimpangan ekonomi ring Amerika Serikat majeng ring angga antuk ngahubungan sareng patologi mental sampun kakritik pinaka ngambatang perubahan akar penyebab kasangsaran punika. <ref name="Mental Health Challenges Related to Neoliberal Capitalism in the United States" /> Kriteria ekspansif DSM-5 sané ngaitkan patologi mental sareng jadma sané keni sengkala utawi gangguan saking makudang-kudang rasi bintang pengalaman sampun kakritik santukan patologis akéh jadma sané nénten prasida ngwantu yéning diagnosis psikiatri nénten maguna. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=qY0vEAAAQBAJ|title=DSM: A History of Psychiatry's Bible|vauthors=Horwitz AV|date=17 August 2021|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-4069-9}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Wikiportal|Psychiatry}} == Referensi == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} == Cantélan eksternal == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/|title=DSM-V The Future Manual|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119150242/http://www.dsm5.org/|archive-date=19 November 2008}} * {{Cite web|url=http://psychiatryonline.org/pb-assets/dsm/update/DSM5Update2016.pdf|title=DSM-5 Update: Supplement to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|date=September 2016|website=PsychiatryOnline|publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing}} {{DSM personality disorders}}{{Medical classification}} [[Kategori:Buku panduan diagnostik miwah statistik indik gangguan jiwa]] [[Kategori:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]] c1rttxug9uh0ccq9ukiw4qsg3o3s82t 0 56452 280138 221223 2026-08-13T18:04:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Bibliothèque_de_l'Assemblée_Nationale_(Lunon).jpg|jmpl| Perpustakaan Istana Bourbon ring Paris]]   '''Sastra''' inggih punika sakancan pupulan karya sasuratan, nanging taler kaanggen pinih cupit antuk sasuratan sane khusus kaanggep dados wangun seni, utamanyane novel, drama, lan puisi . <ref name="OD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature|title=Literature: definition|publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610161527/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature|archive-date=10 June 2021|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> Puniki rumasuk ring sesuratan cetak miwah digital . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rettberg|first=Scott|title=Electronic literature|date=2019|publisher=Polity press|isbn=978-1-5095-1677-3|location=Cambridge, UK Medford, MA}}</ref> Ring makudang-kudang abad sane lintang, teges punika sampun nglimbak kantos ngranjingang sastra lisan, akeh sane sampun katranskripsiang. {{Sfn|Goody|1987|p=}} Sastra inggih punika tata cara nyatet, nglestariang, miwah ngirimang kaweruhan miwah hiburan . Punika taler prasida madue peran sosial, psikologis, spiritual, utawi politik. Kritik sastra inggih punika silih sinunggil disiplin akademik sane pinih lingsir, lan mapaiketan sareng nilai sastra utawi signifikansi intelektual saking teks-teks tertentu. Paplajahan indik buku miwah teks tiosan pinaka artefak utawi tradisi gumanti ngranjing ring kritik tekstual utawi sejarah buku . "Sastra", pinaka wangun seni, kadang-kadang kaanggen sinonim sareng fiksi sastra, fiksi sane kasurat antuk tatujon jasa seni, nanging taler prasida ngranjing karya ring makudang-kudang genre non-fiksi, sakadi biografi, buku harian, memoar, surat, lan esai . Ring sajeroning teges sane jimbar puniki, sastra ngranjing ring buku non-fiksi, artikel, utawi gatra sane kasurat tiosan indik subjek tertentu. <ref name="EB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/literature|title=literature &#124; Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts|last=Rexroth|first=Kenneth|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030437/https://www.britannica.com/art/literature|archive-date=29 July 2020|access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> Panglimbak teknologi cetak sampun ngawinang distribusi miwah proliferasi karya-karya sane sayan nincap, nanging era digital sampun ngabur-ngabur garis pantaraning sastra elektronik online miwah wangun media modern tiosan. == Definisi == Definisi sastra sampun mabinayan saking galah ka galah. Ring Eropa Kauh, sadurung abad ka-18, sastra nyihnayang makasami buku miwah sasuratan. Puniki prasida kacingak pinaka mawali ring gagasan sane sampun sue, sane lebih inklusif, mawinan studi budaya, umpaminyane, ngeranjing, tiosan ring karya-karya kanonik, genre populer lan minoritas . Kruna puniki taler kaanggen ring sajeroning karya-karya sane nenten kasurat: majeng ring " sastra lisan " miwah "sastra budaya praliterasi ". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">kutipan sané kaperluang</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sekadi etimologis, istilah puniki mawit saking [[basa Latin]] ''{{Lang|la|literatura/litteratura}}'', "pembelajaran, sesuratan, tata basa," pangawitnyane "sesuratan sane kawangun antuk aksara," saking ''{{Lang|la|litera/littera}}'', "surat." <ref name="oetyd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|title=literature (n.)|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162614/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> Yadiastun asapunika, istilah punika taler sampun kaanggen ring teks tutur utawi katembangang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|year=1974|title=How Oral Is Oral Literature?|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1974_37_1/page/52|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=52–64|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00094842|jstor=614104}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> Sastra sering kabaos sinekdokis pinaka "sesuratan," utamannyane sesuratan kreatif, miwah manut puitis pinaka "kerajinan manulis" (utawi wantah "kerajinan"). Syd Field ngambarang disiplinne, panulisan skenario, pinaka "kerajinan sane saget menek ka tingkat seni." <ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Syd|title=Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting|date=2005|publisher=Delta|isbn=978-0440582731|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Definisi penilaian nilai sastra nganggep wantah terdiri saking sesuratan sane berkualitas tinggi sane mawangun kepahan saking tradisi ''belles-lettres'' ("sesuratan halus"). {{Sfn|Eagleton|2008|p=9}} Imbanyané inggih punika ring <nowiki><i id="mwgw">Encyclopædia Britannica</i></nowiki> warsa 1910-1911, sané ngeklasifikasiang sastra pinaka ekspresi sané pinih becik saking pikayunan sané pinih becik sané kareduksi dados sesuratan. <ref name="Biswas, ''Critique of Poetics'', 538">{{Cite book|last=Biswas|first=A.R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1|title=Critique of Poetics|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2005|isbn=978-81-269-0377-1|volume=2|page=538|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114731/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Wikiportal|Literature|Writing}} * Indeks artikel sastra == Ring pustaka == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Sastra]] 31rr0yzscf5un8se2r7t5necsvt38wq 0 61391 280193 231246 2026-08-13T21:07:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Skiatika|image=Sciatic nerve2.jpg|caption=Gambaran tampak anterior menunjukkan nervus skiatika berjalan menyusuri kaki kanan|specialty=[[Bedah ortopedi|Ortopedi]], [[neurologi]]|synonym=Neuritis skiatika, neuralgia skiatik, radikulopati lumbal|pronounce=|symptoms=[[Nyeri]] menjalar ke tungkai dari punggung, kelemahan atau mati rasa pada kaki yang dipersarafi<ref name=NIH2015 />|onset=usia 40–50 tahun<ref name=NIH2014b /><ref name=NEJM2015 />|duration=90% kurang dari 6 minggu<ref name=NIH2014b />|causes=[[Hernia Nukleus Pulposus]], [[spondilolistesis]], [[stenosis spinal]], [[sindrom piriformis]], [[tumor pelvis]]<ref name=NEJM2015 /><ref name=Valat2010 />|risks=|diagnosis=[[Tes angkat kaki lurus]]<ref name=NEJM2015 />|differential=[[Herpes zoster]], penyakit panggul<ref name=NEJM2015 />|prevention=|treatment=[[analgesik|Pereda nyeri]], [[bedah]]<ref name=NIH2014b />|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=2–40% dari populasi<ref name=Valat2010 />|deaths=}}'''Skiatika''' inggih punika [[nyeri]] sane memancar saking [[Punggung manusia|punggung sor]] ngantos ring batis. <ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/|title=Sciatica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307160812/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024494/|archive-date=7 March 2018|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Nyeri puniki taler prasida nglimbak ring makudang-kudang genah ring batis, minakadi ring punggung, ring jaba, utawi ring arep batis. <ref name="NEJM2015">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|date=26 March 2015|title=Sciatica.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-26_372_13/page/1240|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151|pmid=25806916}}</ref> Serangan nyeri sering pisan metu nadak sesampun kegiatan sekadi ngangkat barang sane berat. Ngawit saking rasa sakit taler minab bertahap. <ref name="FowlerScadding2003">{{Cite book|last=T.J. Fowler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k56tZUQ8RfkC&pg=PA59|title=Clinical Neurology, 3Ed|last2=J.W. Scadding|date=28 November 2003|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-0-340-80798-9|page=59|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205908/https://books.google.com/books?id=k56tZUQ8RfkC&pg=PA59|archive-date=28 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Biasane sang sane keni sering ngarasayang sakit sakadi katembak ring bagian tubuh sane keni. <ref name="NIH2015" /> Umumnyane, gejala punika wantah ring siki sisi angga. <ref name="NEJM2015" /> Ring makudang-kudang galah, rasa sakit taler prasida karasayang ring kalih sisi angga. <ref name="NEJM2015" /> [[Nyeri punggung|Nyeri punggung sor]] taler wenten ring galah-galah sane sampun lintang. <ref name="NEJM2015" /> Lemet utawi mati rasa taler prasida wenten ring makudang-kudang genah ring batis lan batis sane keni. <ref name="NEJM2015" /> Sawatara 90% saking sciatica puniki kaawinang olih [[Saraf kejepit|hernia inti pulposus]]. Hernia puniki menekan ring silih sinunggil muncuk saraf lumbar utawi sakral. <ref name="Valat2010">{{Cite journal|last=Valat|first=JP|last2=Genevay, S|last3=Marty, M|last4=Rozenberg, S|last5=Koes, B|date=April 2010|title=Sciatica.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=241–52|doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.005|pmid=20227645}}</ref> [[Spondilolistesis]], stenosis tulang belakang, sindrom piriformis, tumor panggul, lan [[Beling|mobot]] inggih punika makudang-kudang sane ngawinang sciatica sane lianan. <ref name="NEJM20152">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|date=26 March 2015|title=Sciatica.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-26_372_13/page/1240|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151|pmid=25806916}}</ref> Tes ''ngangkat batis lurus'' taler sering kalaksanayang anggen ngwantu ngadegang diagnosis. <ref name="NEJM20152" /> Tes puniki kabaos positif yening rasa sakit karasayang memancar ring sor lutut ritatkala batis kaangkat rikala pasien merem ring punggungnyane. <ref name="NEJM20152" /> Ring makudang-kudang kasus, pencitraan medis sujatinnyane nenten kabuatang. <ref name="NIH2014b">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|title=Slipped disk: Overview|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|date=October 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183135/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|archive-date=8 September 2017|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Nanging, pencitraan patut kalaksanayang yening wenten pikobet ring fungsi usus utawi kandung kemih, wenten ilangnyane rasa utawi lemet sane signifikan ring batis, gejala sampun sue mamargi, utawi wenten rasa jejeh ring tumor utawi infeksi. <ref name="NIH2014b" /> Gejala penyakit sane minab kacingak mirib sareng kasus puniki inggih punika penyakit panggul lan infeksi [[herpes zoster]] awal (sadurung ruam). <ref name="NEJM20153">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|date=26 March 2015|title=Sciatica.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-26_372_13/page/1240|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151|pmid=25806916}}</ref> Manajemen awal biasane nganggen obat [[Analgesik|penghilang rasa sakit]]. <ref name="NIH2014b2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|title=Slipped disk: Overview|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|date=October 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183135/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|archive-date=8 September 2017|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Nanging, kawigunan obat penghilang rasa sakit lan relaksasi otot kantun kirang bukti sane jangkep. <ref name="Koes 1313–1317">{{Cite journal|last=Koes|first=B W|last2=van Tulder|first2=M W|last3=Peul|first3=W C|date=2007-06-23|title=Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica|journal=BMJ : British Medical Journal|volume=334|issue=7607|pages=1313–1317|doi=10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.BE|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1895638|pmid=17585160}}</ref> Umumnyane kasaratang mangda pasien nglanturang antuk kegiatan sedina-dina sane normal sekadi sane prasida. <ref name="NEJM20154">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|date=26 March 2015|title=Sciatica.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-26_372_13/page/1240|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151|pmid=25806916}}</ref> Ring sawatara 90% jadma, rasa sakit pacang surut ring kirang saking nem minggu. <ref name="NIH2014b2" /> Yening rasa sakit punika sayan kaon lan langkungan saking nem minggu, pilihan operasi minab dados pilihan. <ref name="NIH2014b2" /> Yadiastun intervensi bedah prasida ngelisang ngilangang rasa sakit, kawigunannyane jangka panjang durung tatas karesepang. <ref name="NEJM20155">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|date=26 March 2015|title=Sciatica.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-26_372_13/page/1240|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151|pmid=25806916}}</ref> Operasi minab kaperluang yening wenten komplikasi, sakadi ilangnyane fungsi usus utawi kandung kemih sane normal. <ref name="NIH2014b3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|title=Slipped disk: Overview|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|date=October 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183135/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|archive-date=8 September 2017|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Kirangnyane bukti penelitian maartos akehan perawatan, rumasuk gabapentin, [[kortikosteroid]], pregabalin, [[akupunktur]], terapi panas utawi es, lan manipulasi tulang belakang, kantun perlu kaplajahin antuk manfaat lan efek sampingnyane. <ref name="NEJM20155" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markova|first=Tsvetio|date=2007|title=Treatment of Acute Sciatica|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0101/p99.html|url-status=live|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume=75|issue=1|pages=99–100|pmid=17225710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202170917/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0101/p99.html|archive-date=2016-02-02}}</ref> <ref name="pmid29970367">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Lin CC|date=July 2018|title=Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=CMAJ|volume=190|issue=26|pages=E786–E793|doi=10.1503/cmaj.171333|pmc=6028270|pmid=29970367}}</ref> Kirang saking 1% ngantos 40% saking makasami jadma pacang keni sciatica ring makudang-kudang titik ring kahuripannyane, manut ring sapunapi sciatica punika kategesang. <ref name="Valat20102">{{Cite journal|last=Valat|first=JP|last2=Genevay, S|last3=Marty, M|last4=Rozenberg, S|last5=Koes, B|date=April 2010|title=Sciatica.|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology|volume=24|issue=2|pages=241–52|doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.005|pmid=20227645}}</ref> <ref name="Cook2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cook CE, Taylor J, Wright A, Milosavljevic S, Goode A, Whitford M|date=June 2014|title=Risk factors for first time incidence sciatica: a systematic review|journal=Physiother Res Int|volume=19|issue=2|pages=65–78|doi=10.1002/pri.1572|pmid=24327326}}</ref> Sciatica pinih sering kapanggihin ring anak lanang, lan biasane kapanggihin ring yusa 40 ngantos 59. <ref name="NIH2014b4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|title=Slipped disk: Overview|last=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|date=October 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183135/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072656/|archive-date=8 September 2017|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> <ref name="NEJM20156">{{Cite journal|last=Ropper|first=AH|last2=Zafonte|first2=RD|date=26 March 2015|title=Sciatica.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-26_372_13/page/1240|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=13|pages=1240–8|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1410151|pmid=25806916}}</ref> Kahanan sciatica sampun kauningin saking dumun. <ref name="NEJM20156" /> Kapertama nganggen kruna sciatica inggih punika ring warsa 1451. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Simpson|first=John|title=Oxford English dictionary|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199563838|edition=2nd|location=Oxford}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Penyakit ring tulang belakang}} [[Kategori:Panyakit]] [[Kategori:Pikobet sistem saraf tepi]] jc3c1gbwb1q4o0jq9j46qv6knels2pi 0 61560 280197 236401 2026-08-13T21:11:37Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marine microplankton.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{center|'''[[Mikroplankton segara|Mikroplankton lan mésoplankton segara]]'''}} Pahan saking daging celup saking [[jaring tangan]]. Gambar madaging makudang-kudang organisme planktonik, ngawit saking [[cianbacteria]] [[fotosintetik]] lan [[diatom]] majeng ring makudang-kudang soroh sané mabinayan [[zooplankton]], rumasuk [[holoplankton]] (panjak permanén saking plankton) lan [[méroplankton]] (panjak sauntara saking plankton, minakadi, [[taluh ulam]], larva yuyu, larva cacing).]] '''Plankton''' inggih punika pupulan akéh soroh [[organisme]] sané anyut ring [[Hidrospher|toya]] (utawi [[atmosfer|udara]]) sakémanten ten prasida sacara aktip ngingsirang awakné ipun ngeraga ngelawan [[arus segara|arus]] (utawi [[angin]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Lalli |first1 = C. |last2=Parsons |first2=T. |year=1993 |title=Biological Oceanography: An Introduction |publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn = 0-7506-3384-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=David J. |date=July 2013 |title=Aeroplankton and the Need for a Global Monitoring Network |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2013-07_63_7/page/515 |journal=BioScience |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=515–516 |s2cid=86371218 |doi=10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.3 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Organisme individu sané ngadegang plankton kasengguh '''plankter'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=plankter |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=plankter |website=American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company |access-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153109/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=plankter |archive-date=9 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ring segara, ipun nyadiayang wit amahan mabuat antuk akéh kauripan akuatik alit lan ageng, minakadi [[bivalvia]], [[ulam]], miwah [[paus balin]]. Plankton ring segara minakadi [[baktéri]], [[arkéa]], [[ganggang]], protozoa, [[oong]] mikroskopis.,<ref name="Lawton-2024-02-10">{{cite journal |last1=Lawton |first1=Graham |title=Fungi ahoy! |journal=New Scientist |date=10 February 2024 |volume=261 |issue=3477 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(24)00274-4|bibcode=2024NewSc.261b..37L }}</ref> lan [[buron]] sane melayang utawi ngambang sané meneng ring [[toya pakeh]] [[segara]] lan toya [[campuhan]] [[loloan]]. Plankton [[toya ening]] mirib sareng plankton segara, nanging kapanggihin ring danu lan tukad. Akéhan, plankton wantah melayang ring genah arus sané ngambil ipun, yadiastun wénten, sekadi [[ubur-ubur]], nglangi alon sakéwanten nénten gelis mangda prasida ngaonang panglalah saking arus. Yadiastun plankton katah kasengguh pinaka genah sané meneng ring toya, wénten taler vérsi udara sané maurip pahan saking kahuripannyané melayang ring atmosfer. ''[[aeroplankton]]'' puniki minakadi [[spora entik-entikan]], [[serbuk sari]] miwah [[biji]] sané kasebar olih angin. Ipun taler minab ngranjing mikroorganisme sané kasapu nuju udara saking badai buk téréstrial miwah plankton samudra sané kasapu ka udara olih [[semprotan segara]]. Yadiastun akéh [[spesies]] plankton [[skala mikroskopis|mikroskopis]] ring ukurannyané, ''plankton'' ngranjing organisme ring makudang-kudang ukuran, taler organisme ageng sekadi ubur-ubur.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.institut-ocean.org/images/articles/documents/1354542960.pdf |title= Microzooplankton: the microscopic (micro) animals (zoo) of the plankton |last=Dolan |first=John |date= November 2012 |publisher=[[Institut océanographique]] |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081019/http://www.institut-ocean.org/images/articles/documents/1354542960.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Puniki santukan plankton katentuang olih [[ceruk ékologis]] miwah undagan [[motilitas]] bandingang ring klasifikasi [[filogénetika|filogénetik]] utawi [[taksonomi (biologi)|taksonomi]]. Kategori "plankton" minayang organisme puniki saking sané ngambang ring baduur toyané, sané kawastanin ''[[neuston]],'' sané prasida nglangi nglawan arus, sané kawastanin ''[[nekton]]'', miwah sané maurip ring dasar segara dalem, sané kawastanin ''[[benthos]]''. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} gfr6khkpp6enlblqy7yauivqpm9enu7 0 61598 280094 247998 2026-08-13T15:39:35Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 280094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Yuda}}'''Disinformasi''' utawi '''ngolok-ngolok,''' utawi '''nguluk-nguluk''' punika daging sane ngawinang salah tampi sane sengaja kasebar anggen [[Deceive|ngapus]] jadma, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.disinformation.ch/|title=Understanding Deception, Disinformation, Misinformation, and Propaganda|website=www.disinformation.ch|access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref> utawi anggen ngamolihang keuntungan ekonomi utawi politik lan sane minab ngawinang baya ring krama. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation|title=The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022|last=European Commission|date=2022-06-16|website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu|page=1|language=en|access-date=2024-11-25}}</ref> Disinformasi inggih punika parikrama sane nenten becik sane ngawigunayang [[Strategic deception|penipuan strategis]] miwah taktik [[Media manipulation|manipulasi media]] anggen ngalimbakang tatujon politik, militer, utawi komersial. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Diaz Ruiz|first=Carlos|date=2023|title=Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach|journal=New Media & Society|volume=Online first|pages=1–24|doi=10.1177/14614448231207644|doi-access=free}}{{CC-notice}}</ref> Disinformasi kamargiang majalaran antuk kampanye sane terkoordinasi <ref>{{Cite book|last=Diaz Ruiz|first=Carlos|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003506676|title=Market-Oriented Disinformation Research: Digital Advertising, Disinformation and Fake News on Social Media|date=2025-03-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-003-50667-6|edition=1|location=London|pages=29|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781003506676-2}}</ref> sane "ngawigunayang makudang-kudang [[Rhetorical Strategies|strategi retoris]] miwah wangun pengetahuan-rumasuk nenten wantah sane iwang kemanten nanging taler [[Truth|sane patut]], [[Half-truth|atenga sane patut]], miwah [[Value judgment|penilaian nilai-]] anggen ngawigunayang miwah nincapang [[Culture war|perang budaya]] miwah kontroversi sane kasokong olih identitas tiosan." <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022">{{Cite journal|last=Diaz Ruiz|first=Carlos|last2=Nilsson|first2=Tomas|date=16 May 2022|title=Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates in Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07439156221103852|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing|volume=42|pages=18–35|doi=10.1177/07439156221103852|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620070343/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07439156221103852|archive-date=20 June 2022|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> Matungkalikan sareng, ''[[Misinformation|misinformasi]]'' nganutin sane nenten akurat sane mawit saking kaiwangan sane nenten kasengaja. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ireton|first=C|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265552|title=Journalism, fake news & disinformation: handbook for journalism education and training|last2=Posetti|first2=J|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100281-6|access-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163611/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265552|archive-date=6 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Misinformasi prasida kaanggen ngawetuang disinformasi ritatkala misinformasi sane kauningin punika matetujon lan majanten kasobyahang. <ref name="golbeck">{{Citation}}</ref> " [[Fake news|Gatra palsu]] " wenten sane kakategoriang pinaka soroh disinformasi, nanging para sujana sampun ngicenin piteket mangda nenten nganggen kalih istilah puniki saling ganti utawi nganggen "gatra palsu" samian ring sajeroning sasuratan akademis santukan para politisi sampun nganggen sanjata punika anggen nlatarang indik [[News coverage|gatra]] utawi gatra sane nenten becik. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freelon|first=Deen|last2=Wells|first2=Chris|date=2020-03-03|title=Disinformation as Political Communication|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755|url-status=live|journal=Political Communication|language=en|volume=37|issue=2|pages=145–156|doi=10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755|issn=1058-4609|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717173304/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755|archive-date=17 July 2023|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> == Ngawigunayang teknologi pariwara online == [[Berkas:Disinformation and echo chambers.jpg|jmpl|Kerangka punika nyihnayang kerangka kalih fase sane makonseptualisasi penyebaran disinformasi ring media sosial. Fase kapertama inggih punika “seeding,” ring dija pelaku strategis ngeranjingang tipu muslihat sane nyasar antuk nyamar utawi ngabur-ngabur pernyataan sane sah. Seeding maartos nanem utawi nyelepang narasi adversarial antuk mengkeb sumbernyane. Fase kaping kalih, “gema,” nyihnayang sapunapi disinformasi maedar ring ruang gema malarapan antuk kontradiksi majeng ring lawan ring perang budaya. Pemilet nganggen kepalsuan, kebenaran selektif, kepercayaan, penilaian nilai, miwah samian kontroversi sane wenten anggen ngawigunayang identitasnyane sane matungkasan sareng musuh sane karasayang.]] Disinformasi sayan nincap online santukan malpraktik ngenenin indik [[Online advertising|iklan online]], utamanyane interaksi [[Machine to machine|mesin-ke-mesin]] saking sistem [[Real-time bidding|penawaran real-time]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Braun|first=Joshua A.|last2=Eklund|first2=Jessica L.|date=2019-01-02|title=Fake News, Real Money: Ad Tech Platforms, Profit-Driven Hoaxes, and the Business of Journalism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314|journal=Digital Journalism|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314|issn=2167-0811}}</ref> Teknologi iklan online sampun kawigunayang anggen nincapang disinformasi santukan insentif keuangan miwah [[Monetization|monetisasi]] [[User-generated content|konten sane kakaryanin olih sang sane nganggen]] miwah [[Fake news|orti palsu]] . <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Diaz Ruiz|first=Carlos A.|date=2024-10-30|title=Disinformation and fake news as externalities of digital advertising: a close reading of sociotechnical imaginaries in programmatic advertising|journal=Journal of Marketing Management|language=en|pages=1–23|doi=10.1080/0267257X.2024.2421860|issn=0267-257X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pangawasan sane lempeng ring pasar iklan online prasida kaanggen nincapang disinformasi, rumasuk ngawigunayang [[Dark money|jinah peteng]] sane kaanggen [[Social media use in politics|iklan politik]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datasociety.net/library/weaponizing-the-digital-influence-machine/|title=Weaponizing the Digital Influence Machine|last=Nadler|first=Anthony|last2=Donovan|first2=Joan|date=2018-10-17|website=Data & Society|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-21|last3=Crane|first3=Matthew|archive-date=2024-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121194001/https://datasociety.net/library/weaponizing-the-digital-influence-machine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Mauk]] j3fi6spi5zkrb6m0bgw2o8fpqvoy068 0 61824 280163 232009 2026-08-13T18:51:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox |fossil_range = Pangawit [[Devonian]]-mangkin{{fossil range|400|0|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=T. N. |last2=Hass |first2=H. |last3=Kerp |first3=H. |last4=Krings |first4=M. |last5=Hanlin |first5=R. T. |title=Perithecial ascomycetes from the 400 million year old Rhynie chert: an example of ancestral polymorphism |url=https://archive.org/details/mycologia_january-february-2005_97_1/page/269 |journal=Mycologia |date=2005 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=269–285 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.97.1.269 |pmid=16389979 |hdl=1808/16786 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} | image = Scarlet elf cap cadnant dingle.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]'' | taxon = Ascomycota | authority = ([[Berk.]]) [[Caval.-Sm.]] (1998)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cavalier-Smith |first1=T. |title=A revised six-kingdom system of life |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_1998-08_73_3/page/n2 |journal=Biological Reviews |date=August 1998 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=203–266 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x |pmid=9809012 }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions and classes | subdivision = :[[Pezizomycotina]] ::[[Arthoniomycetes]] ::[[Coniocybomycetes]] ::[[Dothideomycetes]] ::[[Eurotiomycetes]] ::[[Geoglossomycetes]] ::[[Laboulbeniomycetes]] ::[[Lecanoromycetes]] ::[[Leotiomycetes]] ::[[Lichinomycetes]] ::[[Omnivoromycetes]] ::[[Orbiliomycetes]] ::[[Pezizomycetes]] ::[[Sordariomycetes]] ::[[Xylonomycetes]] ::"Durung maordo" ::::[[Lahmiales]] ::::[[Itchiclahmadion]] ::::[[Triblidiales]] :[[Saccharomycotina]] ::[[Saccharomycetes]] :[[Taphrinomycotina]] ::[[Archaeorhizomyces]] ::[[Neolectomycetes]] ::[[Pneumocystis|Pneumocystidomycetes]] ::[[Schizosaccharomycetes]] ::[[Taphrinomycetes]] }} '''Ascomycota''' inggih punika [[Pilum (biologi)|philum]] saking krajaan [[Fungi]], sinarengan [[Basidiomycota]], ngadegang subkerajaan [[Dikarya]]. Anggotanyané katah kasengguh '''oong kantong''' utawi '''askomiset'''. Puniki wantah philum Oong sané pinih ageng, antuk lintangan saking 64.000 [[spésiés]].<ref>Kirk ''et al''., p. 55.</ref> Cecirén khas saking sekaa oong niki inggih punika "[[ascus]]" ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀσκός}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἀσκός}})|kantung, kantong anggur}}), [[reproduksi seksual|struktur seksual]] mikroskopis ring dija [[spora]] nonmotil, sane kasengguh [[askospora]], kawentuk. Nanging, makudang-kudang spesies Ascomycota inggih punika [[Reproduksi aseksual|aseksual]] lan mawinan punika nenten ngawentuk asci utawi askospora. Conto sané sampun ketah saking oong kantong minakadi [[morel]], [[truffle]], [[ragi#Bir|ragi bir]] lan [[ragi roti]], [[Xylaria|jerijin anak mati]], lan [[oong cangkir]]. Oong [[simbion]] ring katahan [[lichen]] (sané kasengguh "askolichen") sekadi ''[[Cladonia]]'' ngranjing ring Ascomycota. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} l356rdgg82vzmyb6am8ivd69kk7eluc 0 61879 280194 232095 2026-08-13T21:07:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Hematology_.jpg|jmpl|Laboratorium hematologi rumah sakit sane anyar]] '''Tes getih''' punika analisis [[Medical laboratory|laboratorium]] sané kamargiang ring sampel [[getih]] sané katahnyané kaekstraksi saking [[Vein|vena]] ring lengan nganggén [[Hypodermic needle|jaum hipodermik]], utawi saking tusuk [[Fingerprick|jerijin]] . Makudang-kudang tes ring komponen getih tertentu, sekadi [[Glucose test|tes glukosa]] utawi [[Cholesterol test|tes kolesterol]], sering kakelompokang dados siki [[Test panel|panel tes]] sane kasengguh '''panel getih''' utawi '''karya getih''' . Tes getih sering kaanggen ring [[Health care|perawatan kesehatan]] anggen nentuang kahanan [[Physiological|fisiologis]] lan [[Biochemical|biokimia]], sekadi [[Disease|penyakit]], kandungan [[mineral]], efektivitas [[Pharmaceutical drug|obat farmasi]], lan fungsi organ. Panel getih [[Medicine#Clinical practice|klinis]] khas minakadi [[Basic metabolic panel|panel metabolisme dasar]] utawi [[Complete blood count|hitungan getih sane jangkep]]. Tes getih taler kaanggen ring [[Drug test|tes narkoba]] anggen ngrereh penyalahgunaan narkoba. == Ekstraksi == [[Venipuncture]] mawiguna santukan pinaka cara [[Invasiveness of surgical procedures|sane minimal invasif]] anggen ngamolihang [[Cell (biology)|sel]] lan [[Extracellular fluid|cairan ekstraseluler]] ( [[Blood plasma|plasma]] ) saking angga anggen analisis. Getih mamargi ring sajebag angga, mawiguna dados media sané ngicénin [[Oksigén|oksigen]] miwah nutrisi ring jaringan miwah makta produk limbah mawali ka sistem ekskresi mangda prasida kaabuang. Akibatnyane, kahanan aliran getih punika mapangaruh utawi keni pengaruh olih, akeh kondisi medis. Majalaran antuk alasan puniki, tes getih inggih punika [[Medical test|tes medis]] sane pinih sering kalaksanayang. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm|title=Venipuncture - the extraction of blood using a needle and syringe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621165102/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm|archive-date=June 21, 2012|access-date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> Yening wantah akidik tetes getih sane kabuatang, [[Fingerstick|stik jerijin]] kalaksanayang gumanti [[venipuncture]]. <ref name="pmid17630562">{{Cite journal|vauthors=MacLennan CA, van Oosterhout JJ, White SA, Drayson MT, Zijlstra EE, Molyneux ME|date=July 2007|title=Finger-prick blood samples can be used interchangeably with venous samples for CD4 cell counting indicating their potential for use in CD4 rapid tests|journal=AIDS|volume=21|issue=12|pages=1643–5|doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e32823bcb03|pmc=2408852|pmid=17630562}}</ref> Garis arteri, vena sentral lan vena perifer sane magenah ring jero taler prasida kaanggen ngambil getih. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lesser|first=Finnian D|last2=Lanham|first2=David A|last3=Davis|first3=Daniel|date=6 May 2020|title=Blood sampled from existing peripheral IV cannulae yields results equivalent to venepuncture: a systematic review|journal=JRSM Open|volume=11|issue=5|pages=205427041989481|doi=10.1177/2054270419894817|pmc=7236571|pmid=32523703|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Phlebotomist|Ahli flebotomi]], [[Medical laboratory|praktisi laboratorium]] lan [[Nurse|perawat]] inggih punika sane madue tugas ngambil getih saking pasien. Nanging, ring kahanan sane khusus, lan/utawi kahanan darurat, [[Paramedic|paramedis]] lan [[Physician|dokter]] ngambil getih punika. Taler, [[Respiratory therapist|terapis pernapasan]] sampun kalatih mangda prasida ngambil getih arteri mangda prasida nureksain [[Arterial blood gas|gas getih arteri]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Naftel SA, Lewis MJ, Rodger MA|year=2003|title=Topical tetracaine prior to arterial puncture: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_respiratory-medicine_2003-11_97_11/page/1195|journal=Respir. Med.|volume=97|issue=11|pages=1195–1199|doi=10.1016/S0954-6111(03)00226-9|pmid=14635973|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.michigan.gov/careers/0,1607,7-170-46398-64537--,00.html|title=Michigan careers|date=2010-01-05|publisher=Michigan.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044218/http://www.michigan.gov/careers/0%2C1607%2C7-170-46398-64537--%2C00.html|archive-date=June 29, 2011|access-date=2011-08-09}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Barbro Hjalmarsson]] * [[Biomarker (medicine)|Biomarker (tamba)]], protein utawi biomolekul sane lianan sane kaukur ring tes getih . * [[Blood film|Film getih]], cara sane kaanggen nyingakin sel getih ring mikroskop . * [[Blood gas test|Tes gas getih]] * [[Blood lead level|Kadar timah ring getih]] * [[Hematology|Hematologi]], sane malajahin indik getih . * [[Luminol]], tes visual antuk getih sane katinggal ring TKP. * [[Reference ranges for blood tests|Kisaran referensi antuk tes getih]] * [[Schumm test|Tes Schumm]], tes sane ketah kaanggen ring getih sane nenten cocok . * [[:Category:Blood tests|Kategori:Tes getih]] * [[List of medical tests|Daftar tes medis]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tes getih]] k1ialcjw95fluhon1yv58kbfjaxw0j2 0 61882 280185 232196 2026-08-13T20:58:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox spesies | color = {{Tc2|virus}} | item = Q374232 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = * '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 1''''' * '''''Human immunodeficiency virus 2''''' }} {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | Name = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Codes | ICD10 = B20-B24 | ICD9 = {{ICD9|042}}-{{ICD9|044}} }} '''Virus defisiensi imun manusa''' ( '''HIV''' ) inggih punika kalih spesies ''[[Lentivirus]]'' (subkelompok [[retrovirus]] ) sane ngrangsang manusa. Kasuen-suen, ipun ngawinang [[AIDS|sindrom imunodefisiensi akuisisi]] (AIDS), <ref name="pmid8493571">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Weiss RA|date=May 1993|title=How does HIV cause AIDS?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1993-05-28_260_5112/page/1273|journal=Science|volume=260|issue=5112|pages=1273–9|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1273W|doi=10.1126/science.8493571|pmid=8493571}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18947296">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Douek DC, Roederer M, Koup RA|year=2009|title=Emerging Concepts in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=60|pages=471–84|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549|pmc=2716400|pmid=18947296}}</ref> kahanan ring dija kegagalan progresif [[Immune system|sistem kekebalan]] ngawinang [[Opportunistic infection|infeksi oportunistik sane]] ngawinang idup lan [[Cancer|kanker]] prasida nglimbak. <ref name="pmid27611681">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Powell MK, Benková K, Selinger P, Dogoši M, Kinkorová Luňáčková I, Koutníková H, Laštíková J, Roubíčková A, Špůrková Z, Laclová L, Eis V, Šach J, Heneberg P|year=2016|title=Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients Differ Strongly in Frequencies and Spectra between Patients with Low CD4+ Cell Counts Examined Postmortem and Compensated Patients Examined Antemortem Irrespective of the HAART Era|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=9|pages=e0162704|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1162704P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162704|pmc=5017746|pmid=27611681|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tan wenten tamba, rata-rata galah idup sesampun keni infeksi HIV kakenehang 9 ngantos 11 warsa, manut ring [[Subtypes of HIV|subtipe HIV]]. <ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf#page16|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|last=UNAIDS|last2=WHO|date=December 2007|page=16}}</ref> Ring makudang-kudang kasus, HIV inggih punika [[Sexually transmitted infection|infeksi sane katular saking hubungan seksual]] lan [[HIV/AIDS#Transmission|mamargi]] antuk kontak utawi transfer [[getih]], [[Pre-ejaculate|pra-ejakulasi]], [[Semen|mani]], lan [[Vaginal lubrication|cairan vagina]]. <ref name="PARTNER2-2019">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutiérrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J|date=June 2019|title=Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study|journal=Lancet|volume=393|issue=10189|pages=2428–2438|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0|pmc=6584382|pmid=31056293|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA">{{Cite journal|author-link3=Anthony S. Fauci|vauthors=Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS|date=February 2019|title=HIV Viral Load and Transmissibility of HIV Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable|journal=JAMA|volume=321|issue=5|pages=451–452|doi=10.1001/jama.2018.21167|pmid=30629090}}</ref> Transmisi non-seksual prasida mamargi saking ibu sane keni infeksi majeng ring bayinyane rikala [[Beling|mobot]], rikala [[Childbirth|ngembasang]] antuk paparan getih utawi cairan vagina, lan malarapan antuk [[Breast milk|ASI]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J|year=2012|title=HIV-Specific Antibodies Capable of ADCC Are Common in Breastmilk and Are Associated with Reduced Risk of Transmission in Women with High Viral Loads|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e1002739|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739|pmc=3375288|pmid=22719248|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Anthropology and public health : bridging differences in culture and society|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537464-3|veditors=Hahn RA, Inhorn MC|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|pages=449|oclc=192042314}}</ref> <ref name="Mead">{{Cite journal|last=Mead MN|year=2008|title=Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding|url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html|url-status=dead|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=116|issue=10|pages=A426–34|doi=10.1289/ehp.116-a426|pmc=2569122|pmid=18941560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106182431/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/116-10/focus.html|archive-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{citation-attribution|{{cite web|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv|title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV|website=HIV.gov|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-05-15}}}}</ref> Ring tengahing cairan ring angga puniki, HIV wénten pinaka partikel [[virus]] bebas miwah virus ring tengahing [[White blood cell|sel imun]] sané keni infeksi. Penelitian sampun nyihnayang (majeng ring pasangan sesama jenis lan lawan jenis) yening HIV nenten nular rikalaning ngamargiang hubungan seksual tanpa kondom yening pasangan HIV positif madue [[Viral load monitoring for HIV|beban virus]] sane nenten prasida kadeteksi secara konsisten. <ref name="PARTNER2-2019" /> <ref name="Fauci-JAMA" /> HIV nglimbakang sel-sel vital ring sistem kekebalan manusa, sekadi sel-sel T pembantu (utamané sel-sel [[CD4]]+ T), [[Macrophage|makrofag]], miwah sel-[[Dendritic cell|sel dendritik]].<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG|date=August 2010|title=Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses|journal=Current Opinion in Microbiology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=524–9|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002|pmid=20598938}}</ref> Infeksi HIV ngawinang tingkat sel T CD4+ sané nénten becik antuk makudang-kudang mekanisme, minakadi piroptosa sel T sané keni infeksi aborsi,<ref name="pmid24356306">{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Doitsh G, Galloway NL, Geng X, Yang Z, Monroe KM, Zepeda O, Hunt PW, Hatano H, Sowinski S, Muñoz-Arias I, Greene WC|date=January 2014|title=Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection|journal=Nature|volume=505|issue=7484|pages=509–14|bibcode=2014Natur.505..509D|doi=10.1038/nature12940|pmc=4047036|pmid=24356306}}</ref> [[apoptosis]] sel sané nénten keni infeksi,<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Garg H, Mohl J, Joshi A|date=November 2012|title=HIV-1 induced bystander apoptosis|journal=Viruses|volume=4|issue=11|pages=3020–43|doi=10.3390/v4113020|pmc=3509682|pmid=23202514|doi-access=free}}</ref> matembung virus langsung saking sel sané keni infeksi, miwah matembung sel T CD 4+ sané keni infeksi olih limfosit sitotoksik CD8+ sané ngamolihang sel sané keni virus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jheBzf17C7YC&pg=PA147|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|vauthors=Kumar V|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4557-3787-1|edition=9th|pages=147}}</ref> Rikala wilangan sel T CD4 + nincap ring sor tingkat kritis, imunitas sel-mediated ical, miwah awak sayan sayan prasida keni infeksi oportunistik, sané ngawinang panglimbak AIDS. {{TOC limit|3}} == Cingak taler == * [[Antiviral drug|Tamba antivirus]] * [[Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors|Penemuan lan panglimbak penghambat HIV-protease]] * [[HIV/AIDS denialism|Penolakan HIV/AIDS]] * [[HIVToolbox|Kotak Piranti HIV]] * [[Rahina AIDS Sajagat|Rahina AIDS ring jagate]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Taxonbar}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Sane ngawinang padem sarwa maurip]] [[Kategori:HIV/AIDS]] hd0ng328oagowjt0jrxbw1ganat1eml 0 61889 280149 232109 2026-08-13T18:21:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280149 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Coati_(Nasua_nasua)_at_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_Órgãos,_Teresópolis,_Brazil.jpg|jmpl|[[South American coati|Mantel Amerika Selatan]]. Ring bulan Juli 2008, wenten sisya sane mayusa 17 warsa ngawewehin julukan sane kapanggihin ring artikel Wikipedia [[Coati]] pinaka lelucon pribadi, sane kasengguh " [[Aardvark|aardvarks]] Brasil". Informasi sane iwang punika sampun mamargi salami nem warsa tur kasobyahang olih satusan situs web, makudang-kudang koran, lan malah makudang-kudang buku sane kamedalang olih percetakan universitas. <ref name="RegisterKolbe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/16/wikipedia_16_birthday_fails/|title=Happy birthday: Jimbo Wales' sweet 16 Wikipedia fails. From aardvark to Bicholim, the encylopedia {{sic|nolink=y}} of things that never were|last=Kolbe|first=Andreas|date=January 16, 2017|website=The Register|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708162916/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/16/wikipedia_16_birthday_fails/|archive-date=July 8, 2017|access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref>]] '''Reliabilitas Wikipedia''' miwah [[Reliability of Wikipedia#Wikipedia editing model|model editing]] sané katunjang olih sukarelawan miwah kaatur olih komunitas, utaminnyané [[Wikipédia basa Inggris|edisi basa Inggrisnyané]], sampun katakénang miwah kauji. [[Wikipédia|Wikipedia]] kasurat lan kaeditan olih editor sukarelawan (sane kaloktah dados [[Wikipedian|Wikipedians]] ) sane ngasilang konten online antuk pengawasan editorial editor sukarelawan sane lianan malarapan antuk kebijakan lan pedoman sane kakaryanin olih komunitas. Reliabilitas proyek sampun kauji manut statistik malarapan antuk tinjauan komparatif, analisis pola sejarah, miwah kekuatan lan kelemahan sane melekat ring proses editingnyane. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/weekinreview/04seelye.html|title=Snared in the Web of a Wikipedia Liar|date=December 5, 2005|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 23, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907013706/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/weekinreview/04seelye.html|archive-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> Ensiklopedia online sampun [[Criticism of Wikipedia|kacacad santukan faktualnyane nenten andel]], utamanyane ngenenin indik daging, presentasi, miwah [[Criticism of Wikipedia#Criticism of the community|proses editorialnyane]]. [[Academic studies about Wikipedia|Studi miwah survei]] sane mautsaha ngukur keandalan Wikipedia madue pikolih sane macampuh. Keandalan Wikipedia sering kacacad ring warsa 2000-an nanging sampun katincapang; edisinyane sane mabasa Inggris sampun umum kaajum ring panguntat warsa 2010-an lan pangawit warsa 2020-an. <ref name="Wiki20">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|date=January 9, 2021|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=February 25, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108205244/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Last best">{{Cite news|last=Cooke|first=Richard|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet|date=February 17, 2020|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=October 13, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110150242/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=January 10, 2021|language=en-us}}</ref> <ref name="Econ21">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|title=Happy Birthday, Wikipedia|date=January 9, 2021|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=February 16, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108171842/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> [[Berkas:Klee-Irwin.gif|jmpl|Artikel sane nenten stabil miwah dangan keni [[List of cognitive biases|bias kognitif]] inggih punika kalih widang pikobet sane madue potensi ring pakaryan sane mawit saking krama sekadi Wikipedia.]] Pilih penilaian reliabilitasnyane sampun nureksain sapunapi gelisnyane [[Kaladahan ring Wikipedia|vandalisme]] —daging sane karasayang olih editor pinaka informasi sane iwang utawi ngawinang salah tampi—kaicalang. Kalih warsa risampuné proyek punika kakawitin, duk warsa 2003, wénten panyelehan [[IBM|saking IBM]] manggihin indik "vandalisme katahnyané gelis kabecikang—gelis pisan mawinan akéhan sané ngawigunayang nénten pacang nyingakin panglalahnyané". <ref>Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave: [http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations] {{Webarchive}}. Proceedings of the [[CHI (conference)|SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems]], 575–582, Vienna 2004, {{ISBN|1-58113-702-8}}</ref> Ngranjingang konten sane palsu utawi sane kakaryanin sampun, ring galah-galah, sampun mamargi makudang-kudang warsa ring Wikipedia santukan editor sukarelawannyane. <ref name="TimesFrenchWPHoax">{{Cite news|last=Sage|first=Adam|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2547291.ece|title=Ségolène Royal and Wikipedia duped by tale of anti-slavery activist|date=June 9, 2010|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=June 17, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232255/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2547291.ece|archive-date=July 28, 2014|location=London}}</ref> <ref name="SeigenthalerUSAToday">{{Cite news|last=Seigenthaler|first=John|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm|title=A false Wikipedia "biography"|date=November 29, 2005|work=USA Today|access-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106225139/http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm|archive-date=January 6, 2012|author-link=John Seigenthaler}}</ref> Model editingnyane ngawentenang makudang bias sistemik, inggih punika [[Selection bias|bias seleksi]], [[Cherry picking|bias inklusi]], [[Participation bias|bias partisipasi]], miwah [[Groupthink|bias pikayunan kelompok]]. Akeh ensiklopedia sane kasurat olih editor lanang, sane ngawinang [[Gender bias on Wikipedia|bias gender ring cakupan]], lan wangun komunitas editing sampun ngawinang rasa jejeh indik [[Racial bias on Wikipedia|bias rasial]], [[Spin (propaganda)|bias spin]], bias perusahaan, lan bias nasional, sane lianan. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|date=June 2, 2016|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=June 26, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617014645/https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|archive-date=June 17, 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> <ref name="Fast Company">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3041572/black-history-matters-so-why-is-wikipedia-missing-so-much-of-it|title=Black History Matters, So Why Is Wikipedia Missing So Much Of It?|last=Cassano|first=Jay|date=January 29, 2015|website=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510040813/http://www.fastcoexist.com/3041572/black-history-matters-so-why-is-wikipedia-missing-so-much-of-it|archive-date=May 10, 2015|access-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> [[Ideological bias on Wikipedia|Bias ideologis ring Wikipedia]] taler sampun kaidentifikasi ring undagan eling miwah alam bawah eling. Makudang-kudang panyelehan saking [[Harvard Business School|Sekolah Bisnis Harvard]] duk warsa 2012 miwah 2014 manggihang Wikipedia "sayan banget bias" saking ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Ensiklopedia Britannica]]'' sakéwanten ngawedarang pikolih punika nganutin lantang ensiklopedia online sané matiosan sareng editing sané miring. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Frick|first=Walter|url=https://hbr.org/2014/12/wikipedia-is-more-biased-than-britannica-but-dont-blame-the-crowd|title=Wikipedia Is More Biased Than Britannica, but Don't Blame the Crowd|date=December 3, 2014|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=June 20, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626165654/https://hbr.org/2014/12/wikipedia-is-more-biased-than-britannica-but-dont-blame-the-crowd|archive-date=June 26, 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greenstein|first=Shane|last2=Zhu|first2=Feng|date=January 1, 2012|title=Is Wikipedia Biased?|url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=45147|url-status=live|journal=American Economic Review|language=en-us|publisher=[[Harvard Business School]]|volume=103|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230092624/https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=45147|archive-date=December 30, 2019|access-date=June 26, 2020}}</ref> Conto-conto editing non-netral utawi konflik kepentingan miwah ngawigunayang Wikipedia antuk "edit danda" sampun nudut kayun indik daging sané iwang, bias, utawi ngaonang jejeh ring artikel, utaminnyané biografi jadma sané kantun maurip. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/05/17/revenge_ego_and_the_corruption_of_wikipedia/|title=Revenge, ego and the corruption of Wikipedia|last=Leonard, Andrew|date=May 17, 2013|website=Salon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531215546/http://www.salon.com/2013/05/17/revenge_ego_and_the_corruption_of_wikipedia/|archive-date=May 31, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/08/wikipedia-editors-for-pay/393926/|title=The Covert World of People Trying to Edit Wikipedia—for Pay|last=Pinsker, Joe|date=August 11, 2015|website=[[The Atlantic]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601002855/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/08/wikipedia-editors-for-pay/393926/|archive-date=June 1, 2016|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref> Artikel indik subjek sane kirang teknis, sekadi ilmu sosial, humaniora, miwah budaya, sampun kaloktah ngarepin [[Reliability of Wikipedia#Propagation of misinformation|siklus misinformasi]], [[Cognitive bias|bias kognitif]], [[Reliability of Wikipedia#Coverage|ketidaksesuaian cakupan]], miwah sengketa editor. Ensiklopedia online punika nenten nyamin keabsahan informasinyane. Puniki kacingak pinaka " [[Reliability of Wikipedia#Expert opinion|titik awal]] " sané mabuat pisan majeng ring para sujana rikala ipun nglintangin daging anggén nureksain referensi, kutipan, miwah sumber sané sampun kadaftar. Para akademisi ngicenin tetimbang mangda nincapang sumber sane andel ritatkala ngajiang kualitas artikel. <ref name="Petiška 016555151988860">{{Cite journal|last=Petiška|first=Eduard|last2=Moldan|first2=Bedřich|date=December 9, 2019|title=Indicator of quality for environmental articles on Wikipedia at the higher education level|journal=Journal of Information Science|language=en-US|volume=47|issue=2|pages=269–280|doi=10.1177/0165551519888607|issn=0165-5515}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/03/coronavirus-wikipedia-policies.html|title=The Coronavirus Is Stress-Testing Wikipedia's Systems—and Editors|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=March 19, 2020|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418195356/https://slate.com/technology/2020/03/coronavirus-wikipedia-policies.html|archive-date=April 18, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> Cakupannyane ring [[Health information on Wikipedia|artikel medis lan ilmiah]] sakadi [[Pathology|patologi]], <ref name="Wood">{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=A|last2=Struthers, K|year=2010|title=Pathology education, Wikipedia and the Net generation|journal=Medical Teacher|volume=32|issue=7|pages=618–620|doi=10.3109/0142159X.2010.497719|pmid=20653388|quote=We have identified Wikipedia as an informative and accurate source for Pathology education and believe that Wikipedia is potentially an important learning tool for of the 'Net Generation'.|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Toxicology|toksikologi]], [[Oncology|onkologi]], <ref name="Leithner">{{Cite journal|last=Leithner|first=A|last2=Maurer-Ertl, W|last3=Glehr, M|last4=Friesenbichler, J|last5=Leithner, K|last6=Windhager, R|date=Jul–Aug 2010|title=Wikipedia and osteosarcoma: a trustworthy patients' information?|journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association|volume=17|issue=4|pages=373–4|doi=10.1136/jamia.2010.004507|pmc=2995655|pmid=20595302}}</ref> [[Pharmaceuticals|farmasi]], <ref name="Drug08">{{Cite journal|last=Clauson KA|last2=Polen HH|last3=[[Maged N. Kamel Boulos|Kamel Boulos MN]]|last4=Dzenowagis JH|year=2008|title=Scope, completeness, and accuracy of drug information in Wikipedia|url=http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1.pdf|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=42|issue=12|pages=1814–21|doi=10.1345/aph.1L474|pmid=19017825|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325104236/http://www.theannals.com/cgi/reprint/aph.1L474v1.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|access-date=September 25, 2009}}</ref> lan [[Psychiatry|psikiatri]] <ref name="Reavley">{{Cite journal|last=Reavley|first=N. J.|last2=MacKinnon|first2=A. J.|last3=Morgan|first3=A. J.|last4=Alvarez-Jimenez|first4=M.|last5=Hetrick|first5=S. E.|last6=Killackey|first6=E.|last7=Nelson|first7=B.|last8=Purcell|first8=R.|last9=Yap|first9=M. B. H.|last10=Jorm|first10=A. F.|year=2011|title=Quality of information sources about mental disorders: A comparison of Wikipedia with centrally controlled web and printed sources|journal=Psychological Medicine|volume=42|issue=8|pages=1753–1762|doi=10.1017/S003329171100287X|pmid=22166182|hdl-access=free}}</ref> kasaihang sareng sumber profesional lan peer-review ring studi ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' warsa 2005 ''.'' <ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=J.|author-link=Jim Giles (reporter)|year=2005|title=Internet encyclopaedias go head to head: Jimmy Wales' Wikipedia comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-12-15_438_7070/page/900|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=438|issue=7070|pages=900–1|bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G|doi=10.1038/438900a|pmid=16355180|doi-access=free}} The study (which was not in itself peer-reviewed) was cited in many news articles such as this: {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm|title=Wikipedia survives research test|date=December 15, 2005|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=July 18, 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807165903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm|archive-date=August 7, 2012|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]}}</ref> Awarsa salanturnyané ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' nungkasin studi ''Alam'', sané pangawinyané, ring gilirannyané, nyawis antuk panulak salanturnyané. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|title=Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica|last=Nature|date=March 30, 2006|publisher=Nature.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105172011/http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|archive-date=November 5, 2006|access-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref>[http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'']. {{Webarchive}} ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', March 2006</ref> Pikayunan indik kawacen lan nganggen basa teknis sane kalintang kaunggahang ring studi sane kamedalang olih [[American Society of Clinical Oncology|Masyarakat Onkologi Klinis Amerika]] (2011), <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajagopalan|first=M. S.|last2=Khanna|first2=V. K.|last3=Leiter|first3=Y.|last4=Stott|first4=M.|last5=Showalter|first5=T. N.|last6=Dicker|first6=A. P.|last7=Lawrence|first7=Y. R.|year=2011|title=Patient-Oriented Cancer Information on the Internet: A Comparison of Wikipedia and a Professionally Maintained Database|journal=Journal of Oncology Practice|volume=7|issue=5|pages=319–323|doi=10.1200/JOP.2010.000209|pmc=3170066|pmid=22211130}}</ref> ''[[Psychological Medicine (journal)|Kedokteran Psikologis]]'' (2012), <ref name="Reavley" /> lan ''[[European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|Jurnal Gastroenterologi lan Hepatologi Eropa]]'' (2014). <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azer|first=S. A.|year=2014|title=Evaluation of gastroenterology and hepatology articles on Wikipedia|journal=European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=26|issue=2|pages=155–63|doi=10.1097/MEG.0000000000000003|pmid=24276492}}</ref> [[Simple English Wikipedia|Wikipedia basa Inggris Sederhana]] mawiguna pinaka versi artikel sane sampun kasederhanayang mangda artikel sane kompleks sayan dangan kaakses olih jadma awam indik topik sane sampun katentuang ring [[Basic English|basa Inggris Dasar]] . Kasub Wikipedia, pangwacen massal, miwah aksesibilitas gratis sampun ngawinang ensiklopedia ngamolihang otoritas kognitif tangan kedua sane substansial ring sajebag jagat. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=David|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/wikipedia-explained-what-is-it-trustworthy-how-work-wikimedia-2030-a8213446.html|title=Can we trust Wikipedia? 1.4 billion people can't be wrong|date=February 17, 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=July 15, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211185638/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/wikipedia-explained-what-is-it-trustworthy-how-work-wikimedia-2030-a8213446.html|archive-date=February 11, 2019}}</ref> {{Refn|Its reliability has received wide-spread media coverage and is [[Wikipedia in culture|frequently featured]] in popular culture.}} {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Keandalan Wikipedia]] [[Kategori:Wikipédia]] 7vlc35qbc6v2nzh7oem4nida1tjkuvm 0 61928 280208 232205 2026-08-13T21:34:06Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Healthy_lung-smokers_lung.jpg|al=Pale smooth lung contrasted with stained and crumpled lung|jmpl|Paru-paru sane seger yening saihang sareng paru-paru perokok]] '''Puput ngroko''', ketahnyane kabaos '''ngreredang''' utawi '''ngreredang''', inggih punika proses [[Tobacco smoking|ngreredang roko]] . <ref name="nhs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/quit-smoking/take-steps-now-to-stop-smoking/|title=Take steps NOW to stop smoking|year=2022|website=www.nhs.uk|publisher=[[National Health Service]]|location=[[London]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529024422/https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/quit-smoking/|archive-date=29 May 2022|access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> [[Tobacco smoke|Andus tembakau]] madaging [[Nicotine|nikotin]], sane ngawinang [[Addiction|ketagihan]] lan prasida ngawinang [[Substance dependence|ketergantungan]]. <ref name="ACS-HowToQuit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking.html|title=How to Quit Smoking or Smokeless Tobacco|year=2022|website=www.cancer.org|publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]|location=[[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525083936/https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking.html|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=31 May 2022}}</ref> <ref name="nicotine dependence">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mooney ME, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Bierut LJ, Hatsukami DK|date=June 2011|editor-link=Marcus Munafo|title=Cigarette smoking reduction and changes in nicotine dependence|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco]]|volume=13|issue=6|pages=426–430|doi=10.1093/ntr/ntr019|lccn=00244999|pmc=3103717|pmid=21367813}}</ref> Akibatnyane, [[Nicotine withdrawal|penarikan nikotin]] sering ngawinang proses ngreredang meweh. Merokok inggih punika [[Leading causes of preventable death|penyebab utama kematian sane prasida kacegah]] lan dados pikobet [[Public health|kesehatan masyarakat]] global. <ref name="Kalkhoran2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kalkhoran S, Benowitz NL, Rigotti NA|date=August 2018|title=Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Use: JACC Health Promotion Series|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|publisher=[[Elsevier]] for the [[American College of Cardiology]]|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1030–1045|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.036|pmc=6261256|pmid=30139432|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ngawigunayang tembakau pinih sering ngawinang penyakit sane ngranayang jantung lan paru-paru, antuk roko dados faktor resiko utama ring [[Myocardial infarction|serangan jantung]], <ref name="Harm Reduct. J.">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rodu B, Plurphanswat N|date=January 2021|title=Mortality among male cigar and cigarette smokers in the USA|url=https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Harm Reduction Journal|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|volume=18|issue=1|pages=7|doi=10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4|lccn=2004243422|pmc=7789747|pmid=33413424|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826115030/https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2021|access-date=28 August 2021|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Am. J. Public Health">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nonnemaker J, Rostron B, Hall P, MacMonegle A, Apelberg B|date=September 2014|editor-link=Alfredo Morabia|title=Mortality and economic costs from regular cigar use in the United States, 2010|journal=American Journal of Public Health|publisher=[[American Public Health Association]]|volume=104|issue=9|pages=e86–e91|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991|eissn=1541-0048|pmc=4151956|pmid=25033140}}</ref> [[stroke]], <ref name="Expert Rev. Cardiovasc Ther.">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shah RS, Cole JW|date=July 2010|title=Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke|journal=Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy|publisher=[[Informa]]|volume=8|issue=7|pages=917–932|doi=10.1586/erc.10.56|pmc=2928253|pmid=20602553}}</ref> [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|penyakit paru-paru obstruktif kronis]] (PPOK), <ref name="IJERPH 2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Laniado-Laborín R|date=January 2009|title=Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21 century|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|publisher=[[MDPI]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=209–224|doi=10.3390/ijerph6010209|pmc=2672326|pmid=19440278|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Emphysema|vafibrosis]] [[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|paru-paru idiopatik]] <ref name="Pulm Med.">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Oh CK, Murray LA, Molfino NA|date=February 2012|title=Smoking and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|journal=Pulmonary Medicine|publisher=[[Hindawi (publisher)|Hindawi Publishing Corporation]]|volume=2012|issue=|pages=808260|doi=10.1155/2012/808260|pmc=3289849|pmid=22448328|doi-access=free}}</ref> [IPF5), <ref name="IJERPH 2009" /> . lan subtipe [[Cancer|kanker]] <ref name="J. Natl. Cancer Inst.">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shapiro JA, Jacobs EJ, Thun MJ|date=February 2000|editor-link=Patricia A. Ganz|title=Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers|url=https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/92/4/333/2624751|url-status=live|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=92|issue=4|pages=333–337|doi=10.1093/jnci/92.4.333|eissn=1460-2105|pmid=10675383|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421095250/https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/92/4/333/2624751|archive-date=21 April 2021|access-date=28 August 2021|doi-access=free}}</ref> (utaminnyane [[Lung cancer|kanker paru-paru]], [[Oropharyngeal cancer|kanker orofaring]], <ref name="StatPearls 2020">{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Anjum F, Zohaib J|date=4 December 2020|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|edition=Updated|location=Treasure Island (FL)|chapter=Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma|doi=10.32388/G6TG1L|pmid=33085415|id=Bookshelf ID: NBK563268|access-date=7 February 2021|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/|via=[[NCBI]]}}{{Clarify}}</ref> [[Laryngeal cancer|laring]], <ref name="StatPearls 2020" /> lan [[Oral cancer|cangkem]], <ref name="StatPearls 2020" /> [[Pancreatic cancer|kanker]] [[Esophageal cancer|esofagus]] lan pankreas ). <ref name="Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chandrupatla SG, Tavares M, Natto ZS|date=July 2017|title=Tobacco Use and Effects of Professional Advice on Smoking Cessation among Youth in India|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention|volume=18|issue=7|pages=1861–1867|doi=10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.7.1861|pmc=5648391|pmid=28749122}}</ref> Suud ngroko prasida ngirangin resiko padem sangkaning gering sane mapaiketan sareng ngroko. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Temitayo Orisasami I, Ojo O|date=July 2016|title=Evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation in the management of COPD|journal=British Journal of Nursing|volume=25|issue=14|pages=786–791|doi=10.12968/bjon.2016.25.14.786|pmid=27467642}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/|title=WHO Report on the global tobacco epidemic|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708132528/http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/|archive-date=July 8, 2015}}</ref> Resiko serangan jantung ring perokok sayan rered 50% sesampun awarsa ngreredang. Asapunika taler, resiko kanker paru-paru prasida tedun 50% ring 10 warsa sampun ngreredang <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco|title=Tobacco|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2024-02-24}}</ref> Saking warsa 2001 ngantos 2010, sawatara 70% perokok ring [[Amérika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]] nyinahang pikayunan pacang ngreredang, lan 50% nglaporang sampun mautsaha ngamargiang punika ring warsa sane sampun lintang. Akeh tata cara sane prasida kawigunayang anggen ngreredang roko, rumasuk nadak ngreredang tanpa wantuan (" [[Cold turkey|kalkun dingin]] "), ngirangin raris ngreredang, penyuluhan parilaksana, miwah tamba-tamba sekadi [[bupropion]], [[Cytisine|sitisin]], [[Nicotine replacement therapy|terapi pengganti nikotin]], utawi [[varenicline]] . Ring warsa-warsa sane lintang, utamanyane ring [[Kanada]] lan [[Britania Agung|Inggris]], akeh perokok sane sampun ngalih nganggen [[Electronic cigarette|roko elektronik]] mangda prasida ngreredang roko. Nanging, ring penelitian warsa 2022 manggihin 20% saking perokok sane nyobak nganggen e-rokok mangda ngreredang prasida nanging 66% saking dane puput dados pengguna ganda roko lan produk vape awarsa metu. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Heiden BT, Baker TB, Smock N, Pham G, Chen J, Bierut LJ, Chen LS|date=July 2022|title=Assessment of formal tobacco treatment and smoking cessation in dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes|journal=Thorax|volume=78|issue=3|pages=267–273|doi=10.1136/thorax-2022-218680|pmc=9852353|pmid=35863765}}</ref> Akeh perokok sane mautsaha ngreredang nglaksanayang punika tanpa wantuan. Nanging, wantah 3-6% saking utsaha sane nenten polih wantuan prasida mapikolih jangka panjang. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rigotti NA|date=October 2012|title=Strategies to help a smoker who is struggling to quit|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-10-17_308_15/page/1573|journal=JAMA|volume=308|issue=15|pages=1573–1580|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.13043|pmc=4562427|pmid=23073954}}</ref> [[Behavior modification|Penyuluhan parilaksana]] lan tamba soang-soang nincapang tingkat berhasil ngreredang roko, lan kombinasi penyuluhan parilaksana sareng tamba sekadi bupropion lebih efektif tekening intervensi kemanten. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T|date=March 2016|title=Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2016|issue=3|pages=CD008286|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3|pmc=10042551|pmid=27009521}}</ref> Meta-analisis saking warsa 2018, sane kamargiang ring 61 [[Randomized controlled trial|uji terkontrol acak]], nyihnayang yening ring pantaraning jadma sane ngreredang antuk tamba ngreredang lan makudang-kudang wantuan parilaksana, kirang langkung 20% kantun nenten ngroko awarsa salanturnyane, kasandingang sareng 12% sane nenten ngajeng tamba. <ref name="RosenGalili2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rosen LJ, Galili T, Kott J, Goodman M, Freedman LS|date=May 2018|title=Diminishing benefit of smoking cessation medications during the first year: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Addiction|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] on behalf of the [[Society for the Study of Addiction]]|volume=113|issue=5|pages=805–816|doi=10.1111/add.14134|pmc=5947828|pmid=29377409}}</ref> Ring perokok sane gumantung ring nikotin, ngreredang roko prasida ngawinang gejala penarikan nikotin sakadi ngidam nikotin, [[Anxiety|kecemasan]], iritasi, [[Depression (mood)|depresi]], lan nambah berat badan. <ref name="Benowitz2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Benowitz NL|date=June 2010|title=Nicotine addiction|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=362|issue=24|pages=2295–2303|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809890|pmc=2928221|pmid=20554984}}</ref> {{Refpage|2298}}Metode dukungan profesional ngreredang roko umumnyane mautsaha nanganin gejala penarikan nikotin anggen ngwantu jadma punika lepas saking kecanduan nikotin. {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Panglalah saking rokok ring kasehatan]] ifkgfpk6rt2urglxfe9g7c3bvowwen2 0 61993 280140 232307 2026-08-13T18:05:56Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox brain|Name=Korteks prafrontal|Latin=cortex praefrontalis|Image=Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg|Caption=[[Brodmann areas]], 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, lan 47 samian wenten ring korteks prefrontal<ref name="PFC - list of 14 Brodmann areas" />|Image2=|Caption2=|Width=300|IsPartOf=[[Frontal lobe]]|Components=[[Girus ring arep sane pinih duur]] <br /> [[Girus ring arep sane ring tengah]] <br /> [[Girus ring arep sane ring sor]]|Artery=[[Arteri otak anterior|Otak anterior]] <br /> [[Arteri otak tengah|Otak tengah]]|Vein=[[Superior sagittal sinus]]}}Ring anatomi [[Mammalian brain|otak mamalia]], '''korteks prefrontal''' ( '''PFC''' ) nutupin bagian muka [[Frontal lobe|lobus frontal]] [[Korteks polo|korteks otak]]. Punika [[Association cortex|korteks asosiasi]] ring lobus frontal. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fuster|first=Joaquín M.|title=The Frontal Lobes|date=2019|isbn=978-0-12-804281-6|series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=163|pages=3–15|chapter=The prefrontal cortex in the neurology clinic|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00001-X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harms|first=Madeline B.|title=Encyclopedia of Adolescence|last2=Pollak|first2=Seth D.|date=2024|isbn=978-0-323-95820-2|pages=110–124|chapter=Emotion regulation|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-96023-6.00036-1|quote=The prefrontal cortex is the anterior section of the brain's frontal lobes. Central to the top-down control of attention, inhibition, emotion, complex learning, and theory-of-mind processing, the prefrontal cortex is a heterogeneous brain circuit composed of many important subdivisions (Duncan, 2001).}}</ref> PFC madaging [[Brodmann area|wewidangan Brodmann]] [[Brodmann area 8|BA8]], [[Brodmann area 9|BA9]], [[Brodmann area 10|BA10]], [[Brodmann area 11|BA11]], [[Brodmann area 12|BA12]], [[Brodmann area 13|BA13]], [[Brodmann area 14|BA14]], [[Brodmann area 24|BA24]], [[Brodmann area 25|BA25]], [[Brodmann area 32|BA32]], [[Brodmann area 44|BA44]], [[Brodmann area 45|BA45]], [[Brodmann area 46|BA46]], miwah [[Brodmann area 47|BA47]]. <ref name="PFC - list of 14 Brodmann areas">{{Cite book|title=The Evolution of Memory Systems: Ancestors, Anatomy, and Adaptations|vauthors=Murray E, Wise S, Grahatle K|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-150995-7|edition=1st|pages=22–24|chapter=Chapter 1: The History of Memory Systems|access-date=12 March 2017|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMNjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24}}</ref> Wewidangan otak puniki nyarengin ring makudang-kudang fungsi kognitif tingkat tinggi, rumasuk pawentukan tutur ( [[Broca's area|area Broca]] ), tatapan ( [[Frontal eye fields|medan mata frontal]] ), memori kerja ( [[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex|korteks prefrontal dorsolateral]] ), miwah pemrosesan resiko ( minakadi [[Ventromedial prefrontal cortex|korteks prefrontal ventromedial]] ). Kegiatan dasar ring wewidangan otak puniki kaanggep pinaka orkestrasi pikayunan lan parilaksana sane manut sareng tatujon internal. <ref name="pmid12217179">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Miller EK, Freedman DJ, Wallis JD|date=August 2002|title=The prefrontal cortex: categories, concepts and cognition|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=357|issue=1424|pages=1123–1136|doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1099|pmc=1693009|pmid=12217179}}</ref> Akeh pangawi sane sampun nyihnayang paiketan integral pantaraning pikayunan jadma mangda maurip, kepribadian, miwah fungsi korteks prefrontal. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=DeYoung CG, Hirsh JB, Shane MS, Papademetris X, Rajeevan N, Gray JR|date=June 2010|title=Testing predictions from personality neuroscience. Brain structure and the big five|journal=Psychological Science|volume=21|issue=6|pages=820–828|doi=10.1177/0956797610370159|pmc=3049165|pmid=20435951}}</ref> Wewidangan otak puniki sampun kasarengin ring [[Executive functions|fungsi eksekutif]], sakadi [[Planning|perencanaan]], [[Decision making|pengambilan keputusan]], [[Working memory|memori kerja]], ekspresi kepribadian, moderasi parilaksana sosial lan ngontrol aspek-aspek tertentu saking bebaosan lan basa. <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19833485">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yang Y, Raine A|date=November 2009|title=Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis|journal=Psychiatry Research|volume=174|issue=2|pages=81–88|doi=10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.012|pmc=2784035|pmid=19833485}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gabrieli JD, Poldrack RA, Desmond JE|date=February 1998|title=The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=95|issue=3|pages=906–913|bibcode=1998PNAS...95..906G|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.3.906|pmc=33815|pmid=9448258|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="sciencemag.org">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baldauf D, Desimone R|date=April 2014|title=Neural mechanisms of object-based attention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2014-04-25_344_6182/page/424|journal=Science|volume=344|issue=6182|pages=424–427|bibcode=2014Sci...344..424B|doi=10.1126/science.1247003|pmid=24763592|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fungsi eksekutif mapaiketan sareng kawagedan anggen minayang pikayunan sane matungkalikan, nentuang sane becik miwah sane kaon, sane becik miwah sane pinih becik, pateh miwah sane matiosan, konsekuensi masa sane jagi rauh saking parikrama sane mangkin, makarya nuju tatujon sane sampun katentuang, narka pikolih, pangapti madasar antuk parilaksana, miwah "kontrol" sosial sane nenten prasida kateken, pikolih). Korteks frontal nyokong paplajahan uger-uger sane konkret, antuk akeh genah anterior sane nyokong paplajahan uger-uger ring undagan abstraksi sane tegehan. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Badre D, Kayser AS, D'Esposito M|date=April 2010|title=Frontal cortex and the discovery of abstract action rules|journal=Neuron|volume=66|issue=2|pages=315–326|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.025|pmc=2990347|pmid=20435006}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Lobotomy|Lobotomi]] * [[Interference theory|Teori gangguan]] * [[Self-model theory of subjectivity|Teori model diri saking subjektivitas]] * [[Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex|Korteks prafrontal dorsomedial]] * [[Ventromedial prefrontal cortex|Korteks prafrontal ventromedial]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Korteks utek]] 3q27wow5c21mprg609vgpdufk9xjp45 0 62008 280190 243188 2026-08-13T21:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simpen anggén kasukertan''' ([[Basa Indonésia|Basa Indonesia]]: Hemat) inggih punika kualitas sane hemat, wicaksana, utawi ekonomis ring sajeroning ngawigunayang sumber daya sekadi ajeng-ajengan, galah utawi jinah, miwah ngindarin limbah, mewah utawi boros. <ref name="cent">{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=frugal|url=http://triggs.djvu.org/century-dictionary.com/djvu2jpg.php?query=frugality&djvuurl=http://triggs.djvu.org/century-dictionary.com/03/INDEX.djvu&hittype=&volno=03&page=617&zoom=&format=&label=Volume%203&fromallhits=|work=Century Dictionary Online|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727031246/http://triggs.djvu.org/century-dictionary.com/djvu2jpg.php?query=frugality&djvuurl=http://triggs.djvu.org/century-dictionary.com/03/INDEX.djvu&hittype=&volno=03&page=617&zoom=&format=&label=Volume%203&fromallhits=|url-status=dead}}|{{cite book|editor-last=Macdonald|editor-first=A.M. |title=Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary|year=1972|publisher=Chambers}}|{{cite book|title=Oxford American Dictionaries (computer application)|year=2005|publisher=Apple Computer}}|{{cite book|editor-last=Woolf|editor-first=Henry|title=Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary|year=1980|publisher=Merriam|location=Springfield MA|isbn=0-87779-398-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/webstersnewcol1980spri}}}}</ref> [[Berkas:Gillray_Temperance_051126.jpg|jmpl|Cetakan sindiran [[James Gillray]] ''Nikmatin Ajengan Hemat'' . [[George III]] kagambarang antuk celana panjang sane katambal lan kursi sane katutupin antuk kain pelindung, ngajeng taluh rebus sederhana lan nganggen taplak meja pinaka serbetnyane. Sekar masan dingin ngebekin perapian sane nenten madaging lampu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1851-0901-617|title=Temperance enjoying a frugal meal|website=British Museum}}</ref>]] Ring [[Behavioral science|ilmu parilaksana]], hemat sampun kategesang pinaka kecenderungan ngamolihang barang miwah jasa antuk tata cara sané kawatesin, miwah ngawigunayang sumber daya saking barang miwah jasa ekonomi sané sampun kadruwénang, mangda prasida ngamolihang tatujon jangka panjang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lastovicka|first=J.L.|last2=Bettencourt|first2=L.A.|last3=Hughner|first3=R.S.|last4=Kuntze|first4=R.J.|year=1999|title=Lifestyle of the tight and frugal: Theory and measurement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consumer-research_1999-06_26_1/page/85|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=26|pages=85–98|doi=10.1086/209552}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Konsep pangelolaan luu]] f891zab9w8tcuy2tlxcrdit4luu8a6i 0 62019 280169 243876 2026-08-13T19:05:33Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280169 wikitext text/x-wiki Ring sajeroning [[Labor law in the United States|awig buruh ring Amerika Serikat]], istilah '''hukum hak makarya''' nganutin hukum negara sane nenten ngicenin [[Union security agreement|perjanjian keamanan serikat buruh]] pantaraning pengusaha miwah [[Labor unions|serikat buruh]]. Perjanjian sakadi punika prasida karanjingang ring kontrak serikat pekerja mangda ngaptiang karyawan sane nenten anggota serikat pekerja mangda nyumbang biaya perwakilan serikat pekerja. Nenten sekadi definisi [[Right to work|hak makarya]] pinaka [[hak asasi manusia]] ring [[International law|hukum internasional]], hukum hak makarya AS nenten matetujon ngicenin jaminan umum indik pakaryan majeng ring jadma sane ngarereh pakaryan nanging nyamin hak pegawai mangda nenten dados anggota [[Labor union|serikat pekerja]]. [[Taft–Hartley Act|Undang-undang federal Taft-Hartley]] warsa 1947 sané ngatur indik pakaryan [[Private sector|ring sektor swasta]] nénten ngicénin "toko sané matutup" rikala para pegawé patut dados angga serikat pekerja pinaka syarat makarya, sakéwanten ngicénin [[Union shop|toko]] utawi "toko agen" rikala para pegawé naur prabéya representasi nénten sareng ring serikat pekerja. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baird|first=Charles W.|date=June 1998|title=Right to work before and after 14(b)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-labor-research_1998_summer_19_3/page/471|journal=Journal of Labor Research|volume=19|issue=3|pages=471–493|doi=10.1007/s12122-998-1042-y|id={{ProQuest|214005215}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Soang-soang negara bagian AS netepang kebijakannyane soang-soang majeng ring karyawan pemerintah negara bagian lan daerah (inggih punika karyawan sektor publik). Duang dasa kutus panegara maduwe kawicakan indik hak makarya (antuk [[Statutes|awig-awig]] utawi awig-awig [[State constitution (United States)|konstitusi]] ). <ref name="Botsch_SCGP">[http://www.ipspr.sc.edu/grs/SCCEP/Articles/interest_groups_in_south_carolin.htm "The South Carolina Governance Project&nbsp;— Interest Groups in South Carolina,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903104425/http://www.ipspr.sc.edu/grs/SCCEP/Articles/interest_groups_in_south_carolin.htm |date=2006-09-03 }} ''Center for Governmental Services, Institute for Public Service and Policy Research, [[University of South Carolina]]'', Accessed July 6, 2007. {{Cite web|url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110114/NEWS/101140396/-1/NEWSMAP|title=N.H. Rep. proposes right to work law|last=Dinan|first=Elizabeth|date=January 14, 2011|publisher=Seacoast Online|access-date=December 11, 2012|archive-date=September 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927174336/http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110114/NEWS/101140396/-1/NEWSMAP|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Berkeley|last2=Canak|first2=William|year=1991|title=From 'Porkchoppers' to 'Lambchoppers': The Passage of Florida's Public Employee Relations Act|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_industrial-labor-relations-review_1991-01_44_2/page/349|journal=Industrial and Labor Relations Review|volume=44|issue=2|pages=349–66|doi=10.2307/2524814|jstor=2524814}} {{Cite journal|last=Partridge|first=Dane M.|year=1997|title=Virginia's New Ban on Public Employee Bargaining: A Case Study of Unions, Business, and Political Competition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_employee-responsibilities-and-rights-journal_1997-06_10_2/page/127|journal=Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal|volume=10|issue=2|pages=127–39|doi=10.1023/A:1025657412651}} {{Cite journal|last=Canak|first=William|last2=Miller|first2=Berkeley|year=1990|title=Gumbo Politics: Unions, Business, and Louisiana Right-to-Work Legislation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_industrial-labor-relations-review_1990-01_43_2/page/258|journal=Industrial and Labor Relations Review|volume=43|issue=2|pages=258–71|doi=10.2307/2523703|jstor=2523703}}</ref> Duk warsa 2018, Mahkamah Agung AS mutusang indik pidabdab toko agensi majeng ring [[Public-sector trade unions in the United States|karyawan sektor publik]] nenten manut ring konstitusi ring kasus ''[[Janus v. AFSCME]]''. == Cingak taler == * [[At-will employment|Pakaryan sané manut ring kayun]] * [[Labor unions in the United States|Serikat buruh ring Amerika Serikat]] * [[Union affiliation by U.S. state|Afiliasi serikat manut negara bagian AS]] * [[United States labor law|Hukum buruh Amerika Serikat]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Awig hak makarya]] o2q15zkwsiptrnvb1lu0jpakkm5tlz2 0 62027 280160 238212 2026-08-13T18:30:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | IUPAC_name = 4-(2-Aminoetil)benzena-1,2-diol | synonyms = {{ubl|DA, |2-(3,4-Dihidroksifenil)etilamina, |3,4-Dihidroksifenetilamina, |3-Hidroksitiramina, |Oksitiramina, | Intropin,| Revivan}} | image = Dopamine.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | alt = Dopamine structure | caption = Struktur kerangka dopamin | image2 = Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png | image_class2 = bg-transparent | caption2 = [[Model bola-lan-tongkat]] saking molekul dopamin sekadi sane kapanggihin ring larutan. Ring kahanan padat, dopamin ngambil wangun [[zwitterion]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=CSD Entry TIRZAX: 5-(2-Ammonioethyl)-2-hydroxyphenolate, Dopamine|journal=Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures |year=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre]]|doi=10.5517/cc10m9nl |doi-access=free |vauthors=Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | title = Tautomeric and ionisation forms of dopamine and tyramine in the solid state | vauthors = Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N | journal = [[Journal of Molecular Structure|J. Mol. Struct.]] | volume = 1051 | pages = 132–36 | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.002 | bibcode = 2013JMoSt1051..132C }}</ref> | tradename = Proinfark | source_tissues = [[Substantia nigra]]; [[ventral tegmental area]]; many others | target_tissues = System-wide | receptors = [[Dopamine receptor D1|D₁]], [[Dopamine receptor D2|D₂]], [[Dopamine receptor D3|D₃]], [[Dopamine receptor D4|D₄]], [[Dopamine receptor D5|D₅]], [[TAAR1]]<ref name="DA IUPHAR"/> | agonists = Direct: [[apomorphine]], [[bromocriptine]]<br/>[[Indirect agonist|Indirect]]: [[cocaine]], [[amphetamine]], [[methylphenidate]] | antagonists = [[Neuroleptic]]s, [[metoclopramide]], [[domperidone]] | precursor = [[Phenylalanine]], [[tyrosine]], and [[L-DOPA]] | biosynthesis = [[DOPA decarboxylase]] | metabolism = [[Oksidase monoamina|MAO]], COMT<ref name="DA IUPHAR">{{cite web |title=Dopamine: Biological activity |url=http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=940 |access-date=29 January 2016 |website=IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology |publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |language=en-US}}</ref> | CAS_number = 51-61-6 | CAS_supplemental = {{CAS|62-31-7}} (hidroklorida) | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = VTD58H1Z2X | PubChem = 681 | ChemSpiderID = 661 | IUPHAR_ligand = 940 | KEGG = C03758 | DrugBank = DB00988 | C = 8 | H = 11 | N = 1 | O = 2 | SMILES = NCCc1cc(O)c(O)cc1 | StdInChI = 1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2 | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey = VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N }} '''Dopamin''' ( '''DA''', kontraksi '''3,4- <u>d</u> <u>ihidroksi</u> <u>penetil</u> <u>amin</u>''' ) inggih punika [[Molecule|molekul]] [[Neuromodulatory|neuromodulator]] sané madué makudang-kudang peran sané mabuat ring sel. Punika wantah [[Organic compound|bahan kimia organik]] saking kulawarga [[Catecholamine|katekolamin]] lan [[Phenethylamine|fenetilamin]]. Dopamin ngawentuk sawatara 80% saking kandungan katekolamin ring otak. Punika wantah [[Amine|amina]] sane kasintesis antuk ngicalang [[Carboxyl group|gugus karboksil]] saking molekul [[Precursor (chemistry)|bahan kimia prekursornyane]], [[L-DOPA]], sane [[Biosynthesis|kasintesis]] ring otak lan ginjal. Dopamin taler kasintesis ring entik-entikan miwah katahan buron. Ring otak, dopamin maguna pinaka [[Neurotransmitter|neurotransmiter]] —bahan kimia sané kalepas olih [[neuron]] (sel saraf) mangda prasida ngirimang sinyal ring sel saraf tiosan. Neurotransmiter kasintesis ring genah otak sakéwanten nglalahin akéh genah sané sistemis. Otak madaging makudang-kudang [[Dopaminergic pathway|jalur dopamin]] sané matiosan, silih tunggilnyané mabuat pisan ring komponen motivasi [[Reward system|parilaksana sané mamotivasi antuk hadiah]] . Antisipasi saking akehnyane soroh hadiah nincapang kadar dopamin ring otak, <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Berridge KC|date=April 2007|title=The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychopharmacology_2007-04_191_3/page/391|journal=Psychopharmacology|language=en-US|volume=191|issue=3|pages=391–431|doi=10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x|pmid=17072591}}</ref> lan akeh [[Psychoactive drug|obat]] [[Addiction|adiktif]] nincapang pelepasan dopamin utawi ngablok [[Reuptake|pengambilan ulangnyane]] ring neuron sesampun pelepasan. <ref name="Wise2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wise RA, Robble MA|date=January 2020|title=Dopamine and Addiction|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|language=en-US|volume=71|issue=1|pages=79–106|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337|pmid=31905114|doi-access=free}}</ref> Jalur dopamin otak tiosan sareng ring [[Motor system|kontrol motorik]] miwah ring ngontrol pelepasan makudang-kudang hormon. Jalur miwah [[Dopaminergic cell groups|kelompok sel]] puniki ngwentuk sistem dopamin sané dados [[Neuromodulation|neuromodulator]]. <ref name="Wise2020" /> Ring [[Popular culture|budaya lan media populer]], dopamin sering kagambarang pinaka bahan kimia utama sane ngawinang seneng, nanging pendapat sane mangkin ring farmakologi inggih punika dopamin gumanti ngicenin [[Motivational salience|salience motivasi]] ; <ref name="Aversion neurons">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wenzel JM, Rauscher NA, Cheer JF, Oleson EB|date=January 2015|title=A role for phasic dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens in encoding aversion: a review of the neurochemical literature|journal=ACS Chemical Neuroscience|language=en-US|volume=6|issue=1|pages=16–26|doi=10.1021/cn500255p|pmc=5820768|pmid=25491156|quote=Thus, fear-evoking stimuli are capable of differentially altering phasic dopamine transmission across NAcc subregions. The authors propose that the observed enhancement in NAcc shell dopamine likely reflects general motivational salience, perhaps due to relief from a CS-induced fear state when the US (foot shock) is not delivered. This reasoning is supported by a report from Budygin and colleagues¹¹² showing that, in anesthetized rats, the termination of tail pinch results in augmented dopamine release in the shell.}}</ref> antuk kruna sane tiosan, dopamin nyihnayang prominensi motivasi sane karasayang (inggih punika, desirability utawi aversiveness) saking pikolih, sane ring gilirannyane nglimbakang parilaksana organisme nuju utawi ngejohang saking ngamolihang pikolih punika. <ref name="Aversion neurons" /> Ring jaba sistem saraf pusat, dopamin maguna utamanyané pinaka utusan [[Paracrine|parakrin]] lokal. Ring pembuluh darah, punika ngambat pelepasan [[Norepinephrine|norepinefrin]] lan mawiguna dados [[vasodilator]] ; ring ginjal, punika nincapang ekskresi natrium lan output urin; ring pankreas, punika ngirangin produksi insulin; ring sistem pencernaan, punika ngirangin [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Motility|motilitas pencernaan]] lan nyaga [[Intestinal mucosa|mukosa usus]] ; lan ring sistem kekebalan, punika ngirangin aktivitas [[Lymphocytes|limfosit]] . Sajabaning pembuluh darah, dopamin ring soang-soang sistem perifer puniki kasintesis ring lokal lan ngamargiang efeknyane nampek ring sel-sel sane ngelepasin. Makudang-kudang pinungkan sané mabuat ring sistem saraf mapaiketan sareng disfungsi sistem dopamin, miwah makudang-kudang tamba utama sané kawigunayang rikala nambanin ipun makarya antuk nguwah efek dopamin. [[Parkinson's disease|Penyakit Parkinson]], kahanan degeneratif sané ngawinang [[Tremor|gemeteran]] miwah gangguan motorik, sangkaning ilangnyané neuron sané ngamedalang dopamin ring genah otak [[Midbrain|tengah]] sané kawastanin [[Substantia nigra|substansia nigra]]. Prekursor metabolismenyane L-DOPA prasida kakaryanin; ''Levodopa'', wangun murni L-DOPA, inggih punika tamba sane pinih akeh kaanggen ring Parkinson. Wenten bukti indik [[Schizophrenia|skizofrenia]] nyarengin pauwahan tingkat aktivitas dopamin, lan akehan [[Antipsychotic|tamba antipsikotik]] sane kaanggen nambanin puniki inggih punika [[Dopamine antagonist|antagonis dopamin]] sane ngirangin aktivitas dopamin. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The myth of the chemical cure. A critique of psychiatric drug treatment|vauthors=Moncrieff J|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-57432-8|location=Basingstoke, UK}}</ref> Obat antagonis dopamin sane pateh taler makudang-kudang [[Antiemetic|agen anti-mual]] sane pinih efektif . [[Restless legs syndrome|Sindrom kaki gelisah]] lan [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|gangguan hiperaktif defisit perhatian]] (ADHD) mapaiketan sareng aktivitas dopamin sane sayan rered. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM|date=September 2009|title=Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications|journal=JAMA|volume=302|issue=10|pages=1084–91|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1308|pmc=2958516|pmid=19738093}}</ref> [[Sympathomimetic drug|Stimulan]] [[Dopaminergic|dopaminergik]] prasida ngawinang ketagihan ring dosis sane tegeh, nanging wenten sane kaanggen ring dosis sane rendah anggen nambanin ADHD. [[Dopamine (medication)|Dopamin]] punika wenten pinaka tamba sane kakaryanin antuk [[Intravenous therapy|suntikan intravena]] . Punika mawiguna ring pengobatan [[Heart failure|gagal jantung berat]] utawi [[Cardiogenic shock|syok kardiogenik]] . <ref name="NHS2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsuh.nhs.uk/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2021/08/dopamine-infusion-August-2021-final.pdf|title=Dopamine infusion|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121201331/https://www.bsuh.nhs.uk/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2021/08/dopamine-infusion-August-2021-final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ring bayi sane wau embas prasida kaanggen [[Hypotension|hipotensi]] lan [[Septic shock|shock septik]] . <ref name="medscape2021">{{Cite web|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/979128-medication?form=fpf|title=Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn Medication: Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Vasodilators, Inotropic agents, Volume Expanders, Antibiotics, Other|website=emedicine.medscape.com|language=en-US|access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Cingak taler == * [[Dopamine fasting|Puasa dopamin]] * [[Breastfeeding and fertility|Nyusuin pianak miwah kesuburan]] * [[Endorphin|Endorfin]] * [[Serotonin]] * [[Oxytocin|Oksitosin]] * [[Enkephalin|Enkefalin]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Dopamin]] kqjz82jdpayk3ijbv5obz9diul0b7pi 0 62047 280172 232380 2026-08-13T19:39:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Meningitis|image=Meninges-en.svg|caption=Meninges saking [[sistem saraf pusat]]: [[materi dura]], [[materi araknoid]], lan [[materi pia]].|field=[[Penyakit infeksi (spesialisasi medis)|Penyakit infeksi]], [[saraf]]|symptoms=[[Demam]], [[sakit sirah]], [[kaku leher]]<ref name=CDC2014B/>|complications=[[Pekak]], [[epilepsi]], [[hidrosefalus]], [[defisit kognitif]]<ref name=Lancet/><ref name=NEJM/>|onset=|duration=|causes=Bakteri, [[meningitis virus|virus]], [[meningitis jamur|jamur]], parasit, nenten infeksi, miwah sane lianan<ref name=Ginsberg/>|risks=|diagnosis=[[Tusukan pinggang]]<ref name=CDC2014B/>|differential=[[Encephalitis]], [[brain tumor]], [[lupus]], [[Lyme disease]], [[seizures]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferri |first=Fred F. |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-07699-9 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=Chapter M }}</ref> [[naegleriasis]]<ref name="MMWR2008">{{Cite journal |author=Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) |date=May 2008 |title=Primary amebic meningoencephalitis – Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5721.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=57 |issue=21 |pages=573–27 |pmid=18509301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402060714/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5721a1.htm |archive-date=2 April 2020 |access-date=14 October 2017 | author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref>|prevention=[[Paksinasi]]<ref name=Lancet/>|treatment=|medication=[[antibiotik]], [[antivirus]], [[steroid]]<ref name=CDC2014B/><ref name=CDC2016Vir/><ref name=IDSA/>|frequency=7,7 yuta (2019)<ref name="gdb2019">{{Cite web |title=Global Disease Burden 2019 |url=https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019 |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419000912/https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>|deaths=236,000 (2019)<ref name="gdb2019" />}} '''Meningitis''' punika [[Inflammation|radang]] [[Acute (medical)|akut]] utawi [[Chronic meningitis|kronis]] ring membran pelindung sane nutupin [[Utek|otak]] lan [[Spinal cord|sumsum tulang belakang]], sane sareng-sareng kasengguh [[meninges]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Putz K, Hayani K, Zar FA|date=September 2013|title=Meningitis|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|volume=40|issue=3|pages=707–726|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2013.06.001|pmid=23958365}}</ref> Gejala sane pinih sering inggih punika [[Fever|demam]], [[Headache|sakit sirah sane sanget]], [[Vomiting|muntah]] lan [[Neck stiffness|kaku leher]] lan kadang-kadang [[Photophobia|fotofobia]] . <ref name="CDC2014B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Gejala sane tiosan minakadi [[Mental confusion|bingung]] utawi [[Altered state of consciousness|eling sane mauwah]], [[Nausea|mual]], lan [[Phonophobia|nenten prasida nerima suara sane keras]] . <ref name="CDC2014B" /> Anak alit sering wantah nyihnayang [[Nonspecific symptoms|gejala nonspesifik]], sakadi iritasi, ngantuk, utawi nenten becik ngajeng. <ref name="CDC2014B" /> [[Non-blanching rash|Ruam non-blanching]] (ruam sane nenten pudar ritatkala kaca kagulung ring duurnyane) taler prasida wenten. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/|title=NHS medical conditions meningitis|date=20 October 2017|publisher=National Health Service (NHS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426133024/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/|archive-date=26 April 2022|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> Inflamasi punika minab sangkaning infeksi [[virus]], [[Pathogenic bacteria|bakteri]], [[Pathogenic fungus|jamur]] utawi [[Parasites|parasit]] . <ref name="WHO2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis|title=Meningitis|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110173749/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/meningitis|archive-date=10 January 2022|access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Sane ngawinang nenten infeksi minakadi [[Malignancy|keganasan]] ( [[Cancer|kanker]] ), [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|pendarahan subaraknoid]], penyakit inflamasi kronis ( [[Sarcoidosis|sarkoidosis]] ) lan [[Medication|tamba-tamba]] tertentu. <ref name="Ginsberg">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ginsberg L|date=March 2004|title=Difficult and recurrent meningitis|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=75 Suppl 1|issue=90001|pages=i16–21|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.034272|pmc=1765649|pmid=14978146}}</ref> Meningitis prasida ngawinang baya ring kahuripan santukan radang punika nampek ring otak lan sumsum tulang belakang; punika mawinan, kahanan punika kaklasifikasiang dados [[Medical emergency|darurat medis]] . <ref name="Lancet">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH|date=June 2003|title=Bacterial meningitis in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-06-21_361_9375/page/2139|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9375|pages=2139–48|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8|pmid=12826449}}</ref> <ref name="IDSA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ|date=November 2004|title=Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-11-01_39_9/page/1267|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1267–84|doi=10.1086/425368|pmid=15494903|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Lumbar puncture|Tusukan lumbar]], ring jaum sane kagenahang ring [[Spinal canal|saluran tulang belakang]] anggen mupulang sampel [[Cerebrospinal fluid|cairan serebrospinal]] (CSF), prasida ngamargiang diagnosis utawi ngecualian meningitis. <ref name="CDC2014B2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> <ref name="IDSA" /> Makudang-kudang wangun meningitis prasida kacegah antuk [[Immunization|imunisasi]] antuk vaksin [[Meningococcal vaccine|meningokokus]], [[Mumps vaccine|gondok]], [[Pneumococcal vaccine|pneumokokus]], miwah [[Hib vaccine|Hib]] . <ref name="Lancet2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH|date=June 2003|title=Bacterial meningitis in children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-06-21_361_9375/page/2139|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9375|pages=2139–48|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8|pmid=12826449}}</ref> Ngicenin [[Antibiotic|antibiotik]] majeng ring jadma sane keni paparan signifikan majeng ring soroh meningitis minab taler mawiguna anggen nyegah penularan. <ref name="CDC2014B3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Tetamban kapertama ring meningitis akut inggih punika digelis ngicenin antibiotik lan kadang-kadang [[Antiviral drug|tamba antivirus]] . <ref name="CDC2014B3" /> <ref name="CDC2016Vir">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html|title=Viral Meningitis|date=26 November 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203230/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/viral.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> [[Corticosteroid|Kortikosteroid]] prasida kaanggen nyegah komplikasi saking radang sane berlebihan. <ref name="NEJM">{{Cite journal|vauthors=van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF|date=January 2006|title=Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-01-05_354_1/page/44|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=354|issue=1|pages=44–53|doi=10.1056/NEJMra052116|pmid=16394301}}</ref> <ref name="IDSA2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ|date=November 2004|title=Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-11-01_39_9/page/1267|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=39|issue=9|pages=1267–84|doi=10.1086/425368|pmid=15494903|doi-access=free}}</ref> Meningitis prasida ngawinang konsekuensi jangka panjang sane serius minakadi [[Deafness|tuli]], [[Epilepsy|epilepsi]], [[Hydrocephalus|hidrosefalus]], utawi [[Cognitive deficit|defisit kognitif]], napi malih yening nenten gelis katambanin. <ref name="Lancet2" /> <ref name="NEJM" /> Ring warsa 2019, meningitis kadiagnosis ring sawatara 7,7 yuta jadma ring sajebag jagat, saking punika 236.000 jadma padem, tedun saking 433.000 jadma padem ring warsa 1990. Antuk tamba sane patut, resiko padem ring meningitis bakteri kirang saking 15%. <ref name="CDC2014B4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|title=Bacterial Meningitis|date=1 April 2014|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021530/http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Wabah meningitis bakteri puniki mamargi pantaraning Desember lan Juni nyabran warsa ring wewidangan [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika sub-Sahara]] sane kaloktah dados [[Meningitis belt|sabuk meningitis]] . <ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/|title=Meningococcal meningitis Fact sheet N°141|date=November 2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103408/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Wabah sane alitan taler prasida kapanggihin ring wewidangan sane tiosan ring jagate. <ref name="WHO2015" /> Kruna ''meningitis'' mawit saking [[Ancient Greek|basa Yunani]] {{Lang|grc|μῆνιγξ}} {{Lang|grc-latn|meninx}}, 'membran', miwah akhiran medis ''-itis'', 'radang'. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755|title=Mosby's pocket dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions|date=2010|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|isbn=978-0-323-06604-4|edition=6th|location=St. Louis|page=traumatic meningitis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910145715/https://books.google.com/books?id=_QGaoiFCIDMC&pg=PT4755|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|vauthors=Liddell HG, Scott R|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1940|location=Oxford|chapter=μῆνιγξ|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108025517/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmh%3Dnigc|archive-date=8 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> {{TOC limit}} == Cingak taler == * [[Aseptic meningitis|meningitis aseptik]] * [[CSF/serum glucose ratio|Rasio glukosa LKM/serum]] * [[Chronic meningitis|meningitis kronis]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Meningitis]] demdrhjfic220inmirlqq3986xmytp1 0 62065 280124 232572 2026-08-13T17:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Urethritis|synonyms=|image=|caption=|pronounce=|field=|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=}} '''Urethritis''' inggih punika [[Inflammation|radang]] ring [[Urethra|uretra]] . Gejala sane pinih sering inggih punika [[Dysuria|nyeri utawi meweh pipis]] lan cairan uretra. <ref name="Young_2020">{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Young A, Wray AA|date=2020|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island (FL)|chapter=Urethritis|pmid=30725967|access-date=2020-07-28|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/}}</ref> Puniki wantah kahanan sane ketah prasida katambanin ketahnyane kaawinang olih [[Infection|infeksi]] [[Bacteria|bakteri]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/default.htm|title=WebMD - Better information. Better health.|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2022-04-25}}</ref> Infeksi bakteri puniki sering [[Sexually transmitted infection|katularang saking hubungan seksual]], nanging nenten ring sabilang instansi; punika prasida [[Idiopathy|idiopatik]], umpaminyane. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/urethritis-a-to-z|title=Urethritis|date=July 2019|publisher=Harvard Health Publishing|access-date=2020-07-27}}</ref> Makudang-kudang kejadian uretritis prasida kacingak asimtomatik taler. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Gillespie CW, Manhart LE, Lowens MS, Golden MR|date=March 2013|title=Asymptomatic urethritis is common and is associated with characteristics that suggest sexually transmitted etiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sexually-transmitted-diseases_2013-03_40_3/page/271|journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases|language=en-US|volume=40|issue=3|pages=271–274|doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31827c9e42|pmid=23407472|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gejala miwah cihna == Gejala-gejala punika mabinayan manut ring sane ngawinang gering-gering punika. Antuk penyebab infeksi uretritis, gejala prasida kakawitin makudang-kudang minggu ngantos makudang-kudang sasih sesampun infeksi. Sane ngawinang uretritis sane nenten infeksi lumrahnyane nyihnayang gejala sesampun makudang-kudang rahina. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-gonococcal-urethritis/|title=Non-gonococcal urethritis|date=2017-10-23|website=nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref> Gejala sane ketah inggih punika nyeri pipis, terus-terusan dot pipis, gatal, lan cairan uretra. Gejala tambahan mabinayan manut ring jenis kelamin. <ref name="Young_20202">{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Young A, Wray AA|date=2020|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island (FL)|chapter=Urethritis|pmid=30725967|access-date=2020-07-28|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/}}</ref> Lanang prasida ngarasayang getih ring urin utawi mani, gatal, lembut, utawi bengkak ring penis, kelenjar getah bening sane gede ring area selangkangan, lan/utawi nyeri rikala hubungan seksual utawi ejakulasi. Anak istri prasida ngarasayang sakit weteng, sakit panggul, sakit rikala masanding, utawi cairan vagina. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000439.htm|title=Urethritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30}}</ref> [[Non-gonococcal urethritis|Urethritis non-gonokok]] biasane nenten madue gejala sane kacingak ring anak istri, nanging, infeksi punika prasida nglimbak ring makudang-kudang bagian sistem reproduksi. <ref name=":1" /> == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala luar == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pinakit gangguan uretra]] 6yi8ou48q7a74h29ms3cbhnzt41qreo 0 62247 280216 232689 2026-08-13T21:56:45Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Penyakit radang usus|image=Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg|caption=[[Mikrograf]] nyihnayang [[radang]] saking [[usus besar]] ring kasus penyakit radang usus. Kolonik [[biopsi]]. [[Noda H&E]].|field=[[Gastroenterologi]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=[[Gastroenteritis]], [[sindrom usus iritasi]], [[penyakit celiac]]|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=11,2 yuta ring sajebag jagat (2015)<ref name="pmid27733282">{{cite journal | author = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref>|deaths=47.400 ring sajebag jagat (2015)<ref name="pmid27733281">{{cite journal | author = ((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}</ref>}} '''Pinakit radang usus ([[Basa Inggris|Basa inggris]]: IBD. [[Basa Indonésia|Basa Indonesia]]: Penyakit inflamasi usus)''' inggih punika kelompok kondisi [[Inflammation|inflamasi]] [[Colon (anatomy)|usus besar]] lan [[Small intestine|usus halus]], antuk [[Crohn's disease|penyakit Crohn]] lan [[Ulcerative colitis|kolitis ulseratif]] (UC) dados jenis utama. <ref name="Talley 2018 p.">{{Cite book|title=Clinical examination: A systematic guide to physical diagnosis|vauthors=Talley N|publisher=Elsevier Australia|year=2018|isbn=978-0-7295-4259-3|location=Chatswood, N.S.W|page=227|oclc=988941211}}</ref> Penyakit Crohn puniki ngranayang usus halus lan usus gede, taler ring cangkem, esofagus, lambung lan anus, nanging UC utamanyane ngranayang usus besar lan rektum. <ref name="pmid17499605">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baumgart DC, Carding SR|date=May 2007|title=Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-12-18-2007_369_9573/page/1627|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9573|pages=1627–40|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8|pmid=17499605}}</ref> <ref name="Baumgart">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ|date=May 2007|title=Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-12-18-2007_369_9573/page/1641|journal=Lancet|volume=369|issue=9573|pages=1641–57|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60751-X|pmid=17499606}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17653185">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK|date=July 2007|title=Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-07-26_448_7152/page/427|journal=Nature|volume=448|issue=7152|pages=427–34|bibcode=2007Natur.448..427X|doi=10.1038/nature06005|pmid=17653185}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Inflammatory bowel disease-22|Penyakit radang usus-22]] * [[World Inflammatory Bowel Disease Day|Rahina Penyakit Radang Usus Sedunia]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=31127|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=1169|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|106}} {{eMedicine2|oph|520}}|MeshID=D015212}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pinakit radang usus]] 6svnu20cdulguyvkc7xh741vqefl51t 0 62258 280170 239183 2026-08-13T19:06:39Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[Patatwa kauh]] | era = [[Tatwa abad ka-19]] | image = Nietzsche187a.jpg | caption = Nietzsche ring Basel, Swiss, {{circa}} 1875 | birth_name = {{nowrap|Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche}} | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1844|10|15}} | birth_place = [[Röcken]], Propinsi Saxony, Prussia | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1900|08|25|1844|10|15}} | death_place = [[Weimar]], Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Kaprabonan Jerman | resting_place = Makam Gréja Röcken | alma_mater = {{Plainlist}} * [[Univérsitas Bonn]] * [[Univérsitas Leipzig]] {{Endplainlist}} | institutions = [[Univérsitas Basel]] | school_tradition = {{Plainlist| * [[Tatwa Kontinental]] * [[Nietzscheanism]] | style = padding-bottom: 4px; }} {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|'''Sekolah liyanana'''}} | [[Anti-fondasionalisme]] | [[Nihilism#Nietzsche|Anti-nihilisme / nihilisme]] {{small|(disputed){{efn-lr|Cingak, antuk conto: {{bulleted list|"Makudang - kudang penafsir Nietzsche pracaya yéning ida ngerangkul nihilisme, nulak penalaran filosofis, miwah ngapromosiang eksplorasi sastra indik kahanan manusa, nanging nénten nguratiang antuk ngemolihang kawiaktian miwah kaweruhan ring arti tradisional saking paistilah punika. Nanging, juru basa tiosan saking Nietzsche maosang yéning rikala mautsaha ngelawan metunyané nihilisme sané katarka, ida sareng ring program positif anggén negesang malih kauripan, miwah mawinan punika ida ngaptiang pamikiran mawali sané radikal miwah naturalistik indik sifat kawéntenan manusa, kaweruhan, miwah moralitas."<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Friedrich Nietzsche |encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/ |last=Wilkerson |first=Dale |issn=2161-0002}}.</ref>|"Sakéwanten, tekad Nietzsche sané sayan nincap, ring sasuratannyané salanturnyané, anggén ngindarin nihilisme filosofis saking sakancan variasi, ngawinang dané makeneh napiké minab nénten prasida ngamolihang pamahaman indik napi sané ngawinang dialektika ring ajeng saking soroh sané pacang ngawinang manusa nuju arah filosofis sané pateh pisan."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conant |first=James F. |author-link=James F. Conant |year=2005 |title=The Dialectic of Perspectivism, I |journal=[[Sats: Nordic Journal of Philosophy]] |publisher=Philosophia Press |volume=6 |number=2 |pages=5–50 |url=http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |access-date=2025-05-14 |archive-date=2018-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820194003/http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}}}}} | [[Atheisme]] | [[Dionisius#Sastra miwah tatwa modérn|Dionisianisme]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=The Wisdom of Silenus: Suffering in The Birth of Tragedy |journal=[[Journal of Nietzsche Studies]] |volume=49 |pages=174–193 |doi=10.5325/jnietstud.49.2.0174 |issn=0968-8005 |jstor=10.5325/jnietstud.49.2.0174 |s2cid=171652169 |number=2}}</ref> | [[Pesimisme filosofis|Pesimisme Dionysian]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dienstag |first=Joshua F. |year=2001 |title=Nietzsche's Dionysian Pessimism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_2001-12_95_4/page/923 |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=923–937 |jstor=3117722}}</ref> | [[Eksistensialisme]] | [[Romantisme Jerman]] {{small|(kaiyegang)<ref name="Perez2015">{{Cite journal |last=Perez |first=Rolando |year=2015 |title=Nietzsche's Reading of Cervantes' "Cruel" Humor in Don Quijote |url=https://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.span.d7_eh/files/sitefiles/ehumanista/volume30/11%20ehum30.perez.pdf |journal=[[EHumanista]] |volume=30 |pages=168–175 |issn=1540-5877}}.</ref>}} | [[Immoralisme]]<ref>Nietzsche ngambarang tatwa ragané dados imoralitas, cingak taler: {{Cite journal |last=Laing |first=Bertram M. |year=1915 |title=The Metaphysics of Nietzsche's Immoralism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophical-review_1915-07_24_4/page/386 |journal=[[The Philosophical Review]] |volume=24 |pages=386–418 |doi=10.2307/2178746 |jstor=2178746 |number=4}}</ref> | [[Voluntarisme metafisik]] | [[Naturalisme (tatwa)|Naturalisme]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schacht |first=Richard |year=2012 |title=Nietzsche's Naturalism |journal=Journal of Nietzsche Studies |publisher=[[Penn State University Press]] |volume=43 |pages=185–212 |doi=10.5325/jnietstud.43.2.0185 |s2cid=169130060 |number=2}}</ref> | [[Perspektivisme]] | [[Realisme filosofis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway |first=Daniel |title=Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |isbn=978-90-481-5234-6 |editor-last=Babich |editor-first=Babette E. |editor-link=Babette Babich |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=204 |location=Dordrecht |pages=109–122 |chapter=Beyond Truth and Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doyle |first=Tsarina |title=Nietzsche on Epistemology and Metaphysics: The World in View |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0748628070 |pages=81–103 |chapter=Nietzsche's Emerging Internal Realism |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748628070.003.0003}}</ref> | [[Realisme politik]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Paul E. |year=2010 |title=Nietzsche's Tragic Realism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-politics_winter-2010_72_1/page/55 |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=72 |pages=55–78 |doi=10.1017/S0034670509990969 |jstor=25655890 |s2cid=154098512 |number=1}}</ref> }} | main_interests = {{cslist | [[éstétika]] | [[filologi]] | [[étika]] | [[métafisika]] | [[ontologi]] | [[tatwa lelintihan]] | [[puisi]] | [[agama]] | [[tragedi]] | [[téori kabenehan]] | [[téori aji]] | [[metafilosofi]] }} | notable_ideas = {{collapsible list|title={{nothing}} | {{lang|la|[[Amor fati]]}} | [[Apollonian miwah Dionysian]] | [[Mawali abadi]] | [[Pabinayan fakta miwah aji]] | [[Genealogi (tatwa)|Genealogi]] | [[Tuhan sampun séda]] | [[Parilaksana kawanan#Parilaksana manusa|Naluri kawanan]] | [[Manusa untat]] | [[Moralitas tuan-budak]] | [[Panegesan Nietzschean]] | [[Nihilisme]] | [[Perspektivisme]] | ''[[Kabencian]]'' | [[Transvaluasi aji]] | {{lang|de|[[Tschandala]]}} | {{lang|de|[[Übermensch]]}} | [[Pangapti antuk makuasa]] }} | signature = Friedrich Nietzsche Signature.svg }} '''Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche'''{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|iː|tʃ|ə|,_|ˈ|n|iː|tʃ|i}} {{respell|NEE|chə|,_|NEE|chee}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nietzsche |encyclopedia=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=[[Longman]] |location=Harlow, UK |last=Wells |first=John C. |date=1990 |author-link=John C. Wells |page=478 |isbn=978-0-582-05383-0}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə|lang|De-Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche.oga}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|de|ˈniːtsʃə|}};<ref>''[[Duden]] – Das Aussprachewörterbuch'' 7. Berlin: [[Bibliographisches Institut]]. 2015. {{ISBN|978-3-411-04067-4}}. p.&nbsp;633.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Krech |first1=Eva-Maria |url=https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch |last2=Stock |first2=Eberhard |last3=Hirschfeld |first3=Ursula |last4=Anders |first4=Lutz Christian |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-11-018202-6 |location=Berlin |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/n531 520], 777 |language=de |trans-title=German Pronunciation Dictionary |url-access=limited}}</ref>}} (15 Oktober 1844 – 25 Agustus 1900) inggih punika patatwa Jerman. Ida ngawitin karirnyané pinaka [[filologi klasik|ahli filologi klasik]], mawali nuju tatwa ring pangawit karir akademiknyané. Ring warsa 1869, mayusa 24 warsa, Nietzsche dados profésor pinih anom sané ngambel Kursi Filologi Klasik ring [[Univérsitas Basel]]. Kasangsarain olih pikobet kesehatan ring akéhnyané kahuripannyané, ida ngundurang raga saking univérsitas duk warsa 1879, sesampun punika ida muputang akéhnyané sasuratan intinyané ring dasawarsa salanturnyané. Ring warsa 1889, mayusa 44 warsa, dané keni runtuh miwah salanturnyané ical makasami kemampuan mentalnyané, antuk [[lumpuh]] miwah [[déménsia vaskular]]. Ida ngejalanin warsa-warsa sané masisa ring kaamong kulawargané ngantos ida séda ring warsa 1900. [[Bibliographi Friedrich Nietzsche|Karya-karyané]] lan [[Tatwa Friedrich Nietzsche|tatwané]] nénten tuah ngalimbakang beasisya sané éksténsif nanging masih akéh kasub. Karya Nietzsche ngranjing [[polemik]] filosofis, puisi, [[kritikus budaya]]isme, lan [[fiksi]], sinambi nyinahang rasa seneng majeng ring [[aforisme]] lan [[ironi]]. Unsur-unsur sané kaloktah saking tatwa nyané ngeranjing kritik radikal nyané majeng ring [[kabenehan]] sané ngadukung [[perspektivisme]]; satunggil [[genealogi (tatwa)|genealogi]] [[kritik agama]] lan [[moralitas Kristen]] lan teori sané mapaiketan sareng [[moralitas tuan–budak]]; sang [[Estetika|estetika]] [[penegasan kahuripan]] pinaka penampen majeng ring kalih "[[Tuhan sampun séda|Tuhan séda]]" lan krisis sané dalem [[nihilisme]]; gagasan indik pasukan [[Apolonius miwah Dionisius]]; lan karakterisasi manusa [[jejering (tatwa)|jejering]] pinaka ekspresi sané masaing [[pangapti (tatwa)|pengapti]], secara kolektif karesepang pinaka [[pangapti kekuasaan]]. Ida taler nglimbakang konsep-konsep sané mapangaruh sakadi ''{{lang|de|[[Übermensch]]}}'' miwah doktrinnyané indik [[mawali langgeng#Friedrich Nietzsche|mawali langgeng]]. Ring karyannyané salanturnyané, ida sayan sibuk sareng kekuatan kreatif individu anggén ngatasin adat istiadat budaya lan moral ring sajeroning nguber [[transvaluasi aji|aji anyar]] lan kesehatan estetika. Awak karyannyane ngenah ring makudang-kudang topik, minakadi [[Tatwa Seni|seni]], [[filologi]], [[Tatwa lelintihan|lelintihan]], [[Tatwa musik|musik]], [[Tatwa agama|agama]], [[tragedi]], saking [[Tatwa budaya|budaya]] [[Tatwa sains|sains]], lan ngambil inspirasi saking [[tragedi Yunani]] taler tokoh-tokoh sakadi [[Zoroaster]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], lan [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]. Sasampun Nietzsche séda arinnyané, [[Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche]], dados kurator lan panguah naskah-naskahnyané. Ida nguah sasuratannyané sané durung katerbitang mangda manut sareng ideologinyané [[nasionalisme Jerman#Saking warsa 1871 ngantos Yuda Jagat I, 1914-1918|Ultranasionalis Jerman]], sering matentangan utawi ngabur-ngabur panampen sané kabaosang olih Nietzsche, sané manut sakadi [[eksplisit identitas|sané nénten cumpu ring antisemitisme miwah nasionalisme]]. Malarapan antuk édisi sané kamedalang, karya Nietzsche dados mapaiketan sareng [[fasisme]] miwah [[Nazisme]]. Para sujana abad ka-20 minakadi [[Walter Kaufmann (patatwa)|Walter Kaufmann]], [[R. J. Hollingdale]], lan [[Georges Bataille]] ngabéla Nietzsche saking interprétasi puniki, lan édisi sané kabecikang saking sasuratan nyané gelis kasadiaang. Pangapti Nietzsche nikmatin popularitas anyar ring warsa 1960-an miwah pikayunannyané sampun madué panglalah sané ageng ring para pangapti abad ka-20 miwah pangawit abad ka-21 ring makasami tatwa. — pamekas ring sekolah-sekolah saking [[tatwa benua]] minakadi [[eksistensialisme]], [[pascamodern]], miwah [[pascastrukturalisme]]— taler seni, sastra, musik, puisi, politik, miwah [[budaya kaloktah]]. == Karya == [[Berkas:Nietzsche-Stein_01.jpg|jmpl|''Batu Nietzsche'', dekat Surlej, inspirasi untuk ''[[Maka Berbicaralah Zarathustra]]'']] * ''[[Lahirnya Tragedi]]'' (1872) * ''[[Tentang Kebenaran dan Kebohongan dalam Arti Nonmoral]]'' (1873) * ''[[Filsafat di Zaman Tragis Yunani]]'' (1873; pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1923) * ''[[Meditasi Sebelum Waktunya]]'' (1876) * ''[[Menschliches, Allzumenschliches|Manusia, Terlalu Manusiawi]]'' (1878) * ''[[The Dawn (buku)|Fajar]]'' (1881) * ''[[Sains yang Mengasyikkan]]'' (1882) * ''[[Maka Berbicaralah Zarathustra]]'' (1883) * ''[[Melampaui Baik dan Jahat]]'' (1886) * ''[[Tentang Genealogi Moralitas]]'' (1887) * ''[[Perkara Wagner]]'' (1888) * ''[[Meredupnya Para Idola]]'' (1888) * ''[[Der Antichrist|Antikristus]]'' (1888) * ''[[Lihatlah Dia|Ecce Homo]]'' (1888; pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1908) * ''[[Nietzsche kontra Wagner]]'' (1888) * ''[[Kehendak untuk Berkuasa (manuskrip)|The Will to Power]]'' (berbagai manuskrip yang tidak diterbitkan telah diedit oleh saudara perempuannya [[Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche|Elisabeth]]; tidak diakui sebagai karya orisinal Nietzsche setelah {{Kira-kira|1960}}) == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="lower-roman"/> === Pranala jaba === {{wikiquote|Friedrich Nietzsche}} * {{en}} [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108765/Friedrich-Nietzsche#387226.hook Entri tentang Nietzsche] di ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]].'' * {{en}} {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/friedrich-nietzsche}} * {{en}} {{Gutenberg author|id=779}} * {{en}} {{Internet Archive author|sname=Nietzsche}} * {{en}} {{Librivox author|id=411}} * {{en}} {{curlie|Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/N/Nietzsche,_Friedrich}} * {{id}} [http://repo.driyarkara.ac.id/786/1/BASIS71-22.pdf Nietzsche: Menjadi Diri Sendiri oleh A. Setyo Wibowo] di ''Majalah Basis.'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Nietzsche, Friedrich}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Friedrich Nietzsche| ]] [[Kategori:Filsafat]] [[Kategori:Filsuf]] [[Kategori:Eksistensialis ateis]] [[Kategori:Filsuf eksistensialis]] [[Kategori:Pangawi filsafat]] [[Kategori:Filsuf abad ke-19]] kjox8bx6pb5god2rpkpj73pl9f9mnt2 0 62435 280128 232993 2026-08-13T17:51:10Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Qml_approaches.tif|jmpl|Petang pendekatan sane matiosan anggen ngapukang disiplin ilmu komputasi kuantum miwah pembelajaran mesin. <ref name="AimeurEtAl_2006">{{Cite book|last=Aïmeur|first=Esma|title=Advances in Artificial Intelligence|last2=Brassard|first2=Gilles|last3=Gambs|first3=Sébastien|date=2006-06-07|isbn=978-3-540-34628-9|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=4013|pages=[https://archive.org/details/advancesinartifi0000cana/page/431 431–442]|language=en|chapter=Machine Learning in a Quantum World|doi=10.1007/11766247_37|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/advancesinartifi0000cana/page/431}}</ref> <ref name="DunjkoTaylorBriegel">{{Cite journal|last=Dunjko|first=Vedran|last2=Taylor|first2=Jacob M.|last3=Briegel|first3=Hans J.|date=2016-09-20|title=Quantum-Enhanced Machine Learning|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=13|pages=130501|arxiv=1610.08251|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117m0501D|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.130501|pmid=27715099}}</ref> Aksara kapertama nyihnayang napike sistem sane kaselehin punika klasik utawi kuantum, nanging aksara kaping kalih nelatarang napike piranti pemrosesan informasi klasik utawi kuantum sane kaanggen.]] '''Malajah mesin kuantum''' punika integrasi [[Quantum algorithm|algoritma kuantum]] ring program [[Machine learning|pembelajaran mesin]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ventura|first=Dan|date=2000|title=Quantum Associative Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_information-sciences_2000-05_124_1-4/page/273|journal=Information Sciences|volume=124|issue=1–4|pages=273–296|arxiv=quant-ph/9807053|doi=10.1016/S0020-0255(99)00101-2}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Trugenberger|first=Carlo A.|date=2001|title=Probabilistic Quantum Memories|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=87|issue=6|pages=067901|arxiv=quant-ph/0012100|bibcode=2001PhRvL..87f7901T|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.067901|pmid=11497863}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Trugenberger|first=Carlo A.|date=2002|title=Quantum Pattern Recognition|journal=Quantum Information Processing|volume=1|issue=6|pages=471–493|arxiv=quant-ph/0210176|bibcode=2002QuIP....1..471T|doi=10.1023/A:1024022632303}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Trugenberger|first=C. A.|date=2002-12-19|title=Phase Transitions in Quantum Pattern Recognition|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.89.277903|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=89|issue=27|page=277903|arxiv=quant-ph/0204115|bibcode=2002PhRvL..89A7903T|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.89.277903|issn=0031-9007|pmid=12513243}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Biamonte|first=Jacob|last2=Wittek|first2=Peter|last3=Nicola|first3=Pancotti|last4=Rebentrost|first4=Patrick|last5=Wiebe|first5=Nathan|last6=Lloyd|first6=Seth|year=2017|title=Quantum machine learning|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2017-09-14_549_7671/page/195|journal=Nature|volume=549|issue=7671|pages=195–202|arxiv=1611.09347|bibcode=2017Natur.549..195B|doi=10.1038/nature23474|pmid=28905917}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Schuld|first=Maria|title=Supervised Learning with Quantum Computers|last2=Petruccione|first2=Francesco|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-96423-2|series=Quantum Science and Technology|bibcode=2018slqc.book.....S|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-96424-9}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Schuld|first=Maria|last2=Sinayskiy|first2=Ilya|last3=Petruccione|first3=Francesco|year=2014|title=An introduction to quantum machine learning|journal=Contemporary Physics|volume=56|issue=2|pages=172–185|arxiv=1409.3097|bibcode=2015ConPh..56..172S|citeseerx=10.1.1.740.5622|doi=10.1080/00107514.2014.964942}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wittek|first=Peter|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128009536|title=Quantum Machine Learning: What Quantum Computing Means to Data Mining|publisher=Academic Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-12-800953-6}}</ref> Kawigunan istilah sane pinih sering manut ring algoritma pembelajaran mesin anggen analisis data klasik sane kalaksanayang ring [[Quantum computer|komputer kuantum]], inggih punika pembelajaran mesin sane katincapang kuantum. <ref name="Nathan Wiebe 2014">{{Cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Nathan|last2=Kapoor|first2=Ashish|last3=Svore|first3=Krysta|author-link3=Krysta Svore|year=2014|title=Quantum Algorithms for Nearest-Neighbor Methods for Supervised and Unsupervised Learning|journal=Quantum Information & Computation|volume=15|issue=3|pages=0318–0358|arxiv=1401.2142}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite arXiv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yoo|first=Seokwon|last2=Bang|first2=Jeongho|last3=Lee|first3=Changhyoup|last4=Lee|first4=Jinhyoung|year=2014|title=A quantum speedup in machine learning: Finding a N-bit Boolean function for a classification|journal=New Journal of Physics|volume=16|issue=10|pages=103014|arxiv=1303.6055|bibcode=2014NJPh...16j3014Y|doi=10.1088/1367-2630/16/10/103014}}</ref> Rikalaning algoritma pembelajaran mesin kawigunayang anggen ngitung akeh pisan data, pembelajaran mesin kuantum ngawigunayang [[qubit]] miwah operasi kuantum utawi sistem kuantum khusus anggen nincapang kecepatan komputasi miwah penyimpanan data sane kamargiang olih algoritma ring program. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Schuld|first=Maria|last2=Sinayskiy|first2=Ilya|last3=Petruccione|first3=Francesco|date=2014-10-15|title=An introduction to quantum machine learning|journal=Contemporary Physics|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=172–185|arxiv=1409.3097|bibcode=2015ConPh..56..172S|citeseerx=10.1.1.740.5622|doi=10.1080/00107514.2014.964942|issn=0010-7514}}</ref> Puniki rumasuk metode hibrida sane nyarengin pemrosesan klasik miwah kuantum, inggian subrutin sane sukil manut komputasi ka outsource ring perangkat kuantum. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benedetti|first=Marcello|last2=Realpe-Gómez|first2=John|last3=Biswas|first3=Rupak|last4=Perdomo-Ortiz|first4=Alejandro|date=2017-11-30|title=Quantum-Assisted Learning of Hardware-Embedded Probabilistic Graphical Models|journal=Physical Review X|volume=7|issue=4|pages=041052|arxiv=1609.02542|bibcode=2017PhRvX...7d1052B|doi=10.1103/PhysRevX.7.041052|issn=2160-3308}}</ref> <ref name="Farhi">{{Cite arXiv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuld|first=Maria|last2=Bocharov|first2=Alex|last3=Svore|first3=Krysta|author-link3=Krysta Svore|last4=Wiebe|first4=Nathan|year=2020|title=Circuit-centric quantum classifiers|journal=Physical Review A|volume=101|issue=3|pages=032308|arxiv=1804.00633|bibcode=2020PhRvA.101c2308S|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.101.032308}}</ref> Rutinitas puniki prasida madue sifat sane sayan kompleks taler kamargiang sayan gelis ring komputer kuantum. <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Schuld|first=Maria|last2=Sinayskiy|first2=Ilya|last3=Petruccione|first3=Francesco|year=2014|title=An introduction to quantum machine learning|journal=Contemporary Physics|volume=56|issue=2|pages=172–185|arxiv=1409.3097|bibcode=2015ConPh..56..172S|citeseerx=10.1.1.740.5622|doi=10.1080/00107514.2014.964942}}</ref> Selanturnyane, algoritma kuantum prasida kawigunayang anggen nyelehin [[Quantum state|kahanan kuantum]] gumanti data klasik. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Shang|last2=Albarran-Arriagada|first2=F.|last3=Retamal|first3=J. C.|last4=Wang|first4=Yi-Tao|last5=Liu|first5=Wei|last6=Ke|first6=Zhi-Jin|last7=Meng|first7=Yu|last8=Li|first8=Zhi-Peng|last9=Tang|first9=Jian-Shun|date=2018-08-28|title=Reconstruction of a Photonic Qubit State with Quantum Reinforcement Learning|journal=Advanced Quantum Technologies|volume=2|issue=7–8|page=1800074|arxiv=1808.09241|doi=10.1002/qute.201800074}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Sanjib|last2=Opala|first2=A.|last3=Matuszewski|first3=M.|last4=Paterek|first4=T.|last5=Liew|first5=Timothy C. H.|date=2019|title=Quantum reservoir processing|journal=npj Quantum Information|volume=5|pages=35|arxiv=1811.10335|bibcode=2019npjQI...5...35G|doi=10.1038/s41534-019-0149-8}}</ref> Ring dura komputasi kuantum, istilah "pembelajaran mesin kuantum" taler mapaiketan sareng metode pembelajaran mesin klasik sane kaanggen ring data sane kapolihang saking eksperimen kuantum (inggih punika [[Machine learning in physics|pembelajaran mesin sistem kuantum]] ), sekadi malajah [[Phase transition|transisi fase]] sistem kuantum <ref>{{Cite arXiv}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Huembeli|first=Patrick|last2=Dauphin|first2=Alexandre|last3=Wittek|first3=Peter|year=2018|title=Identifying Quantum Phase Transitions with Adversarial Neural Networks|journal=Physical Review B|volume=97|issue=13|pages=134109|arxiv=1710.08382|bibcode=2018PhRvB..97m4109H|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.97.134109|issn=2469-9950}}</ref> utawi ngaryanin eksperimen kuantum anyar. <ref name="Krenn 090405">{{Cite journal|last=Krenn|first=Mario|date=2016-01-01|title=Automated Search for new Quantum Experiments|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=116|issue=9|pages=090405|arxiv=1509.02749|bibcode=2016PhRvL.116i0405K|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.090405|pmid=26991161}}</ref> <ref name="Knott 073033">{{Cite journal|last=Knott|first=Paul|date=2016-03-22|title=A search algorithm for quantum state engineering and metrology|journal=New Journal of Physics|volume=18|issue=7|pages=073033|arxiv=1511.05327|bibcode=2016NJPh...18g3033K|doi=10.1088/1367-2630/18/7/073033}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Dunjko|first=Vedran|last2=Briegel|first2=Hans J|date=2018-06-19|title=Machine learning & artificial intelligence in the quantum domain: a review of recent progress|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=81|issue=7|pages=074001|arxiv=1709.02779|bibcode=2018RPPh...81g4001D|doi=10.1088/1361-6633/aab406|issn=0034-4885|pmid=29504942|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Pembelajaran mesin kuantum taler nglimbak ring pahan penelitian sane nyelehin kepatehan metodologis miwah struktural inggian sistem fisik miwah sistem pembelajaran, utamanyane jaringan saraf. Sekadi, makudang teknik matematika miwah numerik saking fisika kuantum prasida kamargiang ring pembelajaran mendalam klasik miwah tungkalikannyané. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huggins|first=William|last2=Patel|first2=Piyush|last3=Whaley|first3=K. Birgitta|last4=Stoudenmire|first4=E. Miles|date=2018-03-30|title=Towards Quantum Machine Learning with Tensor Networks|journal=Quantum Science and Technology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=024001|arxiv=1803.11537|doi=10.1088/2058-9565/aaea94}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carleo|first=Giuseppe|last2=Nomura|first2=Yusuke|last3=Imada|first3=Masatoshi|date=2018-02-26|title=Constructing exact representations of quantum many-body systems with deep neural networks|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5322|arxiv=1802.09558|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5322C|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07520-3|pmc=6294148|pmid=30552316}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite arXiv}}</ref> Selanturnyane, para peneliti nyelehin pikayunan sane pinih abstrak indik teori pembelajaran sane mapaiketan sareng informasi kuantum, wenten sane kabawos pinaka "teori pembelajaran kuantum". <ref>{{Cite arXiv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sergioli|first=Giuseppe|last2=Giuntini|first2=Roberto|last3=Freytes|first3=Hector|date=2019-05-09|title=A new Quantum approach to binary classification|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=5|page=e0216224|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416224S|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216224|pmc=6508868|pmid=31071129|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Differentiable programming|Pemrograman sané prasida kabinayang]] * [[Quantum computing|Komputasi kuantum]] * [[Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations|Algoritma kuantum anggén sistem persamaan linier]] * [[Quantum annealing|Penapukan kuantum]] * [[Quantum neural network|Jaringan saraf kuantum]] * [[Quantum image|Gambar kuantum]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Mesin paplajahan]] nhkb26xz0snwvbasw7ojo27evzppsyp 0 62489 280106 233125 2026-08-13T17:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Man_In_The_Moon2.png|jmpl|[[Man in the Moon|Interpretasi pola acak kawah ring Bulan]] . Conto sane ketah saking bias perseptual sane kaawinang olih [[pareidolia]] .]] '''Pikayunan sané matungkasan''' utawi '''meimpas''' punika bobot sane nenten proporsional ''sane ngadukung'' utawi ''nglawan'' ide utawi hal, lumrahnyane antuk cara sane nenten akurat, [[Open-mindedness|matutup]], [[Prejudice|prasangka]], utawi nenten adil. Bias prasida wenten ring bawaan utawi kaplajahin. Parajanane prasida ngalimbakang bias majeng utawi nungkasin angga, seka, utawi kapercayaan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steinbock|first=Bonnie|date=1978|title=Speciesism and the Idea of Equality|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophy_1978-04_53_204/page/247|journal=Philosophy|volume=53|issue=204|pages=247–256|doi=10.1017/S0031819100016582}}</ref> Ring sains miwah teknik, bias inggih punika [[Systematic error|kaiwangan sistematis]] . [[Statistical bias|Bias statistik]] kapolihang saking [[Sample (statistics)|sampling]] populasi sané nénten patut, utawi saking proses [[Estimation|estimasi]] sané nénten ngicénin asil sané patut rata-rata. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|last=Welsh|first=Matthew|last2=Begg|first2=Steve|date=2016|title=What have we learned? Insights from a decade of bias research|journal=The APPEA Journal|volume=56|issue=1|pages=435|doi=10.1071/aj15032|issn=1326-4966}}</ref> == Etimologi == Kruna puniki [[Derivative (linguistics)|mawit]] saking [[Old Occitan|Provençal Kuno]] dados [[Old French|Prancis Kuno]] ''biais'', "ka samping, miring, nglawan biji-bijian". Saking dija mawit ''biais'' [[Basa Prancis|Prancis]], "miring, lereng, miring". <ref name="etymology">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/bias|title=Online Etymology Dictionary, ''Bias''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113428/https://www.etymonline.com/word/bias|archive-date=26 August 2018|access-date=26 Aug 2018}}</ref> Kacingak sampun ngranjing ring [[basa Inggris]] malarapan antuk game of [[bowls]], ring dija punika nganutin bola sane kakaryanin antuk bobot sane pinih ageng ring siki sisi. Sané nglimbak ka kawigunan figuratif, kecenderungan pikayunan siki sisi, miwah, pangawitnyané utamanyané ring hukum, kecenderungan utawi prasangka sané nénten patut. <ref name="etymology2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/bias|title=Online Etymology Dictionary, ''Bias''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113428/https://www.etymonline.com/word/bias|archive-date=26 August 2018|access-date=26 Aug 2018}}</ref> utawi [[Ballast|balast]], kaanggen nedunang pusat gravitasi kapal mangda prasida nincapang stabilitas lan mangda kapal punika nenten wenten ring siki sisi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Westcott|first=Sir Abell|title=The Shipwright's Trade|publisher=University Press|year=1948|isbn=9781001385709}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Pabesen sané iwang]] [[Kategori:Pikayunan sané matungkasan]] dkzeo6hm5odnozf4ot6fzhdnjpzj85t 0 62493 280192 248025 2026-08-13T21:05:28Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Bertram_Forer.jpg|jmpl|259x259px|Bertram Forer]] '''Efek Barnum''', taler kabaos '''efek Forer''' utawi, kirang lumrah, '''efek Barnum-Forer''', inggih punika fenomena psikologis sane sampun ketah ring dije individu ngicenin peringkat akurasi sane tegeh antuk deskripsi kepribadiannyane sane sepatutnyane kasesuaiang khusus antuk ipun, nanging sane sujatine nenten jelas lan cukup umum sane berlaku ring kisaran sane jimbar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia}}</ref> Efek puniki prasida ngicenin panlataran sebagian antuk penerimaan sane linggah saking makudang-kudang kepercayaan lan praktik paranormal, sakadi [[Astrology|astrologi]], [[Fortune telling|ramalan]], [[Aura (paranormal)|ngwacen aura]], lan makudang-kudang jenis [[Personality test|tes kepribadian]]. Pangawitnyane kabaos "kesalahan validasi pribadi" <ref>{{Cite APA Dictionary of Psychology|title=Barnum Effect|access-date=December 31, 2021|shortlink=barnum-effect|quote="The effect was termed the fallacy of personal validation by U.S. psychologist Bertram Robin Forer (1914–2000), who first studied it in 1949."}}</ref> olih psikolog [[Bertram Forer]]. Istilah "efek Barnum" kakaryanin duk warsa 1956 olih psikolog [[Paul Meehl]] ring esainyane "Wanted – A Good Cookbook", santukan dane mapaiketan sareng deskripsi kepribadian sane nenten jelas sane kaanggen ring tes psikologis sane "sukses semu" sareng sane kaicen olih pameran [[P. T. Barnum|PT Barnum]]. <ref name="Meehl1956">{{Cite journal|last=Meehl|first=Paul E.|date=1956|title=Wanted – A Good Cookbook|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_1956-06_11_6/page/263|journal=American Psychologist|volume=11|issue=6|pages=263–272|doi=10.1037/h0044164}}</ref> <ref name="Dutton1988">{{Cite journal|last=Dutton|first=D. L.|date=1988|title=The cold reading technique|url=http://denisdutton.com/cold_reading.htm|url-status=dead|journal=[[Experientia]]|language=en|volume=44|issue=4|pages=326–332|doi=10.1007/BF01961271|pmid=3360083|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114055246/http://www.denisdutton.com/cold_reading.htm|archive-date=January 14, 2020|access-date=November 28, 2012}}</ref> == Ringkesan == Efek Barnum kacihnayang pinaka penampen saking pernyataan sane kabaos "pernyataan Barnum", sane maartos karakterisasi umum sane mapaiketan sareng angga karasayang patut majeng ring dane, yadiastun pernyataan punika pinaka generalisasi sane prasida kamargiang ring sapa sira ugi. Teknik-teknik sakadi punika kaanggen olih [[Fortune teller|para peramal]], [[Astrologer|ahli nujum]], lan praktisi sane lianan anggen ngyakinin pelanggan yening ipun, praktisi, sujatine kaicen hadiah [[paranormal]] . <ref name="The Skeptic's Dictionary">{{Cite web|url=http://skepdic.com/barnum.html|title=Barnum effect|last=Carroll|first=Robert|website=The Skeptic's Dictionary|access-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> Panglalah punika pinaka imba spesifik saking "fenomena penerimaan", sané nyihnayang kawéntenan umum manusa "mangda prasida nerima umpan balik kepribadian palsu". <ref name="Journal of Personality Assessment">{{Cite journal|last=Tobacyk|first=Jerome|last2=Milford|first2=Gary|last3=Springer|first3=Thomas|last4=Tobacyk|first4=Zofia|date=June 10, 2010|title=Paranormal Beliefs and the Barnum Effect|journal=[[Journal of Personality Assessment]]|volume=52|issue=4|pages=737–739|doi=10.1207/s15327752jpa5204_13}}</ref> Fenomena sane mapaiketan miwah umum inggih punika [[Subjective validation|validasi subjektif]]. <ref name="Marks">{{Cite book|last=Marks|first=David F.|title=The Psychology of the Psychic|title-link=The Psychology of the Psychic|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|year=2000|isbn=978-1-57392-798-7|edition=2|location=Amherst, New York|page=41|author-link=David Marks (psychologist)}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Kejahilan|tan uning]] * [[Misantropia|Misantropi]] * [[Aluh kacidra]] * [[Misologi]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Pamikiran pseudo-kognitif]] ohh3r3q5us71zvh2nhi16ktfj40h52h 0 62548 280152 233456 2026-08-13T18:22:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Clerk Maxwell''' {{Post-nominals|FRS|FRSE|country=GBR}} (13 Juni 1831&nbsp;– 5 Nopémber 1879) inggih punika [[fisikawan]] miwah [[matematikawan]] Skotlandia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Knots_and_physics.html |title=Topology and Scottish mathematical physics |publisher=University of St Andrews |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912050227/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Knots_and_physics.html |archive-date=12 September 2013 }}</ref> sané madué swadharma ring [[téori klasik]] [[radiasi éléktromagnétik]], sané pinaka teori kapertama sané nyihnayang listrik, [[magnét]] miwah caya pinaka manifestasi sané matiosan saking fenomena sané pateh. [[Persamaan Maxwell]] ring elektromagnetisme ngamolihang [[Pasikian (fisika)#Pasikian kakait magnétisme, listrik, sinar lan radiasi|pasikian pinih ageng kakalih ring fisika]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/6.123329 |author=Nahin, P.J. |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume =29 |issue =3 |year=1992 |page=45 |title=Maxwell's grand unification|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-spectrum_1992-03_29_3/page/45 |s2cid=28991366 }}</ref> rikala [[Pasikian (fisika)#Pasikian gravitasi lan astronomi|sané kapertama]] sampun kamargiang olih [[Isaac Newton]]. Maxwell taler dados sereg ring pakaryan [[mékanika statistik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keithley |first=Joseph F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA180 |title=The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500 BC to the 1940s |date=1999 |publisher=IEEE Press |isbn=978-0-7803-1193-0 |location=New York |pages=180}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mahon|2003|pp=82–83, 164}} Antuk publikasi "[[Teori Dinamis Médan Éléktromagnétik]]" ring warsa 1865, Maxwell nyihnayang indik médan [[gaya listrik|listrik]] miwah [[médan magnét|magnét]] mamargi ring ruang angkasa pinaka [[gelombang]] sané mamargi antuk [[kagelisan sinar]]. Dané ngusulang indik sinar inggih punika gelombang ring media sané pateh sané ngawinang fenomena listrik miwah magnétik.<ref name="ADTEF">{{cite journal|last=Maxwell |first=James Clerk |title=A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field |url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=155 |pages=459–512 |year=1865 |bibcode=1865RSPT..155..459M |doi=10.1098/rstl.1865.0008 |s2cid=186207827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728140123/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 }} (This article accompanied an 8 December 1864 presentation by Maxwell to the Royal Society. His statement that "light and magnetism are affections of the same substance" is at page 499.)</ref> Pasikian fénoména sinar lan listrik ngawinang prediksi dané indik kawéntenan [[gelombang radio]], lan makalah punika madaging soroh pamuput persamaannyané, sané sampun dané karyanin ngawit warsa 1856.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Longair |first=Malcolm |date=2015-04-13 |title='…a paper …I hold to be great guns': a commentary on Maxwell (1865) 'A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field' |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |language=en |volume=373 |issue=2039 |pages=20140473 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2014.0473 |issn=1364-503X |pmc=4360095 |pmid=25750155|bibcode=2015RSPTA.37340473L }}</ref> Pinaka pikolih saking persamaannyaé, miwah kontribusi tiosan sekadi nyobyahang metode sané éféktif anggén nanganin pikobet jaringan miwah konduktor liniér, dané kawedarang pinaka sané ngadegang widang [[téknik éléktro]] modérn.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Tapan K. |author-link=Tapan Sarkar |last2=Salazar-Palma |first2=Magdalena|author2-link=Magdalena Salazar Palma |last3=Sengupta |first3=Dipak L. |chapter=James Clerk Maxwell: The Founder of Electrical Engineering |date=2010 |title=2010 Second Region 8 IEEE Conference on the History of Communications |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5735323 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1109/HISTELCON.2010.5735323 |isbn=978-1-4244-7450-9 |s2cid=42295662 |via=IEEE}}</ref> Ring warsa 1871, Maxwell dados [[Profésor Fisika Cavendish]] kapertama, ngayah ngantos padem ring warsa 1879. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 3cxwjh46oq0z0cfs9k5yvitwsj0zobl 0 62549 280126 233459 2026-08-13T17:49:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pieter Zeeman''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈpitər ˈzeːmɑn|lang}}; 25 Méi 1865 – 9 Oktober 1943) inggih punika Belanda [[fisikawan]] sané nampi [[Paica Nobel ring Fisika]] warsa 1902 sareng [[Hendrik Lorentz]] antuk pacundukan miwah panlataran teoritis ipun indik [[éfék Zeeman]].<ref name=frs2/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zeeman | first1 = P. | title = The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1897-02-11_55_1424/page/347 | doi = 10.1038/055347a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 55 | issue = 1424 | pages = 347 | year = 1897 |bibcode = 1897Natur..55..347Z | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspl.1896.0079 | title = The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London | volume = 60 | pages = 513–514 | year = 1896 | issue = 359–367 | doi-access = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspl.1896.0080 | title = The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London | volume = 60 | pages = 514–515 | year = 1896 | issue = 359–367 | doi-access = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Zeeman | first = P | year = 1914 | title = Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part) | journal = Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings | volume = 17 | issue = I | pages = 445–451 | bibcode = 1914KNAB...17..445Z | url = http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1 | access-date = 2006-10-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090519003222/http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1 | archive-date = 2009-05-19 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Zeeman | first = P | year = 1915 | title = Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part) | journal = Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings | volume = 18 | issue = I | pages = 398–408 | bibcode = 1915KNAB...18..398Z | url = http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1 | access-date = 2006-10-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090519003227/http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1 | archive-date = 2009-05-19 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} ghvn0zumpis204nqb2863q56bk5f568 0 62551 280118 233465 2026-08-13T17:40:07Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jr.''' ({{IPA|nl|vɑn (ə)t ˈɦɔf|lang}}; 30 Agustus 1852 – 1 Maret 1911) inggih punika [[kimia fisik|ahli kimia fisik]]. [[kimia téoritis|ahli kimia téoritis]] Belanda sané banget mabuat ring masanyané, Van&nbsp;'t Hoff inggih punika panampi kapertama [[Paica Nobel ring Kimia]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendricus}}</ref><ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/hoff-lecture.html Nobel Lecture] ''Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium'' from Nobelprize.org website</ref><ref>{{cite web |editor-first=Karl |editor-last=Grandin | title=Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Biography | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/hoff-bio.html | work=Les Prix Nobel | publisher=The Nobel Foundation | access-date=15 August 2008}}</ref> Pakaryan perintisnyané ngwantu manggihin téori modérn [[afinitas kimia]], [[kategtegan kimia]], [[kinétika kimia]], miwah [[térmodinamika kimia]]. Ring pamflet warsa 1874, Van 't Hoff nyusun téori atom karbon tetrahedral miwah ngenahang dasar [[stéréokimia]]. Duk warsa 1875, dané narka struktur sané patut saking [[allen]] miwah [[kumulen]] taler aksialnyané [[Kiralitas (kimia)|kiralitas]].<ref>''La Chimie dans l'Espace'', Bazendijk: Rotterdam, 1875</ref> Dané taler sampun kaloktah dados silih sinunggil sané ngadegang [[kimia fisika]] sakadi disiplin sané sampun kaloktah mangkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Meijer |first=E. W. | title=Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff; Hundred Years of Impact on Stereochemistry in the Netherlands | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition | volume= 40 | issue= 20 | pages=3783–3789 | year=2001 | doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3783::AID-ANIE3783>3.0.CO;2-J | pmid=11668534}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Spek |first=Trienke M. van der | title=Selling a Theory: The Role of Molecular Models in J. H. van 't Hoff's Stereochemistry Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-science_2006-04_63_2/page/157 | journal=Annals of Science | volume= 63 | issue= 2 | page = 157 | year=2006 | doi=10.1080/00033790500480816|s2cid=218636163 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kreuzfeld |first1=HJ |last2=Hateley |first2=MJ. | title=125 years of enantiomers: back to the roots Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 1852–1911| journal=Enantiomer | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages=491–6 | year=1999 | pmid=10672458}}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 3u50rtf6yozt2n8ul9acujv3z3lk85m 0 62558 280148 233552 2026-08-13T18:19:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Sir Alexander Fleming |image = Synthetic Production of Penicillin TR1468.jpg |caption = Sir Alexander Fleming |birth_date = {{birth date|1881|08|06|df=yes}} |birth_place = Lochfield, Ayrshire, [[Skotlandia]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|1955|03|11|1881|08|6|df=yes}} |death_place = [[London]], [[Inggris]] |citizenship = [[Inggris]] |nationality = [[Skotlandia]] |field = [[Bakteriologi]], [[Imunologi]] |alma_mater = Institusi Politeknik Royal<br>Sekolah Kedokteran Rumah Sakit St Mary<br>Perguruan Tinggi Imperial London |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = [[Penemuan penisilin]] |influences = |influenced = |prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1943)<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Colebrook | first1 = L. | authorlink1 = Leonard Colebrook| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1956.0008 | title = Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 2 | pages = 117–126 | year = 1956 | jstor = 769479| pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> * [[Daftar penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran|Penghargaan Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran]] (1945)<ref name="NobelPrizeBio" /> * [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|FRSE]] * [[Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|FRCS(Eng)]] * [[Knight Bachelor]] (1944)}} |signature = Alexander Fleming signature.svg }} '''Sir Alexander Fleming''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=small|commas=|FRS|FRSE|FRCS}}<ref name="frs">{{cite journal | last1 = Colebrook | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Leonard Colebrook| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1956.0008 | title = Alexander Fleming 1881–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 2 | pages = 117–126 | year = 1956 | jstor = 769479| s2cid = 71887808 }}</ref> (6 Agustus 1881 – 11 Maret 1955) inggih punika dokter lan [[mikrobiologis]] Skotlandia, sané pinih kaloktah santukan manggihin zat [[antibiotik]] san3 efektif secara jimbar kapertama ring jagaté, sané kawastanin [[penisilin]]. Pacundukannyane duk warsa 1928 indik napi sané raris kawastanin [[benzilpenisilin]] (utawi penisilin G) saking cetakan ''[[Penicillium rubens]]'' sampun katlatarang pinaka "jayanti pinih ageng sané naenin kapolihang majeng ring panyungkanan".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13">{{cite journal|last=Ligon|first=B. Lee|date=2004|title=Sir Alexander Fleming: Scottish researcher who discovered penicillin|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1045187004000184|journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases|volume=15|issue=1|pages=58–64|doi=10.1053/j.spid.2004.02.002|pmid=15175996}}</ref> Antuk pacundukan punika, dané nampi [[Paica Nobel ring Fisiologi utawi Kadokteran]] ring warsa 1945 sareng [[Howard Florey]] miwah [[Ernst Chain]].<ref name="lesprixnobel">{{cite web|title=Alexander Fleming Biography|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming.html|work=Les Prix Nobel|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|year=1945|access-date=27 March 2011|archive-date=30 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130092208/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last= Hugh |first=T. B. | title = Howard Florey, Alexander Fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-journal-of-australia_2002-07-01_177_1/page/52 | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 177 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–53 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12436980 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04643.x |s2cid=222048204 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first= Robert |last=Cruickshank | title = Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.S. | journal = Nature | volume = 175 | issue = 4459 | pages = 355–356 | year = 1955 | doi = 10.1038/175663a0 |pmid=13271592 |pmc=1023893 | bibcode =1955Natur.175..663C | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} d825736mce90dm8fpfg916iy4coro8j 0 62606 280214 233678 2026-08-13T21:55:24Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Spesialisasi medis''' punika cabang praktik medis sane ngutamayang kelompok pasien, penyakit, kawagedan, utawi [[Filsafat|filosofi]] sane sampun katentuang. Contonyane minakadi cabang-cabang kedokteran sane eksklusif mapaiketan sareng anak alit ([[Pediatrics|pediatrik]]), kanker ([[Oncology|onkologi]]), kedokteran laboratorium ([[Pathology|patologi]]), utawi perawatan primer ([[Family medicine|kedokteran keluarga]]). Risampune muputang [[Medical school|sekolah kedokteran]] utawi pelatihan dasar sane tiosan, [[Physician|dokter]] utawi [[Surgeon|dokter bedah]] lan [[Clinician|dokter klinik]] sane tiosan biasane nglanturang [[Medical education|pendidikan kedokterannyane]] ring spesialisasi kedokteran tertentu antuk muputang [[Residency (medicine)|residensi]] makudang-kudang warsa mangda dados spesialis. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/medical-specialists-medical-specialists|title=Different Types of Doctors: Find the Specialist You Need|website=webmd.com|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> == Sejarah spesialisasi medis == Ngantos wates sane sampun katentuang, praktisi medis sampun sue berspesialisasi. Manut [[Galen]], spesialisasi sampun ketah ring para dokter Romawi. <ref name="BullHistMed2003-Weisz">{{Cite journal|last=Weisz G|date=Fall 2003|title=The Emergence of Medical Specialization in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_fall-2003_77_3/page/536|journal=Bull Hist Med|volume=77|issue=3|pages=536–574|doi=10.1353/bhm.2003.0150|pmid=14523260}}</ref> Sistem spesialisasi medis modern nglimbak saka kidik selami abad ka-19. Pangaksama sosial informal saking spesialisasi medis nglimbak sadurung sistem hukum formal. Subdivisi khusus saking praktik kedokteran dados makudang-kudang spesialisasi mabinayan saking negara ka negara, lan agak arbitrer. <ref name="BullHistMed2003-Weisz" /> == Cingak taler == * [[Medicine#Branches|Carang-carang kedokteran]] * [[Interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine|Sub-spesialisasi kedokteran interdisipliner]], rumasuk ** [[Occupational medicine|Kedokteran kerja]] – cabang kedokteran klinis sane ngicenin saran kesehatan majeng ring organisasi lan individu ngenenin indik pikobet lan standar kesehatan lan keselamatan sane mapaiketan sareng pakaryan. ''Cingak [[Occupational safety and health|keselamatan lan kesehatan ring pakaryan]] .'' ** [[Disaster medicine|Kedokteran bencana]] – cabang [[Medicine|kedokteran]] sane ngicenin layanan kesehatan majeng ring jadma sane selamat saking bencana; nuntun [[Disaster preparation|persiapan bencana]] sane mapaiketan sareng medis, [[Disaster planning|perencanaan bencana]], [[Disaster response|tanggap bencana]] lan [[Emergency management#Recovery|pemulihan bencana]] ring sajebag siklus hidup bencana lan mawiguna dados penghubung pantaraning lan mitra majeng ring [[Medical contingency planner|perencana kontingensi medis]], profesional manajemen darurat, [[Incident command system|sistem komando insiden]], pemerintah lan sang sane ngaryanin kebijakan. ** [[Preventive medicine|Tamba pencegahan]] – pahan saking [[Medicine|tamba]] sane mapaiketan sareng nyegah [[Disease|gering]] bandingang nambanin. Puniki prasida kabandingang nenten wantah sareng tamba kuratif, nanging taler sareng metode [[Public health|kesehatan masyarakat]] (sane makarya ring tingkat kesehatan populasi bandingang ring kesehatan individu). ** [[Medical genetics|Genetika medis]] – ngawigunayang [[genetika]] ring [[Medicine|kedokteran]] . Genetika medis wantah widang sané jimbar miwah maendahan. Puniki nyarengang makudang-kudang widang individu sané matiosan, taler [[Clinical genetics|genetika klinis]], [[Biochemical genetics|genetika biokimia]], [[Cytogenetics|sitogenetika]], [[Molecular genetics|genetika molekuler]], genetika pinungkan umum (sekadi [[Neural tube defects|cacat tabung saraf]] ), miwah [[Genetic counseling|penyuluhan genetik]] . * [[Specialty Registrar (StR)|Pendaftar Khusus]] * [[Federation of National Specialty Societies of Canada|Federasi Masyarakat Khusus Nasional Kanada]] * [[Society of General Internal Medicine|Masyarakat Kedokteran Dalam Umum]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Khusus (kedokteran)]] kj40yp5snlckm0e5cwgkwemqwima7r3 0 62675 280213 270231 2026-08-13T21:54:54Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Desktop_Computer_-_The_Future_for_Medicine_(FDA_095)_(8249708093).jpg|ka|jmpl|Iklan Amerika Serikat warsa 1984 antuk akses informasi kesehatan antuk [[Apple III]] warsa 1980-an .]] '''Informasi kesehatan ring internet''' inggih punika makasami informasi sane mapaiketan sareng kesehatan sane kakomunikasiang malarapan antuk utawi wenten ring [[internet]] == Panjelasan == [[Internet]] sampun akeh kaanggen olih krama umum pinaka piranti anggen ngerereh informasi indik kesehatan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oplyfe.com/how-to-identify-health-misinformation-online/|title=How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. {{!}} Oplyfe|last=Huynh|first=Roy|date=17 April 2022|language=en-US|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512130120/https://oplyfe.com/how-to-identify-health-misinformation-online/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ring panguntat warsa 1990-an, para peneliti nyatet indik nincapnyane akses sane nganggen internet ring daging sane mapaiketan sareng kesehatan yadiastun wenten variasi ring kualitas informasi, tingkat aksesibilitas, miwah [[Health literacy|literasi kesehatan]] makasami. <ref name="Health information on the internet">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Risk A, Petersen C|year=2002|title=Health information on the internet: quality issues and international initiatives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_may-22-29-2002_287_20/page/2713|journal=JAMA|volume=287|issue=20|pages=2713–5|doi=10.1001/jama.287.20.2713|pmid=12020308}}</ref> Akses ring informasi kesehatan nenten prasida nyamin pangresepan, santukan '''literasi kesehatan''' individu mabinayan. Kapercayain pasien sane uning riwayat kesehatannyane minab malajah lan narka informasi puniki antuk cara sane mawiguna majeng ring ipun. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Beaudin JS, Intille SS, Morris ME|year=2006|title=To track or not to track: user reactions to concepts in longitudinal health monitoring|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=e29|doi=10.2196/jmir.8.4.e29|pmc=1794006|pmid=17236264|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nanging, indike puniki nenten setata mamargi santukan informasi kesehatan online nenten setata [[Peer review|katureksa olih rekan]] . <ref name="Health information on the internet2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Risk A, Petersen C|year=2002|title=Health information on the internet: quality issues and international initiatives|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_may-22-29-2002_287_20/page/2713|journal=JAMA|volume=287|issue=20|pages=2713–5|doi=10.1001/jama.287.20.2713|pmid=12020308}}</ref> [[Physician|Dokter]] jejeh yening pasien sane ngamargiang riset ring internet indik riwayat kesehatannyane, keni resiko keni informasi sane iwang. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Robeznieks A|date=May 2007|title=Getting personal. Legal liability, patient-data overload among issues making physicians uneasy over emergence of personal health records|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-healthcare_2007-05-21_37_21/page/40|journal=Modern Healthcare|volume=37|issue=21|pages=40–2|pmid=17824189}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oplyfe.com/how-to-identify-health-misinformation-online/|title=How to identify health misinformation online. 10 questions to ask yourself. {{!}} Oplyfe|last=Huynh|first=Roy|date=17 April 2022|language=en-US|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512130120/https://oplyfe.com/how-to-identify-health-misinformation-online/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ring warsa 2013, panampen indik paiketan penyedia layanan kesehatan sareng informasi kesehatan online kantun kacumpuin. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Farnan JM, Snyder Sulmasy L, Worster BK, Chaudhry HJ, Rhyne JA, Arora VM|date=April 2013|title=Online medical professionalism: patient and public relationships: policy statement from the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2013-04-16_158_8/page/n71|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=158|issue=8|pages=620–7|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00100|pmid=23579867|doi-access=}}</ref> Manut panyelehan duk warsa 2014, "pamargin gatra sampun mauwah, miwah dokter nenten prasida nitenin gatra indik kesehatan sane kasobyahang ring pasien. Nenten ja wenten sane ngeraosang, pauwahan paradigma puniki sampun ngamedalang makudang-kudang pikayunan sane matungkalikan indik internet pinaka piranti anggen nincapang kesehatan." <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tonsaker T, Bartlett G, Trpkov C|date=May 2014|title=Health information on the Internet: gold mine or minefield?|journal=Canadian Family Physician|volume=60|issue=5|pages=407–8|pmc=4020634|pmid=24828994}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Karya indik kasehatan]] nxxsm0tcxpxmuwdv5elv10baxwazrpj 0 62680 280183 243052 2026-08-13T20:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Asanas_Composite.jpg|jmpl|Asanas ring makudang-kudang konteks. Kiwa ka tengen, saking duur ka sor: [[Chakrasana|Eka Pada Cakrasana]] ; [[Ardha Matsyendrasana|Ida Sang Ardha Matsyendrasana]] ; [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] ; [[Navasana|Nawasana]] ; [[Pincha Mayurasana]] ; [[Dhanurasana|Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa]] ; [[Natarajasana]] ; [[Vrkshasana|Vrksasana]] ; [[Yashtikasana]]]] '''āsana''' ( [[Basa Sansekerta|Sanskerta]] : [[wiktionary:आसन|आसन]] ) punika postur angga, pangawitnyane lan kantun dados istilah umum antuk [[Meditation seat|pose meditasi negak]], <ref name="Patanjali111">Verse 46, chapter II, "Patanjali Yoga sutras" by Swami Prabhavananda, published by the Sri Ramakrishna Math {{ISBN|978-81-7120-221-8}} p. 111</ref> lan salanturnyane kalimbakang ring [[hatha yoga]] lan [[Yoga as exercise|yoga modern pinaka latihan]], ring soroh posisi napi manten, nambahin pose negak, [[Standing asanas|ngadeg]], mabalik, memutar, lan ngimbangin. ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutra Patanjali]]'' negesang asana pinaka [posisi sane] tegteg lan nyaman. <ref name="yogasutras">[[Patanjali]] ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga sutras]]'', Book II:29, 46</ref> Patanjali nyambatang kawagedan malinggih antuk galah sane suwe pinaka silih sinunggil saking [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|kutus angga sistemnyane]] . <ref name="yogasutras" /> Asana taler kabaos '''pose yoga''' utawi '''postur yoga''' ring basa Inggris. ''[[Goraksha Samhita|Goraksha Sataka]]'' abad ka-10 utawi ka-11 miwah ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]'' abad ka-15 nyihnayang 84 asana; abad ka-17 ''[[Haṭha Ratnāvalī|Hatha Ratnavali]]'' ngicenin daftar sane matiosan saking 84 asana, nlatarang makudang-kudang saking ipun. Ring abad ka-20, [[Indian nationalism|nasionalisme India]] seneng sareng [[Physical culture|budaya fisik]] pinaka penampen majeng ring [[British Raj|kolonialisme]] . Ring lingkungan punika, para pelopor sakadi [[Yogendra]], [[Kuvalayananda]], lan [[Krishnamacharya|Kresnamacharya]] ngajahin sistem asana anyar (ngranjingang sistem latihan taler yoga hatha tradisional). Ring pantaraning sisia Kresnamacharya inggih punika guru yoga India sane madue pengaruh minakadi [[Pattabhi Jois]], sane ngadegang [[Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga|yoga Ashtanga (vinyasa)]], lan [[B.K.S. Iyengar|BKS Iyengar]], sane ngadegang [[Iyengar yoga|yoga Iyengar]] . Ipun sareng sami nlatarang malih satusan asana, nguripang malih popularitas yoga, lan makta ka jagat Barat. Akeh malih asana sane sampun kakaryanin ngawit saking ''[[Light on Yoga|Cahaya ring Yoga]]'' Iyengar warsa 1966 sane nlatarang sawatara 200 asana. Nyatusan malih kailustrasiang olih [[Dharma Mittra]]. Asanas kaklaim ngicenin manfaat spiritual lan fisik ring teks hatha yoga abad pertengahan. Wawu-wawu puniki, penelitian sampun ngicenin bukti indik ipun nincapang fleksibilitas, kekuatan, lan keseimbangan; mangda prasida ngirangin stres miwah kahanan sane mapaiketan sareng punika; lan khususnyane anggen ngirangin makudang-kudang penyakit sekadi asma <ref name="ross">{{Cite journal|last=Ross, A.|last2=Thomas, S.|date=January 2010|title=The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies|journal=Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|volume=16|issue=1|pages=3–12|doi=10.1089/acm.2009.0044|pmid=20105062}}</ref> <ref name="hayes">{{Cite journal|last=Hayes, M.|last2=Chase, S.|date=March 2010|title=Prescribing Yoga|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_primary-care-clinics-in-office-practice_2010-03_37_1/page/31|journal=Primary Care|volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–47|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.009|pmid=20188996}}</ref> lan diabetes. <ref name="alexander">{{Cite journal|last=Alexander G. K.|last2=Taylor, A. G.|last3=Innes, K. E.|last4=Kulbok, P.|last5=Selfe, T. K.|year=2008|title=Contextualizing the effects of yoga therapy on diabetes management: a review of the social determinants of physical activity|journal=Fam Community Health|volume=31|issue=3|pages=228–239|doi=10.1097/01.FCH.0000324480.40459.20|pmc=2720829|pmid=18552604}}</ref> Asana sampun medal ring budaya sampun makudang-kudang abad. [[Indian art|Seni agama India]] ngambarang tokoh [[Siddhartha Gautama|Buddha]], [[tirthankara]] [[Agama Jain|Jain]], lan [[Déwa Siwa|Siwa]] saking [[Lotus position|posisi teratai]] lan kursi meditasi liyanan, lan saking posisi kemudahan kerajaan, [[lalitasana]] . Antuk kasubnyane yoga pinaka latihan, asanas lumrahnyane kacihnayang ring [[Novels|novel]] lan [[Films|film]], lan kadang-kadang taler ring [[Advertising|iklan]]. == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Hatha yoga]] fgob5uli71t1wcfqzc5amjc4nmsc9un 0 62713 280103 233874 2026-08-13T17:23:55Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gangguan kepribadian narsis''' ([[Basa Inggris|Basa inggris]]: '''NPD''' ) inggih punika [[Personality disorder|gangguan kepribadian]] sane kacihnayang antuk pola sepanjang hidup [[Grandiosity|sane berlebihan saking rasa penting diri]], kebutuhan [[Admiration|pengaguman]] sane berlebihan, lan kemampuan [[Empathy|empati]] sareng perasaan anak lianan sane kirang. Gangguan kepribadian narsis inggih punika silih sinunggil sub-tipe saking kategori sane jimbar sane kaloktah dados gangguan kepribadian. <ref name="Caligor_2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE|date=May 2015|title=Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2015-05_172_5/page/415|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=172|issue=5|pages=415–422|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723|pmid=25930131}}</ref> Sering pisan komorbid sareng gangguan mental sane tiosan lan mapaiketan sareng gangguan fungsional sane signifikan lan cacat [[Psychosocial|psikologis]]. <ref name="Caligor_2015" /> Kelainan kepribadian inggih punika kelas [[Mental disorder|gangguan mental]] sane kacihnayang antuk pola [[Maladaptive|maladaptif]] sane langgeng lan nenten fleksibel saking parilaksana, kognisi, lan pengalaman batin, sane kapamerang ring makudang-kudang konteks lan nyimpang saking sane katerima olih budaya napi kemanten. Pola puniki nglimbak ring pangawit masa dewasa, miwah mapaiketan sareng kasangsaran utawi gangguan sané signifikan. <ref name="DSM-5-general personality disorder">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JivBAAAQBAJ|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|edition=5th|location=Arlington, Virginia|pages=646–549}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author-link=|vauthors=Berrios GE|year=1993|title=European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history|url=https://archive.org/details/comprehensive-psychiatry_january-february-1993_34_1/page/14|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|publisher=W.B. Saunders Ltd|volume=34|issue=1|pages=14–30|doi=10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X|pmid=8425387}}</ref> <ref name="Millon1">{{Cite book|title=Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond|vauthors=Millon T, Davis RD|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-471-01186-6|location=New York City|page=226|author-link=Theodore Millon}}</ref> Kriteria anggen ngamargiang diagnosis gangguan kepribadian sampun kadaftar ring bab kaping nem ''[[Klasifikasi Panyakit Internasional|Klasifikasi Penyakit Internasional]]'' (ICD) lan ring ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|Manual Diagnostik lan Statistik Gangguan Mental]]'' (DSM) [[American Psychiatric Association|Asosiasi Psikiatri Amerika]]. Nenten wenten tamba standar sane kaanggen ring NPD. <ref name="Mitra_2022">{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Mitra P, Fluyau D|date=2022|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island, Florida|chapter=Narcissistic Personality Disorder|pmid=32310461|access-date=2022-05-01|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/}}</ref> <ref name="King_2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=King RM, Grenyer BF, Gurtman CG, Younan R|date=March 1, 2020|title=A clinician's quick guide to evidence-based approaches: Narcissistic personality disorder|journal=[[Clinical Psychologist]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|publisher=[[Australian Psychological Society]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=91–95|doi=10.1111/cp.12214|issn=1328-4207|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Komorbiditasnyane sane tegeh sareng kelainan mental sane tiosan ngawinang pilihan lan pikolih perawatan. <ref name="Mitra_2022" /> Perawatan [[Psychotherapy|psikoterapi]] umumnyane ngranjing ring kalih kategori: [[Psychoanalysis|psikoanalitik]] / [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psikodinamis]] lan [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|terapi perilaku kognitif]], antuk dukungan sane sayan nincap antuk integrasi makakalih ring terapi. <ref name="Yakeley_2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yakeley J|date=July 5, 2018|title=Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder|journal=BJPsych Advances|volume=24|issue=5|pages=305–315|doi=10.1192/bja.2018.20|issn=2056-4678|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":Ronningstam_2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Weinberg I, Ronningstam E|date=March 2020|title=Dos and Don'ts in Treatments of Patients With Narcissistic Personality Disorder|journal=Journal of Personality Disorders|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|volume=34|issue=Suppl|pages=122–142|doi=10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.122|pmid=32186986}}</ref> Nanging, wenten kirangnyane studi sane meh-mehan jangkep sane nentuang efektivitas pengobatan. <ref name="King_2020" /> Pengalaman subjektif anak indik gangguan mental, taler kesepakatan ipun sareng tingkat keterlibatan sareng perawatan, banget magantung sareng motivasi ipun mangda mauwah. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2h43b0f|title=Personality Disorders and Pathology: Integrating Clinical Assessment and Practice in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Era|date=2022|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-4338-3576-6|jstor=j.ctv2h43b0f}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Messiah complex|Kompleks Mesias]] * [[Superiority complex|Kompleks keunggulan]] * [[Narcissistic neurosis|Neurosis narsis]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Medical resources}}{{Klasifikasi gangguan kepribadian}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Artikel tamba Wikipedia sampun sayaga jagi katerjemahang]] [[Kategori:Gangguan kepribadian kluster B]] p7xeax6umvc29tmrhvsr6br0eql5lkv 0 62748 280157 233922 2026-08-13T18:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Pica|image=Glore Stomach Display.jpg|caption=Daging lambung pasien psikiatri sane keni pica: 1.446 barang, rumasuk "457 paku, 42 sekrup, pin pengaman, sendok, lan uyah lan lada shaker".|field=[[Psikiatri]]|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|aɪ|k|ə}} {{respell|PY|kuh}}<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Merriam-Webster]]|title=Pica|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pica|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref>|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|types=|causes={{daftar tanpa peluru|[[Anemia]]|[[Spektrum autis|Autisme]]|[[Sindrom sane kaiket antuk budaya]]|[[Kirang gizi]]|[[Skizofrenia]]}}}} '''Pica''' punika ngidam utawi konsumsi benda sane biasane nenten matetujon jagi kaajeng. <ref>OED ed.</ref> Punika kasorohang pinaka gangguan makan nanging taler prasida dados pikolih saking gangguan mental sane sampun wenten. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|date=2013-05-22|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0890425558|series=DSM Library|chapter=Feeding and Eating Disorders|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm10|url-access=registration|via=archive.org}}</ref> Zat sane katelan utawi kaaptiang minab biologis, alami, utawi sane kakaryanin olih manusa. Istilah puniki kaambil langsung saking kruna Latin abad pertengahan antuk [[magpie]], kedis sane tunduk ring akeh carita rakyat indik parilaksana ngamah oportunistiknyane. <ref name="origin">{{Cite journal|last=T. E. C. Jr.|date=October 1, 1969|title=The origin of the word ''pica''|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/44/4/548|journal=Pediatrics|volume=44|pages=4|url-access=subscription|via=AAP}}</ref> Manut ''[[DSM-5|Manual Diagnostik lan Statistik Gangguan Mental, Edisi ke-5]]'' (DSM-5), pica pinaka [[Eating disorder|gangguan makan]] mandiri mangda tetep langkungan saking asasih ring yusa ritatkala ngajeng benda-benda sakadi punika kaanggep nenten patut manut [[Cognitive development|perkembangan]], nenten dados pahan saking praktik sane kasanksiang manut budaya, lan cukup klinis ring yusa. Pica prasida ngawinang mabuk ring alit-alite, sane prasida ngawinang gangguan ring perkembangan fisik lan mental. <ref name="Blinder2008">{{Cite journal|last=Blinder|first=Barton, J.|last2=Salama, C.|date=May 2008|title=An update on pica: prevalence, contributing causes, and treatment|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/update-pica-prevalence-contributing-causes-and-treatment|journal=Psychiatric Times|volume=25|issue=6}}</ref> Tiosan ring punika, prasida ngawinang darurat operasi anggen nanganin obstruksi usus, taler gejala sane pinih halus sekadi defisiensi nutrisi lan [[Parasitic disease|parasitosis]] . <ref name="Blinder2008" /> Pica sampun mapaiketan sareng gangguan mental sane lianan. Stressor sekadi trauma psikologis, kekurangan ibu, pikobet kulawarga, pengabaian rerama, mobot, lan struktur kulawarga sane nenten terorganisir inggih punika faktor resiko pica. <ref name="Blinder2008" /> <ref name="Singhi1981">{{Cite journal|last=Singhi|first=Sunit|last2=Singhi P.|last3=Adwani G.|date=December 1981|title=Role of Psychosocial Stress in the Cause of Pica|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pediatrics_1981-12_20_12/page/783|journal=Clinical Pediatrics|volume=20|issue=12|pages=783–785|doi=10.1177/000992288102001205|pmid=7307412}}</ref> Pica pinih sering kacingak ring [[Beling|anak istri sane mobot]], <ref name="Span04">{{Cite journal|last=López|first=LB|last2=Ortega Soler|first2=CR|last3=de Portela|first3=ML|date=March 2004|title=Pica during pregnancy: a frequently underestimated problem|journal=Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion|volume=54|issue=1|pages=17–24|pmid=15332352}}</ref> anak alit, lan jadma sane minab madue [[Developmental disability|cacat perkembangan]] sekadi [[Autism spectrum|autis]]. <ref name="Rose00">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rose EA, Porcerelli JH, Neale AV|year=2000|title=Pica: Common but commonly missed|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice|volume=13|issue=5|pages=353–8|pmid=11001006}}</ref> Anak alit sane ngajeng [[Plaster|plester]] sane kacat sane madaging [[Timbal|timah]] prasida keni rusak otak sangkaning [[Lead poisoning|keracunan timah]]. Resiko sane pateh wenten saking ngajeng tanah nampek ring margi sane wenten sadurung phase-out [[tetraethyllead]] utawi sane kasemprot antuk minyak (anggen ngelebur buk) sane terkontaminasi olih [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]] beracun utawi [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioksin]] . Tiosan ring keracunan, resiko sane pinih ageng wenten saking [[Bowel obstruction|obstruksi pencernaan]] utawi sobek ring [[Stomach|lambung]] . Resiko sane tiosan saking ngajeng tanah inggih punika ngajeng feses buron lan [[Parasitism|parasit]] sane nyarengin . Kasus kejadian infeksi bakteri berat (leptospirosis) ring pasien sane keni diagnosis pica taler sampun kalaporang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fabiani|first=Adam|last2=Dal Bo|first2=Eugenia|last3=Di Bella|first3=Stefano|last4=Gabrielli|first4=Marco|last5=Bologna|first5=Alessandro|last6=Albert|first6=Umberto|last7=Sanson|first7=Gianfranco|date=2021-07-05|title=Pica (Allotriophagy): An Underestimated Risk Factor for Severe Leptospirosis (Weil's Diseases)? Report of a Leptospira Septic Shock Successfully Managed with ECMO|journal=Infectious Disease Reports|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=619–626|doi=10.3390/idr13030058|issn=2036-7449|pmc=8293114|pmid=34287302|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pica taler prasida kapanggihin ring buron sekadi asu <ref name="HSUS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/resources/tips/pica_eating_strange_objects.html|title=Pica: Why Pets Sometimes Eat Strange Objects|website=The Humane Society of the United States|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314025809/http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/resources/tips/pica_eating_strange_objects.html|archive-date=March 14, 2016|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> lan meong. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradshaw|first=John W. S.|last2=Neville|first2=Peter F.|last3=Sawyer|first3=Diana|date=1997-04-01|title=Factors affecting pica in the domestic cat|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159196011367|journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|series=Behavioural Problems of Small Animals|language=en|volume=52|issue=3|pages=373–379|doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01136-7|issn=0168-1591|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Medical resources|DiseasesDB=29704|ICD10={{ICD10|F|50|8|f|50}}, {{ICD10|F|98|3|f|90}}|ICD9={{ICD9|307.52}}|ICDO=|OMIM=|MedlinePlus=001538|eMedicineSubj=ped|eMedicineTopic=1798|MeshID=D010842}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pica (kelainan)]] {{Mal:Rintisan pinakit}} j8984rvc3ftecijyevigciu7pc7zyq5 0 62779 280144 233970 2026-08-13T18:10:47Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280144 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Gandrung_banyuwangi.jpg|jmpl|Tari ritual [[Javanese culture|Jawi]] sane katur ring Dewi Padi lan Kesuburan, [[Déwi Sri|Dewi Sri]]]] '''Ritual''' punika dudonan parikrama sane nyarengin [[gesture]], kruna, parilaksana, utawi benda sane kahormatin. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ritual|title=Definition of RITUAL|date=9 April 2024|website=merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=Victor Witter|year=1973|title=Symbols in African Ritual (16 March 1973)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1973-03-16_179_4078/page/1100|journal=Science|volume=179|issue=4078|pages=1100–1105|bibcode=1973Sci...179.1100T|doi=10.1126/science.179.4078.1100|pmid=17788268|quote=A ritual is a stereotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and designed to influence preternatural entities or forces on behalf of the actors' goals and interests.}}</ref> Ritual minab katetapang olih [[Tradition|tradisi]] suatu [[Community|masyarakat]], rumasuk masyarakat agama. Ritual kacihnayang, nanging nenten kadefinisiang, olih [[Formalism (philosophy)|formalisme]], [[Tradition|tradisionalisme]], invariansi, tata kelola, [[Religious symbolism|simbolisme agama]], lan patunjukkan. {{Sfnp|Bell|1997}} Ritual inggih punika ceciren saking makasami masyarakat manusa sane kauningin. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Donald|title=[[Human Universals]]|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=1991|location=United States|pages=139}}</ref> Ipun ngranjing nenten wantah upacara [[Worship|ibadah]] lan [[Sacrament|sakramen]] agama lan [[Cult|kultus]] sane terorganisir, nanging taler [[Rites of passage|upacara passage]], [[Ritual purification|upacara penebusan lan pemurnian]], [[Oaths of allegiance|sumpah setia]], upacara dedikasi, [[Coronation|penobatan]] lan [[Inauguration|pelantikan]] presiden, pawiwahan, pemakaman lan sane lianan. Napi malih parilaksana sane sampun ketah sakadi [[Handshake|majabat tangan]] lan ngucapang " [[Hello|halo]] " prasida kasengguh pinaka ''ritual''. Widang studi ritual sampun nyingakin makudang-kudang definisi sane saling matungkasan saking istilah punika. Silih sinunggil sane kaicen olih Kyriakidis inggih punika ritual inggih punika kategori jadma luar utawi [[Emic and etic|etika]] antuk seperangkat kegiatan (utawi seperangkat tindakan) sane, majeng ring jadma luar, kacingak irasional, nenten berdekatan, utawi nenten masuk akal. Istilah puniki prasida kaanggen taler olih insider utawi " [[Emic and etic|emic]] " performer pinaka pengakuan indik parikrama puniki prasida kacingak sakadi punika olih sang sane nyingakin sane nenten inisiatif. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The archaeology of ritual.|publisher=Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA publications|year=2007|editor-last=Kyriakidis|editor-first=E.}}</ref> Ring [[Psychology|psikologi]], istilah ''ritual'' kadang-kadang kaanggen ring arti teknis antuk parilaksana sane maulang-ulang sane sistematis kaanggen olih jadma anggen netralisasi utawi nyegah rasa jejeh; punika prasida dados gejala [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|gangguan obsesif-kompulsif]] nanging parilaksana ritual obsesif-kompulsif umumnyane kegiatan sane terisolasi. == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Konvensi budaya]] pme5p82ojddwvhe6mdsp1cux4l9mw6m 0 62781 280112 233972 2026-08-13T17:32:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280112 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_(cropped).jpg|jmpl|371x371px|Nem belas prarai sane nyinahang nafsu manusa – [[Engraving|ukiran]] mawarna olih J. Pass, warsa 1821, sasampun [[Charles Le Brun]]]] '''Emosi''' inggih punika [[Mental state|kahanan fisik miwah mental]] sané kabakta olih pauwahan [[Neurophysiology|neurofisiologis]], sané mapaiketan sareng [[Thought|pikayunan]], [[Feelings|raos]], [[Behavior|respons parilaksana]], miwah undagan [[Pleasure|rasa seneng]] utawi [[Suffering|nénten seneng]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Panksepp|first=Jaak|title=Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions|date=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0195096736|edition=[Reprint]|location=Oxford [u.a.]|pages=9|quote=Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Damasio AR|date=May 1998|title=Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-reviews_1998-05_26_2-3/page/83|journal=Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews|volume=26|issue=2–3|pages=83–86|doi=10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7|pmid=9651488}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ekman|first=Paul|title=The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions|last2=Davidson|first2=Richard J.|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195089448|location=New York|pages=291–293|quote=Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.}}</ref> <ref name="Schacter">{{Cite book|last=Schacter|first=Daniel L.|url=https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310|title=Psychology|last2=Gilbert|first2=Daniel T.|last3=Wegner|first3=Daniel M.|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1429237192|edition=2nd|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 310]|author-link=Daniel Schacter|author-link2=Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|author-link3=Daniel Wegner}}</ref> Nénten wénten [[Scientific consensus|konsensus ilmiah]] indik definisi. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cabanac|first=Michel|year=2002|title=What is emotion?|journal=Behavioural Processes|volume=60|pages=69–83|doi=10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5|pmid=12426062|quote=There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. [...] I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of emotions|date=2016|isbn=978-1462525348|editor-last=Lisa Feldman Barrett|edition=Fourth|location=New York|oclc=950202673|editor-last2=Michael Lewis|editor-last3=Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones}}</ref> Emosi sering pisan [[Reciprocal determinism|mapaiketan]] sareng [[Mood (psychology)|suasana hati]], [[Temperament|temperamen]], [[Personality psychology|kepribadian]], [[Disposition|disposisi]], utawi [[Creativity|kreativitas]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Averill|first=James R.|date=February 1999|title=Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality_1999-04_67_2/page/331|journal=Journal of Personality|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=331–371|doi=10.1111/1467-6494.00058|issn=0022-3506|pmid=10202807}}</ref> [[Research|Tetilik]] indik emosi sampun sayan nincap ring kalih dekade sane sampun lintang,  antuk akeh widang sane nyumbang, rumasuk [[Psychology|psikologi]], [[Medicine|kedokteran]], [[Babad|sejarah]], [[Sociology of emotions|sosiologi emosi]], [[Computer science|ilmu komputer]] lan [[filsafat]] . Akeh utsaha sane kaanggen nlatarang indik wit, [[Functional accounts of emotion|kawigunan]], miwah aspek-aspek emosi sane tiosan sampun ngalimbakang penelitian sane intens indik topik puniki. Mateori indik wit [[Évolusi|evolusi]] miwah minab tatujon emosi mawit saking [[Charles Darwin]] . Widang seseleh sané mangkin rumasuk [[Neuroscience|ilmu saraf]] emosi, ngawigunayang alat sekadi [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] miwah [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] scan anggén malajahin proses [[International Affective Picture System|gambar afektif]] ring [[Utek|otak]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cacioppo|first=John T.|last2=Gardner|first2=Wendi L.|year=1999|title=Emotion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1999_50/page/191|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|volume=50|pages=191–214|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191|pmid=10074678}}</ref> Saking perspektif mekanistik, emosi prasida kategesang dados "pengalaman positif utawi negatif sane mapaiketan sareng pola aktivitas [[Physiology|fisiologis]] tertentu". <ref name="Schacter2">{{Cite book|last=Schacter|first=Daniel L.|url=https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310|title=Psychology|last2=Gilbert|first2=Daniel T.|last3=Wegner|first3=Daniel M.|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2011|isbn=978-1429237192|edition=2nd|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310 310]|author-link=Daniel Schacter|author-link2=Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)|author-link3=Daniel Wegner}}</ref> Emosi punika kompleks, nyarengin makudang-kudang komponen sane matiosan, sakadi pengalaman subjektif, [[Cognition|proses kognitif]], parilaksana ekspresif, pauwahan psikofisiologis, miwah parilaksana instrumental. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cabral|first=J. Centurion|last2=de Almeida|first2=Rosa Maria Martins|date=2022|title=From social status to emotions: Asymmetric contests predict emotional responses to victory and defeat.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/emo0000839|journal=Emotion|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=769–779|doi=10.1037/emo0000839|issn=1931-1516|pmid=32628033|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Scherer KR|year=2005|title=What are emotions? And how can they be measured?|journal=Social Science Information|volume=44|issue=4|pages=693–727|doi=10.1177/0539018405058216}}</ref> Ring galah sane sampun lintang, para akademisi mautsaha ngidentifikasi emosi antuk silih sinunggil komponen: [[William James]] antuk pengalaman subjektif, [[Behaviorism|ahli parilaksana]] antuk parilaksana instrumental, [[Psychophysiology|psikofisiologis]] antuk pauwahan fisiologis, miwah sane lianan. Sane pinih anyar, emosi sampun kabaos kawangun antuk samian komponen. Komponen emosi sane mabinayan punika kakategoriang akidik mabinayan manut ring disiplin akademik. Ring [[Psychology|psikologi]] miwah [[filsafat]], emosi ketahnyané nyarengang [[Qualia|pengalaman]] [[Subjectivity|subjektif]] miwah [[Consciousness|eling]] sané kacihnayang utamanyané olih [[Emotional expression|ekspresi]] [[Psychophysiology|psikofisiologis]], [[Metabolism|reaksi biologis]], miwah [[Mental state|kahanan mental]] . Deskripsi multi-komponen sane pateh indik emosi kapanggihin ring [[Sociology|sosiologi]] . Upaminyane, Peggy Thoits nlatarang emosi pinaka sane nyarengin komponen fisiologis, label budaya utawi emosi (gedeg, kaget, miwah sane tiosan), parilaksana angga ekspresif, miwah penilaian situasi miwah konteks. <ref name="Thoits, P. A. 1989">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Thoits PA|year=1989|title=The sociology of emotions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-sociology_1989_15/page/317|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=15|pages=317–342|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.15.1.317}}</ref> Proses kognitif, sakadi penalaran miwah pangambilan kaputusan, sering kasengguh mapasahan saking proses emosional, makarya pabinayan pantaraning pamineh miwah pangrasa. Nanging, nenten samian teori emosi nganggep pamisahan puniki valid. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barrett LF, Mesquita B, Ochsner KN, Gross JJ|date=January 2007|title=The experience of emotion|journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=373–403|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709|pmc=1934613|pmid=17002554}}</ref> Mangkin, akehan penelitian indik emosi ring konteks klinis miwah karahayuan ngutamayang indik dinamika emosi ring kauripan sarahina, akehan intensitas emosi spesifik miwah variabilitasnyane, instabilitas, inersia, miwah diferensiasinyane, taler napike miwah sapunapi emosi saling nincapang utawi saling tumpul saking galah ka galah miwah pabinayan ring dinamika life miwah jadma puniki. <ref name="EmotionDynamics">{{Cite journal|last=Reitsema|first=A.M.|date=2021|title=Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review|url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/ef6d161b-b81f-4a49-81f3-b6c5cf95c1be|journal=Emotion|volume=22|issue=2|pages=374–396|doi=10.1037/emo0000970|pmid=34843305}}</ref> <ref name="Charles">{{Cite journal|last=Charles|first=Susan T.|last2=Carstensen|first2=Laura L.|date=1 January 2010|title=Social and Emotional Aging|journal=Annual Review of Psychology|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=383–409|doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448|issn=0066-4308|pmc=3950961|pmid=19575618}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Keadaan mental]] 86zb19qrn3yq8f6sns0euof5ywalvfr 0 62783 280131 233974 2026-08-13T17:56:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bedakan|Sympathy|Empath}}'''Empati''' ketah kagambarang pinaka kawagedan ngambil pikayunan anak tiosan, ngresepang, ngrasayang, miwah minab ngawedarang miwah nyawis pengalamannyane. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bellet PS, Maloney MJ|date=October 1991|title=The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1991-10-02_266_13/page/1831|journal=JAMA|volume=266|issue=13|pages=1831–2|doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03470130111039|pmid=1909761}}</ref> <ref name="Rothschild-2006">{{multiref2|{{cite book|vauthors=Rothschild B, Rand ML|year=2006|title=Help for the Helper: The psychophysiology of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-70422-8}}|{{cite journal | vauthors = Read H |title=A typology of empathy and its many moral forms |journal=Philosophy Compass |date=22 August 2019 |df=mdy-all|volume=14 |issue=10 |doi=10.1111/phc3.12623|s2cid=202396600 }}|{{cite journal|title=The relationship of nursing students' spiritual care perspectives to their expressions of spiritual empathy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nursing-education_2009-11_48_11/page/597|last1=Chism|first1=Lisa Astalos|last2=Magnan|first2=Morris A.|journal=The Journal of Nursing Education|year=2009|volume=48|number=11|pages=597–605|publisher=S&P Global|location=United States|doi=10.3928/01484834-20090716-05 |pmid=19650610}}}}</ref> <ref name="Hall-2021">{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Judith A.|last2=Schwartz|first2=Rachel|last3=Duong|first3=Fred|date=2021-01-02|title=How do laypeople define empathy?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567|journal=The Journal of Social Psychology|language=en|volume=161|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567|issn=0022-4545|pmid=32870130|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wenten akeh (ring sapunapine matungkasan) teges empati sane ngranjing nanging nenten kawatesin ring proses sosial, kognitif, miwah [[Rasa batin|emosional]] utamanyane mapaiketan sareng pangresepan anak tiosan. <ref name="Rothschild-2006" /> <ref name="Hall-2021" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Judith A.|last2=Schwartz|first2=Rachel|date=2019-05-04|title=Empathy present and future|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442|journal=The Journal of Social Psychology|language=en|volume=159|issue=3|pages=225–243|doi=10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442|issn=0022-4545|pmid=29781776|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sering pisan, empati kabawos pinaka istilah sane jimbar, tur kakepah dados konsep miwah soroh sane pinih spesifik sane ngranjing empati kognitif, empati emosional (utawi afektif), empati [[wiktionary:somatic#Etymology|somatik]], miwah empati spiritual. <ref name="Rothschild-2006" /> <ref name="Hall-2021" /> Empati kantun dados topik tetilik. Widang seseleh sané utama minakadi panglimbak empati, genetika miwah ilmu saraf empati, empati lintas spesies, miwah panglimbak empati. Makudang-kudang panilik sampun mautsaha ngukur empati antuk tata cara sane matiosan, minakadi saking kuesioner sane pamilet prasida nagingin lan salanturnyane kaicenin nilai ring pasaurnyane. Kawagedan ngebayangin raga dados jadma sane lianan inggih punika proses sane canggih. Nanging, kapasitas dasar anggen uning ring emosi ring anak tiosan minab sampun bawaan <ref name="Baird, James D., and Laurie Nadel, 2010">{{Cite book|title=Happiness Genes: Unlock the Positive Potential Hidden in Your DNA|vauthors=Baird JD, Nadel L|date=April 2010|publisher=New Page Books|isbn=978-1-60163-105-3}}</ref> lan minab kapolihang nenten sadar. Empati nenten ja samian-utawi-nenten wenten; sujatinnyane, jadma prasida kirang langkung empati majeng ring anak tiosan lan penelitian empiris ngadukung makudang-kudang intervensi sane prasida nincapang empati. <ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Malley WJ | year = 1999 | title = Teaching Empathy | journal = America | volume = 180 | issue = 12| pages = 22–6 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Teding van Berkhout |first1=Emily |last2=Malouff |first2=John M.|title=The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-counseling-psychology_2016_63_1-6/page/32 |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=January 2016 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1037/cou0000093|pmid=26191979 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Tania |last2=Engert |first2=Veronika |title=It matters what you practice: differential training effects on subjective experience, behavior, brain and body in the ReSource Project |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |date=August 2019 |volume=28 |pages=151–8 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.005|pmid=30684917 |s2cid=59291558 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Rathje |first1=Steve |last2=Hackel |first2=Leor |last3=Zaki |first3=Jamil|title=Attending live theatre improves empathy, changes attitudes, and leads to pro-social behavior |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |date=July 2021 |volume=95 |page=104138 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104138|s2cid=233549299 |url=https://psyarxiv.com/feqr8/}}|{{cite journal |last1=Weisz |first1=Erika |last2=Ong |first2=Desmond C. |last3=Carlson |first3=Ryan W. |last4=Zaki |first4=Jamil|title=Building empathy through motivation-based interventions. |journal=Emotion |date=August 2021 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=990–9 |doi=10.1037/emo0000929|pmid=33211508 |s2cid=227079997 |doi-access=free}}}}</ref> Kruna basa Inggris empati mawit saking basa [[Ancient Greek|Yunani Kuna]] {{Lang|grc|ἐμπάθεια}} ({{Transl|grc|empatheia}}, sané mateges "kasih fisik utawi gairah").<ref>{{OEtymD|empathy}}</ref> Kruna punika mawit saking miwah {{Lang|grc|πάθος}} ({{Transl|grc|[[pathos]]}}, "gairah" utawi "kasangsaran").<ref>{{LSJ|e)mpa/qeia|ἐμπάθεια|ref}}.</ref> [[Theodor Lipps]] ngadaptarang istilah estetika Jerman {{Lang|de|Einfühlung}} ("rasa") ring psikologi ring warsa 1903,: bab. <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: ch. 1">1&#x200A;</span></sup> miwah [[Edward B. Titchener]] nerjemahang {{Lang|de|Einfühlung}} ka basa Inggris pinaka "empati" ring warsa 1909.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal | vauthors = Titchener EB | url = https://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-E14-01.pdf | title = Introspection and empath | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140726132552/http://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-E14-01.pdf | archive-date= 26 July 2014|df=mdy-all | journal = Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences | year = 2014 | volume = 7 | pages = 25–30 }}|{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallese V | title = The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity | journal = Psychopathology | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 171–80 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14504450 | doi = 10.1159/000072786 | s2cid = 9422028 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.143.2396 }}|{{Cite journal| vauthors = Koss J |date=March 2006|title=On the Limits of Empathy| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_2006-03_88_1/page/139 |journal=The Art Bulletin|volume= 88| issue = 1|pages=139–57|jstor=25067229|doi=10.1080/00043079.2006.10786282|s2cid=194079190}}}}</ref> Ring basa Yunani modern {{Lang|el|εμπάθεια}} prasida mateges, gumantung saking konteks, prasangka, jahat, durjana, utawi kebencian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://el.glosbe.com/el/en/εμπάθεια|title=εμπάθεια|website=Glosbe|publisher=Glosbe dictionary|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Columns-list|* ''[[Malawan Empati|Malawan Empati: Kasus antuk Kasih Sayang Rasional]]'' (buku olih Paul Bloom) * [[Empati buatan]] * [[Atribusi (psikologi)]] * [[Empati digital]] *[Philip K. Dick]'s ''[[Napike Android Mimpi Domba Listrik?]]'' * [[Empati ekologis]] * [[Kacerdasan emosi]] * [[Literasi emosi]] * [[Kapikenohan sane empatis]] * [[Teori empati-sistemisasi]] * [[Empati ring ayam]] * [[Empati ring sastra]]. * [[Empati ring komunitas online]] * [[Empati etnobudaya]] * [[Pendaratan ring komunikasi]] * [[Jadma sané pinih sensitif]] * [[Koefisien kemanusiaan]] * [[Identifikasi (psikologi)]] * [[Kawagedan ring kahuripan]] * [[Simpati]] * [[Sinestesia sentuhan cermin]] * [[Emosi moral]] * [[Oksitosin]] * [[Kawagedan jadma]] * [[Laporan]] * [[Skema (psikologi)]] * [[Emosi sane eling ring raga]] * [[Rasa]] * [[Teori simulasi indik empati]] * [[Emosi sosial]] * [[Kawagedan alus]] * [[Teori pikayunan ring buron]]. * [[Kimalu sane ngangganin]]|colwidth=25em}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pikayunan]] [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Kawagedan idup]] on023x0loqktajbs3gzrpkqdsnxjpmr 0 62806 280104 234002 2026-08-13T17:24:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kapuasan hidup''' punika evaluasi saking [[Quality of life|kualitas kauripan]] jadma. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veenhoven|first=Ruut|date=1996|title=The study of life satisfaction|url=https://personal.eur.nl/veenhoven/Pub1990s/96d-full.pdf|journal=W. E. Saris, R. Veenhoven, A. C. Scherpenzeel, & B. Bunting (Eds.), A Comparative Study of Satisfaction with Life in Europe|issue=963 463 081 2|pages=11–48, Chapter 1|via=Budapest: Eötvös University Press}}</ref> Punika katureksain saking segi suasana hati, kepuasan hubungan, tetujon sane kapolihang, [[Self-concept|konsep diri]], lan kawagedan sane karasayang olih diri anggen ngarepin kahuripan. Kepuasan hidup nyarengang [[Attitude (psychology)|sikap]] sane becik majeng ring kahuripan-boya ja penilaian perasaan sane mangkin. Kepuasan hidup sampun kaukur mapaiketan sareng status ekonomi, tingkat [[Education|pendidikan]], pengalaman, genah meneng, lan faktor-faktor sane lianan. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/|title=Life satisfaction|publisher=OECD Better Life Index|access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Gilman|first=Rich|last2=Huebner|first2=Scott|date=Summer 2003|title=A Review of Life Satisfaction Research with Children and Adolescents|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/spq/18/2/192.pdf|journal=School Psychology Quarterly|volume=18|issue=2|pages=192–205|doi=10.1521/scpq.18.2.192.21858|url-access=subscription|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ernst Kossek|first=Ellen|last2=Ozeki|first2=Cynthia|date=April 1998|title=Work-Family Conflict, Policies, and the Job-Life Satisfaction Relationship: A Review and Directions for Organizational Behavior-Human Resources Research|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/83/2/139.pdf|journal=Journal of Applied Psychology|volume=83|issue=2|pages=139–149|doi=10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139|url-access=subscription|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Serrano|first=Juan Pedro|last2=Latorre|first2=Jose Miguel|last3=Gatz|first3=Margaret|last4=Montanes|first4=Juan|date=June 2004|title=Life Review Therapy Using Autobiographical Retrieval Practice for Older Adults With Depressive Symptomatology|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pag/19/2/272.pdf|journal=Psychology and Aging|volume=19|issue=2|pages=272–277|doi=10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.272|pmid=15222820|url-access=subscription|access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> Kepuasan hidup inggih punika pahan sane mabuat saking [[Tripartite model of subjective well-being|karahayuan subjektif]] . Akeh faktor sane ngawinang karahayuan subjektif lan kepuasan hidup. Faktor sosio-demografis minakadi jenis kelamin, yusa, status perkawinan, pikolih, miwah pendidikan. Faktor psikososial minakadi kesehatan, penyakit, kemampuan fungsional, tingkat aktivitas, lan hubungan sosial. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernandez-Ballesteros, R.|last2=Zamarron, M. D.|last3=Ruiz, M. A.|date=2001|title=The contribution of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors to life satisfaction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ageing-and-society_2001-01_21_1/page/25|journal=Ageing & Society|volume=21|issue=1|pages=25–43|doi=10.1017/S0144686X01008078|via=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Parajanane cenderung ngamolihang kepuasan hidup rikalaning sampun lingsir. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Diener|first=Ed|last2=Suh|first2=Eunkook M.|last3=Lucas|first3=Richard E.|last4=Smith|first4=Heidi L.|date=1999|title=Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=125|issue=2|pages=276–302|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276|issn=0033-2909|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Kualitas kauripan]] 4x3rzzc80ebhi9yrslikteq1kyrt5sc 0 62810 280130 234007 2026-08-13T17:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox interventions|Synonym=Operasi sané kawantu robot|image=Laproscopic Surgery Robot.jpg|caption=Sistem bedah sane kawantu robot sane kaanggen ring prostatektomi, perbaikan katup jantung lan prosedur bedah ginekologi|alt=|pronounce=|Synonyms=|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICD9unlinked=|CPT=|MeshID=|LOINC=|other_codes=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicine=}} '''Operasi sane kawantu robot''' utawi '''operasi robot''' inggih punika soroh [[Surgical procedures|prosedur operasi]] sane kamargiang nganggen sistem [[robot]] . Operasi sane kawantu robot kalimbakang anggen nyobyahang watesan [[Minimally-invasive procedures|prosedur bedah minimal invasif]] sane sampun wenten sadurungnyane taler anggen nincapang kawagedan ahli bedah sane ngamargiang operasi terbuka. Ring kasus operasi minimal invasif sane kawantu robot, gumanti dokter bedah langsung ngingsirang instrumen, dokter bedah ngawigunayang silih tunggil saking kalih metode anggen ngamargiang [[Dissection|diseksi]], [[hemostasis]] miwah [[Resection (surgery)|reseksi]], ngawigunayang [[Remote manipulator|telemanipulator]] langsung, utawi majalaran antuk kontrol komputer. Telemanipulator (minakadi [[Da Vinci Surgical System|Sistem Bedah da Vinci]] ) inggih punika sistem [[Manipulator (device)|manipulator]] sane kakendaliang saking jarak jauh sane ngawinang dokter bedah prasida maoperasi manut galah nyata ring sor [[Stereoscopic vision|penglihatan stereoskopik]] saking konsol kontrol sane mapasahan saking [[Operating table|meja operasi]]. Robot punika kagenahang ring samping pasien, taler [[Robotic arm|lengan robot]] ngamargiang manuver sekadi endoskopi majalaran antuk [[Robot end effector|efektor akhir]] sane karanjingang majalaran antuk [[Trocar|trokar]] sane kakaryanin khusus. [[Surgical assistant|Asisten bedah]] miwah [[Scrub nurse|perawat gosok]] sering kantun kabuatang [[Aseptic technique|gosok]] ring sisi meja mangda prasida ngwantu ngalih instrumen efektor utawi ngicenin [[Suction (medicine)|hisap]] tambahan utawi retraksi jaringan sementara nganggen instrumen genggaman endoskopi. Ring sistem sané kakendaliang olih komputer, dokter bedah ngawigunayang [[Computer system|sistem komputer]] anggén nglanturang data kontrol miwah nuntun lengan robot miwah efektor pamuputnyané, yadiastun sistem puniki taler kantun prasida ngawigunayang telemanipulator anggén inputnyané. Silih tunggil kawigunan ngawigunayang metode komputerisasi inggih punika dokter bedah nenten musti wenten ring kampus anggen ngamargiang prosedur, sane ngawinang minab [[Remote surgery|operasi saking jarak jauh]] taler prosedur sane kawantu [[AI]] utawi otomatis. Operasi robot sampun kacacad santukan prabeanyane, antuk prabea rata-rata duk warsa 2007 ngawit saking $5.607 kantos $45.914 nyabran pasien. <ref name="Barbash_2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barbash GI, Glied SA|date=August 2010|title=New technology and health care costs--the case of robot-assisted surgery|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/701|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=363|issue=8|pages=701–704|doi=10.1056/nejmp1006602|pmid=20818872}}</ref> Teknik puniki durung kacumpuin anggen operasi kanker kantos warsa 2019 santukan keamanan lan kawigunannyane durung tatas. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm632142.htm|title=Safety Communications – Caution When Using Robotically-Assisted Surgical Devices in Women's Health including Mastectomy and Other Cancer-Related Surgeries: FDA Safety Communication|last=Center for Devices and Radiological Health|website=www.fda.gov|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331062225/https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm632142.htm|archive-date=31 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|quote=Understand that the FDA has not cleared or approved any robotically-assisted surgical device based on cancer-related outcomes such as overall survival, recurrence, and disease-free survival.... The safety and effectiveness of robotically-assisted surgical devices for use in mastectomy procedures or prevention or treatment of cancer has not been established.}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Columns-list|* [[Navigasi segmen tulang]] * [[Operasi sané kawantu komputer]] * [[Robot diagnosis]] * [[Operasi sane minimal invasif]] * [[Pendaftaran pasien]] * [[Stereolitografi (tamba)]] * [[Navigasi Segmen Bedah]] * [[Telekedokteran]]|colwidth=30em}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Telemedis]] 2vxlpap77wptjoxt6g5cem3dm0zwa6e 0 62816 280143 236959 2026-08-13T18:10:18Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hukum umat''' punika seperangkat awig-awig sane kakaryanin lan [[Law enforcement|prasida kalaksanayang]] olih lembaga sosial utawi pemerintah anggen ngatur parilaksana, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Hukum|title=Hukum|date=2020-05-02|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-05-26}}</ref>{{Sfn|Robertson|2006|p=90}} antuk definisi sane tepat dados pikobet sane sampun sue kaperdebatkan. {{Sfn|Willis|1926}} <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibbs|first=Jack P.|date=1968|title=Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions|journal=Law & Society Review|volume=2|issue=3|pages=429–446|doi=10.2307/3052897|issn=0023-9216|jstor=3052897}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Akers|first=Ronald L.|date=1965|title=Toward a Comparative Definition of Law|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|volume=56|issue=3|pages=301–306|doi=10.2307/1141239|issn=0022-0205|jstor=1141239|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719212013/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc|archive-date=19 July 2018|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> Sampun mabinayan katelatarang pinaka [[Social science#Law|ilmu]] <ref>{{Cite book|last=Spooner|first=Lysander|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First.|title=Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part First.|date=1882|publisher=A. Williams & Co.|author-link=Lysander Spooner|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231072121/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First.|archive-date=31 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Núñez Vaquero|first=Álvaro|date=10 June 2013|title=Five Models of Legal Science|url=https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449|url-status=live|journal=Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava|language=en|issue=19|pages=53–81|doi=10.4000/revus.2449|issn=1581-7652|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231075003/https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019|doi-access=free}}</ref> lan pinaka seni keadilan. {{Sfn|Cohen|1992}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/basharubin/2015/01/13/is-law-an-art-or-a-science-a-bit-of-both/|title=Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both|last=Rubin|first=Basha|date=13 January 2015|website=[[Forbes]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103170800/https://www.forbes.com/sites/basharubin/2015/01/13/is-law-an-art-or-a-science-a-bit-of-both/|archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> {{Sfn|Berger|1953|p=525}} Awig-awig sane kamargiang olih negara prasida kakaryanin olih [[Legislature|legislatif]], ngawetuang [[Statute|awig-awig]] ; olih sang malaksana malarapan antuk [[Decree|dekrit]] miwah [[Regulation|pararem]] ; utawi antuk pamutus hakim, sane dados [[Precedent|preseden]] ring yurisdiksi [[Common law|hukum umum]] . [[Autocrat|Otokrat]] prasida ngamargiang fungsi punika ring wewidangannyane. Pakaryan hukum punika prasida kaiusin olih [[Constitution|konstitusi]], kasurat utawi meneng, miwah [[Rights|hak-hak]] sane kakodekan ring tengahnyane. Hukum punika ngwangun [[Politics|politik]], [[Economics|ekonomi]], [[Babad|sejarah]] lan [[Society|masyarakat]] antuk makudang-kudang cara lan taler mawiguna dados mediator paiketan pantaraning jadma. Sistem hukum mabinayan pantaraning [[Jurisdiction (area)|yurisdiksi]], antuk pabinayannyane sane kaanalisis ring [[Comparative law|hukum komparatif]] . Ring yurisdiksi [[Civil law (legal system)|hukum sipil]], legislatif utawi badan pusat tiosan [[Codification (law)|sane ngamargiang kodifikasi miwah ngukuhang]] hukum. Ring sistem hukum umum, hakim prasida ngaryanin hukum kasus [[Legally binding|sane ngiket]] malarapan antuk preseden, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mason|first=Anthony|date=1996|title=The Judge as Law-maker|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf|url-status=live|journal=James Cook University Mayo Lecture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> yadiastun ring galah-galah puniki prasida kagentosin olih pengadilan sane tegehan utawi legislatif. <ref>{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court |publisher=Gale MacMillan |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633 |access-date=31 December 2019 |date=2008 |pages=400–403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633/ |archive-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> [[Religious law|Hukum agama]] kaanggen ring makudang-kudang komunitas agama lan negara, lan sampun manut sejarah ngicenin iusan ring hukum sekuler. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berman|first=Harold J.|date=1983|title=Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_summer-1983_1_1/page/3|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–43|doi=10.2307/1051071|jstor=1051071}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fox|first=Jonathan|last2=Sandler|first2=Shmuel|date=1 April 2005|title=Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_2005-04_37_3/page/317|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=37|issue=3|pages=317|doi=10.2307/20072892|jstor=20072892}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cox|first=Noel|date=2001|title=Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia|url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html|url-status=live|journal=Deakin Law Review|volume=6|issue=2|page=262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231152654/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present|publisher=Leiden University Press|year=2010|isbn=9789087280574|editor-last=Otto|editor-first=Jan Michiel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html|title=Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex|last=Raisch|first=Marylin Johnson|publisher=New York University School of Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231153027/https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> Ruang lingkup hukum prasida kakepah dados kalih domain: [[Public law|hukum publik]] sane mapaiketan sareng pemerintah lan masyarakat, rumasuk [[Constitutional law|hukum konstitusi]], [[Administrative law|hukum administrasi]], lan [[Criminal law|hukum pidana]] ; sedengkan [[Private law|hukum swasta]] mapaiketan sareng wicara hukum pantaraning pihak ring widang-widang sekadi [[Contracts|kontrak]], [[Property|arta brana]], [[Torts|pelanggaran]], [[Delicts|delik]] lan [[Commercial law|hukum komersial]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Horwitz|first=Morton J.|date=1 June 1982|title=The History of the Public/Private Distinction|url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review|volume=130|issue=6|pages=1423–1428|doi=10.2307/3311976|jstor=3311976|url-access=subscription|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403211743/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pabinayan puniki pinih kukuh ring negara-negara hukum sipil, utamanyane sane madue sistem [[Administrative courts|pengadilan administrasi]] sane mabinayan ; <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merryman|first=John Henry|date=1968|title=The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj17&div=5|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Public Law|volume=17|pages=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212093232/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Femlj17&div=5|archive-date=12 February 2020|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saiman|first=Chaim N.|date=6 July 2008|title=Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1155203|url-status=live|journal=American Journal of Comparative Law|language=en|publisher=Social Science Research Network|volume=56|issue=961|pages=691–702|doi=10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428195450/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155203|archive-date=28 April 2020|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> tungkalikannyane, pabinayan hukum publik-swasta kirang kacingak ring yurisdiksi hukum umum. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harlow|first=Carol|date=1 May 1980|title="Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction|journal=The Modern Law Review|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=241–265|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x|issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samuel|first=Geoffrey|date=1 September 1983|title=Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response|journal=The Modern Law Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=5|pages=558–583|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x|issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hukum ngicenin sumber penyelidikan ilmiah ring [[Legal history|sejarah hukum]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordley|first=James|date=16 November 2006|editor-last=Reimann|editor-first=Mathias|editor2-last=Zimmermann|editor2-first=Reinhard|title=Comparative Law and Legal History|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024|url-status=live|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law|language=en|pages=752–774|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024|isbn=9780199296064|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231074358/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024|archive-date=31 December 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> [[filsafat]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bor|first=Fredric L.|date=1974|title=The nexus between philosophy and law|journal=Journal of Legal Education|volume=26|issue=4|pages=539–543|issn=0022-2208|jstor=42896964}}</ref> [[Economic analysis of law|analisis ekonomi]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html|title=Law and Economics|last=Rubin|first=Paul H.|website=The Library of Economics and Liberty|publisher=Liberty Fund, Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702122019/https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> lan [[Sociology of law|sosiologi]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Banakar|first=Reza|title=Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research|date=2003|publisher=Galda and Wilch Publishing|isbn=1-931255-13-X|location=Berlin/Wisconsin}}</ref> Hukum taler ngawetuang pikobet sane mabuat miwah kompleks ngenenin indik pepadan, keadilan, miwah [[Justice|keadilan]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pound|first=Roscoe|date=1914|title=The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=27|issue=3|pages=195–234|doi=10.2307/1325958|issn=0017-811X|jstor=1325958}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472096251|editor-last=Sarat|editor-first=Austin|pages=18–19|doi=10.3998/mpub.10283|jstor=10.3998/mpub.10283|editor-last2=Kearns|editor-first2=Thomas}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[By-law|Awig-awig]] * [[Justice|Kaadilan]] * [[Law dictionary|Kamus hukum]] * [[Legal research in the United States|Panyelehan hukum ring Amerika Serikat]] * [[Legal treatise|Risalah hukum]] * [[Outline of law|Garis besar hukum]] * [[Political science|Ilmu politik]] * [[Pseudolaw|Hukum semu]] * [[Public interest law|Hukum kepentingan umum]] * [[Social law|Hukum sosial]] * [[Sources of law|Wit hukum]] * [[Translating "law" to other European languages|Ngalih-alihang "hukum" ka basa Eropa sane lianan]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Navboxes|title=Law by region}}{{Navboxes}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Awig]] [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Kaadilan]] ryq0ckbks482hi88g3t9q7ph3m6eyfe 0 62840 280178 234051 2026-08-13T19:47:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monooksigenase 3 sane madaging flavin''' ( '''FMO3''' ), taler kabaos '''[[Dimethylaniline|dimetilanilin]] [[Monooxygenase|monooksigenase]] [pembentuk N-oksida] 3''' lan '''[[Trimethylamine|trimetilamin]] monooksigenase''', inggih punika [[Enzyme|enzim]] [[flavoprotein]] ( EC 1.14.13.148 ) sane ring manusa kakode olih [[Gene|gen]] ''FMO3'' . <ref name="pmid8486388">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shephard EA, Dolphin CT, Fox MF, Povey S, Smith R, Phillips IR|date=June 1993|title=Localization of genes encoding three distinct flavin-containing monooxygenases to human chromosome 1q|journal=Genomics|volume=16|issue=1|pages=85–9|doi=10.1006/geno.1993.1144|pmid=8486388}}</ref> <ref name="pmid9417913">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dolphin CT, Riley JH, Smith RL, Shephard EA, Phillips IR|date=February 1998|title=Structural organization of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene (FMO3), the favored candidate for fish-odor syndrome, determined directly from genomic DNA|journal=Genomics|volume=46|issue=2|pages=260–7|doi=10.1006/geno.1997.5031|pmid=9417913}}</ref> <ref name="entrez">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2328|title=Entrez Gene: FMO3 flavin containing monooxygenase 3}}</ref> <ref name="BRENDA FMO3 Homo sapiens">{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=Trimethylamine monooxygenase (Homo sapiens) {{!}} BRENDA |publisher=Technische Universität Braunschweig |url=http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=1.14.13.148&Suchword=&reference=&organism%5B%5D=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0 |access-date=18 September 2016 |date=July 2016 |quote=trimethylaminuria (fish-odor syndrome) is associated with defective hepatic N-oxidation of dietary-derived trimethylamine catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase&nbsp;... FMO3 deficiency results in trimethylaminuria or the fish-like odour syndrome&nbsp;... isozyme FMO3 regulates the conversion of N,N,N-trimethylamine into its N-oxide and hence controls the release of volatile N,N,N-trimethylamine from the individual}}</ref> Enzim puniki [[Catalysis|ngamargiang katalisis]] [[Chemical reaction|reaksi kimia]] sekadi ring sor puniki, minakadi: <ref name="BRENDA FMO3 Homo sapiens" /> : trimetilamin + NADPH + H ⁺ + O ₂ <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> [[Trimethylamine N-oxide|trimetilamin ''N'' -oksida]] + NADP ⁺ + _H2 O FMO3 inggih punika [[Isoenzyme|isoenzim]] [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase|monooksigenase utama sane madaging flavin]] sane kaekspresiang ring hati manusa dewasa. <ref name="BRENDA FMO3 Homo sapiens2">{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=Trimethylamine monooxygenase (Homo sapiens) {{!}} BRENDA |publisher=Technische Universität Braunschweig |url=http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=1.14.13.148&Suchword=&reference=&organism%5B%5D=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0 |access-date=18 September 2016 |date=July 2016 |quote=trimethylaminuria (fish-odor syndrome) is associated with defective hepatic N-oxidation of dietary-derived trimethylamine catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase&nbsp;... FMO3 deficiency results in trimethylaminuria or the fish-like odour syndrome&nbsp;... isozyme FMO3 regulates the conversion of N,N,N-trimethylamine into its N-oxide and hence controls the release of volatile N,N,N-trimethylamine from the individual}}</ref> <ref name="FMO">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Krueger SK, Williams DE|date=June 2005|title=Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism|journal=Pharmacol. Ther.|volume=106|issue=3|pages=357–387|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001|pmc=1828602|pmid=15922018|quote=A second precaution with respect to predicting FMO enzyme substrate specificity is that factors other than size and charge must play a role, but these parameters are not well understood. An example is the high selectivity observed with human FMO3, compared to the other FMO enzymes, in the N-oxygenation of the important constitutive substrate trimethylamine (Lang&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;1998).&nbsp;... The most efficient human FMO in phenethylamine N-oxygenation is FMO3, the major FMO present in adult human liver; the Km is between 90 and 200 μM (Lin&nbsp;&&nbsp;Cashman,&nbsp;1997b).&nbsp;... Of particular significance for this review is that individuals homozygous for certain FMO3 allelic variants (e.g., null variants) also demonstrate impaired metabolism toward other FMO substrates including ranitidine, nicotine, thio-benzamide, and phenothiazine derivatives (Table 4; Cashman&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;1995,&nbsp;2000; Kang&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;2000; Cashman,&nbsp;2002; Park&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;2002; Lattard&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;2003a,&nbsp;2003b).&nbsp;... The metabolic activation of ethionamide by the bacterial FMO is the same as the mammalian FMO activation of thiobenzamide to produce hepatotoxic sulfinic and sulfinic acid metabolites. Not surprisingly, Dr. Ortiz de Montellano's laboratory and our own have found ethionamide to be a substrate for human FMO1, FMO2, and FMO3 (unpublished observations).|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="FMO3 2007 review">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hisamuddin IM, Yang VW|date=June 2007|title=Genetic polymorphisms of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3: implications for drug metabolism and clinical perspectives|journal=Pharmacogenomics|volume=8|issue=6|pages=635–643|doi=10.2217/14622416.8.6.635|pmc=2213907|pmid=17559352|quote=Other drug substrates have been used for both in vitro and in vivo analyses.&nbsp;... FMO3 is the most abundantly expressed FMO in the adult human liver [12]. Its structure and function and the implications of its polymorphisms have been widely studied [8,12,13]. This enzyme has a wide substrate specificity, including the dietary-derived tertiary amines trimethylamine, tyramine and nicotine; commonly used drugs including cimetidine, ranitidine, clozapine, methimazole, itopride, ketoconazole, tamoxifen and sulindac sulfide; and agrichemicals, such as organophosphates and carbamates [14–22].}}</ref> Enzim FMO3 manusa ngamargiang katalisis makudang-kudang soroh reaksi, minakadi: {{Nowrap|''N''-oxygenation}} [[Amine|amina]] primer, sekunder, miwah tersier ; <ref name="FMO" /> <ref name="FMO3 2000 review">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cashman JR|date=September 2000|title=Human flavin-containing monooxygenase: substrate specificity and role in drug metabolism|journal=Curr. Drug Metab.|volume=1|issue=2|pages=181–191|doi=10.2174/1389200003339135|pmid=11465082|quote=Human FMO3 N-oxygenates primary, secondary and tertiary amines whereas human FMO1 is only highly efficient at N-oxygenating tertiary amines. Both human FMO1 and FMO3 S-oxygenate a number of nucleophilic sulfur-containing substrates and in some cases, does so with great stereoselectivity.&nbsp;... For amines with smaller aromatic substituents such as phenethylamines, often these compounds are efficiently N-oxygenated by human FMO3.&nbsp;... (S)-Nicotine N-1'-oxide formation can also be used as a highly stereoselective probe of human FMO3 function for adult humans that smoke cigarettes. Finally, cimetidine S-oxygenation or ranitidine N-oxidation can also be used as a functional probe of human FMO3. With the recent observation of human FMO3 genetic polymorphism and poor metabolism phenotype in certain human populations, variant human FMO3 may contribute to adverse drug reactions or exaggerated clinical response to certain medications.}}</ref> {{Nowrap|''S''-oxygenation}} senyawa sane madaging [[Urirang|belerang]] [[Nucleophilic|nukleofilik]] ; <ref name="FMO" /> <ref name="FMO3 2000 review" /> lan {{Nowrap|6-methylhydroxylation}} agen anti kanker asam asetat dimetilksantenon ( [[DMXAA]] ). <ref name="FMO" /> <ref name="DMXAA primary">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhou S, Kestell P, Paxton JW|date=July 2002|title=6-methylhydroxylation of the anti-cancer agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3|journal=Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet|volume=27|issue=3|pages=179–183|doi=10.1007/bf03190455|pmid=12365199|quote=Only FMO3 formed 6-OH-MXAA at a similar rate to that in cDNA-expressed cytochromes P-450 (CYP)1A2. The results of this study indicate that human FMO3 has the capacity to form 6-OH-MXAA, but plays a lesser important role for this reaction than CYP1A2 that has been demonstrated to catalyse 6-OH-MXAA formation.}}</ref> FMO3 inggih punika enzim utama ring manusa sane ngamargiang katalisis [[N-oxidation|''N'' -oksidasi]] trimetilamin dados trimetilamin ''N'' -oksida; <ref name="BRENDA FMO3 Homo sapiens3">{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=Trimethylamine monooxygenase (Homo sapiens) {{!}} BRENDA |publisher=Technische Universität Braunschweig |url=http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/enzyme.php?ecno=1.14.13.148&Suchword=&reference=&organism%5B%5D=Homo+sapiens&show_tm=0 |access-date=18 September 2016 |date=July 2016 |quote=trimethylaminuria (fish-odor syndrome) is associated with defective hepatic N-oxidation of dietary-derived trimethylamine catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase&nbsp;... FMO3 deficiency results in trimethylaminuria or the fish-like odour syndrome&nbsp;... isozyme FMO3 regulates the conversion of N,N,N-trimethylamine into its N-oxide and hence controls the release of volatile N,N,N-trimethylamine from the individual}}</ref> <ref name="FMO3 2007 review2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hisamuddin IM, Yang VW|date=June 2007|title=Genetic polymorphisms of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3: implications for drug metabolism and clinical perspectives|journal=Pharmacogenomics|volume=8|issue=6|pages=635–643|doi=10.2217/14622416.8.6.635|pmc=2213907|pmid=17559352|quote=Other drug substrates have been used for both in vitro and in vivo analyses.&nbsp;... FMO3 is the most abundantly expressed FMO in the adult human liver [12]. Its structure and function and the implications of its polymorphisms have been widely studied [8,12,13]. This enzyme has a wide substrate specificity, including the dietary-derived tertiary amines trimethylamine, tyramine and nicotine; commonly used drugs including cimetidine, ranitidine, clozapine, methimazole, itopride, ketoconazole, tamoxifen and sulindac sulfide; and agrichemicals, such as organophosphates and carbamates [14–22].}}</ref> [[FMO1]] taler ngamargiang indike puniki, nanging kantos akidik saking FMO3. <ref name="Review – TMA1+TMA2 N-oxygenate TMA">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tang WH, Hazen SL|date=October 2014|title=The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease|journal=J. Clin. Invest.|volume=124|issue=10|pages=4204–4211|doi=10.1172/JCI72331|pmc=4215189|pmid=25271725|quote=In recent studies each of the FMO family members were cloned and expressed, to determine which possessed synthetic capacity to use TMA as a substrate to generate TMAO. FMO1, FMO2, and FMO3 were all capable of forming TMAO, though the specific activity of FMO3 was at least 10-fold higher than that the other FMOs (54). Further, FMO3 overexpression in mice significantly increased plasma TMAO levels, while silencing FMO3 decreased TMAO levels (54). In both humans and mice, hepatic FMO3 expression was observed to be reduced in males compared with females (25, 54) and could be induced by dietary bile acids through a mechanism that involves FXR (54).}}</ref> <ref name="FMO1 also metabolizes TMA – primary source">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bennett BJ, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Wang Z, Shih DM, Meng Y, Gregory J, Allayee H, Lee R, Graham M, Crooke R, Edwards PA, Hazen SL, Lusis AJ|year=2013|title=Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation|journal=Cell Metab.|volume=17|issue=1|pages=49–60|doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011|pmc=3771112|pmid=23312283|quote=Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are strongly associated with atherosclerosis. We now examine genetic, dietary, and hormonal factors regulating TMAO levels. We demonstrate that two flavin mono-oxygenase family members, FMO1 and FMO3, oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), derived from gut flora metabolism of choline, to TMAO. Further, we show that FMO3 exhibits 10-fold higher specific activity than FMO1.}}</ref> Defisiensi genetik enzim FMO3 ngawinang [[Primary trimethylaminuria|trimetilaminuria primer]], taler kasengguh "sindrom bau ulam". <ref name="BRENDA FMO3 Homo sapiens3" /> <ref name="FMO3, trimethylamine, and fish-odor syndrome">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dolphin CT, Janmohamed A, Smith RL, Shephard EA, Phillips IR|year=1997|title=Missense mutation in flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 gene, FMO3, underlies fish-odour syndrome|journal=Nat. Genet.|volume=17|issue=4|pages=491–4|doi=10.1038/ng1297-491|pmid=9398858}}</ref> FMO3 taler nyarengin ring metabolisme akeh [[Xenobiotics|xenobiotik]] (inggih punika, senyawa eksogen sane biasane nenten wenten ring angga), <ref name="FMO2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Krueger SK, Williams DE|date=June 2005|title=Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism|journal=Pharmacol. Ther.|volume=106|issue=3|pages=357–387|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001|pmc=1828602|pmid=15922018|quote=A second precaution with respect to predicting FMO enzyme substrate specificity is that factors other than size and charge must play a role, but these parameters are not well understood. An example is the high selectivity observed with human FMO3, compared to the other FMO enzymes, in the N-oxygenation of the important constitutive substrate trimethylamine (Lang&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;1998).&nbsp;... The most efficient human FMO in phenethylamine N-oxygenation is FMO3, the major FMO present in adult human liver; the Km is between 90 and 200 μM (Lin&nbsp;&&nbsp;Cashman,&nbsp;1997b).&nbsp;... Of particular significance for this review is that individuals homozygous for certain FMO3 allelic variants (e.g., null variants) also demonstrate impaired metabolism toward other FMO substrates including ranitidine, nicotine, thio-benzamide, and phenothiazine derivatives (Table 4; Cashman&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;1995,&nbsp;2000; Kang&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;2000; Cashman,&nbsp;2002; Park&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;2002; Lattard&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.,&nbsp;2003a,&nbsp;2003b).&nbsp;... The metabolic activation of ethionamide by the bacterial FMO is the same as the mammalian FMO activation of thiobenzamide to produce hepatotoxic sulfinic and sulfinic acid metabolites. Not surprisingly, Dr. Ortiz de Montellano's laboratory and our own have found ethionamide to be a substrate for human FMO1, FMO2, and FMO3 (unpublished observations).|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="FMO3 2007 review2" /> sekadi [[Oxidative deamination|deaminasi oksidatif]] [[Amphetamine|amfetamin]]. <ref name="FMO2" /> <ref name="Substituted amphetamines, FMO, and DBH">{{Cite book|last=Glennon RA|title=Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry|date=2013|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60913-345-0|veditors=Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia, USA|pages=646–648|chapter=Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents|quote=The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39).&nbsp;... The phase 1 metabolism of amphetamine analogs is catalyzed by two systems: cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&q=substituted%20derivatives%20substituents%20hydroxyamphetamine%20flavin%20monooxygenase&pg=PA646}}</ref> <ref name="FMO3-Primary">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A|date=March 1999|title=N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-pharmacology-and-experimental-therapeutics_1999_288_1-3/page/1251|journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.|volume=288|issue=3|pages=1251–1260|doi=10.1016/S0022-3565(24)38081-4|pmid=10027866}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Flavin-containing monooxygenase|Monooksigenase sané madaging flavin]] * [[Trimethylaminuria|Trimetilaminuria]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Gen ring kromosom manusa 1]] qv9pxs6eys2p9bfguvpy954y30q06j2 0 62844 280180 234061 2026-08-13T20:02:58Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bilah samping diskriminasi}} '''Pelecehan siber''' utawi '''intimidasi daring''' inggih punika wangun [[Bullying|intimidasi]] utawi [[Harassment|pelecehan]] sane nganggen sarana [[Electronic communication network|elektronik]] . Ngawit warsa 2000-an, sampun sayan lumrah, pamekas ring para remaja lan [[Adolescence|remaja]], santukan para yowanane sayan nganggen media sosial. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Peter K.|last2=Mahdavi|first2=Jess|last3=Carvalho|first3=Manuel|last4=Fisher|first4=Sonja|last5=Russell|first5=Shanette|last6=Tippett|first6=Neil|year=2008|title=Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2008-04_49_4/page/376|journal=The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=4|pages=376–385|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x|pmid=18363945|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pikobet sane mapaiketan minakadi pelecehan online lan [[Internet troll|trolling]] . Duk warsa 2015, manut statistik intimidasi siber saking i-Safe Foundation, langkungan saking atenga para remaja miwah para remaja sampun keni intimidasi online, miwah akehnyane sane pateh sampun nyarengin intimidasi siber. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/cyber-bullying-statistics.html|title=Cyber Bullying Statistics|date=July 7, 2015|publisher=Bullying Statistics|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> Makakalih sang sane ngamuk lan korban keni pengaruh negatif, lan intensitas, durasi, lan frekuensi bully inggih punika tiga aspek sane nincapang efek negatif majeng ring makakalih. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peebles|first=E|date=2014|title=Cyberbullying: Hiding behind the screen.|journal=Paediatrics & Child Health|volume=19|issue=10|pages=527–528|doi=10.1093/pch/19.10.527|pmc=4276384|pmid=25587229}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3|right}} == Cingak taler == {{div col|colwidth=35em}}* [[Modernitas parilaksana]] * [[Misuh sané pinih becik]] * [[Pembunuhan karakter]] * [[Undang-undang pencemaran nama baik siber]] * [[Ngejar siber]] * [[Pencemaran nama baik]] * [[Kawigunan media digital miwah kesehatan mental]] * [[Keselamatan digital]] * [[Asu (Internet)|Asu]] * [[Empati ring komunitas online]] * [[Nénten cocok ring evolusi]] * [[Gerbang (kampanye pelecehan)|Gerbang]] * [[Gosip]] * [[Sane Sedih]] * [[Instagram#Iusan ring jadma|Iusan Instagram ring jadma]] * [[Rahina internasional nglawan kekerasan lan intimidasi ring sekolah rumasuk intimidasi siber]] * [[Kasus intimidasi siber sane kalaksanayang olih Jessi]] * [[Ngamargiang]] * [[Inisiatif Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Online]] * [[Seks]] * [[Sang Psiko Mantan Istri]] * [[Troll (basa gaul)]] * [[Napi sané kabaos]]{{div col end}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Kawigunan media digital miwah kesehatan mental]] [[Kategori:Nyiksa]] taokizagj38xy5r8xbz9873n9ubjv68 0 62870 280206 234098 2026-08-13T21:29:13Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reseptor rasa tipe 1 anggota 1''' inggih punika [[Protéin|protein]] sané ring manusa kakode olih [[Gene|gen]] ''TAS1R1'' . <ref name="entrez">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80835|title=Entrez Gene: TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1}}</ref> == Susunané == Protein sané kakode olih gen ''TAS1R1'' inggih punika [[G protein-coupled receptor|reseptor sané mapaiketan sareng protein G]] antuk pitung domain trans-membran miwah pinaka pahan saking reseptor rasa asam amino heterodimer T1R1+3. Reseptor puniki kawentuk pinaka dimer saking protein TAS1R1 lan [[TAS1R3]] . Napi malih protein TAS1R1 nenten mawiguna ring jaba pawentukan heterodimer 1+3. <ref name="Nelson2001">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nelson G, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Zhang Y, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS|year=2001|title=Mammalian sweet taste receptors|url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2001-08-10_106_3/page/381|journal=Cell|volume=106|issue=3|pages=381–390|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00451-2|pmid=11509186|doi-access=free}}</ref> Reseptor TAS1R1+3 sampun mabukti prasida nyawis [[Amino acids|asam amino]] L- sakéwanten nénten ring D-enantiomer utawi senyawa tiosan. Kawagedan puniki ngiket [[Amino acid|asam amino]] L-, khususnyane L- [[Glutamine|glutamin]], ngawinang angga prasida ngrasayang [[umami]], utawi rasa gurih. <ref name="Nelson2002">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS|year=2002|title=An amino-acid taste receptor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-03-14_416_6877/page/199|journal=Nature|volume=416|issue=6877|pages=199–202|bibcode=2002Natur.416..199N|doi=10.1038/nature726|pmid=11894099}}</ref> Makudang-kudang varian transkrip sané nyiriang makudang-kudang isoform sané matiosan sampun kapanggihin ring gen puniki, sané minab nlatarang wates rasa sané matiosan pantaraning individu antuk rasa [[umami]] . <ref name="entrez2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=80835|title=Entrez Gene: TAS1R1 taste receptor, type 1, member 1}}</ref> <ref name="Shigemura">{{Cite journal|vauthors=White BD, Corll CB, Porter JR|year=1989|title=The metabolic clearance rate of corticosterone in lean and obese male Zucker rats|url=https://archive.org/details/metabolism-clinical-and-experimental_1989-06_38_6/page/530|journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental|volume=38|issue=6|pages=530–536|doi=10.1016/0026-0495(89)90212-6|pmid=2725291}}</ref> Kualitas sané becik tiosan saking protein TAS1R1 miwah [[TAS1R2]] inggih punika aktivitas spontannyané nénten wénten domain ekstraseluler miwah ligan sané ngiket. <ref name="sainz">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, Gutierrez JC, Battey JF, Northup JK, Sullivan SL|year=2007|title=The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-neurobiology_2007-06_67_7/page/948|journal=Developmental Neurobiology|volume=67|issue=7|pages=948–959|doi=10.1002/dneu.20403|pmid=17506496}}</ref> Puniki minab maartos domain ekstraseluler ngatur fungsi reseptor antuk nambakin tindakan spontan taler ngiket ligan sané ngaktifang sekadi L- [[Glutamine|glutamin]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Taste receptor|Reseptor rasa]] * [[TAS1R2]] * [[TAS1R3]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Gen ring kromosom manusa 1]] [[Kategori:Reseptor rasa manusa]] q10d8oom9aruk1udzs5zlsxpktctcf0 0 62881 280168 234111 2026-08-13T18:59:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:GRNA-Cas9.svg|jmpl|CRISPR-Kas9]] '''Penyuntingan gen CRISPR''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɪ|s|p|ə|r}} ; kaucap sekadi "crisper"; singkatan saking "pengulangan palindromik cendet sane marupa rutin sane kakelompokan") inggih punika pidabdab [[Genetic engineering|rekayasa genetika]] ring [[Molecular biology|biologi molekuler]] inggian [[Genome|genom]] organisme sane maurip prasida kauwah. Puniki kadasarin antuk versi sane sampun kadadosang sederhana saking sistem pertahanan antivirus bakteri [[CRISPR]] - [[Cas9]] . Antuk ngirimang [[Nuclease|nuklease]] Cas9 sane kakompleks antuk [[Guide RNA|RNA panduan]] sintetis (gRNA) ring sel, genom sel prasida kagetep ring genah sane kakayunin, ngawinang gen sane wenten prasida kaicalang utawi sane anyar kawewehin ''[[in vivo]]''. <ref name="Bak_2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bak RO, Gomez-Ospina N, Porteus MH|date=August 2018|title=Gene Editing on Center Stage|journal=Trends in Genetics|volume=34|issue=8|pages=600–611|doi=10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.004|pmid=29908711}}</ref> Pidabdab puniki kawedarang mabuat pisan ring [[Biotechnology|bioteknologi]] miwah kedokteran santukan prasida ngedit genom ''in vivo'' taler patut, hemat prabea, taler becik. Puniki prasida kawigunayang anggen ngaryanin tamba anyar, [[Agriculture|produk pertanian]], miwah [[Genetically modified organisms|organisme sane kauwah antuk genetik]], utawi pinaka sarana anggen nanganin [[Pathogens|patogen]] miwah [[Pest control|hama]] . Puniki taler prasida nambanin [[Genetic diseases|pinungkan genetik]] sane kawarisang taler pinungkan sane medal saking [[Somatic mutation|mutasi somatik]] sekadi kanker. Nanging, kawigunannyane ring [[Human germline engineering|pauwahan genetik germline manusa]] kantun kantun mabligbagan. Panglimbak teknik puniki ngawinang [[Jennifer Doudna]] lan [[Emmanuelle Charpentier]] ngamolihang [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Hadiah Nobel Kimia]] ring warsa 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/ceremony-speech/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020|website=The Nobel Prize|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen_2020">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cohen J|date=October 7, 2020|title=CRISPR, the revolutionary genetic "scissors," honored by Chemistry Nobel|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/crispr-revolutionary-genetic-scissors-honored-chemistry-nobel|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abf0540|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kelompok peneliti kaping tiga sane ngepah [[Kavli Prize|Hadiah Kavli]] antuk penemuan sane pateh, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/prestigious-prize-overshadowed-crispr-researcher-wins-spotlight|title=With prestigious prize, an overshadowed CRISPR researcher wins the spotlight|date=2018-06-04|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> sane kapimpin olih [[Virginijus Šikšnys#Publication of CRISPR-Cas|Virginijus Šikšnys]], nenten polih hadiah Nobel. <ref name="Owens 2020">{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/nobel-prize-who-gets-left-out-147759|title=Nobel prize: who gets left out?|date=8 October 2020|website=The Conversation|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1248357/lithuanian-scientists-not-awarded-nobel-prize-despite-discovering-same-technology|title=Lithuanian scientists not awarded Nobel prize despite discovering same technology.|date=8 October 2020|website=LRT.LT}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode}}</ref> Makarya sekadi gunting genetik, nuklease Cas9 mukak kakalih untaian paletan [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] sane kaaptiang anggen nyobyahang pauwahan antuk silih tunggil saking kakalih pidabdab. Mutasi knock-in, sane kadadosang majalaran antuk [[Homology directed repair|perbaikan sane kaarah homologi]] (HDR), inggih punika pemargi tradisional pendekatan penyuntingan genomik sane kaaptiang. <ref name="Bak_20182">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bak RO, Gomez-Ospina N, Porteus MH|date=August 2018|title=Gene Editing on Center Stage|journal=Trends in Genetics|volume=34|issue=8|pages=600–611|doi=10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.004|pmid=29908711}}</ref> Puniki ngawinang prasida nyobyahang [[DNA repair|rusak miwah mecikang DNA]] sane kaaptiang. HDR ngawigunayang undagan DNA sane pateh anggen nyokong perbaikan sane pegat majalaran antuk ngadungang DNA eksogen mangda mawiguna pinaka cetakan perbaikan. <ref name="Bak_20182" /> Metode puniki manut ring kejadian berkala lan terisolasi kerusakan DNA ring genah sane kaaptiang mangda perbaikan prasida kakawitin. Mutasi knock-out sane kakawitin olih CRISPR-Cas9 kapolihang saking perbaikan pegat untai ganda majalaran antuk [[Non-homologous end joining|penggabungan ujung non-homolog]] (NHEJ) utawi penggabungan ujung sane kamediasi [[POLQ|POLQ/polimerase theta]] (TMEJ). Jalur penggabungan pamuput puniki sering pisan prasida ngasilang penghapusan utawi sisipan acak ring genah perbaikan, sané prasida ngusak utawi nguwah kawigunan gen. Punika mawinan, rekayasa genomik olih CRISPR-Cas9 ngicen para peneliti kawagedan anggen ngasilang gangguan gen acak sane kaaptiang. Nanging [[Genome editing|ngedit genom]] ring [[Eukaryota|sel eukariotik]] sampun prasida ngawigunayang makudang pidabdab ngawit warsa 1980-an, pidabdab sane kawigunayang sampun mabukti nenten becik taler nenten prasida kamargiang antuk skala sane ageng. Majalaran antuk kapanggihang CRISPR taler utamanyane molekul nuklease Cas9, penyuntingan sane becik taler selektif prasida kamargiang. Cas9 sane mawit saking soroh bakteri ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' sampun prasida ngawentenang pauwahan genomik sane kaaptiang ring sel eukariotik antuk ngawentenang pidabdab sane becik anggen ngaryanin genah sane kaaptiang ring genah sane sampun kajantenang olih untai panduan crRNA miwah tracrRNA. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zhang JH, Pandey M, Kahler JF, Loshakov A, Harris B, Dagur PK, Mo YY, Simonds WF|date=November 2014|title=Improving the specificity and efficacy of CRISPR/CAS9 and gRNA through target specific DNA reporter|journal=Journal of Biotechnology|volume=189|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.033|pmc=4252756|pmid=25193712}}</ref> Para peneliti prasida ngeranjingang Cas9 miwah template RNA antuk dangan mangda prasida [[Gene silencing|meneng]] utawi ngawinang [[Point mutation|mutasi titik]] ring [[Locus (genetics)|lokus]] tertentu. Puniki sampun mabukti mabuat pisan ring [[Gene mapping|pemetaan]] model genomik miwah proses biologis sané mapaiketan sareng makudang-kudang gen ring makudang-kudang eukariota sané gelis miwah efisien. Varian sane anyar sane karekayasa saking nuklease Cas9 sane prasida ngirangin pidabdab sane nenten kaaptiang sampun kalimbakang. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vakulskas CA, Dever DP, Rettig GR, Turk R, Jacobi AM, Collingwood MA, Bode NM, McNeill MS, Yan S, Camarena J, Lee CM, Park SH, Wiebking V, Bak RO, Gomez-Ospina N, Pavel-Dinu M, Sun W, Bao G, Porteus MH, Behlke MA|date=August 2018|title=A high-fidelity Cas9 mutant delivered as a ribonucleoprotein complex enables efficient gene editing in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=24|issue=8|pages=1216–1224|doi=10.1038/s41591-018-0137-0|pmc=6107069|pmid=30082871}}</ref> Tata cara ngedit genom CRISPR-Cas9 madue akeh kawigunan sane becik. Kawigunan kompleks CRISPR-Cas9-gRNA anggen ngedit genom <ref name="Ledford_2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ledford H|date=March 2016|title=CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2016-03-10_531_7593/page/156|journal=Nature|volume=531|issue=7593|pages=156–159|bibcode=2016Natur.531..156L|doi=10.1038/531156a|pmid=26961639|doi-access=free}}</ref> inggih punika pilihan [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] anggen [[Breakthrough of the Year|Terobosan Warsa]] ring warsa 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year|title=Breakthrough of the Year: CRISPR makes the cut|date=17 December 2015|website=Science Magazine|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> Akeh pikobet [[Bioethical|indik bioetika]] sane kawedarang ngenenin indik prospek ngawigunayang CRISPR anggen ngedit [[germline]], utamanyane ring [[Eugenics|embrio manusa]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ledford H|date=June 2015|title=CRISPR, the disruptor|url=https://archive.org/details/nature-uk_2015-06-04_522_7554/page/20|journal=Nature|volume=522|issue=7554|pages=20–24|bibcode=2015Natur.522...20L|doi=10.1038/522020a|pmid=26040877|doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk warsa 2023, tamba kapertama sane ngawigunayang penyuntingan gen CRISPR, [[Casgevy]], sampun kacumpuin kawigunayang ring Inggris, anggen nambanin [[Sickle-cell disease|pinungkan sel sabit]] miwah [[Beta thalassemia|beta talasemia]] . <ref name="casgevy_bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-67435266|title=Casgevy: UK approves gene-editing drug for sickle cell|date=16 November 2023|website=BBC News|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> <ref name="casgevy_gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mhra-authorises-world-first-gene-therapy-that-aims-to-cure-sickle-cell-disease-and-transfusion-dependent-thalassemia|title=MHRA authorises world-first gene therapy that aims to cure sickle-cell disease and transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia|date=16 November 2023|website=Gov.uk|access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> Casgevy sampun kacumpuin kawigunayang ring Amerika Serikat duk tanggal 8 Desember 2023, olih [[Food and Drug Administration|Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan]]. <ref name="casgevy fda">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-gene-therapies-treat-patients-sickle-cell-disease|title=FDA Approves First Gene Therapies to Treat Patients with Sickle Cell Disease|date=11 December 2023|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{div col|colwidth=20em}}* [[Piranti CRISPR/Cas]] * ''[[Jurnal CRISPR]]'' * [[Eugenika]] * [[DRAKO]] * [[Jeriji seng]] * [[Kacabut gen]] * [[Genetika]] * [[Istilah indik genetika]] * [[Sifat Manusa (film 2019)|''Sifat Manusa'']] (film dokumenter 2019) * [[Panyuntingan gen LEAPER]] * ''[[Ngawinang Jadma Sayan Becik]]'' (dokumenter 2022) * [[RNAi]] * [[SiRNA]] * [[Uji nuklease survei]] * [[Biologi sintetis]]{{div col end}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Panganti genom]] 6uvt4n1q2xi38ow7zh9u2w5z3p8yr2v 0 62996 280191 278768 2026-08-13T21:04:16Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Insulin_chain_A_and_B_linked_by_disulfide_bridges.gif|ka|bingkai|Insulin inggih punika hormon peptida sane madaging kalih rantai sane kaiket silang olih jembatan disulfida.]] '''Insulin''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|n|.|sj|ʊ|.|l|ɪ|n}}, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/insulin|title=Insulin &#124; Meaning of Insulin by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries &#124; English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205157/https://www.lexico.com/definition/insulin|archive-date=1 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wordreference.com/definition/insulin|title=insulin - WordReference.com Dictionary of English|website=www.wordreference.com|access-date=2025-05-28|archive-date=2025-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528181533/https://www.wordreference.com/definition/insulin|url-status=dead}}</ref> saking [[basa Latin]] ''insula'', 'pulau') inggih punika [[Peptide hormone|hormon peptida]] sane kakaryanin olih [[Beta cell|sel beta]] [[Pancreatic islets|pulau-pulau pankreas]] sane kakodekan ring manusa olih [[Gene|gen]] insulin ( ''INS)'' . Punika pinaka [[Hormone|hormon]] [[Anabolism|anabolik]] sane utama ring angga. <ref name="Biochemistry">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|vauthors=Voet D, Voet JG|date=2011|publisher=Wiley|edition=4th|location=New York}}</ref> Puniki ngatur [[Metabolism|metabolisme]] [[karbohidrat]], [[Muluk|lemak]], miwah [[Protéin|protein]] antuk ngalimbakang penyerapan [[Glucose|glukosa]] saking getih nuju sel [[Liver|hati]], [[Fat cell|lemak]], miwah [[Skeletal muscle|otot rangka]] . <ref name="stryer">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry.|vauthors=Stryer L|date=1995|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn=0-7167-2009-4|edition=Fourth|location=New York|pages=773–74}}</ref> Ring jaringan puniki glukosa sané kaserep kauwah dados [[Glycogen|glikogen]], saking [[Glycogenesis|glikogenesis]], utawi [[Fatty acid metabolism#Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids|lemak]] ( [[Triglyceride|trigliserida]] ), saking [[lipogenesis]] ; ring hati, glukosa kauwah dados makakalih. <ref name="stryer" /> Produksi lan [[Secretion|sekresi]] [[Glucose|glukosa]] olih hati banget kaambekin olih konsentrasi insulin sane tegeh ring getih. <ref name="pmid10927996">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sonksen P, Sonksen J|date=July 2000|title=Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-anaesthesia_2000-07_85_1/page/69|journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia|volume=85|issue=1|pages=69–79|doi=10.1093/bja/85.1.69|pmid=10927996|doi-access=free}}</ref> Insulin sane beredar taler mapangaruh ring sintesis protein ring makudang-kudang jaringan. Punika mawinan hormon anabolik, ngalimbakang konversi molekul alit ring getih dados molekul ageng ring sel. Insulin sane rendah ring getih madue efek sane matungkalikan, ngalimbakang [[Catabolism|katabolisme]] sane ngelimbak, utamanyane saking [[Obesity|lemak tubuh cadangan]]. [[Beta cell|Sel beta]] sensitif ring [[Blood sugar level|kadar gula darah]] mawinan ipun ngamedalang insulin ring getih pinaka respons majeng ring kadar glukosa sane tegeh, lan ngambat sekresi insulin ritatkala kadar glukosa sane rendah. <ref name="koeslag">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E|date=June 2003|title=A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex|journal=The Journal of Physiology|publication-date=2003|volume=549|issue=Pt 2|pages=333–46|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895|pmc=2342944|pmid=12717005}}</ref> Produksi insulin taler kaatur olih glukosa: glukosa sane tegeh ngawinang produksi insulin nanging kadar glukosa sane rendah ngawinang produksi sane rendah. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andrali|first=Sreenath S.|last2=Sampley|first2=Megan L.|last3=Vanderford|first3=Nathan L.|last4=Ozcan|first4=Sabire|date=1 October 2008|title=Glucose regulation of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18778246|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=415|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1042/BJ20081029|issn=1470-8728|pmid=18778246}}</ref> Insulin nincapang pengambilan glukosa lan metabolisme ring sel, antuk punika ngirangin gula darah. [[Alpha cell|Sel alfa]] sane nampek sareng ipun, antuk ngambil isyaratnyane saking sel beta, <ref name="koeslag" /> ngamedalang [[Glucagon|glukagon]] ring getih antuk cara sane matungkalikan: nincapang sekresi ritatkala glukosa ring getih kirang, lan sekresi sane tuun ritatkala konsentrasi glukosa tegeh. Glukagon nincapang glukosa ring getih antuk ngrangsang [[Glycogenolysis|glikogenolisis]] lan [[Gluconeogenesis|glukoneogenesis]] ring hati. <ref name="stryer2">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry.|vauthors=Stryer L|date=1995|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn=0-7167-2009-4|edition=Fourth|location=New York|pages=773–74}}</ref> <ref name="koeslag" /> Sekresi insulin miwah glukagon ring getih pinaka penampén ring konsentrasi glukosa ring getih inggih punika mekanisme utama [[Blood sugar regulation|homeostasis glukosa]]. <ref name="koeslag" /> Aktivitas insulin sane tuun utawi nenten wenten ngawinang [[Pinakit gula|diabetes]], kahanan sane kadar gula darahnyane tegeh ( [[Hyperglycaemia|hiperglikemia]] ). Wenten kalih soroh gering puniki. Ring [[Type 1 diabetes|diabetes tipe 1]], sel beta punika karusak olih [[Autoimmunity|reaksi otoimun]] mawinan insulin nenten malih prasida kasintesis utawi kasekresi ring getih. <ref name="urlInsulin Injection - PubMed Health">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000729|title=Insulin Injection [|last=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|date=1 February 2009|website=PubMed Health|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine|access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Ring [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes tipe 2]], karusakan sel beta kirang kacingak yening saihang sareng tipe 1, lan nenten sangkaning proses otoimun. Tiosan punika, wénten akumulasi [[Amyloid|amiloid]] ring pulau-pulau pankreas, sané minab pacang ngusak-asik anatomi miwah fisiologinyané. <ref name="koeslag2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E|date=June 2003|title=A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex|journal=The Journal of Physiology|publication-date=2003|volume=549|issue=Pt 2|pages=333–46|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895|pmc=2342944|pmid=12717005}}</ref> [[Pathogenesis|Patogenesis]] diabetes tipe 2 durung tatas kauningin sakéwanten ngirangin populasi sel beta pulau, ngirangin fungsi sekresi sel beta pulau sané prasida maurip, miwah [[Resistensi ring insulin|resistensi insulin]] jaringan tepi sampun kauningin sareng. <ref name="Biochemistry2">{{Cite book|title=Biochemistry|vauthors=Voet D, Voet JG|date=2011|publisher=Wiley|edition=4th|location=New York}}</ref> Diabetes tipe 2 kacihnayang antuk nincapnyane sekresi glukagon sane nenten keni iusan, lan nenten responsif majeng ring konsentrasi glukosa darah. Nanging insulin kantun kasekresi ring getih pinaka respons majeng ring glukosa getih. <ref name="koeslag2" /> Akibatnyane, glukosa mapupul ring getih. Protein insulin manusa kawangun antuk 51 [[Amino acid|asam amino]], lan madue [[Molecular mass|massa molekul]] 5808 [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] . Puniki wantah [[Protein dimer|dimer]] hetero saking rantai A miwah rantai B, sané mapaiketan sareng [[Disulfide bond|ikatan disulfida]] . Struktur insulin wenten akidik pabinayan pantaraning [[Spésiés|spesies]] buron. Insulin saking sumber buron non-manusa akidik mabinayan ring efektivitas (ring efek [[Carbohydrate metabolism|metabolisme karbohidrat]] ) saking insulin manusa santukan variasi puniki. Insulin [[Kucit|babi]] utamanyane nampek sareng versi [[manusa]], taler akeh kawigunayang anggen nambanin diabetes tipe 1 sadurung insulin manusa prasida kakaryanin akeh antuk teknologi [[Recombinant DNA#Applications of recombinant DNA technology|DNA rekombinan]]. <ref name="recombination2">Drug Information Portal NLM – Insulin human USAN [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/ druginfo.nlm.nih.gov] {{Webarchive}}</ref> <ref name="urlGenentech2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/4160/1978-09-06/first-successful-laboratory-production-o|title=First Successful Laboratory Production of Human Insulin Announced|date=6 September 1978|website=News Release|publisher=Genentech|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927073029/http://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/4160/1978-09-06/first-successful-laboratory-production-o|archive-date=27 September 2016|access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="urlRecombinant DNA technology in the synthesis of human insulin2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.littletree.com.au/dna.htm|title=Recombinant DNA technology in the synthesis of human insulin|year=1994|publisher=Little Tree Publishing|access-date=3 November 2009}}</ref> <ref name="pmid232227852">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal SR|date=December 2012|title=What's fueling the biotech engine-2011 to 2012|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=30|issue=12|pages=1191–7|doi=10.1038/nbt.2437|pmid=23222785}}</ref> Insulin inggih punika hormon peptida kapertama sané kapanggihin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Endotext|vauthors=Weiss M, Steiner DF, Philipson LH|date=2000|publisher=MDText.com, Inc.|veditors=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, Perreault L, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Trence DL, Vinik A, Wilson DP|chapter=Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships|pmid=25905258|access-date=18 February 2020|display-editors=6|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279029/}}</ref> [[Frederick Banting]] miwah [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]], sane makarya ring laboratorium [[John Macleod (physiologist)|John Macleod]] ring [[University of Toronto|Universitas Toronto]], inggih punika sane kapertama ngisolasi insulin saking pankreas asu duk warsa 1921. [[Frederick Sanger]] ngamargiang undagan struktur asam amino duk warsa 1951, sané ngawinang insulin dados protein kapertama sané jangkep kadudonang. <ref name="Stretton_2002">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stretton AO|date=October 2002|title=The first sequence. Fred Sanger and insulin|journal=Genetics|volume=162|issue=2|pages=527–32|doi=10.1093/genetics/162.2.527|pmc=1462286|pmid=12399368}}</ref> [[Crystal structure|Struktur kristal]] insulin ring kahanan padat katentuang olih [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] duk warsa 1969. Insulin taler pinaka protein kapertama sane kasintesis antuk kimia miwah kakaryanin antuk [[Recombinant DNA|teknologi rekombinan DNA]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/history-of-insulin.html|title=The discovery and development of insulin as a medical treatment can be traced back to the 19th century.|date=15 January 2019|website=Diabetes|language=en-GB|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref> Puniki wenten ring [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|Daftar Model Obat Esensial WHO]], obat sane pinih utama sane kabuatang ring [[Health system|sistem kesehatan]] dasar. <ref name="WHO2015E">{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/189763/9789241209946_eng.pdf|title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)|date=April 2015|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-120994-6|page=455|hdl=10665/189763|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Hormon ring metabolisme glukosa]] 2t29n4dl7c9eyampyp5t11riww4siim 0 63029 280135 245451 2026-08-13T18:01:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Kelainan skizoafektif|field=[[psikiatri]]|symptoms={{hlist|[[Halusinasi]]|[[delusi]]|[[gangguan pikiran|pikiran lan parilaksana sane nenten teratur]]|[[pengaruh sane nenten patut]]|[[Depresi (suasana hati)|depresi]]|[[mania]]| title=Schizoaffective Disorder Overview – Symptoms|url=https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizoaffective-Disorder|website=www.nami.org}}|complications={{hlist|kirangnyane motivasi|masalah kognitif|resiko ngawinang baya ring raga utawi anak tiosan|gangguan kecemasan}}|onset=Yusa 16-30 warsa|duration=|types={{hlist|bipolar type<ref>{{cite web|title=Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type|url=http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F20-F29/F25-/F25.0|website=www.icd10data.com}}</ref>|depressive type<ref>{{cite web|title=Schizoaffective disorder, depressive type|url=http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F20-F29/F25-/F25.1|website=www.icd10data.com}}</ref>|Mixed type (Includes both depressive and bipolar symptoms)}}|causes=Unknown<ref name=NAMI2017/>|risks={{hlist|Genetics|brain chemistry and structure|stress|drug use<ref name=NAMI2017>{{cite web|title=Schizoaffective Disorder Overview – Causes|url=https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizoaffective-Disorder|website=www.nami.org}}</ref>}}|diagnosis=[[Penilaian psikiatri]]|differential={{hlist|Psychotic depression|bipolar disorder with psychotic features|schizophreniform disorder|schizophrenia}}|prevention=|treatment=|medication={{hlist|[[Antipsychotics]]|[[mood stabilizers]]|[[antidepressants]]}}|prognosis=Depends on the individual, medication response, and therapeutic support available|frequency=0.3%|deaths=}} '''Panglalah skizoafektif''' inggih punika [[Mental disorder|gangguan mental]] sane kacihnayang antuk gejala [[Schizophrenia|skizofrenia]] ( [[Psychosis|psikosis]] ) lan [[Mood disorder|gangguan mood]], becik [[Bipolar disorder|gangguan bipolar]] utawi [[Depression (mood)|depresi]] . <ref name="who.int">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F25|title=F25 Schizoaffective disorders|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Trump D, Schultz S, Barch DM, Gaebel W, Gur RE, Tsuang M, Van Os J, Carpenter W|date=May 2013|title=Schizoaffective disorder in the DSM-5|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=150|issue=1|pages=21–5|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.026|pmid=23707642}}</ref> Kriteria diagnostik sane utama inggih punika wentennyane gejala psikotik sane paling kidik kalih minggu nenten wenten gejala mood sane menonjol. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5" /> Gejala sane ketah minakadi [[Hallucination|halusinasi]], [[Delusion|delusi]], [[Thought disorder|bebaosan lan pikayunan sane nenten teratur]], taler episode mood. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brannon|first=Guy E|last2=Bienenfeld|first2=David|last3=Talavera|first3=Francisco|date=9 September 2013|title=Schizoaffective Disorder|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294763-overview|publisher=WebMD}}</ref> Gangguan skizoafektif sering prasida [[Misdiagnosed|iwang kadiagnosis]] <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5" /> ritatkala diagnosis sane patut minab [[Psychotic depression|depresi psikotik]], [[Bipolar I disorder|gangguan bipolar I]], [[Schizophreniform disorder|gangguan skizofreniform]], utawi skizofrenia. Puniki dados pikobet santukan pengobatan lan [[prognosis]] mabinayan pisan ring akehnyane diagnosis puniki. Akeh jadma sane keni gangguan skizoafektif madue gangguan mental sane lianan rumasuk [[Anxiety disorders|gangguan kecemasan]]. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM5" /> <ref name="Kaplan & Saddock.">{{Cite book|last=Kaplan|first=HI|title=Synopsis of Psychiatry|last2=Saddock|first2=VA|publisher=Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-7327-0|location=New York}}</ref> Wenten tiga wangun gangguan skizoafektif: tipe bipolar (utawi manik) (kacihnayang antuk gejala skizofrenia lan mania), tipe depresi (kacihnayang antuk gejala skizofrenia lan depresi), lan tipe campuran (kacihnayang antuk gejala skizofrenia, depresi, lan mania). <ref name="who.int2">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F25|title=F25 Schizoaffective disorders|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM52">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Trump D, Schultz S, Barch DM, Gaebel W, Gur RE, Tsuang M, Van Os J, Carpenter W|date=May 2013|title=Schizoaffective disorder in the DSM-5|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=150|issue=1|pages=21–5|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.026|pmid=23707642}}</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/problems-disorders/schizoaffective-disorder|title=Schizoaffective disorder|website=Royal College of Psychiatrists|language=en|access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref> [[Auditory hallucination|Halusinasi auditori]], utawi "suara mirengang", sane pinih sering. <ref name="pmid18056246">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Martin LF, Hall MH, Ross RG, Zerbe G, Freedman R, Olincy A|date=December 2007|title=Physiology of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2007-12_164_12/page/1900|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=164|issue=12|pages=1900–6|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06010017|pmid=18056246}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Startup H, Freeman D, Garety PA|date=19 June 2006|title=Persecutory delusions and catastrophic worry in psychosis: developing the understanding of delusion distress and persistence|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=45|issue=3|pages=523–537|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.006|pmid=16782048}}</ref> Ngawit gejala biasane kakawitin ring masa remaja utawi masa dewasa muda. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/schizoaffective-disorder|title=Schizoaffective Disorder in Children and Adolescents|website=www.mindyra.com|language=en-us|access-date=2022-09-30|archive-date=2024-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130080608/https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/schizoaffective-disorder|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ring skala peringkat perkembangan gejala sane mapaiketan sareng spektrum skizofrenia, gangguan skizoafektif ngranjing ring pantaraning gangguan mood lan skizofrenia ring sajeroning keparahan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vardaxi|first=Chrysoula Ch.|last2=Gonda|first2=Xenia|last3=Fountoulakis|first3=Konstantinos N.|date=2018-02-01|title=Life events in schizoaffective disorder: A systematic review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032717316397|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|language=en|volume=227|pages=563–570|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.076|issn=0165-0327|pmid=29172048|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Genetika]] (sane katitenin ring widang [[Genomics|genomik]]); pikobet sane wenten ring [[Neural circuits|rangkaian saraf]] ; kronis ring pangawit, miwah [[Stress (biology)|stres lingkungan]] sane mangkin kronis utawi jangka pendek kacingak dados faktor kausal sane mabuat. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kempf|first=L.|date=11 July 2009|title=Mood disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia with mood features: Trouble at the borders|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260500064959|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=17|issue=1|pages=9–19|doi=10.1080/09540260500064959|pmid=16194767|url-access=subscription|via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9780890425558|edition=Fifth|location=Arlington, VA|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munk Laursen|first=Thomas|date=16 June 2009|title=Bipolar Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Schizophrenia Overlap: A New Comorbidity Index|url=https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/medical/comorbidity/bipolar-disorder-schizoaffective-disorder-schizophrenia/|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=70|issue=10|via=Psychiatrist.com}}</ref> Nenten wenten asiki penyebab organik sane kaisolasi sane sampun kapanggihin, nanging wenten bukti sane ekstensif indik kelainan ring metabolisme [[Tetrahydrobiopterin|tetrahidrobiopterin]] (BH4), [[dopamin]], lan [[Glutamic acid|asam glutamat]] ring jadma sane keni skizofrenia, gangguan mood psikotik, lan gangguan skizoafektif. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Archibald|first=Luke|date=20 December 2019|title=Alcohol Use Disorder and Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder|url=https://doi.org/10.35946%2Farcr.v40.1.06|journal=Alcohol Research: Current Reviews|volume=40|issue=1|doi=10.35946/arcr.v40.1.06|pmc=6927747|pmid=31886105|via=NIH}}</ref> Sedek diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif arang, 0,3% ring populasi umum, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marneros|first=Andreas|date=30 June 2012|title=Schizoaffective Disorder|url=|journal=Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–12|doi=10.16946/kjsr.2012.15.1.5|via=KoreaMed Synapse|doi-access=free}}</ref> punika kabaos diagnosis umum ring pantaraning gangguan jiwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Kruti|last2=Lin|first2=Jay|last3=Lingohr-Smith|first3=Melissa|last4=Fu|first4=Dong-Jing|last5=Muser|first5=Erik|date=October 2016|title=Treatment Patterns and Antipsychotic Medication Adherence Among Commercially Insured Patients With Schizoaffective Disorder in the United States|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology|language=en-US|volume=36|issue=5|pages=429–435|doi=10.1097/JCP.0000000000000549|issn=0271-0749|pmc=5017269|pmid=27525965}}</ref> Diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif kadasarin antuk kriteria DSM-5, sane utamanyane kawangun antuk kawentenan gejala skizofrenia, mania, lan depresi, lan paiketan temporal pantaraning ipun. Tetamban sane utama mangkin inggih punika tamba [[Antipsychotic|antipsikotik]] sane kaadungang sareng [[Mood stabilizer|stabilizer suasana hati]] utawi [[Antidepressant|antidepresan]] (utawi makakalih). Wenten rasa jejeh sane sayan nincap olih makudang-kudang peneliti indik antidepresan prasida nincapang psikosis, mania, lan bersepeda episode suasana hati jangka panjang ring gangguan punika. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipédia:Kaperluang kutipan|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Yening wenten resiko majeng ring raga utawi anak tiosan, biasane ring pangawit perawatan, rawat inap minab perlu. <ref name="BeckerKilian2006">{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=T.|last2=Kilian|first2=R.|year=2006|title=Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?|journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum]]|volume=113|issue=429|pages=9–16|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x|pmid=16445476}}</ref> [[Psychiatric rehabilitation|Rehabilitasi psikiatri]], [[Psychotherapy|psikoterapi]], lan [[Vocational rehabilitation|rehabilitasi vokasi]] mabuat pisan anggen [[Recovery approach|pemulihan]] fungsi psikososial sane tegehan .  . Pinaka kelompok, jadma sane keni diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif nganggen kriteria [[DSM-IV]] lan [[ICD-10]] (sane sampun kaanyarang  ) madue [[Prognosis|pikolih]] sane becikan, <ref name="who.int3">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F25|title=F25 Schizoaffective disorders|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM53">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Malaspina D, Owen MJ, Heckers S, Tandon R, Trump D, Schultz S, Barch DM, Gaebel W, Gur RE, Tsuang M, Van Os J, Carpenter W|date=May 2013|title=Schizoaffective disorder in the DSM-5|journal=Schizophrenia Research|volume=150|issue=1|pages=21–5|doi=10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.026|pmid=23707642}}</ref> nanging madue pikolih fungsional psikososial individu sane variabel yening saihang sareng jadma sane madue gangguan mood, saking sane kaon ngantos sane pateh. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM53" /> <ref name="Fifteen Year Schizoaffective Follow Up">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jäger M, Bottlender R, Strauss A, Möller HJ|year=2004|title=Fifteen-year follow-up of ICD-10 schizoaffective disorders compared with schizophrenia and affective disorders|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=109|issue=1|pages=30–7|doi=10.1111/j.0001-690x.2004.00208.x|pmid=14674956}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:No original research#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2014)">sumber non-primer kabuatang</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Pikolih majeng ring jadma sane keni diagnosis gangguan skizoafektif [[DSM-5]] gumantung ring data saking [[Prospective cohort studies|studi kohort prospektif]], sane durung puput. <ref name="Schizoaffective_in_the_DSM53" /> Diagnosis DSM-5 kaanyarang santukan kriteria DSM-IV ngawinang nganggen diagnosis sane kalintang; <ref name="BeckerKilian2006" /> inggih punika, kriteria DSM-IV ngawinang akeh pasien sane iwang diagnosis antuk gangguan punika. Perkiraan [[Prevalence|prevalensi]] DSM-IV kirang saking siki persen saking populasi, ring kisaran 0,5-0,8 persen; <ref name="OnTrack">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/703312|title=APA 2009: DSM on Track for 2012, But Difficult Decisions Lie Ahead|last=Jeffrey|first=Susan|date=26 May 2009|website=Medscape Medical News|publisher=WebMD|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> estimasi prevalensi DSM-5 sane anyaran durung wenten. {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Skizofrenia]] bgfscmmn7vmd7qlayjlma7fy9dzmf2h 0 63043 280158 234361 2026-08-13T18:28:51Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reseptor dopamin D ₂''', taler kasengguh '''D ₂ R''', inggih punika [[Protéin|protein]] sané, ring manusa, kakode olih [[Gene|gen]] ''DRD2'' . Risampune makarya saking laboratorium [[Paul Greengard]] sampun nyihnayang indik [[Dopamine receptors|reseptor dopamin]] inggih punika genah tindakan tamba antipsikotik, makudang-kudang kelompok, rumasuk [[Solomon H. Snyder]] lan [[Philip Seeman]] nganggen tamba antipsikotik sane madaging label radio anggen ngidentifikasi napi sane mangkin kauningin pinaka reseptor [[dopamin]] D ₂ . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Madras BK|date=2013|title=History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: a basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|volume=22|issue=1|pages=62–78|doi=10.1080/0964704X.2012.678199|pmid=23323533}}</ref> Reseptor dopamin D ₂ inggih punika [[Receptor (biochemistry)|reseptor]] utama ring akehnyane [[Antipsychotic|tamba antipsikotik]] . Struktur DRD2 ring kompleks sareng [[Risperidone|risperidon]] antipsikotik atipikal sampun katentuang. <ref name="pmid29466326">{{Cite journal|author-link6=Bryan Roth|vauthors=Wang S, Che T, Levit A, Shoichet BK, Wacker D, Roth BL|date=March 2018|title=Structure of the D2 dopamine receptor bound to the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone|journal=Nature|volume=555|issue=7695|pages=269–273|bibcode=2018Natur.555..269W|doi=10.1038/nature25758|pmc=5843546|pmid=29466326}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2018/molecular-secrets-revealed-antipsychotic-docked-in-its-receptor.shtml|title=NIMH » Molecular Secrets Revealed: Antipsychotic Docked in its Receptor|date=29 January 2018|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Reseptor D ₂ mapaiketan sareng subtipe [[Gi alpha subunit|G _i]] saking [[G protein|protein G.]] [[G protein-coupled receptor|Reseptor sané mapaiketan sareng protein G]] puniki prasida nambakin aktivitas [[Adenylyl cyclase|adenil siklas]]. <ref name="pmid11089973">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Usiello A, Baik JH, Rougé-Pont F, Picetti R, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Piazza PV, Borrelli E|date=November 2000|title=Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-11-09_408_6809/page/199|journal=Nature|volume=408|issue=6809|pages=199–203|bibcode=2000Natur.408..199U|doi=10.1038/35041572|pmid=11089973}}</ref> Ring bikul, pangaturan ekspresi permukaan D ₂ R olih [[Neuronal calcium sensor-1|sensor kalsium neuronal-1]] (NCS-1) ring [[Dentate gyrus|gyrus dentate]] nyarengin ring eksplorasi, [[Synaptic plasticity|plastisitas sinaptik]] miwah ngwentuk memori. <ref name="pmid19755107">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Saab BJ, Georgiou J, Nath A, Lee FJ, Wang M, Michalon A, Liu F, Mansuy IM, Roder JC|date=September 2009|title=NCS-1 in the dentate gyrus promotes exploration, synaptic plasticity, and rapid acquisition of spatial memory|journal=Neuron|volume=63|issue=5|pages=643–56|doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.014|pmid=19755107|doi-access=free}}</ref> Penelitian sampun nyihnayang peran potensial D ₂ R ring ngambil ingatan takut ring [[Prelimbic cortex|korteks prelimbik]] <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Madsen HB, Guerin AA, Kim JH|date=November 2017|title=Investigating the role of dopamine receptor- and parvalbumin-expressing cells in extinction of conditioned fear|journal=Neurobiology of Learning and Memory|volume=145|pages=7–17|doi=10.1016/j.nlm.2017.08.009|pmid=28842281}}</ref> lan ring pembelajaran diskriminasi ring [[Nucleus accumbens|inti accumbens]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Iino Y, Sawada T, Yamaguchi K, Tajiri M, Ishii S, Kasai H, Yagishita S|date=March 2020|title=Dopamine D2 receptors in discrimination learning and spine enlargement|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2115-1|journal=Nature|volume=579|issue=7800|pages=555–560|bibcode=2020Natur.579..555I|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2115-1|pmid=32214250|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ring lalat, aktivasi [[Autoreceptor|autoreseptor]] D ₂ nyaga neuron dopamin saking sel sané padem sané kamedalang olih [[MPP+|MPP ⁺]], racun sané nulad patologi [[Parkinson's disease|penyakit Parkinson]]. <ref name="pmid23452092">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wiemerslage L, Schultz BJ, Ganguly A, Lee D|date=August 2013|title=Selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by MPP(+) and its rescue by D2 autoreceptors in Drosophila primary culture|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|volume=126|issue=4|pages=529–40|doi=10.1111/jnc.12228|pmc=3737274|pmid=23452092}}</ref> Yadiastun dopamin sane becik ngawinang stabilisasi kognitif D ₁ R, D ₂ R sane dados mediator fleksibilitas kognitif ring manusa. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Cameron IG, Wallace DL, Al-Zughoul A, Kayser AS, D'Esposito M|date=April 2018|title=Effects of tolcapone and bromocriptine on cognitive stability and flexibility|department=primary|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=235|issue=4|pages=1295–1305|doi=10.1007/s00213-018-4845-4|pmc=5869902|pmid=29427081}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yee DM, Braver TS|date=February 2018|title=Interactions of Motivation and Cognitive Control|journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences|volume=19|pages=83–90|doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.009|pmc=6051692|pmid=30035206}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Persson J, Stenfors C|date=2018|title=Superior cognitive goal maintenance in carriers of genetic markers linked to reduced striatal D2 receptor density (C957T and DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=8|pages=e0201837|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1301837P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0201837|pmc=6101371|pmid=30125286|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Prolactin modulator|Modulator prolaktin]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Gen ring kromosom manusa 11]] 06u1w22yowlwayngd4nya4npbgnje7r 0 63047 280116 234365 2026-08-13T17:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:2023_CDC_recommendations_for_amount_of_sleep_needed,_by_age.svg|jmpl|Rekomendasi Pusat Pengendalian lan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) indik jumlah sirep sane kabuatang sayan rered manut ring yusa. <ref name="CDC_sleep">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html|title=How Much Sleep Do I Need?|date=14 September 2022|website=CDC.gov|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102143914/https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html|archive-date=2 November 2023|quote=Last Reviewed: September 14, 2022. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health.}}</ref> Yadiastun kuantitas sirep punika mabuat, kualitas sirep sane becik taler mabuat pisan mangda nenten wenten gangguan sirep. <ref name="CDC_sleep" />]] {{Infobox medical condition}} '''Kurang sirep''', taler kabaos '''insufisiensi sirep''' <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=StatPearls|vauthors=Amin F, Sankari A|date=2022|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island (FL)|chapter=Sleep Insufficiency|pmid=36256756|access-date=2023-05-18|chapter-url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585109/}}</ref> utawi '''nenten sirep''', inggih punika kahanan sane nenten madue durasi lan/utawi kualitas [[sirep]] sane jangkep anggen nukung kewaspadaan, kinerja, lan kesehatan sane layak. Punika prasida [[Chronic (medicine)|kronis]] utawi [[Acute (medicine)|akut]] lan prasida mabinayan pisan ring keparahannyane. Makasami buron sane kauningin sirep utawi nyihnayang makudang-kudang wangun parilaksana sirep, lan pentingnyane sirep punika sampun mabukti majeng ring manusa, santukan nampek ring sepertelu saking kahuripan manusa sane kaanggen sirep. <ref name=":4" /> Kurang sirep sampun ketah santukan punika nibenin sawatara sepertelu saking populasi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Grandner|first=Michael A.|title=Sleep and Health|date=2019|isbn=978-0-12-815373-4|pages=11–20|chapter=Epidemiology of insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815373-4.00002-2}}</ref> Yayasan Tidur Nasional ngusulang mangda anak dewasa matetujon sirep 7-9 jam nyabran wengi, nanging alit-alit lan remaja ngamerluang sane lianan. Majeng ring individu sane seger lan sirep normal, galah sirep sane patut majeng ring alit-alit sane mayusa sekolah inggih punika pantaraning 9 lan 11 jam. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirshkowitz|first=Max|last2=Whiton|first2=Kaitlyn|last3=Albert|first3=Steven M.|last4=Alessi|first4=Cathy|last5=Bruni|first5=Oliviero|last6=DonCarlos|first6=Lydia|last7=Hazen|first7=Nancy|last8=Herman|first8=John|last9=Katz|first9=Eliot S.|last10=Kheirandish-Gozal|first10=Leila|last11=Neubauer|first11=David N.|date=March 2015|title=National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary|journal=Sleep Health|volume=1|issue=1|pages=40–43|doi=10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-deprivation|title=Sleep Deprivation: Understanding the Hidden Consequences|date=25 July 2023|website=SleepFoundation.org}}</ref> Kekurangan tidur akut puniki kalaksanayang ritatkala jadma sirep kirang saking biasane utawi nenten sirep pisan ring galah sane cendet, biasane berlangsung siki kantos kalih rahina. Nanging, yening pola nenten sirep punika tetep wenten tanpa faktor eksternal, punika prasida ngawinang pikobet sirep sane kronis. Kurang sirep kronis puniki mamargi ritatkala jadma rutin sirep kirang saking jumlah sane kabuatang anggen mafungsi becik. Jumlah sirep sane kabuatang prasida gumantung ring kualitas sirep, yusa, mobot, lan tingkat kekurangan sirep. Kurang sirep mapaiketan sareng makudang-kudang pikolih kesehatan sane nenten becik, rumasuk gangguan kognitif, gangguan mood, lan nincapnyane resiko kondisi kronis. Meta-analisis sane kamedalang ring Sleep Medicine Reviews nyihnayang yening individu sane keni kekurangan tidur kronis madue resiko sane tegeh antuk ngalimbakang kondisi sekadi obesitas, diabetes, lan penyakit kardiovaskular. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipédia:Kaperluang kutipan|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">kutipan sané kaperluang</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Sirep sane nenten cukup sampun mapaiketan sareng nambah berat badan, tekanan darah tinggi, diabetes, depresi, penyakit jantung, lan stroke. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/how-many-hours-of-sleep-are-enough/faq-20057898|title=How many hours of sleep are enough for good health?|website=Mayo Clinic|publisher=Simon & Schuster|access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> Kurang sirep taler prasida ngawinang rasa jejeh sane tegeh, iritasi, parilaksana sane nenten teratur, fungsi lan kinerja kognitif sane kaon, lan episode psikotik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.priorygroup.com/blog/how-poor-sleep-affects-your-mental-health|title=How poor sleep affects your mental health|date=3 July 2018|website=Priory|language=en|access-date=2022-04-17}}</ref> Kahanan sirep sane kawatesin kronis [[Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance|ngawinang pikobet ring otak lan fungsi kognitif]] . <ref name="Alhola">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P|date=October 2007|title=Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=3|issue=5|pages=553–567|pmc=2656292|pmid=19300585|quote=Although both conditions [total and partial SD] induce several negative effects including impairments in cognitive performance, the underlying mechanisms seem to be somewhat different.}}</ref> Nanging, ring subset kasus, kekurangan tidur prasida paradoks ngawinang nincapnyane energi lan waspada; yadiastun konsekuensi jangka panjangnyane durung naenin kaevaluasi, kekurangan tidur malah sampun kaanggen pinaka [[Sleep deprivation#Treating depression|tamba depresi]]. <ref name="REM deprivation in healthy people">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nykamp K, Rosenthal L, Folkerts M, Roehrs T, Guido P, Roth T|date=September 1998|title=The effects of REM sleep deprivation on the level of sleepiness/alertness|journal=Sleep|volume=21|issue=6|pages=609–614|doi=10.1093/sleep/21.6.609|pmid=9779520|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Sleep and depression review">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riemann D, Berger M, Voderholzer U|date=July–August 2001|title=Sleep and depression--results from psychobiological studies: an overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychology_july-august-2001_57_1-3/page/67|journal=Biological Psychology|volume=57|issue=1–3|pages=67–103|doi=10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00090-4|pmid=11454435}}</ref> Ngantos mangkin, akehan studi indik kekurangan tidur sampun ngutamayang indik kekurangan tidur akut, sane nyihnayang kekurangan tidur akut prasida ngawinang rusak sane signifikan majeng ring fungsi kognitif, emosional, lan fisik lan mekanisme otak. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mai Z, Xu H, Ma N|date=October 2021|title=Research progress on the impact of acute sleep deprivation on cognitive and emotional functions and its neural mechanisms.|journal=Chinese General Medicine|language=zh|volume=24|issue=29|pages=3653–3659|doi=10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2021.01.016}}</ref> Akidik penelitian sane sampun nyaihang efek saking kekurangan tidur total akut lan pembatasan tidur parsial kronis. <ref name="Alhola2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P|date=October 2007|title=Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=3|issue=5|pages=553–567|pmc=2656292|pmid=19300585|quote=Although both conditions [total and partial SD] induce several negative effects including impairments in cognitive performance, the underlying mechanisms seem to be somewhat different.}}</ref> Tan wenten sirep sane jangkep ring galah sane suwe nenten sering ring manusa (kajawi yening ipun madue [[Fatal insomnia|insomnia sane ngawinang padem]] utawi pikobet spesifik sane kaawinang olih operasi); kacingak [[Microsleep|mikrosleep]] sane singkat nenten prasida kaicalang. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaGWMXsR5XYC&pg=PA183|title=Sleep deprivation|vauthors=Kushida CA|publisher=Informa Health Care|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8247-5949-0|pages=1–2}}</ref> Kekurangan tidur total jangka panjang sampun ngawinang padem ring buron lab. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rechtschaffen A, Bergmann BM|year=1995|title=Sleep deprivation in the rat by the disk-over-water method|journal=Behavioural Brain Research|volume=69|issue=1–2|pages=55–63|doi=10.1016/0166-4328(95)00020-T|pmid=7546318}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{col div|colwidth=36em}} * [[Panglalah saking kirang sirep ring kinerja kognitif]] * [[Narkolepsi]] * [[Sirep polifasik]] * [[Tamba sirep]] * [[Latensi ngawit sirep]] * [[Terapi bangun]] * [[Tony Wright (kekurangan tidur)|Tony Wright]], sane ngaku ngambel rekor dunia antuk kekurangan tidur . * ''[[Koresponden Asing (film)|Koresponden Asing]]'', film warsa 1940 sane ngambarang indik interogasi antuk kirang sirep{{colend}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Panglalah sane ngawinang kejang]] swutr6xw1020asgqddm3l2shln2ll28 0 63313 280154 234897 2026-08-13T18:25:12Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disfungsi organ''' punika kahanan rikala [[Organ (anatomi)|organ]] nenten ngamargiang fungsi sane kaaptiang. '''Gagal organ''' inggih punika disfungsi organ kantos [[homeostasis]] normal nénten prasida kapertahanin yéning nénten wénten intervensi klinis eksternal utawi [[Life support|dukungan kahuripan]]. Punika boya ja diagnosis. Penyakit puniki prasida kaklasifikasiang manut saking penyebabnyane, nanging yening penyebabnyane nenten kauningin, taler prasida kaklasifikasiang manut napike pangawit penyakit punika [[kronis]] utawi [[akut]]. [[Sindrom disfungsi multiorgan|Gagal makudang-kudang organ]] prasida mapaiketan sareng [[sepsis]] lan sering ngawinang padem. Negara-negara sekadi Spanyol nyihnayang nincapnyane resiko padem santukan akehnyane populasi sane sampun lingsir irika. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bouza C, López-Cuadrado T, Saz-Parkinson Z, Blanco J|year=2014|title=Epidemiology and recent trends of severe sepsis in Spain: a nationwide population-based analysis (2006-2011).|journal=BMC Infect Dis|volume=14|issue=1|pages=717|doi=10.1186/s12879-014-0717-7|pmc=4327809|pmid=25528662}}</ref> Wenten makudang-kudang piranti sane kaanggen olih dokter ritatkala ngamargiang diagnosis gagal makudang-kudang organ lan ritatkala narka pikolihnyane. Skor Penilaian Kegagalan Organ Berurutan (SOFA) <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Mélot C, Vincent JL|year=2001|title=Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2001-10-10_286_14/page/1754|journal=JAMA|volume=286|issue=14|pages=1754–8|doi=10.1001/jama.286.14.1754|pmid=11594901}}</ref> nganggen nilai laboratorium awal pasien sane karawat ring rumah sakit (ring 24 jam) anggen narka pikolih fatal ring pasien. == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Kegagalan organ}}{{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Padem sangkaning gagal organ]] k1qvcapyhzxjbpaa9hdt0l9ts0l5yym 0 63338 280142 235156 2026-08-13T18:07:26Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Scientific misconduct|Dosan karyan ilmiah]]''' punika pelanggaran kode standar [[Scholarly method|parilaksana ilmiah]] miwah [[Étika|parilaksana etika]] ring publikasi [[Science|seseleh ilmiah]] profesional. Tinjauan ''[[The Lancet|Lancet]]'' indik ''Penanganan Pelanggaran Ilmiah ring panegara Skandinavia'' ngicénin imba definisi kebijakan. Ring Denmark, parilaksana sané nénten patut ring ilmiah kadefinisiang pinaka "kawéntenan [al] sané ngawinang pabrik gatra ilmiah utawi pujian utawi penekanan sané iwang sané kaicénin ring sujana", miwah ring Swedia pinaka "makarya [al] distorsi saking pamargin seseleh antuk makarya data, teks, hipotesis, utawi metode manuskrip seseleh tiosan; cara tiosan." <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nylenna M, Andersen D, Dahlquist G, Sarvas M, Aakvaag A|date=July 1999|title=Handling of scientific dishonesty in the Nordic countries. National Committees on Scientific Dishonesty in the Nordic Countries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1999-07-03_354_9172/page/57|journal=Lancet|volume=354|issue=9172|pages=57–61|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07133-5|pmid=10406378}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Coping with fraud|url=http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/1999/1999pdf3.pdf|journal=The COPE Report 1999|pages=11–18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928151119/http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/reports/1999/1999pdf3.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2007|access-date=2 September 2006|quote=It is 10 years, to the month, since Stephen Lock ...|ref=COPE1999PDF}}</ref> [[Systematic review|Tinjauan sistematis]] miwah [[Meta-analysis|meta-analisis]] data survei warsa 2009 manggihin indik kirang langkung 2% saking sujana ngakuin malsuang, makarya, utawi nguwah data paling kidik apisan. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fanelli D|date=May 2009|title=How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=5|page=e5738|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5738F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005738|pmc=2685008|pmid=19478950|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kejadian wantah patut karanjingang ring daftar puniki yening jadma utawi badan sane kasarengin madue artikel Wikipedia soang-soang, utawi yening nenten wenten artikel, ring dija kejadian pelanggaran punika katutupin ring makudang-kudang sumber sane andel. == Psikiatri == * William Meissner (1931-2010), pendeta Jesuit miwah profesor ring [[Harvard Medical School|Sekolah Kedokteran Harvard]], katuduh nyalin makudang-kudang lengkara miwah unsur-unsur struktural saking Ernest Wallwork ring buku Meissner, ''Dimensi Etika Psikoanalisis: Dialog.'' Komite Masyarakat Psikoanalitik Boston indik Etika miwah Standar Profesional nyutetang indik parilaksana Meissner "ngawakilin pelanggaran serius saking standar profesional miwah ilmiah." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/theology-professor-is-accused-of-plagiarism-in-his-book-on-ethics/|title=Theology Professor is Accused of Plagiarism in his Book on Ethics|last=Bartlett|first=Tom|date=January 21, 2005|website=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bast|first=Carol M.|last2=Samuels|first2=Linda B.|date=2008|title=Plagiarism and Legal Scholarship in the Age of Information Sharing: The Need for Intellectual Honesty|url=https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=lawreview|journal=Catholic University Law Review|volume=57|at=797n78}}</ref> == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Insiden ngedahan ring ilmiah]] plxkxx0cimpzdv124rn145uijvsjdek 0 63446 280098 235320 2026-08-13T17:16:46Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Photographic_Studies_in_Hypnosis,_Abnormal_Psychology_(1938).ogv|thumbtime=7|jmpl|''Studi Fotografi ring Hipnosis, Psikologi Abnormal'' (1938)]] [[Berkas:Hypnotic_Séance_(Richard_Bergh)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18855.tif|ka|jmpl|''Sidang Hipnotis'' (1887) olih [[Richard Bergh]]]] '''Hipnosis''' punika kahanan manusa sane nyarengin [[Attention|uratian]] sane terfokus (hipotesis uratian selektif/tidak perhatian selektif, SASI), <ref name="SI Hall">{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Hall|date=2021|title=Hypnosis revisited|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|volume=45|issue=2|pages=17–19}}</ref> ngirangin kesadaran perifer, lan kapasitas sane nincap anggen nyawis [[Pitutur|saran]]. <ref name="Lynn SJ 2015">In 2015, the [[American Psychological Association]] Division 30 defined hypnosis as a "state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion". For critical commentary on this definition, see: {{Cite journal|vauthors=Lynn SJ, Green JP, Kirsch I, Capafons A, Lilienfeld SO, Laurence JR, Montgomery GH|date=April 2015|title=Grounding Hypnosis in Science: The "New" APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis as a Step Backward|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-hypnosis_2015-04_57_4/page/390|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis|volume=57|issue=4|pages=390–401|doi=10.1080/00029157.2015.1011472|pmid=25928778}}</ref> Wenten teori sane masaing sane nlatarang hipnosis lan fenomena sane mapaiketan. Teori ''kahanan sané mauwah'' nyingakin hipnosis pinaka [[Altered state of mind|kahanan pikayunan]] utawi [[trance]] sané mauwah, kacihnayang olih undagan eling sané matiosan saking [[Consciousness|kahanan eling]] biasa. <ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2004: "a special psychological state with certain physiological attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the ordinary conscious state".</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Erika Fromm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgBrdEoTu3AC&q=hypnosis|title=Hypnosis: Developments in Research and New Perspectives|last2=Ronald E. Shor|date=2009|publisher=Rutgers|isbn=978-0-202-36262-5|access-date=27 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162804/https://books.google.com/books?id=fgBrdEoTu3AC&q=hypnosis|archive-date=2 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Matungkalik, teori ''non-negara'' nyingakin hipnosis pinaka, makudang-kudang, soroh efek plasebo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kirsch I|date=October 1994|title=Clinical hypnosis as a nondeceptive placebo: empirically derived techniques|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-hypnosis_1994-10_37_2/page/95|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis|volume=37|issue=2|pages=95–106|doi=10.1080/00029157.1994.10403122|pmid=7992808}}</ref> <ref name=":1">Kirsch, I., "Clinical Hypnosis as a Nondeceptive Placebo", pp. 211–25 in Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña-Buelna, E., Amigó, S. (eds.), ''Clinical Hypnosis and Self-Regulation: Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives'', American Psychological Association, (Washington), 1999 {{ISBN|1-55798-535-9}}</ref> redefinisi interaksi sareng terapis <ref>{{Cite book|last=Theodore X. Barber|title=Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach|publisher=J. Aronson, 1995|year=1969|isbn=978-1-56821-740-6|author-link=Theodore X. Barber}}</ref> utawi wangun [[Role theory|peran imajinatif sane kalaksanayang]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lynn S, Fassler O, Knox J|year=2005|title=Hypnosis and the altered state debate: something more or nothing more?|journal=Contemporary Hypnosis|volume=22|pages=39–45|doi=10.1002/ch.21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Coe WC, Buckner LG, Howard ML, Kobayashi K|date=July 1972|title=Hypnosis as role enactment: focus on a role specific skill|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-hypnosis_1972-07_15_1/page/41|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis|volume=15|issue=1|pages=41–45|doi=10.1080/00029157.1972.10402209|pmid=4679790}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Steven J. Lynn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC|title=Theories of hypnosis: current models and perspectives|last2=Judith W. Rhue|publisher=Guilford Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-89862-343-7|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702162816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez7Nq80QMtoC|archive-date=2 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Ring masa hipnosis, jadma kabaos sampun nincapang fokus lan [[Attentional control|konsentrasi]] <ref>Orne, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776-783</ref> <ref name="Segi">{{Cite journal|last=Segi|first=Sherril|year=2012|title=Hypnosis for pain management, anxiety and behavioral disorders|journal=The Clinical Advisor: For Nurse Practitioners|volume=15|issue=3|page=80|issn=1524-7317}}</ref> lan nincapang respons majeng ring saran. <ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/07/neural_pathways.html Lyda, Alex. "Hypnosis Gaining Ground in Medicine." Columbia News] {{Webarchive}}. Columbia.edu. Retrieved on 1 October 2011.</ref> Hipnosis ketahnyane kakawitin antuk [[Hypnotic induction|induksi hipnotis]] sane nyarengin serangkaian instruksi lan saran awal. Kawigunan hipnosis antuk tetujon terapeutik kabaos pinaka " [[Hypnotherapy|hipnoterapi]] ", <ref>Spanos, N. P., Spillane, J., & McPeake, J. D. (1976). Cognitive strategies and response to suggestion in hypnotic and task-motivated subjects. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 18, 252-262.</ref> nanging kawigunannyane pinaka wangun hiburan majeng ring penonton kauningin pinaka " [[Stage hypnosis|hipnosis panggung]] ", wangun [[Mentalism|mentalisme]]. Kawigunan hipnosis pinaka wangun terapi anggen ngamolihang miwah ngadungang trauma ring pangawit kantun kontroversial ring arus utama ilmiah. Penelitian nyihnayang indik hipnotis individu prasida ngwantu pawentukan memori palsu, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lynn|first=Steven Jay|title=Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology|last2=Krackow|first2=Elisa|last3=Loftus|first3=Elizabeth F.|last4=Locke|first4=Timothy G.|last5=Lilienfeld|first5=Scott O.|date=2014|publisher=[[Guilford Press]]|isbn=9781462517510|editor-last=Lilienfeld|editor-first=Scott O.|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=245–275|chapter=Constructing the past: problematic memory recovery techniques in psychotherapy|oclc=890851087|author-link3=Elizabeth Loftus|author-link5=Scott Lilienfeld|editor-last2=Lynn|editor-first2=Steven Jay|editor-last3=Lohr|editor-first3=Jeffrey M.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=French|first=Christopher C.|url=https://www.academia.edu/101922617|title=The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony|publisher=UPIAR|year=2023|isbn=9791281441002|editor-last=Ballester-Olmos|editor-first=V.J.|location=Turin, Italy|pages=283–294|chapter=Hypnotic Regression and False Memories|editor-last2=Heiden|editor-first2=Richard W.}}</ref> lan hipnosis "nenten ngwantu jadma ngelingang peristiwa sane sayan akurat". <ref>{{Cite news|last=Hall|first=Celia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1338671/Hypnosis-does-not-help-accurate-memory-recall-says-study.html|title=Hypnosis does not help accurate memory recall, says study|date=26 August 2001|work=Telegraph|access-date=11 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1338671/Hypnosis-does-not-help-accurate-memory-recall-says-study.html|archive-date=11 January 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hipnosis medis sering kasengguh [[Pseudoscience|pseudoilmu]] utawi [[quackery]]. <ref name="naud">{{Cite journal|last=Naudet|first=Florian|last2=Falissard|first2=Bruno|author-link2=Bruno Falissard|last3=Boussageon|first3=Rémy|last4=Healy|first4=David|date=2015|title=Has evidence-based medicine left quackery behind?|url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01138648/file/Has%20evidence-based%20medicine%20left%20quackery%20behind_accepted.pdf|journal=Internal and Emergency Medicine|volume=10|issue=5|pages=631–634|doi=10.1007/s11739-015-1227-3|issn=1970-9366|pmid=25828467|quote=Treatments such as relaxation techniques, chiropractic, therapeutic massage, special diets, megavitamins, acupuncture, naturopathy, homeopathy, hypnosis and psychoanalysis are often considered as ‘‘pseudoscience’’ or ‘‘quackery’’ with no credible or respectable place in medicine, because in evaluation they have not been shown to ‘‘work’’}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Keadaan mental]] [[Kategori:Tetamban medis]] [[Kategori:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Kategori:Hipnosis]] ajlwk1gfy8jbopighxt9famosw07b8j 0 63463 280136 264624 2026-08-13T18:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dewasa ngemodalin''' punika sistem numbas [[Stock|saham]] utawi [[Security (finance)|sekuritas]] tiosan sané sampun madué pikolih sané ageng selami tigang kantos roras sasih sané lintang, miwah ngadol sané sampun madué pikolih sané kaon ring masa sané pateh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/momentum_investing.asp|title=Momentum Investing Definition &#124; Investopedia|publisher=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Low|first=R.K.Y.|last2=Tan|first2=E.|date=2016|title=The Role of Analysts' Forecasts in the Momentum Effect|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:406166/UQ406166_OA.pdf|journal=International Review of Financial Analysis|volume=48|pages=67–84|doi=10.1016/j.irfa.2016.09.007}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rikala investasi momentum sampun ajeg pinaka fenomena nénten wénten konsensus indik panlataran indik strategi puniki, miwah para sujana ekonomi madué pikobet rikala pacang ngresepang momentum sareng [[Efficient market hypothesis|hipotesis pasar sané efisien]] miwah [[Random walk hypothesis|hipotesis mamargi acak]] . Kalih hipotesis utama sampun kasobyahang mangda prasida nlatarang efek momentum ring sajeroning pasar sané efisien. Ring sane kapertama, kaasumsiang investor momentum nanggung [[Financial risk|resiko]] sane signifikan antuk ngasumsiang strategi puniki, lan, mawinan punika, pikolih sane tegeh inggih punika kompensasi majeng ring resiko punika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Xiaofei|last2=Miffre|first2=Joelle|last3=Brooks|first3=Chris|author-link3=Chris Brooks (academic)|last4=O'Sullivan|first4=Niall|date=2008|title=Momentum profits and time-varying unsystematic risk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-banking-finance_2008-04_32_4/page/541|journal=Journal of Banking & Finance|volume=32|issue=4|pages=541–558|arxiv=quant-ph/0403227|doi=10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.03.014|issn=0378-4266}}</ref> Strategi momentum sering nyarengin perdagangan saham sané nénten proporsional antuk [[Bid–ask spread|spread bid-ask]] sané tegeh ; dadosnyane, mabuat pisan mangda ngambil biaya transaksi ritatkala ngamargiang evaluasi keuntungan momentum. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Xiaofei|last2=Brooks|first2=Chris|author-link2=Chris Brooks (academic)|last3=Miffre|first3=Joelle|date=2009|title=Low-cost momentum strategies|url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/36097/1/36097.pdf|journal=Journal of Asset Management|volume=9|issue=6|pages=366–379|doi=10.1057/jam.2008.28|issn=1470-8272}}</ref> Teori kaping kalih minehang indik investor momentum ngawigunayang kakirangan parilaksana ring investor tiosan, sekadi [[Investor herding|investor sané ngamong]], reaksi investor sané kalintang miwah kirang, [[Disposition effect|panglalah saking disposisi]] miwah [[Confirmation bias|bias konfirmasi]]. [[Calendar effect|Efek musiman utawi kalender]] minab prasida ngwantu nlatarang makudang-kudang alasan kasuksesan ring strategi investasi momentum. Yéning saham sampun mamargi kaon salami makudang-kudang sasih ngantos panguntat warsa, investor prasida mutusang pacang ngadol sahamnyané antuk tetujon pajak sané ngawinang minakadi [[January effect|efek Januari]]. Nincapnyane penawaran saham ring pasar ngawinang pangargannyane tedun, ngawinang sane tiosan ngadol. Yening sampun alasan ngadol pajak punika kaicalang, harga saham punika cenderung mawali becik. == Cingak taler == * [[Behavioral economics|Ekonomi parilaksana]] * [[Carhart four-factor model|Model petang faktor Carhart]] * [[Factor investing|Faktor investasi]] * [[Investment style|Gaya investasi]] * [[Low-volatility investing|Investasi sané volatilitasnyané alit]] * [[Market anomaly|Anomali pasar]] * [[Momentum (finance)|Momentum (keuangan)]] * [[Trend following|Tren nginutin]] * [[Value investing|Investasi nilai]] * [[Post–earnings-announcement drift|Pasca-Pengumuman-Penghasilan-Penyimpangan]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> [[Kategori:Pamodalan]] 6y4r467uli2h0bcu7dvy6zpbs0c7es2 0 63465 280159 235356 2026-08-13T18:30:20Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280159 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Lekadvert.JPG|ka|jmpl|Pilihan pasangan punika banget kacingak ring [[lek mating]]. Iriki, [[black grouse]] jantan mapupul ring [[Mire|paya]] lan sane istri lantas rauh lan nitenin jantan sadurung milih siki.]] '''Pamilihan pasangan''' punika silih tunggil mekanisme utama sané ngawinang [[Évolusi|evolusi]] prasida mamargi. Puniki kacihnayang antuk "respon selektif olih buron ring stimulus tertentu" sané prasida kaselehin pinaka parilaksana. <ref name="Mate Choice, Bateson">Bateson, Paul Patrick Gordon. "Mate Choice." Mate Choice, Cambridge University Press, 1985</ref> Tiosan ring punika, sadurung buron mapaiketan sareng pasangannyané, ipun kapertama nyelehin makudang-kudang aspek saking pasangan punika sané nyihnayang kualitas-sekadi sumber daya utawi [[Phenotypes|fenotipe]] sané kadruwénang-miwah nyelehin napiké [[Phenotypic trait|sifat-sifat]] punika maguna ring ipun. Evaluasi punika raris pacang ngamolihang respon sane marupa. <ref name="Mate Choice, Bateson" /> Mekanisme puniki pinaka pahan saking pauwahan evolusioner santukan ipun mamargi antuk pamargi sané ngawinang kualitas sané kakayunin ring pasangan sayan sering katedunang ring soang-soang generasi saking masa ka masa. Minakadi, yéning [[merak]] istri meled ring pasangan sané madué [[Plumage|bulu]] sané mawarna-warni, raris sifat puniki pacang nincap saking galah ka galah santukan merak jantan sané madué bulu sané mawarna-warni pacang madué [[Reproductive success|kasuksesan reproduksi]] sané sayan akéh. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrie|first=Marion|last2=Halliday|first2=Tim|author-link2=Tim Halliday|last3=Sanders|first3=Carolyn|year=1991|title=Peahens prefer peacocks with elaborate trains|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=41|issue=2|pages=323–331|doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80484-1}}</ref> Panyelehan salanturnyane indik konsep puniki, sampun manggihin yening sujatinnyane sifat spesifik warna biru lan hijau nampek ring bintik mata sane kacingak nincapang kemungkinan istri nganten sareng merak spesifik. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dakin|first=Roslyn|last2=Montgomerie|first2=Robert|year=2013|title=Eye for an eyespot: How iridescent plumage ocelli influence peacock mating success|journal=Behavioral Ecology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=1048–1057|doi=10.1093/beheco/art045|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pilihan pasangan inggih punika komponen utama saking [[Sexual selection|seleksi seksual]], sané tiosan inggih punika [[Intrasexual selection|seleksi intraseksual]] . Pamineh indik seleksi seksual kapertama kasobyahang duk warsa 1871, olih [[Charles Darwin]], raris kalimbakang olih [[Ronald Fisher]] duk warsa 1915. Sané mangkin, wénten limang sub mekanisme sané nlatarang sapunapi pilihan pasangan sampun nglimbak saking masa ka masa. Puniki inggih punika kawigunan fenotipik langsung, bias sensorik, hipotesis [[Fisherian runaway|pelarian Fisherian]], sifat indikator miwah kompatibilitas [[Genetika|genetik]]. Ring mayoritas sistem ring dija wenten pilihan pasangan, siki jenis kelamin cenderung kompetitif sareng anggota sesama jenisnyane <ref name="Andersson1994">{{Cite book|last=Andersson|first=Malte|title=Sexual Selection|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994}}{{page needed|date=December 2018}}</ref> lan jenis kelamin sane lianan choosy (artosnyane ipun selektif ritatkala pacang milih individu sane pacang kapasangin). Wenten pikenoh langsung miwah nenten langsung saking dados individu sane selektif. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Moller|first=A.|last2=Jennions|first2=M.|year=2001|title=How important are direct benefits of sexual selection?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_2001-10_88_10/page/401|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=88|issue=10|pages=401–415|bibcode=2001NW.....88..401M|doi=10.1007/s001140100255|pmid=11729807}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Kokko|first=H.|last2=Brooks|first2=R.|last3=Jennions|first3=M.|last4=Morley|first4=J.|year=2003|title=The evolution of mate choice and mating biases|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=270|issue=1515|pages=653–664|doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2235|pmc=1691281|pmid=12769467}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Dawkins|first=Marian|last2=Guilford|first2=Tim|date=Nov 1996|title=Sensory Bias and the Adaptiveness of Female Choice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1996-11_148_5/page/937|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=148|issue=5|pages=937–942|bibcode=1996ANat..148..937D|doi=10.1086/285964|jstor=2463414}}</ref> Ring akeh spesies, istri inggih punika jenis kelamin sane milih sane membedakan pantaraning jantan sane kompetitif, <ref name="Andersson1994" /> nanging wenten makudang-kudang conto peran sane mabalik (cingak ring sor). Becikan yéning individu mamilih pasangan sané kompatibel saking spesies sané pateh, mangda prasida ngamit kasuksesan reproduksi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Halliday|first=T. R|title=Mate Choice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-27207-0|editor-last=Bateson|editor-first=Patrick|pages=3–32|chapter=The study of mate choice|chapter-url={{Google books|HY-onXFuTcoC|page=3|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Faktor tiosan sané prasida ngawinang pilihan pasangan minakadi [[Parasite-stress theory|stres patogen]] miwah [[Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection|kompleks histokompatibilitas utama]] (MHC). == Cingak taler == * [[Extended female sexuality|Seksualitas anak istri sane kalimbakang]] * [[Filter theory (sociology)|Teori saringan (sosiologi)]] * [[Human male sexuality|Seksualitas manusa lanang]] * [[Human female sexuality|Seksualitas manusa istri]] * [[Mate guarding in humans|Pasangan sane nyaga ring manusa]] * [[Parental investment|Investasi rerama]] * [[Psychological adaptation|Adaptasi psikologis]] * [[Seduction|Rayuan]] * [[Sexual conflict|Konflik seksual]] * [[Sexual selection|Seleksi seksual]] * [[The Evolution of Human Sexuality|Evolusi seksualitas manusa]] == Lis pusktaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Psikologi evolusi]] tqr9kb3az6sroc93d18bsfnhlam7ydf 0 63468 280204 235360 2026-08-13T21:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug | drug_name = | type = | IUPAC_name = 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1''H''-indol-5-ol | image = Serotonin-2D-skeletal.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | alt = Skeletal formula of serotonin | caption = | MedlinePlus = | licence_EU = | licence_US = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_category = | legal_status = | metabolism = [[Monoamine oxidase|MAO]] | CAS_number = 50-67-9 | PubChem = 5202 | IUPHAR_ligand = 5 | DrugBank = | ChemSpiderID = 5013 | KEGG = C00780 | PDB_ligand = SRO | synonyms = 5-HT, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Enteramine, Thrombocytin, 3-(β-Aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyl solution , Thrombotonin | receptors = [[5-HT1 receptor|5-HT₁]], [[5-HT2 receptor|5-HT₂]], [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT₃]], [[5-HT4 receptor|5-HT₄]], [[5-HT5 receptor|5-HT₅]], [[5-HT6 receptor|5-HT₆]], [[5-HT7 receptor|5-HT₇]] | agonists = Indirectly: [[SSRI]]s, [[MAOI]]s | antagonists = | precursor = [[5-HTP]] | biosynthesis = [[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase|Aromatic <small>L</small>-amino acid decarboxylase]] | source_tissues = [[raphe nuclei]], [[enterochromaffin cell]]s | target_tissues = system-wide }}'''Serotonin''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛr|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|n|ᵻ|n|,_|ˌ|s|ɪər|ə|-}} ) {{Refn|{{cite book | vauthors = Jones D |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary | veditors = Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J |place= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date= 1917 |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-3-12-539683-8 }}}} {{Refn|{{Dictionary.com| Serotonin}}}} {{Refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary| Serotonin}}}}, taler kauningin pinaka '''5-hidroksitriptamin''' ( '''5-HT''' ), inggih punika [[Monoamine neurotransmitter|neurotransmiter monoamin]] sane madue makudang-kudang fungsi ring sistem saraf pusat (SSP) lan taler jaringan tepi. Punika nyarengin ring suasana hati, kognisi, pahala, pembelajaran, ingatan, lan proses fisiologis sakadi muntah lan vasokonstriksi. <ref name="pmid18043762">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Young SN|date=November 2007|title=How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs|journal=Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience|volume=32|issue=6|pages=394–399|pmc=2077351|pmid=18043762}}</ref> Ring SSP, serotonin ngatur suasana hati, napsu makan, lan sirep. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sangare A, Dubourget R, Geoffroy H, Gallopin T, Rancillac A|date=October 2016|title=Serotonin differentially modulates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to putative sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus|url=https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02121065v2/file/Serotonin%20differentially%20modulates%20excitatory.pdf|journal=Neuropharmacology|volume=109|pages=29–40|doi=10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.015|pmid=27238836}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)|<span title="Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. primary (August 2024)">sumber medis sane nenten andel</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rancillac A|date=November 2016|title=Serotonin and sleep-promoting neurons|journal=Oncotarget|volume=7|issue=48|pages=78222–78223|doi=10.18632/oncotarget.13419|pmc=5346632|pmid=27861160}}</ref> Akéhan serotonin ring angga—kirang langkung 90%—kasintesis ring [[Gastrointestinal tract|saluran pencernaan]] olih [[Enterochromaffin cell|sel enterochromaffin]], ring dija ipun ngatur gerakan usus. <ref name="Caltech 2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/microbes-help-produce-serotonin-gut-46495|title=Microbes Help Produce Serotonin in Gut|date=2015-04-09|website=California Institute of Technology|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref> <ref name="urlthemedicalbiochemistrypage.org">{{Cite web|url=http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/nerves.html#5ht|title=Serotonin|website=The Medical Biochemistry Page|publisher=Indiana University School of Medicine|access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19630576">{{Cite journal|author-link3=Bryan Roth|vauthors=Berger M, Gray JA, Roth BL|year=2009|title=The expanded biology of serotonin|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|volume=60|pages=355–366|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802|pmc=5864293|pmid=19630576}}</ref> Punika taler kakaryanin antuk jumlah sane alitan ring [[Raphe nuclei|inti raphe]] batang otak, [[Merkel cells|sel Merkel]] kulit, [[Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell|sel neuroendokrin paru-paru]], lan sel reseptor rasa lidah. Sesampun kasekresi, serotonin kaambil olih [[Platelet|trombosit]] ring getih, sane ngelepasin rikala pembekuan mangda prasida ngalimbakang vasokonstriksi lan agregasi trombosit. <ref name="pmid14727927">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schlienger RG, Meier CR|date=2003|title=Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelet activation: can they prevent acute myocardial infarction?|journal=American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs|volume=3|issue=3|pages=149–162|doi=10.2165/00129784-200303030-00001|pmid=14727927}}</ref> Sawetara 8% saking serotonin ring angga kasimpen ring trombosit, miwah 1-2% kapanggihin ring SSP. <ref name="thesis">{{Cite thesis}}</ref> Serotonin mawiguna pinaka vasokonstriktor miwah vasodilator manut ring konsentrasi miwah konteks, ngawinang [[hemostasis]] miwah pengaturan tekanan darah. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vanhoutte PM|date=February 1987|title=Serotonin and the vascular wall|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-cardiology_1987-02_14_2/page/189|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=14|issue=2|pages=189–203|doi=10.1016/0167-5273(87)90008-8|pmid=3818135}}</ref> Puniki maguna pisan ring ngrangsang neuron [[myenteric]] miwah nincapang motilitas pencernaan saking siklus pengambilan miwah pelepasan ring trombosit miwah jaringan sané nampek. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY|date=April 2015|title=Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis|journal=Cell|volume=161|issue=2|pages=264–276|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047|pmc=4393509|pmid=25860609}}</ref> Sekadi biokimia, serotonin inggih punika [[Indoleamine|indoleamin]] sane kasintesis saking [[Tryptophan|triptofan]] lan kametabolisme utamanyane ring [[Liver|hati]] dados [[5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid|asam 5-hidroksiindoasetat]] (5-HIAA). Serotonin kaaptiang olih makudang-kudang kelas [[Antidepressant|antidepresan]], minakadi [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|inhibitor pengambilan kembali serotonin selektif]] (SSRI) miwah [[Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor|penghambat pengambilan kembali serotonin-norepinefrin]] (SNRI), sané ngalanglangin pengambilan kembali ring sinapsis mangda prasida nincapang kadarnyané. Puniki kapanggihin ring akéhan [[Bilateral animals|buron bilateral]], rumasuk serangga, laba-laba miwah cacing, <ref name="Huser_2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huser A, Rohwedder A, Apostolopoulou AA, Widmann A, Pfitzenmaier JE, Maiolo EM, Selcho M, Pauls D, von Essen A, Gupta T, Sprecher SG, Birman S, Riemensperger T, Stocker RF, Thum AS|year=2012|title=The serotonergic central nervous system of the Drosophila larva: anatomy and behavioral function|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=10|pages=e47518|bibcode=2012PLoSO...747518H|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0047518|pmc=3474743|pmid=23082175|doi-access=free}}</ref> miwah taler kapanggihin ring [[Fungi|jamur]] miwah [[Tetanduran|entik-entikan]] . <ref name="Ramakrishna_2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ramakrishna A, Giridhar P, Ravishankar GA|date=June 2011|title=Phytoserotonin: a review|journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior|volume=6|issue=6|pages=800–809|bibcode=2011PlSiB...6..800A|doi=10.4161/psb.6.6.15242|pmc=3218476|pmid=21617371}}</ref> Ring entik-entikan miwah racun serangga, punika madué fungsi pertahanan antuk ngawinang rasa sakit. <ref name="Erspamer-1966">{{Cite book|title=5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines|vauthors=Erspamer V|publisher=[[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]|year=1966|isbn=978-3-642-85469-9|publication-place=[[Berlin]], [[Heidelberg]]|pages=132–181|chapter=Occurrence of indolealkylamines in nature|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-85467-5_4|author-link=Vittorio Erspamer}}</ref> Serotonin sane kalepas olih amoeba patogen prasida ngawinang [[Diarrhea|diare]] ring usus manusa, <ref name="pmid6308760">{{Cite journal|vauthors=McGowan K, Kane A, Asarkof N, Wicks J, Guerina V, Kellum J, Baron S, Gintzler AR, Donowitz M|date=August 1983|title=Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal secretion: role of serotonin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1983-08-19_221_4612/page/762|journal=Science|volume=221|issue=4612|pages=762–764|bibcode=1983Sci...221..762M|doi=10.1126/science.6308760|pmid=6308760}}</ref> nanging kawentenannyane ring biji lan buah-buahan kaanggep prasida ngawinang pencernaan lan ngawentenang penyebaran biji. <ref name="feld">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Feldman JM, Lee EM|date=October 1985|title=Serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_1985-10_42_4/page/639|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=42|issue=4|pages=639–643|doi=10.1093/ajcn/42.4.639|pmid=2413754|doi-access=free}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2023)">verifikasi nénten prasida</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Hormon sane bagia]] t6bhkg8vda5swmvnz1dg1vgq81pavhy 0 63547 280205 239093 2026-08-13T21:26:04Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Sauropoda Infobox Panoply.png | image_caption = Nem sauropoda (kiwa duur nuju tengen sor): ''[[Patagotitan]]'', ''[[Barosaurus]]'', ''[[Giraffatitan]]'', ''[[Omeisaurus]]'', ''[[Shunosaurus]]'', lan ''[[Amargasaurus]]'' | image_upright = 1.3 | taxon = Sauropoda | authority = [[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], 1878 | fossil_range=[[Trias Ungkur]] – [[Kapur Ungkur]] | image_width=300px }} '''Sauropoda''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɔː|ˈ|r|ɒ|p|ə|d|ə}}), sané anggotané kaloktah dados '''sauropod''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɔːr|ə|p|ɒ|d|z}};{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|sauropod}}}}{{refn|{{Dictionary.com|sauropod}}}} saking ''[[wikt:sauro-|sauro-]]'' + ''[[wikt:-pod|-pod]]'', '[[kadal]]-mabatis'), inggih punika [[klad]] saking [[dinosaurus]] [[saurischia]] ('kadal-bokongan'). Sauropoda madué leher sané dawa pisan, ikuh sané dawa, sirah sané alit (relatif ring angganyané sané tiosan), miwah petang batis sané tebel, sekadi saka. Ipun kasub santukan ageng pisan sané kapolihang olih makudang-kudang spésiés, miwah sekaa punika ngranjing buron sané pinih ageng sané naenin maurip ring darat. Sané sampun kaloktah [[génus|génera]] minakadi ''[[Apatosaurus]]'', ''[[Argentinosaurus]]'', ''[[Alamosaurus]]'', ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'', ''[[Camarasaurus]]'', ''[[Diplodocus]],'' lan ''[[Mamenchisaurus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tschopp | first1 = E. | last2 = Mateus | first2 = O. | last3 = Benson | first3 = R. B. J. | year = 2015 | title = A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) | journal = PeerJ | volume = 3 | page = e857 | doi=10.7717/peerj.857 | pmid=25870766 | pmc=4393826 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/2015/04/24/that-brontosaurus-thing/?WT.mc_id=SA_Facebook blogs.scientificamerican.com tetrapod-zoology 2015-04-24 That Brontosaurus Thing]</ref> Dinosaurus sauropoda pinih purwa sané kauningin maasal saking [[Pamahbah Jurasik]].<ref name=APPLallensacketal>{{Cite journal|author1=Jens N. Lallensack |author2=Hendrik Klein |author3=Jesper Milàn |author4=Oliver Wings |author5=Octávio Mateus |author6=Lars B. Clemmensen |year=2017 |title=Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=833–843 |doi=10.4202/app.00374.2017 |doi-access=free |hdl=10362/33146 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ''[[Isanosaurus]]'' lan ''[[Antetonitrus]]'' pamahbahné kagambarang dados sauropoda [[Triasik]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Eric Buffetaut |author2=Varavudh Suteethorn |author3=Gilles Cuny |author4=Haiyan Tong |author5=Jean Le Loeuff |author6=Sasidhorn Khansubha |author7=Sutee Jongautchariyakul |year=2000 |title=The earliest known sauropod dinosaur |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-09-07_407_6800/page/72 |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6800 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.1038/35024060 |pmid=10993074 |bibcode=2000Natur.407...72B |s2cid=4387776 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Adam M. Yates |author2=James W. Kitching |year=2003 |title=The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=270 |issue=1525 |pages=1753–1758 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2003.2417 |pmid=12965005 |pmc=1691423 }}</ref> nanging yusannyané, lan ring kasus ''Antetonitrus'' taler status sauropodané, salanturné katakénin.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Blair W. McPhee |author2=Adam M. Yates |author3=Jonah N. Choiniere |author4=Fernando Abdala |year=2014 |title=The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of ''Antetonitrus ingenipes'' (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=151–205 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12127 |s2cid=82631097 }}</ref><ref name=APPLallensacketal /><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Blair W. Mcphee |author2=Emese M. Bordy |author3=Lara Sciscio |author4=Jonah N. Choiniere |year=2017 |title=The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=441–465 |doi=10.4202/app.00377.2017 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sakéwanten, trek sauropodomorf sekadi sauropod saking [[Formasi Fjord Fleming]] ([[Greenlandia]]) minab nyihnayang kawéntenan sekaa ring [[Trias Ungkur]].<ref name=APPLallensacketal /> Daweg [[Ungkur Jurassik]] (150&nbsp;yuta warsa riin), sauropoda sampun sayan nglimbak (utaminnyané [[Diplodocidae]] miwah [[Brachiosauridae]]). Ring [[Kapur Ungkur]], asiki sekaa sauropoda, [[titanosaurus]], sampun ngentosin makasami sané tiosan miwah madué pasebaran sané nampek ring jagaté. Sakéwanten, sekadi dinosaurus ten-kedis tiosan sané kantun maurip duk punika, [[titanosaurus]] padem ring [[paristiwa kapunahan Kapur-Paleogen]]. [[Fosil]] sisa-sisa sauropoda sampun kapanggihin ring sajebag banua, taler [[Antartika]].<ref name="Novas2009">{{cite book|author=Fernando E. Novas|title=The Age of Dinosaurs in South America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXYi6j7QQ-YC&pg=PA181|year=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35289-7|page=181}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Oklahoma Geology Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gv0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22remains%20of%20sauropods%22|year=2003|publisher=Oklahoma Geological Survey.|page=40}}</ref><ref name="Riffenburgh2007">{{cite book|author=Beau Riffenburgh|title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA415|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-97024-2|page=415}}</ref><ref name="CrameLondon1989">{{cite book|author1=J. J. Alistair Crame|author2=Geological Society of London|title=Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLwTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sauropods%22%22antarctica%22|year=1989|publisher=Geological Society|isbn=978-0-903317-44-3|page=132}}</ref> Parinama Sauropoda karipta olih [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] duk warsa 1878, lan maasal saking [[Yunani Purwa]], sané maartos "batis kadal".<ref name="Marsh1878">{{cite journal | last1 = Marsh | first1 = O.C. | year = 1878 | title = Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part I". | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-science_1878-11_16_95/page/411 | journal = American Journal of Science and Arts | volume = 16 | issue = 95| pages = 411–416 | doi = 10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411 | hdl = 2027/hvd.32044107172876 | s2cid = 219245525 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Sauropoda inggih punika silih tunggil sekaa dinosaurus sané pinih kauningin, miwah sampun dados pajengkepan ring budaya kasub santukan ukurannyané sané ngresepang. Pacundukan fosil sauropod sane jangkep arang pisan kapanggihin. Akéh spésiés, utaminnyané sané pinih ageng, wantah kauningin saking balung sané kaisolasi miwah disartikulasi. Akeh spésimén sané sampun nampek jangkep kirang sirah, muncuk ikuh lan anggota awak liyanan. == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} 6kk8kfznwpxacgauk3y8jd51ij3ouqm 0 63847 280097 236321 2026-08-13T17:13:40Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox astronomical formation|image=File:Comet Hale-Bopp 1995O1.jpg|caption=[[Komét Hale–Bopp]] sesampun ngentasin [[perihélion]] ring April 1997 |thing=Badan tata surya alit|where=Sistem bintang|density=0.6 g/cm³ (average)|qid=Q3559|commonscat=Comets|size=Ketah linggah kirang saking 10&nbsp;km (inti)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ask an Astronomer |url=https://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/182-What-is-the-size-of-a-comet- |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Cool Cosmos}}</ref>}} '''Bintang kudus''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Bintang_kudus|title=Bintang kudus|date=2021-07-12|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=id|access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> utawi '''Komét''' inggih punika és, [[benda tata surya alit]] sané anget lan ngawit ngelepasin gas ritatkala nglintangin nampek ring [[Surya]], prosés sané kawastanin [[palepasan gas]]. Puniki ngasilang atmospher sané nglimbak, nénten kaiket antuk gravitasi utawi [[Koma (bintang kudus)|koma]] sané ngiterin inti, miwah ring sapunapiné [[Ikuh bintang kudus|ikuh]] gas miwah gas buk sané makedus saking koma. Paristiwa puniki sangkaning panglalah saking [[radiasi surya]] miwah plasma [[angin surya]] sané mamargi ring inti bintang kudus. [[Inti komét]] linggahnyaé saking panyatusan méter ngantos puluhan kilométer lan kawangun antuk pupulan és, buk, lan partikel-partikel batu sané alit sané lepas. Koma minab ngantos kaping 15 diaméter Gumi, raris ikuh prasida nglintangin siki [[unit astronomi]]. Yéning sedeng nampek miwah galang, bintang kudus prasida kacingakin saking Gumi nénten madaging wantuan téléskop miwah prasida [[Sudut subtend|subtend]] busur ngantos 30 ̊ (60 sasih) nglintangin langit. Bintang kudus sampun kaselehin miwah kacatet saking dumun olih makudang-kudang budaya miwah agama. Bintang kudus katahan madué orbit élips sané pinih [[ékséntrisitas orbit|ékséntris]], miwah ipun madué [[periode orbit]], ngawit saking makudang warsa ngantos mapoténsi makudang-kudang yuta warsa. [[#Periode cendet|bintang kudus periode cendet]] mawit saking [[sabuk Kuiper]] utawi [[cakram kasebar]] sané mapaiketan, sané magenah ring dura orbit [[Néptunus]]. [[#Periode lantang|bintang kudus periode lantang]] kasengguh mawit saking [[awan Oort]], bola awan saking benda és sané nglimbak saking jaba sabuk Kuiper ngantos ring tengah bintang sané pinih nampek.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe |publisher=Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers |location=New York |first=Lisa |last=Randall |pages=104–105 |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-06-232847-2}}</ref> Bintang periode lantang kagenahang ring gerak nuju Matanai olih [[gangguan gravitasi]] saking [[Lis bintang sané pinih nampek#Masa Lantur miwah masa sané sampun lintang|bintang sané nglintangin]] miwah [[pasang susut galaksi]]. [[Bintang kudus hiperbolik]] minab nglintangin apisan ring tata surya sisi tengah sadurung kaulungin nuju ruang angkasa antarbintang. [[Bintang kudus punah]] sané sampun nglintangin nampek ring matanai sampun ping kalih kilangan akéh pisan [[volatilitas (kimia)|volatil]] es miwah bukné miwah minab rauh mesib sareng asteroid alit.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the difference between asteroids and comets |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Frequently_asked_questions |work=Rosetta's Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> Asteroid kasengguh madué wit sané matiosan saking bintang kudus, sampun kawentuk ring tengah orbit Jupiter pantaraning ring jaba tata surya.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are Asteroids And Comets |url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628110338/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/faq/#ast |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2004 |work=Near Earth Object Program FAQ |publisher=NASA |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Comparison of Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust with Interplanetary Dust from Comets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-01-25_319_5862/page/447 |last1=Ishii |first1=H. A. |last2=Bradley |first2=J. P. |last3=Dai |first3=Z. R. |last4=Chi |first4=M. |last5=Kearsley |first5=A. T. |last6=Burchell |first6=M. J. |last7=Browning |first7=N. D. |last8=Molster |first8=F. |display-authors=1 |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5862 |pages=447–50 |date=2008 |doi=10.1126/science.1150683 |pmid=18218892 |bibcode=2008Sci...319..447I|s2cid=24339399 }}</ref> Sakémanten, pacundukan [[bintang kudus sabuk utama]] miwah planet alit [[centaur (planet alit)|centaur]] sané aktif sampun ngabur [[Asteroid#Paistilah|pabinayan pantaraning asteroid miwah bintang kudus]]. Ring pangawit abad ka-21, kapanggihin makudang-kudang benda alit antuk orbit bintang kudus periode lanyang, sakéwanten karakteristik asteroid tata surya sisi tengah, kasengguh [[bintang kudus Manx]]. Ipun kantun kaklasifikasiang dados komet, minakadiC/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?orb=1;sstr=2014+S3 |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS)}}</ref> Kalih dasa pitu bintang kudus Manx kapanggihin saking warsa 2013 ngantos 2017.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chasing Manxes: Long-Period Comets Without Tails |journal=AAA/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts |issue=49 |last1=Stephens |first1=Haynes |last2=Meech |first2=Karen Jean |last3=Kleyna |first3=Jan |last4=Keane |first4=Jacqueline |last5=Hainaut |first5=Olivier |last6=Yang |first6=Bin |last7=Wainscoat |first7=Richard J. |last8=Micheli |first8=Marco |last9=Bhatt |first9=Bhuwan |last10=Sahu |first10=Devendra |display-authors=1 |at=420.02 |date=October 2017 |volume=49 |bibcode=2017DPS....4942002S}}</ref> {{As of|2021|11}}, wénten 4.584 bintang kudus sané kapanggihin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/|title=Comets Discovered |website=Minor Planet Center|access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> Sakémawon, puniki nyihnayang fraksi sané pinih alit saking total populasi bintang kudus poténsial, santukan cadangan benda-benda sekadi bintang ring jaba tata surya (ring [[awan Oort]]) kirang langkung atriliun.<ref name="Erickson2003">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwbivW5YKoYC&pg=PA123 |title=Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites: Cosmic Invaders of the Earth |series=The Living Earth |publisher=Infobase |location=New York |first=Jon |last=Erickson |page=123 |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-8160-4873-1}}</ref><ref name="Couper2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXkRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 |title=The Planets: The Definitive Guide to Our Solar System |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |first1=Heather |last1=Couper |first2=Robert |last2=Dinwiddie |first3=John |last3=Farndon |first4=Nigel |last4=Henbest |first5=David W. |last5=Hughes |first6=Giles |last6=Sparrow |first7=Carole |last7=Stott |first8=Colin |last8=Stuart |display-authors=1 |page=222 |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4654-3573-6}}</ref> Kirang langkung asiki bintang kudus nyabran warsa prasida kacingakin antuk [[mata melalung]], yadiastun akéh saking punika sané enduk miwah nénten ngulangunin.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/icar.1998.6048 |title=The Rate of Naked-Eye Comets from 101 BC to 1970 AD |date=1999 |last1=Licht |first1=A. |journal=Icarus |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=355–356 |bibcode=1999Icar..137..355L}}</ref> Conto sané pinih galang kasengguh "[[bintang kudus ageng]]". Bintang sampun karauhin olih probe sané tanpa awak sekadi ''[[Deep Impact (wahana antariksa)|Deep Impact]]'' NASA, sané ngeplugang kawah ring bintang kudus [[Tempel 1]] anggén mlajahin isiné, miwah ''[[Rosetta (wahana antariksa)|Rosetta]]'' saking Badan Antariksa Éropa, sané dados sané kapertama ngadaratang wahana robot antariksa ring bintang kudus.<ref name="Philae">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Touchdown!_Rosetta_s_Philae_probe_lands_on_comet |title=Touchdown! Rosetta's Philae Probe Lands on Comet |publisher=European Space Agency |date=12 November 2014 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} g0t7acsrhnzdb022t3xka68wjgcdxoj 0 63848 280119 236325 2026-08-13T17:41:01Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Diagnostik kotak informasi | name = Pahan karirihan | image = [[File:Raven Matrix.svg|class=skin-invert-image|290px]] | alt = [gambar conto item tes IQ] | caption = Silih sinunggil soroh item tes IQ, kamodelin sesampun item ring tes [[Matriks Progresif Raven]]. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|Z|01|8}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|94.01}} }}{{Psychology sidebar|all}}'''Pahan karirihan''' ([[Basa Inggris|Basa inggris]]: '''IQ''') inggih punika skor total sane mawit saking makudang-kudang [[Standardized test|tes standar]] utawi subtes sane kakaryanin anggen nguningin [[Human intelligence|kecerdasan manusa]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Braaten|first=Ellen B.|last2=Norman|first2=Dennis|date=1 November 2006|title=Intelligence (IQ) Testing|url=https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/27/11/403|journal=Pediatrics in Review|volume=27|issue=11|pages=403–408|doi=10.1542/pir.27-11-403|issn=0191-9601|pmid=17079505|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Karirihan|title=Karirihan|date=2019-12-24|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> Pangawitnyane, IQ inggih punika skor sane kapolihang antuk ngepah skor [[Mental age|yusa mental]] jadma, sane kapolihang antuk ngamargiang tes kecerdasan, antuk yusa kronologis jadma punika, makakalih kacihnayang ring warsa lan sasih. Pecahan sane kapolihang ( [[quotient]] ) kakaliang antuk 100 mangda ngamolihang nilai IQ. <ref>{{Kutip ensiklopedia |title=intelligence quotient (IQ) |publisher=National Council on Measurement in Education |location=Philadelphia, PA |url=http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorI |access-date=1 July 2017 |date=2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722194028/http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorI |archive-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Antuk [[Intelligence quotient#Current tests|tes IQ]] modern, [[Test score|skor mentah kauwah]] [[Data transformation (statistics)|dados]] [[Normal distribution|distribusi normal]] antuk rata-rata 100 lan [[Standard deviation|standar deviasi]] 15. Puniki ngamolihang kirang langkung kalih pertiga saking populasi sane ngamolihang skor pantaraning IQ 85 lan IQ 115 lan kirang langkung 2 persen soang-soang [[Intellectual giftedness|ring baduur 130]] lan [[Cacat intelektual|ring sor 70]]. <ref name="Neisser97">{{Cite journal|last=Neisser|first=Ulrich|year=1997|title=Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/rising-scores-on-intelligence-tests/|journal=American Scientist|volume=85|issue=5|pages=440–447|bibcode=1997AmSci..85..440N|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104214157/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/rising-scores-on-intelligence-tests/99999|archive-date=4 November 2016|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> Nilai saking tes kecerdasan inggih punika estimasi kecerdasan. Nénten sekadi, sekadi, jarak miwah massa, ukuran kawagedan sané pastika nénten prasida kapolihang santukan sifat abstrak saking konsep "kawagedan". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Haier|first=Richard|title=The Neuroscience of Intelligence|date=28 December 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107461437|pages=18–19}}</ref> Skor IQ sampun mabukti mapaiketan sareng faktor-faktor sekadi [[Human nutrition|nutrisi]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cusick|first=Sarah E.|last2=Georgieff|first2=Michael K.|date=1 August 2017|title=The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the 'First 1000 Days'|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=175|pages=16–21|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.013|issn=0022-3476|pmc=4981537|pmid=27266965}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saloojee|first=Haroon|last2=Pettifor|first2=John M|date=15 December 2001|title=Iron deficiency and impaired child development|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=323|issue=7326|pages=1377–1378|doi=10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1121846|pmid=11744547}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qian|first=Ming|last2=Wang|first2=Dong|last3=Watkins|first3=William E.|last4=Gebski|first4=Val|last5=Yan|first5=Yu Qin|last6=Li|first6=Mu|last7=Chen|first7=Zu Pei|date=2005|title=The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15734706/|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=32–42|issn=0964-7058|pmid=15734706}}</ref> [[Socioeconomic status|status sosial ekonomi]] rerama, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poh|first=Bee Koon|last2=Lee|first2=Shoo Thien|last3=Yeo|first3=Giin Shang|last4=Tang|first4=Kean Choon|last5=Noor Afifah|first5=Ab Rahim|last6=Siti Hanisa|first6=Awal|last7=Parikh|first7=Panam|last8=Wong|first8=Jyh Eiin|last9=Ng|first9=Alvin Lai Oon|last10=SEANUTS Study Group|date=13 June 2019|title=Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=19|issue=Suppl 4|pages=541|doi=10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4|issn=1471-2458|pmc=6565598|pmid=31196019|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galván|first=Marcos|last2=Uauy|first2=Ricardo|last3=Corvalán|first3=Camila|last4=López-Rodríguez|first4=Guadalupe|last5=Kain|first5=Juliana|date=September 2013|title=Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22915146/|journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal|volume=17|issue=7|pages=1243–1251|doi=10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9|issn=1573-6628|pmid=22915146}}</ref> [[Pinakit|morbiditas]] lan [[Mortality rate|mortalitas]], <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Markus Jokela|last2=G. David Batty|last3=Ian J. Deary|last4=Catharine R. Gale|last5=Mika Kivimäki|year=2009|title=Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort|journal=Pediatrics|volume=124|issue=3|pages=e380 – e388|doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0334|pmid=19706576}}</ref> {{Sfn|Deary|Batty|2007}} [[Social status|status sosial]] rerama, {{Sfn|Neisser et al.|1995}} lan [[Prenatal and perinatal psychology|lingkungan perinatal]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ronfani|first=Luca|last2=Vecchi Brumatti|first2=Liza|last3=Mariuz|first3=Marika|last4=Tognin|first4=Veronica|date=2015|title=The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|pages=e0127052|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027052R|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127052|pmc=4440732|pmid=25996934|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yadiastun [[Heritability of IQ|heritabilitas IQ]] sampun kaselehin sampun nampek ring satus warsa, kantun wenten perdebatan indik signifikansi estimasi heritabilitas <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Wendy|last2=Turkheimer|first2=Eric|last3=Gottesman|first3=Irving I.|last4=Bouchard|first4=Thomas J.|date=August 2009|title=Beyond Heritability|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=18|issue=4|pages=217–220|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x|pmc=2899491|pmid=20625474}}</ref> {{Sfn|Turkheimer|2008}} <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oxley|first=Florence A. R.|last2=Wilding|first2=Kirsty|last3=von Stumm|first3=Sophie|date=2024-11-01|title=DNA and IQ: Big deal or much ado about nothing? – A meta-analysis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289624000655|journal=Intelligence|volume=107|pages=101871|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2024.101871|issn=0160-2896}}</ref> lan mekanisme pewarisan. <ref name="Devlin97">{{Cite journal|last=Devlin|first=B.|last2=Daniels|first2=Michael|last3=Roeder|first3=Kathryn|author-link3=Kathryn Roeder|year=1997|title=The heritability of IQ|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-07-31_388_6641/page/468|journal=Nature|volume=388|issue=6641|pages=468–71|bibcode=1997Natur.388..468D|doi=10.1038/41319|pmid=9242404|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plomin|first=Robert|last2=von Stumm|first2=Sophie|date=March 2018|title=The new genetics of intelligence|journal=Nature Reviews Genetics|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=148–159|doi=10.1038/nrg.2017.104|issn=1471-0064|pmc=5985927|pmid=29335645}}</ref> Kirang langkung sané pinih becik mangkin ring heritabilitas kirang langkung 40 ngantos 60% saking varians pantaraning individu ring IQ sané katlatarang olih genetika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=de la Fuente|first=Javier|last2=Davies|first2=Gail|last3=Grotzinger|first3=Andrew D.|last4=Tucker-Drob|first4=Elliot M.|last5=Deary|first5=Ian J.|date=January 2021|title=A general dimension of genetic sharing across diverse cognitive traits inferred from molecular data|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=49–58|doi=10.1038/s41562-020-00936-2|issn=2397-3374|pmc=9346507|pmid=32895543}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davies|first=G.|last2=Tenesa|first2=A.|last3=Payton|first3=A.|last4=Yang|first4=J.|last5=Harris|first5=S. E.|last6=Liewald|first6=D.|last7=Ke|first7=X.|last8=Le Hellard|first8=S.|last9=Christoforou|first9=A.|last10=Luciano|first10=M.|last11=McGhee|first11=K.|date=October 2011|title=Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic|journal=Molecular Psychiatry|language=en|volume=16|issue=10|pages=996–1005|doi=10.1038/mp.2011.85|issn=1476-5578|pmc=3182557|pmid=21826061}}</ref> Skor IQ kaanggen penempatan pendidikan, [[IQ classification|penilaian kemampuan intelektual]], lan evaluasi pelamar pekerjaan. Ring sajeroning konteks tetilik, ipun sampun kaplajahin pinaka prediktor [[Performance rating (work measurement)|kinerja pakaryan]] <ref name="Schmidt98">{{Cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Frank L.|last2=Hunter|first2=John E.|year=1998|title=The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings|url=http://www.moityca.com.br/pdfs/SchmidteHunter1998.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=124|issue=2|pages=262–74|citeseerx=10.1.1.172.1733|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602034440/http://www.moityca.com.br/pdfs/SchmidteHunter1998.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2014|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> lan [[Income|pikolih]] . <ref name="Strenze2007">{{Cite journal|last=Strenze|first=Tarmo|date=September 2007|title=Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_intelligence_september-october-2007_35_5/page/401|journal=Intelligence|volume=35|issue=5|pages=401–426|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004|quote=The correlation with income is considerably lower, perhaps even disappointingly low, being about the average of the previous meta-analytic estimates (.15 by Bowles et al., 2001; and .27 by Ng et al., 2005). But...other predictors, studied in this paper, are not doing any better in predicting income, which demonstrates that financial success is difficult to predict by any variable. This assertion is further corroborated by the meta-analysis of Ng et al. (2005) where the best predictor of salary was educational level with a correlation of only .29. It should also be noted that the correlation of .23 is about the size of the average meta-analytic result in psychology(Hemphill, 2003) and cannot, therefore, be treated as insignificant.}}</ref> Ipun taler kawigunayang anggen malajahin distribusi kecerdasan psikometrik ring populasi miwah [[Correlation and dependence|paiketannyane]] sareng variabel tiosan. Nilai mentah ring tes IQ majeng ring makudang-kudang populasi sampun nincap antuk tingkat rata-rata sane skalanyane kantos tiga titik IQ nyabran dekade ngawit saking pangawit abad ka-20, fenomena sane kabaos [[Flynn effect|efek Flynn]]. Investigasi pola sane mabinayan saking panincapan skor subtes taler prasida nguningayang penelitian sane mangkin indik kecerdasan manusa. Manut sejarah, akeh sane nukung pengujian IQ sampun dados [[Eugenics|ahli eugenika]] sane ngawigunayang [[Pseudoscience|pseudosains]] anggen nyokong pikayunan indik [[Scientific racism|hierarki rasial]] sane mangkin nenten kacumponin mangda prasida matutang [[Racial segregation|segregasi]] miwah nentang [[Immigration|imigrasi]]. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordre.com/psychology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-516|title=Scientific Racism and North American Psychology|last=Winston|first=Andrew S.|date=29 May 2020|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Psychology|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.516|isbn=978-0-19-023655-7|quote=The use of psychological concepts and data to promote ideas of an enduring racial hierarchy dates from the late 1800s and has continued to the present. The history of scientific racism in psychology is intertwined with broader debates, anxieties, and political issues in American society. With the rise of intelligence testing, joined with ideas of eugenic progress and dysgenic reproduction, psychological concepts and data came to play an important role in naturalizing racial inequality. Although racial comparisons were not the primary concern of most early mental testing, results were employed to justify beliefs regarding Black “educability” and the dangers of Southern and Eastern European immigration.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Newitz|first=Annalee|title=Stories Are Weapons: Psychological Warfare and the American Mind|date=June 4, 2024|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|chapter=Chapter 4|author-link=Annalee Newitz}}</ref> Pandangan sakadi punika mangkin katulak olih konsensus sané kuat saking sains arus utama, yadiastun tokoh-tokoh pinggiran terus ngalimbakang ipun ring [[Pseudo-scholarship|beasiswa semu]] miwah budaya populer. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first=Kevin|last2=Jackson|first2=John P.|last3=Winston|first3=Andrew S.|date=2024|title=Confronting Scientific Racism in Psychology: Lessons from Evolutionary Biology and Genetics|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Famp0001228|journal=American Psychologist|volume=79|issue=4|pages=497–508|doi=10.1037/amp0001228|pmid=39037836|quote=Recent articles claim that the folk categories of race are genetically meaningful divisions, and that evolved genetic differences among races and nations are important for explaining immutable differences in cognitive ability, educational attainment, crime, sexual behavior, and wealth; all claims that are opposed by a strong scientific consensus to the contrary.}}</ref> <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Panofsky|first=Aaron|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Kushan|last3=Iturriaga|first3=Nicole|year=2021|title=How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=175|issue=2|pages=387–398|doi=10.1002/ajpa.24150|issn=0002-9483|pmc=9909835|pmid=32986847|quote=[T]he claims that genetics defines racial groups and makes them different, that IQ and cultural differences among racial groups are caused by genes, and that racial inequalities within and between nations are the inevitable outcome of long evolutionary processes are neither new nor supported by science (either old or new).|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Emotional competence|Kompetensi emosi]] * [[Kawicaksanaan punika ngatur raos|Kecerdasan emosional]] (EI), taler kabaos hasil bagi emosi (EQ) lan hasil bagi kecerdasan emosional (EIQ) . * [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Matriks Progresif Gagak]] * [[Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales|Skala Kecerdasan Stanford-Binet]] * [[Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale|Skala Kecerdasan Dewasa Wechsler]] * [[Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities|Tes Kawagedan Kognitif Woodcock-Johnson]] == Pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pahan karirihan]] 71ad18uch6wy4zd3sunxnuv1tdvks9p 0 64486 280121 238469 2026-08-13T17:43:31Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Eptesicus_nilssonii_hibernating.JPG|jmpl|[[Northern bat|Kelelawar kaja]] hibernasi ring [[Norwegia]]]] [[Berkas:Bat_in_mine_JAPAN.jpg|jmpl|Kelelawar sane hibernasi ring tambang perak]] '''Hibernasi''' inggih punika kahanan aktivitas minimal miwah reduksi [[Metabolism|metabolisme]] sané ngranjing olih makudang-kudang spesies buron. Hibernasi inggih punika [[Heterothermy|heterotermi]] musiman sané kacihnayang antuk suhu tubuh sané rendah, pernapasan miwah denyut jantung sané alon, miwah [[Metabolic rate|metabolisme]] sané rendah. Puniki pinih sering kaanggen nglintangin sasih [[Winter|dingin]] – sane kasengguh [[overwintering]]. Yadiastun manut tradisi kacawis majeng ring hibernator "dalem" sekadi [[Rodentia|rodent]], istilah puniki sampun kategesang malih mangda ngranjingang buron sekadi [[beruang]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bear.org/do-black-bears-hibernate/|title=Do Black Bears Hibernate?|date=2008-01-28|website=North American Bear Center|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> lan mangkin katerapin madasar antuk penindasan metabolisme aktif bandingang sareng panurunan mutlak suhu tubuh. Akeh para sujana sane percaya yening proses [[torpor]] lan hibernasi sedina-dina ngawentuk kontinum lan nganggen mekanisme sane pateh. <ref name="Watts etal 1981">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Watts PD, Oritsland NA, Jonkel C, Ronald K|year=1981|title=Mammalian hibernation and the oxygen consumption of a denning black bear (Ursus americanus)|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A|volume=69|issue=1|pages=121–3|doi=10.1016/0300-9629(81)90645-9}}</ref> <ref name="Geiser 2004 239–274">{{Cite journal|last=Geiser|first=Fritz|year=2004|title=Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-physiology_2004_66/page/239|journal=Annual Review of Physiology|volume=66|pages=239–274|doi=10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105|pmid=14977403}}</ref> Sane pateh ring sasih-sasih [[Summer|masan panes]] inggih punika [[aestivation]]. Hibernasi maguna mangda prasida nglestariang energi rikala ajeng-ajengan sané jangkep nénten wénten. Mangda prasida ngamolihang hemat energi puniki, buron endotermik prasida ngirangin metabolismenyane lan antuk punika suhu tubuhnyane. <ref name="Geiser 2004 239–2742">{{Cite journal|last=Geiser|first=Fritz|year=2004|title=Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-physiology_2004_66/page/239|journal=Annual Review of Physiology|volume=66|pages=239–274|doi=10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105|pmid=14977403}}</ref> Hibernasi prasida mamargi makudang-kudang rahina, wuku, utawi sasih-manut saking spesies, suhu lingkungan, galah ring warsa, miwah kahanan angga individu. Sadurung ngranjing ring hibernasi, buron punika patut nyimpen energi sané jangkep mangda prasida ajeg selami masa nénten makarya, minab selami masan dingin. Spesies sane agengan dados [[Hyperphagia|hiperfagik]], ngajeng ajengan sane akeh lan nyimpen energi ring angganyane sane marupa endapan lemak. Ring akeh spesies sane alit, food caching ngentosin ngajeng lan dados gemuh. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Humphries|first=M. M.|last2=Thomas, D.W.|last3=Kramer, D.L.|year=2003|title=The role of energy availability in mammalian hibernation: A cost-benefit approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-and-biochemical-zoology-pbz_march-april-2003_76_2/page/165|journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology|volume=76|issue=2|pages=165–179|doi=10.1086/367950|pmid=12794670}}</ref> Makudang-kudang spesies mamalia hibernasi rikala [[Gestation|mobot]], sané embas rikala ibunyané hibernasi utawi nénten sué risampuné punika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hellgren|first=Eric C.|year=1998|title=Physiology of Hibernation in Bears|url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_10/Hellgren_Vol_10.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Ursus|volume=10|pages=467–477|jstor=3873159|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908205323/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_10/Hellgren_Vol_10.pdf|archive-date=2016-09-08|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> Minakadi, [[Beruang selem Amérika|beruang ireng]] istri ngranjing ring hibernasi ring sasih dingin mangda prasida ngembasang pianaknyane. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeMaster|first=Douglas P.|last2=Stirling|first2=Ian|date=1981-05-08|title=Ursus maritimus|journal=Mammalian Species|language=en|issue=145|pages=1–7|doi=10.2307/3503828|issn=0076-3519|jstor=3503828|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ibu sane mobot punika nincapang massa tubuhnyane sadurung hibernasi, lan nincapnyane puniki salanturnyane kacihnayang ring berat keturunannyane. Akumulasi lemak punika ngawinang ipun prasida ngicenin lingkungan sane cukup anget lan ngasuh pianaknyane sane wau embas. Selami hibernasi, ipun raris kilangan 15-27% saking baat pra-hibernasi antuk ngawigunayang lemak sané kasimpen pinaka energi. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Molnar PK, Derocher AE, Kianjscek T, Lewis MA|year=2011|title=Predicting climate change impacts on polar bear litter size|journal=Nat Commun|volume=2|page=186|bibcode=2011NatCo...2..186M|doi=10.1038/ncomms1183|pmc=3105343|pmid=21304515}}</ref> Buron ektotermik taler ngamargiang masa penindasan metabolisme miwah [[Dormancy|dormansi]], sané ring akéh invertebrata kasengguh [[diapause]] . Makudang-kudang peneliti miwah krama ngawigunayang istilah [[Brumation|brumate]] rikala nyihnayang dormansi musim dingin reptil, sakéwanten istilah hibernasi sané umum kaprecaya prasida nyihnayang dormansi musim dingin. <ref>Ultsch, Gordon R. 1989. Ecology and Physiology of Hibernation and Overwintering Among Freshwater Fishes, Turtles, and Snakes. Biological Reviews 64(4), pp. 435-515. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1989.tb00683.x</ref> Akéh serangga, sekadi tawon ''[[Polistes exclamans]]'' miwah kumbang ''[[Bolitotherus]]'', nyihnayang masa dormansi sané sering kasengguh hibernasi, yadiastun ektotermi ipun. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=González|first=Jorge M.|last2=Vinson|first2=S. Bradleigh|year=2007|title=Does ''Polistes exclamans'' Vierek (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Hibernate Inside Muddauber Nests?|journal=Southwestern Entomologist|volume=32|pages=67–71|doi=10.3958/0147-1724-32.1.69}}</ref> [[Botany|Sujana botani]] prasida ngawigunayang parinama "hibernasi benih" pinaka wentuk [[Seed dormancy|dormansi benih]]. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Cruzan|first=Mitchell B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzRtDwAAQBAJ|title=Evolutionary Biology: A Plant Perspective|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190882686|location=New York|page=146|quote=With the exception of some tropical species, seed germination is typically postponed for some period that is determined by characteristics of seeds and the environmental conditions they are exposed to [...]. [...] seeds may remain ungerminated and persist in the soil for many years. In this case, latency is induced by external environmental conditions, so these seeds are effectively in hibernation. [...] Because of seed hibernation and dormancy, many plant populations consist of adult individuals as well as [[Seed bank (disambiguation)|''Seed Banks'']] that may be composed of seeds produced over a number of growing seasons.|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> == Pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Metabolisme buron]] hbqk8383pzi6kp2i0phl1rynjs1lcjl 0 64740 280209 239006 2026-08-13T21:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox interventions||Name=Tata cara sané pinih invasif|image=Aneurysm endovascular.jpg|caption=Perbaikan aneurisma endovaskular - conto prosedur minimal invasif|alt=|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICD9unlinked=|MeshID=D019060|LOINC=|other_codes=|MedlinePlus=|eMedicine=938198}} '''Prosedur minimal invasif''' (taler kauningin pinaka '''operasi minimal invasif''') ngranjing teknik [[Surgery|operasi]] sane ngwatesin ukuran sayatan sane kabuatang, antuk punika ngirangin galah [[Wound healing|nyegerang tatu]], rasa sakit sane mapaiketan, lan resiko infeksi. Operasi manut definisi inggih punika invasif, miwah akéh operasi sané ngamerluang [[Surgical incision|sayatan]] antuk makudang ukuran kasengguh ''operasi terbuka'' . Gelisan sane kakaryanin rikala operasi terbuka kadang-kadang prasida ninggalin tatu sane ageng sane minab nyakitin lan ngamerluang galah sane suwe mangda seger. Panglimbak [[Medical technologies|teknologi medis]] sampun ngawinang panglimbak miwah ngawigunayang tata cara sane minimal invasif. Minakadi, [[Endovascular aneurysm repair|perbaikan aneurisma endovaskular]], operasi minimal invasif, sampun dados metode sane pinih sering kaanggen mecikang [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm|aneurisma aorta abdomen]] ring AS duk warsa 2003. Prosedur puniki nyarengang sayatan sane joh alitan tekening prosedur [[Cardiac surgery#open surgery|operasi terbuka]] sane anut sareng [[Open aortic surgery|operasi aorta terbuka]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sethi RK, Henry AJ, Hevelone ND, Lipsitz SR, Belkin M, Nguyen LL|date=September 2013|title=Impact of hospital market competition on endovascular aneurysm repair adoption and outcomes.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-vascular-surgery_2013-09_58_3/page/596|journal=J. Vasc. Surg.|volume=58|issue=3|pages=596–606|doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.014|pmid=23684424|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Interventional radiology|Ahli radiologi intervensi]] inggih punika pangawit saking pidabdab sane minimal invasif. Ngawigunayang teknik [[Medical imaging|pencitraan]], ahli radiologi prasida nuntun instrumen intervensi saking angga antuk [[Catheter|kateter]] gumanti gesekan ageng sane kabuatang ring operasi tradisional. Akibatnyane, akeh kondisi sane dumun ngamerluang operasi mangkin prasida katambanin antuk non-operasi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|date=Aug 2010|title=Global Statement Defining Interventional Radiology|journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology|language=en|volume=21|issue=8|pages=1147–1149|doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2010.05.006|doi-access=free}}</ref> Teknik diagnostik sane nenten nyarengin sayatan, nusuk kulit, utawi ngeranjingang benda utawi bahan asing ring angga kauningin pinaka [[Non-invasive procedure|prosedur non-invasif]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Dorland's|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHKj1FyrSW4C&pg=PA955|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8|edition=32nd|page=955}}</ref> Makudang-kudang tata cara nambanin sane kaklasifikasiang pinaka non-invasif. Conto utama saking perawatan alternatif non-invasif anggen operasi inggih punika [[Radiation therapy|terapi radiasi]], taler kawedarang radioterapi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Daniel Albert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHKj1FyrSW4C&pg=PA1573|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary.|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8|edition=32nd|location=Philadelphia, PA|page=1573}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{Div col}}* [[Bius]] * [[Sistem klasifikasi status fisik ASA]] * [[Ubad]] * [[Operasi endoskopi translumenal lubang alami]] * [[Traumaologi]] * [[Rekayasa biomedis]] * [[Pencitraan molekuler]] * [[Tusuk vena]]{{Div col end}} == Pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Operasi sané pinih invasif]] 89vxvq7x441irgkq53t9v94ju5ck6o6 0 64868 280207 239430 2026-08-13T21:31:52Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280207 wikitext text/x-wiki Ring widang [[Consumer behavior|parilaksana konsumen]], '''pemelian impuls''' utawi '''pembelian impuls''' inggih punika pamutus sane nenten karencanayang olih [[Consumer|konsumen]] antuk [[Purchasing|numbas]] [[Goods|produk]] utawi [[Service (economics)|jasa]], sane kakaryanin sadurung pembelian. <ref name="BD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bruhmoment.com/definition/impulse-buying.html|title=What is impulse buying?|publisher=Businessdictionary.com|access-date=2011-12-22}}</ref> Sang sane cenderung matumbasan sakadi punika kabaos '''pembeli impuls''', '''pembeli impuls''', utawi '''pembeli kompulsif''' . Pikolih seseleh nyihnayang emosi, [[Feeling|raos]], miwah parilaksana mabuat pisan rikala matumbasan, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Czarnecka|first=Barbara|last2=Schivinski|first2=Bruno|date=2019-08-08|title=Do Consumers Acculturated to Global Consumer Culture Buy More Impulsively? The Moderating Role of Attitudes towards and Beliefs about Advertising|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2019.1600094|journal=Journal of Global Marketing|volume=32|issue=4|pages=219–238|doi=10.1080/08911762.2019.1600094|issn=0891-1762|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="Muhammad">{{Cite journal|last=Muhammad|first=Abubakar Sadiq|last2=Adeshola|first2=Ibrahim|last3=Isiaku|first3=Labaran|date=2023-09-14|title=A mixed study on the "wow" of impulse purchase on Instagram: insights from Gen-Z in a collectivistic environment|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-04-2023-1728|journal=Young Consumers|volume=25|issue=|pages=128–148|doi=10.1108/YC-04-2023-1728|issn=1747-3616|url-access=subscription}}</ref> sane kakawitin antuk nyingakin produk utawi ritatkala kapanggihin [[Marketing|gatra promosi]] sane kakaryanin becik. <ref name="BD" /> == Lelintihan == Definisi asli saking "pembelian impuls" inggih punika pembelian sané nénten karencanayang olih konsumen sané medal saking ''Studi Kebiasaan Pembelian Konsumen'' DuPont sané mamargi saking warsa 1948 kantos 1965. Definisi impuls buying raris kaanyarang, nganutin rasa meled sane karasayang olih konsumen ritatkala ipun jagi numbas barang ring galahe punika, sering ngawinang disonansi kognitif majeng ring konsumen. Puniki nguwah unteng definisi saking produk nuju konsumen. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rook|first=Dennis W.|date=1987|title=The Buying Impulse|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consumer-research_1987-09_14_2/page/189|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|volume=14|issue=2|pages=189–199|doi=10.1086/209105|issn=0093-5301|jstor=2489410}}</ref> Saking irika, sampun kabaosang indik pembelian impuls inggih punika pikolih saking kabuatan soang-soang mangda prasida nagingin pikayunannyane ring sajeroning masaing sareng ideologi rasional miwah pengaturan diri soang-soang. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Yinlong|last2=Shrum|first2=L. J.|date=2009|title=The Influence of Self-Construal on Impulsive Consumption|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consumer-research_2009-02_35_5/page/838|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|language=en|volume=35|issue=5|pages=838–850|doi=10.1086/593687|issn=0093-5301}}</ref> Nincapnyane panumbasan impuls taler mapaiketan sareng nincapnyane materialisme, sane sering ngawinang jadmane ngrereh jinah utawi matumbasan sane nenten kauningin. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Podoshen|first=Jeffrey S.|last2=Andrzejewski|first2=Susan A.|date=2012|title=An Examination of the Relationships Between Materialism, Conspicuous Consumption, Undecided Purchase, Impulse Buying, and Brand Loyalty|journal=Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice|volume=20|issue=3|pages=319–333|doi=10.2753/MTP1069-6679200306|issn=1069-6679|jstor=23243709}}</ref> == Cingak taler == * [[Advertising|Pariklanan]] * [[Closeout (sale)|Ngadol klirens]] * [[Considered purchase|Kapinehin katumbas]] * [[Decision fatigue|Leleh ring pamutus]] * [[Marketing|Pemasaran]] * [[Marketing strategy|Strategi pemasaran]] * [[Impulsivity|Impulsif]] * [[Pig in a poke|Bawi ring tusuk]] * [[Product marketing|Pemasaran produk]] * [[Product placement|Genah produk]] * [[Youth marketing|Pemasaran para yowana]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Parilaksana konsumen]] 863xuwjgz9uhk3777p1eafts9xb5kg2 0 65026 280141 239806 2026-08-13T18:07:05Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|kelas kapal silem Soviét/Rusia sareng aran parikanda NATO "Akula"|kelas kapal silem sareng aran asli Rusia (Акула)|Kapal silem kelas Typhoon}} {| {{Infobox ship begin | display title = Kapal silem kelas ''Akula'' }} {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = [[File:АПЛ "Кузбасс".jpg|300px]] | Ship caption = Kapal silem {{ship|kapal silem Rusia|Kuzbass|K-419}} }} |- {{Infobox ship image | Ship image = AkulaProjekt971U right.png | Ship image size = 300px | Ship caption = Profil SSN kelas ''Akula'’ }} {{Infobox ship class overview | Name = Kelas ''Akula'' | Builders = *[[Amur Shipbuilding Plant|Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] * [[Sevmash|Severodvinsk]] | Operators = {{ubl|{{navy|Uni Soviét}}|{{navy|Russia}}|{{navy|India}}}} | Class before = {{sclass2|Victor|kapal silem|4}}, {{sclass2|Sierra|kapal silem|4}} | Class after = {{sclass2|Yasen|kapal silem|4}} | Subclasses = | Cost = est. $1.55&nbsp;yuta (1995 dollar) | Built range = 1983–1999 | In service range = | In commission range = 1984–mangkin | Total ships building = | Total ships planned = 20 | Total ships completed = 15 | Total ships cancelled = 4 (1 ''Iribis'' katangguhang 42% wusan saking 1996) | Total ships active = 4 (4 aktif +6 ring modérnisasi Rusia) | Total ships laid up = | Total ships lost = | Total ships retired = 4 | Total ships preserved = | Total ships stricken = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship class = | Ship type = [[Kapal silem nuklir|Kapal silem serang nuklir]] | Ship tonnage = | Ship displacement = *Ngapung: *8,140 ton Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *8,450–8,470 ton Akula II lan III *nyilem: *12,770 ton Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *13,400–13,800 ton Akula II lan III | Ship length = *{{convert|110.3|m|abbr=on}} antuk Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *{{convert|113.3|m|abbr=on}} antuk Akula II lan Akula III | Ship beam = {{convert|13.6|m|abbr=on}} | Ship height = | Ship draught = {{convert|9.7|m|abbr=on}} | Ship draft = | Ship depth = | Ship hold depth = | Ship decks = | Ship deck clearance = | Ship ramps = | Ship ice class = | Ship power = | Ship propulsion = *Asiki [[réaktor toya matekanan]] [[Réaktor OK-650|OK-650B/OK-650M]] ([[uranium kasugihang|HEU]] <= 45%) 190&nbsp;MW<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lynceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Marine-Nuclear-Power-1939-2018_Part-3A_R1_Russia_submarines.pdf|access-date=18 April 2023|website=lynceans.org|title=Russian submarines|date=October 2018}}</ref> *1 OK-7 [[turbin uap]] {{convert|43,000|hp|MW|abbr=on}} *2 [[Génerator listrik|Génerator]] Turbo OK-2 ngasilang 2 MW *1 [[pindekan]] pitu bilah *2 OK-300 propulsor listrik sané prasida kakedeng antuk manuver kagelisan éndép lan tenang ring {{convert|5|kn}} | Ship sail plan = | Ship speed = *{{convert|10|kn}} ngapung *{{convert|28|-|35|kn}} nyilem<ref name=Janes2008>{{cite book |editor-first=Stephen |editor-last=Saunders |date=2008 |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2008-09 |location=[[Coulsdon]], UK |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |page=644 |isbn=978-0-71062-845-9}}</ref> | Ship range = | Ship endurance = 100 days<ref name="Podvodnye Lodki 2003"/> | Ship test depth = *{{convert|480|m|abbr=on}} [[uji kadaleman]] antuk Akula I lan Akula I Katincapang *{{convert|520|m|abbr=on}} amtuk Akula II lan III *{{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} [[kadaleman operasi maksimum]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=8610 |title=The Ship Day to be celebrated at SSN Kuzbass |website=Rusnavy.com |date=2010-01-28 |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917113157/http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=8610 |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Ship boats = | Ship capacity = | Ship troops = | Ship complement = 73 antuk Akula I & Katincapang,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/akula/ |title=Specification: SSN Akula Class (Bars Type 971) Attack Submarine, Russia |website=Naval-technology.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033644/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/akula/specs.html |archive-date=2011-06-05}}</ref> 62 (31 officers) for Akula II & III<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Fighting-Ships/Typhoon-Akula-class-Project-941-941U-Russian-Federation.html |title=Typhoon (Akula) class (Project 941/941U) (Russian Federation) |website=Jane's Fighting Ships |date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126160105/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Fighting-Ships/Typhoon-Akula-class-Project-941-941U-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Ship time to activate = | Ship sensors = * Rangkaian aktif/pasif MGK-540 * Array flank * [[sonar array kakedeng]] Pelamida * Sonar detéksi ranjau MG-70 | Ship EW = * [[Rangkaian paperangan éléktronik|ESM]]/[[Pananggulangan paperangan éléktronik|ECM]] Bukhta * simulasi [[umpan]] kauyutan MG-74 Korund (kabedilang saking tabung jaba) * Panampi intersepsi Sonar MT-70 * [[Identifikasi timpal utawi musuh|IFF]] Nikhrom-M | Ship armament = * 4 × tabung torpédo 533 mm (28 torpédo) lan 4 × tabung torpédo 650 mm (12 torpédo). (K-152 ''Nerpa'' madué 8 × tabung torpédo 533 mm) 40 total torpédo * 1–3 × peluncur rudal pamukaan-ka-udara sané kabedilang saking layar [[9K38 Igla|Igla-M]] (wantah antuk pangunaan pamukaan) * Rudal jelajah [[RK-55|Granat]], mangkin [[Kalibr]] | Ship armour = | Ship armor = | Ship aircraft = | Ship aircraft facilities = | Ship notes = * [[Radar]] Panyeleh Permukaan Chiblis * Sistem Navigasi Medvyeditsa-945 * Komunikasi satelit Molniya-M * Komunikasi sor toya MGK-80 * Anténa komunikasi Tsunami, Kiparis, Anis, Sintez lan Kora * Anténa [[Frékuénsi sangat éndép|VLF]] kedeng Paravan * Sistem arah patempuran Vspletsk }} |} '''Kapal silem kelas ''Akula''''', ring Soviét kasengguh '''Proyék 971 ''Shchuka-B''''' ({{langx|ru|Щука-Б||[[Ulam tumbak|Tumbak]]-B}}, [[Lis kelas kapal silem Soviet lan Rusia|aran parikanda NATO]] '''''Akula''''') inggih punika serangkaian [[kapal silem serang]] [[Propulsi segara nuklir|matenaga nuklir]] (SSN) génerasi kaping pat sané kapertama kaluncurang olih [[Angkatan Segara Soviét]] duk warsa 1986. Wenten petang sub-kelas utawi panicapan Shchuka-B, asliné kawangun antuk pitung kapal Proyék 971 (sané mawasta kode ''Akula I''), sané katugasin pantaraning warsa 1984 lan 1990; nem Proyék 971Is (''Akula'' sané katincapang), sané kalaksanayang pantaraning warsa 1991 lan 2009; asiki Proyék 971U (''Akula II''), sané kalaksanayang ring warsa 1995; lan asiki Proyék 971M (''Akula III''), sane katugasin ring warsa 2001. Rusia ngadanin makasami kapal silem punika ''Shchuka-B'', nénten gumantung ring modifikasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ |title=In-service ships |website=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005094347/http://rusnavy.com/nowadayes/strength/ |archive-date=2012-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Minab pawastaan ipun wénten ngeranayang paling santukan wastan ''Akula'' (Rusia: Акула, maartos '[[kakia]]' ring basa Rusia) kaangén olih Soviét antuk kelas kapal silem sané matiosan, Proyék 941, sané kaloktah ring Kauh pinaka {{sclass2|Typhoon|kapal silem|4}}. Proy3k 971 kawastanin ''Shchuka-B'' olih Soviét nanging kaicén parinama ''Akula'' olih Kauh sasampun wastan kapal utama, K-284. Manut analis patahanan [[Norman Polmar]], paluncuran kapal silem kapertama ring warsa 1985, "ngguncang makasami [ring Kauh] munggah", santukan lembaga intelijén Kauh nénten ngaptiang Uni Soviét pacang ngasilang kapal sakadi punika salami dasa warsa malih.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Colin |last=Norman |jstor=1703462 |title=Quiet Soviet Subs Prompt Concern |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1989-03-31_243_4899/page/1653 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=243 |issue=4899 |date=31 March 1989 |pages=1653–1654 |doi=10.1126/science.243.4899.1653 |pmid=17751269|bibcode=1989Sci...243.1653N }}</ref> {{Kapal silem kelas Akula}} 82ivmz9olp7306xxvkkrodsv8hv0vfy 0 65518 280196 241143 2026-08-13T21:10:14Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Balaenoptera omurai, Madagascar - Royal Society Open Science 1.jpg | image_caption = Omura's whale | status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN2008">{{cite iucn |author=Cooke, J.G. |author2=Brownell Jr. |author3=R.L. |year=2019 |amends=2018 |title=''Balaenoptera omurai'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T136623A144790120 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136623A144790120.en |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Balaenoptera | species = omurai | authority = [[Yuiti Wada|Wada]], Oishi & Yamada, 2003 | range_map = Range_Balaenoptera_omurai.png }} '''Paus Omura''' utawi '''paus képés katé''' ('''''Balaenoptera omurai''''') inggih punika [[spésiés]] saking [[rorqual]] sané wantah kidik kapanggihin.<ref name=Jefferon2008>{{cite book | author = Thomas, Jefferson | author2 = Marc A. Webber | author3 = Robert L. Pitman | name-list-style = amp | title = Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification | publisher = Academic | year = 2008 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-12-383853-7 | oclc = 272382231}}</ref> Sadurung pidarta resminyané, paus niki katlatarang dados rupa paus Bryde sané alit, utawi katé olih makudang wit.<ref>Ohsumi 1978, Wada and Numachi 1991, Carwardine 1995, Perrin ''et al.'' 1996, Kahn 2001, LeDuc and Dizon 2002, Kato 2002, and many others</ref> Wastan umum miwah [[wastan spésifik (zoologi)|parab spesifik]] ngapikélingim ahli cetologi Jepang {{ill|Hideo Omura|jp|大村秀雄}}.<ref name="Wada2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wada | first1 = S. | last2 = Oishi | first2 = M. | last3 = Yamada | first3 = T.K. | year = 2003 | title = A newly discovered species of living baleen whale | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-11-20_426_6964/page/278 | journal = Nature | volume = 426 | pages = 278–281 | oclc = 110553472 | doi=10.1038/nature02103 | pmid=14628049 | issue=6964| bibcode = 2003Natur.426..278W | s2cid = 4301170 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190322">{{cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Karen |title=An Elusive Whale Is Found All Around the World - Researchers are learning about a newly identified species of baleen whales, tracing sightings and sounds to learn that they stay mainly in tropical waters.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/science/omuras-whales-habitat.html |date=22 March 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 March 2019 }}</ref> alaulnbliimnqf6cg2qshis47qrf24c 0 66938 280117 245037 2026-08-13T17:39:02Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Laughter_and_clearing_voice.ogg|ka|jmpl| Audio anak istri sane kedek]] [[Berkas:Laughing_boy_at_golden_hour.jpg|jmpl|[[Oka|Anak alit]] sane makedekan]] '''Kedekan''' (Alus singgih: Ica) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.basabali.org/Kedek|title=Kedek|date=2023-09-22|website=BASAbaliWiki|language=en|access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>inggih punika reaksi fisik lan emosi sane biasane [[Pleasure|nyenengin]] sane biasane kawangun antuk kontraksi ritmis, biasane kapireng saking [[Thoracic diaphragm|diafragma]] lan bagian-bagian sistem pernapasan sane lianan. Punika pinaka respons majeng ring [[Stimulus (psychology)|rangsangan]] eksternal utawi internal sane sampun katentuang. Kedekan prasida metu saking parikrama sakadi [[Tickling|kagelitikin]], <ref>{{Cite book|last=Stearns|first=Frederic Rudolph|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoch00some/page/59|title=Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development|publisher=Springfield, Ill., Thomas|year=1972|isbn=978-0398024208|pages=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoch00some/page/59 59–65]}}</ref> utawi saking satua [[Humor|sane lucu]], [[Image|pencitraan]], [[video]] utawi pikayunan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shultz|first=T. R.|last2=Horibe|first2=F.|year=1974|title=Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_1974-01_10_1/page/13|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=10|pages=13–20|doi=10.1037/h0035549}}</ref> Sane pinih sering, kabaos ekspresi auditori saking makudang-kudang kahanan emosi sane positif, sakadi sukacita, girang, [[Happiness|bagia]] utawi lega. Nanging, ring makudang-kudang galah, punika minab sangkaning kahanan emosi sane matungkalikan sakadi kimud, kaget, utawi bingung sakadi [[Nervous laughter|kedek gugup utawi kedek sopan santun]] . Yusa, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, basa lan budaya makasami punika indikator <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olmwake|first=Louise|year=1937|title=A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics|journal=Journal of Applied Psychology|volume=45|issue=6|pages=688–704|doi=10.1037/h0055199}}</ref> indik napike jadma punika pacang ngarasayang kedek ring kahanan sane sampun katentuang. Tiosan ring manusa, makudang-kudang spesies [[primata]] tiosan ( [[simpanse]], [[Gorilla|gorila]] miwah [[orangutan]] ) nyihnayang [[Laughter in animals|vokalisasi sekadi kedek]] pinaka penampén saking kontak fisik sekadi magulat, maplalian nguber utawi ngelitik. Kedekan inggih punika pahan saking [[Human behavior|parilaksana manusa]] sane kaatur olih [[Human brain|otak]], ngwantu [[manusa]] nlatarang pikayunannyane ring [[Social interaction|interaksi sosial]] lan ngicenin konteks emosional ring pabligbagan. Kedek kaanggen pinaka cihna dados pahan saking seka-punika nyihnayang penerimaan miwah interaksi positif sareng anak tiosan. Kedekan kadang-kadang kacingak nular lan kedekan silih sinunggil jadma prasida ngraga ngawinang kedekan saking jadma sane lianan pinaka [[Positive feedback|umpan balik sane positif]]. <ref>Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems'', ''[[Princeton University Press]]'', 2003. {{ISBN|0-691-11624-5}} – {{ISBN|0-691-01211-3}} (pbk.) p. 18.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Blumer|first=Herbert|title=Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05676-3|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA|page=84|chapter=Society as Symbolic Interaction|quote=group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.|orig-year=1969}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Durkheim|first=Émile|title=[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide: A Study in Sociology]]|date=1979|publisher=THE FREE PRESS|isbn=978-0-684-83632-4|location=New York, NY|pages=125, 129|translator-last=Spaulding|translator-first=John A.|trans-title=Étude de sociologie|chapter=Imitation|quote=Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: ''Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.''|orig-year=1951|translator-last2=Simpson|translator-first2=George}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bergson|first=Henri|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4352/4352-h/4352-h.htm|title=Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic|date=26 July 2009|publisher=Project Gutenberg|translator-last=Brereton L. ES L., M.A.|translator-first=Cloudesley|chapter=The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic|quote=Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.|orig-year=1900|translator-last2=Rothwell B.A.|translator-first2=Fred}}</ref> Studi indik humor lan kedek, lan efek psikologis lan fisiologisnyane ring angga manusa, kawastanin [[Gelotology|gelotologi]]. == Cingak taler == * [[Death from laughter|Pati sangkaning kedek]] * [[Evil laughter|Kedek sane corah]] * [[Laughter yoga|Yoga kedek]] * [[Paradoxical laughter|Kedek sane paradoks]] * [[Pathological laughing and crying|Kedek lan nangis sane patologis]] * [[Smile|Makenyem]] == Lis pustaka == <references /> == Pranala jaba == {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Demen Karahayuan]] [[Kategori:Psikologi fisiologis]] 0t6gprwdkz4b03mdku0r7bwmmnj0qdt 0 67086 280175 267809 2026-08-13T19:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem |title = {{lang|fr|La Marseillaise|italic=no}} |balinese_title = 'Tembang saking Marseille' |alt_title = {{lang|fr|« Chant de Guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin »|italic=no}} |ban_alt_title = 'Tembang Perang antuk Tentra Rhine' |image = Paris July 2011-16a.jpg |caption = ''Para sukarelawan Marseillais Matilar'', kapaet ring [[Arc de Triomphe]] |prefix = Nasional |country = Prancis |author = [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] |lyrics_date = 1792 |composer = Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792 |adopted = 14 Juli 1795 |until = 1799 |readopted = 1870 |sound = La Marseillaise.ogg |sound_title = Cingakan instrumeléorntal ring [[A-flat mayor|A♭]]}} "'''La Marseillaise'''"{{efn|{{bulletedlist|{{small|English pronunciation:}} {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɑːr|s|eɪ|ˈ|(|j|)|ɛ|z}} {{respell||MAR|say|(Y)EZ}}|{{IPA|fr|la maʁsɛˈjɛːz}}}}}} inggih punika [[gending kebangsaan]] saking [[Prancis]]. Punika kasurat ring warsa 1792 olih [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] ring [[Strasbourg]] sesampun déklarasi perang olih [[Républik Prancis Kapertama]] nglawan [[Archduke Austria|Austria]], lan pamahbahné mamurda "'''{{Lang|fr|Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin|italic=no}}'''".{{efn|{{IPA|fr|ʃɑ̃ də ɡɛːʁ puʁ laʁ.me dy ʁɛ̃|pron}}; {{lit|Tembang Perang antuk [[Tentra Rhine (1791–1795)|Tentra Rhine]]}}}} [[Konvensi Nasional]] Prancis ngambil tembang punika pinaka gending [[Répubik Kapertama Prancis|Républik Kapertama]] ring warsa 1795. Gending punika ngamolihang parabnyané sesampun katembangang ring [[Paris]] antuk '[[Fédéré]]' (sukarélawan) saking [[Marseille]] sané mamargi nuju ibu kota. Melodi lan lirik evokatif gending punika sampun ngawinang kawigunannyané sané sampun ngelimbak pinaka tembang révolusi lan ngeranjingnyane dados makudang-kudang musik klasik lan populer. == Lelintihan == [[File:Pils rouget lisle chantant marseillaise mb (Musée).jpg|thumb|left|[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle|Rouget de Lisle]], komposer saking "La Marseillaise", nembangang tembang niki antuk kapertamané ring umah Dietrich, Walikota Strasbourg (lukisan warsa 1849 olih [[Isidore Pils]], [[Musée historique de Strasbourg]]).]] Rikala [[Révolusi Prancis]] kalanturang, para monarki ring Éropa dados jejeh yening semangat révolusioner pacang nglimbak ring panegaranyané. [[Perang Koalisi Kapertama]] inggih punika utsaha mangda prasida ngreredang révolusi, utawi pinih nénten mamargi wantah ring Prancis. Pamahbahné, tentra Prancis nénten minayang raga, lan tentara Koalisi ngrejeng Prancis. Daweg 25 April 1792, Baron [[Philippe Friedrich Dietrich|Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich]], Walikota Strasbourg lan [[Pempimpin loji masonik|Pemimpin sané Kahormatin]] saking [[Loji Masonik]] lokal, nunas tamiuné [[Freemason ring Prancis|Freemason]] Rouget de Lisle mangda nyusun tembang "sané pacang ngumpulang prajurit iraga saking makasami genah mangda prasida mikukuhin pertiwiné sané keni baya".<ref>''Dictionnaire Universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie'', p. 601 – Jode and Cara (Larousse 2011)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/la_marseillaise.asp|title=La Marseillaise|publisher=[[Sabha Nasional Prancis]]|access-date=24 April 2012|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515104621/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/la_marseillaise.asp|archive-date=15 Méi 2012}}</ref> Wengi nika, Rouget de Lisle nyurat "{{Lang|fr|Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin}}"<ref name="Weber1976">{{cite book|last=Weber|first=Eugen|title=Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsintofren0000webe|url-access=registration|access-date=24 April 2012|date=1 Juni 1976|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1013-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsintofren0000webe/page/439 439]}}</ref> ("Tembang Perang antuk [[Tentra Rhine (Prancis)|Tentra Rhine]]"), lan ngaturang tembang puniki majeng [[Marsekal Prancis|Marsekal]] [[Nicolas Luckner]], satunggil freemason [[Bayern]] sané matugas ring Prancis saking [[Cham, Jerman|Cham]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stevens|first=Benjamin F.|date=January 1896|title=Story of La Marseillaise|journal=The Musical Record|publisher=Oliver Ditson Company|location=Boston, Massachusetts|issue=408|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA2|access-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Satunggil plakat ring wangunan [[Place Broglie]] genah umah De Dietrich polih kaadegang ngapikélingin paristiwa punika.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plaque Frédéric De Dietrich|url=http://www.archi-wiki.org/Actualit%C3%A9s_adresse:3_place_Broglie_(Strasbourg)#Plaque_Fr.C3.A9d.C3.A9ric_De_Dietrich|publisher=Archi-Wiki|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref> De Dietrich kaéksekusi warsa selanturné selami [[Pamréntahan Téror]].<ref name=Spach3>{{in lang|fr}} Louis Spach, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_U5AAAAcAAJ&q=Dietrich+Strasbourg ''Frederic de Dietrich, premier maire de Strasbourg''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523155905/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_U5AAAAcAAJ&q=Dietrich+Strasbourg |date=23 Méi 2023 }}, Strasbourgh, Vve. Berger-Levrault & fils, 1857.</ref> Mélodi niki digelis manados seruan antuk Révolusi Prancis lan kaadopsi dados "La Marseillaise" sesampun melodi punika kapertama katembangang ring margi olih para rélawan (''[[fédéré]]'' ring Prancis) saking Marseille daweg pangutat sasih Méi. Para ''fédérés'' ngeranjing kota Paris duk tanggal 30 Juli 1792 sesampun satunggil rélawan yowana saking [[Montpellier]] ngaukin [[François Mireur]] sampun nembangang daweg satunggil parum patriotik ring Marseille, lan balayuda ngadopsi dados tembang mars Garda Nasional Marseille.<ref name="Weber1976"/> Satunggil dokter médis sané wawu lulus, Mireur selanturné manados jénderal ring sor [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] lan séda ring [[Mesir Eyalet|Mesir]] duk yusa 28.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.arcdetriomphe.info/officers/mireur/|title= General François Mireur|access-date= 26 Januari 2015|archive-date= 29 Séptémber 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140929012422/http://www.arcdetriomphe.info/officers/mireur/|url-status= live}}</ref> Lirik tembang puniki nyihnayang indik invasi Prancis olih tentra asing (saking [[Prusia]] lan Austria) sané sedek mamargi ritatkala tembang puniki kasurat. Strasbourg punika kaserang wantah makudang-kudang rahina salanturné. Balayuda sané nyerang punika katulak saking Prancis risampuné kakaonang ring [[Patempuran Valmy]]. Pinaka akéhné [[Alsace (jadma)|Alsace]] [[Alsace#Basa|nénten mabasa Prancis]], soroh Jerman („Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag entgegen") kawedar daweg sasih Oktober 1792 ring [[Colmar]].<ref>Wochenblatt, dem Unterricht des Landvolks gewidmet, Colmar 1792 [http://mfa.allegronet.de/page.php?urG=SER&urS=wochenblatt,%20dem%20unterricht%20des%20landvolks%20gewidmet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630212636/http://mfa.allegronet.de/page.php?urG=SER&urS=wochenblatt,%20dem%20unterricht%20des%20landvolks%20gewidmet|date=30 Juni 2017}}.</ref> [[File:La Marseillaise (1907).webm|thumb|thumbtime=1:20|Pagending Bélgia [[Jean Noté]] ngendingang "La Marseillaise" ring 1907]] [[Konvénsi Nasional|Konvénsi]] nampiné dados gending kabangsaan Prancis ring satunggil dékrit sané kasahang duk tanggal 1 Juli 1795, manadosangé gending kabangsaan kapertama Prancis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mould |first=Michael |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=New York |isbn=978-1-136-82573-6 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-FNTmUwfpEC&pg=PA147 |access-date=23 Nopémber 2011}}</ref> Raris kilangan status puniki ring sor [[Napoleon I]], miwah gending punika ten kadadosang langsung olih [[Louis XVIII]] miwah [[Charles X saking Prancis|Charles X]], kagenahang mawali wantah ajebos sasampun Révolusi Juli 1830.<ref name="Halsall">{{Cite web |title=Modern History Sourcebook: La Marseillaise |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/marseill.asp |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419135909/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/MARSEILL.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Ring masa pamréntah Napoleon I, ''[[Veillons au salut de l'Empire]]'' inggih punika gending sané nenten resmi saking rezim, lan ring masa pamréntah [[Napoleon III]], punika inggih punika "[[Partant pour la Syria]]". nanging pamréntah makta malih gending ikonik ring upaya motivasi rakyat Prancis salami [[Perang Prancis-Prusia]]. Ring abad ka-19 miwah pangawit abad ka-20, ''La Marseillaise'' kaakuin pinaka gending gerakan révolusionér internasional; Mawinan asapunika, punika kaambil olih [[Komuné Paris]] ring warsa 1871, yadiastun antuk lirik anyar antuk murda "[[La Marseillaise de la Commune]]". Kudang warsa salanturné, ring warsa 1879, punika kawaliang dados gending kebangsaan Prancis, lan tetep sakadi punika ngawit punika.<ref name=Halsall /> == Lirik == Ketah wantah bait kapertama sané katembangang. <div style="overflow-x:scroll"> {|cellpadding="6" !Asli Prancis{{efn|[[Basa Prancis]] madué spasi sadurung makudang tanda wacén, minakadi [[tanda seru|tanda seru]] lan [[tanda takén]] tatkala maketik.}} !Transkripsi IPA{{efn|Cingak [[Wantuan:IPA/Prancis]], [[Fonologi Prancis]] miwah [[Basa Prancis ring Prancis]].}} !Alih basa Bali |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" |<poem lang="fr">Allons enfants de la Patrie, Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie {{music repeat|L'étendard sanglant est levé,}} Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats ? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes ! {{small|'''Refrain :'''}} {{Music repeat|Aux armes, citoyens, Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons !{{efn|Taler katembangang dados « Marchez, marchez ! »}} Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons !}} Que veut cette horde d'esclaves, De traîtres, de rois conjurés ? Pour qui ces ignobles entraves, {{music repeat|Ces fers dès longtemps préparés ?}} Français, pour nous, ah ! quel outrage Quels transports il doit exciter! C'est nous qu'on ose méditer De rendre à l'antique esclavage ! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Quoi ! des cohortes étrangères Feraient la loi dans nos foyers ! Quoi ! Ces phalanges mercenaires {{music repeat|Terrasseraient nos fiers guerriers!}} Grand Dieu ! Par des mains enchaînées Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient De vils despotes deviendraient Les maîtres de nos destinées ! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides L'opprobre de tous les partis, Tremblez ! vos projets parricides {{music repeat|Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix !}} Tout est soldat pour vous combattre, S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros, La terre en produit de nouveaux, Contre vous tout prêts à se battre ! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Français, en guerriers magnanimes, Portez ou retenez vos coups ! Épargnez ces tristes victimes, {{music repeat|À regret s'armant contre nous.}} Mais ces despotes sanguinaires, Mais ces complices de Bouillé, Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié, Déchirent le sein de leur mère ! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Amour sacré de la Patrie, Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs Liberté, Liberté chérie, {{music repeat|Combats avec tes défenseurs !}} Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire Accoure à tes mâles accents, Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} {{small|'''Couplet des enfants :'''}}{{efn|Bait kapitu nénten pahan saking téks sujati; bait punika kawewehin duk warsa 1792 olih panyurat sané nénten kauningin.}} Nous entrerons dans la carrière Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus, Nous y trouverons leur poussière {{music repeat|Et la trace de leurs vertus}} Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre Que de partager leur cercueil, Nous aurons le sublime orgueil De les venger ou de les suivre. {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}}</poem> |<poem lang="fr-IPA">[a.lõ.z‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃ də la pa.tʁi.ə {{!}}] [lə ʒuʁ də glwaʁ ɛ.t‿a.ʁi.ve ‖] [kõ.tʁə nu də la ti.ʁa.ni.ə {{!}}] 𝄆 [le.tɑ̃.daʁ sɑ̃.glɑ̃.t‿ɛ lə.ve ‖] 𝄇 [ɑ̃.tɑ̃.de vu dɑ̃ le kɑ̃.pa.ɲə {{!}}] [my.ʒiʁ se fe.ʁɔ.sə sɔl.da ‖] [il vjɛ.nə ʒys.kə dɑ̃ vo bʁɑ {{!}}] [e.gɔʁ.ʒe vo fis vo kõ.pa.ɲə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]:'''}} 𝄆 [o.z‿aʁ.mə si.twa.jɛ̃ {{!}}] [fɔʁ.me vo ba.ta.jõ {{!}}] [maʁ.ʃõ {{!}} maʁ.ʃõ ‖] [kœ̃ sɑ̃ ɛ̃.pyʁ {{!}}] [a.bʁœ.və no si.jõ ‖] 𝄇 [kə vø sɛ.tə ɔʁ.də dɛs.kla.və {{!}}] [də tʁɛ.tʁə də ʁwa kõ.ʒy.ʁe ‖] [puʁ ki se.z‿i.ɲɔ.blə.z‿ɑ̃.tʁa.və {{!}}] 𝄆 [se fεʁ de lõg.tɑ̃ pʁe.pa.ʁe ‖] 𝄇 [fʁɑ̃.sɛ puʁ nu a kɛl u.tʁa.ʒə {{!}}] [kɛl tʁɑ̃s.pɔʁ.z‿il dwa.t‿ɛk.si.te ‖] [sɛ nu kõ.n‿o.zə me.di.te {{!}}] [də ʁɑ̃.dʁ‿a lɑ̃.tik ɛs.kla.va.ʒə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]'''}} [kwa de ko.ɔʁ.tə.z‿e.tʁɑ̃.ʒɛ.ʁə {{!}}] [fə.ʁe la lwa dɑ̃ no fwa.je ‖] [kwa se fa.lɑ̃.ʒə mɛʁ.sə.nɛ.ʁə {{!}}] 𝄆 [tɛ.ʁa.sə.ʁe no fje gɛ.ʁje ‖] 𝄇 [gʁɑ̃ djø paʁ de mɛ̃.z‿ɑ̃.ʃɛ.ne.ə {{!}}] [no fʁõ su lə ʒu sə plwa.ʁɛ ‖] [də vil dɛs.pɔ.tə də.vjɑ̃.dʁɛ {{!}}] [le mɛ.tʁə də no dɛs.ti.ne.ə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]'''}} [tʁɑ̃.ble ti.ʁɑ̃.z‿e vu pɛʁ.fi.də {{!}}] [lɔ.pʁɔ.bʁə də tu le paʁ.ti ‖] [tʁɑ̃.ble vo pʁɔ.ʒe pa.ʁi.si.də {{!}}] 𝄆 [võ.t‿ɑ̃.fɛ̃ ʁə.sə.vwaʁ lœʁ pʁi ‖] 𝄇 [tu.t‿ɛ sɔl.da puʁ vu kõ.ba.tʁə {{!}}] [sil tõ.bə no ʒœ.nə e.ʁo ‖] [la tɛ.ʁ‿ɑ̃ pʁɔ.dɥi də nu.vo {{!}}] [kõ.tʁə vu tu pʁɛ.z‿a sə ba.tʁə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]'''}} [fʁɑ̃.sɛ ɑ̃ gɛ.ʁje ma.ɲa.ni.mə {{!}}] [pɔʁ.te.z‿u ʁə.tə.ne vo ku ‖] [e.paʁ.ɲe se tʁis.tə vik.ti.mə {{!}}] 𝄆 [a ʁə.gʁe saʁ.mɑ̃ kõ.tʁə nu ‖] 𝄇 [me.se dɛs.pɔ.tə sɑ̃.gi.nɛ.ʁə {{!}}] [me.se kõ.pli.sə də bwi.je ‖] [tu.se ti.gʁə ki sɑ̃ pi.tje {{!}}] [de.ʃi.ʁə lə sɛ̃ də lœʁ mɛ.ʁə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]'''}} [a.muʁ sa.kʁe də la pa.tʁi.ə {{!}}] [kõ.dɥi su.tjɛ̃ no bʁa vɑ̃.ʒœʁ ‖] [li.bɛʁ.te li.bɛʁ.te ʃe.ʁi.ə {{!}}] 𝄆 [kõ.ba.z‿a.vɛk te de.fɑ̃.sœʁ ‖] 𝄇 [su no dʁa.po kə la vik.twa.ʁə {{!}}] [a.kuʁ a.te mɑ.lə.z‿a.ksɑ̃ ‖] [kə.te.z‿ɛ.nə.mi.z‿ɛks.pi.ʁɑ̃ {{!}}] [vwa tõ tʁi.õ.pe nɔ.tʁə glwa.ʁə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]'''}} {{small|'''[ku.plɛ de.z‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃]:'''}} [nu.z‿ɑ̃.tʁə.ʁõ dɑ̃ la ka.ʁjɛ.ʁə {{!}}] [kɑ̃ no.z‿ɛ.ne ni sə.ʁõ ply ‖] [nu.z‿i tʁu.və.ʁõ lœʁ pu.sjɛ.ʁə {{!}}] 𝄆 [e la tʁa.sə də lœʁ vɛʁ.ty ‖] 𝄇 [bjɛ̃ mwɛ̃ ʒa.lu də lœʁ syʁ.vi.vʁə {{!}}] [kə də paʁ.ta.ʒe lœʁ sɛʁ.kœj ‖] [nu.z‿o.ʁõ lə sy.blim ɔʁ.gœj {{!}}] [də le vɑ̃.ʒe u də le sɥi.vʁə ‖] {{small|'''[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]'''}}</poem> |<poem>Nicap, anom-anom Bapa Persada, [[Panyerbuan Bastille|Rahina kajayaan]] sampun rauh! Iraga nglawan para tirani {{music repeat|[[Kobér Perang|Kibarang kobér]] magetih,}} Napike ragané miragi ring padésaan?, Grudug rauhné para [[Koalisi Kapertama|prajurit]] ganas? Ipun rauh ring wewidangan iraga. Mangda ngorok raréné lan rabin ragané! {{small|'''Refrain:'''}} {{Music repeat|Angkat sanjatané, warga, Wentuk pasukané! Maju, maju! Mangda getih leteh Nyiramin ladang iraga! }} Napi arsayang ipun, rombongan panjak puniki, Saking [[Tentra Condé|pangkhianat]], saking para raja maseka? Antuk sira belenggu tan luhur puniki, {{music repeat|Wesi niki sué kasiagayang?}} Jadma Prancis, antuk iraga, ah! napiké sané bendu! Kabagiaan napiné pastika kawetuang? Niki iraga bani mapangenan Mawali ring papanjakan dumun! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Napi, sekaa jadma asing niki! Pacang mréntah umah iragané! Napi! Phalanx téntra bayahan puniki {{music repeat|Pacang ngaonang putran prajurit iragané!}} Hyang Widi agung! Antuk tangan karanté Ring sor jukungé iraga nyerahang raga. Panguasa kaon pacang dados Ratu ring nasib iragané! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Ngejer, para tiran miwah para pengkhianat Nista saking samian pihak, Ngejer! Skéma parisidal ragané {{music repeat|Pamuputné pacang nampi hadiah ipun!}} Makejang dadi prajurit nglawan iraga, Yening pahlawan truna iragané labuh, Guminé lakar ngwetuang sané anyar, Sayaga jaga mayuda nglawan ragané! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Jadma Prancis, pinaka prajurit agung, Sabar utawi jaga anteman ragané! Luputangja korban sané pedalem puniki, {{music repeat|Ipun nyesel masanjata nglawan iraga.}} Nanging sekaa jadma seduk getih niki, Nanging sawitra saking [[François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé|Bouillé]], Makasami macan niki, tanpa welas asih, Pacang ngelus susu biang ipun! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} Tresna suci Bapa Persada, Pimpin, dukung tiang ngwales Kabébasan, Kabébasan katresnain, {{music repeat|Mayuda sareng para pembela ragané!l!}} Sor kobér iragané dumogi menang Gelisang aksén lanang ragané, Mangda para musuh ragané sekarat. Cingakja kamenangan lan kamuliaan iraga! {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}} {{small|'''Lirik anom:'''}} Iraga pacang ngawitin karier Ri tatkala rerama nénten wénten, Iraga pacang nyunduk debuné irika {{music repeat|Lan jejak kawajikan ipun}} Akéh kirang iri nglanturang uripné, Ketimbang ngedum peti mati, Iraga madué rasa bangga luhur, Mangda ngwales wiadin ngiring. {{yesitalic|{{small|'''Refrain'''}}}}</poem> |} </div> == Catetan == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} == Wacénan lantur == * {{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Charles|title=Music of the French Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science-society_spring-1940_4_2/page/193|journal=[[Science & Society]]|volume=4|number=2|date=Spring 1940|pages=193–210|jstor=40399324|ref=none}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons category|La Marseillaise}} * {{Wikisource-inline|list= ** [[s:La Marseillaise|La Marseillaise]] ** {{Cite Nuttall|title=Marseillaise, The |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Marseillaise |short=x |noicon=x}} }} * {{IMSLP|work=La Marseillaise (Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph)}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/la-marseillaise-de-rouget-de-lisle |title=La Marseillaise de Rouget de Lisle |date=16 Nopémber 2012 |publisher=Élysée – Présidence de la République |language=fr }} * {{cite web |url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/dossier-historique-la-marseillaise/les-paroles-de-la-marseillaise |title=Les paroles de la Marseillaise |publisher=Assemblée nationale |language=fr }} * [http://marseillaise.org/english/ La Marseillaise], Iain Patterson's comprehensive website {{Navboxes|list1= {{Gending kebangsaan ring Éropa}} {{Gending Kebangsaan ring Amérika Kalér}} {{Gending Kebangsaan ring Amérika Kelod}} {{Gending Kebangsaan ring Oséania miwah Kapuloan Pasifik}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marseillaise, La}} [[Kategori:La Marseillaise| ]] que1xgpfsbitjohfx4jenraml0wpm48 0 67204 280176 245754 2026-08-13T19:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaiwangan medis''' inggih punika [[Adverse effect (medicine)|efek samping]] saking perawatan sane prasida kacegah (" [[iatrogenesis]] "), napike sampun mabukti utawi nenten utawi mayanin pasien. Puniki minab ngranjing [[Diagnosis medis|diagnosis]] utawi [[Therapy|tamba]] sane nenten akurat utawi nenten jangkep saking [[Pinakit|gering]], [[Injury|tatu]], [[Syndrome|sindrom]], [[Behavior|parilaksana]], [[Infection|infeksi]], utawi gering sane lianan. Kejadian kaiwangan medis mabinayan manut ring setting. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia sampun nyambatang pikolih sane nenten becik sangkaning perawatan pasien sane nenten aman pinaka penyebab cacat lan kematian sane kaping 14 ring jagate, antuk kirang langkung 1/300 jadma minab keni karusakan olih praktik perawatan kesehatan ring sajebag jagat. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/patient-safety|title=Patient safety - Health Topics|last=World Health Organization|date=2019|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref> == Definisi == Kaiwangan medis mamargi ritatkala sang sane ngicenin layanan kesehatan milih metode perawatan sane nenten patut utawi nenten patut ngelaksanayang metode perawatan sane patut. Kaiwangan medis sering katlatarang pinaka kaiwangan manusa ring perawatan kesehatan. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang, J., Patel, V.L., & Johnson, T.R|year=2008|title=Medical error: Is the solution medical or cognitive?|journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association|volume=6|issue=Supp1|pages=75–77|doi=10.1197/jamia.M1232|pmc=419424|pmid=12386188}}</ref> Wenten akeh soroh kaiwangan medis, saking sane alit ngantos sane ageng, <ref name="mederror">{{Cite journal|last=Hofer|first=TP|last2=Kerr|first2=EA|last3=Hayward|first3=RA|year=2000|title=What is an error?|url=http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/novdec00/hofer.htm|url-status=dead|journal=Effective Clinical Practice|volume=3|issue=6|pages=261–9|pmid=11151522|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004341/http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/novdec00/hofer.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2007|access-date=June 11, 2007}}</ref> lan pangresepan kausalitas lan menilai yening kemungkinan indik peristiwa utawi faktor tertentu sane bertanggung jawab ring pikolih negatif, sering nenten becik katentuang. <ref name="mederror2">{{Cite journal|last=Hayward|first=Rodney A.|last2=Hofer|first2=Timothy P.|date=July 25, 2001|title=Estimating Hospital Deaths Due to Medical Errors: Preventability Is in the Eye of the Reviewer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2001-07-25_286_4/page/n42|journal=JAMA|volume=286|issue=4|pages=415–20|doi=10.1001/jama.286.4.415|pmid=11466119}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation}}</ref> Wénten akéh taksonomi sané kaanggén ngeklasifikasiang kaiwangan medis. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kopec|first=D.|last2=Tamang|first2=S.|last3=Levy|first3=K.|last4=Eckhardt|first4=R.|last5=Shagas|first5=G.|year=2006|title=The state of the art in the reduction of medical errors|journal=Studies in Health Technology and Informatics|volume=121|pages=126–37|pmid=17095810}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{col div|colwidth=25em}}* [[Kahanan sané nenten becik]] * [[Reaksi sané nenten becik ring ubad]] * [[Kasametan hayati]] * [[Undang-Undang Emily]] * ''[[Kasinatian sané ngematiang: urip ring sistem kasehatan Amerika Serikat]]'' (buku) * [[Malpraktik medis]] * [[Jam makarya dokter residen]] * [[Kirang sirep]] * [[Undang-Undang Kasametan Pasien miwah Peningkatan Kualitas]] warsa 2005 * [[Organisasi kasametan pasien]] * [[Panganggen ubad sané becik]]{{colend}} == Referensi == <references /> [[Kategori:Diagnosis medis]] [[Kategori:Kaiwangan medis]] 2fry7zfsutfqkk3x3etq2zd571nu33q 0 67333 280151 246012 2026-08-13T18:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cultivar | name = Brokoli | image = Broccoli and cross section edit.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' | group = Italica | origin = [[Italia Romawi|Italia]], langkung saking 2.000 warsa sané lintang<ref name="OTB">{{cite journal|title=Origin and taxonomy of broccoli|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_july-september-1956_10_3/page/250|last=Buck|first=P. A.|journal=Economic Botany|volume=10|issue=3|pages=250–253|date=1956|doi=10.1007/bf02899000|s2cid=31365713}}</ref><ref name="JSUOF">{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv031|title=Broccoli—Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group)|last=Stephens|first=James|publisher=University of Florida|page=1|access-date=14 Méi 2009|archive-date=25 Désémber 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225193103/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv031|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''Brokoli''' (''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' var. ''italica'') inggih punika entik-entikan ijo sané dados kaajeng ring [[Brassicaceae|kulawarga kul]] (kulawarga Brassicaceae, génus ''Brassica'') sané [[Pseudanthium|sirah sekar]]né ageng, [[carang entikan|carang]] lan [[don ijo|don]] sané alit kaajeng dados [[jangan]]. Brokoli kaklasifikasiyang ring [[Brassica_oleracea#Sekaa_kultivar|Italica]] [[sekaa kultivar]] saking spésiés ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Brokoli madue sirah sekar sané ageng, utawi pucil, ketahné mawarna ijo tua, kasusun ring struktur sakadi entikan sané macarang saking carang sané tebel, sané ketahné mawarna ijo nguda. Don-donan sané ngiterin massa sirah bunga. Brokoli mersib sareng [[bungan kul]], sekaa kultivar sané matiosan nanging mapaiketan saking spésiés ''Brassica'' sané pateh. Punika prasida kaajeng matah utawi sampun karateng. Brokoli inggih punika wit ajengan sané pinih sugih antuk [[vitamin C]] lan [[vitamin K]]. Karakteristikné madaging [[urirang]] ring senyawa [[glukosinolat]], [[isotiosianat]] lan [[sulforafan]], kakirangin antuk malablab nanging becikan kajaga antuk [[kukus]], [[gelombang mikro|mikrowave]], [[oséng]].<ref name="Nugrahedi">{{cite journal|last1=Nugrahedi|first1=Probo Y.|last2=Verkerk|first2=Ruud|last3=Widianarko|first3=Budi|last4=Dekker|first4=Matthijs|title=A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=55|issue=6|date=2015|issn=1040-8398|pmid=24915330|doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.688076|pages=823–838|s2cid=25728864|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262977227}}</ref> [[Rapini]], wénten kasengguh "brokoli rabe", inggih punika spésiés sané mabinayan saking brokoli, ngadegang sirah sané mersib sakémanten langkung alitan, lan sujatiné soroh saking [[turnip]] (''[[Brassica rapa]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Main|first=Sandy|title=Rapini/Broccoli Raab|url=https://ucanr.edu/sites/scmg/The_Kitchen_Garden/Feature_Vegetables/Rapini_Broccoli_Raab/|url-status=live|access-date=13 Séptémber 2021|website=sonomamg.ucanr.edu|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530100002/http://ucanr.edu/sites/scmg/The_Kitchen_Garden/Feature_Vegetables/Rapini_Broccoli_Raab/ |archive-date=30 Méi 2015 }}</ref> [[File:Broccoli plants growing in New Jersey in April.jpg|thumb|right|Entikan brokoli ring pambibitan]] [[File:sa broccoli florets.jpg|thumb|Nampekan pucil brokoli (klik antuk ngagengang)]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} lymrar4j2yblwe26axa77gok7pdtazc 0 68386 280195 248435 2026-08-13T21:08:44Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Utek alit''' utawi '''''cerebellum''''' ({{plural form}}: '''''cerebella''''' utawi '''''cerebellums'''''; Latin antuk 'utek alit') inggih punika fitur utama saking [[utek ungkur]] saking makasami [[vertebrata]]. Yadiastun ketahné alitan saking [[utek]], ring makudang-kudang buron sekadi [[ulam]] [[mormyrid]] minab agengné sakadi punika utawi malah agengan.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hodos W |chapter= Evolution of Cerebellum|title=Encyclopedia of Neuroscience|publisher=Springer|date=2009|pages=1240–1243|location= Berlin, Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_3124|isbn=978-3-540-23735-8}}</ref> Ring manusa, otak alit madué lakon sané mabuat pisan ring [[kontrol motorik]] lan [[kognisi|fungsi kognitif]] sakadi [[uratian]] lan [[basa]] taler [[émosi|kontrol emosi]] sakadi ngatur respons jejeh lan seneng,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf U, Rapoport MJ, Schweizer TA | title = Evaluating the affective component of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome | journal = Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–53 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19776302 | doi = 10.1176/jnp.2009.21.3.245 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmahmann JD, Caplan D | title = Cognition, emotion and the cerebellum | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_brain_2006-02_129_2/page/n13 | journal = Brain | volume = 129 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 290–2 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16434422 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awh729 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmahmann |first=Jeremy D |date=2019 |title=The cerebellum and cognition |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005 |journal=Neuroscience Letters |volume=688 |issue=688 |pages=62–75 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.005 |pmid=29997061 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> nanging pawigunané sané mapaiketan sareng gerakné sané pinih kukuh mapaiketan. Utek alit manusa nénten ngawitin gerakan, nanging mapica pituut ring [[koordinasi motorik|koordinasi]], présisi, lan galah sané akurat: ipun nampi masukan saking [[sistem sensorik]] saking [[sumsum tulang gigir]] lan saking pahan-pahan sané lianan saking [[uték]], lan ngaintegrasiyang masukan puniki ring panyampuranyan aktivitas motorik.<ref name="Fine">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fine EJ, Ionita CC, Lohr L | title = The history of the development of the cerebellar examination | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-neurology_2002-12_22_4/page/375 | journal = Seminars in Neurology | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–84 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12539058 | doi = 10.1055/s-2002-36759 | s2cid = 260317107 }}</ref> Kerusakan serebelum ngasilang gangguan ring [[keterampilan motorik alus|gerakan alus]], [[rasa kategtegan|kategtegan]], [[Lis postur manusa|postur]], lan [[pelajahan motorik]] ring manusa.<ref name="Fine"/> 93g5ahisk0w9aszl310ai34qy9okulm 0 69295 280167 250059 2026-08-13T18:58:57Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{disambiginfo}} {{short description|Organ fotosintetik saking tetanduran vaskulartl}} [[Berkas:Leaf Varieties (15 sp).png|jmpl|300px|Soroh don]] '''Don''' (singgih: '''ron''') inggih punika lampiran utama saking [[carang entik-entikan|carang]] saking [[entik-entikan vascular]],{{sfn|Esau|2006}} katahnyané katanggung ring sisi ring baduur tanah miwah khusus ring [[photosintésis]]. Don-donan punika sekadi ring "don masa taas".{{sfn|Haupt|1953}}{{sfn|Mauseth|2009}} sedeng don, bongkol, [[sekar]], lan [[woh]] kolektif ngawentuk sistem [[Cepikan (botani)|cepikan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_shoot_system.htm |title=Shoot system |date=n.d. |website=Dictionary of botanic terminology |publisher=Cactus Art Nursery |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504055224/https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_shoot_system.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Ring akéhnyané don, [[Jaringan (biologi)|jaringan]] [[Photosintésis|photosintésis]] utama inggih punika [[mésophil palisade]] lan magenah ring sisi baduur bilah utawi lamina don,{{sfn|Esau|2006}} sakémanten ring makudang spésiés, rumasuk dondonan wayah ''[[Eucalyptus]]'',{{sfn|James et al|1999}} palisade mesofil wénten ring kalih sisi lan donnyané kabaos isobilateral. Don inggih punika pahan sane nénten prasida kapalasang saking sistem bongkol, lan akéhan don sané rata lan madué pamukaan duur ([[Paistilah botani#adaksial|adaksial]]) lan sor ([[Paistilah botani#abaksial|abaksial]]) sané mabinayan ring pamukaan sané mabinayan ring warna, [[Trikoma|tanpa rambut]], akéh [[stomata]] (gas ngerajing tur medal), akéh lan struktur [[lilin epikutikula]], saha fitur sané lianan. Don-donan katahan mawarna ijo santukan wénten senyawa sané mawasta [[klorophil]] sané mabuat pisan ring photosintésis santukan nyerep energi sinar saking [[Surya]]. Don sane madué warna sané terang utawi putih sisinyané kawastanin [[Variegasi|don sané mawarna-warni]]. Donnyané mabinayan ring wangun, agengné, tekstur lan warnannyané, manut ring spésiés Don sane jimbar, rata antuk kompléks [[#Venasi|venasi]] saking [[entik masekar]] kauningin pinaka ''mégaphil'' lan spésiés sané ngamong ipun (mayoritas) pinaka dados don sané jimbar utawi [[euphyllophyte|megafil]], [[akrogimnospérma]] miwah [[pakis]] sané wénten ring. Ring [[lycopods]], antuk wit evolusi sané matiosan, donnyané sederana (wantah madué uat asiki) miwah kasengguh ''mikrophil''.{{sfn|Stewart|Rothwell|1993}} Wenten don, sakadi [[bulb]] sisik, nenten wenten ring baduur tanah. Ring akeh spesies ring toya, donnyan4 kacemplungang ring toya. [[Entikan Sukulen|Sukulen]] entik-entikan sering madué don sané tebel, sakéwanten makudang-kudang don nénten madué fungsi photosintésis utama miwah minab sampun padem rikala sampun wayah, sekadi ring makudang-kudang [[kataphil]] miwah [[Tanduk, duwi, miwah tuwed|duwi]]. Selanturnyané, makudang-kudang soroh struktur sekadi don sané kapanggihin ring entik-entikan vaskular nénten ja samian homolog sareng ipun. Contonyané minakadi carang entik-entikan sané rata sané kawastanin [[philoklad]] miwah [[wikt:kladoda|kladoda]], miwah carang don sané rata sané kawastanin [[Petiole (botani)|philoda]] sané matiosan saking don becik ring struktur miwah witnyané.{{sfn|Mauseth|2009}}{{sfn|Cooney-Sovetts|Sattler|1987}} Makudang-kudang struktur entik-entikan ten-vaskular kanten miwah maguna sekadi don. Contonyané minakadi [[Glosarium paistilah botani#philid|philid]] saking [[lumut]] miwah [[lumut ati]]. == Morfologi == [[Berkas:Lisc lipy.jpg|jmpl|Daun ''[[Tilia tomentosa]]'' (Pohon jeruk nipis perak)]] [[Berkas:Leaf, Bud, and Stem Diagram.svg|jmpl|Diagram daun sederhana. {{ordered list | Ujung daun | Tulang daun utama (Midvein) | Tulang daun sekunder. | Helaian daun (Lamina). | Tepi daun | Tangkai daun | Kuncup | Ranting }}]] [[Berkas:Diagramed parts of leaves.svg|jmpl|Atas dan kanan: Staghorn Sumac, ''Rhus typhina'' (Daun majemuk) <br/> Bawah: Skunk Cabbage, ''Symplocarpus foetidus'' (Daun sederhana)<br/> 1. Ujung daun <br/> 2. Tulang daun utama<br/> 3. Tulang daun sekunder<br/> 4. Lamina<br/> 5. Tepi daun<br/> 6. Tangkai daun]] {{Cingak malih|Morpologi don}} == Pustaka == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpi == {{refbegin|30em}} === Buku miwah bab === * {{cite book |last1=Arber |first1=Agnes |author-link=Agnes Arber |title=The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dvc8AAAAIAAJ |date=1950 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] |id=GGKEY:HCBB8RZREL4}} * {{cite book |last=Bayer |first=M. 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Suzanne Cubey |title=The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. 5 vols. |date=2011 |orig-date=1984–2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |edition=2nd |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/series/european-garden-flora |ref={{harvid|Cullen et al|2011}} |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228033727/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/series/european-garden-flora |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Cutter |first=E.G. |year=1969 |title=Plant Anatomy, experiment and interpretation, Part 2 Organs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRJHAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Edward Arnold |location=London |isbn=978-0-7131-2302-9 |page=117}} * {{cite book |last=Dickison |first=William C. |title=Integrative Plant Anatomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-os1kvkFbS0C |date=2000 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-08-050891-7}} * {{cite book |last=Esau |first=Katherine |author-link=Katherine Esau |title=Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development |edition=3rd. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DhEBA5xgbkC |date=2006 |orig-date=1953 |editor-last=Evert |editor-first=Ray F |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-470-04737-8 |access-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232323/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DhEBA5xgbkC |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last1=Ettingshausen |first1=C. |title=Die Blatt-Skelete der Dicotyledonen mit besonderer Ruchsicht auf die Untersuchung und Bestimmung der fossilen Pflanzenreste |date=1861 |publisher=Classification of the Architecture of Dicotyledonous |location=Vienna}} * {{cite book |last=Haupt |first=Arthur Wing |title=Plant morphology |url=https://archive.org/details/plantmorphology00haup |year=1953 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]}} * {{cite book |last1=Hawthorne |first1=William |last2=Lawrence |first2=Anna |title=Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNFuyOVTSf4C |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-55972-3}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Hemsley |editor1-first=Alan R. |editor2-last=Poole |editor2-first=Imogen |title=The Evolution of Plant Physiology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Eub0D4QWXIC |date=2004 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-08-047272-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Heywood |first1=V.H. |last2=Brummitt |first2=R.K. |last3=Culham |first3=A. |last4=Seberg |first4=O. |author-link1=Vernon Heywood |author-link3=Alastair Culham |year=2007 |title=Flowering plant families of the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2tnQgAACAAJ |location=New York |publisher=Firefly books |isbn=978-1-55407-206-4 |page=287 |ref={{harvid|Heywood et al|2007}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=LJ |title=A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves |pages=i 5–39 |ref={{harvid|Hickey|1979}}}}, in {{harvtxt|Metcalfe|Chalk|1979}} * {{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Walter S. |first2=Christopher S. |last2=Campbell |first3=Elizabeth A. |last3=Kellogg |first4=Peter F. |last4=Stevens |first5=Michael J. |last5=Donoghue |author-link1=Walter S Judd |author-link4=Peter F. 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034525/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show |archive-date=March 5, 2017 }}, in {{harvtxt|Hughes|2017}} * {{cite web |title=Glossary of botanical terms |url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm#P |website=Neotropikey |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=February 18, 2017 |ref={{harvid|Neotropikey|2017}} |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121214009/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm#P |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Illustrated glossary of leaf shapes |url=http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/education/images/GlossaryLeafShapes.pdf |publisher=Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]], University of Florida |access-date=January 8, 2020 |date=2009 |archive-date=January 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110130658/http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/education/images/GlossaryLeafShapes.pdf |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |title=Leafshapes |url=https://www.donsgarden.co.uk/leafshapes/ |website=Donsgarden |access-date=January 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204160841/http://www.donsgarden.co.uk/leafshapes }} {{refend}} == Pranala jaba == {{commons}} * {{commons category-inline|Leaves}} * {{wiktionary-inline|leaf}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Leaves|author=[[Ernest Ingersoll]] |short=x}} * [http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/plants/transpiration.html Science aid: Leaf] Leaf structure and transpiration resource for teens. {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Anatomi tumbuhan]] [[Kategori:Morfologi tumbuhan]] [[Kategori:Fisiologi tumbuhan]] k1jkycadt5mqfidbzy54qv450ebnv5j 0 70805 280132 252069 2026-08-13T17:58:27Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Nasinov_9024.JPG|ka|jmpl|[[Nyawan madu]] sane makipas nyihnayang kelenjar Nasonov (putih – ring muncuk weteng) ngelepasin feromon anggen ngawinang swarm dados sebun suwung]] Zat kimia sané ngawéntenang rangsangan pawicaraan utawi '''feromon''' ( {{Etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|φέρω}}'' ({{grc-transl|φέρω}})|Nganggén||[[hormon]]}} ) inggih punika bahan kimia sané kamedalang utawi kamedalang olih organisme, sané ngawinang respons sosial ring angga [[Spésiés|spesies]] sané pateh. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12896|title=Definition of pheromone|date=19 March 2012|work=Medicinenet|access-date=14 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134143/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12896|archive-date=11 May 2011|publisher=MedicineNet Inc.}}</ref> Wenten ''feromon alarm'', ''feromon jejak pangan'', ''feromon seks'', lan akeh sane lianan sane ngawinang parilaksana utawi fisiologi. Feromon kawigunayang olih akéh organisme, saking prokariota uniseluler dasar ngantos [[Eukaryota|eukariota]] multiseluler sané kompleks. <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kleerebezem M, Quadri LE|date=October 2001|title=Peptide pheromone-dependent regulation of antimicrobial peptide production in Gram-positive bacteria: a case of multicellular behavior|url=https://archive.org/details/peptides_2001-10_22_10/page/1579|journal=Peptides|volume=22|issue=10|pages=1579–1596|doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00493-4|pmid=11587786}}</ref> Kawigunannyane ring pantaraning [[serangga]] sampun kadokumentasiang becik pisan. Tiosan ring punika, makudang-kudang [[vertebrata]], [[Tetanduran|entik-entikan]] miwah silia mabebaosan antuk ngawigunayang feromon. Fungsi ekologi miwah evolusi feromon wantah unteng seseleh sané utama ring widang ekologi kimia. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood William F.|year=1983|title=Chemical Ecology: Chemical Communication in Nature|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=60|issue=7|pages=1531–539|bibcode=1983JChEd..60..531W|doi=10.1021/ed060p531}}</ref> == Cingak taler == {{div col|colwidth=25em}}* [[Zat Rangsangan Kamoksan|Zat sané prasida ngawéntenang rasa seneng ring manah krama.]] * [[Zat Kimia Nguntungang Panyebaran|Zat kimia pawicaraan sané mrasidayang nguntungang pihak sané ngamedalang.]] * [[Pangubengan Semut|Kahanan i semut nénten mampun medal saking genahnyané (Gerakan Semut).]] * [[Feromon Kucing|Zat kimia pawicaraan sané kaanggén i meong.]] * [[Pangawénten Wangi Civet|Zat kimia sané ngawinang ambu arum saking sato.]] * [[Zat Kimia Steroid|Zat sané marupa *steroid* miwah kasarengin ring awak.]] * [[Feromon Nyawan|Zat kimia pawicaraan sané kaanggén i nyawan (lebah madu).]] * [[Feromon Serangga|Zat kimia pawicaraan sané kaanggén i soroh serangga.]] * [[Zat Kimia Nguntungang Panrima|Zat kimia pawicaraan sané mrasidayang nguntungang pihak sané nampi.]] * [[Daftar Zat Steroid Saraf|Lis pangawénten saking *zat steroid* sané wenten ring urat saraf.]] * [[Protein Utama Yéh Seni|Protein sané akéhan magenah ring toya seni (air kencing).]] * [[Pamaris Rangsang Zat Steroid Sel|Wewidangan ring sel sané dados pamaris rangsang saking *zat steroid*.]] * [[Osmeterium|Bagian Awak ring *uler* kupu-kupu sané kaanggén ngamedalang ambu.]] * [[Zat Turunan Feromon|Zat kimia sané dados turunan saking *feromon*.]] * [[Jebakan Zat Rangsangan Kimia|Piranti sané kaanggén njebak sato antuk rangsangan kimia.]] * [[Pamicu Jumlah Krama|Komunikasi saking *krama* (bakteri) sané ngawinang tindakan ring jumlah krama.]] * [[Zat Kimia Pamawosan|Zat kimia sané kaanggén ngamedalang pangwacana (sinyal) ring alam.]] * [[Tingkah Laku Antar-Individu|Sistem sané ngawinang individu makarya saking panglimbak sané sampun wénten.]] * [[Ilmu Urip ring Kimia|Ilmu sané nguratiang ring *ekologi* miwah *pawicaraan kimia* ring palemahan.]]{{div col end}} == Lis pustaka == <references /> {{Kontrol otoritas}} [[Kategori:Zat kimia sané ngawéntenang rangsangan pawicaraan]] 2eyccxrvx7y68c8z13vj23tzn1wdm8f 0 71022 280188 253282 2026-08-13T21:01:33Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waja''' utawi '''Baja''' inggih punika [[logam paduan]] saking [[wesi]] lan [[karbon]] sané nyihnayang nincapnyane [[sifat mékanis]] yening saihang sareng wangun murni wesi. Santukan tegehné [[Modulus Young|modulus elastis]], [[Hasil (rékayasa)|kakuatan hasil]], [[Lung|kakuatan lung]] lan pabéa lakaran sané mudah, waja inggih punika silih sinunggil lakaran sané pinih sering kaproduksi ring jagaté. Waja kaanggén ring struktur (dados beton [[Tulang|carang panguat]] utawi [[Rangka waja|balok waja]]), ring [[kreteg]], [[infrastruktur]], [[piranti]], [[kapal]], [[kréta api]], [[mobil]], [[piranti listrik]], [[perabot]], miwah [[sanjata]]. Wesi setata dados datu utama ring waja, nanging datu sané lianan kaanggén ngasilang makudang-kudang kelas waja, nyihnayang sifat lakaran, mékanis, lan mikrostruktur sané kauwah. [[Waja nirkarat]], umpaminé, ketah madaging 18% [[kromium]] taler nyihnayang [[korosi]] miwah [[Rédoks|oksidasi]] sané nincap kasandingang sareng karbon waja ipun. Ring sor tekanan atmosphér, waja ketahné ngambil kalih wangun kristal: [[Sistem kristal kubik|kubik sané mapusat ring awak lan kubik sane mapusat ring muka]]; nanging, manut ring lelintihan logam térmal lan paduan, mikrostruktur minab madaging phase [[martensit]] sané kadistorsi utawi phase [[sementit]] sané sugih karbon, inggih punika soang-soang [[Sistem kristal tétragonal|tétragonal]] lan [[Sistem kristal ortorombik|ortorombik]]. Ring kasus wesi paduan, panguatan utamané sangkaning ngeranjingan karbon ring kisi utamané-besi, ngambat déformasi ring sor [[Tegangan (mékanika)|tegangan mékanis]]. Paduan taler prasida ngawinang phase wewehan sané ngawinang sifat mékanis. Ring makudang parindikan, sifat mékanis sané karekayasa punika ngorbanin [[duktilitas]] miwah [[Palantangan (ilmu lakaran)|palantangan]] saking kahanan wesi murni, sané sayan rered rikalaning kawewehin karbon. Waja kakaryanin ring tungku [[bloomery]] salami panyiuan warsa, nanging kawigunannyane ring industri sané ageng kakawitin wantah risampune metodé produksi sané pinih éfisién kakaryanin ring abad ka-17, antuk ngenahang [[tanur tegeh]] lan produksi [[waja lebur]]. Puniki kasarengin olih [[prosés Bessemer]] ring [[Inggris]] ring tengahing abad ka-19, lan salanturnyané olih [[tungku prapen kabuka]]. Antuk pacundukan prosés Bessemer, era anyar [[Produksi massal|produksi massal]] waja kakawitin. [[Waja ingan]] kagentosin [[wesi tempa]]. [[Kekaisaran Jerman|Negara-negara Jerman]] inggih punika produsén waja utama ring Éropa ring abad ka-19.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Robert C. |last1=Allen |title=International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850–1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1979-12_39_4/page/911 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=39 |issue=4 |date=December 1979 |pages=911–937 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S0022050700098673 |jstor=2120336}}</ref> Produksi waja Amérika mapusat ring [[Pittsburgh]]; [[Betlehem, Pensilvania]]; miwah [[Cleveland]] ngantos panguntat abad ka-20. Sané mangkin, [[Lis negara manut produksi waja|produksi waja jagat]] mapusat ring Cina, sané ngasilang 54% saking waja jagat ring warsa 2023. Panyempurnaan salanturnyané ring prosés, sekadi [[pangaryanan waja oksigén dasar]] (BOS), akéhan ngentosin metode sadurungnyané antuk salanturnyané nedunang pabéa produksi lan nincapang kualitas produk ungkur. Sané mangkin, langkungan saking 1,6 miliar&nbsp;ton waja sané kaproduksi nyabran warsa. Waja modérn ketahnyané kaidentifikasi olih makudang-kudang kelas sané katentuang olih makudang-kudang [[organisasi standar]]. Industri waja modérn inggih punika silih sinunggil industri manufaktur sané pinih ageng ring jagaté, nanging taler silih sinunggil industri sané pinih akéh énergi lan [[Émisi gas umah kaca|émisi gas umah kaca]] ipun, sane ngicenin pituut 8% saking émisi global.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decarbonization in steel {{!}} McKinsey |url= https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/decarbonization-challenge-for-steel |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=McKinsey.com}}</ref> Nanging, waja taler prasida kawigunayang malih: punika silih tunggil lakaran sane pinih daur ulang ring jagaté, antuk [[daur ulang logam wesi|tingkat daur ulang langkungan saking 60% ring sajebag jagat]].<ref name="encarta-recycling" /> [[File:Konstruktionsstål.JPG|thumb|right|Batang [[waja struktural]] saking wangun sané mabinayan kaanggén ring konstruksi .]] == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} he0opnbbs5gsa95uofg4sphi7b5ta65 0 71718 280127 273283 2026-08-13T17:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Nazareth |native_name = {{native name|ar|الناصرة|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|he|נצרת|italics=off}} | settlement_type = [[Lis kota ring Israél|Kota]] |translit_lang1_type= |translit_lang1_info= |image_skyline = File:Nazareth Panorama Dafna Tal IMOT (14532097313).jpg |image_caption = Cingakan Nazareth, sareng [[Basilika Kabar Sukacita]] ring tengahnyané |image_flag = <!--Nazareth City Flag (COA).png--> |flag_alt= |image_seal = Nazareth emblem.png |shield_alt= |nickname= |motto= |image_map= |map_alt= |map_caption= |pushpin_map=Israél kalér haifa#Israél |pushpin_mapsize=250 |pushpin_map_caption= Genah Nazareth ring Israél Kalér##Genah Nazareth ring Israél |pushpin_label_position=left |coordinates = {{coord|32|42|07|N|35|18|12|E|display=inline,title}} |coor_pinpoint= |coordinates_footnotes= |subdivision_type = [[Lis negara madaulat|Negara]] |subdivision_name = {{ISR}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Distrik ring Israél|Distrik]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Distrik Kalér (Israél)|Kalér]] |subdivision_type2 = Subdistrict |subdivision_name2 = [[Subdistrik Jezreel|Jezreel]] |established_title = Kaadegang |established_date = {{ubl|2200 BC (Paumahana purwa)|AD 300 (Kota ageng)}} |established_title1 = Munisipalitas |established_date1 = Sak. 1885 |founder= |named_for= |seat_type= |seat= |government_footnotes= |government_type = [[Pamréntahan walikota–déwan|Walikota–déwan]] |governing_body = Munisipalitas Nazareth |leader_title = Walikota |leader_name = Ali Sallam |unit_pref= |area_magnitude= |area_footnotes= |area_total_km2 = | area_total_dunam = 14123 |area_total_sq_mi= |area_land_km2= |area_land_sq_mi= |area_water_km2= |area_water_sq_mi= |area_water_percent= |area_urban_km2= |area_urban_sq_mi= |area_metro_km2= |area_metro_sq_mi= |area_note= |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = 347 |elevation_ft= |population_as_of = {{Israel populations|Year}} |population = {{Israel populations|Nazareth}} |population_footnotes= {{Israel populations|reference}} |demographics_type1 = Étnis |demographics1_footnotes ={{Israel populations|reference}} | demographics1_title2 = [[Yahudi Israél|Yahudi miwah liyanan]] | demographics1_info2 = 0.2% | demographics1_title1 = [[Warga negara Arab Israél|Arab]] | demographics1_info1 = 99.8% |population_demonym = Nazarene |population_note= |timezone1 = [[Galah Standar Israél|IST]] |utc_offset1 = +2 |timezone1_DST = [[Galah Masan Panes Israél|IDT]] |utc_offset1_DST = +3 |postal_code_type = [[Kodé pos ring Israél|Kode pos]] |postal_code= |area_code_type = [[Nomér télépon ring Israél|Kodé aréa]] |area_code = +972 (Israél) |website = {{Official URL}} |footnotes= }} '''Nazareth'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|z|ər|ə|θ}} {{respell|NAZ|ər|əth}}; {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|النَّاصِرَة}}|an-Nāṣira}}; {{langx|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נָצְרַת}}|Nāṣraṯ}}; {{langx|syr|ܢܨܪܬ|Naṣrath}}}} inggih punika [[Lis kota ring Israél|kota]] sané pinih ageng ring [[Distrik Kalér (Israél)|Distrik Kalér]] saking [[Israél]]. Ring {{Israel populations|Year}} populasinyané inggih punika {{Israel populations|Nazareth}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} Kaloktah manadados "ibukota Arab Israél",<ref name="Irani">{{cite journal |author=Laurie King-Irani |date=Spring 1996 |title=Review of "Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth" |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-1996_25_3/page/103 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.1525/jps.1996.25.3.00p0131i |jstor=2538265 |issn = 0377-919X }}</ref> Nazareth dados pusat budaya, politik, agama, ékonomi miwah komersial majeng ring [[warga Arab Israél]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author1=Tamir Sorek |title=Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804795203 |edition=2 |page=97 |quote=}}</ref> Kramané akéhan krama Arab, saking punika 69% [[Agama Islam|Muslim]] miwah 31% [[Kristen|Kristen]].<ref name=Irani/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |title=2005 |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053711/http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Dumperp274>{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|edition=Illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=9781576079195|pages=273–274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=%22arab+capital+of+israel%22&pg=PA274}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel|last=Kanaaneh|first=Rhoda Ann|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-22379-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&pg=PA117|page=117|quote=All-Arab cities such as Nazareth, the largest Palestinian city in Israel|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111143719/http://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}{{citation|title=Flight into the maelstrom: Soviet immigration to Israel and Middle East peace|last=Quigley|first=John|author-link=John Quigley (academic)|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86372-219-6|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&pg=RA1-PA190|quote=The other major Jewish population centre in Galilee was Upper Nazareth, established next to Nazareth, the principal Palestinian city in Arab-populated Galilee.|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111143228/http://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&pg=RA1-PA190|url-status=live}}</ref> Kota puniki taler madué kawigunan agama sané ageng pisan, mawit saking genahnyané pinaka kota asal [[Yésus]], tokoh utama [[Agama Kristen]] miwah nabi ring [[Islam]] miwah [[Iman Baháʼí]]. Temuan sané katemuang ring [[Goa Qafzeh]] sane nampek nyihnayang wewidangan ring sawewengkon Nazareth punika kagenahang ring masa pralelintihan. Nazareth inggih punika désa [[Agama Yahudi|Yahudi]] ring masa [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]] lan [[Palestina Bizantium|Bizantium]], lan katlatarang ring [[Pasubayan Anyar]] pinaka umah masa anom Yésus.<ref name="Jeffrey">{{cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |title=A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85244-224-1 |pages=538–540 |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC |archive-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kota puniki dados kota sané mabuat pisan salami [[Perang Salib]] risampuné [[Tancred, Pangeran Galilea|Tancred]] ngwangun kota puniki pinaka ibu kota [[Kepangeranan Galilea]]. Kota puniki sayan rered ring sor pamréntahan [[Mamluk]], miwah risampuné [[Kasultanan Ottoman|Ottoman]] ngaonang, krama Kristen kotané katundung, wantah mawali apisan [[Fakhr al-Din II|Fakhr ad-Dīn II]] ngicénin ipun ijin mangda ngamargiang indiké punika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nazareth {{!}} Israel {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nazareth-Israel |access-date=2 August 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217105524/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nazareth-Israel |url-status=live }}</ref> Ring abad ka-18, [[Zahir al-Umar]] nguah Nazareth dados kota sané ageng antuk ngalimbakang imigrasi ka kota punika. Kota puniki sayan nglimbak salami panguntat abad ka-19 miwah pangawit abad ka-20, rikala para jana Éropa nginvéstasiang jinah ring pawangunan gréja, biara, fasilitas pendidikan miwah kesehatan. Ngawit saking panguntat masa kuna, Nazareth sampun dados pusat [[ziarah Kristen]], antuk akéh kuil sané ngelingang peristiwa-peristiwa Alkitab. [[Basilika Pengumuman|Gréja Pengumuman]] kaanggep pinaka silih sinunggil genah ibadah Kristen sane pinih ageng ring [[Kangin Tengah]]. Punika madaging Goa Kabar Sukacita, ring dija, manut tradisi [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik]], malékat [[Gabriél]] nyinahang raga ring Maria tur nguningayang mungguing ipun pacang mobot tur ngembasang Yesus. Manut kapercayaan [[Gréja Ortodoks Yunani|Ortodoks Yunani]], acara sané pateh kalaksanayang ring [[Gréja Ortodoks Yunani Pengumuman]], sané taler kaloktah dados Gréja Santo Gabriél. Gréja-gréja sane mabuat lianan ring Nazareth minakadi [[Gréja Sinagoge (Nasaret)|Gréja Sinagoge]], [[Gréja St. Yusup, Nazareth|Gréja St. Yusup]], [[Gréja Mensa Christi]], miwah [[Basilika Yesus Yowana|Basilika Yésus Yowana]].<ref name=":0" /> == Pustaka == {{Reflist}} === Cutetan === <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Pranala jaba == * [http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Nazareth.html The History of the Ancient Near East] * [http://www.nazareth.muni.il Nazareth City Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413152359/http://www.nazareth.muni.il/ |date=2009-04-13 }} * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=141&letter=N ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Nazareth * [http://bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/Easton/ID/2676 ''Easton's Bible Dictionary'' 1897]: Nazareth * [http://www.bibletexts.com/glossary/nazareth.htm W.R.F. Browning, ''Oxford Dictionary of the Bible'']: Nazareth * [http://www.uhl.ac/nazareth.htm Nazareth Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227003937/http://www.uhl.ac/nazareth.htm |date=2005-12-27 }}: A model village and vistors center. * [http://www.textexcavation.com/nazarethinscription.html The Nazareth inscription. An edict of Caesar against graverobbing.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144355/http://www.textexcavation.com/nazarethinscription.html |date=2022-10-07 }} TextExcavation. Ben C. Smith. {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Nazaret| ]] [[Kategori:Kota ring Israél]] [[Kategori:Kota suci]] [[Kategori:Yésus]] [[Kategori:Yésus lan sejarah]] [[Kategori:Genah ring Alkitab]] [[Kategori:Kekristenan ring Israél]] 0iroj9n7gymu713up4d8p099jl6k0xy 0 72445 280215 255027 2026-08-13T21:55:48Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak inpo isotop samarium}} Rupa alami [[samarium]] (₆₂Sm) madaging saking lima [[isotop]] sané tegteg, ¹⁴⁴Sm, ¹⁴⁹Sm, ¹⁵⁰Sm, ¹⁵²Sm and ¹⁵⁴Sm, miwah kalih [[radioisotop]] sané maumur sanget lantang, ¹⁴⁷Sm (paruh urip: 1.066{{e|11}}&nbsp;y) miwah ¹⁴⁸Sm (6.3{{e|15}}&nbsp;y), sareng ¹⁵²Sm manados sané pinih malimpah (26.75% [[kelimpahan alami]]). ¹⁴⁶Sm (9.20{{e|7}}&nbsp;y)<ref name=Chiera2024 /> taler prasida maurip sué, sakéwanten nénten prasida maurip sué mangda prasida maurip ring akéhnyané sané signifikan saking pawentukan Tata Surya ring Gumi, yadiastun kantun maguna ring pananggalan radiométrik ring Tata Surya pinaka [[radionuklida punah]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Separation of samarium and neodymium: a prerequisite for getting signals from nuclear synthesis | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_analyst_2006-12_131_12/page/1332 | author = Samir Maji | journal = Analyst | volume = 131 | pages = 1332–1334 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1039/b608157f | pmid = 17124541 | issue = 12 | bibcode=2006Ana...131.1332M | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Lahiri | first2 = Susanta | last3 = Wierczinski | first3 = Birgit | last4 = Korschinek | first4 = Gunther}}</ref> Puniki pinaka nuklida sane maurip pinih sue sane durung kajantenang dados [[nuklida primordial|primordial]]. Instabilitasnyane santukan madue 84 neutron (kalih langkungan saking 82, sane marupa [[angka ajaib (fisika)|angka ajaib]] sané manut sareng konfigurasi neutron sane tegteg), lan mawinan punika prasida ngamedalang [[partikel alpha]] (sané madué 2 neutron) anggen ngawentuk neodymium-822. nb3k7wjtd7vt2i8tdrh7vtuulmb5f07 0 76231 280179 263474 2026-08-13T19:48:41Z InternetArchiveBot 2766 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 280179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person |name= Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa |birth_date= mungkin pada November 62/64 SM |death_date= 12 SM |birth_place= Tidak diketahui, mungkin [[Arpino]], [[Istria]] atau [[Asisium]]<ref name="Reinhold, p. 9; Roddaz, p. 23">Reinhold, p. 9; [[Jean-Michel Roddaz|Roddaz]], p. 23.</ref> |death_place= [[Campania]] |image= Agrippa Gabii Louvre Ma1208.jpg |image_size= 225 |caption= Patung dada Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa dari [[Forum (Romawi)|Forum]] [[Gabii]], sekarang di [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] |allegiance= [[Berkas:Roman Military banner.svg|25px]] [[Republik Romawi]] <br> [[Berkas:Roman Military banner.svg|25px]] [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] |serviceyears= 45–12 SM |rank= [[Jenderal]] |unit= |commands= [[Angkatan Darat Romawi]] |battles= '''[[Perang Saudara Caesar]]'''<br> [[Pertempuran Munda]]<br>'''[[Pertempuran Mutina|Perang Saudara Pasca-Caesarian]]'''<br>[[Pertempuran Mutina]]<br />'''[[Perang Saudara Liberator]]'''<br>[[Pertempuran Filipi]]<br>'''[[Perang Republik Roma Terakhir]]'''<br>[[Pertempuran Actium]]<br>[[Pertempuran Aleksandria (30 SM)|Pertempuran Aleksandria]] |spouse=[[Pomponia Caecilia Attica]]<br/>[[Claudia Marcella]]<br/>[[Julia the Elder]] |relations= |laterwork= }} '''Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|g|r|ɪ|p|ə}}; 64/62 SM – 12 SM) inggig punika satunggil konsul, negarawan, jénderal tur arsiték Romawi.<ref name="DGRBM">{{Cite book | last = Plate | first = William | author-link = | contribution = Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] | volume = 1 | pages = 77–80 | publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company]] | place = Boston | year = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html | postscript = <!--None--> | access-date = 2018-11-14 | archive-date = 2006-05-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060522093107/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0086.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Dané wantah sawitran sané raket, keponakan, miwah letnan saking [[Augustus|Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus]] miwah madué swadharma ring pawangunan makudang-kudang wangunan sané kasub ring lelintihan Romawi miwah kajayaan militer sané mabuat, utaminnyané [[Patempuran Actium]] ring warsa 31 SM pantaraning [[Markus Antonius]] miwah [[Kléopatra]]. == Cutetan == {{Reflist}} == Pustaka == * {{cite journal | last=Badian |first=E. |title=Notes on the Laudatio of Agrippa |journal=Classical Journal|volume=76 |year=1981 |pages= 97–109}} * {{cite book| last=Buchan|first=J. |title=Augustus | url=https://archive.org/details/augustus0000buch|year=1937 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}} * {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/504429 |last=Evans |first=H.B. |title=Agrippa's Water Plan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1982-07_86_3/page/401 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume =86 |issue=3 |year=1982 |pages=401–11}} * {{cite book |last=Firth |first=J.B. |title=Augustus Caesar and the Organization of the Empire of Rome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5agAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover |location=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1903 }} * {{cite journal | last=Gray |first=E.W. |title=The Imperium of M. Agrippa: A Note on P. Colon. Inv. No. 4701 |journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |volume=6 |year=1970 |pages=227–38}} * {{cite web |last=Lendering |first=Jona |authorlink=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html |accessdate=2007-04-22 |title=Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa |work=Livius |archive-date=2011-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025034/http://www.livius.org/vi-vr/vipsanius/agrippa.html |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0017383500033258 |last=McKechnie |first=P. |title=Cassius Dio's Speech of Agrippa: A Realistic Alternative to Imperial Government? |journal=Greece and Rome |volume=28 |issue=02 |date=October 1981 |pages=150–55}} * {{cite book |last=Reinhold |first=Meyer |title=Marcus Agrippa: A Biography |year=1933 |publisher=W. F. Humphrey Press |location=Geneva }} * {{cite book |last=Roddaz |first=Jean-Michel |authorlink = Jean-Michel Roddaz|title=Marcus Agrippa |year=1934 |publisher=École Française de Rome |location=Rome |language=French }} * {{cite book |last=Shipley |first=Frederick W. |title=Agrippa's Building Activities in Rome |location=St. Louis |publisher=Washington University |year=1933}} * {{Citation |last=Soren |first=D. |author2-last=Soren |author2-first=N. |display-authors=1 |date=1999 |contribution=A Roman villa and a late Roman infant cemetery : excavation at Poggio Gramignano, Lugnano in Teverina |title=Bibliotheca Archaeologica |location=Rome |number=No.&nbsp;23 |publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8Muzx1VrbwC&pg=PA184 |ref={{harvid|Soren|1999}} }}. == Bacaan tambahan == {{Commons category|Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa}} * {{Citation | last = Goldsworthy | first = Adrian | year = 2014 | title = Augustus: From Revolutionary to Emperor | publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] | place = London, UK | isbn = 9780297864257 }} * {{Citation | last = Powell | first = Lindsay | year = 2015 | title = Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand man of Caesar Augustus | publisher = [[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword]] | place = Barnsley, UK | isbn = 9781848846173 }} * [http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000275/01/Mottershead__THESIS_Vol_1_2005.pdf Geoffrey Mottershead, '''The Constructions of Marcus Agrippa in the West''', University of Melbourne, 2005] * [http://www.umich.edu/~classics/programs/class/cc/372/sibyl/db/H003.html Augustus' Funeral Oration for Agrippa] * [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/m_agrippa.html Marcus Agrippa], article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vipsanius Agrippa, Marcus}} [[Kategori:Augustus]] 564swb1vlsqwgfifx2fws1hsxu07kzp 0 78018 280090 269022 2026-08-13T12:05:05Z ZioNicco 106756 280090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox public transit | name = Métro Brescia | image = Metrobs logo 2021.svg | imagesize = 100px | image2 = Brescia4.JPG | imagesize2 = | caption2 = | native_name = ''Metropolitana di Brescia'' | owner = | locale = [[Brescia]], [[Lombardia]], [[Italia]] | transit_type = [[transit gelis]] | lines = 1<ref name="mappe" /> | stations = 17<ref name="mappe" /> | ridership = 46,695 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilancio di sostenibilità 2023 |url=https://www.bresciamobilita.it/public/bm/docs/Bilanci/bilancio_2023.pdf |publisher=Brescia Mobilità |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> | annual_ridership = 17,043,542 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilancio di sostenibilità 2023 |url=https://www.bresciamobilita.it/public/bm/docs/Bilanci/bilancio_2023.pdf |publisher=Brescia Mobilità |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> | website = {{url|www.bresciamobilita.it/utenti/metrobs|Brescia Mobilità}} | began_operation = {{start date and age|2 March 2013}}<ref name="opening" /> | operator = Brescia Mobilità S.p.A. | character = | vehicles = 18 [[AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro]] | train_length = 3 cars | headway = 4–10 minutes | system_length = {{convert|13.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="mappe" /> | track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} | top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref name=rgi200804 /> | average_speed = | map = [[File:Brescia mappa metropolitana.svg|250px]] | map_state = }} {{Métro Brescia}} '''Métro Brescia''' ({{langx|it|Metropolitana di Brescia}})<ref>{{cite web |title=LA METROPOLITANA DI BRESCIA |url=http://www.bresciamobilita.it/utenti/metrobs/la-metropolitana-a-brescia |publisher=Brescia Mobilità |access-date=2 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013090300/http://www.bresciamobilita.it/utenti/metrobs/la-metropolitana-a-brescia |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> inggih punika jaringan tanpa masinis sané ngayahin [[Brescia]], [[Lombardia]], [[Italia]]. Jaringan puniki kawangun antuk asiki jalur, madué lantang {{convert|13,7|km}} miwah akéhnyané 17 stasiun saking ''Prealpino'' ngantos ''Sant'Eufemia-Buffalora'', sané soang-soang magenah ring sisi kalér miwah kelod kangin Brescia.<ref name="mappe">{{cite web |url=https://www.bresciamobilita.it/public/resources/brescia%20mobilita/utenti/metrobs/linea-completa.pdf |title=Mappa della linea metropolitana |publisher=Brescia Mobilitá |language=it |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> n2rqh4inh3y2tr5h5mqifjaz8dyo6kg